# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for outage measurement

## Abstract

An Outage Measurement System (OMS) monitors and measures outage data at a network processing device. The outage data can be stored in the device and transferred to a Network Management System (NMS) or other correlation tool for deriving outage information. The OMS automates the outage measurement process and is more accurate, efficient and cost effective than pervious outage measurement systems.

## Background
BACKGROUND
High availability is a critical system requirement in Internet Protocol (IP) networks and other telecommunication networks for supporting applications such as telephony, video conferencing, and on-line transaction processing. Outage measurement is critical for assessing and improving network availability. Most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) conduct outage measurements using automated tools such as Network Management System (NMS)-based polling or manually using a trouble ticket database.
Two outage measurement metrics have been used for measuring network outages: network device outage and customer connectivity downtime. Due to scalability limitations, most systems only provide outage measurements up to the ISP's access routers. Any outage measurements and calculations between the access routers and customer equipment have to be performed manually. As networks get larger, this process becomes more tedious, time-consuming, error-prone, and costly.
Present outage measurement schemes also do not adequately address the need for accuracy, scalability, performance, cost efficiency, and manageability. One reason is that end-to-end network monitoring from an outage management server to customer equipment introduces overhead on the network path and thus has limited scalability. The multiple hops from an outage management server to customer equipment also decreases measurement accuracy. For example, some failures between the management server and customer equipment may not be caused by customer connectivity outages but alternatively caused by outages elsewhere in the IP network. Outage management server-based monitoring tools also require a server to perform network availability measurements and also require ISPs to update or replace existing outage management software.
Several existing Management Information Bases (MIBs), including Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Interface MIB, IETF Entity MIB, and other Entity Alarm MIBs, are used for object up/down state monitoring. However, these MIBs do not keep track of outage data in terms of accumulated outage time and failure count per object and lack a data storage capability that may be required for certain outage measurements.
The present invention addresses this and other problems associated with the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An Outage Measurement System (OMS) monitors and measures outage data at a network processing device. The outage data can be transferred to a Network Management System (NMS) or other correlation tool for deriving outage information. The outage data is stored in an open access data structure, such as an Management Information Base (MIB), that allows either polling or provides notification of the outage data for different filtering and correlation tools. The OMS automates the outage measurement process and is more accurate, efficient and cost effective than pervious outage measurement systems.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a network using an Outage Measurement System (OMS).
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing some of the different outages that can be detected by the OMS.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing how a multi-tiered scheme is used for outage measurement.
FIG. 4A shows the different function elements of the OMS.
FIG. 4B shows the different functional elements of the OMS.
FIG. 5 shows an event history table and an object outage table used in the OMS.
FIG. 6 shows how a configuration table and configuration file are used in the OMS.
FIG. 7 shows one example of how commands are processed by the OMS.
FIG. 8 shows how an Accumulated Outage Time (AOT) is used for outage measurements.
FIG. 9 shows how a Number of Accumulated Failures (NAF) is used for outage measurements.
FIG. 10 shows how a Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) and a Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) are calculated from OMS outage data.
FIGS. 11A and 11B show how local outages are distinguished from remote outages.
FIG. 12 shows how outage data is transferred to a Network Management System (NMS).
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how router processor-to-disk check pointing is performed by the OMS.
FIG. 14 is a diagram showing how router processor-to-router processor check pointing is performed by the OMS.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 shows an IP network 10 including one or more Outage Measurement Systems (OMSs) 15 located in different network processing devices 16. In one example, the network processing devices 16 are access routers 16A and 16B, switches or core routers 16C. However, these are just examples and the OMS 15 can be located in any network device that requires outage monitoring and measurement. Network Management Systems (NMSs) 12 are any server or other network processing device located in network 10 that processes the outage data generated by the OMSs 15.
Access router 16A is shown connected to customer equipment 20 and another access router 16B. The customer equipment 20 in this example are routers but can be any device used for connecting endpoints (not shown) to the IP network 10. The endpoints can be any personal computer, Local Area Network (LANs), T1 line, or any other device or interface that communicates over the IP network 10.
A core router 16C is shown coupled to access routers 16D and 16E. But core router 16C represents any network processing device that makes up part of the IP network 10. For simplicity, routers, core routers, switches, access routers, and other network processing devices are referred to below generally as “routers” or “network processing devices”.
In one example, the OMS 15 is selectively located in network processing devices 16 that constitute single point of failures in network 10. A single point of failure can refer to any network processing device, link or interface that comprises a single path for a device to communicate over network 10. For example, access router 16A may be the only device available for customer equipment 20 to access network 10. Thus, the access router 16A can be considered a single point of failure for customer routers 20.
The OMSs 15 in routers 16 conduct outage monitoring and measurements. The outage data from these measurements is then transferred to the NMS 12. The NMS 12 then correlates the outage data and calculates different outage statistics and values.
FIG. 2 identifies outages that are automatically monitored and measured by the OMS 15. These different types of outages include a failure of the Router Processor (RP) 30. The RP failure can include a Denial OF Service (DOS) attack 22 on the processor 30. This refers to a condition where the processor 30 is 100% utilized for some period of time causing a denial of service condition for customer requests. The OMS 15 also detects failures of software processes that may be operating in network processing device.
The OMS 15 can also detect a failure of line card 33, a failure of one or more physical interfaces 34 (layer-2 outage) or a failure of one or more logical interfaces 35 (layer-3 outage) in line card 33. In one example, the logical interface 35 may include multiple T1 channels. The OMS 15 can also detect failure of a link 36 between either the router 16 and customer equipment 20 or a link 36 between the router 16 and a peer router 39. Failures are also detectable for a multiplexer (MUX), hub, or switch 37 or a link 38 between the MUX 37 and customer equipment 20. Failures can also be detected for the remote customer equipment 20.
An outage monitoring manager 40 in the OMS 15 locally monitors for these different failures and stores outage data 42 associated by with that outage monitoring and measurement. The outage data 42 can be accessed the NMS 12 or other tools for further correlation and calculation operations.
FIG. 3 shows how a hybrid two-tier approach is used for processing outages. A first tier uses the router 16 to autonomously and automatically perform local outage monitoring, measuring and raw outage data storage. A second tier includes router manufacturer tools 78, third party tools 76 and Network Management Systems (NMSs) 12 that either individually or in combination correlate and calculate outage values using the outage data in router 16.
An outage Management Information Base (MIB) 14 provides open access to the outage data by the different filtering and correlation tools 76, 78 and NMS 12. The correlated outage information output by tools 76 and 78 can be used in combination with NMS 12 to identify outages. In an alternative embodiment, the NMS 12 receives the raw outage data directly from the router 16 and then does any necessary filtering and correlation. In yet another embodiment, some or all of the filtering and correlation is performed locally in the router 16, or another work station, then transferred to NMS 12.
Outage event filtering operations may be performed as close to the outage event sources as possible to reduce the processing overhead required in the IP network and reduce the system resources required at the upper correlation layer. For example, instead of sending failure indications for many logical interfaces associated with the same line card, the OMS 15 in router 16 may send only one notification indicating a failure of the line card. The outage data stored within the router 16 and then polled by the NMS 12 or other tools. This avoids certain data loss due to unreliable network transport, link outage, or link congestion.
The outage MIB 14 can support different tools 76 and 78 that perform outage calculations such as Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), Mean Time To Repair (MTTR), and availability per object, device or network. The outage MIB 14 can also be used for customer Service Level Agreement (SLA) analysis.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show the different functional elements of the OMS 15 operating inside the router 16. Outage measurements 44 are obtained from a router system log 50, Fault Manager (FM) 52, and router processor 30. The outage measurements 44 are performed according to configuration data 62 managed over a Command Line Interface 58. The CLI commands and configuration information is sent from the NMS 12 or other upper-layer outage tools. The outage data 42 obtained from the outage measurements 44 is managed and transferred through MIB 56 to one or more of the NMSs 12 or other upper-layer tools.
The outage measurements 44 are controlled by an outage monitoring manager 40. The configuration data 62 is generated through a CLI parser 60. The MIB 56 includes outage MIB data 42 transferred using the outage MIB 14.
The outage monitoring manager 40 conducts system log message filtering 64 and Layer-2 (L2) polling 66 from the router Operating System (OS) 74 and an operating system fault manager 68. The outage monitoring manager 40 also controls traffic monitoring and Layer-3 (L3) polling 70 and customer equipment detector 72.
Outage MIB Data Structure
FIG. 5 shows in more detail one example of the outage MIB 14 previously shown in FIG. 4. In one example, an object outage table 80 and an event history table 82 are used in the outage MIB 14. The outage MIB 14 keeps track of outage data in terms of Accumulated Outage Time (AOT) and Number of Accumulated Failures (NAF) per object.
The Outage MIB 14 maintains the outage information on a per-object basis so that the NMS 12 or upper-layer tools can poll the MIB 14 for the outage information for objects of interest. The number of objects monitored is configurable, depending on the availability of router memory and performance tradeoff considerations. Table 1.0 describes the parameters in the two tables 80 and 82 in more detail.







TABLE 1.0







Outage MIB data structure









Outage MIB
Table



variables
type
Description/Comment





Object Name
History/
This object contains the identification of the



Object
monitoring object. The object name is string.




For example, the object name can be the slot




number ‘3’, controller name ‘3/0/0’,




serial interface name ‘3/0/0/2:0’, or




process ID. The name value must be unique.


Object Type
History
Represents different outage event object




types. The types are defined as follows:




routerObject: Bow level failure or recovery.




rpslotObject: A route process slot failure or




recovery.




lcslotObject: A linecard slot failure or




recovery.




layer2InterfaceObject: A configured local




interface failure or recovery. For example,




controller or serial interface objects.




layer3IPObject: A remote layer 3 protocol




failure or recovery. Foe example, ping




failure to the remote device.




protocolSwObject: A protocol process failure




or recovery, which causes the network




outage. For example, BGP protocol




process failure, while RP is OK.


Event Type
History
Object which identifies the event type such




as failureEvent(1) or recoveryEvent(2).


Event Time
History
Object which identifies the event time. It




uses the so-called ‘UNIX format’. It is




stored as a 32-bit count of seconds since




0000 UTC, Jan. 1 1970.”


Pre-Event
History
Object which identifies the time duration


Interval

between events. If the event is recovery,




the interval time is TTR (Time To




Recovery). If the event is failure, the interval




time is TTF (Time To Failure).


Event Reason
History
Indicates potential reason(s) for an object




up/down event. Such reasons may include,




for example, Online Insertion Removal




(OIR) and destination unreachable.


Current Status
Object
Indicates Current object's protocol status.




interfaceUp(1) and interfaceDown(2)


AOT Since
Object
Accumulated Outage Time on the object


Measurement

since the outage measurement has been


Start

started. AOT is used to calculate object




availability and DPM(Defects per Million)




over a period of time. AOT and NAF are




used to determine object MTTR(Mean Time




To Recovery), MTBF(Mean Time Between




Failure), and MTTF(Mean Time To Failure).


NAF Since
Object
Indicates Number of Accumulated Failures


Measurement

on the object since the outage measurement


Start

has been started. AOT and NAF are used to




determine object MTTR(Mean Time To




Recovery), MTBF(Mean Time Between




Failure), and MTTF(Mean Time To Failure)









An example of an object outage table 80 is illustrated in table 2.0. As an example, a “FastEthernet0/0/0” interface object is currently up. The object has 7-minutes of Accumulated Outage Time (AOT). The Number of Accumulated Failures (NAF) is 2.







TABLE 2.0







Object Outage Table














AOT Since
NAF Since


Object
Object
Current
Measurement
Measurement


Index
Name
Status
Start
Start





1
FastEthernet0/0/0
Up
7
2


2


. . . 


M





AOT: Accumulated Outage Time


NAF: Number of Accumulated Failures






The size of the object outage table 80 determines the number of objects monitored. An operator can select which, and how many, objects for outage monitoring, based on application requirements and router resource (memory and CPU) constraints. For example, a router may have 10,000 customer circuits. The operator may want to monitor only 2,000 of the customer circuits due to SLA requirements or router resource constraints.
The event history table 82 maintains a history of outage events for the objects identified in the object outage table. The size of event history table 82 is configurable, depending on the availability of router memory and performance tradeoff considerations. Table 3.0 shows an example of the event history table 82. The first event recorded in the event history table shown in table 3.0 is the shut down of an interface object “Serial3/0/0/1:0” at time 13:28:05. Before the event, the interface was in an “Up” state for a duration of 525600 minutes.







TABLE 3.0







Event History Table in Outage MIB













Event
Object
Object
Event
Event
PreEvent
Event


Index
Name
Type
Type
Time
Interval
Reason





1
Serial3/0/0/1:0
Serial
InterfaceDown
13.28 05
525600
Interface Shut


2


. . .


N









The event history table 82 is optional and the operator can decide if the table needs to be maintained or not, depending on application requirements and router resource (memory and CPU) constraints.

Configuration

FIG. 6 shows how the OMS is configured. The router 16 maintains a configuration table 92 which is populated either by a configuration file 86 from the NMS 12, operator inputs 90, or by customer equipment detector 72. The configuration table 92 can also be exported from the router 16 to the NMS 12.
Table 4.0 describes the types of parameters that may be used in the configuration table 92.







TABLE 4.0







Configuration Table Parameter Definitions










Parameters
Definition







L2 Object ID
Object to be monitored



Process ID
SW process to be monitored



L3 Object ID
IP address of the remote customer device



Ping mode
Enabled/Disabled active probing using ping



Ping rate
Period of pinging the remote customer device










The configuration file 86 can be created either by a remote configuration download 88 or by operator input 90. The CLI parser 60 interprets the CLI commands and configuration file 86 and writes configuration parameters similar to those shown in table 4.0 into configuration table 92.
Outage Management Commands
The operator input 90 is used to send commands to the outage monitoring manager 40. The operator inputs 90 are used for resetting, adding, removing, enabling, disabling and quitting different outage operations. An example list of those operations are described in table 5.0.







TABLE 5.0







Outage Management Commands










Command
Explanation







start-file
start outage measurement process



filename
with configuration file



start-default
start outage measurement process




without configuration file



add object
add an object to the outage




measurement entry



group-add
add multiple objects with



filename
configuration file



remove object
remove an object from the outage




measurement entry



group-remove
remove multiple objects with



filename
configuration file



ping-enable
enable remote customer device ping



objectID/all rate
with period



period



ping-disable
disable remote customer device ping



objectID/all



auto-discovery
enable customer device discovery



enable
function



auto-discovery
disable customer device discovery



disable
function



export filename
export current entry table to the




configuration file



Quit
stop outage measurement process










FIG. 7 shows an example of how the outage management commands are used to control the OMS 15. A series of commands shown below are sent from the NMS 12 to the OMS 15 in the router 16.

    (1) start-file config1. data;
    (2) add IF2,
    (3) auto-discovery enable;
    (4) ping-enable all rate 60;
    (5) remove IF1; and
    (6) export config2. data


In command (1), a start file command is sent to the router 16 along with a configuration file 86. The configuration file 86 directs the outage monitoring manager 40 to start monitoring interface IF1 and enables monitoring of remote customer router C1 for a 60 second period. The configuration file 86 also adds customer router C2 to the configuration table 92 (FIG. 6) but disables testing of router C2.
In command (2), interface IF2 is added to the configuration table 92 and monitoring is started for interface IF2. Command (3) enables an auto-discovery through the customer equipment detector 72 shown in FIG. 6. Customer equipment detector 72 discovers only remote router devices C3 and C4 connected to router 16 and adds them to the configuration table 92. Monitoring of customer routers C3 and C4 is placed in a disable mode. Auto-discovery is described in further detail below.
Command (4) initiates a pinging operation to all customer routers C1, C2, C3 and C4. This enables pinging to the previously disabled remote routers C2, C3, and C4. Command (5) removes interface IF1 as a monitoring entry from the configuration table 92. The remote devices C1 and C2 connected to IF1 are also removed as monitoring entries from the configuration table 92. Command (6) exports the current entry (config 2.data) in the configuration file 86 to the NMS 12 or some other outage analysis tool. This includes layer-2 and layer-3, mode, and rate parameters.
Automatic Customer Equipment Detection.
Referring back to FIG. 6, customer equipment detector 72 automatically searches for a current configuration of network devices connected to the router 16. The identified configuration is then written into configuration table 92. When the outage monitoring manager 40 is executed, it tries to open configuration table 92. If the configuration table 92 does not exist, the outage monitoring manager 40 may use customer equipment detector 72 to search all the line cards and interfaces in the router 16 and then automatically create the configuration table 92. The customer equipment detector 72 may also be used to supplement any objects already identified in the configuration table 92. Detector 72 when located in a core router can be used to identify other connected core routers, switches or devices.
Any proprietary device identification protocol can be used to detect neighboring customer devices. If a proprietary protocol is not available, a ping broadcast can be sued to detect neighboring customer devices. Once customer equipment detector 72 sends a ping broadcast request message to adjacent devices within the subnet, the neighboring devices receiving the request send back a ping reply message. If the source address of the ping reply message is new, it will be stored as a new remote customer device in configuration table 92. This quickly identifies changes in neighboring devices and starts monitoring customer equipment before the updated static configuration information becomes available from the NMS operator.
The customer equipment detector 72 shown in FIGS. 4 and 6 can use various existing protocols to identify neighboring devices. For example, a Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) protocol, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) or a traceroute can be used to identify the IP addresses of devices attached to the router 16. The CDP protocol can be used for Cisco devices and a ping broadcast can be used for non-Cisco customer premise equipment.
Layer-2 Polling
Referring to FIGS. 4 and 6, a Layer-2 (L2) polling function 66 polls layer-2 status for local interfaces between the router 16 and the customer equipment 20. Layer-2 outages in one example are measured by collecting UP/DOWN interface status information from the syslog 50. Layer-2 connectivity information such as protocol status and link status of all customer equipment 20 connected to an interface can be provided by the router operating system 74.
If the OS Fault Manger (FM) 68 is available on the system, it can detect interface status such as “interface UP” or “interface DOWN”. The outage monitoring manager 40 can monitor this interface status by registering the interface ID. When the layer-2 polling is registered, the FM 68 reports current status of the interface. Based on the status, the L2 interface is registered as either “interface UP” or “interface DOWN” by the outage monitoring manager 310.
If the FM 68 is not available, the outage monitoring manager 40 uses its own layer-2 polling 66. The outage monitoring manager 40 registers objects on a time scheduler and the scheduler generates polling events based on a specified polling time period. In addition to monitoring layer-2 interface status, the layer-2 polling 66 can also measure line card failure events by registering the slot number of the line card 33.
Layer-3 Polling
In addition to checking layer-2 link status, layer-3 (L3) traffic flows such as “input rate”, “output rate”, “output queue packet drop”, and “input queue packet drop” can optionally be monitored by traffic monitoring and L3 polling function 70. Although layer-2 link status of an interface may be “up”, no traffic exchange for an extended period of time or dropped packets for a customer device, may indicate failures along the path.
Two levels of layer-3 testing can be performed. A first level identifies the input rate, output rate and output queue packet drop information that is normally tracked by the router operating system 74. However, low packets rates could be caused by long dormancy status. Therefore, an additional detection mechanism such as active probing (ping) is used in polling function 70 for customer devices suspected of having layer-3 outages. During active probing, the OMS 15 sends test packets to devices connected to the router 16. This is shown in more detail in FIG. 11A.
The configuration file 86 (FIG. 6) specifies if layer-3 polling takes place and the rate in which the ping test packets are sent to the customer equipment 20. For example, the ping-packets may be sent wherever the OS 74 indicates no activity on a link for some specified period of time. Alternatively, the test packets may be periodically sent from the access router 16 to the customer equipment 20. The outage monitoring manager 40 monitors the local link to determine if the customer equipment 20 sends back the test packets.
Outage Monitoring Examples
The target of outage monitoring is referred to as “object”, which is a generalized abstraction for physical and logical interfaces local to the router 16, logical links in-between the router 16, customer equipment 20, peer routers 39 (FIG. 2), remote interfaces, linecards, router processor(s), or software processes.
The up/down state, Accumulated Outage Time since measurement started (AOT); and Number of Accumulated Failures since measurement started (NAF) object states are monitored from within the router 16 by the outage monitoring manager 40. The NMS 12 or higher-layer tools 78 or 76 (FIG. 3) then use this raw data to derive and calculate information such as object Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), Mean Time To Repair (MTTR), and availability. Several application examples are provided below.
Referring to FIG. 8, the outage monitoring manager 40 measures the up or down status of an object for some period from time T1 to time T2. In this example, the period of time is 1,400,000 minutes. During this time duration, the outage monitoring manager 40 automatically determines the duration of any failures for the monitored object. Time to Repair (TTR), Time Between Failure (TBF), and Time To Failure (TTF) are derived by the outage monitoring manager 40.
In the example in FIG. 8, a first outage is detected for object i that lasts for 10 minutes and a second outage is detected for object i that lasts 4 minutes. The outage monitoring manager 40 in the router 16 calculates the AOTi=10 minutes+4 minutes=14 minutes. The AOT information is transferred to the NMS 12 or higher level tool that then calculates the object Availability (Ai) and Defects Per Million (DPM). For example, for a starting time T1 and ending time T2, the availability Ai=1−AOTi/(T2−T1)=1−14/1,400,000=99.999%. The DPMi=[AOTi/(T2−T1)]×106=10 DPM.
There are two different ways that the outage monitoring manager 40 can automatically calculate the AOTi. In one scheme, the outage monitoring manager 40 receives an interrupt from the router operating system 74 (FIG. 4) each time a failure occurs and another interrupt when the object is back up. In a second scheme, the outage monitoring manager 40 constantly polls the object status tracking for each polling period whether the object is up or down.
FIG. 9 shows one example of how the Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) is derived by the NMS 12 for an object i. The outage monitoring manager 40 counts the Number of Accumulated Failures (NAFi) during a measurement interval 100. The AOTi and NAFi values are transferred to the NMS 12 or higher level tool. The NMS 12, or a higher level tool, then calculates MTTRi=AOTi/NAFi=14/2=7 min.
FIG. 10 shows how the NMS 12 or higher level tool uses AOT and NAF to determine the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) and Mean Time To Repair (MTTF) for the object i from the NAFi information where;

    MTBFi=(T2−T1)/NAFi; and
    MTTFi=MTBFi−MTTRi.


A vendor or network processing equipment or the operator of network processing equipment may be asked to sign a Service Level Agreement (SLA) guaranteeing the network equipment will be operational for some percentage of time. FIG. 11A shows how the AOT information generated by the outage monitoring manager 40 is used to determine if equipment is meeting SLA agreements and whether local or remote equipment is responsible for an outage.
In FIG. 11A, the OMS 15 monitors a local interface object 34 in the router 16 and also monitors the corresponding remote interface object 17 at a remote device 102. The remote device 102 can be a customer router, peer router, or other network processing device. The router 16 and the remote device 102 are connected by a single link 19.
In one example, the local interface object 34 can be monitored using a layer-2 polling of status information for the physical interface. In this example, the remote interface 17 and remote device 102 may be monitored by the OMS 15 sending a test packet 104 to the remote device 102. The OMS 15 then monitors for return of the test packet 104 to router 16. The up/down durations of the local interface object 34 and its corresponding remote interface object 17 are shown in FIG. 11B.
The NMS 12 correlates the measured AOT's from the two objects 34 and 17 and determines if there is any down time associated directly with the remote side of link 19. In this example, the AOT34 of the local IF object 34=30 minutes and the AOT17 of the remote IF object 17=45 minutes. There is only one physical link 19 between the access router 16 and the remote device 102. This means that any outage time beyond the 30 minutes of outage time for IF 34 is likely caused by an outage on link 19 or remote device 102. Thus, the NMS 12 determines the AOT of the remote device 102 or link 19=(AOT remote IF object 17)−(AOT local IF object 34)=15 minutes.
It should be understood, that IF 34 in FIG. 11A may actually have many logical links coupled between itself and different remove devices. The OMS 15 can monitor the status for each logical interface or link that exists in router 16. By only pinging test packets 104 locally between the router 16 and its neighbors, there is much less burden on the network bandwidth.
Potential reason(s) for an object up/down event may be logged and associated with the event. Such reasons may include, for example, Online Insertion Removal (OIR) and destination unreachable.
Event filtering
Simple forms of event filtering can be performed within the router 16 to suppress “event storms” to the NMS 12 and to reduce network/NMS resource consumption due to the event storms. One example of an event storm and event storm filtering may relate to a line card failure. Instead of notifying the NMS 12 for tens or hundreds of events of channelized interface failures associated with the same line card, the outage monitoring manager 40 may identify all of the outage events with the same line card and report only one LC failure event to the NMS 12. Thus, instead of sending many failures, the OMS 15 only sends a root cause notification. If the root-cause event needs to be reported to the NMS 12, event filtering would not take place. Event filtering can be rule-based and defined by individual operators.
Resolution
Resolution refers to the granularity of outage measurement time. There is a relationship between the outage time resolution and outage monitoring frequency when a polling-based measurement method is employed. For example, given a one-minute resolution of customer outage time, the outage monitoring manager 40 may poll once every 30 seconds. In general, the rate of polling for outage monitoring shall be twice as frequent as the outage time resolution. However, different polling rates can be selected depending on the object and desired resolution.
Pinging customer or peer router interface.
As described above in FIG. 11A, the OMS 15 can provide a ping function (sending test packets) for monitoring the outage of physical and logical links between the measuring router 16 and a remote device 102, such as a customer router or peer router. The ping function is configurable on a per-object basis so the user is able to enable/disable pinging based on the application needs.
The configurability of the ping function can depend on several factors. First, an IP Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ping requires use of the IP address of the remote interface to be pinged. However, the address may not always be readily available, or may change from time to time. Further, the remote device address may not be obtainable via such automated discovery protocols, since the remote device may turn off discovery protocols due to security and/or performance concerns. Frequent pinging of a large number of remote interfaces may also cause router performance degradation.
To avoid these problems, pinging may be applied to a few selected remote devices which are deemed critical to customer's SLA. In these circumstances, the OMS 15 configuration enables the user to choose the Ping function on a per-object basis as shown in table 4.0.
Certain monitoring mechanisms and schemes can be performed to reduce overhead when the ping function is enabled. Some of these basic sequences include checking line card status, checking physical link integrity, checking packet flow statistics. Then, if necessary, pinging remote interfaces at remote devices. With this monitoring sequence, pinging may become the last action only if the first three measurement steps are not properly satisfied.
Outage Data Collection
Referring to FIG. 12, the OMS 15 collects measured outage data 108 for the NMS 12 or upper-layer tools 76 or 78 (FIG. 3). The OMS 15 can provide different data collection functions, such as event-based notification, local storage, and data access.
The OMS 15 can notify NMS 12 about outage events 110 along with associated outage data 108 via a SNMP-based “push” mechanism 114. The SNMP can provide two basic notification functions, “trap” and “inform” 114. Of course other types of notification schemes can also be used. Both the trap and inform notification functions 114 send events to NMS 12 from an SNMP agent 112 embedded in the router 16. The trap function relies on an User Datagram Protocol (UDP) transport that may be unreliable. The inform function uses an UDP in a reliable manner through a simple request-response protocol.
Through the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and MIB 14, the NMS 12 collects raw outage data either by event notification from the router 16 or by data access to the router 16. With the event notification mechanism, the NMS 12 can receive outage data upon occurrence of outage events. With the data access mechanism, the NMS 12 reads the outage data 108 stored in the router 16 from time to time. In other words, the outage data 108 can be either pushed by the router 16 to the NMS 12 or pulled by the NMS 12 from the router 16.
The NMS 12 accesses, or polls, the measured outage data 108 stored in the router 16 from time to time via a SNMP-based “pull” mechanism 116. SNMP provides two basic access functions for collecting MIB data, “get” and “getbulk”. The get function retrieves one data item and the getbulk function retrieves a set of data items.
Measuring Router Crashes
Referring to FIG. 13, the OMS 15 can measure the time and duration of “soft” router crashes and “hard” router crashes. The entire router 120 may crash under certain failure modes. A “Soft” router crash refers to the type of router failures, such as a software crash or parity error-caused crash, which allows the router to generate crash information before the router is completely down. This soft crash information can be produced with a time stamp of the crash event and stored in the non-volatile memory 124. When the system is rebooted, the time stamp in the crash information can be used to calculate the router outage duration.
“Hard” router crashes are those under which the router has no time to generate crash information. An example of hard crash is an instantaneous router down due to a sudden power loss. One approach for capturing the hard crash information employs persistent storage, such as non-volatile memory 124 or disk memory 126, which resides locally in the measuring router 120.
With this approach, the OMS 15 periodically writes system time to a fixed location in the persistent storage 124 or 126. For example, every minute. When the router 120 reboots from a crash, the OMS 15 reads the time stamp from the persistent storage device 124 or 126. The router outage time is then within one minute after the stamped time. The outage duration is then the interval between the stamped time and the current system time.
This eliminates another network processing device from having to periodically ping the router 120 and using network bandwidth. This method is also more accurate than pinging, since the internally generated time stamp more accurately represents the current operational time of the router 120.
Another approach for measuring the hard crash has one or more external devices periodically poll the router 120. For example, NMS 12 (FIG. 1) or neighboring router(s) may ping the router 120 under monitoring every minute to determine its availability.
Local Storage
The outage information can also be stored in redundant memory 124 or 126, within the router 120 or at a neighboring router, to avoid the single point of storage failure. The outage data for all the monitored objects, other than router 120 and the router processor object 121, can be stored in volatile memory 122 and periodically polled by the NMS.
The outage data of all the monitored objects, including router 120 and router processor objects 121, can be stored in either the persistent non-volatile memory 124 or disk 126, when storage space and run-time performance permit.
Storing outage information locally in the router 120 increases reliability of the information and prevents data loss when there are outages or link congestion in other parts of the network. Using persistent storage 124 or 126 to store outage information also enables measurement of router crashes.
When volatile memory 122 is used for outage information storage, the NMS or other devices may poll the outage data from the router 120 periodically, or on demand, to avoid outage information loss due to the failure of the volatile memory 122 or router 120. The OMS 15 can use the persistent storage 124 or 126 for all the monitored objects depending on size and performance overhead limits.
Dual-Router Processor Checkpointing.
Referring to FIG. 14, some routers 120 may be configured with dual processors 121A and 121B. The OMS 15 may replicate the outage data from the active router processor storage 122A or 124A (persistent and non-persistent) to the standby storage 122B or 124B (persistent and non-persistent) for the standby router processor 121B during outage data updates.
This allows the OMS 15 to continue outage measurement functions after a switchover from the active processor 121A to the standby processor 121B. This also allows the router 120 to retain router crash information even if one of the processors 121A or 121B containing the outage data is physically replaced.
Outage Measurement Gaps
The OMS 15 captures router crashes and prevents loss of outage data to avoid outage measurement gaps. The possible outage measurement gaps are governed by the types of objects under the outage measurement. For example, a router processor (RP) object vs. other objects. Measurement gaps are also governed by the types of router crashes (soft vs. hard) and the types of outage data storage (volatile vs. persistent-nonvolatile memory or disk).
Table 6 summarizes the solutions for capturing the router crashes and preventing measurement gaps.







TABLE 6







Capturing the Outage of Router Crashes










When




Volatile



Memory



Employed



for
When Persistent Storage Employed











objects other
for Router Processor (RP)



Events
than RPs
objects only
for all the objects





Soft
NMS polls
(1) IOS generates
For the router and


router
the stored
“Crashinfo” with the router
RP objects, OMS


crash
outage data
outage time. The Crashinfo
periodically writes



periodically
is stored in non-volatile
system time to the



or on
storage. Or,
persistent storage.



demand.
(2) OMS periodically
For all the other




writes system time to
objects, OMS writes




a persistent storage
their outage data




device to record the latest
from RAM to the




“I'm alive” time.
persistent storage





up on outage events.


Hard

(1) OMS periodically


router

writes system time to a


crash

persistent storage device to




record the latest “I'm alive”




time. Or,




(2) NMS or other routers




periodically ping the router




to assess its availability.









Even if a persistent storage device is used, the stored outage data could potentially be lost due to single point of failure or replacement of the storage device. Redundancy is one approach for addressing the problem. Some potential redundancy solutions include data check pointing from the memory on the router processor to local disk (FIG. 13), data check pointing from the memory on the active router processor to the memory on the standby router processor (FIG. 14), or data check pointing from the router 120 to a neighboring router.
The system described above can use dedicated processor systems, micro controllers, programmable logic devices, or microprocessors that perform some or all of the operations. Some of the operations described above may be implemented in software and other operations may be implemented in hardware.
For the sake of convenience, the operations are described as various interconnected functional blocks or distinct software modules. This is not necessary, however, and there may be cases where these functional blocks or modules are equivalently aggregated into a single logic device, program or operation with unclear boundaries. In any event, the functional blocks and software modules or features of the flexible interface can be implemented by themselves, or in combination with other operations in either hardware or software.
Having described and illustrated the principles of the invention in a preferred embodiment thereof, it should be apparent that the invention may be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. I claim all modifications and variation coming within the spirit and scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method for measuring outages in a network, comprising:
identifying single point of failure devices in the network;
selectively locating outage measurement systems in the identified single point of failure devices;
automatically testing for outages locally in the selected single point of failure devices using the outage measurement systems;
polling for layer-2 outages using the outage measurement systems and polling for layer-3 outages according to results of the layer-2 polling; and
using a combination of the polled layer-2 and layer-3 outages to distinguish between local outages local to the identified devices and remote outages associated with links or devices connected to the identified devices.

2. A method for identifying outages, comprising:
polling for local outages of local objects at a router, peer router, router processor or switch;
polling with the router, peer router, router processor or switch for remote outages of remote objects connected to the router, peer router, router processor or switch; and
comparing the local outages with the remote outages to distinguish between outages caused by the local objects and outages caused by the remote objects.
deriving an Accumulated Outage Time (AOT) for the local objects;
deriving an Accumulated Outage Time (AOT) for the remote objects; and
distinguishing local object outages from remote object outages by comparing the AOT for the local objects with the AOT for the remote objects.

3. A method for network outage monitoring, comprising:
monitoring with a router, peer router, router processor or switch for outages associated with a configuration of devices connected to the router, peer router, router processor or switch;
deriving by the router peer router, router processor or switch accumulated outage time or failure count per object based on the outages;
automatically discovering a new configuration of devices connected to the router, peer router, router processor or switch; and
dynamically updating outage monitoring according to the new configuration of devices.

4. A method according to claim 3 including using a Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) protocol, or Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for automatically discovering the new configuration of devices.

5. A method according to claim 3 including:
storing a configuration table to identify devices connected to the router, peer router, router processor or switch; and
automatically updating the configuration table with the new configuration of devices.

6. A method for measuring outages, comprising:
locally monitoring for outages at a network processing device;
filtering the monitored outages with the local network processing device;
sending the filtered outages to an outage correlation system that is physically separate from the network processing device;
identifying a plurality of outage events associated with the network processing device; and
sending the plurality of outage events to the outage correlation system in a same communication.

7. A method according to claim 6 including calculating an Accumulated Outage Time (AOT) outage parameter or a Number of Accumulated Failures (NAF) outage parameter from the monitored outages and sending the AOT or NAF to the correlation system.

8. A method according to claim 7 including deriving a Mean Time Between Failures or a Mean Time To Repair value from the AOT or NAF parameters with the correlation system.

9. A method according to claim 6 including filtering the monitored outages from a system log file.

10. A method for measuring outages, comprising:
locally monitoring for outages at a network processing device;
filtering the monitored outages with the local network processing device;
sending the filtered outages to an outage correlation system;
identifying different outages associated with a same line card;
filtering the different line card outages into a single line card outage indication; and
sending the single line card outage indication to the outage correlation system.

11. A method for measuring an outage for a network processing device, comprising:
generating with a router, peer router, router processor or switch a time stamp for the network processing device;
storing the time stamp locally in the network processing device;
periodically updating with a router, peer router, router processor or switch the stored time stamp with a most recent time stamp for the network processing device;
retaining the most recent stored time stamp during a network processing device outage;
using the retained most recent stored time stamp to determine an outage time for the network processing device;
identifying a system up time when the network processing device has recovered from the outage; and
comparing the stored time stamp with the system up time to determine the outage time.

12. A method according to claim 11 including periodically storing the most recent time stamp in a persistent memory.

13. A method according to claim 11 wherein the outage comprises a power loss to the network processing device.

14. A method according to claim 11 wherein the time stamp stored in the network processing device is updated about once every minute by the router, peer router, router processor or switch.

15. A method for measuring outages, comprising:
locally monitoring for outages at a network processing device;
filtering the monitored outages with the local network processing device;
sending the filtered outages to an outage correlation system that is physically separate from the network processing device;
identifying different outages associated with a same line card; and
filtering the different line card outages into a single line card outage indication.

16. A method for measuring outages, comprising:
locally monitoring for outages at a network processing device;
filtering the monitored outages with the local network processing device;
sending the filtered outages to an outage correlation system that is physically separate from the network processing device;
identifying a plurality of outage events with a same line card; and
sending the plurality of outage events to the outage correlation system in a same communication.

17. A method for measuring outages, comprising:
locally monitoring for outages at a network processing device;
filtering the monitored outages with the local network processing device;
sending the filtered outages to an outage correlation system that is physically separate from the network processing device;
identifying different outages associated with the network processing device; and
filtering the different outages into a single outage indication.