In the Missouri Court of Appeals 

Eastern District

DIVISION ONE 

GEORGE A VARGO, ) No. ED100756 

 ) 

Respondent, ) 

 ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of 

vs. ) St. Charles County 

 ) 

DIRECTOR OF REVENUE, ) Hon. William E. Alberty 

 ) 

 Appellant. ) FILED: December 2, 2014 

 

 The Director of Revenue appeals the trial court’s judgment reinstating George 

Vargo’s driving privileges after they were revoked due to Vargo’s refusal to submit to a 

breathalyzer. We reverse and remand to restore the revocation. 

Background 

On December 1, 2012, in St. Charles County, Trooper Jordan Hilliard followed a 

pick-up truck driven by Mr. Vargo for approximately two and a half miles before pulling 

him over for expired license plate tags. The tags had expired the previous day (November 

30). Once stopped, Trooper Hilliard asked Vargo if he had had anything to drink that 

evening. Vargo replied that he had had “a couple beers” while out to dinner with his 

wife, who was in the passenger seat. Hilliard asked Vargo to exit the vehicle and asked 

Vargo to complete various field sobriety tests, after which Hilliard concluded that Vargo 
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was intoxicated. Hilliard then transported Vargo to the St. Charles County jail to undergo 

a breath test. 

As Hilliard prepared the breathalyzer machine in a holding room, Vargo noticed a 

sign warning against use of the machine in the presence of active radios or electronics. 

Meanwhile Hilliard was struggling to operate the machine, her laptop was on, and her 

radio was receiving transmissions. Vargo stated that he didn’t feel comfortable with 

Hilliard operating the machine under such conditions, so he declined to submit to the 

breathalyzer and offered to provide a blood sample instead. Hilliard rejected Vargo’s 

proposal and had him sign a form acknowledging his refusal to submit to the breath test. 

Pursuant to §577.041, the Director administratively revoked Vargo’s driver’s 

license for refusing the test. Vargo filed a petition for judicial review, and the court held 

a hearing at which Vargo adduced the only evidence, consisting of the alcohol influence 

report, accompanying narrative, Vargo’s driving record, the refusal form, and his own 

testimony. Vargo testified that Hilliard’s alcohol influence report was unfair or incorrect 

in various respects. For example, Vargo was forced to perform the one-leg stand for 

nearly a minute on a leg that had undergone surgery; Hilliard reported that Vargo drank 

three glasses of wine rather than “a couple beers,” and Hilliard reported that Vargo 

stumbled on a grassy slope though the shoulder was paved and flat. Hilliard did not 

appear or testify. 

The trial court ruled in Vargo’s favor and reinstated his driving privileges, finding 

that Vargo did not refuse to submit to a test in that he distrusted the breathalyzer and 

requested a blood test instead but was denied that option. The Director appeals, asserting 
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that the trial court legally erred in that Vargo’s conduct constitutes a refusal under 

applicable precedent. 

Standard of Review 

The trial court's judgment will be affirmed unless there is no substantial evidence 

to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies 

the law.” White v. Director of Revenue, 321 S.W.3d 298, 307–08 (Mo. 2010). Claimed 

error in applying the law is reviewed de novo. Id. The Director asserts an error of law, 

so our review is de novo. 

Analysis 

Section 577.041 was adopted “to establish a fixed standard for procuring 

admissible evidence of blood alcohol for use against persons operating automobiles while 

intoxicated.” Hinnah v. Dir. of Revenue, 77 S.W.3d 616, 619 (Mo. 2002). Under the 

statute, any person who drives on the public highways is deemed to have consented to a 

chemical test to determine the alcohol or drug content of the person's blood. Id. A person 

may refuse chemical analysis of his blood alcohol level, but if the arresting officer has 

reasonable grounds to believe that the person was driving while intoxicated, then the 

director will revoke that person’s license for one year. Id. at 620. Upon judicial review of 

the revocation, the director bears the burden of proof, and the issues are limited to: (1) 

whether the person was arrested; (2) whether the officer had reasonable grounds to 

believe that the person was driving while intoxicated; and (3) whether the person refused 

to submit to the test. Id. citing §577.041.4. The inquiry ends once these three questions 

have been answered. Id. 

 
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In the present case, the trial court found, in check-the-box format, that: (1) Vargo 

was arrested, (2) Trooper Hilliard had reasonable grounds to believe that Vargo was 

driving while intoxicated, but (3) Vargo did not refuse the test in that he “felt [that the] 

machine (BA) [was] not working properly and request[ed] a blood test, which was 

refused.” 

The Director asserts that the trial court legally erred in that, under Missouri case 

law, Vargo’s conduct constitutes a refusal. The Director’s characterization is correct. In 

Fischbeck v. Director of Revenue, 91 S.W.3d 699 (Mo. App. E.D.), the driver refused to 

submit to a breathalyzer test after overhearing the arresting officer say that the machine 

wasn’t working properly. Id. at 701. Fischbeck testified that he would have consented to 

the test had the machine been functional. Id. This court held that Fischbeck’s decision 

qualified as a refusal regardless of his justification. Id. Furthermore, established 

Missouri precedent instructs that a driver’s offer to take a blood test does not negate his 

refusal to take a breath test. State v. Brown, 804 S.W.2d 396, 398 (Mo. App. W.D. 

1991). The initial refusal will support administrative revocation unless law enforcement 

decides to exercise its discretion to allow the driver to consent to the same or a different 

type of test following the initial refusal. Rothwell v. Director of Revenue, 419 S.W.3d 

200, 209 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013). The arresting officer is not obligated to accept the 

driver’s offer to take a blood test. McGuire v. Jackson County Prosecuting Attorney, 548 

S.W.2d 272, 276 (Mo. App. 1977). The initial refusal to take the breath test is sufficient 

to revoke the driver’s license. Id. 
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Bound by the foregoing authorities, we must reverse the trial court’s judgment 

and remand the case for reinstatement of the Director’s revocation of Vargo’s license. 

____________________________________ 

 CLIFFORD H. AHRENS, Judge 

Lawrence E. Mooney, P. J., concurs 

Glenn A. Norton, J., concurs.