United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92–4139

Summary Calendar.

Timothy C. COTITA, Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

PHARMA–PLAST, U.S.A., INC., Defendant–Appellee.

Oct. 8, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.

Before JOLLY, DUHÉ, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:

Thisis a productsliability action. Timothy C. Cotita ("Cotita") seeks review of a jury verdict

in his favor, contesting the amount of damages awarded to him. We find no error and affirm.

Background and Procedural History

Cotita is a registered nurse. While providing nursing services to an AIDS patient, Cotita was

stuck by a syringe manufactured by the Defendant–Appellee, Pharma–Plast, U.S.A., Inc.

("Pharma–Plast"). The syringe, although still in its sterile packaging, was missing the protective cap

that normally covers the tip of the needle. This improper packaging allowed the needle to pierce its

sterile plastic covering and penetrate the protective gloves that Cotita was wearing. Because of the

presence of the patient's blood on his gloves at the time of the needle stick, Cotita feared that he had

been exposed to the HIV virus. Subsequent tests revealed that Cotita was not HIV-positive;

nevertheless, he sued Pharma–Plast seeking damages for mental anguish stemming from his fear of

contracting AIDS.

Pharma–Plast admitted defective packaging and the district court granted summaryjudgment

in Cotita's favor on the issue of the defective state of the syringe. The issue of damages was
specifically reserved for trial.

Pharma–Plast then moved for leave to amend its answer to assert for the first time the defense

of Cotita's negligence. With the trial set for the following month, the district court denied this

motion. Later trial in this matter was continued. Thereafter, Pharma–Plast re-submitted its motion

for leave to amend, which was granted over Cotita's objection. Cotita also objected to the

introduction of evidence concerning his negligence, contending that the issue of fault was closed by

the court's previous entry of summary judgment on the issue of Pharma–Plast's liability as the

manufacturer of the defectively packaged syringe.

The damage issue was tried before a jury which returned a verdict for $150,000 in Cotita's

favor. This amount was reduced by 30 percent, a figure which the jury found reflected Cotita's

negligence. Cotita maintains that the issue of his negligence should not have been considered by the

jury, nor used to reduce the amount of his award.

Issues

There are two basic issues presented. First, did the district court err in allowing Pharma–Plast

to amend its answer to assert Cotita's negligence? Second, was it error for the district court to

preclude Cotita from presenting any additional evidence of Pharma–Plast's fault.

Discussion

1. Amendment of the Pleadings.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), states in pertinent part, "[A] party may amend the

party's pleading only by leave of court ... and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires."

This Court has consistently held that the "granting or denial of leave to amend lies within the sound

discretion of the trial court and is subject to reversal only for an abuse of discretion." Carter v.

Procunier, 755 F.2d 1126, 1129 (5th Cir.1985); accord Galvan v. Bexar County, Tex., 785 F.2d
 

1Our review, as an appellate court reviewing a claim grounded in diversity, must be guided by

applicable Louisiana law. Bell was in response to a certified question from this Court. See Bell v.

Jet Wheel Blast, 717 F.2d 181 (5th Cir.1983). 

1298, 1304 (5th Cir.1986), reh'g den., 790 F.2d 890 (5th Cir.1986) (en banc).

If, after a review of the record, we find no abuse of discretion by the district court our inquiry

is ordinarily over. In the case of an amendment allowing for the application of comparative fault,

however, we must undertake a somewhat more exact ing examination: "Whether to apply

comparative fault is a question of law, freely reviewable on appeal." Cates v. Sears, Roebuck &Co.,

928 F.2d 679, 683 (5th Cir.1991) (citing Robertson v. Superior PMI, Inc., 791 F.2d 402 (5th

Cir.1986)).

The Louisiana Supreme Court addressed the interplay between comparative fault and

products liability in Bell v. Jet Wheel Blast, 462 So.2d 166 (La.1985).1 From Bell and its progeny,

a two-pronged test has been distilled to ascertain whether comparative fault should be used to reduce

a plaintiff's award in a products liability action: (1) Would the reduction of the award realistically

provide incentive for user care? If this query is affirmatively answered, a court must then ask (2)

would the application of comparative fault drasticallyundermine themanufacturer'sincentive to make

a safe product? If this latter question is answered affirmatively, "Louisiana law prohibits the

application of comparative fault." Nicholas v. Homelite Corp., 780 F.2d 1150, 1153 (5th Cir.1986);

see Cates v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 928 F.2d 679, 683–84 (5th Cir.1991); Davis v. Commercial

Union Ins. Co., 892 F.2d 378, 382–83 (5th Cir.1990); Robertson v. Superior PMI, Inc., 791 F.2d

402, 407–08 (5th Cir.1986).

In determining what effect a reduction of the award will have on the user's care, Davis v.

Commercial Union Ins. Co. provides us the proper analytical framework:

This inquiry leads us to consider the type of activity being performed and the cause of the
injury. In Bell and Robertson, where the courts declined to apply comparative negligence,

the plaintiff was engaged in monotonous and routine assembly line work. The courts

determined that the imposition of comparative negligence would not deter acts that were the

result of momentary neglect or inattention.

892 F.2d at 383. The Davis Court concluded that the plaintiff's injuries did not result from mere

inattention or momentary neglect while he was engaged in repetitive tasks, but were "directly related

to his failure to follow established procedures, [and] reduction of his award for his own fault should

encourage user care." Id.

Inthe present case, Pharma–Plast presented evidence that the procedures used byCotita were

in violation of the universal precautions and procedures which are standard in the health care field.

See R. 4, at 73–76. Like the trial court in Davis, the district court here was entitled to determine that

the application of comparative fault will ultimately encourage workers in the health care field to

follow the established procedures for handling syringes. This is perhaps even more applicable in the

present context, considering the activity in which Cotita was engaged.

The second prong of the Bell analysis requires the court to evaluate what impact the

application of comparative fault will have on the manufacturer's incentive to make a safe product.

The appellant contends that such a reduction will "only tend to defeat the basic goals of strict

products liability by reducing the incentive for product quality control." Brief for Appellant at 20.

The mandate ofthe Louisiana SupremeCourt, asfound in its Bell v. Jet Wheel Blast decision, reflects

the opposite view:

[C]omparative fault principles would seemto coincide with and further the goals of products

liability doctrine in some cases. Where the threat of a reduction in recovery will provide

consumers with an incentive to use a product carefully, without exacting an inordinate

sacrifice of other interests, comparative principles should be applied for the sake of accident

prevention.

462 So.2d 166, 171 (La.1985).

Indeed, the argument that a reduction in the manufacturer's liability will reduce its incentive
to produce safer products could be made any time comparative fault principles are applied. This

would negate "Bell's instruction to us that comparative fault does have a place in products liability

law...." Nicholas v. Homelite Corp., 780 F.2d 1150, 1154–55 (5th Cir.1986). The Nicholas Court

observed further that comparative fault will not ultimately alter the manufacturer's duty to make safe

products "because it does not alter the manufacturer'sliability." Id. at 1153. Likewise, no reasonably

prudent manufacturer will "rely on future careless use ofits productsto offset itsfull liabilitywith any

predictability that would alter the manufacturer's duty to produce the safest product possible." Id.

In sum, the district court was within its discretion in allowing the amendment ofthe pleadings

to enable the defendant to allege the plaintiff's comparative fault. While the application of

comparative fault principles is generally subject to de novo appellate review, Bell indicates that trial

judges are to be granted broad discretion in applying these principles. See Bell v. Jet Wheel Blast,

462 So.2d 166, 172–73 (La.1985). This persuaded this court to recently conclude, "The question

thusremains one of law, but it is one inextricably tied to specific factualfindings which implicatesthe

customary deference on review." Cates v. Sears, Roebuck &Co., 928 F.2d 679, 684 (5th Cir.1991).

Because we find no error in the district court's application of comparative fault, we defer to its

judgment and affirm its holding on this point.

2. Evidentiary Ruling.

The appellant contends that the district court also erred in refusing to let him present

additional evidence regarding the fault of Pharma–Plast. Evidentiary matters are within the sound

discretion of the trial judge, and will be reversed only upon a showing of a clear abuse of that

discretion. See Olitsky v. Spencer Gifts, Inc., 964 F.2d 1471, 1474 (5th Cir.1992); Nicholas v.

Homelite Corp., 780 F.2d 1150, 1155 (5th Cir.1986).

Again, we are faced with a "twist" on what would normally be a routine matter. Cotita

contends that the district court should have allowed additional evidence of Pharma–Plast's fault
because Pharma–Plast was permitted to amend its answer to allege the comparative fault of Cotita.

This amendment was allowed after granting summary judgment on Pharma–Plast's liability. Cotita

maintains that this is error, in that "the trier of fact was not properly allowed to compare the fault of

the respective parties...."

We do not agree with Cotita's characterization of this decision. In its summary judgment

order, the trial court decided the issue ofliability. The question whether the defectively manufactured

syringe caused any damage to Cotita was specifically reserved for trial. Cotita's argument that the

trier of fact was not allowed to consider the true respect ive fault of the parties misconstrues the

connection between products liability and comparative fault. The damage phase of the proceeding

was separate and apart from the previously decided liability phase. As the Court in Nicholas v.

Homelite Corp. stated, "Comparative fault provides an episodic post-manufacturer reduction in the

final economic assessment against the manufacturer based on the user's actions, withoutregard to the

prior actions and responsibilities of the manufacturer." 780 F.2d 1150, 1153 (5th Cir.1986)

(emphasis added). The actions of Cotita in his use of the defective syringe were properly considered

in evaluating the damages awarded. Finding no error in the district court's handling of this issue, we

affirm its decision to not allow the introduction of further evidence on the fault of Pharma–Plast.

AFFIRMED.