1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. )

)

Civil Action No. 14-cv-1837 (TSC)

)

HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY et al., )

)

Defendants. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before the Court is the United States’ unopposed motion to enter a consent decree. 

Having reviewed the Complaint, proposed Consent Decree and the motion, the Court finds that

the agreement is fair, adequate, reasonable, appropriate, and serves the public interest. 

Therefore, the motion is granted and the Court will enter the consent decree.

I. BACKGROUND

This case arises from alleged violations of the Clean Air Act (“CAA”) and related 

California Health and Safety Code violations by defendants Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai 

Motor America, Kia Motors Corporation, Kia Motors America, and Hyundai America Technical 

Center, Inc. (collectively, “Defendants”). The United States, on behalf of the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and in conjunction with the California Air Resources 

Board (“CARB”), seeks monetary penalties and injunctive relief against Defendants for allegedly 

falsifying fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions claims for over one million Hyundai and 

Kia vehicles with model years 2012 and 2013 (the “Subject Vehicles”).
2

The alleged violations occurred as a result of a discrepancy between the applications 

Defendants submitted for Certificates of Conformity and the actual specifications of the Subject 

Vehicles. Certificates of Conformity are required for new model vehicles pursuant to the CAA 

and include various specifications related to vehicle emissions. If a vehicle which is nominally 

covered by a given Certificate does not actually meet the specifications in that Certificate, the

EPA deems that vehicle not covered by the Certificate at all, leaving it in violation of the CAA. 

In this case, Defendants submitted applications for Certificates which reported the Subject 

Vehicles’ road load force. Road load force directly impacts the calculation of fuel economy rates 

and whether a vehicle meets air pollution emission standards. EPA determined that the road load 

force for the Subject Vehicles did not match the specifications in their Certificates due to 

Defendants’ improper testing, analysis, and reporting. The Subject Vehicles had a higher road 

load force than Defendants’ originally represented, meaning the vehicles had lower fuel 

economy and higher emissions compared to what Defendants stated in their applications. 

Because the actual road load force did not match the road load force in the Certificates, the 

Subject Vehicles were allegedly in violation of the CAA. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 7522-24.

CARB also seeks penalties for violations of California Health and Safety Code Section 

43212 for the same improper testing and reporting as it related to CARB test procedures. 

Defendants sold more than 126,000 Subject Vehicles in the State of California. (Mot. 3).

II. LEGAL STANDARD

“Approval of a settlement is a judicial act that is committed to the informed discretion of 

the trial court.” United States v. District of Columbia, 933 F. Supp. 42, 47 (D.D.C. 1996) 

(citation omitted). A court reviewing a consent decree must “determine that the settlement is 

fair, adequate, reasonable and appropriate under the particular facts and that there has been valid 
3

consent by the concerned parties.” Citizens for a Better Env’t v. Gorsuch, 718 F.2d 1117, 1126 

(D.C. Cir. 1983) (citation omitted); Envtl. Def. v. Leavitt, 329 F. Supp. 2d 55, 70 (D.D.C. 2004); 

see also Massachusetts v. Microsoft, 373 F.3d 1199, 1206 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (noting the 

general requirement that a consent decree must “fairly and reasonably resolve the controversy in 

a manner consistent with the public interest”) (internal quotations and citation omitted). 

Settlement is highly favored, as “[n]ot only the parties, but the general public as well, benefit 

from the saving of time and money that results from the voluntary settlement of litigation.” 

Gorsuch, 718 F.2d at 1126. This is particularly true in cases involving the EPA, where courts 

accord “broad deference . . . to EPA’s expertise in determining an appropriate settlement and to 

the voluntary agreement of the parties in proposing the settlement.” District of Columbia, 933 F.

Supp. at 47.

The CAA requires EPA to provide “a reasonable opportunity by notice in the Federal 

Register to persons who are not named as parties or intervenors to the action” to submit

comments on the decree before it is entered. 42 U.S.C. § 7413(g).

III. DISCUSSION

a. Fairness

Courts must consider both procedural and substantive fairness in their analysis of 

proposed consent decrees. District of Columbia, 933 F. Supp. at 48. “A review of the fairness of 

a proposed consent decree requires an assessment of the good faith of the parties, the opinions of 

the counsel, and the possible risks involved in litigation if the settlement is not approved. A 

consent decree is substantively fair if it incorporates concepts of corrective justice and 

accountability[.]” Envtl. Def., 329 F. Supp. 2d at 70 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
4

The consent decree proposed in this litigation is fair. All the parties involved—the 

United States, CARB, and the Defendants—support entry of the decree. (Mot. 1). There is no 

suggestion of impropriety in the negotiation of the agreement, and all the parties were 

represented and advised by competent technical and legal staff. (Mot. 7-8). The parties have 

reached an agreement that remedies the alleged violations and holds Defendants accountable for 

emissions testing and reporting going forward. In addition, the United States complied with the 

notice-and-comment procedures required by the CAA and received six comments, all of which 

received due consideration.

b. Adequacy, Reasonableness, and Appropriateness

When assessing whether the consent decree is adequate, reasonable, and appropriate, 

courts “focus on the extent to which the decree is confined to the dispute between the parties and 

whether the decree adequately accomplishes its purported goal.” Envtl. Def., 329 F. Supp. 2d at 

71. This does not mean a court may “impose its own judgments . . . [but] [r]ather, the court must 

determine whether the proposed consent decree is reasonable from an objective point of view.”

Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted).

The parties agree that the scope and purpose of the consent decree is to end this civil 

action and address “alleged Clean Air Act and related California Health and Safety Code 

violations based on Defendants’ sale of more than one million vehicles that will emit more than 

four million metric tons of greenhouse gases in excess of what the automakers certified to EPA.” 

(Mot. 1). The penalties are threefold: (1) a $100 million fine ($93,656,600 to the United States 

and $6,343,400 to CARB); (2) forfeit of 4.75 million greenhouse gas credits from Defendants 

CAA Averaging, Banking, and Trading registries; and (3) injunctive relief which requires 

Defendants to reorganize their emissions certification group, revise test protocols, improve 
5

management of test data and enhance employee training before they conduct emissions testing to 

certify model year 2017 vehicles, and audit model year 2015 and 2016 vehicles to ensure 

conformance with CAA requirements.1

 (Mot. 3-4).

The fine is the largest in the history of the Clean Air Act, (Mot. 7), and is both adequate 

and appropriate given the underlying conduct of the Defendants and as a deterrent to future CAA 

violations. In addition, the forfeiture of greenhouse gas credits corresponds to the amount of 

greenhouse gas emissions that were underreported as a result of Defendants’ allegedly false 

reporting to EPA. This is a reasonable punishment which addresses the underlying violation and 

puts Defendants in the position they would have been absent their allegedly unlawful conduct. 

The forfeiture also ensures the integrity of the CAA emissions trading system by preventing 

improper credits from artificially inflating the market. The injunctive relief is also reasonable 

and appropriate as it ensures that Defendants will take steps to prevent future violations and 

address any institutional problems that cannot be addressed by a monetary (or quasi-monetary) 

penalty alone. In light of these factors, the Court finds that the consent decree adequately, 

reasonably, and appropriately addresses the conduct of the Defendants and promotes the 

purposes of the CAA.

c. Public Interest

The consent decree furthers the public interest by protecting the reliability of fuel 

economy and greenhouse gas emissions claims, which are increasingly important factors for 

consumers purchasing vehicles. The decree also furthers the goals of the CAA by taking steps to

ensure cleaner air for the public. The public comments submitted in response to the EPA’s 

Federal Register notice generally supported the proposed decree.

 1 In assessing the penalties imposed, the Court gave due consideration to the factors identified in 42 U.S.C. § 

7524(b).
6

Five of the comments (three by state environmental departments and/or attorneys general 

and two by environmental NGOs) supported the agreement generally but requested that the 

settlement be renegotiated to include specific support for the promotion of electric vehicle 

programs, including a proposed $25 million in Supplemental Environmental Projects (“SEPs”) to 

be given to certain states. SEPs are programs which may be included in CAA settlements and 

provide for specific projects to be undertaken as part of the settlement. 63 Fed. Reg. 24,796 

(May 5, 1998). The United States considered the SEP proposals identified in the comments but 

determined that they “did not warrant withdrawing consent to the Consent Decree in order to 

reopen negotiations with the parties in an attempt to craft a different and more complex 

settlement arrangement that would include SEPs for electric vehicle programs in certain states . . 

. [t]he public interest would not be served by the United States’ rejection of the Decree and the 

concomitant delay in compliance and expenditure of resources for renegotiation of the settlement 

or, alternatively, further litigation.” (Mot. 9). The Court agrees. As stated above, the “general 

public benefit[s] from the saving of time and money that results from the voluntary settlement of 

litigation.” Gorsuch, 718 F.2d at 1126. While an SEP to promote electric vehicles is a laudable 

goal, the parties in this case negotiated a fair and reasonable settlement which addresses the 

public interest in promoting the purposes of the CAA and protecting consumers and the public at 

large. It would not benefit the public to jeopardize this agreement and potentially mire the 

government and Defendants in lengthy litigation with unpredictable results, while 

simultaneously delaying the implementation of corrective measures.
7

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the consent decree is fair, adequate, 

reasonable, appropriate, and in the public interest. The motion to enter the consent decree is 

therefore GRANTED. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: January 9, 2015

Tanya S. Chutkan 

TANYA S. CHUTKAN

United States District Judge