United States In cooperation with the


Department of University of Alaska Soil Survey of
 Agriculture Fairbanks, Agricultural 

and Forestry 

Natural Resources Experiment Station; Kantishna Area, 

Conservation State of Alaska 

Service Department of Natural 

Resources; and the Alaska 

Alaska Soil and Water 

Conservation District 

3 

How To Use This Soil Survey


The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and 

Detailed Soil Maps 

management of small areas. 

To find information about your area 

of interest, locate that area on the 

Index to Map Sheets. Note the 

number of the map sheet and turn 

to that sheet. 

Locate your area of interest on 

the map sheet. Note the map unit 

symbols that are in that area. Turn 

to the Contents, which lists the 

map units by symbol and name 

and shows the page where each 

map unit is described. 

The Contents shows which table 

has data on a specific land use for 

each detailed soil map unit. Also 

see the Contents for sections of 

this publication that may address 

your specific needs. 
4 

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint 

effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, 

State agencies including the Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, and local 

agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil 

Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative 

Soil Survey. 

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1986. Soil names and 

descriptions were approved in 1996. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this 

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1986. This survey was made 

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the University of 

Alaska Fairbanks Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, and the State of 

Alaska Department of Natural Resources. The survey is part of the technical 

assistance furnished through the Alaska Soil and Water Conservation District. 

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these 

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, 

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at 

a larger scale. 

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all 

of its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, 

disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all 

prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require 

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, 

audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice 

or TDD). 

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 

Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 

20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity 

provider and employer. 

Cover: A typical landscape in the Kantishna area. Iksgiza and Nenana soils are on dunes, on 

plains, and in depressions in the foreground. Typic Cryaquepts, Typic Histoturbels, and Terric 

Hemistels are on the flood plain in the middle background. 

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the 

Natural Resources Conservation Service homepage on the World Wide Web. 
5 

Contents


How To Use This Soil Survey .............................. 3


Foreword................................................................ 7


General Nature of the Survey Area......................... 9


History................................................................ 9


Physiography and Geology.............................. 10


Climate............................................................. 10


Permafrost ....................................................... 11


Native Vegetation............................................. 12


How This Survey Was Made................................. 12


Detailed Soil Map Units ...................................... 15


1—Beales very fine sandy loam, 1 to 35


percent slopes ........................................... 16


2—Beales very fine sandy loam, 35 to 70


percent slopes ........................................... 16


3—Beales-Zitziana complex, 1 to 35


percent slopes ........................................... 17


4—Typic Histoturbels, Terric Hemistels, 

and Bradway soils, 0 to 2 percent 

slopes ........................................................ 18


5—Iksgiza peat, 0 to 3 percent slopes............. 19


6—Iksgiza peat, 3 to 6 percent slopes............. 19


7—Iksgiza peat, 6 to 12 percent slopes........... 20


8—Iksgiza-Beales-Zitziana complex, pitted,


1 to 50 percent slopes ............................... 20


9—Iksgiza-Nenana complex, 1 to 35


percent slopes ........................................... 21


10—Iksgiza-Terric Hemistels complex, 0 to


3 percent slopes ........................................ 22


11—Iksgiza-Zitziana-Nenana complex, 1 to


35 percent slopes ...................................... 23


12—Kindanina mucky silt loam, 0 to 6


percent slopes ........................................... 24


13—Kindanina mucky silt loam, 6 to 12


percent slopes ........................................... 24


14—Kindanina mucky silt loam, 12 to 20


percent slopes ........................................... 25


15—Kindanina-Beales-Zitziana complex,


dunes, 1 to 50 percent slopes.................... 25


16—Koyukuk silt loam, 1 to 35 percent


slopes ........................................................ 27


17—Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels complex,


dunes, 1 to 35 percent slopes.................... 27


18—Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels complex,


pitted, 1 to 35 percent slopes..................... 28


19—Nenana silt loam, 3 to 6 percent slopes ... 29


20—Nenana silt loam, 6 to 12 percent


slopes ........................................................ 29


21—Nenana silt loam, 12 to 20 percent


slopes ........................................................ 30


22—Nenana-Zitziana complex, 1 to 35


percent slopes ........................................... 30


23—Terric Hemistels, 0 to 2 percent slopes .... 31


24—Riverwash................................................. 31


25—Salchaket-Bradway complex, 0 to 3


percent slopes ........................................... 32


26—Saulich peat, 0 to 6 percent slopes .......... 32


27—Saulich peat, 6 to 30 percent slopes ........ 33


28—Typic Cryaquepts, 0 to 2 percent


slopes ........................................................ 33


29—Typic Dystrocryepts-Lithic


Dystrocryepts Association, 15 to 70


percent slopes ........................................... 34


30—Typic Dystrocryepts-Saulich complex,


3 to 15 percent slopes ............................... 35


31—Typic Dystrocryepts-Tetlin-Saulich


Association, 15 to 70 percent slopes ......... 36


32—Typic Cryopsamments, Typic


Cryaquepts, flooded, and Bradway 

soils, 0 to 5 percent slopes ........................ 37


33—Zitziana silt loam, 1 to 35 percent 

slopes ........................................................ 38


34—Zitziana-Kindanina complex, 1 to 35


percent slopes ........................................... 38


35—Water........................................................ 39


Use and Management of the Soils..................... 41


Crops and Pasture........................................... 41


Land Clearing................................................... 43


Land Capability Classification .......................... 43


Forestry............................................................ 44


Forest Vegetation ....................................... 44


Forestry-Soil Interpretations ....................... 45


Interpretive Ratings.......................................... 47


Rating Class Terms .................................... 47


Numerical Ratings ...................................... 47


Recreation........................................................ 47


Engineering...................................................... 48


Building Site Development.......................... 48


Sanitary Facilities........................................ 50

6 

Construction Materials ................................51


Hydric Soils.......................................................52


Key to Hydric Soil Criteria ...........................53


Soil Properties .....................................................55


Engineering Index Properties ...........................55


Physical Properties...........................................56


Chemical Properties .........................................57


Water Features.................................................58


Soil Features ....................................................59


Classification of the Soils...................................61


Taxanomic Units and Their Morphology................61


Beales Series ...................................................62


Bradway Series ................................................62


Iksgiza Series ...................................................63


Kindanina Series ..............................................64


Koyukuk Series.................................................64


Lithic Dystrocryepts ..........................................65


Nenana Series..................................................66


Salchaket Series...............................................67


Saulich Series...................................................67


Terric Hemistels ...............................................68


Tetlin Series .....................................................68


Typic Aquiturbels..............................................69


Typic Cryaquepts .............................................70


Typic Cryopsamments......................................71


Typic Dystrocryepts..........................................71


Typic Histoturbels.............................................72


Zitziana Series..................................................73


Formation of the Soils ........................................75


Climate and Permafrost....................................75


Physiographic Areas.........................................77


References ...........................................................81


Glossary ...............................................................85


Tables ...................................................................95


Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation.........96


Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall.......97


Table 3.—Growing Season...............................97


Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate 

Extent of the Soils ......................................98


Table 5.—Land Capability ................................99


Table 6.—Forestland Management and


Productivity...............................................101


Table 7.—Recreation: Foot and ATV Trails....104


Table 8.—Building Site Development:


Structures.................................................110


Table 9.—Building Site Development: Site


Improvements ..........................................114


Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities: Sewage


Treatment.................................................120


Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities: Landfill............126


Table 12.—Construction Materials: Gravel


and Sand..................................................132


Table 13.—Construction Materials: Topsoil


and Roadfill ..............................................138


Table 14.—Hydric Soils List............................146


Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties.......152


Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils....157


Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the


Soils..........................................................161


Table 18.—Water Features ............................165


Table 19.—Soil Features ................................169


Table 20.—Classification of the Soils .............171


Issued 2001

7 

Foreword


This soil survey was conducted by the Natural Resources Conservation 

Service, an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture. The survey 

is part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey and, as such, was sponsored by 

Federal and State agencies and by the Alaska Soil and Water Conservation 

District. 

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land planning in the 

Kantishna area, Alaska. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land 

uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, 

improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the anticipated impact of 

selected land uses on the environment. 

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Agronomists and 

foresters can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management 

needed for small-scale vegetable production and sustainable timber harvest. 

Planners, community officials, tribal leaders, engineers, and others can use the 

survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and locate facilities such as 

solid waste disposal sites. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists 

in recreation, streambank erosion and soil erosion, wildlife, timber, water 

resources, and solid waste disposal can use the survey to help them understand, 

protect, and enhance the environment. 

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some 

soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock or 

to permafrost. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or 

roads. Wet soils are poorly suited to use for waste treatment systems. A high 

water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. 

Many soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. The 

location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey 

area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. The Natural 

Resources Conservation Service, Alaska Soil and Water Conservation District, 

and Alaska Cooperative Extension would be pleased to help users better 

understand uses and specific interpretations of the Kantishna Area Soil Survey. 

Please feel free to contact any of these Alaska “conservation partners.” 

It is our desire that this soil survey serve as one more tool that can be applied 

to help us retain the beauty, healthy environment, and sustainable use of natural 

resources in the great state of Alaska.


Charles W. Bell


State Conservationist


Natural Resources Conservation Service

8 

Location of the Kantishna area, in Alaska. 
9 

Soil Survey of


Kantishna Area, Alaska


By Karen M. Brannen and David K. Swanson, Natural Resources


Conservation Service


Fieldwork by Karen Brannen, Kim C. Georg, Darrell Kautz, Theron A. Meyer,


Steve Parks, Sam Brown, Lynn Gray, and Clay T. Midkiff, Natural Resources


Conservation Service


United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation


Service


In cooperation with


the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment


Station; the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources; and the


Alaska Soil and Water Conservation District


General Nature of the Survey Area 

The survey area is in Interior Alaska, 

approximately 100 miles (160 km) west of Fairbanks. 

The soil survey area is about 485,087 acres 

(196,460 ha) in size and extends from the Kantishna 

River west to the Cosna River, and from the Tanana 

River south for approximately 20 to 30 miles (32 to 

48 km). At present, there is no road access to the 

survey area, and there are no permanent 

settlements. 

The survey area is mainly on a large alluvial plain 

that is covered by wind-deposited sand and silt. The 

sand formed into large dunes that are covered by a 

layer of silt and are stabilized by vegetation. Several 

bedrock hills stand above the alluvial plain. These 

hills are mantled with wind-deposited sand and silt. 

The lowlands near the bedrock hills have an 

irregular surface as a result of soil subsidence 

following the thawing of large buried ice masses. 

The drier soils in the survey area support forests 

of aspen, paper birch, and white spruce. Wet soils 

with permafrost generally support stands of black 

spruce, mosses, sedges, and low shrubs. 

Permafrost underlies much of the survey area. 

Permafrost is most common in low, wet areas; in 

areas of finer-grained, silty soils; on north-facing 

slopes; and in places where a thick mat of organic 

matter and mosses insulates the soil. 

The Kantishna area was included in the 1979 

reconnaissance soil survey, the Exploratory Soil 

Survey of Alaska (Rieger and others 1979). This 

soil survey updates the information provided in the 

1979 survey, provides more detailed information on 

larger scale maps and includes additional 

interpretations for use and management of the soils. 

The descriptions, names, and delineations of 

soils in this survey may not fully agree with those of 

soils in surveys for adjacent areas. Any differences 

are the result of better knowledge of the soils, 

modifications in soil classification concepts, or 

different mapping intensities. 

History 

The lower Tanana River basin has been 

inhabited for about 9,000 years by Athabaskan 

Indians. These people hunted, fished, and gathered 

edible plants. Various hunting and fishing camps 

were occupied over the course of a year to best use 

the local resources. Following contact with outside 

traders in the mid 1800s, the Athabaskans came to 
10 Soil Survey of 

rely, in part, on non-native goods. Fur trapping for 

trade and the acquisition of firearms caused 

changes in the traditional subsistence lifestyle 

(Thorson 1986). 

European settlement of central Alaska began in 

the 1860’s with the navigation of the Yukon River 

between the trading posts at Nulato and Fort Yukon 

(Cochrane 1982). Settlement in the lower Tanana 

River region increased after the discovery of gold at 

Tofty and Eureka around the year 1900. Land was 

homesteaded and a telegraph station was built in the 

Manley Hot Springs area. By 1907, a post office had 

been established, and by 1915, about 60 acres (24 

ha) was under cultivation in the Manley Hot Springs 

area (Davis 1982). The population decreased 

rapidly after 1913 as placer mining declined. 

Today, residents of the lower Tanana region 

combine subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering 

with commercial activities. Big game hunting, sport 

fishing, and tourism attract visitors to the region. 

There are no permanent settlements, roads, or 

year-round trails in the survey area. Access is by 

boat, snowmobile, or aircraft. Most land in the 

survey area is owned and managed by the State of 

Alaska. Private lands include federal homesteads 

(mainly along the western edge of the survey area) 

and small remote floatplane-accessible parcels on 

lakes. 

Physiography and Geology 

The survey area includes an alluvial plain 

mantled by eolian sand and silt; active flood plains 

incised into the alluvial plain; and bedrock-cored hills 

mantled by eolian sediments. The alluvial plain is 

composed mainly of sediments washed northward 

from the north slope of the Alaska Range. 

Deposition of the alluvium forced the Tanana River 

northward against the Yukon-Tanana Upland (Péwé 

1975). The alluvium buries a fairly rugged 

topography, the hilltops of which now form the 

bedrock-cored hills and low mountains, such as 

Mooseheart Mountain. The bedrock-cored hills are 

composed of granite and other igneous rocks, schist, 

and sandstone. 

The alluvium is buried by a thick mantle of eolian 

sand that was deposited in dunes during Illinoian or 

Wisconsin time (10,000 to 500,000 years ago) 

(Collins 1985; Péwé 1975). The source of the sand 

is believed to be the flood plains along the Tanana 

River and its southern tributaries. The dunes are 

part of the largest area of stabilized sand dunes in 

Alaska (Collins 1985). They have a local relief of 6 

to 200 feet (2 to 60 m) and are formed into 

parabolic, longitudinal, transverse, and rosette 

patterns. The orientation of the dunes indicates a 

prevailing wind from the northeast at the time of 

deposition. 

Most of the survey area is blanketed with a 

mantle of silty loess. The dominant source of the 

loess is the unvegetated flood plains of the Tanana 

and Kantishna Rivers. The loess is many feet thick 

in the eastern part of the survey area, near to the 

source areas for the loess. The loess thins 

westward, away from the source. The bedrock hills 

have a thin loess mantle on their upper part that 

becomes thicker in downslope areas. Hills near the 

dune field typically have a layer of eolian sand under 

the loess. 

Thick loess and silty, colluvial sediments are also 

found in the western part of the survey area, west of 

the sand dunes. Loess deposition probably 

occurred for a prolonged period in this area during 

the Pleistocene glaciations, resulting in burial of 

large ground-ice masses. Melting of these ice 

masses in some areas caused subsidence and 

extremely irregular topography. 

The survey area drains into the Tanana River via 

the Kantishna, Cosna, and Zitziana Rivers. The 

source of the Kantishna River is glaciers in the 

Alaska Range; the Cosna River arises in the loessblanketed hills north of the Alaska Range, and the 

Zitziana River arises within the dune field. There are 

a few lakes in depressions between dunes, as well 

as, numerous small ponds that formed by the 

thawing of buried ice masses. 

Climate 

Summers in the Kantishna area are short and 

moderately warm, and daylight lasts up to 21 hours 

a day. Most precipitation falls during the growing 

season and is adequate for crops adapted to the 

temperature and duration of the season. Winters 

are long and cold, with few hours of daylight and a 

continuous snow cover. 

Table 1 gives data on temperature and 

precipitation recorded during the period 1949-1990at 

Manley Hot Springs, Alaska, which is approximately 

10 miles (14 km) north of the survey area. In winter 

(November through March), the average 

temperature is -4 degrees F (-20 oC) and the 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 11 

average daily minimum temperature is -14 degrees 

F (-26 oC). In summer (June through August), the 

average temperature is 56 degrees F (14 oC) and 

the average daily maximum temperature is 69 

degrees F (21 oC). 

Growing degree days, shown in table 1, are 

equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, 

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that 

the average temperature each day during the 

growing season exceeds a base temperature of 40 

degrees F (4.4 oC). The growing degree days in the 

survey area are sufficient for cool- and short-season 

adapted crops such as barley, potatoes, and 

cabbage. 

The frost-free season at Manley Hot Springs is 

quite short, and frosts may occur in June or August 

(tables 2 and 3). Higher elevations in the Kantishna 

area have a longer frost-free season than Manley 

Hot Springs, while low-lying areas have a frost-free 

season as short or shorter than Manley Hot Springs. 

The length of the frost-free season varies greatly 

from year to year. 

The average total annual precipitation at Manley 

Hot Springs is about 15 inches (37 cm). Of this total, 

about ten inches (25 cm), or 67 percent, usually falls 

in May through September, which is the growing 

season for most crops. During many years, a lack of 

precipitation in May and June results in a soil 

moisture deficit during the period of plant 

emergence. 

Average snow depth in late-winter (April 1) for 

the period 1980-1989 at the Totchaket snow survey 

site, which is 15 miles (25 km) east of the survey 

area, is 20 inches (50 cm). The average quantity of 

liquid water stored in the snowpack at this time is 3.6 

inches (9 cm). Snow covers the ground from midOctober through early May. 

Permafrost 

Much of the Kantishna area is underlain by 

permafrost (perennially frozen ground). Permafrost 

is a major factor affecting land use. During the 

summer, water perches above the impermeable 

permafrost and the soil is usually saturated. 

The depth at which permafrost occurs varies 

widely and is affected by slope aspect, drainage, soil 

texture and the thickness of the organic surface soil 

horizons. Permafrost is more widespread on northfacing slopes and in level areas than on southfacing slopes, because the south-facing slopes 

receive more solar radiation. On wet toeslopes and 

depressions, permafrost often occurs within 1 foot 

(30 cm) of the mineral soil surface. Permafrost is 

more widespread and occurs nearer to the surface 

in more poorly drained, silty materials than in well 

drained, sandy and gravelly materials. Permafrost is 

favored by a thick, insulating surface cover of moss 

and other organic matter. 

Ground ice occurs in permafrost as pore ice, 

segregated ice lenses, ice wedges, and irregular ice 

masses (Stearns 1966). Pore ice, which is the most 

common form of ground ice in the sandy sediments 

of the Kantishna area, occurs within pore spaces 

between soil particles. It forms by pore water 

freezing in place. Segregated ice occurs in lenses 

or layers up to several inches (10 cm) thick. These 

layers grow by drawing up water from below as the 

ground freezes. Wedge ice fills thermal contraction 

cracks in permafrost (Péwé 1975). Wedge ice was 

observed in the central part of the survey area, 

exposed in a stream bank below the normal depth of 

soil observations. The extent of segregated ice and 

wedge ice in the survey area is not known. 

If the organic mat over the permafrost is burned 

or removed mechanically, the upper zone of 

permafrost will thaw and the associated perched 

water table may recede to a greater depth. Variation 

in the ice content of the permafrost results in 

differential subsidence of the soil surface and 

slumping as the permafrost melts (Péwé 1954). The 

resulting uneven ground is known as thermokarst 

(Czudek and Demek 1970). Many ponds in the 

survey area appear to be the result of thawing of 

buried ice. If no further disturbance occurs, the 

insulating vegetative mat will eventually become 

reestablished, accompanied by a drop in the soil 

temperature and a rise in the permafrost and water 

table levels. 

Thermokarsting can also occur during warm 

climatic intervals. The heavily thermokarsted region 

in the western part of the survey area probably 

resulted from the melting of large buried ice masses 

during the warmer climate that followed glaciation. 

Nearby, the slightly higher, nearly level areas with 

continuous permafrost and little thermokarsting 

probably retain the large buried ice masses, and 

major thermokarsting could occur if the surface is 

disturbed. 

The occurrence of permafrost in the survey area 

requires special consideration when selecting lands 
12 Soil Survey of 

for clearing and agriculture and during the 

construction of roads and buildings. 

Native Vegetation 

The Kantishna area is located within the boreal 

forest zone of Interior Alaska. The interrelated 

effects of landform, topographic position, soil, and 

fires determine the types of vegetation that occur on 

a soil. Native vegetation, together with the system of 

lakes, streams, and other wetlands in the survey 

area, provides habitat for a wide variety of mammals 

and birds. Area forests could also provide various 

wood products, including timber, house logs, and 

fuel wood. 

Forest types on well drained sand dunes, flood 

plains, and hillslopes include pure and mixed stands 

of paper birch, quaking aspen, white spruce, and 

black spruce. Dwarf black spruce forestland, which 

may include tamarack and stunted paper birch, and 

birch-ericaceous shrubland occur on outwash plains, 

flood plains, and hillslopes underlain by shallow 

permafrost. Wet sedge meadows are common on 

the margins of lakes and ponds and on seasonally 

ponded areas on flood plains and outwash plains. 

Bluejoint reedgrass meadows are found in drained 

thaw ponds. 

How This Survey Was Made 

This survey was made to provide information 

about the soils and miscellaneous areas in the 

survey area. The information includes a description 

of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their 

location, and a discussion of their suitability, 

limitations, and management for specified uses. 

Before beginning the fieldwork, relevant 

information on the climate, geology, geomorphology, 

hydrology, and vegetation of the survey area was 

assembled. Aerial photography of the survey area 

was acquired and prepared for field use and 

mapping. Color infrared photography taken in 1978-

1980 at a scale of 1:60,000 was enlarged to a scale 

of approximately 1:24,000 and printed in black-andwhite for use during the survey. 

Prior to detailed soils mapping, a reconnaissance 

of the area was done by low-altitude helicopter 

flights. At representative locations and landforms, 

the soil scientists stopped to investigate the nature 

of the soils. Soil-landform patterns and map unit 

concepts were developed for use during detailed 

mapping. Representative areas for future intensive 

soils investigation were identified and located. 

The level of mapping intensity was determined by 

the degree of potential for the specified uses of the 

survey and by accessibility. Accessible areas with 

higher potential for the specified uses of the survey 

were mapped in greater detail. Map unit boundaries 

in these areas were determined in the field and by 

photo-interpretation of known soil-landform and soilvegetation relationships. Due to the size of the 

survey area and the limited amount of time available, 

it was not possible to visit each delineation. 

Due to the lack of ground access to the survey 

area, daily helicopter flights were used to place 

teams consisting of a soil scientist and a biological 

technician at various locations in the survey area. 

Some areas at higher elevations were inaccessible 

due to lack of safe helicopter landing sites. The 

inaccessible areas and areas with low potential for 

use were mapped primarily by photo-interpretation. 

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey 

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the 

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural 

vegetation. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous 

area is associated with a particular kind or segment 

of the landscape. By observing the soils and 

miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating 

their position to specific segments of the landscape, 

a soil scientist develops a concept or model of how 

the soils were formed. Thus, during mapping, this 

model enables the soil scientist to predict with 

considerable accuracy the kind of soil or 

miscellaneous area at a specific location on the 

landscape. 

Commonly, soils on the landscape merge into 

one another as their characteristics gradually 

change. To construct an accurate map, however, 

soil scientists must determine the boundaries 

between the soils. They can observe only a limited 

number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these 

observations, supplemented by an understanding of 

the soil-vegetation-landscape relationships, are 

sufficient to predict the kinds of soil in an area and to 

determine the boundaries. 

Soil scientists dug many holes to study the soil 

profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or 

horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the 

surface down into the unconsolidated material in 

which the soil formed. The soil scientists also 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 13 

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the 

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of 

native plants; and the kinds of geologic materials. 

Many locations in the survey area have 

permafrost within the soil profile. In these areas a 

gasoline-powered ice auger was occasionally used 

to extract frozen soil cores from which the 

characteristics of the frozen layers could be 

determined. 

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the 

soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, 

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and 

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, 

soil temperature, reaction, and other features. After 

describing the soils and determining their properties, 

the soil scientists classified the soils according to 

Soil Taxonomy (USDA 1999). The soil classification 

allows information about management of similar 

soils in other areas to be applied to soils in the 

survey area. 

While the soil survey was in progress, samples of 

some of the soils in the area were collected for 

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil 

scientists interpreted the data from these analyses 

and tests, as well as, the field-observed 

characteristics and the soil properties to determine 

the expected behavior of the soils under different 

uses. 

Soil behavior is affected not only by soil 

properties, but also by such variables as climate and 

biological activity. Average soil conditions are 

predictable, but conditions at a specific time and 

place are difficult to predict. For example, soil 

scientists can predict with a considerable degree of 

accuracy that a given soil will have a high water 

table within certain depths in most years, but they 

cannot predict that a high water table will always be 

at a specific level in the soil on a specific date. 

After soil scientists located and identified the 

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, 

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial 

photographs and identified each as a specific map 

unit. Each map unit consists of an area of specified 

soil or soils having similar use and management 

characteristics. It also includes areas of minor soils 

that have different use and management 

characteristics. Each map unit is also defined in 

terms of nonsoil features, such as slope, climate, 

and landform. Aerial photographs show trees, lakes, 

and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries 

accurately. 

15 

Detailed Soil Map Units


The map units delineated on the detailed soil 

maps in this survey represent the soils or 

miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map 

unit descriptions in this section, along with the maps, 

can be used to determine the suitability and potential 

of a unit for specific uses. They also can be used to 

plan the management needed for those uses. 

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents 

an area dominated by one or more major kinds of 

soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified 

and named according to the taxonomic classification 

of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there 

are precisely defined limits for the properties of the 

soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are 

natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic 

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range 

of some observed properties may extend beyond the 

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of 

a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be 

mapped without including areas of other taxonomic 

classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of 

the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is 

named and some minor components that belong to 

taxonomic classes other than those of the major 

soils. 

Most minor soils have properties similar to those 

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus 

they do not affect use and management. These are 

called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They 

may or may not be mentioned in a particular map 

unit description. Other minor components, however, 

have properties and behavioral characteristics 

divergent enough to affect use or to require different 

management. These are called contrasting, or 

dissimilar, components. They generally are in small 

areas and could not be mapped separately because 

of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly 

contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are 

identified by a special symbol on the maps. The 

contrasting components are mentioned in the map 

unit descriptions. A few areas of minor components 

may not have been observed, and consequently 

they are not mentioned in the descriptions, 

especially where the pattern was so complex that it 

was impractical to make enough observations to 

identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the 

landscape. 

The presence of minor components in a map unit 

in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of 

the data. The objective of mapping is not to 

delineate pure taxonomic classes but rather to 

separate the landscape into landforms or landform 

segments that have similar use and management 

requirements. The delineation of such segments on 

the map provides sufficient information for the 

development of resource plans. If intensive use of 

small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation 

is needed to define and locate the soils and 

miscellaneous areas. 

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit 

name in the map unit descriptions. Each description 

includes general facts about the unit and gives the 

principal hazards and limitations to be considered in 

planning for specific uses. 

Map units that consist of one major component 

are called consociations. Beales very fine sandy 

loam, 1 to 35 percent slopes, is an example. 

Some map units are made up of two or more 

major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units 

are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated 

groups. 

A complex consists of two or more soils or 

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in 

such small areas that they cannot be shown 

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion 

of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat 

similar in all areas. Iksgiza-Nenana complex, 1 to 35 

percent slopes, is an example. 

An association is made up of two or more 

geographically associated soils or miscellaneous 

areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. 

Because of present or anticipated uses of the map 

units in the survey area, it was not considered 

practical or necessary to map the soils or 

miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and 

relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous 
16 Soil Survey of 

areas are somewhat similar. Typic DystrocryeptsLithic Dystrocryepts association, 15 to 70 percent 

slopes, is an example. 

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or 

more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be 

mapped individually but are mapped as one unit 

because similar interpretations can be made for use 

and management. The pattern and proportion of the 

soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are 

not uniform. An area can be made up of only one of 

the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be 

made up of all of them. Typic Histoturbels, Terric 

Hemistels, and Bradway soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 

is an undifferentiated group in this survey area. 

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such 

areas have little or no soil material and support little 

or no vegetation. Riverwash is an example. 

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate 

extent of each map unit. Other tables (see Contents) 

give properties of the soils and the limitations, 

capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The 

Glossary defines many of the terms used in 

describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. 

1—Beales very fine sandy loam, 1 to 35 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Beales and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes on alluvial flats


Position on the slope: backslopes, summits


Slope shape: convex downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 1.5 inches 

(4 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

Bw—3 to 6 inches (8 to 16 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: steep slopes, water erosion and 

wind erosion, frost heaving, and shallow depth to 

sandy subsoil 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: forestland and homesites


2—Beales very fine sandy loam, 35 to 70 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Beales and Similar Soils 

Extent: 85 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes


Position on the slope: backslopes


Slope shape: convex downslope


Slope range: 35 to 70 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 1.5 inches 

(4 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 17 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

Bw—3 to 6 inches (8 to 16 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of less than 35 percent: 10 percent 

of the map unit 

•	 Soils that have a loess mantle more than 10 

inches thick: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: steep slopes, water erosion and 

wind erosion, and frost heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

3—Beales-Zitziana complex, 1 to 35 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Beales and Similar Soils 

Extent: 50 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes on alluvial flats


Position on the slope: backslopes


Slope shape: convex downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 1.5 inches 

(4 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

Bw—3 to 6 inches (8 to 16 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Zitziana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 40 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 35 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.2 inches 

(16 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

E,Bw—3 to 17 inches (8 to 43 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—17 to 60 inches (43 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: steep slopes, water erosion and 

wind erosion, frost heaving, and shallow depth to 

sandy subsoil 
18 Soil Survey of 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: forestland and homesites


4—Typic Histoturbels, Terric Hemistels, 

and Bradway soils, 0 to 2 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 397 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Typic Histoturbels and Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on flood plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 2 percent


Parent material: alluvium


Depth to permafrost: 8 to 18 inches (20 to 45 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: occasional 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 6 inches 

(15 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 3.0 inches 

(8 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with Labrador 

tea and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 11 inches (0 to 27 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Af—11 to 13 inches (27 to 32 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Cgf—13 to 23 inches (32 to 59 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Terric Hemistels and Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on flood plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 2 percent


Parent material: organic material over silty loess


Depth to permafrost: 6 to 40 inches (15 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained


Flooding: occasional


Depth to high water table (approximate): 6 inches


(15 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: cottonsedge and sedge 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 20 inches (0 to 51 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—20 to 22 inches (51 to 56 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bf—22 to 60 inches (56 to 152 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Bradway and Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on flood plains


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 0 to 2 percent


Parent material: alluvium


Depth to permafrost: 14 to 40 inches (38 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: occasional 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 13 inches 

(34 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 3.1 inches 

(8 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with low shrubs 

and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A1—1 to 5 inches (3 to 13 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

A2—5 to 15 inches (13 to 39 cm); stratified fine 

sand to very fine sandy loam, moderately 

rapid permeability 

Af—15 to 24 inches (39 to 61 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

• Ponds and sloughs: 5 percent of the map unit 

•	 Soils that are frequently flooded: 5 percent of the 

map unit 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 19 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, flooding, 

and ponding 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

5—Iksgiza peat, 0 to 3 percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 997 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Iksgiza and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on outwash plains 

Slope shape: concave downslope 

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 19 inches 

(48 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 4.8 inches 

(12 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce and paper birch 

forest with willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); 

permanently frozen fine sand, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Histosols and similar soils: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

•	 Soils that are well drained: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, lack of 

drainage outlets, ponding, and possible 

thermokarst subsidence 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

6—Iksgiza peat, 3 to 6 percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 991 feet (76 to 302 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Iksgiza and Similar Soils 

Extent: 85 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on outwash plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 3 to 6 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—moderate; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 19 inches 

(48 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 4.8 inches 

(12 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce and paper birch 

forest with willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); 

permanently frozen fine sand, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Histosols and similar soils: 10 percent of the map 

unit 

•	 Soils that are well drained: 5 percent of the map 

unit 
20 Soil Survey of 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, possible 

thermokarst subsidence, and erodible topsoil 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: cropland, hayland, pastureland, and 

homesites 

7—Iksgiza peat, 6 to 12 percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 997 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Iksgiza and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes on outwash plains 

Position on the slope: toeslopes 

Slope shape: concave downslope 

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 19 inches 

(48 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 4.8 inches 

(12 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce and paper birch 

forest with willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); 

permanently frozen fine sand, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of less than 6 percent: 5 percent of 

the map unit 

•	 Soils that are well drained: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, possible 

thermokarst subsidence, erodible topsoil, and 

slope 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: cropland, hayland, and pastureland


8—Iksgiza-Beales-Zitziana complex, 

pitted, 1 to 50 percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Iksgiza and Similar Soils 

Extent: 40 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on outwash plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 1 to 20 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 19 inches 

(48 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 4.8 inches 

(12 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce and paper birch 

forest with willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); 

permanently frozen fine sand, impermeable 

Beales and Similar Soils 

Extent: 25 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes on alluvial flats


Position on the slope: backslopes, summits


Slope shape: convex downslope

Kantishna Area, Alaska 21 

Slope range: 1 to 50 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 1.5 inches 

(4 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

Bw—3 to 6 inches (8 to 16 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Zitziana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 20 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 50 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

E,Bw—2 to 16 inches (6 to 41 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—16 to 60 inches (41 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

• Ponds and lakes: 5 percent of the map unit 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils that are well drained: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, steep 

slopes, water erosion and wind erosion, and frost 

heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: forestland and homesites


9—Iksgiza-Nenana complex, 1 to 35 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 997 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Iksgiza and Similar Soils 

Extent: 60 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on dunes


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 1 to 20 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 19 inches 

(48 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 4.8 inches 

(12 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce and paper birch 

forest with willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); 

permanently frozen fine sand, impermeable 
22 Soil Survey of 

Nenana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 25 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 35 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.6 inches 

(22 cm) 

Vegetation: quaking aspen, paper birch, and white 

spruce forest 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C—4 to 38 inches (10 to 96 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Histosols and similar soils: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

• Small ponds: 5 percent of the map unit 

•	 Soils that are moderately well drained: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, steep 

slopes, water erosion and wind erosion, frost 

heaving, and thermokarst subsidence 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: hayland, pastureland, forestland, and 

homesites 

10—Iksgiza-Terric Hemistels complex, 0 

to 3 percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 997 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Iksgiza and Similar Soils 

Extent: 65 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on outwash plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 3 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 19 inches 

(48 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 4.8 inches 

(12 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce and paper birch 

forest with willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); 

permanently frozen fine sand, impermeable 

Terric Hemistels and Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on outwash plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 3 percent


Parent material: organic material over silty loess


Depth to permafrost: 6 to 40 inches (15 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: occasional 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 6 inches 

(15 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: cottonsedge and sedge 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 20 inches (0 to 51 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 23 

A—20 to 22 inches (51 to 56 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bf—22 to 60 inches (56 to 152 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

• Soils that are ponded: 3 percent of the map unit 

•	 Soils that are well drained: 2 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, 

thermokarst subsidence, and organic soil 

material 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

11—Iksgiza-Zitziana-Nenana complex, 1 

to 35 percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Iksgiza and Similar Soils 

Extent: 50 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on dunes 

Slope shape: concave downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 8 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—moderate; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 19 inches 

(48 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 4.8 inches 

(12 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce and paper birch 

forest with willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); 

permanently frozen fine sand, impermeable 

Zitziana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 25 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes


Position on the slope: summits, backslopes


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

E,Bw—2 to 16 inches (6 to 41 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—16 to 60 inches (41 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Nenana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 20 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes


Position on the slope: backslopes, summits


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.6 inches 

(22 cm) 
24 Soil Survey of 

Vegetation: quaking aspen, paper birch, and white 

spruce forest 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C—4 to 38 inches (10 to 96 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 3 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent: 2 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, wind 

erosion and water erosion, steep slopes, and 

frost heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland and homesites 

12—Kindanina mucky silt loam, 0 to 6 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Kindanina and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on outwash plains 

Slope shape: concave downslope 

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Depth to permafrost: 10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 9 inches 

(23 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.2 inches 

(6 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with willows 

and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

B—6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm); sand, rapid 

permeability 

2Cf—22 to 32 inches (56 to 81 cm); permanently 

frozen sand, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Histic Aquiturbels and similar soils: 5 percent of 

the map unit 

•	 Soils that are well drained: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, wind 

erosion and water erosion, possible thermokarst 

subsidence, frost heaving, and sandy subsoil 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: hayland, pastureland, and homesites 

13—Kindanina mucky silt loam, 6 to 12 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Kindanina and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on outwash plains 

Slope shape: concave downslope 

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Depth to permafrost: 10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 9 inches 

(23 cm) 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 25 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.2 inches 

(6 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with willows 

and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

B—6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm); sand, rapid 

permeability 

2Cf—22 to 32 inches (56 to 81 cm); permanently 

frozen sand, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Histic Aquiturbels and similar soils: 5 percent of 

the map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of less than 6 percent: 5 percent of 

the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, wind 

erosion and water erosion, possible thermokarst 

subsidence, frost heaving, sandy subsoil, and 

steep slopes 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: cropland, hayland, pastureland, and 

homesites 

14—Kindanina mucky silt loam, 12 to 20 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Kindanina and Similar Soils 

Extent: 85 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on outwash plains 

Slope shape: concave downslope 

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Depth to permafrost: 10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 9 inches 

(23 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.2 inches 

(6 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with willows 

and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

B—6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm); sand, rapid 

permeability 

2Cf—22 to 32 inches (56 to 81 cm); permanently 

frozen sand, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Histic Aquiturbels and similar soils: 5 percent of 

the map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 20 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of less than 12 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, wind 

erosion and water erosion, thermokarst 

subsidence, frost heaving, and steep slopes 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: hayland, pastureland, and homesites 

15—Kindanina-Beales-Zitziana 

complex, dunes, 1 to 50 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Kindanina and Similar Soils 

Extent: 40 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on dunes 
26 Soil Survey of 

Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 1 to 20 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Depth to permafrost: 10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 9 inches 

(23 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.2 inches 

(6 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with willows 

and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

B—6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm); sand, rapid 

permeability 

2Cf—22 to 32 inches (56 to 81 cm); permanently 

frozen sand, impermeable 

Beales and Similar Soils 

Extent: 25 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes on alluvial flats


Position on the slope: backslopes, summits


Slope shape: convex downslope


Slope range: 1 to 50 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 1.5 inches 

(4 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

Bw—3 to 6 inches (8 to 16 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Zitziana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 20 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 50 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

E,Bw—2 to 16 inches (6 to 41 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—16 to 60 inches (41 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 10 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils that have an organic mat more than 8 inches 

thick: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, wind 

erosion and water erosion, thermokarst 

subsidence, frost heaving, and steep slopes 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland and homesites 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 27 

16—Koyukuk silt loam, 1 to 35 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Koyukuk and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes


Position on the slope: summits, backslopes


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: loess


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 12.8 inches 

(32 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce and paper birch forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 5 inches (0 to 13 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

E—5 to 7 inches (13 to 18 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bw,C—7 to 60 inches (18 to 152 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wind erosion and water erosion, 

frost heaving, and steep slopes 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland and homesites 

17—Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels 

complex, dunes, 1 to 35 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 400 to 1,001 feet (122 to 305 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Koyukuk and Similar Soils 

Extent: 45 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes


Position on the slope: summits, backslopes


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: loess


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 12.8 inches 

(32 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce and paper birch forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 5 inches (0 to 13 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

E—5 to 7 inches (13 to 18 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bw,C—7 to 60 inches (18 to 152 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Typic Aquiturbels and Similar Soils 

Extent: 40 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on dunes


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 1 to 30 percent


Parent material: loess


Depth to permafrost: 24 to 44 inches (61 to 112 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: poorly drained 
28 Soil Survey of 

Flooding: none


Depth to high water table (approximate): 20 inches


(50 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 7.1 inches 

(18 cm) 

Vegetation: black spruce and paper birch forest with 

willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oa—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); highly 

decomposed plant material, moderate 

permeability 

A—4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bg—8 to 28 inches (20 to 71 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bgf—28 to 34 inches (71 to 86 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam 

Minor Components 

•	 Iksgiza and similar soils: 10 percent of the map 

unit 

• Nenana and similar soils: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, wind 

erosion and water erosion, frost heaving, and 

steep slopes 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: forestland and homesites


18—Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels 

complex, pitted, 1 to 35 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 400 to 1,001 feet (122 to 305 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Koyukuk and Similar Soils 

Extent: 70 percent of the map unit


Landform: hills on outwash plains


Position on the slope: summits, backslopes


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: loess


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium


Drainage class: well drained


Flooding: none


Depth to high water table (approximate): more than


72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 12.8 inches 

(32 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce and paper birch forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 5 inches (0 to 13 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

E—5 to 7 inches (13 to 18 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bw,C—7 to 60 inches (18 to 152 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Typic Aquiturbels and Similar Soils 

Extent: 15 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 1 to 30 percent


Parent material: loess


Depth to permafrost: 24 to 44 inches (61 to 112 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 20 inches 

(50 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 7.1 inches 

(18 cm) 

Vegetation: black spruce and paper birch forest with 

willows and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oa—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); highly 

decomposed plant material, moderate 

permeability 

A—4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bg—8 to 28 inches (20 to 71 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bgf—28 to 34 inches (71 to 86 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam 

Minor Components 

•	 Histosols and similar soils: 5 percent of the map 

unit 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 29 

• Ponds and lakes: 5 percent of the map unit 

•	 Soils that are somewhat poorly drained: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, 

thermokarst subsidence, wind erosion and water 

erosion, and frost heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland 

19—Nenana silt loam, 3 to 6 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Nenana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 3 to 6 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—moderate; by wind—severe 

Runoff: low 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.6 inches 

(22 cm) 

Vegetation: quaking aspen, paper birch, and white 

spruce forest 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C1—4 to 38 inches (10 to 96 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 10 percent of the 

map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wind erosion and water erosion 

and frost heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: hayland, pastureland, cropland, 

forestland, and homesites 

20—Nenana silt loam, 6 to 12 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Nenana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.6 inches 

(22 cm) 

Vegetation: quaking aspen, paper birch, and white 

spruce forest 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C1—4 to 38 inches (10 to 96 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 
30 Soil Survey of 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 12 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wind erosion and water erosion, 

and frost heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: hayland, pastureland, cropland, 

forestland, and homesites 

21—Nenana silt loam, 12 to 20 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Nenana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.6 inches 

(22 cm) 

Vegetation: quaking aspen, paper birch, and white 

spruce forest 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C1—4 to 38 inches (10 to 96 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of less than 12 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

•	 Soils that are poorly drained: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wind erosion and water erosion, 

and frost heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: hayland, pastureland, forestland, and 

homesites 

22—Nenana-Zitziana complex, 1 to 35 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Nenana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 50 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 35 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.6 inches 

(22 cm) 

Vegetation: quaking aspen, paper birch, and white 

spruce forest 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C1—4 to 38 inches (10 to 96 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 31 

Zitziana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 40 percent of the map unit 

Landform: dunes 

Position on the slope: backslopes, summits 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 35 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

E,Bw—2 to 16 inches (6 to 41 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—16 to 60 inches (41 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Poorly drained permafrost soils: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wind erosion and water erosion, 

steep slopes, and frost heaving 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland and homesites 

23—Terric Hemistels, 0 to 2 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 997 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Terric Hemistels and Similar Soils 

Extent: 85 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on alluvial flats


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 2 percent


Parent material: organic material over silty loess


Depth to permafrost: 6 to 40 inches (15 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 6 inches 

(15 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: cottonsedge and sedge 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 20 inches (0 to 51 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—20 to 22 inches (51 to 56 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bf—22 to 60 inches (56 to 152 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Well drained mineral soils: 15 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, and 

organic soil material 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

24—Riverwash 

Elevation: 249 to 397 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Riverwash 

Extent: 95 percent of the map unit


Landform: flood plains


Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

32 Soil Survey of 

Minor Components 

•	 Salchaket and similar soils: 3 percent of the map 

unit 

• Water: 2 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: frequent flooding, shifting stream 

channels, and riverbank erosion 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

25—Salchaket-Bradway complex, 0 to 3 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 397 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Salchaket and Similar Soils 

Extent: 65 percent of the map unit


Landform: flood plains


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 0 to 3 percent


Parent material: alluvium


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—severe 

Runoff: very low 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: occasional 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 12.5 inches 

(32 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce and balsam poplar forest; 

willow and alder scrub 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 6 inches (3 to 16 cm); stratified silt loam 

to very fine sandy loam to peat, moderate 

permeability 

C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); stratified silt 

loam to very fine sandy loam to very fine sand, 

moderate permeability 

Bradway and Similar Soils 

Extent: 20 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on outwash plains 

Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 0 to 3 percent


Parent material: alluvium


Depth to permafrost: 14 to 40 inches (38 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: occasional 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 13 inches 

(34 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 3.1 inches 

(8 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with low shrubs 

and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A1—1 to 5 inches (3 to 13 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

A2—5 to 15 inches (13 to 39 cm); stratified fine 

sand to very fine sandy loam, moderately 

rapid permeability 

Af—15 to 24 inches (39 to 61 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Histosols and similar soils: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

• Ponds and sloughs: 5 percent of the map unit 

• Riverwash: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: flooding, wetness and 

permafrost in the Bradway soil, and streambank 

erosion 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland 

26—Saulich peat, 0 to 6 percent slopes 

Elevation: 499 to 1,001 feet (152 to 305 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Saulich and Similar Soils 

Extent: 85 percent of the map unit 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 33 

Landform: depressions on outwash plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 6 percent


Parent material: loess


Depth to permafrost: 16 to 30 inches (40 to 76 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 12 inches 

(31 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 7.1 inches 

(18 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with low shrubs 

and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bg—14 to 27 inches (35 to 68 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bgf—27 to 37 inches (68 to 94 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils that are poorly drained: 10 percent of the 

map unit 

•	 Soils that have an organic mat less than 8 inches 

thick: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, 

thermokarst subsidence, and wind erosion 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

27—Saulich peat, 6 to 30 percent slopes 

Elevation: 499 to 1,001 feet (152 to 305 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Saulich and Similar Soils 

Extent: 85 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on hillsides 

Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 6 to 30 percent


Parent material: loess


Depth to permafrost: 16 to 30 inches (40 to 76 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 12 inches 

(31 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 7.1 inches 

(18 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with low shrubs 

and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bg—14 to 27 inches (35 to 68 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bgf—27 to 37 inches (68 to 94 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of less than 3 percent: 10 percent 

of the map unit 

•	 Soils that have an organic mat less than 8 inches 

thick: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, 

thermokarst subsidence, and wind erosion 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

28—Typic Cryaquepts, 0 to 2 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 997 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Typic Cryaquepts and Similar Soils 

Extent: 85 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on alluvial flats 
34 Soil Survey of 

Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 2 percent


Parent material: loess over alluvium


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—severe 

Runoff: very low 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 27 inches 

(69 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.3 inches 

(21 cm) 

Vegetation: bluejoint grass, sedges, and forbs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bg—6 to 42 inches (15 to 107 cm); stratified fine 

sand to silt loam, moderate permeability 

2C—42 to 60 inches (107 to 152 cm); extremely 

gravelly sand, rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Histosols and similar soils: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

• Small ponds and lakes: 5 percent of the map unit 

•	 Soils that are well drained: 5 percent of the map 

unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, ponding, inadequate 

drainage outlets, and wind erosion 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: hayland and pastureland 

29—Typic Dystrocryepts-Lithic 

Dystrocryepts Association, 15 to 70 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 797 to 1,998 feet (243 to 609 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Typic Dystrocryepts and Similar Soils 

Extent: 65 percent of the map unit


Landform: hillsides


Position on the slope: shoulders, backslopes


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 15 to 70 percent


Parent material: loess over eolian sands


Depth to bedrock (lithic): 21 to 60 inches (54 to


152 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.8 inches 

(7 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C1—3 to 13 inches (8 to 33 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C2—13 to 51 inches (33 to 130 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

3R—51 inches (130 cm); unweathered bedrock 

Lithic Dystrocryepts and Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit


Landform: hills


Position on the slope: summits, backslopes


Slope shape: convex downslope


Slope range: 15 to 70 percent


Parent material: loess


Depth to bedrock (lithic): 7 to 20 inches (18 to


50 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.7 inches 

(7 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 35 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw—3 to 10 inches (8 to 26 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2BC—10 to 15 inches (26 to 39 cm); very 

gravelly silt loam, moderately rapid 

permeability 

2R—15 inches (39 cm); bedrock 

Minor Components 

• Soils with permafrost: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: steep slopes, wind erosion and 

water erosion, frost heaving, and shallow depth 

to sandy subsoil or bedrock 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: forestland and homesites


30—Typic Dystrocryepts-Saulich 

complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes 

Elevation: 797 to 1,601 feet (243 to 488 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Typic Dystrocryepts and Similar Soils 

Extent: 60 percent of the map unit


Landform: hillsides


Position on the slope: footslopes


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 3 to 15 percent


Parent material: loess over eolian sands


Depth to bedrock (lithic): 21 to 60 inches (54 to


152 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.8 inches 

(7 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce and paper birch forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C1—3 to 13 inches (8 to 33 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C2—13 to 51 inches (33 to 130 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

3R—51 inches (130 cm); unweathered bedrock 

Saulich and Similar Soils 

Extent: 25 percent of the map unit 

Landform: hillsides 

Position on the slope: toeslopes 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 3 to 15 percent 

Parent material: loess 

Depth to permafrost: 16 to 30 inches (40 to 76 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 12 inches 

(31 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 7.1 inches 

(18 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with low shrubs 

and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bg—14 to 27 inches (35 to 68 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bgf—27 to 37 inches (68 to 94 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 15 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

• Soils with sandy subsoil: 5 percent of the map unit 

•	 Typic Histoturbels and similar soils: 5 percent of 

the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, 

thermokarst subsidence, wind erosion and water 

erosion, frost heaving, and steep slopes 
36 Soil Survey of 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: forestland and homesites


31—Typic Dystrocryepts-Tetlin-Saulich 

Association, 15 to 70 percent slopes 

Elevation: 797 to 1,998 feet (243 to 609 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Typic Dystrocryepts and Similar Soils 

Extent: 40 percent of the map unit


Landform: hillsides


Position on the slope: backslopes


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 15 to 70 percent


Parent material: loess over eolian sands


Depth to bedrock (lithic): 21 to 60 inches (54 to


152 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: well drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.8 inches 

(7 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce and paper birch forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bw,C1—3 to 13 inches (8 to 33 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C2—13 to 51 inches (33 to 130 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

3R—51 inches (130 cm); unweathered bedrock 

Tetlin and Similar Soils 

Extent: 25 percent of the map unit


Landform: hillsides


Slope shape: convex downslope


Slope range: 15 to 50 percent


Parent material: loess


Depth to permafrost: 11 to 60 inches (28 to 152 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 21 inches 

(54 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 10.1 inches 

(26 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce and paper birch forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 7 inches (0 to 18 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A,Bg—7 to 38 inches (18 to 97 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bgf—38 to 60 inches (97 to 152 cm); 

consolidated permafrost (ice rich), 

impermeable 

Saulich and Similar Soils 

Extent: 20 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on hillsides


Position on the slope: toeslopes


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 15 to 45 percent


Parent material: loess


Depth to permafrost: 16 to 30 inches (40 to 76 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 12 inches 

(31 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 7.1 inches 

(18 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with low shrubs 

and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bg—14 to 27 inches (35 to 68 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

Bgf—27 to 37 inches (68 to 94 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 37 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of less than 15 percent: 10 percent 

of the map unit 

•	 Soils that are shallow to bedrock: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, 

thermokarst subsidence, wind erosion and water 

erosion, frost heaving, and steep slopes 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland and homesites 

32—Typic Cryopsamments, Typic 

Cryaquepts, flooded, and Bradway 

soils, 0 to 5 percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 397 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Typic Cryopsamments and Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit 

Landform: levees on flood plains 

Slope shape: linear downslope 

Slope range: 0 to 5 percent 

Parent material: eolian sands over alluvium 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—slight; by wind—severe 

Runoff: low 

Drainage class: excessively drained 

Flooding: frequent 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 0.6 inches 

(2 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce forest with horsetail, alder, 

prickly rose, and moss 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

2C—2 to 60 inches (6 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Typic Cryaquepts, Flooded and 

Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on flood plains


Slope shape: concave downslope


Slope range: 0 to 3 percent


Parent material: loess over alluvium


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very low 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: frequent 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 20 inches 

(50 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 8.3 inches 

(21 cm) 

Vegetation: paper birch and white spruce forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

Bg—6 to 42 inches (15 to 107 cm); stratified fine 

sand to silt loam, moderate permeability 

2C—42 to 60 inches (107 to 152 cm); extremely 

gravelly sand, rapid permeability 

Bradway and Similar Soils 

Extent: 30 percent of the map unit


Landform: depressions on flood plains


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 0 to 3 percent


Parent material: alluvium


Depth to permafrost: 14 to 40 inches (38 to 102 cm)


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—slight; by wind—slight 

Runoff: very high 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Flooding: occasional 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 13 inches 

(34 cm) 

Ponding: occasional 

Available water capacity (approximate): 3.1 inches 

(8 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with low shrubs 

and moss 
38 Soil Survey of 

Typical profile: 

Oe—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); moderately 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A1—1 to 5 inches (3 to 13 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

A2—5 to 15 inches (13 to 39 cm); stratified fine 

sand to very fine sandy loam, moderately 

rapid permeability 

Af—15 to 24 inches (39 to 61 cm); permanently 

frozen silt loam, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Loamy soils that are well drained: 5 percent of the 

map unit 

• Ponds: 3 percent of the map unit 

• Riverwash: 2 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, flooding, 

and ponding 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: wildlife habitat 

33—Zitziana silt loam, 1 to 35 percent 

slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Zitziana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 90 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes


Position on the slope: backslopes, summits


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

E,Bw—2 to 16 inches (6 to 41 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—16 to 60 inches (41 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

• Soils with permafrost: 5 percent of the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wind erosion and water erosion, 

steep slopes, and shallow depth to sandy 

underlying material 

Current uses: wildlife habitat


Potential uses: forestland and homesites


34—Zitziana-Kindanina complex, 1 to 35 

percent slopes 

Elevation: 249 to 1,499 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches (36 to 

41 cm) 

Frost-free period: 30 to 60 days 

Zitziana and Similar Soils 

Extent: 45 percent of the map unit


Landform: dunes


Position on the slope: backslopes, summits


Slope shape: linear downslope


Slope range: 1 to 35 percent


Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands


Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by


water—severe; by wind—severe 

Runoff: medium 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): more than 

72 inches (176 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 6.1 inches 

(15 cm) 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 39 

Vegetation: white spruce, paper birch, and quaking 

aspen forest 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

plant material, moderately rapid permeability 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); silt loam, moderate 

permeability 

E,Bw—2 to 16 inches (6 to 41 cm); silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

2C—16 to 60 inches (41 to 152 cm); fine sand, 

rapid permeability 

Kindanina and Similar Soils 

Extent: 45 percent of the map unit 

Landform: depressions on dunes 

Slope shape: concave downslope 

Slope range: 1 to 8 percent 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Depth to permafrost: 10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm) 

Hazard of erosion (organic mat removed): by 

water—moderate; by wind—slight 

Runoff: high 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Flooding: none 

Depth to high water table (approximate): 9 inches 

(23 cm) 

Ponding: none 

Available water capacity (approximate): 2.2 inches 

(6 cm) 

Vegetation: open black spruce forest with willows 

and low shrubs 

Typical profile: 

Oi—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); slightly 

decomposed plant material, moderately rapid 

permeability 

A—4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm); mucky silt loam, 

moderate permeability 

B—6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm); very fine sandy 

loam, moderate permeability 

2C—10 to 22 inches (25 to 56 cm); sand, rapid 

permeability 

2Cf—22 to 32 inches (56 to 81 cm); permanently 

frozen sand, impermeable 

Minor Components 

•	 Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent: 5 percent 

of the map unit 

•	 Typic Histoturbels and similar soils: 5 percent of 

the map unit 

Management Considerations 

Soil-related factors: wetness, permafrost, wind 

erosion and water erosion, frost heaving, and 

steep slopes 

Current uses: wildlife habitat 

Potential uses: forestland and homesites 

35—Water 

Extent: 100 percent of the map unit 

41 

Use and Management of the Soils


This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of 

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust 

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural 

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to 

prevent soil-related failures in land uses. 

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, 

conservationists, foresters, botanists, and others 

collect extensive field data about the nature and 

behavioral characteristics of the soils. They collect 

data on erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other 

factors that affect various soil uses and 

management. Field experience and collected data 

on soil properties and performance are used as a 

basis in predicting soil behavior. 

Information in this section can be used to plan the 

use and management of soils for crops and pasture; 

as rangeland and forestland; as sites for buildings, 

sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation 

systems, and parks and other recreation facilities; 

and for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the 

potentials and limitations of each soil for specific 

land uses and to help prevent construction failures 

caused by unfavorable soil properties. 

Planners and others using soil survey information 

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on 

productivity and on the environment in all or part of 

the survey area. The survey can help planners to 

maintain or create a land use pattern in harmony 

with the natural soil. 

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources 

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can 

use it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, 

permafrost, or unstable soil layers can cause 

difficulty in excavation. 

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and 

others may also find this survey useful. The survey 

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and 

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, and trails. 

Crops and Pasture 

Mark Kinney, district conservationist, Natural Resources 

Conservation Service, prepared this section. 

At present there is no cropland, hayland or 

improved pastureland in the survey area. Limited 

amounts of vegetables for home use and grass 

crops, primarily for straw, are produced near the 

survey area at Nenana, Tanana, and Manley Hot 

Springs. Surface access to areas with the potential 

for agricultural and homestead development is 

limited to river systems. Because of such features 

as permafrost, wetlands, and steep dunes and 

terrace escarpments, road construction would be 

difficult and expensive. 

Existing data suggests that in most years the 

frost-free period is insufficient for the successful 

production of commercially important crops such as 

wheat, barley, and potatoes. The growing season is 

sufficient for a variety of hay crops. Suitable crops 

include hay and haylage, permanent pasture, and 

some frost-hardy vegetables. Cole crops, such as 

cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower, will mature each 

year. Other vegetable crops that are frost hardy and 

have a rapid germination and development cycle 

also mature. In established pastures and hayland 

areas of Interior Alaska, spring growth of grass 

generally begins by late May with a sudden surge of 

shoots and stems. The first hay crop is cut in mid to 

late June. This first crop is usually the most 

nutritious and the highest quality. A second hay 

cutting on intensively managed fields is possible in 

most years. This cutting is generally of lower feed 

value and requires clear, dry weather and an 

extended autumn for proper curing. Harvest as 

haylage is recommended if proper equipment is 

available. 
42 

Crop production in the survey area can vary 

significantly from year to year due to the climate. 

Midsummer frosts are possible and may reduce crop 

yields. Limited soil moisture could also be a 

problem. In the spring, prior to the soil thawing, 

much of the moisture stored in the snowpack is lost 

through surface runoff. Moisture available for spring 

seed germination is largely limited to that which the 

soil contained prior to the previous autumn freezeup. During a dry spring and early summer, seed 

germination can be delayed by several days and 

sometimes weeks. The soil moisture holding 

capacity can be increased by following 

recommended conservation practices such as 

conservation tillage, and by reducing the amount of 

spring tillage. 

The total acreage of soils in the survey area that 

have the potential for agricultural development and 

production total approximately 5,000 acres (2,025 

ha). Arable soils occur in small units, and slopes can 

be highly variable over short distances. 

Soils best suited for development of cropland and 

pastureland generally are in the eastern part of the 

survey area. These are the Koyukuk and Nenana 

soils on slopes of 12 percent or less. These soils do 

not occur in contiguous blocks large enough to make 

major agricultural development feasible. However, 

these units have a high potential for small-scale 

agriculture or for use as agricultural homestead 

sites. Some soils containing permafrost and 

associated perched water tables may be suitable for 

cultivation after clearing. These include the Iksgiza 

and Kindanina soils. Removal of the natural 

vegetation mat allows the soil to warm and 

subsequently results in a lowering of the permafrost 

level. Over a period of time, usually 5 to 7 years, 

permafrost and perched water tables may drop 

below the plow layer and allow field operations. The 

success of field development in nearly level and lowlying areas largely depends on the availablity of 

suitable surface drainage outlets. 

Massive subsurface ice has been observed in 

some permafrost soils in the survey area. Melting of 

ice following clearing can cause uneven subsidence 

of the ground surface, known as thermokarst. In 

areas where thermokarst pitting occurs, the land 

must be smoothed repeatedly until the ground 

stabilizes, and field development can be slowed 

significantly. Operating farm machinery in affected 

areas can be hazardous, and appropriate safety 

precautions should be taken. 

Soil Survey of 

All soils in the survey area with agricultural 

potential are highly susceptible to erosion by wind 

and water if they are left exposed. Conservation 

practices are needed to protect the soils while they 

are developed and cultivated. Locally important 

conservation practices include winter site clearing, 

windbreaks, conservation tillage and cropping 

sequences, surface water disposal systems (where 

suitable drainage outlets area available), the 

establishment of a permanent cover of vegetation, 

and rotational livestock grazing. Increasing the 

content of organic matter in the soil and increasing 

the roughness of the soil surface reduces the hazard 

of wind erosion. Water erosion can be reduced by 

limiting tillage in areas where the slopes are more 

than 3 percent. On steeper slopes, contour cropping 

across the slopes and establishing a permanent 

cover of vegetation following land smoothing are 

highly recommended. Areas with slopes of more 

than 12 percent generally should not be cleared due 

to a severe hazard of water erosion. 

On concave slopes of less than 3 percent, field 

access can be limited by wetness. Surface-water 

management systems, such as field ditches and 

grassed waterways, are recommended if suitable 

drainage outlets are available. These systems 

expedite the movement of surface water away from 

fields and are particularly important during the spring 

thaw when the soil is frozen and water perches in 

the soil profile. Properly installed and maintained 

surface-water management systems can speed field 

access by several critical days. 

Land smoothing is also needed during land 

development to remove depressions and rough 

areas that would restrict the use of farm machinery 

and implements. In permafrost areas where 

differential ground subsidence occurs following initial 

land clearing, land smoothing may be necessary 

more than once during field development. Affected 

areas should be worked and planted to annual grass 

crops, such as oats, for 2 or 3 years before 

permanent vegetation is planted. This process 

generally allows adequate time for smoothing and 

field work-up. 

Due to the low natural soil fertility, fertilizer 

application, green manure crops, and other practices 

that increase soil fertility are needed for successful 

crop production. Newly cleared soils in Interior 

Alaska generally require nitrogen to accelerate 

decomposition of organic matter and woody 

residues. Soil fertility tests are recommended prior 

to actual nutrient application. 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 43 

Further information on adapted crop varieties, 

crop production, and general fertilizer 

recommendations for Interior Alaska are available 

from the Natural Resources Conservation Service 

and the Alaska Cooperative Extension. 

Land Clearing 

Land clearing in Interior Alaska is accomplished 

in several different ways, depending upon soils, 

season, and available equipment. Early winter 

clearing with a large bulldozer is recommended in 

most situations. Vegetation is sheared off to the 

frozen mineral soil surface and pushed into berm 

rows for drying and burning. When clearing is 

properly timed, little snow ends up in the berms and 

soil displacement is minimized. In areas where trees 

are large, the stand can be “walked down” with a 

bulldozer. This is usually done in the summer 

months so that tree root bases are exposed for later 

shearing and berming. Trees of commercial size 

can be harvested following walkdown, prior to 

shearing of remaining vegetation in early winter. In 

permafrost areas, vegetation shearing operations 

can take place into early summer since the soil 

remains frozen to the surface well into the season. 

Organic matter left after the initial ground clearing 

should be incorporated into the upper 4 inches (10 

cm) of mineral soil with a breaking disc or other 

suitable tillage implement to improve tilth, fertility, 

and the water-holding capacity of the soils. 

Natural drainage patterns in the area should be 

determined prior to clearing operations and berms 

should be placed parallel to the drainage ways. 

Berms placed perpendicular to the natural drainage 

pattern block spring surface flow of snowmelt and 

cause ponding. Berms should be allowed to dry for 

a minimum of one full summer before burning. 

Berms can be rebuilt by bulldozing the material 

remaining after the first burn, and then burned again. 

Ash and residue left after burning should be spread 

out over the fields and incorporated into the soil as 

field preparation progresses. 

Land Capability Classification 

Land capability classification shows, in a general 

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field 

crops. Crops that require special management are 

excluded. The soils are grouped according to their 

limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they 

are used for crops, and the way they respond to 

management. The criteria used in grouping the soils 

do not include major and generally expensive 

landforming that would change slope, depth, or other 

characteristics of the soils, nor do they include 

possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. 

Capability classification is not a substitute for 

interpretations designed to show suitability and 

limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for 

forestland, or for engineering purposes. 

In the capability system, soils are generally 

grouped at three levels—capability class, subclass, 

and unit (USDA 1961). Only capability class and 

subclass are used for soils in Alaska. 

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are 

designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The 

numbers indicate progressively greater limitations 

and narrower choices for practical use. The classes 

are defined as follows: 

Class 1 soils have slight limitations that restrict 

their use. There are no Class 1 soils in Alaska due 

to the climate. 

Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that 

restrict the choice of plants or that require moderate 

conservation practices. 

Class 3 soils have severe limitations that restrict 

the choice of plants or that require special 

conservation practices, or both. 

Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that 

restrict the choice of plants or that require very 

careful management, or both. 

Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but 

have other limitations, impractical to remove, that 

restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, 

forestland, or wildlife habitat. 

Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make 

them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that 

restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, 

forestland, or wildlife habitat. 

Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that 

make them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict 

their use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife 

habitat. 

Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have 

limitations that preclude commercial plant 

production and that restrict their use to recreational 

purposes, wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic 

purposes. 

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one 

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, 

e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. 

The letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of 

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is 
44 

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil 

interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some 

soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial 

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly 

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, 

used in only some parts of the United States, shows 

that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or 

very dry. 

In class 1 there are no subclasses because the 

soils of this class have few limitations. Class 5 

contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c 

because the soils in class 5 are subject to little or no 

erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their 

use to pasture, rangeland, forestland, wildlife habitat, 

or recreation. 

The acreage of soils in each capability class or 

subclass is shown in table 5. 

Forestry 

Darrell Kautz, plant ecologist, Natural Resources 

Conservation Service, prepared this section. 

Except for incidental cutting of trees around 

remote cabin sites and along land survey lines, there 

has been no timber harvesting or other forest 

management activity within the survey area. Local 

utilization of forest resources for building materials 

and fuelwood would increase substantially in the 

future if the State of Alaska were to dispose of lands 

for homesteading or agriculture. Development of a 

commercial wood products industry would be 

dependent, in part, on extending the existing road 

system to access the area. 

All tree species growing in the area are of value 

for wood products. White spruce (Picea glauca) 

provides good lumber for general construction 

purposes, is preferred for house logs, and can be 

used for posts and poles. Black spruce (Picea 

mariana) can be used for post and poles. Paper 

birch (Betula papyrifera) provides satisfactory smalldimension lumber and quality veneer. Quaking 

aspen (Populus tremuloides) can be used also for 

small-dimension lumber and veneer. Paper birch 

and tamarack (Larix laricina) are superior for 

fuelwood, although all species can be burned. All 

species, including balsam poplar (Populus 

balsamifera), can be used for wood chips and pulp. 

Soil Survey of 

Forest Vegetation 

The Kantishna area is in the boreal forest zone of 

Interior Alaska. The major forest types of 

commercial importance are paper birch and white 

spruce. The paper birch type includes extensive 

pure stands of paper birch, as well as stands mixed 

with quaking aspen. White spruce is a common or 

minor component, in some areas forming mixed 

stands. Mature stands tend to be well stocked with 

trees up to 75 feet (23 m) tall and 12 inches (30 cm) 

or more in diameter. Heart-rot is prevalent in older 

stands of both paper birch and aspen. The paper 

birch forest type attains its best development on the 

deep, well drained soils of stabilized sand dunes and 

flood plains. Koyukuk, Nenana, Zitziana, and Beales 

soils are examples. 

The white spruce forest type is not extensive in 

the Kantishna area. This forest type occurs in areas 

of well drained soils on bar deposits and natural 

levees of major flood plains. Pure stands of white 

spruce are rare on the uplands. White spruce grows 

rapidly on suitable sites, typically reaching or 

exceeding growth of 1 foot (.3 m) in height per year. 

Stands tend to be well stocked with trees up to 100 

feet (30 m) tall and 15 inches (38 cm) or more in 

diameter. Old-growth stands greater than 200 years 

are occasionally found on the flood plains. The 

white spruce type frequently occurs as a later 

successional type on the same soils as the paper 

birch type. On flood plains, old-growth stands of 

white spruce often have permafrost within 40 inches 

(102 cm) of the surface. 

Of lesser commercial value, but extensive in the 

Kantishna area, are the quaking aspen, mixed 

quaking aspen-spruce, and black spruce forest 

types. Quaking aspen and mixed aspen-spruce 

forests usually occur on shallow soils of stabilized 

sand dunes and hillslopes. Charred woody 

materials on the forest floor and other stand 

characteristics indicate periodic severe wildfires. 

Although the overstory typically is killed by fire, 

aspen readily sprout from root crowns immediately 

afterwards. Stands that develop from root suckers 

tend to be overstocked and stunted. Aspen less 

than 35 feet (11 m) tall and 5 inches (13 cm) in 

diameter are prevalent, as are young trees with 

advanced heart-rot. In mixed quaking aspen-spruce 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 45 

stands, most of the spruce is black spruce, which is 

better adapted to periodic fires than white spruce. In 

general, the black spruce trees are of very poor 

form; broken and forked terminal leaders, “witches'-

brooms,” and extensive layering are common. 

Some white spruce are found in aspen and mixed 

aspen-spruce stands. These trees tend to show 

excellent growth; they are tall and of good form. 

Beales, Zitziana, and occasionally Nenana soils 

support quaking aspen and mixed quaking aspenspruce forest types. 

The black spruce forest type occurs as extensive 

forestland and open stands on outwash plains, flood 

plains, and, in the southeastern part of the survey 

area, on stabilized sand dunes. Tamarack and 

stunted paper birch occur as minor or common 

components in many black spruce stands. The 

black spruce type is the least productive forest type 

in the area. Trees seldom exceed 40 feet (12 m) tall 

and 7 inches (18 cm) in diameter at maturity; dwarf 

stands of widely spaced trees less than 15 feet (4 m) 

tall are common. Soils that support black spruce 

typically have permafrost at a depth of less than 20 

inches (51 cm). In level and gently sloping areas, 

water may be perched on the permafrost. Iksgiza 

and Kindanina soils are associated with the black 

spruce forest type. 

The birch-ericaceous shrub type is found on the 

same soils as the black spruce forest type in level 

and nearly level areas. This vegetation type 

consists of low shrub vegetation with cottongrass 

tussocks on the soil surface. Common shrub 

species include shrub birch (Betula glandulosum and 

B. nana), Labrador tea (Ledum decumbens and L. 

groenlandicum), willow (Salix spp.), bog blueberry 

(Vaccinium uliginosum), and lowbush cranberry 

(Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Small clearings in the forest 

often support bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis 

canadensis) meadows or, along the margins of 

ponds and in other wet areas, sedge (Carex spp.) 

wet meadows. 

Forestry-Soil Interpretations 

Soil surveys are becoming increasingly important 

to forest managers as they seek ways of improving 

the productivity and management of their lands and 

for planning the most efficient use of forest 

resources. Certain soils have a higher potential for 

productivity than others; some are more susceptible 

to compaction and erosion during and after 

harvesting, and others require special efforts if they 

are to be reforested. 

Table 6 can serve as a quick reference for the 

more important forestry interpretations. The table 

lists the ordination (forestland suitability) symbol for 

each map unit in the survey area. Soils with the 

same ordination symbol have a similar potential 

productivity and require the same general kinds of 

forestland management. 

The ordination symbol is based on a uniform 

system of labeling individual soils to indicate the 

potential productivity and the principal soil properties 

in relation to any hazards or limitations of that soil. 

The first element of the ordination symbol, is a 

number that denotes potential productivity in cubic 

meters of wood per hectare per year for the indicator 

species (the principal species listed in the soil map 

unit having the highest productivity). For example, a 

number 1 in the ordination symbol indicates potential 

productivity of 1 cubic meter of wood per hectare per 

year (14.3 cubic feet per acre per year); 10 

indicates the soil has the potential to produce 10 

cubic meters of wood per hectare per year (143 

cubic feet per acre per year). The second element 

of the ordination symbol, the subclass, is a letter that 

indicates the major kind of soil limitation for tree 

growth and management. The letter R indicates 

restrictions due to steep slopes; W indicates 

excessive water in or on the soil; D indicates 

restrictions due to limited rooting depth; and S 

indicates limitations associated with dry sandy soils. 

The letter A indicates little or no limitations or 

restrictions. 

In table 6, the soils are also rated for a number of 

factors to be considered in use and management. 

Slight, moderate, and severe are used to indicate 

the degree of major soil limitations. For each 

moderate and severe rating, a statement in the 

applicable soil map unit description explains the soil 

factor or factors that are the basis of the rating. 

Erosion hazard ratings refer to the risk of water 

erosion and soil loss from a noncompacted, bare soil 

surface for a period of 2 to 5 years following a major 

ground disturbance. A rating of slight indicates that 

expected soil loss is small and of no consequence to 

long-term potential productivity; moderate indicates 

measures are needed to control erosion during road 

construction and timber harvesting to prevent site 

degradation; and severe indicates that intensive 

management or special equipment and methods are 

needed to prevent excessive soil erosion. Water 
46 

erosion results from disturbance of the bare soil 

surface by raindrop impact and runoff, which 

detaches soil particles and carries them downslope. 

The velocity and volume of runoff increases, as does 

the hazard of erosion, as the gradient and length of 

a slope increases. Soils with a high content of silt 

and fine sand, a low content of organic matter, weak 

structure, and slow permeability are susceptible to 

erosion. Saturated soil conditions, which occur as 

seasonal frost thaws in late spring, also increase the 

hazard of erosion. Maintaining an adequate cover of 

vegetation, developing water-management 

structures, and avoiding surface disturbances, 

particularly during saturated conditions, can 

minimize erosion problems. 

Equipment limitation ratings refer to the limits 

affecting the operability and use of wheeled and 

tracked equipment used for skidding logs during 

harvesting. A rating of slight indicates that the kind 

of equipment or time of year it can be used is not 

normally restricted because of soil factors; moderate 

indicates a short seasonal limitation due to soil 

wetness, a fluctuating water table, seasonal flooding, 

or some other factor; and severe indicates a longer 

seasonal limitation, a need for special equipment, or 

other factors affecting the safe use of equipment. 

The most obvious limitation is slope. As slope 

gradient increases, restrictions on the use of 

wheeled equipment also increases. In the steeper 

areas, tracked equipment must be used. In the 

steepest areas even tracked equipment cannot 

operate safely and more sophisticated harvesting 

systems must be used. Soil wetness can limit the 

use of equipment even in level and gently sloping 

areas, especially in combination with soils that have 

a surface layer of silty, fine sand, or organic surface 

material. Severe soil disturbance contributes to soil 

compaction and erosion. Other factors that affect 

the use of equipment include surface bedrock and 

rock fragments, cobbly and very cobbly surface 

textures and, in winter, a deep snowpack. 

Seedling mortality ratings refer to the probability 

of death of naturally occurring and planted seedlings 

as influenced by soil or topographic conditions. 

Plant competition is not considered in the ratings. 

The ratings apply to healthy, dormant seedlings that 

are naturally established or properly planted. A 

rating of slight indicates that no problem is expected 

under normal conditions; moderate indicates that 

some mortality can be expected and extra 

precautions are advisable; and severe indicates that 

mortality will be high and extra precautions are 

Soil Survey of 

essential for successful reforestation. Excessive soil 

wetness resulting from a high water table or 

saturated soil conditions, soil droughtiness caused 

by low available water capacity or landscape 

position, and a shallow or restricted rooting depth 

account for most seedling mortality problems. 

Special site preparation or reinforcement plantings 

may be needed on soils with a seedling mortality 

rating of moderate or severe. 

Windthrow hazard ratings consider soil 

characteristics that affect the development of tree 

roots and the ability of the soil to hold trees firmly. 

Windthrow hazard is highly variable and is greatly 

affected by turbulence and wind funneling created by 

topography and cutting boundary patterns. 

Restricted rooting depth is the principal reason for 

an increased windthrow hazard. In Alaska, low soil 

temperatures and soil wetness restricts root growth, 

and supporting roots of all tree species typically are 

concentrated in the upper soil horizons. Because of 

the shallow rooting characteristics of trees in Alaska, 

a rating of slight is not used; a moderate rating 

indicates that occasionally a tree may be blown 

down during periods of excessive wetness combined 

with moderate or strong winds; and a rating of 

severe indicates that many trees may be expected to 

be blown down during such periods. In areas where 

soils have moderate and severe ratings more 

caution is needed during thinning operations and 

special attention should be given to wind direction 

and wind speed when designing timber sales and 

cuts. Plans for periodic salvage of windthrown trees 

may also be necessary. 

Plant competition ratings refer to the likelihood of 

invasion or growth of understory plants, which would 

inhibit reforestation and stand development, 

following logging or other soil disturbances. A 

nearby seed source of the indicator tree species is 

assumed. The rating is highly variable and depends 

on the occurrence and proximity of competitive 

species. A rating of slight indicates that understory 

plants are not likely to delay reforestation and 

natural or planted seedlings have good prospects for 

development without undue competition; moderate 

indicates that plant competition will delay natural or 

planted reforestation; and severe indicates that 

competition can be expected to prevent the 

establishment of a new forest for tree crop 

production unless precautionary measures are 

taken. Favorable climate and soil moisture 

characteristics, which contribute to rapid and lush 

growth or invasion of understory plants, account for 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 47 

most plant competition problems. Sources of 

competing vegetation include sprouting of existing 

plants, vegetative spread of plants from adjacent 

areas, and germination of new seed. Moderate and 

severe ratings indicate the need for careful and 

thorough post-harvest cleanup in preparation for 

reforestation, and, in some cases, mechanical or 

chemical treatments to retard growth of undesirable 

plants. Where the competing species is bluejoint 

reedgrass, intensive grazing by cattle for a few years 

can be used to reduce the grass cover and create a 

suitable seed bed for trees. 

In table 6, the potential productivity of common 

trees on a soil is expressed as site index. Site index 

is determined from height and age measurements of 

selected trees from stands throughout the survey 

area. Tables and equations for determining site 

index are given in the appropriate publication for 

each principal tree species of the survey area (Farr 

1967; Gregory and Haack 1965). Site index applies 

to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. 

The most rapid tree growth and greatest yields of a 

particular species can be expected on soils with the 

highest site indices. Site index values can be 

converted into estimated yields at various ages 

using yield tables (Farr 1967; Gregory and Haack 

1965). Actual stand volume varies from stand to 

stand and must be measured in the field. The 

Volume of wood fiber, described previously in 

relation to the ordination symbol and indicator tree 

species, is also listed in table 6. 

Trees to manage are those that regenerate 

naturally under suitable conditions or that could be 

planted for reforestation. The species listed are 

suited to the soils and will produce a commercial 

wood crop. Trees are listed in the usual order of 

preference; however, the desired product, 

topographic position, and personal preference are 

only a few of the many factors that can influence 

which trees are selected for reforestation. 

Interpretive Ratings 

The interpretive tables in this survey rate the soils 

in the survey area for various uses. Many of the 

tables identify the limitations that affect specified 

uses and indicate the severity of those limitations. 

Other tables indicate the suitability of the soils for 

use as source materials. The ratings in these tables 

are both verbal and numerical. 

Rating Class Terms 

Rating classes are expressed in the tables in 

terms that indicate the extent to which the soils are 

limited by all of the soil features that affect a 

specified use or in terms that indicate the suitability 

of the soils for the use. Thus, the tables may show 

limitation classes or suitability classes. Terms for the 

limitation classes are not limited, somewhat limited, 

and very limited. The suitability ratings are 

expressed as source, probable source, and 

improbable source or as good, fair, and poor. In 

some tables, slight, moderate, and severe are used 

to descrbie the degree to which certain soil features 

or site characteristics result in limitations that affect a 

specified use of the soil. 

Numerical Ratings 

Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the 

relative severity of individual limitations. The ratings 

are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.00 to 

1.00. The numerical ratings, as they relate to each 

specific interpretation, are explained in the sections 

that follow. 

Recreation 

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 7 

according to limitations that affect their suitability for 

foot and ATV trails. The ratings are both verbal and 

numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to 

which the soils are limited by all of the soil features 

that affect the recreational uses. Not limited 

indicates that the soil has features that are very 

favorable for the specified use. Good performance 

and very low maintenance can be expected. 

Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features 

that are moderately favorable for the specified use. 

The limitations can be overcome or minimized by 

special planning, design, or installation. Fair 

performance and moderate maintenance can be 

expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one 

or more features that are unfavorable for the 

specified use. The limitations generally cannot be 

overcome without major soil reclamation, special 

design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor 

performance and high maintenance can be 

expected. 
48 

Numerical values in the table indicate the severity 

of individual limitations. The values are shown as 

decimal fractions ranging from 0.00 to 1.00. They 

indicate gradations between the point at which a soil 

feature has the greatest negative impact on the use 

(1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a 

limitation (0.00). If the soil is not limited (value = 

0.00), no entry appears for the numerical value. 

The ratings in the table are based on restrictive 

soil features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of 

the surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is 

considered. Not considered in the ratings, but 

important in evaluating a site, are the location and 

accessibility of the area, the size and shape of the 

area and its scenic quality and vegetation. 

The information in table 7 can be supplemented 

by other information in this survey, for example, 

interpretations for building site development, 

construction materials, sanitary facilities. 

Foot and ATV trails for hiking, horseback riding, 

and ATV use should require little or no slope 

modification and site preparation through cutting and 

filling. These trails are not covered with surfacing 

material or vegetation. The ratings are based on the 

soil properties that affect trafficability, erodibility, 

dustiness, and the ease of revegetation. These 

properties are stoniness, depth to a water table, 

ponding, flooding, slope, and texture of the surface 

layer. 

Engineering 

This section provides information for planning 

land uses related to building sites. Soils are rated for 

various uses, and the most limiting features are 

identified. Ratings are given for building site 

development, sanitary facilities, and construction 

materials. The ratings are based on observed 

performance of the soils and on the estimates given 

under the heading “Soil Properties.” 

Information in this section is intended for land use 

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and 

for planning site investigations prior to design and 

construction. The information, however, has 

limitations. For example, estimates and other data 

generally apply only to that part of the soil between 

the surface and a depth of 5 to 7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m). 

Because of the map scale, small areas of different 

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a 

specific soil. 

The information is not site specific and does not 

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the 

Soil Survey of 

soils or for testing and analysis by personnel 

experienced in the design and construction of 

engineering works. 

Government ordinances and regulations that 

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design 

criteria were not considered in preparing the 

information in this section. Local ordinances and 

regulations should be considered in planning, in site 

selection, and in design. 

Soil properties, site features, and observed 

performance were considered in determining the 

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this 

soil survey, determinations were made about 

particle-size distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, 

soil reaction, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock 

within 5 to 7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m) of the surface, soil 

wetness, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, 

likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure 

aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected 

about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand 

and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. 

Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, 

corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water 

capacity, and other behavioral characteristics 

affecting engineering uses. 

This information can be used to evaluate the 

potential of areas for residential, commercial, 

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary 

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate 

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, 

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate 

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank 

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed 

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate 

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and 

topsoil; and predict performance of proposed small 

structures and pavements by comparing the 

performance of existing similar structures on the 

same or similar soils. 

The information in the tables, along with the soil 

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided 

in this survey, can be used to make additional 

interpretations. 

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a 

special meaning in soil science and are defined in 

the Glossary. 

Building Site Development 

Soil properties influence the development of 

building sites, including the selection of the site, the 

design of the structure, construction, performance 

after construction, and maintenance. Tables 8 and 9 
l

Kantishna Area, Alaska 49 

show the degree and kind of soil limitations that 

affect structures and site improvements, including 

dwellings with and without basements, small 

commercial buildings, local roads and streets, 

shallow excavations, and lawns and landscaping. 

The ratings in the tables are both verbal and 

numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to 

which the soils are limited by all of the soil features 

that affect building site development. Not limited 

indicates that the soil has features that are very 

favorable for the specified use. Good performance 

and very low maintenance can be expected. 

Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features 

that are moderately favorable for the specified use. 

The limitations can be overcome or minimized by 

special planning, design, or installation. Fair 

performance and moderate maintenance can be 

expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one 

or more features that are unfavorable for the 

specified use. The limitations generally cannot be 

overcome without major soil reclamation, special 

design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor 

performance and high maintenance can be 

expected. 

Numerical values in the table indicate the severity 

of individual limitations. The values are shown as 

decimal fractions ranging from 0.00 to 1.00. They 

indicate gradations between the point at which a soil 

feature has the greatest negative impact on the use 

(1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a 

limitation (0.00). If the soil is not limited (value = 

0.00), no entry appears for the numerical value. 

Dwel ings are single-family houses of three 

stories or less. For dwellings without basements, the 

foundation is assumed to consist of spread footings 

of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a 

depth of 2 feet (0.6 m) or at the depth of maximum 

frost penetration, whichever is deeper. For dwellings 

with basements, the foundation is assumed to 

consist of spread footings of reinforced concrete built 

on undisturbed soil at a depth of about 7 feet (2.1 

m). The ratings for dwellings are based on the soil 

properties that affect the capacity of the soil to 

support a load without movement and on the 

properties that affect excavation and construction 

costs. The properties that affect the load-supporting 

capacity include depth to a water table, ponding, 

flooding, subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell 

potential), and compressibility. Compressibility is 

inferred from the Unified classification. The 

properties that affect the ease and amount of 

excavation include depth to a water table, ponding, 

flooding, slope, depth to bedrock, permafrost, or a 

cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented 

pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments. 

Small commercial buildings are structures that 

are less than three stories high and do not have 

basements. The foundation is assumed to consist of 

spread footings of reinforced concrete built on 

undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet (0.6 m) or at the 

depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is 

deeper. The ratings are based on the soil properties 

that affect the capacity of the soil to support a load 

without movement and on the properties that affect 

excavation and construction costs. The properties 

that affect the load-supporting capacity include depth 

to a water table, ponding, flooding, subsidence, 

linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), and 

compressibility (which is inferred from the Unified 

classification). The properties that affect the ease 

and amount of excavation include flooding, depth to 

a water table, ponding, slope, depth to bedrock, 

permafrost, or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock 

or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock 

fragments. 

Local roads and streets have an all-weather 

surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all 

year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil 

material; a base of gravel, crushed rock, or soil 

material stabilized by lime or cement; and a surface 

of flexible material (asphalt), rigid material 

(concrete), or gravel with a binder. The ratings are 

based on the soil properties that affect the ease of 

excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting 

capacity. The properties that affect the ease of 

excavation and grading are depth to bedrock or a 

cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented 

pan, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, the 

amount of large stones, and slope. The properties 

that affect the traffic-supporting capacity are soil 

strength (as inferred from the AASHTO system 

group index number) (AASHTO 1998), subsidence, 

linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), the 

potential for frost action, depth to a water table, and 

ponding. 

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to 

a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet (1.5 or 1.8 m) for 

graves, utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. 

The ratings are based on the soil properties that 

influence the ease of digging and the resistance to 

sloughing. Depth to bedrock, permafrost, or a 

cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented 

pan, the amount of large stones, and dense layers 

influence the ease of digging, filling, and 

compacting. Depth to the seasonal high water table, 

flooding, and ponding may restrict the period when 
50 

excavations can be made. Slope influences the ease 

of using machinery. Soil texture, depth to the water 

table, and linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential) 

influence the resistance to sloughing. 

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which 

turf and ornamental trees and shrubs can be 

established and maintained. Irrigation is not 

considered in the ratings. The ratings are based on 

the soil properties that affect plant growth and 

trafficability after vegetation is established. The 

properties that affect plant growth are reaction; 

depth to a water table; ponding; depth to bedrock or 

a cemented pan; the available water capacity in the 

upper 40 inches (101 cm); the content of salts, 

sodium, or calcium carbonate; and sulfidic materials. 

The properties that affect trafficability are flooding, 

depth to a water table, ponding, slope, stoniness, 

and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in 

the surface layer. 

Sanitary Facilities 

Tables 10 and 11 show the degree and kind of 

soil limitations that affect septic tank absorption 

fields, sewage lagoons, sanitary landfills, and daily 

cover for landfill. The ratings are both verbal and 

numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to 

which the soils are limited by all of the soil features 

that affect these uses. Not limited indicates that the 

soil has features that are very favorable for the 

specified use. Good performance and very low 

maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited 

indicates that the soil has features that are 

moderately favorable for the specified use. The 

limitations can be overcome or minimized by special 

planning, design, or installation. Fair performance 

and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very 

limited indicates that the soil has one or more 

features that are unfavorable for the specified use. 

The limitations generally cannot be overcome 

without major soil reclamation, special design, or 

expensive installation procedures. Poor performance 

and high maintenance can be expected. 

Numerical values in the table indicate the severity 

of individual limitations. The values are shown as 

decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to 1.00. They 

indicate gradations between the point at which a soil 

feature has the greatest negative impact on the use 

(1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a 

limitation (0.00). If the soil is not limited (value = 

0.00), no entry appears for the numerical value. 

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which 

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil 

Soil Survey of 

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that 

part of the soil between depths of 4 and 6 feet (1.2 

and 1.8 m) is evaluated. The ratings are based on 

the soil properties that affect absorption of the 

effluent, construction and maintenance of the 

system, and public health. Permeability, depth to a 

water table, ponding, depth to bedrock, permafrost, 

or a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of 

the effluent. Stones and boulders, ice, and bedrock 

or a cemented pan interfere with installation. 

Subsidence interferes with installation and 

maintenance. Excessive slope may cause lateral 

seepage and surfacing of the effluent in downslope 

areas. 

Some soils are underlain by loose sand and 

gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth of less than 4 

feet (1.2 m) below the distribution lines. In these 

soils the absorption field may not adequately filter 

the effluent, particularly when the system is new. As 

a result, the ground water may become 

contaminated. 

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed 

to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose 

the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a 

nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or 

embankments of compacted soil. Nearly impervious 

soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is 

required to minimize seepage and contamination of 

ground water. Considered in the ratings are slope, 

permeability, depth to a water table, ponding, depth 

to bedrock, permafrost, or a cemented pan, flooding, 

large stones, and content of organic matter. 

Soil permeability is a critical property affecting the 

suitability for sewage lagoons. Most porous soils 

eventually become sealed when they are used as 

sites for sewage lagoons. Until sealing occurs, 

however, the hazard of pollution is severe. Soils that 

have a permeability rate of more than 2 inches (5 

cm) per hour are too porous for the proper 

functioning of sewage lagoons. In these soils, 

seepage of the effluent can result in contamination 

of the ground water. Ground-water contamination is 

also a hazard if fractured bedrock is within a depth of 

40 inches (101 cm), if the water table is high enough 

to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon, or if 

floodwater overtops the lagoon. 

A high content of organic matter is detrimental to 

proper functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits 

aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans 

can cause construction problems, and large stones 

can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. If the 

lagoon is to be uniformly deep throughout, the slope 

must be gentle enough and the soil material must be 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 51 

thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to 

make land smoothing practical. 

A trench sanitary landfill is an area where solid 

waste is placed in successive layers in an excavated 

trench. The waste is spread, compacted, and 

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at 

the site. When the trench is full, a final cover of soil 

material at least 2 feet (0.6 m) thick is placed over 

the landfill. The ratings in the table are based on the 

soil properties that affect the risk of pollution, the 

ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation. 

These properties include permeability, depth to 

bedrock, permafrost, or a cemented pan, depth to a 

water table, ponding, slope, flooding, texture, stones 

and boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, 

and content of salts and sodium. Unless otherwise 

stated, the ratings apply only to that part of the soil 

within a depth of about 6 feet (1.8 m). For deeper 

trenches, onsite investigation may be needed. 

Hard, nonrippable bedrock, creviced bedrock, or 

highly permeable strata in or directly below the 

proposed trench bottom can affect the ease of 

excavation and the hazard of ground-water pollution. 

Slope affects construction of the trenches and the 

movement of surface water around the landfill. It 

also affects the construction and performance of 

roads in areas of the landfill. 

Soil texture and consistence affect the ease with 

which the trench is dug and the ease with which the 

soil can be used as daily or final cover. They 

determine the workability of the soil when dry and 

when wet. Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet 

are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and are 

difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a 

layer of refuse. 

The soil material used as the final cover for a 

trench landfill should be suitable for plants. It should 

not have excess sodium or salts and should not be 

too acid. The surface layer generally has the best 

workability, the highest content of organic matter, 

and the best potential for plants. Material from the 

surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the 

final cover. 

In an area sanitary landfill, solid waste is placed 

in successive layers on the surface of the soil. The 

waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with 

a thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. 

A final cover of soil material at least 2 feet (0.6 m) 

thick is placed over the completed landfill. The 

ratings in the table are based on the soil properties 

that affect trafficability and the risk of pollution. 

These properties include flooding, permeability, 

depth to a water table, ponding, slope, and depth to 

bedrock, permafrost, or a cemented pan. 

Flooding is a serious problem because it can 

result in pollution in areas downstream from the 

landfill. If permeability is too rapid or if fractured 

bedrock, a fractured cemented pan, or the water 

table is close to the surface, the leachate can 

contaminate the water supply. Slope is a 

consideration because of the extra grading required 

to maintain roads in the steeper areas of the landfill. 

Also, leachate may flow along the surface of the 

soils in the steeper areas and cause difficult 

seepage problems. 

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is 

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area 

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, 

transported to the landfill, and spread over the 

waste. The ratings in the table also apply to the final 

cover for a landfill. They are based on the soil 

properties that affect workability, the ease of digging, 

and the ease of moving and spreading the material 

over the refuse daily during wet and dry periods. 

These properties include soil texture, depth to a 

water table, ponding, rock fragments, slope, depth to 

bedrock or a cemented pan, reaction, and content of 

salts, sodium, or lime. 

Loamy or silty soils that are free of large stones 

and excess gravel are the best cover for a landfill. 

Clayey soils may be sticky and difficult to spread; 

sandy soils are subject to wind erosion. 

Slope affects the ease of excavation and of 

moving the cover material. Also, it can influence 

runoff, erosion, and reclamation of the borrow area. 

After soil material has been removed, the soil 

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick 

enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water 

table to permit revegetation. The soil material used 

as the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for 

plants. It should not have excess sodium, salts, or 

lime and should not be too acid. 

Construction Materials 

Tables 12 and 13 give information about the soils 

as potential sources of gravel, sand, topsoil, and 

roadfill. Normal compaction, minor processing, and 

other standard construction practices are assumed. 

In table 12 the soils are rated as a source, 

probable source, or improbable source of sand and 

gravel. A rating of source means that the source 

material is likely to be in or below the soil. The 

numerical ratings in these columns indicate the 

degree of probability. The number 0.00 indicates that 
52 

the soil is an improbable source. A number between 

0.00 and 0.99 indicates the degree to which the soil 

is a probable source of sand or gravel. The number 

1.00 indicates that the soil is a source of sand or 

gravel. 

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable 

for commercial use with a minimum of processing. 

They are used in many kinds of construction. 

Specifications for each use vary widely. In table 12, 

only the probability of finding material in suitable 

quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the material 

for specific purposes is not evaluated, nor are 

factors that affect excavation of the material. The 

properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of 

sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as 

indicated by the Unified classification of the soil), the 

thickness of suitable material, and the content of 

rock fragments. If the lowest layer of the soil 

contains sand or gravel, the soil is rated as a 

probable source regardless of thickness. The 

assumption is that the sand or gravel layer below the 

depth of observation is of sufficient thickness. 

In table 13, the soils are rated good, fair, or poor 

as potential sources of topsoil and roadfill. The 

features that limit the soils as sources of these 

materials are specified in the tables. The numerical 

ratings given after the specified features indicate the 

degree to which the features limit the soils as 

sources of topsoil or roadfill. The lower the number, 

the greater the limitation. Only material in suitable 

quantity is evaluated. 

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that 

vegetation can be established and maintained. The 

upper 40 inches (102 cm) of a soil is evaluated for 

use as topsoil. Also evaluated is the reclamation 

potential of the borrow area. The ratings are based 

on the soil properties that affect plant growth, and 

the ease of excavating, loading, and spreading the 

material. Toxic substances, soil reaction, and the 

properties that are inferred from soil texture, such as 

available water capacity and fertility, affect plant 

growth. The ease of excavating, loading, and 

spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, 

depth to a water table, and soil texture. 

The surface layer of most soils is generally 

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter 

content. Organic matter greatly increases the 

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients 

for plant growth. 

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one 

place and used in road embankments in another 

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of 

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 

Soil Survey of 

feet (1.8 m) high and less exacting in design than 

higher embankments. 

The ratings are for the whole soil, from the 

surface to a depth of about 5 feet (1.5 m). It is 

assumed that soil layers will be mixed when the soil 

material is excavated and spread. 

The ratings are based on the amount of suitable 

material and on soil properties that affect the ease of 

excavation and the performance of the material after 

it is in place. The thickness of the suitable material is 

a major consideration. The ease of excavation is 

affected by large stones, depth to a water table, and 

slope. How well the soil performs in place after it has 

been compacted and drained is determined by its 

strength (as inferred from the AASHTO classification 

of the soil) and linear extensibility (shrink-swell 

potential). Susceptibility to frost action is also 

considered. The soils are rated based on the most 

limiting layers. Often a soil will have finer textured 

upper layers that are affected by frost action, while 

coarser textured lower layers in the same soil may 

not be affected. 

Hydric Soils 

In this section, hydric soils are defined and 

described and the hydric soils in the survey area are 

listed. 

The three essential characteristics of wetlands 

are hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland 

hydrology (Cowardin and others 1979; U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers 1987; National Research 

Council 1995; Tiner 1985). Criteria for each of the 

characteristics must be met for areas to be identified 

as wetlands. Undrained hydric soils that have natural 

vegetation should support a dominant population of 

ecological wetland plant species. Hydric soils that 

have been converted to other uses should be 

capable of being restored to wetlands. 

Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical 

Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as soils that 

formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or 

ponding long enough during the growing season to 

develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part 

(Federal Register 1994). These soils are either 

saturated or inundated long enough during the 

growing season to support the growth and 

reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation. 

The NTCHS definition identifies general soil 

properties that are associated with wetness. In order 

to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or 

nonhydric soil, however, more specific information, 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 53 

such as information about the depth and duration of 

the water table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify 

those estimated soil properties unique to hydric soils 

have been established (Federal Register 1995). 

These criteria are used to identify a phase of a soil 

series that normally is associated with wetlands. The 

criteria used are selected estimated soil properties 

that are described in Soil Taxonomy (USDA 1999) 

and Keys to Soil Taxonomy (USDA 1998) and in the 

Soil Survey Manual (USDA 1993). 

If soils are wet enough for a long enough period 

to be considered hydric, they should exhibit certain 

properties that can be easily observed in the field. 

These visible properties are indicators of hydric 

soils. The indicators used to make onsite 

determinations of hydric soils in this survey area are 

specified in Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the 

United States (USDA 1996a). 

Hydric soils are identified by examining and 

describing the soil to a depth of about 20 inches (50 

cm). This depth may be greater if determination of 

an appropriate indicator so requires. It is always 

recommended that soils be excavated and described 

to the depth necessary for an understanding of the 

redoximorphic processes. Then, using the 

completed soil descriptions, soil scientists can 

compare the soil features required by each indicator 

and specify which indicators have been matched 

with the conditions observed in the soil. The soil can 

be identified as a hydric soil if at least one of the 

approved indicators is present. 

Those soils that meet the definition of hydric soils 

and, in addition, have at least one of the hydric soil 

indicators, are listed in τable 14. This list can help in 

planning land uses; however, onsite investigation is 

recommended to determine the hydric soils on a 

specific site (National Research Council 1995;

USDA 1996a).

Some map units consist almost entirely of hydric 

soils, such as map unit 14—Kindanina mucky silt 

loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes (in which all listed 

components are hydric). Other map units consist 

primarily of nonhydric soils, such as map unit 2— 

Beales very fine sandy loam, 35 to 70 percent 

slopes, (in which all listed components are 

nonhydric), or map unit 1—Beales very fine sandy 

loam, 1 to 35 percent slopes (in which hydric soils 

are present only as minor components). Hydric soils 

may occur as minor inclusions even in map units 

listed without any hydric soils in table 14. 

Table 14 also lists the local landform on which 

each soil occurs, the hydric criteria code, and 

whether or not each soil meets the saturation, 

flooding, or ponding criteria for hydric soils. Codes 

for hydric soil criteria are explained in the following 

key: 

Key to Hydric Soil Criteria 

1. All Histosols except Folists, or 

2. Soils in Aquic suborders, Aquic subgroups, 

Albolls suborder, Salorthids great group, Pell great 

groups of Vertisols, Pachic subgroups, or cumulic 

subgroups that are: 

a. somewhat poorly drained and have a 

frequently occurring water table at less than 0.5 foot 

(ft) from the surface for a significant period (usually 

more than 2 weeks) during the growing season, or 

b. poorly drained or very poorly drained and 

have either: 

(1) a frequently occurring water table at 

less than 0.5 ft from the surface for a significant 

period (usually more than 2 weeks) during the 

growing season if textures are coarse sand, sand, or 

fine sand in all layers within a depth of 20 inches 

(in), or for other soils 

(2) a frequently occurring water table at 

less than 1.0 ft from the surface for a significant 

period (usually more than 2 weeks) during the 

growing season if permeability is equal to or greater 

than 6.0 in/hour (h) in all layers within a depth of 20 

in, or 

(3) a frequently occurring water table at 

less than 1.5 ft from the surface for a significant 

period (usually more than 2 weeks) during the 

growing season if permeability is less than 6.0 in/h in 

any layer within a depth of 20 in, or 

3. Soils that are frequently ponded for a long 

duration or a very long duration during the growing 

season, or 

4. Soils that are frequently flooded for a long 

duration or a very long duration during the growing 

season. 

55 

Soil Properties


Data relating to soil properties are collected 

during the course of the soil survey. 

Soil properties are ascertained by field 

examination of the soils and by laboratory index 

testing of some benchmark soils. Established 

standard procedures are followed. During the survey, 

many shallow borings are made and examined to 

identify and classify the soils and to delineate them 

on the soil maps. Samples are taken from some 

typical profiles and tested in the laboratory to 

determine particle-size distribution, plasticity, and 

compaction characteristics. 

Estimates of soil properties are based on field 

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from 

the survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples 

of similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field 

observations, verify properties that cannot be 

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to 

characterize key soils. 

The estimates of soil properties are shown in 

tables. They include engineering index properties, 

physical and chemical properties, and pertinent soil 

and water features. 

Engineering Index Properties 

Table 15 gives the engineering classifications and 

the range of index properties for the layers of each 

soil in the survey area. 

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each 

layer is indicated. 

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the 

USDA. These terms are defined according to 

percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the fraction of 

the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. 

“Loam,” for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 percent 

clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent 

sand. If the content of particles coarser than sand is 

15 percent or more, an appropriate modifier is 

added, for example, “gravelly.” Textural terms are 

defined in the Glossary. 

Classification of the soils is determined according 

to the Unified soil classification system (ASTM 1998) 

and the system adopted by the American Association 

of State Highway and Transportation Officials 

(AASHTO 1998). 

The Unified system classifies soils according to 

properties that affect their use as construction 

material. Soils are classified according to particlesize distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches (75 

mm) in diameter and according to plasticity index, 

liquid limit, and organic matter content. Sandy and 

gravelly soils are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, 

SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, 

CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic soils as 

PT. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two 

groups can have a dual classification, for example, 

SP-SM. 

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to 

those properties that affect roadway construction and 

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral 

soil that is less than 3 inches (75 mm) in diameter is 

classified in one of seven groups from A-1 through A7 on the basis of particle-size distribution, liquid limit, 

and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse 

grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At 

the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine 

grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group 

A-8 on the basis of visual inspection. 

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches (250 mm) 

in diameter and 3 to 10 inches (75 to 250 mm) in 

diameter are indicated as a percentage of the total 

soil on a dry-weight basis. The percentages are 

estimates determined mainly by converting volume 

percentage in the field to weight percentage. 

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated 

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 

3 inches (75 mm) in diameter based on an ovendry 

weight. The sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 

(USA Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 

0.420, and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. 

Estimates are based on laboratory tests of soils 
56 Soil Survey of 

sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and 

on estimates made in the field. 

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) 

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The 

estimates are based on test data from the survey 

area or from nearby areas and on field examination. 

The estimates of particle-size distribution, liquid 

limit, and plasticity index are generally rounded to the 

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation 

and Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 

2 percentage points) across classification 

boundaries, the classification in the marginal zone is 

generally omitted in the table. 

Physical Properties 

Table 16 shows estimates of some physical 

characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. 

These estimates are given for the layers of each soil 

in the survey area. The estimates are based on field 

observations and on test data for these and similar 

soils. 

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each 

layer is indicated. 

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil 

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in 

diameter. In table 16, the estimated clay content of 

each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, 

of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in 

diameter. 

The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the 

physical behavior of a soil. Particle size is important 

for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for 

determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil 

classification. 

The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and 

physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil 

to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They 

influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, 

plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil 

properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also 

affect tillage and earthmoving operations. 

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) 

per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil 

is at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture 

content at 1

/3- or 1/10-bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture 

tension. Weight is determined after the soil is dried at 

105 degrees C (221 oF). In the table, the estimated 

moist bulk density of each soil horizon is expressed 

in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is 

less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data 

are used to compute shrink-swell potential, available 

water capacity, total pore space, and other soil 

properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates 

the pore space available for water and roots. 

Depending on soil texture, a bulk density of more 

than 1.4 can restrict water storage and root 

penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by 

texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and 

soil structure. 

Permeability (Ksat ) refers to the ability of a soil to 

transmit water or air. The term “permeability,” as 

used in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic 

conductivity (Ksat

). The estimates in the table indicate 

the rate of water movement, in inches per hour, 

when the soil is saturated. They are based on soil 

characteristics observed in the field, particularly 

structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is 

considered in the design of soil drainage systems 

and septic tank absorption fields. 

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of 

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by 

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in 

inches of water per inch of soil for each soil layer. 

The capacity varies, depending on soil properties 

that affect retention of water. The most important 

properties are the content of organic matter, soil 

texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available 

water capacity is an important factor in the choice of 

plants or crops to be grown and in the design and 

management of irrigation systems. Available water 

capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water 

actually available to plants at any given time. 

Linear extensibility refers to the change in length 

of an unconfined clod as moisture content is 

decreased from a moist to a dry state. It is an 

expression of the volume change between the water 

content of the clod at 1

/3- or 1/10-bar tension (33kPa or 

10kPa tension) and oven dryness. The volume 

change is reported in the table as percent change for 

the whole soil. Volume change is influenced by the 

amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. 

Linear extensibility is used to determine the 

shrink-swell potential of soils. The shrink-swell 

potential is low if the soil has a linear extensibility of 

less than 3 percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high 

if 6 to 9 percent; and very high if more than 9 

percent. If the linear extensibility is more than 3, 

shrinking and swelling can cause damage to 

buildings, roads, and other structures and to plant 

roots. Special design commonly is needed. 

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in 

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table 

16, the estimated content of organic matter is 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 57 

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil 

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. 

The content of organic matter in a soil can be 

maintained by returning crop residue to the soil. 

Organic matter has a positive effect on available 

water capacity, water infiltration, soil organism 

activity, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other 

nutrients for crops and soil organisms. 

Erosion factors are shown in table 16 as the K 

factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K 

indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill 

erosion by water. Factor K is one of several factors 

used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the 

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (USDA 1996b) 

to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by 

sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The 

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, 

sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and 

permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. 

Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the 

more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion 

by water. 

Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the 

whole soil. The estimates are modified by the 

presence of rock fragments. 

Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the 

fine-earth fraction, or the material less than 2 

millimeters in size. 

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum 

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water 

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over 

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per 

year. 

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that 

have similar properties affecting their susceptibility to 

wind erosion in cultivated areas. The soils assigned 

to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind erosion, 

and those assigned to group 8 are the least 

susceptible. Soils are grouped according to the 

amount of stable aggregates more than 0.84 

millimeter in size. Soils containing rock fragments 

can occur in any group. The groups are as follows: 

1. 1 to 9 percent dry soil aggregates. These soils 

are very highly erodible. Crops can be grown if 

intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 

2. 10 to 24 percent dry soil aggregates. These 

soils are highly erodible. Crops can be grown if 

intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 

3. 25 to 39 percent dry soil aggregates. These 

soils are erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive 

measures to control wind erosion are used. 

4. 25 to 39 percent dry soil aggregates with > 35 

percent clay or > 5 percent calcium carbonate. 

These soils are moderately erodible. Crops can be 

grown if measures to control wind erosion are used. 

5. 40 to 44 percent dry soil aggregates. These 

soils are slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if 

measures to control wind erosion are used. 

6. 45 to 49 percent dry soil aggregates. These 

soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can easily be 

grown. 

7. 50 percent or more dry soil aggregates. These 

soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can easily be 

grown. 

8. Stony, gravelly, or wet soils and other soils not 

subject to wind erosion. 

Wind erodibility index is a numerical value 

indicating the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion, or 

the tons per acre per year that can be expected to be 

lost to wind erosion. There is a close correlation 

between wind erosion and the texture of the surface 

layer, the size and durability of surface clods, rock 

fragments, organic matter, and a calcareous 

reaction. Soil moisture and frozen soil layers also 

influence wind erosion. 

Chemical Properties 

Table 17 shows estimates of some chemical 

characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. 

These estimates are given for the layers of each soil 

in the survey area. The estimates are based on field 

observations and on test data for these and similar 

soils. 

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each 

layer is indicated. 

Cation-exchange capacity is the total amount of 

extractable bases that can be held by the soil, 

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams 

of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated 

pH value. Soils having a low cation-exchange 

capacity hold fewer cations and may require more 

frequent applications of fertilizer than soils having a 

high cation-exchange capacity. The ability to retain 

cations reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. 

Effective cation-exchange capacity refers to the 

sum of extractable bases plus aluminum expressed 

in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. It is 

determined for soils that have pH of less than 5.5. 

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. 

The pH of each soil horizon is based on many field 

tests. For many soils, values have been verified by 

laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in 

selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil 
58 Soil Survey of 

amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in 

determining the risk of corrosion. 

Water Features 

Table 18 gives estimates of various water 

features. The estimates are used in land use 

planning that involves engineering considerations. 

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of 

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four 

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when 

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are 

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms. 

The four hydrologic soil groups are: 

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low 

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist 

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained 

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate 

of water transmission. 

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate 

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of 

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or 

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to 

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a 

moderate rate of water transmission. 

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when 

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having 

a layer that impedes the downward movement of 

water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine 

texture. These soils have a slow rate of water 

transmission. 

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate 

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These 

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell 

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that 

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, 

and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious 

material. These soils have a very slow rate of water 

transmission. 

The months in the table indicates the portion of 

the year in which the feature is most likely to be a 

concern. 

Wet soil refers to a saturated zone in the soil. 

Table 18 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper 

limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in 

most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits 

are based mainly on observations of the water table 

at selected sites and on evidence of a saturated 

zone, namely grayish colors or mottles 

(redoximorphic features) in the soil. A saturated zone 

that lasts for less than a month is not considered. 

Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. 

Unless a drainage system is installed, the water is 

removed only by percolation, transpiration, or 

evaporation. Table 18 indicates surface water depth 

and the duration and frequency of ponding. Duration 

is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 

2 to 7 days, long if 7 to 30 days, and very long if 

more than 30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, 

rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that 

ponding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but 

possible under unusual weather conditions (the 

chance of ponding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in 

any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, 

once or less in 2 years (the chance of ponding is 5 to 

50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, 

on the average, more than once in 2 years (the 

chance of ponding is more than 50 percent in any 

year). 

Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area 

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from 

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short 

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered 

flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes 

is considered ponding rather than flooding. 

Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is 

expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours, 

very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, 

long if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 

days. Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, 

rare, occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None 

means that flooding is not probable; very rare that it 

is very unlikely but possible under extremely unusual 

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is less 

than 1 percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but 

possible under unusual weather conditions (the 

chance of flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); 

occasional that it occurs infrequently under normal 

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 

percent in any year); frequent that it is likely to occur 

often under normal weather conditions (the chance 

of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year but is 

less than 50 percent in all months in any year); and 

very frequent that it is likely to occur very often under 

normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 

more than 50 percent in all months of any year). 

The information is based on evidence in the soil 

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay 

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in 

organic matter content with increasing depth; and 

little or no horizon development. 

Also considered are local information about the 

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each 

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 59 

on the extent of flooding based on soil data is less 

specific than that provided by detailed engineering 

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific 

flood frequency levels. 

Soil Features 

Table 19 gives estimates of various soil features. 

The estimates are used in land use planning that 

involves engineering considerations. 

A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that 

has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal 

properties that significantly impede the movement of 

water and air through the soil or that restrict roots or 

otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment. 

Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense 

layers, and frozen layers. The table indicates the 

hardness and thickness of the restrictive layer, both 

of which significantly affect the ease of excavation. 

Depth to top is the vertical distance from the soil 

surface to the upper boundary of the restrictive layer. 

Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of 

saturated mineral soils of very low density. 

Subsidence generally results from either desiccation 

and shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or 

both, following drainage. Subsidence takes place 

gradually, usually over a period of several years. The 

table shows the expected initial subsidence, which 

usually is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, 

which results from a combination of factors. 

Potential for frost action is the likelihood of 

upward or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the 

formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and 

the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of 

strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when 

moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. 

Temperature, texture, density, permeability, content 

of organic matter, and depth to the water table are 

the most important factors considered in evaluating 

the potential for frost action. It is assumed that the 

soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not 

artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, clayey 

soils that have a high water table in winter are the 

most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very 

gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. 

Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing 

cause damage to pavements and other rigid 

structures. 

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced 

electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or 

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of 

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors 

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and 

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of 

corrosion of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate 

and sodium content, texture, moisture content, and 

acidity of the soil. Special site examination and 

design may be needed if the combination of factors 

results in a severe hazard of corrosion. The steel or 

concrete in installations that intersect soil boundaries 

or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion than 

the steel or concrete in installations that are entirely 

within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. 

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, 

expressed as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil 

drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near 

field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the 

saturation extract. 

For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is 

expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is based on 

soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the 

saturation extract. 

61 

Classification of the Soils


The system of soil classification used by the 

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories 

(USDA 1998 and 1999). Beginning with the 

broadest, these categories are the order, suborder, 

great group, subgroup, family, and series. 

Classification is based on soil properties observed in 

the field or inferred from those observations or from 

laboratory measurements. Table 20 shows the 

classification of the soils in the survey area. The 

categories are defined in the following paragraphs. 

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The 

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation. 

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An 

example is Inceptisol. 

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into 

suborders primarily on the basis of properties that 

influence soil genesis and are important to plant 

growth or properties that reflect the most important 

variables within the orders. The last syllable in the 

name of a suborder indicates the order. An example 

is Cryept (Cry, meaning cold, plus ept, from 

Inceptisol). 

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into 

great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, 

arrangement, and degree of development of 

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature 

regimes; and base status. Each great group is 

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix 

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is 

Dystrocryepts (Dystro, meaning low low fertility, plus 

cryept, the suborder of the cold Inceptisols that have 

low fertility). 

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic 

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or 

extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the 

great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. 

Intergrades are transitions to other orders, 

suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some 

properties that are not representative of the great 

group but do not indicate transitions to any other 

known kind of soil. Each subgroup is identified by 

one or more adjectives preceding the name of the 

great group. The adjective Typic identifies the 

subgroup that typifies the great group. An example is 

Typic Dystrocryepts. 

FAMILY. Families are established within a 

subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical 

properties and other characteristics that affect 

management. Generally, the properties are those of 

horizons below plow depth where there is much 

biological activity. Among the properties and 

characteristics considered are particle-size class, 

mineral content, temperature regime, thickness of 

the root zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, 

slope, and permanent cracks. A family name 

consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by 

terms that indicate soil properties. An example is 

coarse-silty, mixed, superactive Typic Dystrocryepts. 

SERIES. The series consists of soils that have 

similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are 

similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, 

consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and 

arrangement in the profile. The texture of the surface 

layer or of the substratum can vary within a series. 

An example from this survey area is the Koyukuk 

series. 

Taxonomic Units and Their 

Morphology 

In this section, each soil series and higher 

taxonomic unit recognized in the survey area is 

described. 

Characteristics of the soil and the material in 

which it formed are identified for each taxanomic 

unit. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area of 

soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is 

described. The detailed description of each soil 

horizon follows standards in the Soil Survey Manual 

(USDA 1993). Many of the technical terms used in 

the descriptions are defined in Soil Taxonomy 
62 

(USDA 1999) and in Keys to Soil Taxonomy (USDA 

1998). Following the pedon description is the range 

of important characteristics of the soils in the series. 

The map units of each soil series are described 

in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” 

Beales Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Sandy, mixed Typic Dystrocryepts 

Setting 

Depth class: very deep (more than 60 inches or 

152 cm) 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Permeability: rapid 

Position on the landscape: stabilized dunes on 

alluvial flats 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sands 

Slope range: 1 to 70 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,500 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Beales very fine sandy loam—on a 1 percent slope, 

at 750 feet (229 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); very dark grayish brown 

(10YR 3/2), slightly decomposed forest litter; 

abrupt smooth boundary. 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); dark yellowish brown 

(10YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam; weak fine 

granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; 

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. 

Bw—3 to 6 inches (8 to 16 cm); dark yellowish 

brown (10YR 3/4) very fine sandy loam; weak 

fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; 

few fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth 

boundary. 

2C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); olive brown 

(2.5Y 4/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; 

moderately acid. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 1—Beales very fine sandy 

loam, 1 to 35 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: NE1⁄4, SE1⁄4, Section 28, 

T1S, R17W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Soil Survey of 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 4 inches (3 to 

10 cm) 

Depth to fine sand: 5 to 10 inches (13 to 25 cm) 

Thickness of the solum: 5 to 10 inches (13 to 25 cm) 

A horizon:


Color—value moist of 3 or 4; chroma moist of 2 to 4


Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam


Reaction—moderately acid or strongly acid


Bw horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value moist of 

3 to 5; chroma moist of 4 to 6 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—moderately acid or strongly acid 

2C horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 4 to 

6; chroma moist of 4 to 6 

Texture—fine sand, loamy fine sand, or medium 

sand 

Reaction—moderately acid or strongly acid 

Bradway Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic 

Aquiturbels 

Setting 

Depth class: shallow or moderately deep (14 to 40 

inches, 38 to 102 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Permeability: moderate above the permafrost 

Position on the landscape: depressions on flood 

plains and outwash plains 

Parent material: alluvium 

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 400 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Bradway mucky silt loam—on a 1 percent slope, at 

310 feet (95 m) elevation: 

Oe—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); very dark brown (10YR 

2/2), moderately decomposed organic matter; 

abrupt smooth boundary. 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 63 

A1—1 to 5 inches (3 to 13 cm); very dark grayish 

brown (2.5Y 3/2) mucky silt loam; massive; 

friable; common fine roots; slightly acid; clear 

smooth boundary. 

A2—5 to 15 inches (13 to 39 cm); very dark brown 

(10YR 2/2), stratified fine sand to very fine 

sandy loam; massive; friable; common fine 

roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 

Af—15 to 24 inches (39 to 61 cm); very dark brown 

(10YR 2/2), permanently frozen silt loam. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 25—Salchaket-Bradway 

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SE1⁄4, NE1⁄4, Section 5, T3S, 

R12W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 4 inches (3 to 

10 cm) 

Depth to permafrost: 14 to 40 inches (38 to 102 cm) 

A horizons: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 2 or 

3; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Texture—mucky silt loam, silt loam, very fine sandy 

loam, or fine sand 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

C horizon (when present): 

Color—hue of N, 5Y, or 2.5Y; value moist of 2 to 5; 

chroma moist of 1 or 2 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine 

sandy loam 

Reaction—neutral or slightly alkaline 

Iksgiza Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, 

mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic Histoturbels 

Setting 

Depth class: moderately deep (20 to 40 inches, or 

50 to 102 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Permeability: moderate above the permafrost 

Position on the landscape: depressions on dunes 

and outwash plains 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sand 

Slope range: 0 to 20 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,500 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Iksgiza peat—on a 12 percent slope, at 550 feet 

(168 cm) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 7 inches (0 to 8 cm); very dark brown 

(10YR 2/2), slightly decomposed organic 

material; many fine and common medium roots; 

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 

Oe—7 to 10 inches (8 to 25 cm); dark brown (10YR 

2/2), moderately decomposed organic material; 

many fine and few medium roots; strongly acid; 

abrupt smooth boundary. 

Bg—10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm); dark grayish 

brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam; many medium distinct 

olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) mottles; weak medium 

subangular blocky structure; nonsticky and 

nonplastic; common very fine to medium roots; 

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 

Cf1—18 to 38 inches (45 to 96 cm); light olive brown 

(2.5Y 5/4), permanently frozen silt loam; 

massive; very hard; moderately acid; clear 

smooth boundary. 

2Cf2—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); pale olive (5Y 

6/3), permanently frozen fine sand; massive; 

hard; moderately acid. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 11—Iksgiza-ZitzianaNenana complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: NW1⁄4, SE1⁄4, Section 6, 

T2S, R14W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic material: 6 to 14 inches (13 

to 36 cm) 

Depth to permafrost: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm) 

Depth to sandy underlying material: 10 to 40 inches 

(25 to 102 cm) 

Depth to saturated soil: 10 to 30 inches (25 to 

76 cm) 

A horizon (when present): 

Color—hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value moist of 

2 or 3; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Texture—silt loam or mucky silt loam 

Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid 
64 

Bg horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 3 to 

5; chroma moist of 1 to 4 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam; lenses of 

fine sandy loam in some pedons 

Reaction—strongly acid to slightly acid 

C or Cf horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 3 to 

5; chroma moist of 2 to 4 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam; lenses of 

fine sandy loam in some pedons 

Reaction—moderately acid to neutral 

2Cf horizon: 

Color—hue of 2.5Y or 5Y; value moist of 3 to 6; 

chroma moist of 2 to 4 

Texture—fine sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or loamy 

sand 

Reaction—moderately acid to neutral 

Kindanina Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Sandy, mixed, subgelic Typic Aquiturbels 

Setting 

Depth class: shallow or moderately deep (10 to 40 

inches, or 25 to 100 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Permeability: moderately rapid above the permafrost 

Position on the landscape: depressions on dunes 

and outwash plains 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sand 

Slope range: 0 to 20 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,500 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Kindanina mucky silt loam—on a 2 percent slope, at 

700 feet (213 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); brown (7.5YR 4/4) 

slightly decomposed moss and forest litter; many 

fine roots; abrupt smooth boundary. 

A—4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm); black (10YR 2/1) 

mucky silt loam; strongly acid; common fine 

roots; abrupt smooth boundary. 

B—6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm); dark yellowish 

brown (10YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam; 

massive; friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

Soil Survey of 

2C1—10 to 16 inches (25 to 40 cm); very dark 

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sand; single grain; 

loose; moderately acid; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

2C2—16 to 22 inches (40 to 56 cm); very dark 

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sand; many medium 

prominent light olive gray (5Y 6/2) mottles; 

single grain; loose; moderately acid; abrupt 

smooth boundary. 

2Cf—22 to 32 inches (56 to 81 cm); very dark 

grayish brown (10YR 3/2), permanently frozen 

sand; many medium prominent light olive gray 

(5Y 6/2) mottles; moderately acid. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 34—Zitziana-Kindanina 

complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: NE1⁄4, SE1⁄4, Section 7, T3S, 

R15W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 3 to 7 inches (8 to 18 

cm) 

Depth to sandy material: 8 to 18 inches (20 to 46 

cm) 

Depth to permafrost: 10 to 40 inches (25 to 100 cm) 

Depth to saturated soil: 5 to 18 inches (12 to 46 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—value moist of 2 to 4; chroma moist of 1 to 4 

Texture—silt loam, mucky silt loam, fine sandy loam, 

or very fine sandy loam 

B horizon (when present): 

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y; value moist of 4 or 5; 

chroma moist of 2 to 4 

Texture—very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or 

silt loam 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

2C and 2Cf horizons: 

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y; value moist of 3 to 6 

Texture—sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy fine 

sand 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

Koyukuk Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive Typic 

Dystrocryepts 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 65 

Setting 

Depth class: very deep (more than 60 inches or 152 

cm) 

Drainage class: well drained 

Permeability: moderate 

Position on the landscape: loess-mantled dunes and 

hills on outwash plains 

Parent material: loess 

Slope range: 1 to 35 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,500 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Koyukuk silt loam—on a 12 percent slope, at 550 

feet (168 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 5 inches (0 to 13 cm); brown (10YR 4/3) 

slightly decomposed forest litter; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

E—5 to 7 inches (13 to 18 cm); grayish brown 

(10YR 5/2) silt loam; weak fine granular 

structure; friable; common medium and few 

coarse roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

Bw1—7 to 11 inches (18 to 27 cm); dark yellowish 

brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium 

subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine 

granular; friable; few medium roots; strongly 

acid; gradual wavy boundary. 

Bw2—11 to 15 inches (27 to 37 cm); brown (7.5YR 

4/4) silt loam; moderate very thin platy structure; 

friable; few fine and medium roots; strongly acid; 

gradual wavy boundary. 

C—15 to 60 inches (37 to 152 cm); light olive brown 

(2.5Y 5/6) and light gray (5Y 6/1) silt loam; 

massive; friable; moderately acid. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 16—Koyukuk silt loam, 1 

to 35 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SE1⁄4, SE1⁄4, Section 30, 

T3S, R13W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 6 inches (3 to 

15 cm) 

Thickness of the solum: 9 to 24 inches (22 to 60 cm) 

A horizon (when present): 

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 3 or 4; 

chroma moist of 2 to 4 

Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid 

E horizon (when present):


Color—value moist of 4 or 5; chroma moist of 1 or 2


Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid


Bw horizons: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 4 to 6; 

chroma moist of 3 to 6 

Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid 

C horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 4 to 

6; chroma moist of 1 to 6 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

Lithic Dystrocryepts 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Lithic Dystrocryepts 

Setting 

Depth class: shallow to very shallow (7 to 20 inches, 

or 18 to 50 cm) over bedrock 

Drainage class: well drained 

Permeability: moderate in the loess mantle 

Position on the landscape: slopes of bedrock hills 

Parent material: loess over bedrock 

Slope range: 15 to 70 percent 

Elevation: 800 to 2,000 feet (243 to 609 m) 

Representative Pedon 

Lithic Dystrocryepts—on a 26 percent slope, at 

1,350 feet (411 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

forest litter; abrupt smooth boundary. 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); black (10YR 2/1) silt 

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; 

many fine, medium and common coarse roots; 

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 

Bw—3 to 10 inches (8 to 26 cm); brown (10YR 4/3) 

silt loam; weak thin platy structure; very friable; 

few fine roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; 

clear wavy boundary. 

2BC—10 to 15 inches (26 to 39 cm); brown (10YR 

4/3), very gravelly silt loam; weak fine platy 

structure; very friable; 35 percent weathered 

slate gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy 

boundary. 

2R—15 to 20 inches (39 to 50 cm); slate. 
66 

Representative Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 29—Typic DystrocryeptsLithic Dystrocryepts association, 15 to 70 

percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SE1⁄4, SW1⁄4, Section 36, 

T1S, R18W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 7 inches (3 to 17 

cm) 

Depth to bedrock: 6 to 20 inches (15 to 50 cm) 

Thickness of the solum: 6 to 20 inches (15 to 50 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 2 to 4; 

chroma moist of 1 to 4 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid 

Bw horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 4 to 6; 

chroma moist of 3 to 6 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Rock fragments—0 to 15 percent 

Reaction—strongly acid to slightly acid 

2BC horizon (when present):


Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 4 to 6;


chroma moist of 3 to 6 

Texture—gravelly silt loam or gravelly sandy loam 

Rock fragments—15 to 60 percent 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

Nenana Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, 

superactive Typic Dystrocryepts 

Setting 

Depth class: very deep (more than 60 inches or 

152 cm) 

Drainage class: well drained 

Permeability: moderate in the loess mantle, rapid in 

the sandy underlying material 

Position on the landscape: stabilized dunes on 

alluvial plains 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sand 

Slope range: 1 to 35 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,500 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Soil Survey of 

Typical Pedon 

Nenana silt loam—on an 8 percent slope, at 500 feet 

(302 m) elevation: 

Oe—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); brown (10YR 4/3) 

moderately decomposed forest litter; very 

friable; abrupt wavy boundary. 

A—2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm); dark grayish brown 

(10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak thin platy structure; 

very friable; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. 

Bw—4 to 26 inches (10 to 66 cm); yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/6 and 10YR 5/8) silt loam; weak 

medium blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; 

abrupt wavy boundary. 

C—26 to 38 inches (66 to 96 cm); light olive brown 

(2.5Y 5/6) silt loam; weak coarse subangular 

blocky structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt 

wavy boundary. 

2C—38 to 60 inches (96 to 152 cm); light olive 

brown (2.5Y 5/6) fine sand; single grain; loose; 

neutral. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 22—Nenana-Zitziana 

complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SW1⁄4, NE1⁄4, Section 23, 

T1S, R19W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 4 inches (3 to 

10 cm) 

Depth to sandy material: 20 to 39 inches (50 to 

99 cm) 

Thickness of the solum: 6 to 27 inches (15 to 68 cm) 

Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid 

A horizon: 

Color—value moist of 2 to 5; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

Bw horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 3 to 5; 

chroma moist of 3 to 8 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

C horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y; value moist of 3 to 5; 

chroma moist of 2 to 6 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 67 

2C horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 3 to 

5; chroma moist of 2 to 6 

Texture—fine sand or loamy fine sand 

Reaction—slightly acid or neutral 

Salchaket Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid 

Typic Cryofluvents 

Setting 

Depth class: very deep (more than 60 inches or 

152 cm) 

Drainage class: well drained 

Permeability: moderate 

Position on the landscape: flood plains 

Parent material: alluvium 

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent 

Elevation: 249 to 397 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Salchaket silt loam—on a 0 percent slope, at 305 

feet (93 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

forest litter; abrupt smooth boundary. 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 5 cm); dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt 

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; 

common fine to coarse roots; neutral; abrupt 

smooth boundary. 

Oib—2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm); very dark grayish 

brown (10YR 3/2), slightly decomposed organic 

matter; moderately acid; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

Ab1—3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm); very dark brown 

(10YR 2/2) very fine sandy loam; weak fine 

granular structure; friable; common fine to 

coarse roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

Ab2—5 to 6 inches (13 to 16 cm); very dark gray 

(10YR 3/1) silt loam; weak fine granular 

structure; friable; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

C—6 to 60 inches (16 to 152 cm); olive gray (5Y 4/2) 

stratified silt loam, very fine sandy loam, and 

very fine sand; many fine distinct dark yellowish 

brown (10YR 4/6) mottles; massive; friable; 

slightly alkaline. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 25—Salchaket-Bradway 

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SW1⁄4, SE1⁄4, Section 4, 

T4S, R13W, Fairbanks Meridian. 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 0 to 3 inches (0 to 

8 cm) 

A horizons: 

Color—hue from 7.5YR to 5Y; value moist of 2 to 4; 

chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine 

sandy loam 

Reaction—neutral or slightly alkaline 

C horizon: 

Color—hue from 10YR to 5Y; value moist of 4 or 5; 

chroma moist of 2 or 3 

Texture—stratified silt loam, very fine sandy loam, 

fine sandy loam, or very fine sand 

Reaction—neutral or slightly alkaline 

Saulich Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic 

Histoturbels 

Setting 

Depth class: moderately deep (16 to 30 inches, or 

40 to 76 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Permeability: moderate above the permafrost 

Position on the landscape: depressions on hillsides 

and outwash plains 

Parent material: loess 

Slope range: 0 to 45 percent 

Elevation: 499 to 2,000 feet (152 to 609 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Saulich mucky peat—on a 3 percent slope, at 550 

feet (168 m) elevation: 

Oe—0 to 10 inches (0 to 25 cm); moderately 

decomposed organic matter; very friable; 

common fine and medium roots; abrupt wavy 

boundary. 
68 

A—10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm); dark brown (10YR 

3/3) silt loam; weak thin platy structure; friable; 

common fine and medium roots; strongly acid; 

abrupt wavy boundary. 

Bg1—14 to 20 inches (35 to 50 cm); light olive 

brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt loam; few fine faint grayish 

brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles; weak medium 

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and 

very fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy 

boundary. 

Bg2—20 to 27 inches (50 to 68 cm); light olive 

brown (2.5Y 5/4) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) 

silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky 

structure; friable; few very fine roots; slightly 

acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 

Bgf—27 to 37 inches (68 to 94 cm); grayish brown 

(2.5Y 5/2) permanently frozen silt loam; common 

fine and medium light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) 

mottles; massive; very firm. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 26—Saulich peat, 0 to 6 

percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SE1⁄4, NW1⁄4, Section 25, 

T2S, R21W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 8 to 14 inches (20 to 

36 cm) 

Depth to permafrost: 16 to 30 inches (40 to 76 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value moist of 

2 to 4; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Bg and Bgf horizons: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 3 to 

5; chroma moist of 1 to 4 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

Terric Hemistels 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Terric Hemistels 

Setting 

Depth class: very shallow to moderately deep (6 to 

40 inches, or 15 to 102 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Permeability: rapid above the permafrost 

Soil Survey of 

Position on the landscape: depressions on alluvial 

flats, flood plains, and outwash plains 

Parent material: organic matter over silty loess 

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,000 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Representative Pedon 

Terric Hemistels—on a 1 percent slope, at 745 feet 

(227 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 14 inches (0 to 36 cm); very dark grayish 

brown (10YR 3/2), slightly decomposed organic 

matter; many fine and medium roots; strongly 

acid; clear smooth boundary. 

Oe—14 to 20 inches (36 to 50 cm); black (10YR 

2/1), moderately decomposed organic matter; 

many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; 

abrupt smooth boundary. 

A—20 to 22 inches (50 to 56 cm); dark grayish 

brown (2.5YR 4/2) silt loam; weak fine granular 

structure; few fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt 

smooth boundary. 

Bf—22 to 32 inches (56 to 81 cm); dark grayish 

brown (10YR 4/2), permanently frozen silt loam; 

massive; slightly acid. 

Representative Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 23—Terric Hemistels, 0 to 

2 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: NW1⁄4, SW1⁄4, Section 19, 

T2S, R18W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Depth to permafrost: 6 to 40 inches (15 to 102 cm) 

O horizon: 

Color—hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value 

moist of 2 to 4; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid 

Tetlin Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic 

Aquiturbels 

Setting 

Depth class: shallow to deep (11 to 60 inches, or 28 

to 152 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: poorly drained 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 69 

Permeability: moderate above the permafrost


Position on the landscape: hillsides


Parent material: loess


Slope range: 15 to 50 percent


Elevation: 800 to 2,000 feet (243 to 609 m)


Typical Pedon 

Tetlin mucky silt loam—on a 2 percent slope, at 

1,600 feet (488 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 3 inches (0 to 8 cm); slightly decomposed 

peat; clear smooth boundary. 

Oe—3 to 7 inches (8 to 18 cm); moderately 

decomposed peat; abrupt wavy boundary. 

A—7 to 9 inches (18 to 23 cm); very dark brown 

(10YR 2/2) mucky silt loam; weak fine granular 

structure; very friable; common very fine and 

fine, and few medium roots; strongly acid; clear 

wavy boundary. 

Bw—9 to 12 inches (23 to 31 cm); brown (7.5YR 

4/4) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt loam; 

weak thin platy structure; very friable; few fine 

and very fine roots; strongly acid; clear irregular 

boundary. 

Bg—12 to 38 inches (31 to 97 cm); dark grayish 

brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam; common medium 

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak 

thin platy structure; moderately acid; abrupt 

wavy boundary. 

Bgf—38 to 60 inches (97 to 152 cm); dark grayish 

brown (2.5Y 4/2), permanently frozen silt loam; 

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 

4/6) mottles. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 31—Typic DystrocryeptsTetlin-Saulich association, 15 to 70 percent 

slopes 

Location in survey area: SE1⁄4, SE1⁄4, Section 8, T3S, 

R19W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 7 inches (3 to 

18 cm) 

Depth to permafrost: 11 to 60 inches (28 to 152 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—value moist of 2 or 3; chroma moist of 1 or 2 

Texture—silt loam or mucky silt loam 

Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid 

Bw horizon (when present):


Color—value moist of 3 to 5; chroma moist of 3 or 4


Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid


Bg and Bgf horizons: 

Color—hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR; value moist of 3 to 

5; chroma moist of 1 or 2 

Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam 

Typic Aquiturbels 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Typic Aquiturbels 

Setting 

Depth class: moderately deep (24 to 40 inches, or 

61 to 102 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Permeability: moderate above the permafrost 

Position on the landscape: depressions on loessmantled dunes and thermokarsted loess plain 

Parent material: loess 

Slope range: 1 to 30 percent 

Elevation: 400 to 1,000 feet (122 to 305 m) 

Representative Pedon 

Typic Aquiturbels—on a 5 percent slope, at 550 feet 

(168 m) elevation: 

Oa—0 to 4 inches (0 to 10 cm); highly decomposed 

organic matter; abrupt wavy boundary. 

A—4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm); very dark grayish 

brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; weak coarse 

subangular blocky structure; very friable; 

nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly acid; abrupt 

wavy boundary. 

Bg1—8 to 24 inches (20 to 61 cm); dark grayish 

brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; common fine to 

medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 

3/4) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky 

structure; friable; nonsticky and nonplastic; 

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. 

Bg2—24 to 28 inches (61 to 71 cm); dark grayish 

brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; common fine to 

medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 

3/4) mottles; weak thin to medium platy 

structure; firm; nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly 

acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 

Bgf—28 to 30 inches (71 to 86 cm); dark grayish 

brown (10YR 4/2), permanently frozen silt loam; 
70 

common fine to medium distinct dark yellowish 

brown (10YR 3/4) mottles; massive; very firm; 

nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly acid. 

Representative Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 18—Koyukuk-Typic 

Aquiturbels complex, pitted, 1 to 35 percent 

slopes 

Location in survey area: NW1⁄4, Section 34, T2S, 

R20W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 3 to 7 inches (8 to 

18 cm) 

Depth to permafrost: 24 to 40 inches (61 to 102 cm) 

Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid in the 

organic horizons; strongly acid to slightly acid in 

the mineral horizons 

A horizon: 

Color—value moist of 2 to 4; chroma moist of 1 or 2 

Texture—silt loam or mucky silt loam 

Reaction—strongly acid to slightly acid 

Bw horizon (when present): 

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y; value moist of 3 to 5; 

chroma moist of 3 or 4 

Bg and Bgf horizons: 

Color—hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR; value moist of 3 to 

5; chroma moist of 1 or 2 

Reaction—strongly acid to slightly acid 

Typic Cryaquepts 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Typic Cryaquepts 

Setting 

Depth class: very deep (more than 60 inches or 

152 cm) 

Drainage class: poorly drained 

Permeability: moderate in the loamy surface mantle, 

moderately rapid to rapid in the underlying 

sandy material 

Position on the landscape: depressions on alluvial 

flats and flood plains 

Parent material: loess overlying alluvium 

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,000 feet (76 to 304 m) 

Soil Survey of 

Representative Pedon 

Typic Cryaquepts—on a 0 percent slope, at 725 feet 

(221 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 2 inches (0 to 5 cm); slightly decomposed 

organic matter; abrupt wavy boundary. 

A—2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 cm); dark grayish brown 

(10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak fine subangular 

blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; 

very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 

Bg1—6 to 22 inches (15 to 56 cm); very dark grayish 

brown (10YR 3/2), stratified silt loam and fine 

sand; common fine distinct olive brown (2.5YR 

4/6) mottles; weak fine to medium platy 

structure; very friable; common very fine and 

fine roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy 

boundary. 

Bg2—22 to 42 inches (56 to 107 cm); very dark 

grayish brown (10YR 3/2), stratified silt loam and 

fine sand; many medium distinct olive brown 

(2.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak thin to medium 

subangular blocky structure; very friable; few 

very fine and fine roots; slightly acid; gradual 

wavy boundary. 

2C—42 to 60 inches (107 to 152 cm); olive brown 

(2.5Y 4/4), extremely gravelly sand; single grain; 

loose; neutral. 

Representative Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 28—Typic Cryaquepts, 0 

to 2 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: NE1⁄4, NE1⁄4, Section 27, 

T1S, R18W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 6 inches (3 to 

15 cm) 

Depth to sandy material: 0 to more than 60 inches (0 

to more than 152 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value moist of 

2 to 4; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid 

Bg horizons: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 3 to 

5; chroma moist of 0 to 4 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 71 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy 

loam, fine sand 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

2C horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 3 to 

6; chroma moist of 2 to 5 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy 

loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand, 

medium sand, gravel 

Reaction—slightly acid or neutral 

Typic Cryopsamments 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Typic Cryopsamments 

Setting 

Depth class: very deep (more than 60 inches or 

152 cm) 

Drainage class: excessively drained 

Permeability: rapid 

Position on the landscape: natural levees 

Parent material: eolian sands overlying alluvium 

Slope range: 0 to 5 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 400 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Representative Pedon 

Typic Cryopsamments—on a 1 percent slope, at 300 

feet (91 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); very dark gray (10YR 

3/1), slightly decomposed forest litter; abrupt 

smooth boundary. 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); dark brown (10YR 4/3) 

silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; 

few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

2C—2 to 60 inches (6 to 152 cm); olive brown (2.5Y 

4/4) fine sand; single grain; few fine roots; loose; 

moderately acid. 

Representative Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 32—Typic 

Cryopsamments, Typic Cryaquepts, flooded, 

and Bradway soils, 0 to 5 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SW1⁄4, SW1⁄4, Section 18, 

T1S, R15W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 4 inches (3 to 

10 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value moist of 

2 to 4; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Texture—very fine sandy loam or silt loam 

Reaction—moderately acid or strongly acid 

2C horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 4 to 

6; chroma moist of 4 to 8 

Texture—fine sand, medium sand, loamy fine sand, 

or loamy sand 

Reaction—slightly acid to strongly acid 

Typic Dystrocryepts 

Taxonomic Classification 

• Typic Dystrocryepts 

Setting 

Depth class: moderately deep to very deep (21 to 

more than 60 inches, or 54 to more than 

152 cm) over bedrock 

Drainage class: well drained


Permeability: moderate to rapid


Position on the landscape: hillsides


Parent material: loess over eolian sand


Slope range: 3 to 70 percent


Elevation: 800 to 2,000 feet (243 to 609 m)


Representative Pedon 

Typic Dystrocryepts—on an 18 percent slope, at 

1,400 feet (427 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); slightly decomposed 

forest litter; abrupt wavy boundary; 

A—1 to 3 inches (3 to 8 cm); brown (10YR 5/3) silt 

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; 

many fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy 

boundary. 

Bw—3 to 7 inches (8 to 18 cm); strong brown 

(7.5YR 4/6) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 

4/6) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky 

structure; very friable; common fine roots; 

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 
72 

C1—7 to 13 inches (18 to 33 cm); light yellowish 

brown (2.5Y 6/4) very fine sandy loam; massive; 

friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; clear 

wavy boundary. 

2C2—13 to 51 inches (33 to 130 cm); grayish brown 

(2.5Y 5/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; slightly 

acid; abrubt smooth boundary. 

3R—51 to 60 inches (130 to 152 cm); unweathered 

bedrock. 

Representative Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 29—Typic DystrocryeptsLithic Dystrocryepts association, 15 to 70 

percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SE1⁄4, SW1⁄4, Section 36, 

T1S, R18W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 0 to 7 inches (0 to 

18 cm) 

Depth to sand: 5 to more than 60 inches (13 to more 

than 152 cm) 

Depth to bedrock: 21 to more than 60 inches (54 to 

more than 152 cm) 

Thickness of the solum: 4 to 20 inches (10 to 50 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 2 to 5; 

chroma moist of 2 to 4 

Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—moderately acid or strongly acid 

Bw horizon: 

Color—hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value moist of 

4 to 6; chroma moist of 4 to 6 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

C horizon (when present):


Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 4 to


6; chroma moist of 4 to 8 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Rock fragments—0 to 60 percent 

Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 

2C horizon (when present): 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 4 to 

6; chroma moist of 2 to 8 

Texture—fine sand, medium sand, loamy fine sand, 

loamy sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam 

Rock fragments—0 to 60 percent 

Reaction—moderately acid to neutral 

Soil Survey of 

Typic Histoturbels 

Taxonomic Classification 

Typic Histoturbels 

Setting 

Depth class: very shallow to shallow (8 to 18 inches, 

or 20 to 45 cm) over permafrost 

Drainage class: very poorly drained 

Permeability: moderate above the permafrost 

Position on the landscape: depressions on flood 

plains and low terraces 

Parent material: alluvium 

Slope range: 0 to 15 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 400 feet (76 to 121 m) 

Representative Pedon 

Typic Histoturbels—on a 0 percent slope, at 325 feet 

(99 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 6 inches (0 to 15 cm); yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/8), slightly decomposed peat; common 

fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

Oe—6 to 11 inches (15 to 27 cm); very dark brown 

(10YR 2/2), moderately decomposed peat; few 

fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth 

boundary. 

Af—11 to 13 inches (27 to 32 cm); very dark grayish 

brown (10YR 3/2), frozen silt loam; massive; 

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 

Cgf—13 to 23 inches (32 to 59 cm); dark gray (5Y 

4/1), permanently frozen silt loam; massive; 

moderately acid. 

Representative Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 4—Typic Histoturbels, 

Terric Hemistels, and Bradway soils, 0 to 2 

percent slopes 

Location in survey area: SW1⁄4, NE1⁄4, Section 18, 

T1S, R15W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 8 to 14 inches (20 to 

35 cm) 

Depth to permafrost: 8 to 18 inches (20 to 45 cm) 

O horizon: 

Color—hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value moist of 

2 to 5; chroma moist of 1 to 8 

Texture—fibric or hemic peat 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 73 

A or Af horizon: 

Color—value moist of 2 or 3; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Texture—silt loam, mucky silt loam 

Reaction—strongly acid to moderately acid 

Cg or Cgf horizon: 

Color—hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR; value moist of 3 or 

4; chroma moist of 1 to 3 

Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine 

sand, or fine sand 

Reaction—strongly acid to slightly acid 

Zitziana Series 

Taxonomic Classification 

•	 Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, 

superactive Typic Dystrocryepts 

Setting 

Depth class: very deep (more than 60 inches or 

152 cm) 

Drainage class: somewhat excessively drained 

Permeability: moderate in loess mantle, rapid in 

sandy underlying material 

Position on the landscape: stabilized sand dunes on 

alluvial plains 

Parent material: silty loess over eolian sand 

Slope range: 1 to 50 percent 

Elevation: 250 to 1,500 feet (76 to 457 m) 

Typical Pedon 

Zitziana silt loam—on a 2 percent slope, at 550 feet 

(168 m) elevation: 

Oi—0 to 1 inch (0 to 3 cm); brown (10YR 4/3), 

slightly decomposed forest litter; very friable; 

many fine, medium, and coarse roots; abrupt 

wavy boundary. 

A—1 to 2 inches (3 to 6 cm); dark grayish brown 

(10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak thin platy structure; 

very friable, many fine, medium, and coarse 

roots; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. 

E—2 to 3 inches (6 to 8 cm); pale brown (10YR 6/3) 

silt loam; weak thin platy structure; very friable; 

many fine, medium, and coarse roots; slightly 

acid; abrupt wavy boundary. 

Bw—3 to 16 inches (8 to 41 cm); strong brown 

(7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; weak medium subangular 

blocky structure; very friable; many fine and 

medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy 

boundary. 

2C—16 to 60 inches (41 to 152 cm); light olive 

brown (2.5Y 5/6) fine sand; single grain; loose; 

slightly acid. 

Typical Pedon Location 

Map unit in which located: 15—Kindanina-BealesZitziana complex, dunes, 1 to 50 percent slopes 

Location in survey area: NW1⁄4, SE1⁄4, Section 18, 

T1S, R18W, Fairbanks Meridian 

Range in Characteristics 

Thickness of the organic mat: 1 to 5 inches (3 to 

13 cm) 

Depth to sandy material: 10 to 20 inches (25 to 

50 cm) 

Thickness of the solum: 3 to 20 inches (8 to 50 cm) 

A horizon: 

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR; value moist of 2 to 4; 

chroma moist of 1 to 4 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—slightly acid or neutral 

E horizon (when present):


Color—value moist of 4 to 6; chroma moist of 2 or 3


Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam


Bw horizon: 

Color—hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value moist of 

4 to 6; chroma moist of 4 to 8 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

Reaction—slightly acid or neutral 

C horizon (when present): 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 4 to 

6; chroma moist of 4 to 8 

Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam 

2C horizon: 

Color—hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value moist of 4 or 

5; chroma moist of 2 to 6 

Texture—fine sand, loamy fine sand, or medium 

sand 

Reaction—slightly acid or neutral 

75 

Formation of the Soils


Soil is the unconsolidated mineral and organic 

material on the surface of the earth that serves as a 

natural medium for the growth of land plants (USDA 

1999). Because soil has been subjected to and 

influenced by numerous physical and chemical 

weathering processes, it differs from the material 

from which it was derived in many physical, chemical 

and morphological properties. Soil formation also is 

influenced by genetic and environmental factors of 

climate (including temperature and moisture effects), 

topography, parent material, and living organisms, 

all acting over a period of time. The influence of any 

one of these factors varies from place to place, and 

the interaction of all of them determines the kind of 

soil that forms (Jenny 1941). 

The Kantishna area lies within the Interior Alaska 

Lowlands Major Land Resource Area (USDA 1981).

This area includes the Tanana River and several 

tributaries—the Kantishna, Zitziana and Cosna 

Rivers. The survey area includes five main 

physiographic units: 1) flood plains; 2) loess-mantled 

sand dunes on an alluvial plain; 3) a thermokarsted 

plain; 4) bedrock-controlled hillslopes; and 5) loesscovered lowlands between the bedrock-controlled 

hills. In the following paragraphs, climate, soil 

temperature, and permafrost are described for the 

survey areas as a whole and parent material, 

topography, time, and biological activity are 

discussed separately for each physiographic area. 

Climate and Permafrost 

The survey area has a subarctic, continental 

climate. Summers are short and warm, and winters 

are long and cold. The short duration of periods of 

warm air and warm soil temperatures results in slow 

decomposition of organic matter and slow 

weathering of soil minerals. Furthermore, low 

precipitation restricts leaching of the soil by 

infiltrating water. The result is the formation of 

cambic horizons by slight weathering of the parent 

material in place. 

The Kantishna area lies within the zone of 

discontinuous permafrost (Péwé 1975). Permafrost 

underlies much of the survey area, with the 

exception of stabilized sand dunes of high relief, 

active flood plains, and lakes. Permafrost commonly 

occurs as fine ice crystals and thin discontinuous ice 

lenses throughout the soil matrix. Massive ice 

features have been observed and may be 

widespread in the subsurface layers. Soils with 

extensive ground ice usually liberate large quantities 

of water and subside substantially when they thaw. 

Permafrost occurs in the survey area in the 

Iksgiza and Kindanina soils and in the Typic 

Histoturbels, Typic Aquiturbels, and Terric 

Hemistels. Because permafrost is impermeable to 

water, soil drainage is restricted and a perched 

water table commonly occurs above the permafrost. 

Saturated soil is susceptible to frost heaving during 

the winter as a result of an increase in soil volume 

upon freezing. The magnitude of volume increase is 

commonly greater than would be expected from 

freezing of existing soil moisture because of 

migration of additional water into the freezing zone 

and the segregation of ice lenses (Fahely 1974). 

Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing favors the 

development of irregular surface microrelief, or 

hummocks, in soils with shallow permafrost and 

perched water table. Convolution and fracturing of 

soil horizons, which occurs during freezing and 

subsequent thawing, reduces the degree of soil 

horizon development. 

Soil temperatures vary widely depending, to a 

large degree, on the type of vegetation and 

thickness of the forest floor and elevation. 

Permafrost in the survey area generally is within 20 

inches (50 cm) of the surface of the organic mat, and 

commonly is within 10 inches (25 cm). The cold 

climate of the area causes a reduction in the rate 

and degree of organic matter decomposition and, as 

a result, organic matter tends to accumulate on the 

soil surface. In addition, forest succession is often 

accompanied by the development of a thick layer of 

moss on the forest floor. The combined moss and 
76 Soil Survey of 

organic layer function as an excellent insulator 

against changes in soil temperature, most 

importantly, by limiting the degree of soil warming 

during the summer. Under mature black spruce 

forests, soils typically have a thick moss layer, an 

organic surface horizon, and have permafrost within 

a depth of 10 inches (25 cm). Under mature paper 

birch and aspen forests, soils typically have a thin 

organic layer consisting mostly of forest litter and do 

not have permafrost. 

Soil temperature and the occurrence of 

permafrost also are influenced by topography. Typic 

Dystrocryepts-Tetlin-Saulich association, 15 to 70 

percent slopes, provides an example of this 

relationship. The poorly drained permafrost soils 

(Tetlin and Saulich) occur on slightly concave 

sideslopes and footslopes, where moisture collects, 

drainage is restricted, and a thick moss mat is 

present. They also occur on north-facing slopes, 

which receive little solar radiation. Mature black 

spruce forests occur in these areas. The well 

drained Typic Dystrocryepts soils do not have 

permafrost and are on the crests and convex side 

slopes. These areas support a mixed forest of white 

spruce and paper birch. 

Soil texture also exerts some control over soil 

temperature (Rieger 1983). In general, coarsetextured soils respond more quickly to changes in air 

temperature, warm more rapidly in spring, and thaw 

more deeply in summer than finer textured soils. 

Soil temperatures in late summer at a depth of 20 

inches (50 cm) in the sandy Beales soils ranged 

from 50 to 60 degrees F (10 to 16 oC). In areas of 

the silt loam Koyukuk soils, late summer soil 

temperatures ranged from 42 to 50 degrees F (6 to 

10 oC). The effects of a thick moss/organic layer on 

the soil surface and a shallow water table can mask 

the effect of texture on soil temperature. 

Physical and chemical weathering processes and 

plant and animal activity also are restricted by low 

soil temperatures. Primary weathering processes 

include oxidation and reduction and alteration and 

translocation of minerals. Because these processes 

are active only during warm summer months, soil 

profile development occurs very slowly in cold 

climates. Soil weathering and profile development 

do not occur in permafrost. 

Small alases (thermokarst depressions with 

steep sides and a flat to concave grass-covered 

floor) have formed in permafrost areas where buried 

ice masses have melted. Disturbance of the organic 

mat or a change in climate caused the permafrost to 

melt. This melting caused a sequential development 

of collapse areas with lakes, infilling of the lakes, and 

revegetation of the site (Washburn 1973). Most 

alases in the survey area range from less than 1 

acre (1 ha) to several acres in size. Alases range 

from recently formed thaw lakes to completely grasscovered swales that support, a small amount of 

shrubby vegetation. These areas may collect and 

pond water up to several feet deep during the 

spring. Typic Cryaquepts, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 

occurs in alases. 

The very irregular topography in the western part 

of the survey area (for example, the topogrpahy in 

areas of Iksgiza-Beales-Zitziana complex, pitted, 1 

to 50 percent slopes) probably formed by 

subsidence caused by the melting of large buried ice 

masses (Czudek and Demek 1970). Surfaces with 

smooth topography and slightly higher elevation 

(Saulich peat, 0 to 6 percent slopes, and Saulich 

peat, 6 to 30 percent slopes) occur adjacent to the 

thermokarsted region. These areas have continuous 

permafrost and probably the large buried ice masses 

that melted in the adjacent thermokarsted land. 

Soils on stabilized sand dunes of high relief 

generally have only a thin organic layer, do not have 

permafrost, and are well drained or somewhat 

excessively drained. Soils on these landforms 

include Koyukuk, Nenana, Zitziana, and Beales 

soils. Some soils on stabilized sand dunes with a 

deep loess mantle currently do not have permafrost 

but have features that indicate former permafrost 

within a depth of 60 inches (152 cm). It is not 

expected that the permafrost level will reinvade the 

soil profile under present vegetation and climatic 

conditions. 

Wild fires in Interior Alaska tend to be highintensity crown fires that kill and replace entire 

stands (Viereck and Schandelmeier 1980). When 

the overstory and insulative organic mat are 

removed and the forest floor is blackened, the soil 

surface receives and absorbs more solar radiation, 

which is transferred as heat to the subsoil. If the fire 

was severe enough to consume the entire organic 

layer and expose mineral soil, the conduction of heat 

to the subsoil is quite effective. Immediately after 

the fire and for a number of years thereafter, 

increased soil temperatures promote thawing of the 

permafrost and an increase in the thickness of the 

active layer above the permafrost. 

Although reinvasion of the permafrost with postfire forest succession occurs, the time required to 

reach pre-burn depths is not well documented. It 

depends, in part, on the depth of the organic layer 

consumed by fire and the rate of revegetation. 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 77 

(Viereck and Schandelmeier 1980). Foote (1983)

and Viereck (1983) suggest that in the black spruce 

forest type in Interior Alaska, a century may pass 

before the forst canopy, forest floor organic mat, and 

active layer thickness return to their original state. 

As the canopy develops and the moss/ organic layer 

thickens, soil temperatures decrease and the 

permafrost level gradually rises. If fires occur 

periodically or the soil is cultivated, a soil may 

remain free of permafrost indefinitely (Péwé 1954). 

Physiographic Areas 

Flood plains are the youngest landforms in the 

survey area. They are nearly level and gently 

sloping alluvial plains adjacent to active river and 

stream channels of the Tanana, Cosna, Kantishna, 

and Zitziana Rivers. These landforms include areas 

of riverwash, terraces, bars, natural levees, 

backwater areas, and sloughs in abandoned river 

channels. 

Riverwash is composed of irregularly bedded 

sandy and silty sediments in the stream channels 

that are deposited by annual flooding. Active 

erosion and deposition by annual floods cause 

drastic changes in the configuration and location of 

the river channel. Riverwash is typically 

unvegetated, although some areas support very 

sparse stands of willows and alders. 

Bars and natural levees are found adjacent to 

present and former stream channels. The soils on 

these convex landforms generally are formed in 

stratified sandy alluvium. Backslopes of the levees 

consist of stratified sandy and silty alluvium that 

grades into old channels that are nearly level or 

concave and filled with finer textured sediments and 

organic materials. Because of variations in the 

alluvial sediments, the drainage, and the occurrence 

of permafrost, several different soils occur in these 

channels. These include Salchaket and Bradway 

soils, Typic Histoturbels, Terric Hemistels, Typic 

Aquiturbels, Typic Cryopsamments, and Typic 

Cryaquepts. Organic soils commonly occur in 

backwater areas that formerly were open water. 

Vegetation on the flood plains is highly variable. 

Excessively drained sandy areas support stands of 

white spruce. Areas that are underlain by 

permafrost support black spruce, willows, alders, 

shrubs, and mosses. Organic soils support mainly 

mosses and sedges with some willows. 

The major part of the survey area is located on a 

broad alluvial plain in the Tanana Lowland. This 

plain is a structural basin, the floor of which is below 

sea level. The alluvial deposits that fill the basin 

originated mainly in the Alaska Range to the south. 

They range from 120 to 180 meters (394 to 591 ft) in 

thickness. Deposition of these sediments pushed 

the Tanana River north against the Yukon-Tanana 

Upland and buried a fairly rugged topography, the 

hilltops of which now form small knobs above the 

plain (Péwé 1975). Much of this plain is blanketed 

with eolian sand formed into dunes. A silty loess 

mantle covers the survey area. This mantle ranges 

from a few inches to many feet in thickness, 

depending on the distance from the loess source to 

the northeast. 

Physical features of the sand dunes indicate 

redeposition of the alluvial sand by wind from the 

northeast. The Tanana River and its glacier-fed 

tributaries are thought to be the source of the sand 

(Collins 1985). The dunes generally are 10 to 150 

feet (3 to 46 m) high, 50 feet to 3 miles (15 m to 4.8 

km) long, and 50 to 1,000 feet (15 to 300 m) wide. 

Transverse dunes occur in the northeastern part of 

the survey area, adjacent to the flood plain along the 

Tanana River. The location of these transverse 

dunes indicates that the Tanana River was in 

essentially the same position at the time of sand 

deposition as it is at present. To the south, dunes 

have long wave crests as much as 200 feet (60 m) 

above the troughs. These asymmetrical dunes have 

steep western slopes and sinuous crests, which 

trend north to south, and appear to be composed of 

coalesced portions of parabolic dunes. 

Comparatively small longitudinal dunes are on the 

windward slopes of some transverse dunes. 

Rosette dunes occur in the central and southern 

parts of the survey area. They are composed of 

small arcuate dunes arranged concentrically around 

a slightly depressed center. The component dunes 

of the rosettes range from 5 to over 30 feet (1.5 to 9 

m) high and 1,000 feet to 2 miles (305 m to 3.2 km) 

long, with the steepest slopes on the convex outer 

sides. The rosettes occupy some of the highest 

terrain in the survey area and are thought to have 

developed on the crests of large, possibly transverse 

dunes. The sharp relief, lack of any developed 

drainage system, and location of the rosette dunes 

suggests that they are the youngest dunes in the 

area (Collins 1985). Eolian sand deposits typically 

do not occur above about 1,200 to 1,500 feet (365 to 

457 m), where the loess mantles bedrock. 

The silty loess that blankets most of the survey 

area originated from the unvegetated flood plains of 

glacial rivers, such as the Tanana and Kantishna 
78 Soil Survey of 

Rivers. The lack of buried soils suggests that most 

of the loess was deposited rapidly. The thickest 

loess deposits over dune sand occur in the northeast 

part of the survey area, near the confluence of the 

Tanana and Kantishna Rivers. The loess mantle 

over dune sand thins rapidly toward the southwest, 

away from the source of loess. 

Soils on stabilized sand dunes include Beales, 

Zitziana, Nenana, and Koyukuk soils. These soils 

differ in the thickness of the silty loess mantle over 

eolian sand. Thickness of the loess layer ranges 

from less than 10 inches (25 cm) in the Beales soils 

to more than 40 inches (100 cm) in the Koyukuk 

soils. These well drained soils occur on the crests 

and side slopes of dunes. The soils are weakly 

developed, and like most loess soils of Interior 

Alaska, have a low content of clay and a low natural 

fertility. Very fine, fine, and medium sand occur in 

minor amounts in the silty loess layer, but very fine 

and fine sand dominate in the underlying material. 

Reaction of the soils generally increases with 

increasing depth. 

Permafrost at shallow depths and poorly drained 

conditions occur in the interdune areas of the 

stabilized dunes, except rosette dunes, and on the 

remainder of the outwash plain. Permafrost soils in 

the interdune and plains areas include Iksgiza and 

Kindanina soils and Terric Hemistels. Iksgiza soils 

are formed in a silty loess mantle overlying the 

eolian sands. Kindanina soils formed in frozen 

eolian sands with a thin loess mantle. These soils 

exhibit severe frost churning and contain varying 

amounts of free ice within the profile; massive ice 

features probably occur at depth. Shallow 

depressions of varying size, which currently contain 

organic materials of varying thickness or shallow 

water bodies, occur throughout the survey area. 

Terric Hemistels have thick deposits of organic 

materials. 

Vegetation on the stabilized dunes is largely 

dependent on the thickness of the silty loess mantle, 

which in turn, determines the available moisture 

capacity. Where the loess cap is thickest and the 

moisture capacity is highest, the dunes support 

forests of white spruce and paper birch. As the 

loess cap thins, the forest grades to paper birch and 

aspen and then to pure aspen stands with very 

sparse understory. The interdune areas support 

stands of black spruce with moss ground cover, 

regardless of whether continuous permafrost is 

present or not. Organic soils support wet meadow 

tussock vegetation composed of mosses, sedges, 

cottongrass, and shrubs. Alases support a dense 

stand of grasses with some shrubs. White spruce, 

paper birch, and willows are the dominant vegetation 

around the perimeter of the alases. 

The thermokarsted loess plain is west of the sand 

dune region. Iksgiza-Beales-Zitziana complex, 

pitted, 1 to 50 percent slopes, occurs in this region. 

Deposition of eolian sediments and colluvium, and 

formation of ice wedges probably occurred for a 

prolonged period in this area during the Pleistocene 

glaciations, resulting in the burial of large ice 

masses. Melting of these ice masses caused 

subsidence and extremely irregular topography. 

Both climatic warming after glaciation and 

disturbance of the insulating surface organic mat 

may have caused soil warming and melting of the 

permafrost. 

Soils in this area formed in a loess mantle over 

eolian sand. Any dune forms that may have existed 

have been obliterated by thermokarsting. There 

may be thick silty deposits beneath the eolian sand, 

as suggested by the thermokarsting (the ice bodies 

responsible for thermokarsting form most readily in 

silty sediment) and the silt-mantled topography just 

to the west, beyond the area where dune sand was 

deposited. 

Mooseheart Mountain and other bedrockcontrolled hills protrude above the outwash plain in 

several places. Soils on the hillslopes formed in a 

mantle of silty loess over bedrock. The thickness of 

the loess mantle is variable and generally thickens 

downslope. Where the loess cap is thin, many 

coarse fragments are in the lower part of the soil. In 

some places, bedrock occurs within a depth of 20 

inches (50 cm). 

Soils that formed in the silty loess mantle include 

Typic Dystrocryepts, Lithic Dystrocryepts, Typic 

Aquiturbels, and Saulich soils. Typic Dystrocryepts 

occur on the crests and side slopes of the hills and 

formed in loess that ranges from 20 to more than 60 

inches (50 to 152 cm) in thickness. Lithic 

Dystrocryepts occupy similar landscape positions 

and formed in loess that is less than 20 inches (50 

cm) thick over bedrock. Typic Aquiturbels and 

Saulich soils formed in silty loess deposits on 

footslopes and north-facing side slopes. These 

poorly drained soils have permafrost near the soil 

surface and an associated perched water table. 

Vegetation on the Typic Dystrocryepts and Lithic 

Dystrocryepts consists of a mixed white spruce and 

paper birch forest. The Typic Aquiturbels and 

Saulich soils support typical permafrost vegetation 

consisting of black spruce forest with an understory 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 79 

of willows and other shrubs and a thick ground cover 

of moss. 

Between the bedrock-cored hills in the western 

part of the survey area are lowlands composed of 

silty loess and colluvial deposits from the hills. 

Saulich soils are typical soils in this region. 

Permafrost is nearly continuous in these lowlands; 

the soils are poorly drained and have thick organic 

surface horizons over silt loam. The land surface is 

generally smooth; however, locally there has been 

major subsidence due to thermokarsting. KoyukukTypic Aquiturbels complex, pitted, 1 to 35 percent 

slopes, have been affected by this process. The 

local subsidence suggests that large buried ice 

masses are still present under the silty lowlands. 

The buried ice masses probably formed during the 

colder climatic episodes of the Pleistocene 

glaciations. The magnitude of local thermokarst 

subsidence is comparable to that reported in Siberia 

(Czudek and Demek 1970) and is greater than that 

which has been previously described in Alaska 

(Péwé 1954). The vegetation on the silty lowlands 

consists mostly of black spruce with low shrubs and 

a moss ground cover. 

81 

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 Kantishna Area, Alaska 83 

United States Department of Agriculture. 1998. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Eighth 

edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff. 

United States Department of Agriculture. 1999. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System 

of Soil Classification For Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Second edition. 

Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff. U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Handbook 436. 

Viereck, L.A. 1983. The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska 

and northern Canada. In: The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. 

R. W. Wein and D.A. MacLean, edditors. Wiley, New York, pages 201-220. 

Viereck, L.A. and L.A. Schandelmeier. 1980. Effects of fire in Alaska and 

adjacent Canada—a literature review. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau 

of Land Management, Technical Report BLM/AK/TR-80106. 

Washburn, A.L. 1973. Periglacial processes and environments. 

85 

Glossary


Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air 

from the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated 

soil is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air 

in a poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in 

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. 

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a 

single mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, 

such as granules, blocks, or prisms, are called 

peds. Clods are aggregates produced by tillage 

or logging. 

Alas. A depression with steep sides and a flat, 

grass-covered floor. Formed by subsidence 

resulting from melting of buried ice masses in 

permafrost. 

Alluvial fan. A body of alluvium, with overflow of 

water and debris flow deposits, whose surface 

forms a segment of a cone that radiates 

downslope from the point where the stream 

emerges from a narrow valley onto a less 

sloping surface. Source uplands range in relief 

and areal extent from mountains to gullied 

terrains on hill slopes. 

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, 

deposited on land by streams. 

Angle of repose. Maximum slope or angle at 

which granular material such as sand or loose 

rock remains stable. 

Arcuate. Curved in outline. 

Aspect, slope. Direction of maximum pitch on a 

slope. 

Association, soil. A group of soils or 

miscellaneous areas geographically associated 

in a characteristic repeating pattern and defined 

and delineated as a single map unit. 

Area reclaim. An area difficult to reclaim after the 

removal of soil for construction and other uses. 

Revegetation and erosion control are extremely 

difficult. 

Available water capacity (available moisture 

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water 

available for use by most plants. It is commonly 

defined as the difference between the amount 

of soil water at field moisture capacity and the 

amount at wilting point. It is commonly 

expressed as inches of water per inch of soil. 

The capacity, in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to 

a limiting layer is expressed as: 

Very low ..................................... 0 to 3 

Low..... ....................................... 3 to 6 

Moderate.................................... 6 to 9 

High.......................................... 9 to 12 

Very high........................ More than 12 

Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms 

the steepest inclined surface and principal 

element of many hill slopes. Backslopes in 

profile are commonly steep and linear and 

descend to a footslope. In terms of gradational 

process, backslopes are erosional forms 

produced mainly by mass wasting and running 

water. 

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, 

generally referring to the section at breast 

height and measured outside the bark. It is a 

measure of stand density, commonly expressed 

in square feet. 

Base saturation. The degree to which material 

having cation-exchange properties is saturated 

with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, 

and K), expressed as a percentage of the total 

cation-exchange capacity. 

Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 

millimeter thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, 

eolian, lacustrine, or marine sediment. 

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and 

other unconsolidated material or that is 

exposed at the surface. 

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet 

above the ground surface; the point on a tree 

where diameter measurements are ordinarily 

taken. 

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See 

Crown.) 
86 Soil Survey of 

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil 

particles and in tiny spaces between particles. 

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds 

capillary water in the soil. 

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of 

electricity. The common soil cations are 

calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and 

hydrogen. 

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of 

exchangeable cations that can be held by the 

soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 

100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at 

some other stated pH value. The term, as 

applied to soils, is synonymous with baseexchange capacity but is more precise in 

meaning. 

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles 

less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil 

textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or 

more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less 

than 40 percent silt. 

Climax plant community. The plant community 

on a given site that will be established if present 

environmental conditions continue to prevail 

and the site is properly managed. 

Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles 

larger than 2 millimeter in diameter. 

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. 

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly 

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 

25 centimeters) in diameter. 

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 

percent, by volume, rounded or partially 

rounded rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 

25 centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil 

material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock 

fragments, and extremely cobbly soil material 

has more than 60 percent. 

Colluvium. Soil material, rock fragments, or both, 

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and 

deposited at the base of steep slopes. 

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of 

soil or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate 

pattern or so small in area that it is not practical 

to map them separately at the selected scale of 

mapping. The pattern and proportion of the 

soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat 

similar in all areas. 

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops 

in combination with needed cultural and 

management practices. If soil improving crops 

and practices used in the system more than 

offset the soil-depleting crops and deteriorating 

practices, then it is a good conservation 

cropping system. Cropping systems are 

needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving 

practices in a conservation cropping system 

include the use of rotations that contain grasses 

and legumes and the return of crop residue to 

the soil. Other practices include the use of 

green manure crops of grasses and legumes, 

proper tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed 

and pest control. 

Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the 

ease with which a lump can be crushed by the 

fingers. Terms commonly used to describe 

consistence are: 

Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does 

not hold together in a mass. 

Friable.—When moist, crushes easily under 

gentle pressure between thumb and forefinger 

and can be pressed together into a lump. 

Firm.—When moist, crushes under moderate 

pressure between thumb and forefinger, but 

resistance is distinctly noticeable. 

Plastic.—Readily deformed by moderate 

pressure but can be pressed into a lump; will 

form a “wire” when rolled between thumb and 

forefinger. 

Sticky.—Adheres to other material and tends to 

stretch somewhat and pull apart rather than to 

pull free from other material. 

Hard.—When dry, moderately resistant to 

pressure; can be broken with difficulty between 

thumb and forefinger. 

Soft.—When dry, breaks into powder or 

individual grains under very slight pressure. 

Cemented.—Hard; little affected by moistening. 

Control section. The part of the soil on which 

classification is based. The thickness varies 

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is 

that part of the soil profile between depths of 10 

inches and 40 or 80 inches. 

Corrosive. High risk of corrosion to uncoated steel 

or deterioration of concrete. 

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily 

to improve and protect the soil between periods 

of regular crop production, or a crop grown 

between trees and vines in orchards and 

vineyards. 

Crop residue management. Returning crop 

residue to the soil, which helps to maintain soil 

structure, organic matter content, and fertility 

and helps to control erosion. 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 87 

Cropping system. Growing crops using a planned 

system of rotation and management practices. 

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting 

farming operations on sloping farmland in such 

a way that tillage is across the general slope. 

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including 

the living branches and their foliage. 

Culmination of the mean annual increment 

(CMAI). The average yearly volume growth of 

a stand of trees from the year of origin to that 

age which gives the highest average. The CMAI 

for a particular species is based on the 

applicable yield table and uses volumes given 

for the smallest size. All yield tables used to 

derive the CMAI pertain only to naturally 

established, even-aged, unmanaged stands. 

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of 

excavations tend to cave in or slough. 

Deep soil. A soil that is 40 to 60 inches deep over 

bedrock or to other material that restricts the 

penetration of plant roots. 

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of soil over 

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 

inches deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 

inches; moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; 

shallow, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow, less 

than 10 inches. 

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the 

surface for the specified use. 

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of 

earth, generally a terrace, built to protect 

downslope areas by diverting runoff from its 

natural course. 

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency 

and duration of periods of saturation or partial 

saturation during soil formation, as opposed to 

altered drainage, which is commonly the result 

of artificial drainage or irrigation but may be 

caused by the sudden deepening of channels 

or the blocking of drainage outlets. Seven 

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized: 

Excessively drained.—These soils have very 

high and high hydraulic conductivity and a low 

water-holding capacity. They are not suited to 

crop production unless irrigated. 

Somewhat excessively drained.—These soils 

have high hydraulic conductivity and a low 

water-holding capacity. Without irrigation, only a 

narrow range of crops can be grown and yields 

are low. 

Well drained.—These soils have an 

intermediate water-holding capacity. They 

retain optimum amounts of moisture, but they 

are not wet close enough to the surface or long 

enough during the growing season to adversely 

affect yields. 

Moderately well drained.—These soils are wet 

close enough to the surface or long enough that 

planting or harvesting operations or yields of 

some field crops are adversely affected unless 

a drainage system is installed. Moderately well 

drained soils commonly have a layer with low 

hydraulic conductivity, a wet layer relatively 

high in the profile, additions of water by 

seepage, or some combination of these. 

Somewhat poorly drained.—These soils are 

wet close enough to the surface or long enough 

that planting or harvesting operations or crop 

growth is markedly restricted unless a drainage 

system is installed. Somewhat poorly drained 

soils commonly have a layer with low hydraulic 

conductivity, a wet layer high in the profile, 

additions of water through seepage, or a 

combination of these. 

Poorly drained.—These soils commonly are so 

wet at or near the surface during a considerable 

part of the year that field crops cannot be grown 

under natural conditions. Poorly drained 

conditions are caused by a saturated zone, a 

layer with low hydraulic conductivity, seepage, 

or a combination of these. 

Very poorly drained.—These soils are wet to 

the surface most of the time. The wetness 

prevents the growth of important crops (except 

rice) unless a drainage system is installed. 

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of 

water, from an area. 

Duff. A term used to identify a generally firm 

organic layer on the surface of mineral soils. It 

consists of fallen plant material that is in the 

process of decomposition and includes 

everything from the litter on the surface to the 

underlying pure humus. 

Effluent. Solid, liquid, or gas wastes which enter 

the environment as a byproduct of manmade 

processes. The discharge or outflow of water 

from ground or sub-surface storage. 

Eluviation. The movement of material in true 

solution or colloidal suspension from one place to 

another within the soil. Soil horizons that have 

lost material through eluviation are eluvial; 

those that have received material are illuvial. 

Eolian. Of or pertaining to wind. 

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material 

accumulated through wind action; commonly 
88 Soil Survey of 

refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in 

blankets on the surface. 

Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a 

stream, that flows only in direct response to 

precipitation. It receives no long-continued 

supply from melting snow or other source, and 

its channel is above the water table at all times. 

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by 

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and 

by such processes as gravitational creep. 

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep 

slope or cliff breaking the general continuity of 

more gently sloping land surfaces and resulting 

from erosion or faulting. The term is more often 

applied to cliffs resulting from differential 

erosion. 

Even aged, unmanaged stands (forestland). A 

natural stand of trees having little difference in 

total age. By convention, the maximum 

difference is 10 to 20 years. 

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the 

soil. The soil does not provide a source of 

gravel or sand for construction purposes. 

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of 

water into the soil. 

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to 

provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts 

and in proper balance, for the growth of 

specified plants when light, moisture, 

temperature, tilth, and other growth factors are 

favorable. 

Fibric soil material (peat). The least 

decomposed of all organic soil material. Peat 

contains a large amount of well preserved fiber 

that is readily identifiable according to botanical 

origin. Peat has the lowest bulk density and the 

highest water content at saturation of all organic 

soil material. 

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content 

of a soil, expressed as a percentage of the 

ovendry weight, after the gravitational, or free, 

water has drained away; the field moisture 

content 2 or 3 days after a soaking rain; also 

called normal field capacity, normal moisture 

capacity, or capillary capacity. 

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that 

borders a stream and is subject to inundation 

under flood-stage conditions unless protected 

artificially. It is typically a constructional 

landform built of sediment deposited during 

overflow and lateral migration of the stream. 

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river 

action, as a fluvial plain. 

Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a 

hill. 

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. 

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants 

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. 

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition 

and development because of given physical 

and biological factors by which it may be 

differentiated from other stands. 

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of 

soil moisture. Frost action can damage roads, 

buildings and other structures, and plant roots. 

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. 

Refers especially to the processes or soilforming factors responsible for the formation of 

the solum, or true soil, from the unconsolidated 

parent material. 

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, 

commonly stratified, deposited by glacial 

meltwater. 

Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by 

glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited 

by streams flowing from the melting ice. The 

deposits are stratified and occur as kames, 

eskers, deltas, and outwash plains. 

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, 

resulting in the reduction of iron and other 

elements in the profile and in gray colors and 

mottles. 

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed 

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded 

to grass as protection against erosion. 

Conducts surface water away from the 

cropland. 

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as 

much as 3 inches (2 millimeter to 7.6 

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is 

a pebble. 

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock 

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much 

as 3 inches (7.6 centimeters.) in diameter. 

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soilimproving crop grown to be plowed under in an 

early stage of maturity or soon after maturity. 

Ground water (geology). Water filling all the 

unblocked pores of underlying material below 

the water table. 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 89 

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated 

except by blasting or by the use of special 

equipment that is not commonly used in 

construction. 

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil 

material intermediate in degree of 

decomposition between the less decomposed 

fibric material and the more decomposed sapric 

material. 

High-residue crops. Crops such as small grain 

and corn used for grain. If properly managed, 

residue from these crops can be used to control 

erosion until the next crop in the rotation is 

established. These crops return large amounts 

of organic matter to the soil. 

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as 

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding 

lowlands, commonly of limited summit area and 

having a well-defined outline; hillsides generally 

have slopes of more than 15 percent. The 

distinction between a hill and a mountain is 

arbitrary and dependent on local usage. 

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately 

parallel to the surface, having distinct 

characteristics produced by soil-forming 

processes. In the identification of soil horizons, 

an uppercase letter represents the major 

horizons. Numbers or lowercase letters that 

follow represent subdivisions of the major 

horizons. The major horizons of mineral soil are 

as follows: 

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and 

decaying plant residue. 

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the 

surface in which an accumulation of humified 

organic matter is mixed with the mineral 

material. Also, a plowed surface horizon, most 

of which was originally part of a B horizon. 

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A 

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of 

transition from the overlying A to the underlying 

C horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive 

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of 

clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of 

these; (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) 

redder or browner colors than those in the A 

horizon; or (4) a combination of these. 

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the 

main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, 

aluminum, or some combination of these. 

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, 

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little 

affected by soil-forming processes and does not 

have the properties typical of the overlying soil


material. The material of a C horizon may be


either like or unlike that in which the solum


formed. If the material is known to differ from


that in the solum, the number 2 precedes the


letter C.


Cr horizon.—Soft bedrock beneath the soil.


R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the


soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C


horizon, but can be directly below an A or a B


horizon.


Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable 

part of the organic matter in mineral soils. 

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped 

according to their runoff-producing 

characteristics. The chief consideration is the 

inherent capacity of soil bare of vegetation to 

permit infiltration. The slope and the kind of 

plant cover are not considered but are separate 

factors in predicting runoff. Soils are assigned 

to four groups. In group A are soils having a 

high infiltration rate when thoroughly wet and 

having a low runoff potential. They are mainly 

deep, well drained, and sandy or gravelly. In 

group D, at the other extreme, are soils having 

a very slow infiltration rate and thus a high 

runoff potential. They have a claypan or clay 

layer at or near the surface, have a permanent 

high water table, or are shallow over nearly 

impervious bedrock or other material. A soil is 

assigned to two hydrologic groups if part of the 

acreage is artificially drained and part is 

undrained. 

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from 

one horizon to another in the soil profile. 

Generally, material is removed from an upper 

horizon and deposited in a lower horizon. 

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, 

or roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is 

absolutely impervious to air and water all of the 

time. 

Infiltration The downward entry of water into the 

immediate surface of soil or other material, as 

contrasted with percolation, which is movement 

of water through soil layers or material. 

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which 

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set 

of conditions. 

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water 

penetrates the surface of the soil at any given 

instant, usually expressed in inches per hour. 

The rate can be limited by the infiltration 
90 Soil Survey of 

capacity of the soil or the rate at which water is 

applied at the surface. 

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the 

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast 

initial rate; the rate decreases with application 

time. Therefore, intake rate for design 

purposes is not a constant but is a variable 

depending on the net irrigation application. 

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in 

production of crops. 

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches 

(7.6 cm) or more across. Large stones 

adversely affect the specified use of the soil. 

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from 

soil or other material by percolating water. 

Light textured soil. Sand and loamy sand. 

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil 

passes from a plastic to a liquid state. 

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay 

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and 

less than 52 percent sand particles. 

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of siltsized particles, deposited by wind. 

Longitudinal dune. Linear dune ridge that 

extends parallel to the direction of the dominant 

dune-building winds. Commonly nearly 

symmetrical in cross section. 

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to 

support loads. 

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, 

loam, silt loam, or silt. 

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in 

mineralogical composition, chemical 

composition, or structure by heat, pressure, and 

movement. Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. 

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material 

and low in organic material. Its bulk density is 

more than that of organic soil. 

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop 

production and prevention of soil damage. 

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no 

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. 

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse 

sandy loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. 

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy 

clay loam, or silty clay loam. 

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the 

soil, including the texture, structure, porosity, 

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, 

and biological properties of the various 

horizons, and the thickness and arrangement of 

those horizons in the soil profile. 

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors 

that vary in number and size. Mottling generally 

indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage. 

Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance— 

few, common, and many; size—fine, medium, 

and coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and 

prominent. The size measurements are of the 

diameter along the greatest dimension. Fine 

indicates less than 5 millimeter (about 0.2 inch); 

medium, from 5 to 15 millimeter (about 0.2 to 

0.6 inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeter 

(about 0.6 inch). 

Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, 

rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding 

lowlands, commonly of limited summit area and 

generally having steep sides (slopes of more 

than 25 percent) and considerable bare-rock 

surface. A mountain can occur as a single, 

isolated mass or in a group forming a chain or 

range. Mountains are primarily formed by deepseated earth movements or volcanic action and 

secondarily by differential erosion. 

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed 

organic soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) 

Munsell notation. A designation of color by 

degrees of three simple variables—hue, value, 

and chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 

6/4 is a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and 

chroma of 4. 

Muskeg. Wetland in boreal regions dominated by 

Sphagnum moss, stunted black spruce, and low 

shrubs. 

Nutrient, plant Any element taken in by a plant 

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are 

mainly nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, 

calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, 

copper, boron, and zinc obtained from the soil 

and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen obtained 

from the air and water. 

Observed rooting depth. Depth to which roots 

have been observed to penetrate. 

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the 

soil in various stages of decomposition. 

Outwash, glacial. Stratified sand and gravel 

produced by glaciers and carried, sorted, and 

deposited by glacial meltwater. 

Outwash, plain. A landform of mainly sandy or 

coarse textured material of glaciofluvial origin. 

An outwash plain is commonly smooth; where 

pitted, it is generally low in relief. 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 91 

Parabolic dune. Dune with the approximate form 

of a parabola. The concave side opens toward 

the prevailing wind direction. Forms by 

downwind migration of an unvegetated area on 

a partially vegetated dune field. 

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and 

mineral material in which soil forms. 

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely 

undecomposed organic matter, that has 

accumulated under excess moisture. (See 

Fibric soil material.) 

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a 

soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large 

enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area 

ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 

square meter to 10 square meters), depending 

on the variability of the soil. 

Percolation. The downward movement of water 

through the soil. 

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of 

water through the soil adversely affecting the 

specified use. 

Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, 

occurring in arctic or subarctic regions, in which 

a temperature below freezing has existed 

continuously for a long time. 

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables 

water to move downward through the profile. 

Permeability is measured as the number of 

inches per hour that water moves downward 

through the saturated soil. Terms describing 

permeability are: 

Very slow................... Less than 0.06 inch 

Slow..... ............................0.06 to 0.2 inch 

Moderately slow..... ............0.2 to 0.6 inch 

Moderate.................0.6 inch to 2.0 inches 

Moderately rapid..... ....... 2.0 to 6.0 inches 

Rapid............................... 6.0 to 20 inches 

Very rapid................. More than 20 inches 

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on 

features that affect its use and management. 

For example, slope, stoniness, and thickness. 

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and 

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) 

Plasticity index. The numerical difference 

between the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the 

range of moisture content within which the soil 

remains plastic. 

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil 

changes from semisolid to plastic. 

Pleistocene. Geologic time period from 1,000,000 

to 10,000 years before present. 

Pond, thaw. Small water body in alas or 

thermokarst depression. 

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed 

depressions. The water can be removed only 

by percolation or by evapotranspiration. 

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or 

soil material consisting mainly of particles of 

nearly the same size. Because there is little 

difference in size of the particles, density can 

be increased only slightly by compaction. 

Potential native plant community. The plant 

community on a given site that will be 

established if present environmental conditions 

continue to prevail and the site is properly 

managed. (see Climax plant community.) 

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for 

producing a specified plant or sequence of 

plants under specific management. 

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending 

through all its horizons and into the parent 

material. 

Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural 

vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike 

plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or 

browsing. It includes natural grasslands, 

savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, 

tundras, and areas that support certain forb and 

shrub communities. 

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of 

a soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests 

to pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in 

reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline. 

The degrees of acidity or alkalinity. expressed 

as pH values, are: 

Ultra acid..... ............................. Below 3.5 

Extremely acid........................... 3.5 to 4.5 

Very strongly acid...................... 4.5 to 5.0 

Strongly acid.............................. 5.1 to 5.5 

Moderately acid.. ....................... 5.6 to 6.0 

Slightly acid..... .......................... 6.1 to 6.5 

Neutral....................................... 6.6 to 7.3 
92 Soil Survey of 

Slightly alkaline..... .................... 7.4 to 7.8 

Moderately alkaline..... .............. 7.9 to 8.4 

Strongly alkaline........................ 8.5 to 9.0 

Very strongly alkaline..... ... 9.1 and higher 

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered 

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; 

the loose earth material above the solid rock. 

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land 

surface, considered collectively. 

Residuum (residual soil material). 

Unconsolidated, weathered or partly weathered 

mineral material that accumulated as 

consolidated rock disintegrated in place. 

Riverwash. Unstable areas of sandy, silty, clayey, 

or gravelly sediments. These areas are flooded, 

washed, and reworked by rivers so frequently 

that they support little or no vegetation. 

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments 

having a diameter of 2 millimeter or more; for 

example, pebbles, cobbles, stones, and 

boulders. 

Rock outcrop. Exposures of bare bedrock other 

than lava flows and rock-lined pits. 

Rosette dune. Complex of small arcuate dunes 

arranged concentrically, with each are concave 

toward a slightly depressed center. 

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be 

penetrated by plant roots. 

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream 

channels from an area. The water that flows off 

the surface of the land without sinking into the 

soil is called surface runoff. Water that enters 

the soil before reaching surface streams is 

called ground-water runoff or seepage flow 

from ground water. 

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral 

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeter 

in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. 

As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent 

or more sand and not more than 10 percent 

clay. 

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing 

dominantly sand-sized particles. 

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly 

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck 

has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest 

bulk density, and the lowest water content at 

saturation of all organic soil material. 

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles 

deposited from suspension in water. The chief 

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, 

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from 

sand; shale, formed from clay; and limestone, 

formed from soft masses of calcium carbonate. 

There are many intermediate types. Some 

wind-deposited sand is consolidated into 

sandstone. 

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water 

through the soil. Seepage adversely affects the 

specified use. 

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that 

are almost alike, except for differences in 

texture of the surface layer or of the underlying 

material. All the soils of a series have horizons 

that are similar in composition, thickness, and 

arrangement. 

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening 

of a clay deposit. 

Shallow soil. A soil that is 10 to 20 inches deep 

over bedrock or to other material that restricts 

the penetration of plant roots. 

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when 

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and 

swelling can damage roads, dams, building 

foundations, and other structures. It can also 

damage plant roots. 

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles 

that range in diameter from the upper limit of 

clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very 

fine sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural 

class, soil that is 80 percent or more silt and 

less than 12 percent clay. 

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of 

dominantly silt-sized particles. 

Site curve (100-year). A set of related curves on 

a graph which shows the average heights of 

dominant and codominant trees for a range of 

ages on ground with differing productivity 

levels. Each level is represented by a curve. 

The basis of the curves are the height of 

dominant and codominant trees that are 100 

years of age. 

Site index (forestland). A numerical index equal to 

the height that dominant or dominant and 

codominant trees reach at a specific age, 

usually 50 or 100 years. Using this index and 

the age of the stand of trees, yield can be 

determined using the appropriate yield table 

publication. 

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the 

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical 

distance divided by horizontal distance, then 

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 93 

a drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal 

distance. 

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special 

practices are required to ensure satisfactory 

performance of the soil for a specific use. 

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of 

water into the soil. 

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, 

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. 

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small 

stones adversely affect the specified use of the 

soil. 

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the 

earth’s surface. It is capable of supporting 

plants and has properties resulting from the 

integrated effect of climate and living matter 

acting on earthy parent material, as conditioned 

by relief over periods of time. 

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 

millimeter in equivalent diameter and ranging 

between specified size limits. The names and 

sizes, in millimeter, of separates recognized in 

the United States are as follows: 

Very coarse sand..... ..................2.0 to 1.0 

Coarse sand...............................1.0 to 0.5 

Medium sand............................0.5 to 0.25 

Fine sand..... ..........................0.25 to 0.10 

Very fine sand..... ...................0.10 to 0.05 

Silt..... ...................................0.05 to 0.002 

Clay.................................Less than 0.002 

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C 

horizon, in which the processes of soil 

formation are active. The solum in soil consists 

of the A, E, and B horizons. Generally, the 

characteristics of the material in these horizons 

are unlike those of the underlying material. The 

living roots and plant and animal activities are 

largely confined to the solum. 

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 6 to 15 

inches (15 to 38 centimeters) in length if flat. 

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic 

arrangement of strips or bands that provide 

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water 

erosion. 

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil 

particles into compound particles or 

aggregates. The principal forms of soil structure 

are: platy (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of 

aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar 

(prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or 

subangular), and granular. Structureless soils 

are either single grain (each grain by itself, as in 

dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering 

without any regular cleavage, as in many 

hardpans). 

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the 

part of the solum below plow depth. 

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. 

Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. 

Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in 

color and lower in content of organic matter 

than the overlying surface layer. 

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, 

or its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in 

depth from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 

centimeters). Frequently designated as the 

“plow layer,” or the “Ap horizon.” 

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons. It 

includes all subdivisions of these horizons. 

Taiga. Forest dominated by coniferous trees at high 

latitude or high altitude. 

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily 

flat or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or 

the sea. 

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, 

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic 

textural classes, in order of increasing 

proportion of fine particles, are sand, loamy 

sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy 

clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy 

clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, loamy sand, 

and sandy loam classes may be further divided 

by specifying “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” 

Thermokarst. Subsidence of the ground caused 

by melting of ground ice. 

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as 

related to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling 

emergence, and root penetration. 

Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the 

base of a hill. Toe slopes are commonly gentle 

and linear in profile. 

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the 

most favorable material for plant growth. It is 

ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to 

topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected 

by mining. 

Transverse dune. A strongly asymmetrical dune 

ridge extending trasverse to the direction of 

dominant sand-transporting winds; the leeward 
94 Soil Survey of 

slope stands at or near the angle of repose of 

sand if the dune is active, while the windward 

slope is comparatively gentle. 

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting 

colors assumed to be inherited from the parent 

material rather than to be the result of poor 

drainage. 

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes 

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near 

the earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. 

These changes result in disintegration and 

decomposition of the material. 

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of 

coarse grained particles that are well distributed 

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil 

normally can be easily increased in density and 

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts 

with poorly graded soil. 

Windthrow. The action of uprooting and tipping 

over of trees by the wind. 
95 

Tables

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- 

96 Soil Survey of 

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation


(Recorded in the period 1949-1990 at Manley Hot Springs, Alaska)


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| Temperature | Precipitation


|_______________________________________________|____________________________________________________


| | | | 2 years in 10 | | |2 years in 10| |


| | | | will have | | | will have | |


Month 	 |Average|Average|Average| | Average |Average| | Average | Average


| daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum |number of| | Less | More |number of| snowfall


|maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| growing | | than | than |days with|


| | | |higher than|lower than | degree | | | | 0.1 inch|


____________|_______|_______|_______|___________|___________| days* |_______|______|______| or more |__________


| °F | °F | °F | °F | °F | Units | In | In | In | | In 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

January-----| -1.5 | -20.8 | -11.2 | 37 | -62 | 0 | 0.74 | 0.16| 1.19| 2 | 9.3 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

February----| 6.1 | -17.5 | -5.7 | 38 | -57 | 0 | 0.47 | 0.16| 0.77| 1 | 7.0 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

March-------| 22.8 | -5.7 | 8.5 | 46 | -44 | 0 | 0.59 | 0.14| 1.10| 1 | 6.8 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

April-------| 39.4 | 14.1 | 26.7 | 61 | -24 | 11 | 0.45 | 0.11| 0.81| 1 | 3.3 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

May---------| 59.0 | 32.4 | 45.7 | 78 | 14 | 198 | 0.65 | 0.24| 0.99| 2 | 0.5 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

June--------| 70.7 | 43.3 | 57.0 | 86 | 28 | 502 | 1.72 | 0.82| 2.50| 5 | 0.0 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

July--------| 72.4 | 46.4 | 59.4 | 88 | 32 | 586 | 2.70 | 1.36| 3.86| 6 | 0.0 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

August------| 66.2 | 42.2 | 54.2 | 83 | 25 | 432 | 3.06 | 1.75| 4.22| 7 | 0.0 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

September---| 53.4 | 31.8 | 42.6 | 71 | 8 | 131 | 1.86 | 0.83| 2.74| 5 | 0.5 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

October-----| 31.4 | 14.6 | 23.0 | 54 | -20 | 5 | 0.93 | 0.46| 1.35| 3 | 6.8 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

November----| 10.3 | -7.5 | 1.4 | 40 | -43 | 0 | 0.78 | 0.28| 1.29| 2 | 10.8 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

December----| -1.6 | -19.8 | -10.7 | 36 | -56 | 0 | 0.80 | 0.30| 1.23| 3 | 10.9 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

Average---| 35.7 | 12.8 | 24.2 | | | | ---- | ---- | ---- | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

Extreme---| 93 | -73 | | 89 | -64 | | ---- | ---- | ---- | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | 

Total-----| | | | | | 1865 | 14.75 | 8.83| 17.35| 38 | 56.0 

____________|_______|_______|_______|___________|___________|_________|_______|______|______|_________|_________ 

*A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the


maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which


growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F).

Kantishna Area, Alaska 97 

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall


(Recorded in the period 1949–1990 at Manley Hot Springs, Alaska)


_________________________________________________________________________


|


| Temperature


Probability |___________________________________________


| 24°F | 28°F | 32°F 

| or lower | or lower | or lower _ 

| | | 

Last freezing temperature | | | 

in spring: | | | 

| | | 

1 year in 10 later than-- | May 25 | June 9 | July 18 

| | | 

2 years in 10 later than-- | May 20 | June 4 | July 8 

| | | 

5 years in 10 later than-- | May 10 | May 27 | June 21 

| | | 

First freezing temperature | | | 

in fall: | | | 

| | | 

1 year in 10 earlier than--- | Aug. 24 | Aug. 13 | August 4 

| | | 

2 years in 10 earlier than-- | Aug. 29 | Aug. 19 | August 8 

| | | 

5 years in 10 earlier than-- | Sept. 7 | Aug. 29 | August 17 

_____________________________|____________|___________|__________________ 

Table 3.--Growing Season


(Recorded in the period 1949-1990 at Manley Hot Springs, Alaska)


_________________________________________________________________________
 |


| Daily Minimum Temperature


|_______________________________________________________


Probability |


| Number of days | Number of days | Number of days


|higher than 24°F| higher than 28°F | higher than 32°F 

_________________|________________|_________________|____________________ 

| | | 

9 years in 10 | 100 | 72 | 24 

| | | 

8 years in 10 | 106 | 79 | 35 

| | | 

5 years in 10 | 119 | 93 | 57 

| | | 

2 years in 10 | 132 | 107 | 79 

| | |


1 year in 10 | 138 | 114 | 90


_________________|________________|_________________|___________________

 5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

98 Soil Survey of 

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils


____________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent


symbol | | |


_______|_________________________________________________________________________|__________|_______


| | | 

1 |Beales very fine sandy loam, 1 to 35 percent slopes----------------------| 22,328 | 4.6 

2 |Beales very fine sandy loam, 35 to 70 percent slopes---------------------| 12,172 | 2.5 

3 |Beales-Zitziana complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes--------------------------| 26,615 | 5.5 

4 |Typic Histoturbels, Terric Hemistels, and Bradway soils, 0 to 2 percent | | 

| slopes------------------------------------------------------------------| 23,199 | 4.8 

|Iksgiza peat, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 11,944 | 2.5 

6 |Iksgiza peat, 3 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 9,629 | 2.0 

7 |Iksgiza peat, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 700 | 0.1 

8 |Iksgiza-Beales-Zitziana complex, pitted, 1 to 50 percent slopes----------| 18,895 | 3.9 

9 |Iksgiza-Nenana complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes---------------------------| 49,816 | 10.3 

|Iksgiza-Terric Hemistels complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------| 20,694 | 4.3 

11 |Iksgiza-Zitziana-Nenana complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes------------------| 9,862 | 2.0 

12 |Kindanina mucky silt loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------| 9,832 | 2.0 

13 |Kindanina mucky silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes------------------------| 929 | 0.2 

14 |Kindanina mucky silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes-----------------------| 101 | * 

|Kindanina-Beales-Zitziana complex, dunes, 1 to 50 percent slopes---------| 62,699 | 12.9 

16 |Koyukuk silt loam, 1 to 35 percent slopes--------------------------------| 21,660 | 4.5 

17 |Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels complex, dunes, 1 to 35 percent slopes---------| 2,311 | 0.5 

18 |Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels complex, pitted, 1 to 35 percent slopes--------| 5,891 | 1.2 

19 |Nenana silt loam, 3 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------| 681 | 0.1 

|Nenana silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes---------------------------------| 649 | 0.1 

21 |Nenana silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes--------------------------------| 1,095 | 0.2 

22 |Nenana-Zitziana complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes--------------------------| 17,253 | 3.6 

23 |Terric Hemistels, 0 to 2 percent slopes----------------------------------| 8,610 | 1.8 

24 |Riverwash----------------------------------------------------------------| 243 | * 

|Salchaket-Bradway complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------| 7,470 | 1.5 

26 |Saulich peat, 0 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 19,153 | 3.9 

27 |Saulich peat, 6 to 30 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 10,503 | 2.2 

28 |Typic Cryaquepts, 0 to 2 percent slopes----------------------------------| 963 | 0.2 

29 |Typic Dystrocryepts-Lithic Dystrocryepts association, 15 to 70 percent | | 

| slopes------------------------------------------------------------------| 5,750 | 1.2 

|Typic Dystrocryepts-Saulich complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes--------------| 5,694 | 1.2 

31 |Typic Dystrocryepts-Tetlin-Saulich association, 15 to 70 percent slopes--| 21,573 | 4.4 

32 |Typic Cryopsamments, Typic Cryaquepts, flooded, and Bradway soils, 0 to 5| | 

| percent slopes----------------------------------------------------------| 10,887 | 2.2 

33 |Zitziana silt loam, 1 to 35 percent slopes-------------------------------| 23,334 | 4.8 

34 |Zitziana-Kindanina complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes-----------------------| 32,322 | 6.7 

|Water--------------------------------------------------------------------| 9,630 | 2.0


| |__________|_______


| Total---------------------------------------------------------------| 485,087 | 100.0


_______|_________________________________________________________________________|__________|_______


* Less than 0.1 percent.

Kantishna Area, Alaska 99 

Table 5.--Land Capability


___________________________________________
 |


Map symbol | Land


and soil name | capability


| (nonirrigated)


__________________________|________________


|


1: |


Beales-------------------| 


|


2: |


Beales-------------------| 


|


3: 	 |


Beales-------------------| 


Zitziana-----------------| 


|


4: 	 |


Typic Histoturbels-------| 


Terric Hemistels---------| 


Bradway------------------| 


|


5: |


Iksgiza------------------| 


|


6: |


Iksgiza------------------| 


|


7: |


Iksgiza------------------| 


|


8: 	 |


Iksgiza------------------| 


Beales-------------------| 


Zitziana-----------------| 


|


9: 	 |


Iksgiza------------------| 


Nenana-------------------| 


|


10: 	 |


Iksgiza------------------| 


Terric Hemistels---------| 


|


11: 	 |


Iksgiza------------------| 


Zitziana-----------------| 


Nenana-------------------| 


|


12: |


Kindanina----------------| 


|


13: |


Kindanina----------------| 


|


14: |


Kindanina----------------| 


|


15: 	 |


Kindanina----------------| 


Beales-------------------| 


Zitziana-----------------| 


|


16: |


Koyukuk------------------| 


|


17: 	 |


Koyukuk------------------| 


Typic Aquiturbels--------| 


|


18: 	 |


Koyukuk------------------| 


Typic Aquiturbels--------| 


|


19: |


Nenana-------------------| 


|


20: |


Nenana-------------------| 


|


6e


7e


6e


6e


6w


7w


5w


6w


6w


6w


6w


7e


7e


6w


6e


6w


7w


6w


6e


6e


5w


6w


6w


6w


7e


7e


6e


6e


6w


6e


6w


3s


4s

---

100 Soil Survey of 

Table 5.--Land Capability--Continued
 ___________________________________________


|


Map symbol | Land


and soil name | capability


| (nonirrigated)


__________________________|________________


|


21: |


Nenana-------------------| 


|


22: 	 |


Nenana-------------------| 


Zitziana-----------------| 


|


23: |


Terric Hemistels---------| 


|


24: |


Riverwash----------------| 


|


25: 	 |


Salchaket----------------| 


Bradway------------------| 


|


26: |


Saulich------------------| 


|


27: |


Saulich------------------| 


|


28: |


Typic Cryaquepts---------| 


|


29: 	 |


Typic Dystrocryepts------| 


Lithic Dystrocryepts-----| 


|


30: 	 |


Typic Dystrocryepts------| 


Saulich------------------| 


|


31: 	 |


Typic Dystrocryepts------| 


Tetlin-------------------| 


Saulich------------------| 


|


32: 	 |


Typic Cryopsamments------| 


Typic Cryaquepts, flooded| 


Bradway------------------| 


|


33: |


Zitziana-----------------| 


|


34: 	 |


Zitziana-----------------| 


Kindanina----------------| 


|


35: 	 |


Water--------------------| 


6e


6e


6e


6w


8


4w


5w


6w


6w


5w


7e


7e


4e


6w


7e


7w


7w


4s


5w


5w


6e


6e


6w


__________________________|____________

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 101 

Table 6.--Forestland Management and Productivity


(Absence of an entry indicates that no data are available or that the component is not forested)


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | Management concerns | Potential productivity |


| |____________________________________________|____________________________|


Map symbol |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |


and soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant |Common trees |Site | Volume |Trees to


|symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | manage


| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber |


______________|______|________|________|________|________|________|_____________|_____|________|____________


| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| 

| | | | | | | | | | 

1: | | | | | | | | | | 

Beales-------| 2S |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|paper birch | 42 | 14 |white spruce 

| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 42 | 29 | 

| | | | | | |white spruce | 70 | 29 | 

| | | | | | | | | | 

2: | | | | | | | | | | 

Beales-------| 2R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |Moderate|paper birch | 42 | 14 |white spruce 

| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 42 | 29 | 

| | | | | | |white spruce | 70 | 29 | 

| | | | | | | | | | 

3: | | | | | | | | | | 

Beales-------| 2S |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|paper birch | 42 | 14 |white spruce 

| |quaking aspen| 42 | 29 | 

| |white spruce | 70 | 29 | 

| | | | | 

| | | | 


| | | | 


| | | | 


Zitziana-----| --- |Moderate|Moderate|Slight 


| | | | 


4: 	 | | | | 


Typic | | | | 


Histoturbels-| --- |Slight |Severe |Severe 


| | | | 


Terric | | | | 


Hemistels----| --- | | | 


| | | | 


Bradway------| --- | | | 


| | | | 


5, 6: | | | | 


Iksgiza------| --- |Severe |Severe |Severe 


| | | | 


7: | | | | 


Iksgiza------| ---	 | | | 


| | | | 


8: | | | | 


Iksgiza------| ---	 |Slight |Severe |Severe 


| | | | 


| 


| 


| 


|Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Severe |Severe | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


| | | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Moderate|Moderate|black spruce | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


| | | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Severe |Severe | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


Beales-------| 2S |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|paper birch | 42 | 14 |white spruce


| | | | 


| | | | 


| | | | 


Zitziana-----| --- |Moderate|Moderate|Slight 


| | | | 


| | | | 


9: | | | | 


Iksgiza------| --- | | | 


| | | | 


Nenana-------| 	2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight 


| | | | 


| | | | 


| | | | 


10: | | | | 


Iksgiza------| 1W |Severe |Severe |Severe 


| | | | 


Terric | | | | 


Hemistels----| --- | | | 


| | | | 


11: | | | | 


Iksgiza------| --- |Severe |Severe |Severe 


| | | | 


Zitziana-----| --- |Moderate|Moderate|Slight 


| | | | 


Nenana-------| 	2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight 


| | | | 


| | | | 


| | | | 


12, 13: | | | | 


Kindanina----| --- |Slight |Severe |Severe 


| | | | 


14: | | | | 


Kindanina----| ---	 |Moderate|Severe |Severe 


| | | | 


| | |quaking aspen| 42 | 29 |


| | |white spruce | 70 | 29 |


| | | | | |


|Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


| | | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


|Moderate|Moderate|paper birch | 50 | 29 |white spruce


| | |quaking aspen| 57 | 57 |


| | |white spruce | 83 | 29 |


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Moderate|Moderate|black spruce | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


| | | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Moderate|Moderate|black spruce | --- | | 


| | | | | |


|Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | |


|Moderate|Moderate|paper birch | 50 | 29 |white spruce


| | |quaking aspen| 57 | 57 |


| | |white spruce | 83 | 29 |


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Severe |Severe | | --- | | 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Severe |Severe | | --- | | 


| | | | | |

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

102 Soil Survey of 

Table 6.--Forestland Management and Productivity--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | Management concerns | Potential productivity |


| |____________________________________________|____________________________|


Map symbol |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |


and soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant |Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to


|symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | manage


| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber |


______________|______|________|________|________|________|________|_____________|_____|________|____________


| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac|


| | | | | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----| --- |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


Beales-------| 	2S |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|paper birch | 42 | 14 |white spruce


| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 42 | 29 |


| | | | | | |white spruce | 70 | 29 |


| | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| --- |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


16: | | | | | | | | | |


Koyukuk------| 	2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|paper birch | 60 | 43 |white spruce


| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 65 | 57 |


| | | | | | |white spruce | 83 | 29 |


| | | | | | | | | |


17, 18: | | | | | | | | | |


Koyukuk------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|paper birch | 60 | 43 |white spruce


| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 65 | 57 |


| | | | | | |white spruce | 83 | 29 |


| | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | |


Aquiturbels--| --- |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


19, 20: | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------| 2A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|paper birch | 50 | 29 |white spruce


| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 57 | 57 |


| | | | | | |white spruce | 83 | 29 |


| | | | | | | | | |


21: | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------| 	2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|paper birch | 50 | 29 |white spruce


| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 57 | 57 |


| | | | | | |white spruce | 83 | 29 |


| | | | | | | | | |


22: | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------| 	2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|paper birch | 50 | 29 |white spruce


| | | | | | |quaking aspen| 57 | 57 |


| | | | | | |white spruce | 83 | 29 |


| | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| --- |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


23: 	 | | | | | | | | | |


Terric | | | | | | | | | |


Hemistels----| --- | | | | | | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


24: | | | | | | | | | |


Riverwash----| ---	 | | | | | | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | | | | |


Salchaket----| 	3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|balsam poplar| --- | |white spruce


| | | | | | |white spruce | 94 | 43 |


| | | | | | | | | |


Bradway------| --- | | | | | | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


26, 27: | | | | | | | | | |


Saulich------| --- | | | | | | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


28: 	 | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | |


Cryaquepts---| --- |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|black spruce | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


29: 	 | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts| --- |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | | 

Lithic | | | | | | | | | | 

Dystrocryepts| --- |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 

| | | | | | | | | | 

30: | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts| --- |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


Saulich------| --- | | | | | | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |

--- --- ---

--- ---

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 103 

Table 6.--Forestland Management and Productivity--Continued


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | Management concerns | Potential productivity |


| |____________________________________________|____________________________|


Map symbol |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |


and soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant |Common trees |Site | Volume |Trees to


|symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | manage


| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber |


______________|______|________|________|________|________|________|_____________|_____|________|___________


| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac|


31: | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts| --- |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


Tetlin-------| 2R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|black spruce | --- | | 


| | | | | | |paper birch | --- | |


| | | | | | |white spruce | 71 | 29 |


| | | | | | | | | |


Saulich------| --- | | | | | | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


32: | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | |


Cryopsamments| --- |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | |


Cryaquepts, | --- |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe | | --- | | 


Flooded-----| | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | |


Bradway------| --- | | | | | | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


33: | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| ---	 |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| --- |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate| | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----| ---	 |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe | | --- | | 


| | | | | | | | | |


35: | | | | | | | | | |


Water--------| --- | | | | | | 


______________|______|________|________|________|________|________|_____________|_____|________|__________


| --- | | 

104 Soil Survey of 

Table 7.--Recreation: Foot and ATV Trails


(This table gives soil limitation ratings and the primary limiting factors


associated with the ratings. The numbers in the value columns range from 0.01


to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the potential limitation. The


information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not


eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for further explanation


of ratings in this table.)


______________________________________________________________________________________


| |


| | Foot and ATV


Map symbol | Percent | trails


and soil name 	 |of map unit | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________________________


| | Rating class and |


| | limiting features | Value


_______________________________|____________|__________________________________|______


| 


1: | 


Beales------------------------| 


| 


| 


2: | 


Beales------------------------| 


| 


| 


3: | 


Beales------------------------| 


| 


| 


Zitziana----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


4: | 


Typic Histoturbels------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


5: | 


Iksgiza-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


6: | 


Iksgiza-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


7: | 


Iksgiza-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


85 


50 


40 


30 


30 


30 


90 


85 


90 


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |0.96


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.32


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.32


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.32


| |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 105 

Table 7.--Recreation: Foot and ATV Trails--Continued
 ______________________________________________________________________________________


| |


| | Foot and ATV


Map symbol | Percent | trails


and soil name 	 |of map unit | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________________________


| | Rating class and |


| | limiting features | Value


_______________________________|____________|__________________________________|______


| 


| 


8: | 


Iksgiza-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales------------------------| 


| 


| 


Zitziana----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


9: | 


Iksgiza-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Nenana------------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


10: | 


Iksgiza-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


11: | 


Iksgiza-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Nenana------------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


12: | 


Kindanina---------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


40 


25 


20 


60 


25 


65 


30 


50 


25 


20 


90 


| |


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.32


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.32


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.32


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.32


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |

106 Soil Survey of 

Table 7.--Recreation: Foot and ATV Trails--Continued
 ______________________________________________________________________________________


| |


| | Foot and ATV


Map symbol | Percent | trails


and soil name 	 |of map unit | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________________________


| | Rating class and |


| | limiting features | Value


_______________________________|____________|__________________________________|______


| 


13: | 


Kindanina---------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


14: | 


Kindanina---------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


15: | 


Kindanina---------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales------------------------| 


| 


| 


Zitziana----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


16: | 


Koyukuk-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


17: | 


Koyukuk-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


17: | 


Typic Aquiturbels-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


18: | 


Koyukuk-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Typic Aquiturbels-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


19: | 


Nenana------------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


85 


40 


25 


20 


90 


45 


40 


70 


15 


90 


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.22


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.22


| |


| |


|Somewhat limited |


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 107 

Table 7.--Recreation: Foot and ATV Trails--Continued
 ______________________________________________________________________________________


| |


| | Foot and ATV


Map symbol | Percent | trails


and soil name 	 |of map unit | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________________________


| | Rating class and |


| | limiting features | Value


_______________________________|____________|__________________________________|______


| 


20: | 


Nenana------------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


21: | 


Nenana------------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


22: | 


Nenana------------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


23: | 


Terric Hemistels--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


24: | 


Riverwash---------------------| 


| 


25: | 


Salchaket---------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


26: | 


Saulich-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


27: | 


Saulich-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


28: | 


Typic Cryaquepts--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


90 


50 


40 


85 


95 


65 


20 


85 


85 


85 


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Ponding |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Not rated |


| |


| |


|Somewhat limited |


| Sandy surface layer easily |


| displaced |0.50


| Clayey surface layer slippery |


| when wet |0.50


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |0.96


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Somewhat limited |


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |

108 Soil Survey of 

Table 7.--Recreation: Foot and ATV Trails--Continued
 ______________________________________________________________________________________


| |


| | Foot and ATV


Map symbol | Percent | trails


and soil name 	 |of map unit | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________________________


| | Rating class and |


| | limiting features | Value


_______________________________|____________|__________________________________|______


| 


29: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Lithic Dystrocryepts----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


30: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


31: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Tetlin------------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


32: | 


Typic Cryopsamments-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Typic Cryaquepts, flooded-----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


33: | 


Zitziana----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


65 


30 


60 


25 


40 


25 


20 


30 


30 


30 


90 


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Depth to saturated zone |0.08


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Excess surface organic matter |1.00


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Somewhat limited |


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Flooding |0.40


| |


|Somewhat limited |


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| Flooding |0.40


| Depth to saturated zone |0.22


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |0.96


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 109 

Table 7.--Recreation: Foot and ATV Trails--Continued
 ______________________________________________________________________________________


| |


| | Foot and ATV


Map symbol | Percent | trails


and soil name 	 |of map unit | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________________________


| | Rating class and |


| | limiting features | Value


_______________________________|____________|__________________________________|______


| 


34: | 


Zitziana----------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Kindanina---------------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


35: | 


45 


45 


Water-------------------------| 100 


| |


| |


|Very limited |


| Water erosion hazard |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


|Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to saturated zone |1.00


| Silty surface layer dusty when |


| dry and slippery when wet |0.50


| |


| |


|Not rated |


_______________________________|____________|__________________________________|_____

110 Soil Survey of 

Table 8.--Building Site Development: Structures


(This table gives soil limitation ratings and the primary limiting factors associated with the ratings.


The numbers in the value columns range from 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the


potential limitation. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does


not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for further explanation of ratings in


this table.)


________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Dwellings without | Dwellings with | Small commercial


and soil name 	 |of | basements | basements | buildings


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


1: | | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


2: | | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


3: | | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 50 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 40 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

4: | | | | | | | 

Typic Histoturbels--| 30 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | Organic material |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels----| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Subsidence |1.00 | Subsidence |1.00 | Subsidence |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | | | Organic material |1.00


| | | | | | |


Bradway-------------| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | |


5: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | High water table |0.96 | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |0.96


| | | | | | |


6: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | High water table |0.96 | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |0.96


| | | | | | Slope |0.12


| | | | | | |


7: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | High water table |0.96 | Organic material |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | Slope |0.04 | Slope |0.04 | High water table |0.96


| | | | | | |


8: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 40 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | High water table |0.96 | Organic material |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | Slope |0.37 | Slope |0.37 | High water table |0.96


| | | | | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 111 

Table 8.--Building Site Development: Structures--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Dwellings without | Dwellings with | Small commercial


and soil name 	 |of | basements | basements | buildings


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


8: | | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 25 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

9: | | | | | | | 

Iksgiza-------------| 60 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | High water table |0.96 | Organic material |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | Slope |0.37 | Slope |0.37 | High water table |0.96


| | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

10: | | | | | | | 

Iksgiza-------------| 65 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | High water table |0.96 | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |0.96


| | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels----| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Subsidence |1.00 | Subsidence |1.00 | Subsidence |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | | | Organic material |1.00


| | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 50 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Organic material |1.00


| | High water table |0.96 | Organic material |1.00 | High water table |0.96


| | | | | | Slope |0.12


| | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

Nenana--------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

12: | | | | | | | 

Kindanina-----------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | |


13: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Slope |0.04 | Slope |0.04 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


14: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 40 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Slope |0.37 | Slope |0.37 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

Zitziana------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 
112 Soil Survey of 

Table 8.--Building Site Development: Structures--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Dwellings without | Dwellings with | Small commercial


and soil name 	 |of | basements | basements | buildings


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


16: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


17: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-------------| 45 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


Typic Aquiturbels---| 40 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Slope |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | High water table |0.93 | Slope |1.00 | High water table |0.93


| | | | | | |


18: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-------------| 70 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


Typic Aquiturbels---| 15 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Slope |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | High water table |0.93 | Slope |1.00 | High water table |0.93


| | | | | | |


19: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 90 |Not limited 	 | |Not limited | |Somewhat limited |


| | | | | | Slope |0.12


| | | | | | |


20: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 90 |Somewhat limited 	 | |Somewhat limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |0.04 | Slope |0.04 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


21: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


22: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 50 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 40 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

23: | | | | | | | 

Terric Hemistels----| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Ponding |1.00 | Ponding |1.00 | Ponding |1.00


| | Subsidence |1.00 | Subsidence |1.00 | Subsidence |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Organic material |1.00 | | | Organic material |1.00


| | | | | | |


24: | | | | | | |


Riverwash-----------| 95 |Not rated 	 | |Not rated | |Not rated |


| | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | |


Salchaket-----------| 65 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | | | | | |


Bradway-------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Ponding |1.00 | Ponding |1.00 | Ponding |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | |


26: | | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 113 

Table 8.--Building Site Development: Structures--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Dwellings without | Dwellings with | Small commercial


and soil name 	 |of | basements | basements | buildings


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


27: | | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


28: | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts----| 85 |Somewhat limited 	 | |Very limited | |Somewhat limited |


| | High water table |0.58 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |0.58


| | | | | | |


29: | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 65 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | Hard bedrock |0.42 | |


| | | | | | |


Lithic Dystrocryepts| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | Hard bedrock |1.00 | Hard bedrock |1.00 | Hard bedrock |1.00 

| | | | | | | 

30: | | | | | | | 

Typic Dystrocryepts-| 60 |Somewhat limited 	 | |Somewhat limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |0.04 | Hard bedrock |0.42 | Slope |1.00


| | | | Slope |0.04 | |


| | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | Slope |0.04 | Slope |0.04 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 40 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | Hard bedrock |0.42 | |


| | | | | | |


Tetlin--------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | High water table |0.86 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |0.86


| | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | |


32: | | | | | | |


Typic Cryopsamments-| 30 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts, | 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


flooded------------| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | High water table |0.93 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |0.93


| | | | | | |


Bradway-------------| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | |


33: | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 45 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 45 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00 | High water table |1.00


| | | | | | Slope |0.12


35: | | | | | | |


| |Not rated | |Not rated |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


Water---------------|100 |Not rated 

114 Soil Survey of 

Table 9.--Building Site Development: Site Improvements


(This table gives soil limitation ratings and the primary limiting factors associated with the ratings.


The numbers in the value columns range from 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the


potential limitation. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does


not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for further explanation of ratings in


this table.)


________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Local roads and | Shallow excavations | Lawns and landscaping


and soil name 	 |of | streets | |


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


1: | | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |1.00


| | slope | | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


2: | | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | Droughty |1.00


| | Frost action |0.50 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


3: | | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 50 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 40 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | | 

| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | | | | | | 

4: | | | | | | | 

Typic Histoturbels--| 30 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Flooding |0.60 | Depth to |


| | Flooding |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | saturated zone |1.00


| | | | | | Flooding |0.60


| | | | | | Droughty |0.49


| | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels----| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | Subsidence |1.00 | Content of | | Depth to |


| | Frost action |1.00 | organic matter |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |0.60 | Flooding |0.60


| | | | Depth to dense | | |


| | | | layer |0.50 | |


| | | | | | |


Bradway-------------| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Flooding |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |0.98


| | Depth to | | Flooding |0.60 | Flooding |0.60


| | saturated zone |0.99 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | Droughty |0.40


| | | | | | |


5: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |0.70 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | | | | | saturated zone |0.68


| | | | | | |


6: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |0.70 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | | | | | saturated zone |0.68


| | | | | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 115 

Table 9.--Building Site Development: Site Improvements--Continued


________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Local roads and | Shallow excavations | Lawns and landscaping


and soil name 	 |of | streets | |


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


7: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |0.70 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Moderately | | Moderately | | saturated zone |0.68


| | limiting slope |0.04 | limiting slope |0.04 | Slope |0.04


| | | | | | |


8: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 40 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |0.70 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Moderately | | Moderately | | saturated zone |0.68


| | limiting slope |0.37 | limiting slope |0.37 | Slope |0.37


| | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |1.00 

| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00 

| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | | | | | | 

Zitziana------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | | 

| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | | | | | | 

9: | | | | | | | 

Iksgiza-------------| 60 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |0.70 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Moderately | | Moderately | | saturated zone |0.68


| | limiting slope |0.37 | limiting slope |0.37 | Slope |0.37


| | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Frost action |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | | 

| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | | | | | | 

10: | | | | | | | 

Iksgiza-------------| 65 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |0.70 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | | | | | saturated zone |0.68


| | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels----| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Depth to | | Depth to |1.00 | Excess surface |


| | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | Subsidence |1.00 | Content of | | Depth to |


| | Frost action |1.00 | organic matter |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |0.60 | Flooding |0.60


| | |1.00 | Depth to dense | | |


| | | | layer |0.50 | |


| | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 50 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |0.70 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | | | | | saturated zone |0.68


| | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | |


| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |

116 Soil Survey of 

Table 9.--Building Site Development: Site Improvements--Continued


________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Local roads and | Shallow excavations | Lawns and landscaping


and soil name 	 |of | streets | |


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 20 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | |


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


12: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |0.97


| | Low strength |1.00 | | | |


| | | | | | |


13: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |0.97


| | Low strength |1.00 | Moderately |0.04 | Slope |0.04


| | Moderately | | limiting slope | | |


| | limiting slope |0.04 | | | |


| | | | | | |


14: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting |1.00 | Very limiting |1.00 | Droughty |0.97


| | slope | | slope | | |


| | Low strength |1.00 | | | |


| | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 40 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |0.97


| | Low strength |1.00 | Moderately |0.37 | Slope |0.37


| | Moderately | | limiting slope | | |


| | limiting slope |0.37 | | | |


| | | | | | |


Beales--------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |1.00 

| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00 

| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | | | | | | 

Zitziana------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | | 

| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | | | | | | 

16: | | | | | | | 

Koyukuk-------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | slope |1.00 | |


| | slope |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | |


| | | | | | |


17: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-------------| 45 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Very limiting |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | | slope | | |


| | Very limiting |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | |


| | slope | | | | |


| | | | | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 117 

Table 9.--Building Site Development: Site Improvements--Continued


________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Local roads and | Shallow excavations | Lawns and landscaping


and soil name 	 |of | streets | |


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


17: | | | | | | |


Typic Aquiturbels---| 40 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | saturated zone |1.00 | Depth to |


| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | saturated zone |0.60


| | Depth to | | slope |1.00 | |


| | saturated zone |0.64 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | |


| | Low strength |0.22 | | | |


| | | | | | |


18: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-------------| 70 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | slope |1.00 | |


| | slope |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | |


| | | | | | |


18: | | | | | | |


Typic Aquiturbels---| 15 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | saturated zone |1.00 | Depth to |


| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | saturated zone |0.60


| | Depth to | | slope |1.00 | |


| | saturated zone |0.64 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | |


| | Low strength |0.22 | | | |


| | | | | | |


19: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Not limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


20: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Somewhat limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |0.04


| | Moderately | | Moderately | | |


| | limiting slope |0.04 | limiting slope |0.04 | |


| | | | | | |


21: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | |


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


22: | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 50 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | |


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 40 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | | 

| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | | | | | | 

23: | | | | | | | 

Terric Hemistels----| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Ponding |1.00


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Ponding |1.00 | Ponding |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | saturated zone |1.00 | saturzted zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | Subsidence |1.00 | Content of | | Depth to |


| | Frost action |1.00 | organic matter |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | | | Depth to | | |


| | | | layer |0.50 | |


| | | | | | |


24: | | | | | | |


| |Not rated | |Not rated |


| | | | | | |


Riverwash-----------| 95 |Not rated 


25: | | | | | | |


Salchaket-----------| 65 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Somewhat limited |


| | Flooding |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Flooding |0.60


| | Frost action |0.50 | Flooding |0.60 | |


| | | | | | |

118 Soil Survey of 

Table 9.--Building Site Development: Site Improvements--Continued


________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Local roads and | Shallow excavations | Lawns and landscaping


and soil name 	 |of | streets | |


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | |


Bradway-------------| 20 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Flooding |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |0.98


| | Depth to | | Flooding |0.60 | Flooding |0.60


| | saturzted zone |0.99 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | Droughty |0.40


| | | | | | |


26: | | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | Depth to |


| | | | | | saturated zone |1.00


| | | | | | |


27: | | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |1.00


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | Very limiting | | slope |1.00 | Depth to |


| | slope |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | saturated zone |1.00


| | | | | | |


28: | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts----| 85 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Somewhat limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | saturated zone |0.03


| | saturated zone |0.09 | saturated zone |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


29: | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 65 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | Droughty |0.65


| | Frost action |0.50 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | |


| | | | Depth to hard | | |


| | | | bedrock |0.42 | |


| | | | | | |


Lithic Dystrocryepts| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited | 

| | Very limiting | | Depth to hard | | Depth to bedrock |1.00 

| | slope |1.00 | bedrock |1.00 | Slope |1.00 

| | Depth to hard | | Very limiting | | Droughty |0.70 

| | bedrock |1.00 | slope |1.00 | | 

| | Frost action |0.50 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | | 

| | | | | | | 

30: | | | | | | | 

Typic Dystrocryepts-| 60 |Somewhat limited 	 | |Very limited | |Somewhat limited |


| | Frost action |0.50 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |0.65


| | Moderately | | Depth to hard | | Slope |0.04


| | limiting slope |0.04 | bedrock |0.42 | |


| | | | Moderately | | |


| | | | limiting slope |0.04 | |


| | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 25 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Excess surface |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | Depth to |


| | Moderately | | Moderately | | saturated zone |1.00


| | limiting slope |0.04 | limiting slope |0.04 | Slope |0.04


| | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 40 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | Slope |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | Droughty |0.65


| | Frost action |0.50 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | |


| | | | Depth to hard | | |


| | | | bedrock |0.42 | |


| | | | | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 119 

Table 9.--Building Site Development: Site Improvements--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Pct.| Local roads and | Shallow excavations | Lawns and landscaping


and soil name 	 |of | streets | |


|map | | |


|unit| (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | |


Tetlin--------------| 25 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Slope |1.00


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | permafrost |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | saturated zone |0.43


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | |


| | saturated zone |0.51 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | |


| | | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 20 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Slope |1.00


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Very limiting | | Very limiting | | permafrost |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | slope |1.00 | Excess surface |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | organic matter |1.00


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | Depth to |


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | saturated zone |1.00


| | | | | | |


32: | | | | | | |


Typic Cryopsamments-| 30 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | Frost action |0.50 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |1.00


| | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts, | 30 | | | | | |


flooded------------| |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Frost action |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | Flooding |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Depth to |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | saturated zone |0.60


| | saturated zone |0.64 | saturated zone |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


Bradway-------------| 30 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to | | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Flooding |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |0.98


| | Depth to | | Flooding |0.60 | Flooding |0.60


| | saturated zone |0.99 | Cutbanks cave |0.10 | Droughty |0.40


| | | | | | |


33: | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 90 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting | | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | slope |1.00 | Very limiting | | |


| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------| 45 |Very limited 	 | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Very limiting |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | slope | | Very limiting | | |


| | Frost action |0.50 | slope |1.00 | |


| | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------| 45 |Very limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| | Depth to |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | permafrost | | permafrost |1.00 | permafrost |1.00


| | Frost action |1.00 | Depth to | | Depth to |


| | Depth to | | saturated zone |1.00 | saturated zone |1.00


| | saturated zone |1.00 | Cutbanks cave |1.00 | Droughty |0.97


| | Low strength |1.00 | | | |


| | | | | | |


35: | | | | | | |


| |Not rated | |Not rated |


_____________________|____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


Water---------------|100 |Not rated 

120 Soil Survey of 

Table 10.--Sanitary Facilities: Sewage Treatment


(This table gives soil limitation ratings and the primary limiting factors associated


with the ratings. The numbers in the value columns range from 0.01 to 1.00. The


larger the value, the greater the potential limitation. The information in this


table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for


onsite investigation. See text for further explanation of ratings in this table.)


________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Septic tank | Sewage lagoons


and soil name 	 | of | absorption fields |


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |____________________________|____________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|______________________|_____|______________________|_____


| 


1: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


2: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


3: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


4: | 


Typic Histoturbels--| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


5: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


6: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


85 


50 


40 


30 


30 


30 


90 


85 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|0.50 | Seepage |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| Depth to | | Excess surface |


| saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00 

| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00 

| Restricted | | Excess surface | 

| permeability |1.00 | organic matter |1.00 

| Depth to | | Seepage |1.00 

| saturated zone |1.00 | | 

| Subsidence |1.00 | | 

| | | | 

|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Restricted | | Excess surface |


| permeability |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |0.53


| saturated zone |1.00 | Depth to |


| | | saturated zone |0.01


| | | Slope |0.01


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | 


| Restricted | | 


| permeability |1.00 | 


| Depth to | | 


| saturated zone |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


| | | 


Depth to permafrost |1.00


Excess surface |


organic matter |1.00


Slope |0.67


Seepage |0.53


Depth to |


saturated zone |0.01


|

Kantishna Area, Alaska 121 

Table 10.--Sanitary Facilities: Sewage Treatment--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Septic tank | Sewage lagoons


and soil name 	 | of | absorption fields |


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |____________________________|____________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|______________________|_____|______________________|_____


| 


7: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


8: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


9: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


10: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


11: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


40 


25 


20 


60 


25 


65 


30 


50 


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Restricted | | Excess surface |


| permeability |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| Depth to | | Slope |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Seepage |0.53


| Slope |0.04 | Depth to |


| | | saturated zone |0.01


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Restricted 


| permeability 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| | Excess surface |


|1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |0.53


|0.37 | Depth to |


| | saturated zone |0.01


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Restricted 


| permeability 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| | Excess surface |


|1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |0.53


|0.37 | Depth to |


| | saturated zone |0.01


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Restricted | | Excess surface |


| permeability |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |0.53


| saturated zone |1.00 | Depth to |


| | | saturated zone |0.01


| | | Slope |0.01


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| Restricted | | Excess surface |


| permeability |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Slope |0.01


| Subsidence |1.00 | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | 


| Restricted | | 


| permeability |1.00 | 


| Depth to | | 


| saturated zone |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


| | | 


Depth to permafrost |1.00


Excess surface |


organic matter |1.00


Slope |0.67


Seepage |0.53


Depth to |0.01


saturated zone |


|

122 Soil Survey of 

Table 10.--Sanitary Facilities: Sewage Treatment--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Septic tank | Sewage lagoons


and soil name 	 | of | absorption fields |


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |____________________________|____________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|______________________|_____|______________________|_____


| 


11: | 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


12: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


13: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


14: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


15: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


16: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


17: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Typic Aquiturbels---| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


18: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


25 


20 


90 


90 


85 


40 


25 


20 


90 


45 


40 


70 


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Slope |1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| Filtering capacity |0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Slope |1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| Filtering capacity |0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Slope |0.09


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| Slope |0.04 | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Slope |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| Slope |1.00 | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Restricted 


| permeability 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Restricted 


| permeability 


| 


|Very limited 


| | Seepage |1.00


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|0.37 | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Seepage |0.53


|0.29 | |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Seepage |0.53


|0.29 | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Slope |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Seepage |0.53


| Slope |1.00 | Depth to |


| | | saturated zone |0.02


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| Restricted |0.29 | Seepage |0.53


| permeability | | |


| | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 123 

Table 10.--Sanitary Facilities: Sewage Treatment--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Septic tank | Sewage lagoons


and soil name 	 | of | absorption fields |


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |____________________________|____________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|______________________|_____|______________________|_____


| 


18: | 


Typic Aquiturbels---| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


19: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


20: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


21: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


22: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


23: | 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


24: | 


Riverwash-----------| 


| 


25: | 


Salchaket-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


26: | 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


15 


90 


90 


90 


50 


40 


85 


95 


65 


20 


85 


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| 


|Somewhat limited 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


| 


|Somewhat limited 


| Filtering capacity 


| Slope 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Seepage |0.53


|1.00 | Depth to |


| | saturated zone |0.02


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|0.50 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |0.67


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|0.50 | Seepage |1.00


|0.04 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|0.50 | Seepage |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Restricted 


| permeability 


| Ponding 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Subsidence 


| 


| 


|Not rated 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Flooding 


| Restricted 


| permeability 


| 


|Very limited 


| | Ponding |1.00


|1.00 | Excess surface |


|1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | Seepage |1.00


|1.00 | |


|1.00 | |


| | |


| | |


| |Not rated |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | Seepage |0.53


|0.29 | Slope |0.01


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Slope |0.01


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Excess surface |


| saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| | | Seepage |0.53


| | | Slope |0.09


| | | |

124 Soil Survey of 

Table 10.--Sanitary Facilities: Sewage Treatment--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Septic tank | Sewage lagoons


and soil name 	 | of | absorption fields |


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |____________________________|____________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|______________________|_____|______________________|_____


| 


27: | 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


28: | 


Typic Cryaquepts----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


29: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Lithic Dystrocryepts| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


30: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


31: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Tetlin--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


32: | 


Typic Cryopsamments-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


85 


85 


65 


30 


60 


25 


40 


25 


20 


30 


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Depth to bedrock 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


|Very limited 


| Depth to bedrock 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Depth to bedrock 


| Filtering capacity 


| Slope 


| 


|Very limited 


| | Excess surface |


|1.00 | organic matter |1.00


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Seepage |0.53


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Depth to |


|0.50 | saturated zone |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Depth to bedrock |0.42


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to bedrock |1.00


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Seepage |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|0.50 | Seepage |1.00


|0.04 | Depth to bedrock |0.42


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Excess surface |


| saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| Slope |0.04 | Slope |1.00


| | | Seepage |0.53


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to bedrock |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| Slope |1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| Filtering capacity |0.50 | Depth to bedrock |0.42


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | 


| Restricted | | 


| permeability |1.00 | 


| Depth to | | 


| saturated zone |1.00 | 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


Depth to permafrost |1.00


Slope |1.00


Seepage |0.53


Depth to |


saturated zone |0.08


|


|


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Excess surface |


| saturated zone |1.00 | organic matter |1.00


| Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | | Seepage |0.53


| | | |


| | | |


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| Filtering capacity |0.50 | Seepage |1.00


| | | Slope |0.09


| | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 125 

Table 10.--Sanitary Facilities: Sewage Treatment--Continued
 ________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Septic tank | Sewage lagoons


and soil name 	 | of | absorption fields |


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |____________________________|____________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|______________________|_____|______________________|_____


| 


32: | 


Typic Cryaquepts, | 


flooded------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


33: | 


Zitziana-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


34: | 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


35: | 


30 


30 


90 


45 


45 


| | | | 

| | | | 

| | | | 

|Very limited | | Very limited | 

| Flooding |1.00 | 


| Depth to | | 


| saturated zone |1.00 | 


| Filtering capacity |0.50 | 


| | | 


| | | 


Flooding |1.00


Seepage |1.00


Depth to |


saturated zone |1.00


Slope |0.01


|


|Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Flooding 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


| 


|Very limited 


| Slope 


| Filtering capacity 


| 


|Very limited 


|1.00 | Flooding |1.00


| | Seepage |1.00


|1.00 | Slope |0.01


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


|0.50 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


| Depth to permafrost |1.00 | Depth to permafrost |1.00


| Depth to | | Seepage |1.00


| saturated zone |1.00 | Slope |0.67


| | | |


| | | |


Water---------------| 100 
 |Not rated | |Not rated |


_____________________|________|______________________|_____|______________________|_____

126 Soil Survey of 

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities: Landfill


(This table gives soil limitation ratings and the primary limiting factors associated with the ratings.


The numbers in the value columns range from 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the


potential limitation. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does


not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for further explanation of ratings in


this table.)


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Percent | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cover for


and soil name 	 | of | landfill | landfill | landfill


|map unit| | |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


1: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


2: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


3: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


4: | 


Typic Histoturbels--| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


5: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


6: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


85 


50 


40 


30 


30 


30 


90 


85 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Slope |1.00 | Slope 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| Flooding |1.00 | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Flooding 


| saturated zone | | 


| Organic material |1.00 | Depth to 


| Seepage |1.00 | saturated zone 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding 


| | | 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | Seepage 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| Flooding |1.00 | permafrost 


| Seepage |1.00 | Flooding 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| Depth to |1.00 | permafrost 


| saturated zone | | Depth to 


| Organic material |1.00 | saturated zone 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| | Seepage |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Content of |1.00


| | organic matter |


| | Seepage |0.50


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Content of |1.00


| | organic matter |


|1.00 | Seepage |0.50


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | Seepage |0.52


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Permafrost |1.00


| | Hard to compact |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Hard to compact |1.00


| | |


| | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 127 

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities: Landfill--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Percent | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cover for


and soil name 	 | of | landfill | landfill | landfill


|map unit| | |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


7: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


8: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


9: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


10: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


11: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


40 


25 


20 


60 


25 


65 


30 


50 


25 


20 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | Slope 


| | | 


| Slope |0.04 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | Slope 


| | | 


| Slope |0.37 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | Slope 


| | | 


| Slope |0.37 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Slope |1.00 | Slope 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding 


| | | 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | Seepage 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Slope |1.00 | Slope 


| | | 


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Hard to compact |1.00


| | |


|0.04 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | Slope |0.04


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Hard to compact |1.00


| | |


|0.37 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | Slope |0.37


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Hard to compact |1.00


| | |


|0.37 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | Slope |0.37


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Hard to compact |1.00


| | |


| | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Content of |1.00


| | organic matter |


|1.00 | Seepage |0.50


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Hard to compact |1.00


| | |


| | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | |


| | |

128 Soil Survey of 

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities: Landfill--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Percent | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cover for


and soil name 	 | of | landfill | landfill | landfill


|map unit| | |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


12: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


13: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


14: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


15: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


16: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


17: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


Typic Aquiturbels---| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


18: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


Typic Aquiturbels---| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


90 


85 


40 


25 


20 


90 


45 


40 


70 


15 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Seepage |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | saturated zone 


| Depth to |1.00 | Seepage 


| saturated zone | | 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Seepage |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | saturated zone 


| Depth to |1.00 | Seepage 


| saturated zone | | 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |0.04 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Seepage |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | saturated zone 


| Depth to |1.00 | Seepage 


| saturated zone | | 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| Seepage |1.00 | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Seepage 


| Slope |0.37 | Slope 


| |1.00 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope 


| 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Slope 


| 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Slope 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Permafrost 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Slope 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Permafrost 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


| 


|1.00 | 


| | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Slope 


| | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Slope 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


|1.00 | Slope 


| | 


| | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Slope 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


|1.00 | Slope 


| | 


| | 


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| | |


| | Seepage |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| | |


|0.04 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |0.04


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| | |


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|0.37 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |0.37


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Hard to compact |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |0.99


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | Hard to cmpact |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |0.99


| | saturated zone |


| | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 129 

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities: Landfill--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Percent | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cover for


and soil name 	 | of | landfill | landfill | landfill


|map unit| | |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


19: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


20: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


21: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


22: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


23: | 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


24: | 


Riverwash-----------| 


| 


| 


25: | 


Salchaket-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


26: | 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


27: | 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


28: | 


Typic Cryaquepts----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


90 


90 


50 


40 


85 


95 


65 


20 


85 


85 


85 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Slope |0.04 | Slope 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Slope |1.00 | Slope 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Slope |1.00 | Slope 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Ponding |1.00 | Ponding 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Organic material |1.00 | Seepage 


| | | 


| | | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Not rated | |Not rated 


| | | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | |


| | |


| |Not limited |


|1.00 | |


| | |


| | |


| |Somewhat limited |


|1.00 | Slope |0.04


|0.04 | |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Ponding |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Content of |1.00


| | organic matter |


| | Seepage |0.50


| | |


| | |


| |Not rated |


| | |


| | |


| | |


| |Somewhat limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |0.50


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Ponding |1.00


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | Seepage |0.52


| | |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| | |


| | Depth to |0.72


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| 


|Very Limited 


| Permafrost 


| 


| Flooding 


| Ponding 


| Seepage 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Permafrost 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Permafrost 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Slope 


| 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Seepage 


| 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Flooding 


|1.00 | Ponding 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


|1.00 | 


| | 


| | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


| | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


|1.00 | Slope 


| | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


|1.00 | 


| | 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | | 

130 Soil Survey of 

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities: Landfill--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Percent | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cover for


and soil name 	 | of | landfill | landfill | landfill


|map unit| | |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


29: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Lithic Dystrocryepts| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


30: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


31: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Tetlin--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


32: | 


Typic Cryopsamments-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


32: | 


Typic Cryaquepts, | 


flooded------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


65 


30 


60 


25 


40 


25 


20 


30 


30 


30 


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Very Limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| Depth to bedrock |1.00 | Seepage |1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Depth to bedrock |0.46 | Seepage |1.00


| Seepage |1.00 | | | Depth to bedrock |0.46


| Cobble content |0.26 | | | |


| | | | | |


|Very Limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| Slope |1.00 | Slope |1.00 | Depth to bedrock |1.00


| Depth to bedrock |1.00 | Depth to bedrock |1.00 | Slope |1.00


| Seepage |1.00 | | | Seepage |0.22


| Cobble content |0.01 | | | |


| | | | | |


| | | | | |


|Very Limited | |Very limited | |Very limited |


| Depth to bedrock |1.00 | Seepage |1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Depth to bedrock |0.46 | Seepage |1.00


| Seepage |1.00 | Slope 


| Cobble content |0.26 | 


| Slope |0.04 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Slope |0.04 | Slope 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Slope |1.00 | Slope 


| Depth to bedrock |1.00 | Seepage 


|0.04 | Depth to bedrock |0.46


| | Slope |0.04


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|0.04 | Slope |0.04


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Depth to bedrock |0.46 | Seepage |1.00


| Seepage 


| Cobble content 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Permafrost 


| 


| Slope 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Permafrost 


| 


| Slope 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| 


|Very Limited 


| Flooding 


| Seepage 


|1.00 | 


|0.26 | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Slope 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Slope 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


| | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Flooding 


|1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


| | | 


| Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding 


| Depth to |1.00 | Depth to 


| saturated zone | | saturated zone 


| Seepage |1.00 | 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Permafrost |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | permafrost 


| Flooding |1.00 | Flooding 


| Seepage |1.00 | Depth to 


| | | saturated zone 


| Depth to |1.00 | 


| saturated zone | | 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | | 


| | Depth to bedrock |0.46


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |0.97


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Slope |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | |


| | |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |0.99


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


| | Seepage |0.52


| | |


| | |


| | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 131 

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities: Landfill--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol |Percent | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cover for


and soil name 	 | of | landfill | landfill | landfill


|map unit| | |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


33: | 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


34: | 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


35: | 


90 


45 


45 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| Slope |1.00 | 


| | | 


| | | 


|Very Limited | |Very limited 


| Seepage |1.00 | Seepage 


| Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | Slope 


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


|1.00 | Seepage |1.00


| | Slope |1.00


| | |


| |Very limited |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | permafrost |


|1.00 | Depth to |1.00


| | saturated zone |


|1.00 | Too Sandy |1.00


| | |


| | Seepage |1.00


| | |


| | |


| |Not rated |


| Slope 


| 


|Very Limited 


|1.00 | 


| | 


| |Very limited 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | permafrost 


|1.00 | Depth to 


| | saturated zone 


|1.00 | Seepage 


| | 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Permafrost 


Seepage 


Depth to 


saturated zone 


Too Sandy, caving|1.00 | 


| | 


| | 


Water---------------| 100 
 |Not rated | |Not rated 


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____|___________________|_____

132 Soil Survey of 

Table 12.--Construction Materials: Gravel and Sand


(This table gives soil suitability ratings and the primary limiting factors


associated with the ratings. The numbers in the value columns range


from 0.00 to 0.99. The smaller the value, the greater the potential


limitation. Information in this table indicates the dominant soil


condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See


text for further explanation of ratings in this table.)


__________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | gravel | sand


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


1: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


2: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


3: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


4: | 


Typic Histoturbels--| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


5: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


6: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


85 


50 


40 


30 


30 


30 


90 


85 


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Organic soil |0.00


| permafrost | | Bottom layer not |0.00


| Organic soil |0.00 | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 133 

Table 12.--Construction Materials: Gravel and Sand--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | gravel | sand


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


7: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


8: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


9: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


10: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


11: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


40 


25 


20 


60 


25 


65 


30 


50 


25 


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Organic soil |0.00


| permafrost | | Bottom layer not |0.00


| Organic soil |0.00 | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |

134 Soil Survey of 

Table 12.--Construction Materials: Gravel and Sand--Continued
 _________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | gravel | sand


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


11: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


12, 13: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


14: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


15: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


16: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


17: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Typic Aquiturbels---| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


18: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Typic Aquiturbels---| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


20 


90 


85 


40 


25 


20 


90 


45 


40 


70 


15 


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| permafrost | | permafrost |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| permafrost | | permafrost |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| permafrost | | permafrost |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| a source | | a source |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| a source | | a source |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| a source | | a source |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 135 

Table 12.--Construction Materials: Gravel and Sand--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | gravel | sand


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


19, 20, 21: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


22: | 


Nenana--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


23: | 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


24: | 


Riverwash-----------| 


| 


25: | 


Salchaket-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


26, 27: | 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


28: | 


Typic Cryaquepts----| 


| 


| 


| 


29: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Lithic Dystrocryepts| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


50 


40 


85 


95 


65 


20 


85 


85 


65 


30 


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Organic soil |0.00


| permafrost | | |


| Organic soil |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Not rated | |Not rated |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| a source | | a source |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Gravel Source | |Probable Sand |


| | | Source |


| | | Bottom layer |0.43


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Probable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Bottom layer |0.14


| a source | | |


| Hard bedrock |0.50 | Hard bedrock |0.50


| within 4 to 7 | | within 4 to 7 |


| feet | | feet |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Hard bedrock |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| within 4 feet | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Hard bedrock |0.00


| a source | | within 4 feet |


| | | |

136 Soil Survey of 

Table 12.--Construction Materials: Gravel and Sand--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | gravel | sand


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


30: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


31: | 


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Tetlin--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Saulich-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


32: | 


Typic Cryopsamments-| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Typic Cryaquepts, | 


flooded------------| 


| 


| 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


33: | 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


60 


25 


40 


25 


20 


30 


30 


30 


90 


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Probable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Bottom layer |0.14


| a source | | |


| Hard bedrock |0.50 | Hard bedrock |0.50


| within 4 to 7 | | within 4 to 7 |


| feet | | feet |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Probable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Bottom layer |0.14


| a source | | |


| Hard bedrock |0.50 | Hard bedrock |0.50


| within 4 to 7 | | within 4 to 7 |


| feet | | feet |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


|Gravel Source | |Probable Sand |


| | | Source |


| | | Bottom layer |0.43


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Bottom layer not |0.00


| permafrost | | a source |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| a source | | permafrost |


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 137 

Table 12.--Construction Materials: Gravel and Sand--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | gravel | sand


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


34: | 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


35: | 


45 


45 


Water---------------| 100 


| | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Sand Source |


| Source | | |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


|Improbable Gravel | |Improbable Sand |


| Source | | Source |


| Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| permafrost | | permafrost |


| Bottom layer not |0.00 | |


| a source | | |


| | | |


| | | |


|Not rated | |Not rated |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____

138 Soil Survey of 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill


(This table gives soil suitability ratings and the primary limiting factors


associated with the ratings. The numbers in the value columns range from


0.00 to 0.99. The smaller the value, the greater the potential limitation.


Information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does


not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for further


explanation of ratings in this table.)


__________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


1: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


2: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


3: | 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


4: | 


Typic Histoturbels--| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Terric Hemistels----| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


4: | 


Bradway-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 


85 


50 


40 


30 


30 


30 


| 


| 


|Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| Too sandy 


| 


| 


|Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| Too sandy 


| 


| 


| 


| 


|Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| Too sandy 


| 


|Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| Too sandy 


| 


| 


|Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Content of 


| organic matter 


| Too acid 


| 


|Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Content of 


| organic matter 


| Too acid 


| 


| 


|Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| | |


| | |


| |Fair Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


|0.00 | Slope |0.82


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Slope |0.00


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


| | |


| | |


| |Fair Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


|0.00 | Slope |0.82


| | |


| |Fair Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


|0.00 | Slope |0.82


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


|0.32 | layers) |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


|0.99 | layers) |


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.01 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


| | Depth to |0.01


| | saturated zone |


| | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 139 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


5: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


6: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


7: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


8: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


8: | 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


9: | 


Iksgiza-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


85 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| Slope 


| 


| 


40 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| Slope 


| 


| 


25 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| Too sandy 


| 


| 


| 


| 


20 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| Too sandy 


| 


| 


| 


| 


60 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.18 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


| | Depth to |0.18


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.18 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


| | Depth to |0.18


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.18 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


|0.96 | Depth to |0.18


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.18 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


|0.63 | Depth to |0.18


| | saturated zone |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Slope |0.00


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Slope |0.00


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.18 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


|0.63 | Depth to |0.18


| | saturated zone |


| | |

140 Soil Survey of 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | |


9: | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 	 25 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | Slope |0.82


| | | | |


10: | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------| 	 65 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost | | permafrost |


| | Depth to |0.18 | High frost action|0.00


| | saturated zone | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | Depth to |0.18


| | | | saturated zone |


| | | | |


Terric Hemistels----| 30 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | permafrost | | saturated zone | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | saturated zone | | permafrost | 

| | Content of |0.00 | High frost action|0.00 

| | organic matter | | (check lower | 

| | Too acid |0.99 | layers) | 

| | | | | 

11: | | | | | 

Iksgiza-------------| 	 50 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost | | permafrost |


| | Depth to |0.18 | High frost action|0.00


| | saturated zone | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | Depth to |0.18


| | | | saturated zone |


| | | | |


Zitziana------------| 25 |Poor Source of | |Fair Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Slope |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50 

| | | | action (check | 

| | | | lower layers) | 

| | Too sandy |0.00 | Slope |0.82 

| | | | | 

Nenana--------------| 20 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Slope |0.00 | High frost action|0.00 

| | | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | | | Slope |0.82 

| | | | | 

12: | | | | | 

Kindanina-----------| 	 90 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Too sandy |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | | | saturated zone |


| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone | | permafrost |


| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | permafrost | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 141 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| 


13: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


14: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


15: | 


Kindanina-----------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Beales--------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


Zitziana------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


16: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


17: | 


Koyukuk-------------| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Too sandy 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Slope 


| 


| 


85 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Too sandy 


| 


| Slope 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| 


| 


40 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Too sandy 


| 


| Depth to 


| saturated zone 


| Depth to 


| permafrost 


| Slope 


| 


25 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| Too sandy 


| 


| 


| 


20 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| Too sandy 


| 


| 


| 


| 


90 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


45 	 |Poor Source of 


| Topsoil 


| Slope 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


|0.96 | layers) |


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


|0.00 | Slope |0.98


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone |


|0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost |


|0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


|0.63 | layers) |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Slope |0.00


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | Slope |0.00


|0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | action (check |


| | lower layers) |


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


| | Slope |0.82


| | |


| | |


| |Poor Source for |


| | Roadfill |


|0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | (check lower |


| | layers) |


| | Slope |0.82


| | |

142 Soil Survey of 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | |


17: | | | | |


Typic Aquiturbels---| 	40 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | | | permafrost |


| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | permafrost | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | Depth to |0.22 | Depth to |0.22


| | saturated zone | | saturated zone |


| | | | Low strength |0.78


| | | | Slope |0.98


| | | | |


18: | | | | |


Koyukuk-------------| 	 70 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | Slope |0.82


| | | | |


Typic Aquiturbels---| 15 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Slope |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | | | permafrost | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00 

| | permafrost | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | Depth to |0.22 | Depth to |0.22 

| | saturated zone | | saturated zone | 

| | | | Low strength |0.78 

| | | | Slope |0.98 

| | | | | 

19: | | | | | 

Nenana--------------| 	 90 |Good Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | | | High frost action|0.00


| | | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | |


20: | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 	 90 |Fair Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.96 | High frost action|0.00


| | | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | |


21: | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 	 90 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | Slope |0.98


| | | | |


22: | | | | |


Nenana--------------| 	 50 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | Slope |0.82


| | | | |


Zitziana------------| 40 |Poor Source of | |Fair Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | | | action (check |


| | | | lower layers) |


| | Too sandy |0.00 | Slope |0.82


| | | | |

Kantishna Area, Alaska 143 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | |


23: | | | | |


Terric Hemistels----| 	 85 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost | | saturated zone |


| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone | | permafrost |


| | Content of |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | organic matter | | (check lower |


| | Too acid |0.99 | layers) |


| | | | |


24: | | | | |


Riverwash-----------| 	 95 |Not rated | |Not rated |


| | | | |


25: | | | | |


Salchaket-----------| 	 65 |Good Source of | |Fair Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | | | Moderate frost |0.50


| | | | action (check |


| | | | lower layers) |


| | | | |


Bradway-------------| 20 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | permafrost | | permafrost | 

| | Depth to |0.01 | High frost action|0.00 

| | saturated zone | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | | | Depth to |0.01 

| | | | saturated zone | 

| | | | | 

26: | | | | | 

Saulich-------------| 	 85 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | permafrost | | permafrost |


| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | saturated zone | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | | | Depth to |0.00


| | | | saturated zone |


| | | | |


27: | | | | |


Saulich-------------| 	 85 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | | | permafrost |


| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00


| | permafrost | | (check lower |


| | | | layers) |


| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00


| | saturated zone | | saturated zone |


| | | | Slope |0.82


| | | | |


28: | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts----| 	 85 |Fair Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Hard to reclaim |0.12 | High frost action|0.00


| | Depth to | | (check lower |


| | saturatee zone |0.76 | layers) |


| | Rock fragment | | Depth to |0.76


| | content |0.95 | saturated zone |


| | | | |

144 Soil Survey of 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | |


29: | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 	 65 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Too sandy |0.00 | Slope |0.00


| | Rock fragment |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | content | | action (check |


| | | | lower layers) |


| | Slope |0.00 | Depth to bedrock |0.58


| | Hard to reclaim |0.92 | Cobble content |0.87


| | | | |


Lithic Dystrocryepts| 30 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Slope |0.00 | Slope |0.00


| | Depth to bedrock |0.00 | Depth to bedrock |0.00


| | Rock fragment |0.95 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | content | | action (check |


| | | | lower layers) |


| | | | Cobble content |0.99


| | | | |


30: | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-| 	 60 |Poor Source of | |Fair Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Too sandy |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | | | action (check |


| | | | lower layers) |


| | Rock fragment |0.00 | Depth to bedrock |0.58


| | content | | |


| | Hard to reclaim |0.92 | Cobble content |0.87


| | Slope |0.96 | |


| | | | |


Saulich-------------| 25 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | permafrost | | permafrost | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00 

| | saturated zone | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | Slope |0.96 | Depth to |0.00 

| | | | saturated zone | 

| | | | | 

31: | | | | | 

Typic Dystrocryepts-| 	 40 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for |


| | Topsoil | | Roadfill |


| | Too sandy |0.00 | Slope |0.00


| | Rock fragment |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50


| | content | | action (check |


| | | | lower layers) |


| | Slope |0.00 | Depth to bedrock |0.58


| | Hard to reclaim |0.92 | Cobble content |0.87


| | | | |


Tetlin--------------| 25 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Slope |0.00 | Slope |0.00 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | permafrost | | permafrost | 

| | Depth to |0.32 | High frost action|0.00 

| | saturated zone | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | | | Depth to |0.32 

| | | | saturated zone | 

| | | | | 

Saulich-------------| 20 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Slope |0.00 | Slope |0.00 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | permafrost | | permafrost | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00 

| | saturated zone | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | | | Depth to |0.00 

| | | | saturated zone | 

| | | | | 
Kantishna Area, Alaska 145 

Table 13.--Construction Materials: Topsoil and Roadfill--Continued
 __________________________________________________________________________________


| | |


Map symbol |Percent | Potential source of | Potential source of


and soil name 	 | of | topsoil | roadfill


|map unit| |


| | (Alaska criteria) | (Alaska criteria)


| |_________________________|_________________________


| | Rating class and |Value| Rating class and |Value


| | limiting features | | limiting features |


_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____


| | | | | 

32: | | | | | 

Typic Cryopsamments-| 30 |Poor Source of | |Fair Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Too sandy |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50 

| | | | action (check | 

| | | | lower layers) | 

| | | | | 

Typic Cryaquepts, | 30 |Fair Source of | |Poor Source for | 

flooded------------| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Hard to reclaim |0.12 | High frost action|0.00 

| | Depth to |0.22 | (check lower | 

| | saturated zone | | layers) | 

| | Rock fragment |0.95 | Depth to |0.22 

| | content | | saturated zone | 

| | | | | 

Bradway-------------| 30 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | permafrost | | permafrost | 

| | Depth to |0.01 | High frost action|0.00 

| | saturated zone | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | | | Depth to |0.01 

| | | | saturated zone | 

| | | | | 

33: | | | | | 

Zitziana------------| 90 |Poor Source of | |Fair Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Slope |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50 

| | | | action (check | 

| | | | lower layers) | 

| | Too sandy |0.00 | Slope |0.82 

| | | | | 

34: | | | | | 

Zitziana------------| 45 |Poor Source of | |Fair Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Slope |0.00 | Moderate frost |0.50 

| | | | action (check | 

| | | | lower layers) | 

| | Too sandy |0.00 | Slope |0.82 

| | | | | 

Kindanina-----------| 45 |Poor Source of | |Poor Source for | 

| | Topsoil | | Roadfill | 

| | Too sandy |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | | | saturated zone | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | Depth to |0.00 

| | saturated zone | | permafrost | 

| | Depth to |0.00 | High frost action|0.00 

| | permafrost | | (check lower | 

| | | | layers) | 

| | | | | 

35: | | | | | 

Water---------------| 100 |Not rated 
 | |Not rated |

_____________________|________|___________________|_____|___________________|_____

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

146 Soil Survey of 

Table 14.--Hydric Soils List


(See text for a key to the hydric soils criteria codes and for an explanation of other terms used in this


table.)


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


| | | | Hydric soils criteria


| | | |_____________________________________


Map symbol and | Soil name | Hydric | Local landform | Hydric | Meets | Meets | Meets


map unit name | (% of map unit) | | |criteria|saturation|flooding|ponding


| | | | code | criteria |criteria|criteria


__________________________|_________________|________|_________________|________|__________|________|________


| | | | | | |


1: | | | | | | |


Beales very fine sandy 	 |Beales (90%) | No |dunes on alluvial| | | | 


loam, 1 to 35 percent | | | flats | | | |


slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


2: | | | | | | |


Beales very fine sandy |Beales (85%) | No |dunes | | | | 


loam, 35 to 75 percent | | | | | | |


slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| less than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (10%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils with | No |dunes | | | | 


| thicker than 10 | | | | | |


| inch loess | | | | | |


| mantles (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


3: | | | | | | |


Beales-Zitziana complex, 1|Beales (50%) | No |dunes on alluvial| | | | 


to 35 percent slopes 	 | | | flats | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Zitziana (40%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


4: | | | | | | |


Typic Histoturbels, Terric|Typic 	 | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


Hemistels, and Bradway | Histoturbels | | flood plains | | | |


soils, 0 to 2 percent | (30%) | | | | | |


slopes | | | | | | |


|Terric Hemistels | Yes |depressions on | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| (30%) | | flood plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Bradway (30%) | Yes |flood plains | 2B3,3 | YES | NO | YES


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | Yes |flood plains | 4 | NO | YES | NO


| frequently | | | | | |


| flooded (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Ponds and sloughs| No | | | | | 


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


5: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza peat, 0 to 3 |Iksgiza (90%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


percent slopes 	 | | | outwash plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Histosols (5%) | Yes |depressions | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| well drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


6: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza peat, 3 to 6 |Iksgiza (85%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


percent slopes 	 | | | outwash plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Histosols (10%) | Yes |depressions | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| well drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 147 

Table 14.--Hydric Soils List--Continued


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


| | | | Hydric soils criteria


| | | |_____________________________________


Map symbol and | Soil name | Hydric | Local landform | Hydric | Meets | Meets | Meets


map unit name | (% of map unit) | | |criteria|saturation|flooding|ponding


| | | | code | criteria |criteria|criteria


__________________________|_________________|________|_________________|________|__________|________|________


| | | | | | |


7: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza peat, 6 to 12 |Iksgiza (90%) | Yes |dunes on outwash | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


percent slopes 	 | | | plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| less than 6 | | dunes | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| well drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


8: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-Beales-Zitziana 	 |Iksgiza (40%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


complex, pitted, 1 to 50 | | | outwash plains | | | |


percent slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Beales (25%) | No |dunes on alluvial| | | | 


| | | flats | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Zitziana (20%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Ponds and lakes | No | | | | | 


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| well drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


9: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-Nenana complex, 1 |Iksgiza (60%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


to 35 percent slopes 	 | | | dunes | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Nenana (25%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Histosols (5%) | Yes |depressions | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Small ponds (5%) | No | | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| moderately well | | | | | |


| drained (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


10: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-Terric Hemistels 	|Iksgiza (65%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


complex, 0 to 3 percent | | | outwash plains | | | |


slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Terric Hemistels | Yes |depressions on | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| (30%) | | outwash plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | Yes |depressions | 3 | NO | NO | YES


| ponded (3%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| well drained | | | | | |


| (2%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-Zitziana-Nenana 	 |Iksgiza (50%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


complex, 1 to 35 percent | | | dunes | | | |


slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Zitziana (25%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Nenana (20%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | | | | |


| (3%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (2%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

148 Soil Survey of 

Table 14.--Hydric Soils List--Continued


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


| | | | Hydric soils criteria


| | | |_____________________________________


Map symbol and | Soil name | Hydric | Local landform | Hydric | Meets | Meets | Meets


map unit name | (% of map unit) | | |criteria|saturation|flooding|ponding


| | | | code | criteria |criteria|criteria


__________________________|_________________|________|_________________|________|__________|________|________


| | | | | | |


12: | | | | | | |


Kindanina mucky silt loam,|Kindanina (90%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B1 | YES | NO | NO


0 to 6 percent slopes 	 | | | outwash plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Histic | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| Aquiturbels (5%)| | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| well drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


13: | | | | | | |


Kindanina mucky silt loam,|Kindanina (90%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B1 | YES | NO | NO


6 to 12 percent slopes 	 | | | outwash plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Histic | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| Aquiturbels (5%)| | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | Yes |outwash plains | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| less than 6 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


14: | | | | | | |


Kindanina mucky silt loam,|Kindanina (85%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


12 to 20 percent slopes 	| | | outwash plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Histic | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| Aquiturbels (5%)| | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| greater than 20 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| less than 12 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | |


Kindanina-Beales-Zitziana |Kindanina (40%) 	| Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


complex, dunes, 1 to 50 | | | dunes | | | |


percent slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Beales (25%) | No |dunes on alluvial| | | | 


| | | flats | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Zitziana (20%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | dunes | | | |


| (10%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils with | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| organic mats | | dunes | | | |


| thicker than 8 | | | | | |


| inches (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


16: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk silt loam, 1 to 35|Koyukuk (90%) | No |dunes | | | | 


percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | dunes | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


17: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels |Koyukuk (45%) 	 | No |dunes | | | | 


complex, dunes, 1 to 35 | | | | | | |


percent slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Typic Aquiturbels| Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| (40%) | | dunes | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Iksgiza (10%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| | | outwash plains | | | |


|Nenana (5%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 149 

Table 14.--Hydric Soils List--Continued


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


| | | | Hydric soils criteria


| | | |_____________________________________


Map symbol and | Soil name | Hydric | Local landform | Hydric | Meets | Meets | Meets


map unit name | (% of map unit) | | |criteria|saturation|flooding|ponding


| | | | code | criteria |criteria|criteria


__________________________|_________________|________|_________________|________|__________|________|________


| | | | | | |


18: | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-Typic Aquiturbels |Koyukuk (70%) 	 | No |hills on outwash | | | | 


complex, pitted, 1 to 35 | | | plains | | | |


percent slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Typic Aquiturbels| Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| (15%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Histosols (5%) | Yes |depressions | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Ponds and lakes | No | | | | | 


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |depressions on | | | | 


| somewhat poorly | | outwash plains | | | |


| drained (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


19: | | | | | | |


Nenana silt loam, 3 to 6 |Nenana (90%) | No |dunes | | | | 


percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | | | | |


| (10%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


20: | | | | | | |


Nenana silt loam, 6 to 12 |Nenana (90%) | No |dunes | | | | 


percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 12 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


21: | | | | | | |


Nenana silt loam, 12 to 20|Nenana (90%) | No |dunes | | | | 


percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| less than 12 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| poorly drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


22: | | | | | | |


Nenana-Zitziana complex, 1|Nenana (50%) | No |dunes | | | | 


to 35 percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Zitziana (40%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Poorly drained | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost soils| | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


23: | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels, 0 to 2 |Terric Hemistels | Yes |depressions on | 1 | YES | NO | NO


percent slopes 	 | (85%) | | alluvial flats | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Well drained | No |dunes | | | | 


| mineral soils | | | | | |


| (15%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


24: | | | | | | |


Riverwash 	 |Riverwash (95%) | No |flood plains | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Salchaket (3%) | No |flood plains | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Water (2%) | No | | | | | 


| | | | | | |

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

150 Soil Survey of 

Table 14.--Hydric Soils List--Continued


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


| | | | Hydric soils criteria


| | | |_____________________________________


Map symbol and | Soil name | Hydric | Local landform | Hydric | Meets | Meets | Meets


map unit name | (% of map unit) | | |criteria|saturation|flooding|ponding


| | | | code | criteria |criteria|criteria


__________________________|_________________|________|_________________|________|__________|________|________


| | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | |


Salchaket-Bradway complex,|Salchaket (65%) | No |flood plains | | | | 


0 to 3 percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Bradway (20%) | Yes |outwash plains | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Histosols (5%) | Yes |depressions | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Ponds and sloughs| No | | | | | 


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Riverwash (5%) | No |flood plains | | | | 


| | | | | | |


26: | | | | | | |


Saulich peat, 0 to 6 |Saulich (85%) | Yes |outwash plains | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


|Soils that are | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| poorly drained | | | | | |


| (10%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils with less | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| than 8 inch | | | | | |


| thick organic | | | | | |


| mats (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


27: | | | | | | |


Saulich peat, 6 to 30 |Saulich (85%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


percent slopes 	 | | | hillsides | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | Yes |hillsides | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| less than 3 | | | | | |


| percent (10%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils with less | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| than 8 inch | | | | | |


| thick organic | | | | | |


| mats (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


28: | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts, 0 to 2 |Typic Cryaquepts | No |depressions on | | | | 


percent slopes 	 | (85%) | | alluvial flats | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Histosols (5%) | Yes |depressions | 1 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Small ponds and | No | | | | | 


| lakes (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |dunes | | | | 


| well drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


29: | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-Lithic|Typic 	 | No |hillsides | | | | 


Dystrocryepts | Dystrocryepts | | | | | |


association, 15 to 70 | (65%) | | | | | |


percent slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Lithic | No |hills | | | | 


| Dystrocryepts | | | | | |


| (30%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils with | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


30: | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-	 |Typic | No |hillsides | | | | 


Saulich complex, 3 to 15 | Dystrocryepts | | | | | |


percent slopes | (60%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Saulich (25%) | Yes |hillsides | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 15 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils with sandy | No |dunes | | | | 


| subsoil (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Typic | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| Histoturbels | | dunes | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 151 

Table 14.--Hydric Soils List--Continued


_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | |


| | | | Hydric soils criteria


| | | |_____________________________________


Map symbol and | Soil name | Hydric | Local landform | Hydric | Meets | Meets | Meets


map unit name | (% of map unit) | | |criteria|saturation|flooding|ponding


| | | | code | criteria |criteria|criteria


__________________________|___________________|________|_________________|________|__________|________|________


| | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-	 |Typic | No |hillsides | | | | 


Tetlin-Saulich | Dystrocryepts | | | | | |


association, 15 to 70 | (40%) | | | | | |


percent slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Tetlin (25%) | Yes |hillsides | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Saulich (20%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| | | hillsides | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | Yes |hillsides | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| less than 15 | | | | | |


| percent (10%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils that are | No |hills | | | | 


| shallow to | | | | | |


| bedrock (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


32: | | | | | | |


Typic Cryopsamments, Typic|Typic 	 | No |levees on flood | | | | 


Cryaquepts, flooded, and | Cryopsamments | | plains | | | |


Bradway soils, 0 to 5 | (30%) | | | | | |


percent slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Typic Cryaquepts, | Yes |depressions on | 4 | NO | YES | NO


| flooded (30%) | | flood plains | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Bradway (30%) | Yes |flood plains | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| | | | | | |


|Loamy soils that | No |flood plains | | | | 


| are well drained | | | | | |


| (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Ponds (3%) | No | | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Riverwash (2%) | No |flood plains | | | | 


| | | | | | |


33: | | | | | | |


Zitziana silt loam, 1 to |Zitziana (90%) | No |dunes | | | | 


35 percent slopes 	 | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Soils with | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| permafrost (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | |


Zitziana-Kindanina 	 |Zitziana (45%) | Yes |depressions on | 2B1 | YES | NO | NO


complex, 1 to 35 percent | | | dunes | | | |


slopes | | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Kindanina (45%) | No |dunes | | | | 


| | | | | | |


|Soils on slopes | No |dunes | | | | 


| greater than 35 | | | | | |


| percent (5%) | | | | | |


| | | | | | |


|Typic | Yes |depressions | 2B3 | YES | NO | NO


| Histoturbels (58%)| | | | | |


35: | | | | | | |


Water |Water (100%) | No | | | | | 


__________________________|___________________|________|_________________|________|__________|________|________

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

152 Soil Survey of 

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties


(Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated.)


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | |


Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |________________|_____________| sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas­


and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |__________________________| limit|ticity


| | |Unified| AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index


______________|_____|______________________|_______|________|______|______|______|______|______|_____|______|______


| In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


1, 2: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales-------| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-3 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-6 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 6-60|Fine sand |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-90 | 5-10| --- | NP


| | | | | | | | | | | |


3: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales-------| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-3 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-6 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 6-60|Fine sand |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-90 | 5-10| --- | NP


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-17|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|17-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, SP-SM|A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|10-25| 0-14 | NP


| | | | | | | | | | | |


4: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Histoturbels-| 0-11|Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

|11-13|Permanently frozen | --- | | 0 | 0-10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | ---

| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | | 

|13-23|Permanently frozen | --- | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| |silt loam | | | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

Terric | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Hemistels----| 0-20|Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

|20-22|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10 

|22-60|Permanently frozen | --- | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

Bradway------| 0-1 |Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-5 |Mucky silt loam |OL |A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|75-90|40-50 |NP-10


|5-15 |Stratified fine sand |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-95 |40-65| 0-14 | NP


| | to very fine sandy | | | | | | | | | |


| | loam | | | | | | | | | |


|15-24|Permanently frozen | --- | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


5, 6, 7: | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Iksgiza------| 0-10|Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

|10-18|Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|40-60 |NP-10 

| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | | 

|18-38|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | | 

|38-60|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | fine sand | | | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

8: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------| 0-10|Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


|10-18|Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


|18-38|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


|38-60|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | fine sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales-------| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-3 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-6 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 6-60|Fine sand |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-90 | 5-10| --- | NP


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-17|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|17-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|10-25| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

Kantishna Area, Alaska 153 

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | |


Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |________________|_____________| sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas­


and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |__________________________| limit|ticity


| | |Unified| AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index


______________|_____|______________________|_______|________|______|______|______|______|______|_____|______|______


| In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


9: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------| 0-10|Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


|10-18|Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


|18-38|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


|38-60|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | fine sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------| 0-2 |Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-4 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|25-35 |NP-10


| 4-38|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95|25-35 |NP-10


|38-60|Fine sand, sand, |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 | 5-10| --- | NP


| | gravelly sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


10: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------| 0-10|Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


|10-18|Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


|18-38|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


|38-60|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | fine sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Terric | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Hemistels----| 0-20|Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

|20-22|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10 

|22-60|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

11: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------| 0-10|Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


|10-18|Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


|18-38|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


|38-60|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | fine sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-17|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|17-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|10-25| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------| 0-2 |Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-4 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|25-35 |NP-10


|4-38 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95|25-35 |NP-10


|38-60|Fine sand, sand, |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 | 5-10| --- | NP


| | gravelly sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


12, 13, 14: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----| 0-4 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 4-6 |Mucky silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


| 6-10|Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|10-22|Sand |SM, |A-2, A-4| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|10-40| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


|22-32|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----| 0-4 |Slightly decomposed 	 | | | | | | | | | |


| | plant material |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| 4-6 |Mucky silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


| 6-10|Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|10-22|Sand |SM, |A-2, A-4| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|10-40| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


|22-32|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| |sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |

--- 

--- --- 

154 Soil Survey of 

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | |


Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |________________|_____________| sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas­


and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |__________________________| limit|ticity


| | |Unified| AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index


______________|_____|______________________|_______|________|______|______|______|______|______|_____|______|______


| In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales-------| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-3 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-6 |Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-95 |75-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 6-60|Fine sand |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-90 | 5-10| --- | NP


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

| 2-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10 

| 3-17|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5 

|17-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|10-25| 0-14 | NP 

| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

16: | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Koyukuk------| 0-5 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 5-7 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|25-35 |NP-10


| 7-60|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|75-95|25-35 |NP-10


| | | | | | | | | | | |


17, 18: | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Koyukuk------| 0-5 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

| 5-7 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|25-35 |NP-10 

| 7-60|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|75-95|25-35 |NP-10 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

Typic | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Aquiturbels--| 0-4 |Highly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 4-8 |Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|65-95|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


| 8-28|Silt loam |MH, ML |A-4, A-5| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|30-55 |NP-10


|28-34|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


19, 20, 21: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------| 0-2 |Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-4 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|25-35 |NP-10


| 4-38|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95|25-35 |NP-10


|38-60|Fine sand, sand, | | | | | | | | | |


| | gravelly sand |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 | 5-10| --- | NP


22: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------| 0-2 |Moderately decomposed | 	 | | | | | | | | |


| | plant material |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| 2-4 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|25-35 |NP-10


| 4-38|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95|25-35 |NP-10


|38-60|Fine sand, sand, | | | | | | | | | |


| | gravelly sand |SP-SM |A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 | 5-10| --- | NP


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-17|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|17-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|10-25| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


23: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Terric | | | | | | | | | | | |


Hemistels----| 0-20|Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


|20-22|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


|22-60|Permanently frozen | --- | | | | | | | | |


| | silt loam | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |


24: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Riverwash----| --- | 	 | --- | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Salchaket----| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-6 |Stratified silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|65-75|25-30 |NP-5


| | to very fine sandy | | | | | | | | | |


| | loam to peat | | | | | | | | | |


| 6-60|Stratified silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


| | to very fine sandy |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|65-75|25-30 |NP-5


| |loam to very fine sand| | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

Kantishna Area, Alaska 155 

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | |


Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |_________________|_____________| sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas­


and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |__________________________| limit|ticity


| | |Unified| AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index


______________|_____|______________________|_______|_________|______|______|______|______|______|_____|______|______


| In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Bradway------| 0-1 |Moderately decomposed |PT 	 |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | |


| 1-5 |Mucky silt loam |OL |A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|75-90|40-50 |NP-10


| 5-15|Stratified fine sand |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-95 |40-65| 0-14 | NP


| | to very fine sandy | | | | | | | | |


| | loam | | | | | | | | | |


|15-24|Permanently frozen | | | | | | | | | |


| | silt loam | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |


26, 27: | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Saulich------| 0-10|Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

|10-14|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|65-75|30-40 |NP-10 

|14-27|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|65-75|30-40 |NP-10 

|27-37|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

28: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Cryaquepts---| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-6 |Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-4, A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|30-100|NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


| 6-42|Stratified fine sand |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-15 | 100 |90-100|80-100|65-75|10-15 |NP-5


| | to silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


|42-60|Extremely gravelly |GW, SW |A-1 | 0 | 0-40 |40-70 |20-50 | 5-20 | 0-5 | --- | NP


| | sand, very gravelly | | | | | | | | | |


| | sand, gravelly sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


29: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | | 

| 1-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|30-40 |NP-10 

| 3-13|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|30-40 |NP-10 

|13-51|Fine sand |GM, SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-60 |50-100|40-100|35-90 | 5-50| --- | NP 

| | | SP-SM | A-3, A-4| | | | | | | | 

| 51+ |Unweathered bedrock | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

Lithic | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Dystrocryepts| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-10|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|80-100|70-95 |60-90|30-40 |NP-10


|10-15|Very gravelly silt |SM, |A-1, | 0 |15-60 |80-100|50-100|40-90 |10-50| 0-14 | NP


| | loam, very cobbly | SP-SM | A-2, | | | | | | | |


| | silt loam | | A-4 | | | | | | | |


| 15+ |Bedrock | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |


30: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-13|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|30-40 |NP-10


|13-51|Fine sand |GM, SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-60 |50-100|40-100|35-90 | 5-50| --- | NP


| | | SP-SM | A-3, A-4| | | | | | | |


| 51+ |Unweathered bedrock | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Saulich------| 0-10|Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


|10-14|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|65-75|30-40 |NP-10


|14-27|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|65-75|30-40 |NP-10


|27-37|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


31: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-13|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-90|30-40 |NP-10


|13-51|Fine sand |GM, SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-60 |50-100|40-100|35-90 | 5-50| --- | NP


| | |SP-SM | A-3, A-4| | | | | | | |


| 51+ |Unweathered bedrock | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

156 Soil Survey of 

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | |Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | |


Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |_________________|_____________| sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas­


and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |__________________________| limit|ticity


| | |Unified| AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index


______________|_____|______________________|_______|_________|______|______|______|______|______|_____|______|______


| In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Tetlin-------| 0-7 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 7-38|Silt loam |ML |A-4, A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|30-50 |NP-5


|38-60|Consolidated | | | | | | | | | |


| | permafrost (ice rich)| | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Saulich------| 0-10|Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


|10-14|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|65-75|30-40 |NP-10


|14-27|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|65-75|30-40 |NP-10


|27-37|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


32: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Cryopsamments| 0-1 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-2 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 2-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-100| 5-25| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Cryaquepts, | 0-2 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


Flooded-----| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-6 |Silt loam |MH, ML,|A-4, A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90|30-100|NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


| 6-42|Stratified fine sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | to silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-15 | 100 |90-100|80-100|65-75|10-15 |NP-5


|42-60|Extremely gravelly |GW, SW |A-1 | 0 | 0-40 |40-70 |20-50 | 5-20 | 0-5 | --- | NP


| | sand, very gravelly | | | | | | | | | |


| | sand, gravelly sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Bradway------| 0-1 |Moderately decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 1-5 |Mucky silt loam |OL |A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|75-90|40-50 |NP-10


| 5-15|Stratified fine sand |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-95 |40-65| 0-14 | NP


| | to very fine sandy | | | | | | | | | |


| | loam | | | | | | | | | |


|15-24|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | silt loam | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


33: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-17|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|17-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|10-25| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----| 0-2 |Slightly decomposed 	 |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-3 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-10


| 3-17|Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|17-60|Fine sand, sand |SM, |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|10-25| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----| 0-4 |Slightly decomposed |PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | plant material | | | | | | | | | |


| 4-6 |Mucky silt loam |MH, ML,|A-5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|40-60 |NP-10


| | | OH, OL| | | | | | | | |


| 6-10|Very fine sandy loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95|30-40 |NP-5


|10-22|Sand |SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|10-40| 0-14 | NP


| | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |


|22-32|Permanently frozen | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | sand | | | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


35: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Water--------| --- | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---


| | | | | | | | | | | |


______________|_____|______________________|_______|_________|______|______|______|______|______|_____|______|______

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

Kantishna Area, Alaska 157 

Table 16.--Physical Properties of the Soils


(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and


"Wind erodibility index" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were


not estimated.)


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | | | | | | Erosion |Wind |Wind


Map symbol |Depth|Clay| Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic |____factors___|erodi-|erodi­


and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-| matter | | | |bility|bility


| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |index


___________________|_____|____|_________|_________|_________|________|________|____|_____|___|______|_____


| In | Pct| g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


1, 2: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales------------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30| 0.0-1.0| 60-80 | .05| .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23| 0.0-2.9| 1.0-5.0| .37| .37 | | |


| 3-6 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23| 0.0-2.9| 1.0-5.0| .37| .37 | | |


| 6-60|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 6-20 |0.05-0.07| 0.0-2.9| 0.0-1.0| .24| .24 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


3: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales------------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30| 0.0-1.0| 60-80 | .05| .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23| 0.0-2.9| 1.0-5.0| .37| .37 | | |


| 3-6 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23| 0.0-2.9| 1.0-5.0| .37| .37 | | |


| 6-60|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 6-20 |0.05-0.07| 0.0-2.9| 0.0-1.0| .24| .24 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana----------| 0-2 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30| 0.0-1.0| 60-80 | .05| .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 2-3 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22| 0.0-2.9| 2.0-4.0| .37| .37 | | |


| 3-17|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22| 0.0-2.9| 0.0-1.0| .43| .43 | | |


|17-60|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.15| 0.0-2.9| 0.0-1.0| .15| .10 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


4: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic Histoturbels| 0-11|0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30| 0.0-1.0| 60-80 | .05| .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


|11-13|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | --- | ---| --- | | |


|13-23|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | --- | ---| --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels--| 0-20|0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30| 0.0-1.0| 60-80 | .05| .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


|20-22|1-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25| 0.0-2.9| 8.0-12 | .37| .37 | | |


|22-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | --- | ---| --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Bradway-----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35| 0.0-1.0| 80-90 | .05| .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


| 1-5 |0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25| 0.0-2.9| 8.0-12 | .37| .37 | | |


| 5-15|5-10|1.10-1.20| 2-6 |0.15-0.18| 0.0-2.9| 0.0-1.0| .32| .32 | | |


|15-24|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | --- | ---| --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


5, 6, 7: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-----------| 0-10|0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30| 0.0-1.0| 60-80 | .05| .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


|10-18|0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.24-0.28| 0.0-2.9| 5.0-15 | .37| .37 | | |


|18-38|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | --- | ---| --- | | |


|38-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | --- | ---| --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


8: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-----------| 0-10| 0-0|0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


|10-18|0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.24-0.28|0.0-2.9 |5.0-15 |.37 | .37 | | |


|18-38|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


|38-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales------------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 3-6 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-60|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 6-20 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.24 | .24 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-2 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 2-16|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|16-60|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


9: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-----------| 0-10|0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


|10-18|0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.24-0.28|0.0-2.9 |5.0-15 |.37 | .37 | | |


|18-38|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


|38-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana------------| 0-2 |0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 2 | 134


| 2-4 |5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-6.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 4-38|5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|38-60|0-5 |1.30-1.40| 6-20 |0.04-0.06|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .17 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


10: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-----------| 0-10|0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


|10-18|0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.24-0.28|0.0-2.9 |5.0-15 |.37 | .37 | | |


|18-38|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


|38-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

158 Soil Survey of 

Table 16.--Physical Properties of the Soil--Continued


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | | | | | | Erosion |Wind |Wind


Map symbol |Depth|Clay| Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic |____factors___|erodi-|erodi­


and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-| matter | | | |bility|bility


| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |index


___________________|_____|____|_________|_________|_________|________|________|____|_____|___|______|_____


| In | Pct| g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


10: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels--| 0-20|0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


|20-22|1-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25|0.0-2.9 |8.0-12 |.37 | .37 | | |


|22-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-----------| 0-10|0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


|10-18|0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.24-0.28|0.0-2.9 |5.0-15 |.37 | .37 | | |


|18-38|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


|38-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134 

| 1-2 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0 |.37 | .37 | | | 

| 2-16|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | | 

|16-60|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-2 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

Nenana------------| 0-2 |0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 2 | 134 

| 2-4 |5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-6.0 |.37 | .37 | | | 

| 4-38|5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | | 

|38-60|0-5 |1.30-1.40| 6-2 |0.04-0.06|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .17 | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

12, 13, 14: | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Kindanina---------| 0-4 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


| 4-6 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 | 10-15 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-10|0-5 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|10-22|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


|22-32|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina---------| 0-4 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


| 4-6 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 | 10-15 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-10|0-5 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|10-22|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


|22-32|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Beales------------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 3-6 |0-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-60|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 6-20 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.24 | .24 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-2 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 2-16|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|16-60|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


16: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-----------| 0-5 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 5 | 2 | 134


| 5-7 |5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-6.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 7-60|5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


17, 18: | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Koyukuk-----------| 0-5 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 5 | 2 | 134 

| 5-7 |5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-6.0 |.37 | .37 | | | 

| 7-60|5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

Typic Aquiturbels--| 0-4 |0-1 |0.20-0.30| 0.6-2 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 70-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0 

| 4-8 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |5.0-15 |.37 | .37 | | | 

| 8-28|0-10|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.24-0.28|0.0-2.9 |5.0-10 |.37 | .37 | | | 

|28-34|--- | | | | | |--- | --- | | | 

| | | | | | | | | | | | 

19, 20, 21: | | | | | | | | | | | | 

Nenana------------| 0-2 |0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 2 | 134


| 2-4 |5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-6.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 4-38|5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|38-60|0-5 |1.30-1.40| 6-20 |0.04-0.06|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .17 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


22: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Nenana------------| 0-2 |0-0 |0.07-0.18| 	 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 2 | 134


| 2-4 |5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-6.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 4-38|5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|38-60|0-5 |1.30-1.40| 6-20 |0.04-0.06|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .17 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- ---

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

Kantishna Area, Alaska 159 

Table 16.--Physical Properties of the Soil--Continued


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | | | | | | Erosion |Wind |Wind


Map symbol |Depth|Clay| Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic |____factors___|erodi-|erodi­


and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-| matter | | | |bility|bility


| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |index


___________________|_____|____|_________|_________|_________|________|________|____|_____|___|______|_____


| In | Pct| g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


22: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-2 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 2-16|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|16-60|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


23: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels--|0-20 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


|20-22|1-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25|0.0-2.9 |8.0-12 |.37 | .37 | | |


|22-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


24: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Riverwash---------| 	---|--- | | | | | |--- | --- |—| --- | 


| | | | | | | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Salchaket---------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 5 | 2 | 134


| 1-6 |5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-6.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-60|5-10|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Bradway-----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


| 1-5 |0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25|0.0-2.9 |8.0-12 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 5-15|5-10|1.10-1.20| 2-6 |0.15-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.32 | .32 | | |


|15-24|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


26, 27: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Saulich-----------| 0-10|0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


|10-14|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25|0.0-2.9 |8.0-12 |.37 | .37 | | |


|14-27|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.21-0.23|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|27-37|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


28: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts--| 0-2 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 2-6 |5-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-10 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-42|5-10|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.22|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|42-60|0-5 |1.60-1.70| 6-20 |0.02-0.05|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.05 | .10 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


29: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts-----| 0-1 | 0-0|0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 3 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 3-13|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|13-51|0-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-20 |0.03-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .32 | | |


| 51+ |--- | | | | | |--- | --- | | |


Lithic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryept------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 3-10|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|10-15|0-10|1.50-1.70| 0.6-6 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .15 | | |


| 15+ |--- | | | | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


30: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts-----| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 3 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 3-13|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|13-51|0-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-20 |0.03-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .32 | | |


| 51+ |--- | | | | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Saulich-----------| 0-10|0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


|10-14|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25|0.0-2.9 |8.0-12 |.37 | .37 | | |


|14-27|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.21-0.23|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|27-37|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


31: 	 | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Dystrocryepts-----| 0-1 | 0-0|0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 3 | 2 | 134


| 1-3 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |3.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 3-13|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|13-51|0-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-20 |0.03-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .32 | | |


| 51+ |--- | | | | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Tetlin------------| 0-7 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


| 7-38|0-10|0.80-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.24-0.28|0.0-2.9 |2.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


|38-60|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- ---

160 Soil Survey of 

Table 16.--Physical Properties of the Soil--Continued


___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | | | | | | Erosion |Wind |Wind


Map symbol |Depth|Clay| Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic |____factors___|erodi-|erodi­


and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-| matter | | | |bility|bility


| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |index


___________________|_____|____|_________|_________|_________|________|________|____|_____|___|______|_____


| In | Pct| g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Saulich-----------| 0-10|0-0 |0.07-0.18| 	 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


|10-14|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25|0.0-2.9 |8.0-12 |.37 | .37 | | |


|14-27|0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.21-0.23|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|27-37|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


32: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic | | | | | | | | | | | |


Cryopsamments-----| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 5 | 2 | 134


| 1-2 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.23|0.0-2.9 |3.0-5.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 2-60|0-5 |1.20-1.60| 6-20 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.24 | .24 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts, | 0-2 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


flooded----------| | | | | | | | | | | |


| 2-6 |5-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-10 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-42|5-10|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.22|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|42-60|0-5 |1.60-1.70| 6-20 |0.02-0.05|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.05 | .10 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Bradway-----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.07-0.18| 2-6 |0.30-0.35|0.0-1.0 | 80-90 |.05 | .05 | 2 | 8 | 0


| 1-5 |0-5 |1.10-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.23-0.25|0.0-2.9 |8.0-12 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 5-15|5-10|1.10-1.20| 2-6 |0.15-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.32 | .32 | | |


|15-24|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


33: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-2 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 2-16|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|16-60|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana----------| 0-1 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 	 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 2 | 134


| 1-2 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 2-16|0-10|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|16-60|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina---------| 0-4 |0-0 |0.05-0.10| 2-6 |0.25-0.30|0.0-1.0 | 60-80 |.05 | .05 | 1 | 8 | 0


| 4-6 |0-10|0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.22|0.0-2.9 | 10-15 |.37 | .37 | | |


| 6-10|0-5 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0 |.43 | .43 | | |


|10-22|0-5 |1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0 |.15 | .10 | | |


|22-32|--- | |0.00-0.00| | | |--- | --- | | |


| | | | | | | | | | | |


35: | | | | | | | | | | | |


Water-------------| ---|--- | | | | | 


___________________|_____|____|_________|_________|_________|________|________|____|_____|___|______|______


|--- | --- | - | --- | 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- 

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--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- --- ---

--- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 161 

Table 17.--Chemical Properties of the Soils


(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated.)


_____________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol | Depth | Cation- |Effective| Soil


and soil name | |exchange | cation- |reaction


| |capacity |exchange |


| | |capacity |


_______________________|_______|_________|_________|_________


| In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH


| | | |


1, 2: | | | |


Beales----------------| 0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 15-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-6 | 10-15 | | 5.1-6.0


| 6-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.1-6.0


| | | |


3: | | | |


Beales----------------| 	0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 15-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-6 | 10-15 | | 5.1-6.0


| 6-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.1-6.0


| | | |


Zitziana--------------| 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-3 | 20-30 | | 6.1-7.3


| 3-17 | 5.0-15 | | 6.1-7.3


| 17-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


4: | | | |


Typic Histoturbels----| 	0-11 | | 40-70 | 3.6-5.0


| 11-13 | 15-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 13-23 | | | 


| | | |


Terric Hemistels------| 0-20 | | 40-80 | 5.1-6.0


| 20-22 | 20-30 | | 6.1-6.5


| 22-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-6.5


| | | |


Bradway---------------| 0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-5 | 15-30 | | 5.6-6.5


| 5-15 | 1.0-10 | | 7.4-7.8


| 15-24 | | | 


| | | |


5, 6, 7: | | | |


Iksgiza---------------| 0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-18 | 10-40 | | 5.1-6.5


| 18-38 | | | 


| 38-60 | | | 


| | | |


8: | | | |


Iksgiza---------------| 	0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-18 | 10-40 | | 5.1-6.5


| 18-38 | | | 


| 38-60 | | | 


| | | |


Beales----------------| 0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 15-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-6 | 10-15 | | 5.1-6.0


| 6-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.1-6.0


| | | |


Zitziana--------------| 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-3 | 20-30 | | 6.1-7.3


| 3-17 | 5.0-15 | | 6.1-7.3


| 17-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


9: | | | |


Iksgiza---------------| 	0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-18 | 10-40 | | 5.1-6.5


| 18-38 | | | 


| 38-60 | | | 


| | | |


Nenana----------------| 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-4 | 15-30 | | 5.6-6.5


| 4-38 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 38-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


10: | | | |


Iksgiza---------------| 	0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-18 | 10-40 | | 5.1-6.5


| 18-38 | | | 


| 38-60 | | | 


| | | |

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- --- ---

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

162 Soil Survey of 

Table 17.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued
 _____________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol | Depth | Cation- |Effective| Soil


and soil name 	 | |exchange | cation- |reaction


| |capacity |exchange |


| | |capacity |


_______________________|_______|_________|_________|_________


| In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH


| | | |


10: | | | |


Terric Hemistels------| 	0-20 | | 40-80 | 5.1-6.0


| 20-22 | 20-30 | | 6.1-6.5


| 22-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-6.5


| | | |


11: | | | |


Iksgiza---------------| 	0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-18 | 10-40 | | 5.1-6.5


| 18-38 | | | 


| 38-60 | | | 


| | | |


Zitziana--------------| 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-3 | 20-30 | | 6.1-7.3


| 3-17 | 5.0-15 | | 6.1-7.3


| 17-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


Nenana----------------| 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-4 | 15-30 | | 5.6-6.5


| 4-38 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 38-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


12, 13, 14: | | | |


Kindanina-------------| 0-4 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 4-6 | | 30-50 | 5.1-5.5


| 6-10 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 10-22 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 22-32 | | | 


| | | |


15: | | | |


Kindanina-------------| 	0-4 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 4-6 | | 30-50 | 5.1-5.5


| 6-10 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 10-22 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 22-32 | | | 


| | | |


Beales----------------| 0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 15-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-6 | 10-15 | | 5.1-6.0


| 6-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.1-6.0


| | | |


15: | | | |


Zitziana--------------| 	0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-3 | 20-30 | | 6.1-7.3


| 3-17 | 5.0-15 | | 6.1-7.3


| 17-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


16: | | | |


Koyukuk---------------| 	0-5 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 5-7 | 5.0-15 | | 5.1-6.0


| 7-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.1-6.5


| | | |


17: | | | |


Koyukuk---------------| 	0-5 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 5-7 | 5.0-15 | | 5.1-6.0


| 7-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.1-6.5


| | | |


Typic Aquiturbels-----| 0-4 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.0


| 4-8 | 20-40 | | 5.1-6.5


| 8-28 | 10-20 | | 5.1-6.5


| 28-34 | | | 


| | | |


18: | | | |


Koyukuk---------------| 	0-5 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 5-7 | 5.0-15 | | 5.1-6.0


| 7-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.1-6.5


| | | |


Typic Aquiturbels-----| 0-4 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.0


| 4-8 | 20-40 | | 5.1-6.5


| 8-28 | 10-20 | | 5.1-6.5


| 28-34 | | | 


| | | |

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- --- --- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 163 

Table 17.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued
 _____________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol | Depth | Cation- |Effective| Soil


and soil name 	 | |exchange | cation- |reaction


| |capacity |exchange |


| | |capacity |


_______________________|_______|_________|_________|_________


| In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH


| | | |


19, 20, 21: | | | |


Nenana----------------| 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-4 | 15-30 | | 5.6-6.5


| 4-38 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 38-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


22: | | | |


Nenana----------------| 	0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-4 | 15-30 | | 5.6-6.5


| 4-38 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 38-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


Zitziana--------------| 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-3 | 20-30 | | 6.1-7.3


| 3-17 | 5.0-15 | | 6.1-7.3


| 17-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


23: | | | |


Terric Hemistels------| 	0-20 | | 40-80 | 5.1-6.0


| 20-22 | 20-30 | | 6.1-6.5


| 22-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-6.5


| | | |


24: | | | |


Riverwash-------------| 	 --- | | | 


| | | |


25: | | | |


Salchaket-------------| 	0-1 | | 30-80 | 5.1-6.0


| 1-6 | 15-30 | | 6.6-7.8


| 6-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.6-7.8


| | | |


Bradway---------------| 0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-5 | 15-30 | | 5.6-6.5


| 5-15 | 1.0-10 | | 7.4-7.8


| 15-24 | | | 


| | | |


26: | | | |


Saulich---------------| 	0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-14 | | 15-30 | 5.1-5.5


| 14-27 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 27-37 | | | 


| | | |


27: | | | |


Saulich---------------| 	0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-14 | | 15-30 | 5.1-5.5


| 14-27 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 27-37 | | | 


| | | |


28: | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts------| 	0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-6 | 15-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 6-42 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 42-60 | | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


29: | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts---| 	0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 20-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-13 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 13-51 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-7.3


| 51+ | | | 


| | | |


Lithic Dystrocryepts--| 0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 20-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-10 | 5.0-15 | | 5.1-6.5


| 10-15 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 15+ | | | 


| | | |


30: | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts---| 	0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 20-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-13 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 13-51 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-7.3


| 51+ | | | 


| | | |

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- ---

--- --- --- ---

164 Soil Survey of 

Table 17.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued
 _____________________________________________________________


| | | |


Map symbol | Depth | Cation- |Effective| Soil


and soil name 	 | |exchange | cation- |reaction


| |capacity |exchange |


| | |capacity |


_______________________|_______|_________|_________|_________


| In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH


| | | |


30: | | | |


Saulich---------------| 	0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-14 | | 15-30 | 5.1-5.5


| 14-27 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 27-37 | | | 


| | | |


31: | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts---| 	0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-3 | 20-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 3-13 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 13-51 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-7.3


| 51+ | | | 


| | | |


Tetlin----------------| 0-7 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 7-38 | 10-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 38-60 | | | 


| | | |


Saulich---------------| 0-10 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 10-14 | | 15-30 | 5.1-5.5


| 14-27 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 27-37 | | | 


| | | |


32: | | | |


Typic Cryopsamments---| 	0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-2 | 10-20 | | 5.1-6.0


| 2-60 | 0.0-1.0 | | 5.1-6.5


| | | |


Typic Cryaquepts, | 0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


flooded--------------| | | |


| 2-6 | 15-30 | | 5.1-6.0


| 6-42 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 42-60 | | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


Bradway---------------| 0-1 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 1-5 | 15-30 | | 5.6-6.5


| 5-15 | 1.0-10 | | 7.4-7.8


| 15-24 | | | 


| | | |


33: | | | |


Zitziana--------------| 	0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-3 | 20-30 | | 6.1-7.3


| 3-17 | 5.0-15 | | 6.1-7.3


| 17-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


34: | | | |


Zitziana--------------| 	0-2 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 2-3 | 20-30 | | 6.1-7.3


| 3-17 | 5.0-15 | | 6.1-7.3


| 17-60 | 1.0-5.0 | | 6.1-7.3


| | | |


Kindanina-------------| 0-4 | | 30-80 | 4.5-5.5


| 4-6 | | 30-50 | 5.1-5.5


| 6-10 | 5.0-15 | | 5.6-6.5


| 10-22 | 1.0-5.0 | | 5.6-6.5


| 22-32 | | | 


| | | |


35: | | | |


Water-----------------| | | | 


_______________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

Kantishna Area, Alaska 165 

Table 18.--Water Features


(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a


concern or that data were not estimated.)


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | Wet soil | Ponding | Flooding


| | |_______________|_____________________________|______________________


Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequency


and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | |


|group | | | | depth | | | |


_________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|__________|___________


| | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


1, 2: | | | | | | | | | 

Beales------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

3: | | | | | | | | |


Beales------------------| B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


Zitziana----------------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


4: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Histoturbels------| 	D | | | | | | | |


| |January |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| | | None | | None


| |February |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| | | None | | None


| |March |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| | | None | | None


| |April |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |May |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional


| |June |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional


| |July |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None


| |August |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None


| |September |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None


| |October |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| | | None | | None


| |November |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| | | None | | None


| |December |0.0-1.0|0.7-1.5| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels--------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |January |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |February |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |March |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |April |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | Brief | Occasional 

| |May |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |June |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |July |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |August |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |September |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |October |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |November |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |December |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

Bradway-----------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |January |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |February |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |March |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |April |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |May |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |June |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |July |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |August |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |September |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |October |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |November |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |December |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

5, 6, 7: | | | | | | | | | 

Iksgiza-----------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |January |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |February |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |March |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |April |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |May |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |June |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |July |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |August |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |September |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |October |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |November |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |December |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

8: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-----------------| 	D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Beales------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

Zitziana----------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 
--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

166 Soil Survey of 

Table 18.--Water Features--Continued


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | Wet soil | Ponding | Flooding


| | |_______________|_____________________________|_____________________


Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequency


and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | |


|group | | | | depth | | | |


___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|__________|__________


| | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


9: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------------| 	D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------------| B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


10: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------------| 	D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels----------| D | | | | | | | |


| |January |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |February |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |March |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |April |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |May |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |June |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |July |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |August |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |September |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |October |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |November |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |December |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza-------------------| 	D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |0.8-2.3|1.6-3.3| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

Nenana--------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

12, 13, 14: | | | | | | | | | 

Kindanina-----------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. |0.0-1.5|0.8-1.8| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

15: | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------------| 	D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |0.0-1.5|0.8-1.8| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Beales--------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

Zitziana------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

16: | | | | | | | | |


Koyukuk-------------------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


17, 18: | | | | | | | | | 

Koyukuk-------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

Typic Aquiturbels---------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. |0.7-2.7|2.0-3.7| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

19, 20, 21: | | | | | | | | | 

Nenana--------------------| B | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

22: | | | | | | | | |


Nenana--------------------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------------| B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

Kantishna Area, Alaska 167 

Table 18.--Water Features--Continued


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | Wet soil | Ponding | Flooding


| | |_______________|_____________________________|_____________________


Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequency


and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | |


|group | | | | depth | | | |


___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|__________|__________


| | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


23: | | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels----------| 	D | | | | | | | |


| |January |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |February |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |March |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |April |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | Brief |Occasional| | None


| |May |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | Brief |Occasional| | None


| |June |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| 0.5 | Brief |Occasional| | None


| |July |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |August |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |September |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |October |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |November |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| |December |0.0-1.0|0.5-3.3| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


24: | | | | | | | | |


Riverwash-----------------| ---	 | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | Long | Frequent


| | | | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | | | |


Salchaket-----------------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |January | | | | | None | | None


| |February | | | | | None | | None


| |March | | | | | None | | None


| |April | | | | | None | | None


| |May | | | | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |June | | | | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |July | | | | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |August | | | | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |September | | | | | None | Brief | Occasional


| |October | | | | | None | | None


| |November | | | | | None | | None


| |December | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Bradway-------------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |January |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |February |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |March |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |April |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |May |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |June |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |July |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |August |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |September |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |October |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |November |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |December |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

26, 27: | | | | | | | | | 

Saulich-------------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. |0.5-1.5|1.3-2.5| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | 

28: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts----------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |1.5-3.0| | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


29: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


Lithic Dystrocryepts------| D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


30: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Saulich-------------------| D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |0.5-1.5|1.3-2.5| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

168 Soil Survey of 

Table 18.--Water Features--Continued


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| | | Wet soil | Ponding | Flooding


| | |_______________|_____________________________|______________________


Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequency


and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | |


|group | | | | depth | | | |


___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|__________|___________


| | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts-------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Tetlin--------------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. |0.7-2.5|0.9-5.0| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

Saulich-------------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |Jan.-Dec. |0.5-1.5|1.3-2.5| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

32: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryopsamments-------| 	A | | | | | | | |


| |January | | | | | None | | None


| |February | | | | | None | | None


| |March | | | | | None | | None


| |April | | | | | None | Brief | Frequent


| |May | | | | | None | Brief | Frequent


| |June | | | | | None | Brief | Frequent


| |July | | | | | None | | None


| |August | | | | | None | | None


| |September | | | | | None | | None


| |October | | | | | None | | None


| |November | | | | | None | | None


| |December | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts, | | | | | | | | | 

flooded----------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |January |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |February |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |March |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |April |0.8-2.5| | | | None | Brief | Frequent 

| |May |0.8-2.5| | | | None | Brief | Frequent 

| |June |0.8-2.5| | | | None | Brief | Frequent 

| |July |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |August |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |September |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |October |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |November |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| |December |0.8-2.5| | | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

Bradway-------------------| D | | | | | | | | 

| |January |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |February |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |March |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |April |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |May |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |June |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |July |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |August |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| Brief | Occasional 

| |September |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| 0.5 | |Occasional| | None 

| |October |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |November |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| |December |0.3-1.8|1.5-3.3| | | None | | None 

| | | | | | | | | 

33: | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana------------------| 	B | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


Kindanina-----------------| D | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. |0.0-1.5|0.8-1.8| | | None | | None


| | | | | | | | |


35: | | | | | | | | |


Water---------------------| --- | | | | | | | |


| |Jan.-Dec. | | | | | None | | None


___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|__________|___________

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Kantishna Area, Alaska 169 

Table 19.--Soil Features


(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a


concern or that data were not estimated.)


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion


Map symbol |__________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______________________


and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoated |


| Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete


____________________|___________|_______|_________|____________|_______|_______|____________|____________|__________


| | In | In | | In | In | | |


| | | | | | | | |


1, 2: | | | | | | | | |


Beales-------------| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


3: | | | | | | | | |


Beales-------------| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| 	 | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


4: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Histoturbels-|Permafrost | 8-18 | |Indurated | 1-6 | 6-12 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels---|Permafrost | 6-40 | |Indurated | 5-20 | 15-40 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Bradway------------|Permafrost | 14-38 | |Indurated | 1-3 | 3-6 |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


5, 6, 7: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------------|Permafrost | 20-40 | 	 |Indurated | 1-5 | 5-10 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


8: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------------|Permafrost | 20-40 | |Indurated | 0 | |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Beales-------------| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| 	 | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


9: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------------|Permafrost | 20-40 | |Indurated | 1-5 | 5-10 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------------| 	 | | | | 0 | |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


10: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------------|Permafrost | 20-40 | |Indurated | 1-5 | 5-10 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels---|Permafrost | 	6-40 | |Indurated | 5-20 | 15-40 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


11: | | | | | | | | |


Iksgiza------------|Permafrost | 20-40 | |Indurated | 1-5 | 5-10 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------------| | | | | 0 | |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


12, 13, 14: | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----------|Permafrost | 10-22 | 	 |Indurated | 0 | |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


15: | | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----------|Permafrost | 10-22 | |Indurated | 0 | |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Beales-------------| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| 	 | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


16: | | | | | | | | |


Koyukuk------------| | | | | 0 | |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


17, 18: | | | | | | | | |


Koyukuk------------| | | | | 0 | |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


Typic Aquiturbels--|Permafrost | 24-44 | |Indurated | 0 | |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


19, 20, 21: | | | | | | | | |


Nnana--------------| 	 | | | | 0 | |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


22: | | | | | | | | |


Nenana-------------| | | | | 0 | |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| 	 | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


23: | | | | | | | | |


Terric Hemistels---|Permafrost | 	6-40 | |Indurated | 5-20 | 15-40 |High 


| | | | | | | | |


|High |High


24: | | | | | | | | |


Riverwash----------| 	 | | | | | | | | 


| | | | | | | | |

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- 

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- --- 

--- --- 

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- 

--- --- 

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

170 Soil Survey of 

Table 19.--Soil Features--Continued


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


| Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion


Map symbol |__________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______________________


and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoated |


| Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete


____________________|___________|_______|_________|____________|_______|_______|____________|____________|__________


| | In | In | | In | In | | |


| | | | | | | | |


25: | | | | | | | | |


Salchaket----------| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


Bradway------------|Permafrost | 14-38 | |Indurated | 1-3 | 3-6 |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


26, 27: | | | | | | | | |


Saulich------------|Permafrost | 16-30 | 	 |Indurated | 4-8 | 6-12 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


28: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts---| 	 | | | | 0 | |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


29: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts|Bedrock 	 | 21-60 | |Indurated | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| (lithic) | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


Lithic | | | | | | | | | 

Dystrocryepts------|Bedrock | 7-20 | |Indurated | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate 

| (lithic) | | | | | | | | 

| | | | | | | | | 

30: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts|Bedrock 	 | 21-60 | |Indurated | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| (lithic) | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


Saulich------------|Permafrost | 16-30 | |Indurated | 1-5 | 5-10 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


31: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Dystrocryepts|Bedrock 	 | 21-60 | |Indurated | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| (lithic) | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


Tetlin-------------|Permafrost | 11-60 | |Indurated | 0 | |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


Saulich------------|Permafrost | 16-30 | |Indurated | 4-8 | 6-12 |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


32: | | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryopsamments| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


Typic Cryaquepts, | | | | | 0 | |High |High |High


flooded-----------| | | | | | | | |


| | | | | | | | |


Bradway------------|Permafrost | 14-38 | 	 |Indurated | 1-3 | 3-6 |High |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


33: | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| 	 | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


34: | | | | | | | | |


Zitziana-----------| | | | | 0 | |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate


| | | | | | | | |


Kindanina----------|Permafrost | 10-22 | 	 |Indurated | 0 | |High |High |High


| | | | | | | | |


35: | | | | | | | | |


Water--------------| | | | | | | | | 


____________________|___________|_______|_________|____________|_______|_______|____________|____________|__________

Kantishna Area, Alaska 171 

Table 20.--Classification of the Soils


___________________________________________________________________________________________________
 |


Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class


__________________________|________________________________________________________________________


|


Beales-------------------|Sandy, mixed Typic Dystrocryepts


Bradway------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic Aquiturbels


Iksgiza------------------|Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, subgelic


| Typic Histoturbels


Kindanina----------------|Sandy, mixed, subgelic Typic Aquiturbels


Koyukuk------------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive Typic Dystrocryepts


Lithic Dystrocryepts-----|Lithic Dystrocryepts


Nenana-------------------|Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic


| Dystrocryepts


Salchaket----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid Typic Cryofluvents


Saulich------------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic Histoturbels


Terric Hemistels---------|Terric Hemistels


Tetlin-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic Aquiturbels


Typic Aquiturbels--------|Typic Aquiturbels


Typic Cryaquepts---------|Typic Cryaquepts


Typic Cryopsamments------|Typic Cryopsamments


Typic Dystrocryepts------|Typic Dystrocryepts


Typic Histoturbels-------|Typic Histoturbels


Zitziana-----------------|Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic


| Dystrocryepts


__________________________|__________________________________________________________________________

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