IB 

Union Calendar No. 285 

113TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 2413 

[Report No. 113–383] 

To prioritize and redirect NOAA resources to a focused program of investment 

on near-term, affordable, and attainable advances in observational, computing, and modeling capabilities to deliver substantial improvement in 

weather forecasting and prediction of high impact weather events, such 

as tornadoes and hurricanes, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

JUNE 18, 2013 

Mr. BRIDENSTINE (for himself, Mr. SMITH of Texas, Mr. STEWART, and Mr. 

HARRIS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology 

MARCH 21, 2014 

Additional sponsors: Mr. BENTIVOLIO, Mr. COLLINS of New York, Mr. ROHRABACHER, Ms. BONAMICI, Ms. EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON of Texas, Mr. 

GRAYSON, Mr. LIPINSKI, Mr. MAFFEI, Ms. LOFGREN, Mr. POE of Texas, 

Mr. TAKANO, Mr. BROUN of Georgia, Mr. STUTZMAN, Mr. SALMON, Mr. 

YOHO, Mr. ROE of Tennessee, and Mrs. HARTZLER

MARCH 21, 2014 

Reported with an amendment, committed to the Committee of the Whole 

House on the State of the Union, and ordered to be printed 

[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 

[For text of introduced bill, see copy of bill as introduced on June 18, 2013] 


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A BILL 

To prioritize and redirect NOAA resources to a focused 

program of investment on near-term, affordable, and attainable advances in observational, computing, and modeling capabilities to deliver substantial improvement in 

weather forecasting and prediction of high impact weather events, such as tornadoes and hurricanes, and for 

other purposes. 


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1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Weather Forecasting Im5 provement Act of 2013’’. 

6 SEC. 2. PUBLIC SAFETY PRIORITY. 

7 In accordance with NOAA’s critical mission to provide 

8 science, service, and stewardship, the Under Secretary shall 

9 prioritize weather-related activities, including the provision 

10 of weather data, forecasts, and warnings for the protection 

11 of life and property and the enhancement of the national 

12 economy, in all relevant line offices. 

13 SEC. 3. WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING INNOVA14 TION. 

15 (a) PROGRAM.—The Assistant Administrator for OAR 

16 shall conduct a program to develop improved understanding 

17 of and forecast capabilities for atmospheric events and their 

18 impacts, placing priority on developing more accurate, 

19 timely, and effective warnings and forecasts of high impact 

20 weather events that endanger life and property. 

21 (b) PROGRAM ELEMENTS.—The program described in 

22 subsection (a) shall focus on the following activities: 

23 (1) Improving the fundamental understanding of 

24 weather consistent with section 2, including boundary 

25 layer and other atmospheric processes. 


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1 (2) Improving the understanding of how the pub2 lic receives, interprets, and responds to warnings and 

3 forecasts of high impact weather events that endanger 

4 life and property. 

5 (3) Research and development, and transfer of 

6 knowledge, technologies, and applications to the NWS 

7 and other appropriate agencies and entities, includ8 ing the American weather industry and academic 

9 partners, related to— 

10 (A) advanced radar, radar networking tech11 nologies, and other ground-based technologies, in12 cluding those emphasizing rapid, fine-scale sens13 ing of the boundary layer and the use of innova14 tive, dual-polarization, phased-array tech15 nologies; 

16 (B) aerial weather observing systems; 

17 (C) high performance computing and infor18 mation technology networks; 

19 (D) advanced numerical weather prediction 

20 systems and forecasting tools and techniques that 

21 improve the forecasting of timing, track, inten22 sity, and severity of high impact weather, in23 cluding through— 

24 (i) the development of more effective 

25 mesoscale models; 


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1 (ii) more effective use of existing, and 

2 the development of new, regional and na3 tional cloud-resolving models; 

4 (iii) enhanced global models; and 

5 (iv) integrated assessment models; 

6 (E) quantitative assessment tools for meas7 uring the value of data and observing systems, 

8 including OSSEs (as described in section 8), 

9 OSEs, and AOAs; 

10 (F) atmospheric chemistry and interactions 

11 essential to accurately characterizing atmos12 pheric composition and predicting meteorological 

13 processes, including cloud microphysical, pre14 cipitation, and atmospheric electrification proc15 esses, to more effectively understand their role in 

16 severe weather; and 

17 (G) additional sources of weather data and 

18 information, including commercial observing 

19 systems. 

20 (4) A technology transfer initiative, carried out 

21 jointly and in coordination with the Assistant Ad22 ministrator for NWS, and in cooperation with the 

23 American weather industry and academic partners, 

24 to ensure continuous development and transition of 


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1 the latest scientific and technological advances into 

2 NWS operations. 

3 (c) EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH.— 

4 (1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program 

5 under this section, the Assistant Administrator for 

6 OAR shall collaborate with and support the non-Fed7 eral weather research community, which includes in8 stitutions of higher education, private entities, and 

9 nongovernmental organizations, by making funds 

10 available through competitive grants, contracts, and 

11 cooperative agreements. 

12 (2) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of 

13 Congress that not less than 30 percent of the funds 

14 authorized for research and development at OAR by 

15 this Act should be made available for this purpose. 

16 (3) REPORT.—The Under Secretary shall trans17 mit to Congress annually, concurrently with NOAA’s 

18 budget request, a description of current and planned 

19 activities under this section. 

20 SEC. 4. TORNADO WARNING IMPROVEMENT AND EXTEN21 SION PROGRAM. 

22 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary, in collabora23 tion with the American weather industry and academic 

24 partners, shall establish a tornado warning improvement 

25 and extension program. 


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1 (b) GOAL.—The goal of such program shall be to reduce 

2 the loss of life and economic losses from tornadoes through 

3 the development and extension of accurate, effective, and 

4 timely tornado forecasts, predictions, and warnings, includ5 ing the prediction of tornadoes beyond one hour in advance. 

6 (c) PROGRAM PLAN.—Not later than 6 months after 

7 the date of enactment of this Act, the Assistant Adminis8 trator for OAR, in consultation with the Assistant Admin9 istrator for NWS, shall develop a program plan that details 

10 the specific research, development, and technology transfer 

11 activities, as well as corresponding resources and timelines, 

12 necessary to achieve the program goal. 

13 (d) BUDGET FOR PLAN.—Following completion of the 

14 plan, the Assistant Administrator for OAR, in consultation 

15 with the Assistant Administrator for NWS, shall transmit 

16 annually to Congress a proposed budget corresponding to 

17 the activities identified in the plan. 

18 SEC. 5. HURRICANE WARNING IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM. 

19 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary, in collabora20 tion with the American weather industry and academic 

21 partners, shall establish a hurricane warning improvement 

22 program. 

23 (b) GOAL.—The goal of such program shall be to de24 velop and extend accurate hurricane forecasts and warnings 


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1 in order to reduce loss of life, injury, and damage to the 

2 economy. 

3 (c) PROGRAM PLAN.—Not later than 6 months after 

4 the date of enactment of this Act, the Assistant Adminis5 trator for OAR, in consultation with the Assistant Admin6 istrator for NWS, shall develop a program plan that details 

7 the specific research, development, and technology transfer 

8 activities, as well as corresponding resources and timelines, 

9 necessary to achieve the program goal. 

10 (d) BUDGET FOR PLAN.—Following completion of the 

11 plan, the Assistant Administrator for OAR, in consultation 

12 with the Assistant Administrator for NWS, shall transmit 

13 annually to Congress a proposed budget corresponding to 

14 the activities identified in the plan. 

15 SEC. 6. WEATHER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN16 NING. 

17 Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment 

18 of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Assistant Adminis19 trator for OAR, in coordination with the Assistant Admin20 istrators for NWS and NESDIS, shall issue a research and 

21 development plan to restore and maintain United States 

22 leadership in numerical weather prediction and forecasting 

23 that— 


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1 (1) describes the forecasting skill and technology 

2 goals, objectives, and progress of NOAA in carrying 

3 out the program conducted under section 3; 

4 (2) identifies and prioritizes specific research 

5 and development activities, and performance metrics, 

6 weighted to meet the operational weather mission of 

7 NWS; 

8 (3) describes how the program will collaborate 

9 with stakeholders, including the American weather in10 dustry and academic partners; and 

11 (4) identifies, through consultation with the Na12 tional Science Foundation, American weather indus13 try, and academic partners, research necessary to en14 hance the integration of social science knowledge into 

15 weather forecast and warning processes, including to 

16 improve the communication of threat information 

17 necessary to enable improved severe weather planning 

18 and decisionmaking on the part of individuals and 

19 communities. 

20 SEC. 7. OBSERVING SYSTEM PLANNING. 

21 The Under Secretary shall— 

22 (1) develop and maintain a prioritized list of ob23 servation data requirements necessary to ensure 

24 weather forecasting capabilities to protect life and 

25 property to the maximum extent practicable; 


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1 (2) undertake, using OSSEs, OSEs, AOAs, and 

2 other appropriate assessment tools, ongoing system3 atic evaluations of the combination of observing sys4 tems, data, and information needed to meet the re5 quirements developed under paragraph (1), assessing 

6 various options to maximize observational capabili7 ties and their cost-effectiveness; 

8 (3) identify current and potential future data 

9 gaps in observing capabilities related to the require10 ments under paragraph (1); and 

11 (4) determine a range of options to address gaps 

12 identified under paragraph (3). 

13 SEC. 8. OBSERVING SYSTEM SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS. 

14 (a) IN GENERAL.—In support of the requirements of 

15 section 7, the Assistant Administrator for OAR shall under16 take OSSEs to quantitatively assess the relative value and 

17 benefits of observing capabilities and systems. Technical 

18 and scientific OSSE evaluations— 

19 (1) may include assessments of the impact of ob20 serving capabilities on— 

21 (A) global weather prediction; 

22 (B) hurricane track and intensity fore23 casting; 

24 (C) tornado warning lead times and accu25 racy; and 


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1 (D) prediction of mid-latitude severe local 

2 storm outbreaks; and 

3 (2) shall be conducted in cooperation with other 

4 appropriate entities within NOAA, other Federal 

5 agencies, the American weather industry, and aca6 demic partners. 

7 (b) REQUIREMENTS.—OSSEs shall quantitatively— 

8 (1) determine the potential impact of proposed 

9 space-based, suborbital, and in situ observing systems 

10 on analyses and forecasts; 

11 (2) evaluate and compare observing system de12 sign options; and 

13 (3) assess the relative capabilities and costs of 

14 various observing systems and combinations of observ15 ing systems in providing data necessary to protect life 

16 and property. 

17 (c) IMPLEMENTATION.—OSSEs— 

18 (1) shall be conducted prior to the acquisition of 

19 major Government-owned or Government-leased oper20 ational observing systems, including polar-orbiting 

21 and geostationary satellite systems, with a lifecycle 

22 cost of more than $500,000,000; and 

23 (2) shall be conducted prior to the purchase of 

24 any major new commercially provided data with a 

25 lifecycle cost of more than $500,000,000. 


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1 (d) PRIORITY OSSES.—Not later than June 30, 2014, 

2 the Assistant Administrator for OAR shall complete OSSEs 

3 to assess the value of data from both Global Positioning Sys4 tem radio occultation and a geostationary hyperspectral 

5 sounder global constellation. 

6 (e) RESULTS.—Upon completion of all OSSEs, results 

7 shall be publicly released and accompanied by an assess8 ment of related private and public sector weather data 

9 sourcing options, including their availability, affordability, 

10 and cost effectiveness. Such assessments shall be developed 

11 in accordance with section 50503 of title 51, United States 

12 Code. 

13 SEC. 9. COMPUTING RESOURCES PRIORITIZATION REPORT. 

14 Not later than 12 months after the date of enactment 

15 of this Act, and annually thereafter, the NOAA Chief Infor16 mation Officer, in coordination with the Assistant Admin17 istrator for OAR and the Assistant Administrator for NWS, 

18 shall produce a report that explains how NOAA intends 

19 to— 

20 (1) aggressively pursue the newest, fastest, and 

21 most cost effective high performance computing tech22 nologies in support of its weather prediction mission; 

23 (2) ensure a balance between the research re24 quirements to develop the next generation of regional 


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1 and global models and its highly reliable operational 

2 models; 

3 (3) take advantage of advanced development con4 cepts to, as appropriate, make its next generation 

5 weather prediction models available in beta-test mode 

6 to its operational forecasters, the American weather 

7 industry, and its partners in academic and govern8 ment research; 

9 (4) identify opportunities to reallocate existing 

10 advanced computing resources from lower priority 

11 uses to improve advanced research and operational 

12 weather prediction; and 

13 (5) harness new computing power in OAR and 

14 NWS for immediate improvement in forecasting and 

15 experimentation. 

16 SEC. 10. COMMERCIAL WEATHER DATA. 

17 (a) AMENDMENT.—Section 60161 of title 51, United 

18 States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: 

19 ‘‘This prohibition shall not extend to— 

20 ‘‘(1) the purchase of weather data through con21 tracts with commercial providers; or 

22 ‘‘(2) the placement of weather satellite instru23 ments on cohosted government or private payloads.’’. 

24 (b) STRATEGY.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 6 months after 

2 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of 

3 Commerce, in consultation with the Under Secretary, 

4 shall transmit to the Committee on Science, Space, 

5 and Technology of the House of Representatives and 

6 the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor7 tation of the Senate a strategy to enable the procure8 ment of quality commercial weather data. The strat9 egy shall assess the range of commercial opportuni10 ties, including public-private partnerships, for obtain11 ing both surface-based and space-based weather obser12 vations. The strategy shall include the cost effective13 ness of these opportunities, as well as provide a plan 

14 for procuring data from these nongovernmental 

15 sources, as appropriate. 

16 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—The strategy shall in17 clude— 

18 (A) an analysis of financial or other bene19 fits to, and risks associated with, acquiring com20 mercial weather data or services, including 

21 through multiyear acquisition approaches; 

22 (B) an identification of methods to address 

23 planning, programming, budgeting, and execu24 tion challenges to such approaches, including— 


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1 (i) how standards will be set to ensure 

2 that data is reliable and effective; 

3 (ii) how data may be acquired from 

4 commercial experimental or innovative tech5 niques and then evaluated for integration 

6 into operational use; 

7 (iii) how to guarantee public access to 

8 all forecast-critical data to ensure that the 

9 American weather industry and the public 

10 continue to have access to information crit11 ical to their work; and 

12 (iv) in accordance with section 50503 

13 of title 51, United States Code, methods to 

14 address potential termination liability or 

15 cancellation costs associated with weather 

16 data or service contracts; and 

17 (C) an identification of any changes needed 

18 in the requirements development and approval 

19 processes of the Department of Commerce to fa20 cilitate effective and efficient implementation of 

21 such strategy. 

22 SEC. 11. WEATHER RESEARCH AND INNOVATION ADVISORY 

23 COMMITTEE. 

24 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Under Secretary shall es25 tablish a Federal Advisory Committee to— 


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1 (1) provide advice for prioritizing weather re2 search initiatives at NOAA to produce real improve3 ment in weather forecasting; 

4 (2) provide advice on existing or emerging tech5 nologies or techniques that can be found in private 

6 industry or the research community that could be in7 corporated into forecasting at NWS to improve fore8 casting; 

9 (3) identify opportunities to improve commu10 nications between weather forecasters, emergency 

11 management personnel, and the public; and 

12 (4) address such other matters as the Under Sec13 retary or the Advisory Committee believes would im14 prove innovation in weather forecasting. 

15 (b) COMPOSITION.— 

16 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall 

17 appoint leading experts and innovators from all rel18 evant fields of science and engineering that inform 

19 meteorology, including atmospheric chemistry, atmos20 pheric physics, hydrology, social science, risk commu21 nications, electrical engineering, and computer mod22 eling. 

23 (2) NUMBER.—The Advisory Committee shall be 

24 composed of at least 12 members, with the chair of the 

25 Advisory Committee chosen from among the members. 


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1 (3) RESTRICTION.—The Under Secretary may 

2 not appoint a majority of members who are employees 

3 of NOAA-funded research centers. 

4 (c) ANNUAL REPORT.—The Advisory Committee shall 

5 transmit annually to the Under Secretary a report on 

6 progress made by NOAA in adopting the Advisory Commit7 tee’s recommendations. The Under Secretary shall transmit 

8 a copy of such report to the Committee on Science, Space, 

9 and Technology of the House of Representatives and the 

10 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of 

11 the Senate. 

12 (d) DURATION.—Section 14 of the Federal Advisory 

13 Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the Advi14 sory Committee until the date that is 5 years after the date 

15 of enactment of this Act. 

16 SEC. 12. INTERAGENCY WEATHER RESEARCH AND INNOVA17 TION COORDINATION. 

18 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Director of the Office of 

19 Science and Technology Policy shall establish an Inter20 agency Committee for Advancing Weather Services to im21 prove coordination of relevant weather research and forecast 

22 innovation activities across the Federal Government. The 

23 Interagency Committee shall— 

24 (1) include participation by the National Aero25 nautics and Space Administration, the Federal AviaVerDate Mar 15 2010 23:40 Mar 21, 2014 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\H2413.RH H2413

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1 tion Administration, NOAA and its constituent ele2 ments, the National Science Foundation, and such 

3 other agencies involved in weather forecasting re4 search as the President determines are appropriate; 

5 (2) identify and prioritize top forecast needs and 

6 coordinate those needs against budget requests and 

7 program initiatives across participating offices and 

8 agencies; and 

9 (3) share information regarding operational 

10 needs and forecasting improvements across relevant 

11 agencies. 

12 (b) CO-CHAIR.—The Federal Coordinator for Meteor13 ology shall serve as a co-chair of this panel. 

14 (c) FURTHER COORDINATION.—The Director shall take 

15 such other steps as are necessary to coordinate the activities 

16 of the Federal Government with those of the American 

17 weather industry, State governments, emergency managers, 

18 and academic researchers. 

19 SEC. 13. VISITING OAR RESEARCHERS PROGRAM. 

20 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Administrator for 

21 OAR, in collaboration with the Assistant Administrator for 

22 NWS, may establish a program to detail OAR researchers 

23 to the NWS. 

24 (b) GOAL.—The goal of this program is to enhance 

25 forecasting innovation through regular, direct interaction 


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1 between OAR’s world-class scientists and NWS’s oper2 ational staff. 

3 (c) ELEMENTS.—The program shall allow no fewer 

4 than 5 and no more than 15 OAR staff to spend up to 1 

5 year on detail to the NWS. Such detail shall be at any of 

6 the National Centers for Environmental Prediction or at 

7 any of the Regional Forecast Offices where such interaction 

8 could be productive in improving forecasting capabilities. 

9 Candidates shall be jointly selected by the Assistant Admin10 istrator for OAR and the Assistant Administrator for NWS. 

11 (d) REPORT.—The Under Secretary shall report annu12 ally to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology 

13 of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on 

14 Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate on 

15 participation in such program and shall highlight any in16 novations that come from this interaction. 

17 SEC. 14. VISITING FELLOWS AT NWS. 

18 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Administrator for 

19 NWS may establish a program to host postdoctoral fellows 

20 and academic researchers at any of the National Centers 

21 for Environmental Prediction. 

22 (b) GOAL.—This program shall be designed to provide 

23 direct interaction between forecasters and talented academic 

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1 tion to forecasting tools and techniques available to the 

2 NWS. 

3 (c) SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT.—Such fellows 

4 shall be competitively selected and appointed for a term not 

5 to exceed 1 year. 

6 SEC. 15. DEFINITIONS. 

7 In this Act: 

8 (1) AOA.—The term ‘‘AOA’’ means an Analysis 

9 of Alternatives. 

10 (2) NESDIS.—The term ‘‘NESDIS’’ means the 

11 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Infor12 mation Service. 

13 (3) NOAA.—The term ‘‘NOAA’’ means the Na14 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

15 (4) NWS.—The term ‘‘NWS’’ means the Na16 tional Weather Service. 

17 (5) OAR.—The term ‘‘OAR’’ means the Office of 

18 Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. 

19 (6) OSE.—The term ‘‘OSE’’ means an Observ20 ing System Experiment. 

21 (7) OSSE.—The term ‘‘OSSE’’ means an Ob22 serving System Simulation Experiment. 

23 (8) UNDER SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Under Sec24 retary’’ means the Under Secretary of Commerce for 

25 Oceans and Atmosphere. 


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1 SEC. 16. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

2 (a) FISCAL YEAR 2014.—There are authorized to be 

3 appropriated for fiscal year 2014— 

4 (1) out of funds made available for operations, 

5 research, and facilities in OAR, $83,000,000 to carry 

6 out section 3, of which— 

7 (A) $65,000,000 is authorized for weather 

8 laboratories and cooperative institutes; and 

9 (B) $18,000,000 is authorized for weather 

10 and air chemistry research programs; and 

11 (2) out of funds made available for research and 

12 development in NWS, an additional amount of 

13 $14,000,000 for OAR to carry out the joint technology 

14 transfer initiative described in section 3(b)(4). 

15 (b) ALTERNATIVE FUNDING FOR FISCAL YEAR 2014.— 

16 If the Budget Control Act of 2011 (Public Law 112–25) is 

17 repealed or replaced with an Act that increases allocations, 

18 subsection (a) shall not apply, and there are authorized to 

19 be appropriated for fiscal year 2014— 

20 (1) out of funds made available for operations, 

21 research, and facilities in OAR, $96,500,000 to carry 

22 out section 3, of which— 

23 (A) $77,500,000 is authorized for weather 

24 laboratories and cooperative institutes; and 

25 (B) $19,000,000 is authorized for weather 

26 and air chemistry research programs; and 


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1 (2) out of funds made available for research and 

2 development in NWS, an additional amount of 

3 $16,000,000 for OAR to carry out the joint technology 

4 transfer initiative described in section 3(b)(4). 

5 (c) FISCAL YEARS 2015 THROUGH 2017.—Out of 

6 funds made available for operations, research, and facilities 

7 in OAR for each of fiscal years 2015 through 2017, there 

8 are authorized to be appropriated— 

9 (1) $100,000,000 to carry out section 3, of 

10 which— 

11 (A) $80,000,000 is authorized for weather 

12 laboratories and cooperative institutes; and 

13 (B) $20,000,000 is authorized for weather 

14 and air chemistry research programs; and 

15 (2) an additional amount of $20,000,000 for the 

16 joint technology transfer initiative described in sec17 tion 3(b)(4). 


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Union Calendar No. 285 

113TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 2413 

[Report No. 113–383] 

A BILL 

To prioritize and redirect NOAA resources to a foother purposes. events, such as tornadoes and hurricanes, and for casting and prediction of high impact weather deliver substantial improvement in weather fore- tional, computing, and modeling capabilities to fordable, and attainable advances in observa- cused program of investment on near-term, afMARCH 21, 2014 

Reported with an amendment, committed to the Comand ordered to be printed mittee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, 


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