Designation: E1868 – 10

Standard Test Method for

Loss-On-Drying by Thermogravimetry1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon ( ́) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope

1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining

the amount of volatile matter of any kind that is driven off from

a test specimen under a specific set of temperature and time

conditions. This test method determines only the mass of

material lost, not its identity.

1.2 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of solid

or liquid materials, mixtures, or blends where the major

component is stable at the test temperature.

NOTE 1—This test method can be applied to the analysis of volatile

organic compounds (VOC) content in metalworking fluids and direct

contact lubricants subject to South Coast Air Quality Management District

(SCAQMD) Rule 1144.

1.3 The applicable temperature range for this test method is

generally between ambient temperature and 1000°C.

1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as

standard. No other units of measurement are included in this

standard.

1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this test standard.

1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:2

D6 Test Method for Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic

Compounds

D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,

and Related Products

D1509 Test Methods for Carbon Black—Heating Loss

D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass

D2288 Test Method for Weight Loss of Plasticizers on

Heating3

D2595 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating

Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range

D2832 Guide for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile

Content of Paint and Related Coatings

D3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis

Sample of Coal and Coke

D4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials

by Karl Fischer Method

D4893 Test Method for Determination of Pitch Volatility

E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in

ASTM Test Methods

E359 Test Methods for Analysis of Soda Ash (Sodium

Carbonate)

E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology

E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to

Determine the Precision of a Test Method

E897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis

Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel

E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties

E1582 Practice for Calibration of Temperature Scale for

Thermogravimetry

E1860 Test Method for Elapsed Time Calibration of Thermal Analyzers

E2040 Test Method for Mass Scale Calibration of Thermogravimetric Analyzers

2.2 SCAQMD Documents:4

Rule 1144 Metalworking Fluids and Direct-Contact Lubricants

3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions:

3.1.1 Specific technical terms used in this test method are

defined in Terminology E473 and Terminology E1142, include

thermogravimetry, thermogravimetric analyzer, repeatability,

and reproducibility.

1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal

Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.01 on Calorimetry and Mass Loss.

Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originally

approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1868 – 09. DOI:

10.1520/E1868-10. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

3 Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced

on www.astm.org. 4 Available from South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD),

21865 Copley Drive, Diamond Bar, CA, 91765, http://aqmd.gov.

1

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 A specimen of known mass is heated at a constant

temperature while its mass is continuously measured as a

function of time. At the end of a pre-determined time interval,

or when the loss reaches a pre-determined rate, the mass loss of

the specimen is recorded as a percent of the original mass. This

value is identified as the loss-on-drying (LOD) value. The

LOD value is a function of both temperature and time.

Therefore these values must be identified and reported. A

typical LOD value is reported as LOD = XX % (60 min at

120°C). The volatile content, V (g/L), or VOC content, VOC

(g/L), may be calculated.

NOTE 2—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, at the end of a predetermined time interval and specified temperature, the mass loss of the

specimen is recorded as a percent of the original mass. Additionally, the

density and water content of the sample are determined. These values are

then used to calculate the VOC content.

5. Significance and Use

5.1 This test method is used to estimate the amount of

volatile materials present in a material.

5.2 This test method is useful for design purposes, service

evaluation, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, quality

control, specification acceptance, development, and research.

5.3 The results obtained by this test method may be equivalent to those obtained by other test methods and may be known

by other terms in their respective fields. Other tests and terms

encountered include loss-on-heating (see Footnote 5 and Test

Methods D6, D2288, and E359); heating loss (see Test Method

D1509); evaporative loss (see Test Method D2595); volatile

organic carbon, moisture, or water (see Test Methods D2216

and D3175); volatility (see Test Method D4893); highly

volatile matter (see Test Method E897); and volatile content

(see Guide D2832).

6. Interferences

6.1 Because the specimen size is usually small, care must be

taken to ensure that each specimen is representative of the

sample as a whole.

6.2 This test procedure measures total mass loss under

specific experimental conditions. If more than one volatile

component is present, the results will reflect the total of all

those volatile components present.

6.3 If the test temperature is set too high, the resultant

weight loss may include some decomposition of the matrix

material.

6.4 When calculating VOC content for SCAQMD

Rule 1144 purposes, it may be necessary to measure and

correct for water content. Refer to Test Method D4017 to

determine the water content of the specimen.

7. Apparatus

7.1 Thermogravimetric Analyzer, capable of continuously

recording specimen mass and temperature as a function of time

consisting of:

7.1.1 Electrobalance, with a minimum specimen capacity

of 100 mg capable of continuously recording 10 μg or smaller

mass changes. Performance may be verified in accordance with

Test Method E2040.

7.1.2 Specimen Holders, that are inert to the specimen and

of suitable structural shape and integrity to contain the 10 mg

test specimen used in this test method. Specimen holders,

composed of platinum, aluminum, or quartz may be used, but

other holders may be considered.

NOTE 3—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, specimen holders must

be shallow and composed of platinum.

7.1.3 Furnace, whose temperature can be controlled from

25 to 1000°C, capable of a heating rate, at a minimum, of

5°C/min and of maintaining a set temperature isothermally

within that range to 62°C.

7.1.4 Temperature Sensor to provide an indication of the

specimen or furnace temperature, or both, to 60.1°C.

NOTE 4—The temperature sensor shall be placed as close as practical to

the test specimen without disturbing weight measurements or as specified

by the manufacturer. In addition, it must be located in exactly the same

position during analytical determinations as used during calibration.

7.1.5 Specimen Atmosphere Control System, capable of

supplying inert dry gas (usually purified grade nitrogen) with

an operator selectable flow rate of 50 to 100 mL/min to within

65 mL/min.

NOTE 5—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, use purified grade nitrogen for both the sample purge flow and balance protection flow.

7.1.6 Measurement System, to continuously record specimen temperature to within 60.1°C over the range from 25 to

1000°C.

7.1.7 Timer, capable of continuously recording elapsed time

up to 20 h to within 6 0.1 min or 61 %, whichever is greater.

Performance may be verified in accordance with Test Method

E1860.

7.1.8 Controller, capable of executing a temperature program by operating the furnace from 25 to 1000°C at a rate of

5°C/min to within 60.1°C/min and of maintaining a set

temperature isothermally within the range of 62°C.

7.1.9 Data Collection Device, provide a means of acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated signals, or

both. The minimum output signals required for thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are mass, temperature, and time.

7.1.10 While not required, it is convenient to have a data

analysis device that will continuously perform and display the

following calculation:

7.1.10.1 Specimen mass as a percent of the initial mass.

7.1.10.2 Specimen mass rate of change (in mass %/min)

capable of detecting 0.01 %/min.

7.1.11 While not required, it is convenient to have an

experiment control device capable of terminating the experiment under the following conditions:

7.1.11.1 When an operator selected period of time at an

isothermal temperature condition has elapsed, and

7.1.11.2 When an operator selected rate of mass loss is

achieved.

5 Formulary Vol XVII is available from U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP), 12601

Twinbrook Pkwy., Rockville, MD 20852-1790, http://www.usp.org.

E1868 – 10

2
7.2 Gas Exhaust System capable of removing from the

laboratory the potentially noxious purge gas effluent of the

system above.

7.3 Inert Gas—Purified grade nitrogen.

7.4 Micropipettes or Syringes, for liquids, capable of dispensing up to 15 6 1 μL.

8. Hazards

8.1 Toxic or corrosive effluent, or both, may be released

when heating some materials and could be harmful to personnel and to apparatus.

9. Sampling

9.1 Samples are usually analyzed on “as received” basis.

Should some thermal or mechanical treatment (such as grinding or sieving) be applied to the sample prior to analysis, it

shall be indicated in the report. Grinding may release volatiles

due to the heating generated by grinding process.

9.2 Since small test specimens are used, they must be

homogeneous and representative of the sample. The mixing or

stirring of samples prior to analysis is recommended whenever

possible.

NOTE 6—Care should be taken to ensure that the sample is free of air

bubbles.

9.3 If experiments are to be initiated at room temperature,

equilibrate samples in their sealed containers to room temperature prior to testing.

NOTE 7—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, samples containing solid

particles should be filtered prior to analysis.

10. Calibration

10.1 Calibrate the temperature signal from the apparatus

according to Practice E1582 using a heating rate of 1°C/min

and a transition temperature close to the isothermal test

temperature used in this procedure.

10.2 Calibrate the mass signal from the apparatus according

to Test Method E2040.

NOTE 8—Regular analysis of performance standards (materials of

known mass loss characteristics) where available,6 serves as a check on

instrument status, operator efficiency, etc., and provides for a comparison

of results from different laboratories. Verify mass measurement conformity to better than 1 %. Verify time measurement conformity to better

than 1 %.

10.3 Calibrate the time signal from the apparatus according

to Test Method E1860.

NOTE 9—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, calibrate the mass signal

every week, the temperature signal every three months, and the time signal

every six months.

11. Procedure

NOTE 10—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, additional proceedures

may be required by the agency.

11.1 Obtain a suitable baseline correction.

11.2 Set the furnace and flow parameters.

NOTE 11—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, the total flow must be

50 mL/min, divided (balance protection flow:sample purge flow) either

10:40 or 20:30.

11.3 Cool the specimen test area of the apparatus to ambient

temperature. For the purpose of this test, ambient temperature

is 35°C or lower.

NOTE 12—Cooling of the specimen test area to 25°C following an

experiment is time consuming on some apparatus. To improve productivity, it is possible with some test samples to initiate the experiment at a

somewhat higher temperature. This must be done with caution since

volatility is a function of temperature. For highly volatile materials,

appreciable portions of the test specimen mass may be lost in experimental

set up, if initiated at too high of a temperature.

NOTE 13—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, initial temperature is

25 6 2°C.

11.4 With the apparatus closed in the normal operating

position, tare the balance so that the empty sample pan

indicates zero mass.

11.5 Open the apparatus to expose the specimen holder.

11.6 Carefully place 10 6 1 mg of the test specimen on the

specimen holder. Other specimen sizes may be used but must

be indicated in the report.

NOTE 14—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, specimen size is

10 6 1 μL, autosamplers are not to be used and the specimen must be

distributed evenly over the bottom of the specimen holder.

11.7 Close the apparatus and record the initial mass as mi. If

the apparatus has provisions for direct recording of mass

percent, adjust it to read 100 %.

NOTE 15—Should the test specimen have appreciable volatility at

ambient temperature, it may lose a significant amount of mass as it is

placed into the test position. In such cases, care should be taken to perform

11.6 and 11.7 as quickly as is practical.

11.8 Heat the test specimen at 5°C/min to the isothermal test

temperature, while recording specimen mass (or mass percent),

temperature and elapsed time. Other heating rates may be used,

but must be indicated in the report.

NOTE 16—Selection of the optimum operating parameters of isothermal

test temperature and test time (tt

) is dependent on the class of materials

being tested. The technique of response surface methodology (RSM) may

be useful in predicting optimum operating parameters.7,8 Some common

experimental conditions are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

NOTE 17—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, heating rate is 25°C/min

and isothermal test temperature is 81°C.

11.9 Once the isothermal test temperature is reached, it is

held there for the remainder of the experiment. The time from

start to the isothermal portion of the experiment is taken as ti

.

11.10 After 5 min at the isothermal test temperature, the

specimen temperature may be recorded.

11.11 The experiment is terminated in one of two ways.

These termination criteria are identified as Test Method A and

Test Method B.

6 Performance Standards for low (2 %), medium (50 %), and high (99 %) LOD

values are available from several suppliers. Contact ASTM International for list of

suppliers.

7 Box, G.E.P., and Hunter, J.S., “Multi Factor Experimental Designs for

Exploring Response Surfaces,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol 28, 1997, pp.

195–241. 8 Pino, J.A., Barry, T.A., and Rose, J.E., “Estimation of Volatile Emission

Potential of Pesticides by Thermogravimetric Analysis,” Proceedings 110th American Offıcial Analytical Chemists Meeting, 1996.

E1868 – 10

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11.12 Test Method A:

11.12.1 After the test specimen is held at the isothermal test

temperature for a fixed period of test time (tt

).

NOTE 18—Commonly used isothermal test temperatures and times are

tabulated in Table 1.

NOTE 19—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, test time (tt

) is 110

minutes. Test time is measured from the start of the heating cycle to the

end of the isothermal test time.

11.12.1.1 Experiments terminated using Test Method A

shall indicate the termination conditions in parentheses following the LOD values. For example: LOD = XX % (2 h at

105°C).

11.13 Test Method B:

11.13.1 After a delay time (td) initiated when the mass loss

rate becomes less than a specified value (R).

NOTE 20—Commonly used values for mass loss rate and delay time are

tabulated in Table 2.

NOTE 21—For apparatus so equipped, the mass loss rate may be

conveniently observed using the derivative of mass as a function of time.

11.13.1.1 Experiments terminated using Test Method B

shall indicate the termination conditions in parentheses following the LOD values. For example: LOD = XX % (15 min at

<1 %/min).

11.14 Record the mass at the time of the termination of the

experiment. This value is the final mass, mf

.

11.15 Calculate the percent mass loss value according to Eq

1 (see 12.1).

11.16 Perform duplicate determinations and report the losson-drying value as the mean value of duplicate determinations

of percent mass loss.

NOTE 22—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, perform duplicate determinations and report VOC content as the mean value of duplicate

determinations if duplicate determinations pass SCAQMD quality control

procedures.

12. Calculation

12.1 Loss-on-Drying:

12.1.1 Calculate percent mass loss according to the following equation:

m 5 ~mi – mf

! 3 100 %

mi

(1)

LOD 5 mean value of m for duplicate determinations

where:

LOD = loss-on-drying (%),

m = percent mass loss (%),

mi = initial mass (mg), and

mf = final mass (mg).

12.2 Volatile Material Content:

12.2.1 Calculate the amount of volatile material, V, in grams

per litre from a liquid sample, according to the following

equation:

v 5 F

~mi – mf

!

mi G 3r3 1000 mL/L (2)

where V, the volatile content in g/L, is the mean value of v

for replicate determinations, where the number of determinations may be one, and where:

v = volatile content of a single measurement (g/L),

r = density of liquid sample (g/mL),

mi = initial mass (mg), and

mf = final mass (mg).

12.3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Content:

12.3.1 Calculate the volatile organic compounds content,

VOC content, in grams per litre from a liquid sample according

to the following equation:

voc 5 HF

~mi – mf

!

mi G – w100 %J 3r3 1000 mL/L (3)

where VOC, the volatile organic compounds content in g/L,

is the mean value of voc for replicate determinations, where the

number of determinations may be one, and where:

voc = volatile organic compounds content of a single measurement (g/L),

r = density of liquid sample (g/mL),

w = water content (%),

mi = initial mass (mg), and

mf = final mass (mg).

NOTE 23—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, calculate VOC content

for duplicate measurements according to Eq 3 (see 12.3).

NOTE 24—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, use Test Method D1475

for the determination of density and Test Method D4017 for the determination of the water content of the sample.

NOTE 25—Measured values should be entered into the equation retaining all decimal places. Only the final report value should be rounded in

accordance with the established precision of the test.

13. Report

13.1 Report the following information:

13.1.1 A complete identification and description of the

material being tested,

TABLE 1 Commonly Used Isothermal Test Temperatures and

Times

Material Temperature, °C Time, h Test Method

Grease 93 20 D2595

Barium Hydroxide 105 2 A

Barium Sulfate 105 4 A

Calcium Carbonate 200 4 A

Lubricants 81 1.83 E1868

(110 m.

from start)

Pesticides 65 11 E1868

Refuse Derived Fuel 950 0.1 E897

Pitch 360 0.5 D4893

Soil and Rock 110 12 D2216

Polymers 155 24 D2288

Carbon Black 125 1 D1509

Soda Ash 250 4 E359

Asphalt 163 5 D6

A Formulary Vol XVII, United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852.

TABLE 2 Commonly Used Rates of Loss and Delay Times

Material Rate of Loss,

%/min

Delay Time,

min

Reference

no

Pesticides 0.1 15 2.2A

A Pino, J., Barry, T., and Rose, J., Estimation of Volatile Emission of Pesticides

by Thermogravimetric Analysis, California Environmental Protection Agency, 1020

N Street, Room 161, Sacramento, CA 95814-5624.

E1868 – 10

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13.1.2 A description of the instrument used to perform the

test including manufacturer and model number,

13.1.3 A description of the temperature calibration material

and procedure used,

13.1.4 The thermal curves for the determination via the

method, and

13.1.5 The LOD value as well as the experiment termination conditions (see 11.12.1.1 and 11.13.1.1). For example:

5.0 % (2 h at 105°C). V or VOC values may also be reported

as necessary.

NOTE 26—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, report the VOC content.

13.2 The specific dated version of this method used.

NOTE 27—For SCAQMD Rule 1144 purposes, consult with the agency

for any other specific reporting requirements.

14. Precision and Bias 9

14.1 Test Method A:

14.1.1 An interlaboratory study (ILS) was conducted for

Test Method A in 2009–2010 on behalf of the SCAQMD

(ILS 500).4 Eight laboratories participated in this study. Each

of the labs was asked to report five replicate test results for four

different liquid lubricant sample materials. Samples D, F, and

H were analyzed by all eight laboratories. Sample G was

analyzed by seven laboratories. Every “test result” reported

represented a single determination or measurement; data is

expressed as volatile organic compounds in grams per litre.

Practice E691 was followed for the design and analysis of the

data; the details are given in ASTM Research Report RR:E37-

1039.10 See the research report for additional method parameters specific to these lubricant samples.

14.1.2 Precision:

14.1.2.1 Repeatability Limit (r)—Two test results obtained

within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they

differ by more than the “r” value for that material; “r” is the

interval representing the critical difference between two test

results for the same material, obtained by the same operator

using the same equipment on the same day in the same

laboratory.

(1) Repeatability limits are listed in Table 3 below. The

repeatability value estimates the 95 % confidence limit.

14.1.2.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)—Two test results shall be

judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” value

for that material; “R” is the interval representing the critical

difference between two test results for the same material,

obtained by different operators using different equipment in

different laboratories.

(1) Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 3 below. The

reproducibility value estimates the 95 % confidence limit.

14.1.2.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproducibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E177.

14.1.2.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements

14.1.2.1 and 14.1.2.2 would have an approximate 95 % probability of being correct.

14.1.3 Bias—At the time of the study, there was no accepted

reference material suitable for determining the bias for this test

method, therefore no statement on bias is being made.

14.1.4 The precision statement was determined through

statistical examination of 155 results, from 8 laboratories, on a

total of 4 different sample materials. These materials were

described as:

D Rust preventive, formulated from a combination of

proprietary rust preventive, 80 % Stoddard Solvent

(flash point, 40°C) and 10 % napthenic mineral oil

(viscosity, approximately 20.3 cSt.), density,

0.7873 g/mL

F Oil-based cutting fluid (general purpose), formulated

from a proprietary combination of lubricity agents and

70 % napthenic mineral oil (viscosity, approximately

20.3 cSt.), density, 0.9439 g/mL

G Proprietary water-diluted semisynthetic cutting fluid,

93 % water, density, 1.0084 g/mL

H Oil-based cutting fluid (aluminum), formulated from a

combination of lubricity agents and 70 % napthenic

mineral oil (viscosity approximately 10.3 cSt.), density,

0.8852 g/mL

To judge the equivalency of two test results, it is recommended to choose a sample material closest in characteristics

to the test material.

14.2 Test Method B:

14.2.1 An ILS was conducted for Test Method B in

1995–1996 by the California Environmental Protection

Agency. The ILS involved participation by 15 laboratories

using 3 performance standards, 3 liquid and 2 solid end-use

materials (that is, pesticides). The performance standards were

synthetic materials made up to contain low, medium and high

levels of volatile corresponding to 2, 50, and 99 % mass loss.

14.2.2 Precision:

14.2.2.1 Within laboratory variability may be described

using the repeatability value (r), obtained by multiplying the

standard deviation by 2.8. The repeatability value estimates the

95 % confidence limit.

14.2.2.2 Repeatability values of r = 0.6, 0.4, and 0.5 % mass

loss were obtained on the low, medium and high loss performance standards, respectively.

14.2.2.3 Repeatability values of r = 4.2, 1.8, and 0.6 % mass

loss were obtained on the three liquid end-use materials.

14.2.2.4 Repeatability values of r = 6.2 and 1.4 % mass loss

were obtained on the two solid end-use materials.

14.2.2.5 Between laboratory variability may be described

using the reproducibility value (R) obtained by multiplying the

9 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may

be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E37-1020. 10 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may

be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E37-1039.

TABLE 3 Volatile Compounds (g/L)

Sample AverageA

Repeatability

Standard

Deviation

Reproducibility

Standard

Deviation

Repeatability

Limit

Reproducibility

Limit

X Sr SR r R

D 633 12 16 32 44

F 59.0 3.6 11 9.9 32

G 970.1 3.6 21 10 59

H 89.2 5.1 11 14 30

A The average of the laboratories’ calculated averages.

E1868 – 10

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standard deviation by 2.8. The reproducibility value estimates

the 95 % confidence limit.

14.2.2.6 Reproducibility values of R = 4.4, 1.0, and 0.3 %

mass loss were obtained on the low, medium, and high loss

performance standards, respectively.

14.2.2.7 Reproducibility values of R = 4.9, 2.2, and 0.7 %

mass loss were obtained on the three liquid end-use materials.

14.2.2.8 Reproducibility values of R = 6.6 and 2.0 % mass

loss were obtained on the two solid end-use materials.

14.2.3 Bias:

14.2.3.1 An estimation of bias is obtained by comparing the

mean mass loss values obtained for each performance standard

to their synthesize values. That is:

bias 5 ~mean mass loss! – ~known values!

(1) The bias was found to be less than 0.6 % mass loss for

all three levels of the performance standards. This indicates an

absence of significant relative bias.

15. Keywords

15.1 loss on drying; mass loss; thermogravimetry; thermogravimetric analysis; volatiles; weight loss

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E1868 – 10

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