FAA-S-8081-16A

U.S. Department 

of Transportation 

Federal Aviation 

Administration

COMMERCIAL PILOT

Practical Test Standards 

for

ROTORCRAFT

 • HELICOPTER 

 • GYROPLANE 

August 2006 

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE 

Washington, DC 20591
COMMERCIAL PILOT 

ROTORCRAFT

Practical Test Standards 

2006 

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE 

Washington, DC 20591 
FAA-S-8081-16A

NOTE

Material in FAA-S-8081-16A will be effective August 1, 2006. All previous 

editions of the Commercial Pilot—Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane) 

Practical Test Standards will be obsolete as of this date. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 

FOREWORD

The Commercial Pilot—Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane) Practical 

Test Standards (PTS) book has been published by the Federal Aviation 

Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for commercial pilot 

certification practical tests for the rotorcraft category, helicopter and 

gyroplane classes. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall 

conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight 

instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful during 

training and when preparing for the practical test. 

 

Joseph K. Tintera, Manager 

Regulatory Support Division 

Flight Standards Service 
i FAA-S-8081-16A

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 

 General Information.....................................................................1 

 Practical Test Standard Concept .................................................2 

 Practical Test Book Description...................................................2 

 Abbreviations...............................................................................4 

 Use of The Practical Test Standards ...........................................4 

 Special Emphasis Areas..............................................................6 

 Commercial Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Prerequisites ............6 

 Aircraft And Equipment Required for the Practical Test ..............7 

 Flight Instructor Responsibility.....................................................7 

 Examiner Responsibility ..............................................................7 

 Satisfactory Performance ............................................................8 

 Unsatisfactory Performance ........................................................8 

 Letter of Discontinuance..............................................................9 

 Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management ................9 

 Single-Pilot Resource Management ..........................................10 

 Applicant’s Use of Checklists.....................................................10 

 Use of Distractions During Practical Tests ................................10 

 Positive Exchange of Flight Controls .........................................10 

SECTION 1: COMMERCIAL PILOT ROTORCRAFT—HELICOPTER 

 Contents ....................................................................................1-i 

 Additional Rating Task Table................................................... 1-iii 

 Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter) ......................1-v 

 Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter) .................... 1-vii 

AREAS OF OPERATION: 

 I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION........................................1-1 

 II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES ........................................1-6 

 III. AIRPORT AND HELIPORT OPERATIONS...................1-8 

 IV. HOVERING MANEUVERS ............................................1-9 

 V. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS ..........1-12 

 VI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS .................................1-16 

 VII. NAVIGATION ....................................................................1-18 

 VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS .....................................1-20 

 IX. SPECIAL OPERATIONS .............................................1-24 

 X. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES...................................1-25 
FAA-S-8081-16A ii

SECTION 2: COMMERCIAL PILOT ROTORCRAFT—GYROPLANE 

 Contents ....................................................................................2-i 

 Additional Rating Tasks Table ................................................. 2-iii 

 Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane) ......................2-v 

 Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane).................... 2-vii 

AREAS OF OPERATION: 

 I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION ........................................2-1 

 II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES.........................................2-6 

 III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS ..............................................2-8 

 IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS ............2-9 

 V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER....................................2-14 

 VI. NAVIGATION...............................................................2-15 

 VII. FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS.......................................2-17 

 VIII EMERGENCY OPERATIONS...........................................2-18 

 IX. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES...................................2-20 

APPENDIX 1 

Task vs. Simulation Device Credit..................................Appendix 1-1 

Use of Chart ...................................................................Appendix 1-1 

Flight Simulation Device Level .......................................Appendix 1-2 
1 FAA-S-8081-16A

INTRODUCTION 

General Information 

The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

has developed this practical test standard (PTS) to be used by examiners1

when conducting commercial pilot—rotorcraft practical tests. Instructors are 

expected to use this PTS when preparing applicants for practical tests. 

Applicants should be familiar with this PTS and refer to these standards 

during their training. 

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by 

many individuals, companies, and organizations throughout the aviation 

community who have contributed their time and talent in assisting with the 

revision of this practical test standard. 

This PTS may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. 

Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from 

GPO’s web site. 

http://bookstore.gpo.gov

This PTS is also available for download, in pdf format, from the Regulatory 

Support Division’s (AFS-600) web site. 

http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600 

This PTS is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal 

Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. 

Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. 

Comments regarding this handbook should be sent, in e-mail form, to the 

following address. 

AFS630comments@faa.gov

1 The word “examiner” denotes either the FAA Inspector, FAA designated pilot 

examiner, or other authorized person who conducts the practical test. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2

Practical Test Standard Concept

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR ) part 61 species the 

areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant 

before the issuance of a commercial pilot certificate or rating. The CFRs 

provide the flexibility that permits the FAA to publish practical test 

standards containing the AREAS OF OPERATION and specific TASKs in 

which competency must be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this PTS 

whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety. 

Adherence to the provisions of the regulations and the practical test 

standards is mandatory for the evaluation of commercial pilot 

applicants.

Practical Test Book Description

This test book contains the following Commercial Pilot Practical Test 

Standards: 

Section 1 Rotorcraft—Helicopter 

Section 2 Rotorcraft—Gyroplane 

The Commercial Pilot—Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards include the 

AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs for the issuance of an initial 

commercial pilot certificate and for the addition of category and/or class 

ratings to that certificate. 

AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a 

logical sequence within this standard. They begin with Preflight Preparation 

and end with Post-flight Procedures. The examiner may conduct the 

practical test in any sequence that will result in a complete and efficient 

test. However, the ground portion of the practical test must be 

accomplished before the flight portion. 

TASKs are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers 

appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION. 

REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK. 

Descriptions of TASKs are not included in the standards because this 

information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference. 

Publications other than those listed may be used, for references if their 

content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced 

publications. 

NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the AREA 

OF OPERATION or TASK. 
3 FAA-S-8081-16A

These practical test standards are based on the following reference list: 

14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, 

 and Alteration 

14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors 

14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification 

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules 

NTSB part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents and 

 Incidents 

FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight And Balance Handbook 

FAA-H-8083-21 Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 

FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 

AC 00-6 Aviation Weather 

AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services 

AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making

AC 60-28 English Language Skill Standards Required by 14 

 CFR parts 61, 63, and 65 

AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors and Ground 

 Instructors 

AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation 

AC 61-134 General Aviation Controlled Flight into Terrain 

 Awareness

AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance 

AC 90-87 Helicopter Dynamic Rollover 

AC 90-95 Unanticipated right yaw in helicopters 

AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft 

AC 91-32 Safety In and Around Helicopters 

AC 91-42 Hazards of Rotating Propeller and Helicopter Rotor 

 Blades 

AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System failures following 

 aircraft engine starting

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual 

AFD Airport Facility Directory 

FDC NOTAMs National Flight data Center Notices to Airmen 

Other Pertinent Pilot’s Operating Handbooks

 FAA-Approved Flight Manuals 

 Navigation Charts 

The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily 

performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective includes: 

 1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do; 

 2. the conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and 

 3. the acceptable standards of performance. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 4

Abbreviations 

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations 

ADM Aeronautical Decision Making 

AGL Above Ground Level 

ASOS Automated Surface Observing System 

ATC Air Traffic Control 

ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service 

AWOS Automated Weather Observing System 

CFIT Controlled Flight into Terrain 

CG Center of Gravity 

CRM Cockpit Resource Management 

FA Area Weather Forecast 

FAA Federal Aviation Administration 

FDC Flight Data Center 

FSDO Flight Standards District Office 

GPO Government Printing Office 

ILS Instrument Landing System 

MEL Minimum Equipment List 

METAR Aviation Routine Weather Report 

NOTAM Notice to Airmen 

PTS Practical Test Standard 

RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring 

RPM Revolutions Per Minute 

TAF Terminal Aviation Forecast 

VFR Visual Flight Rules 

Use Of The Practical Test Standards 

The Commercial Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards have been 

designed to evaluate competency in both knowledge and skill. Commercial 

pilots are professionals engaged in various flight activities for 

compensation or hire. Because of their professional status, they should 

exhibit a significantly higher level of knowledge and skill than the private 

pilot. Although some TASKs listed are similar to those in the Private Pilot 

Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards, the wording used in the Commercial 

Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards reflects a higher level of 

competency expected of a commercial pilot applicant in performing these 

similar TASKs. 

The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with 

the appropriate Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards and the policies 

set forth in this INTRODUCTION. Commercial pilot applicants must be 

evaluated in ALL TASKs included in the AREAS OF OPERATION of the 

appropriate practical test standard unless otherwise noted. 
5 FAA-S-8081-16A

An applicant, who holds at least a commercial pilot certificate seeking an 

additional rotorcraft category rating and/or class rating at the commercial 

pilot level will be evaluated in the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs 

listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. At the discretion of the examiner, 

an evaluation of the applicant's competence in the remaining AREAS OF 

OPERATION and TASKs may be conducted. 

If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least at the 

private level, and the Additional Rating Task Table indicates differing 

required TASKs, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “ALL” 

and “NONE” are indicated for one AREA OF OPERATION, the “NONE” 

entry applies. If “B” and “B, C” are indicated, the “B” entry applies. 

In preparation for each practical test, the examiner must develop a written 

“plan of action.” The “plan of action” is a tool, for the sole use of the examiner, 

to be used in evaluating the applicant. The plan of action need not be 

grammatically correct or in any formal format. The plan of action must contain 

all of the required AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs and any optional 

TASKs selected by the examiner. The “plan of action” must incorporate one or 

more scenarios that will be used during the practical test. 

The examiner should try to include as many of the TASKs into the scenario 

portion of the test as possible, but maintain the flexibility to change due to 

unexpected situations as they arise and still result in an efficient and valid 

test. Any TASK selected for evaluation during a practical test is to be 

evaluated in its entirety.

The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the 

AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs appear in this book. The examiner 

may change the sequence or combine TASKs with similar objectives to 

have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For example, lost 

procedures may be combined with radio navigation. The examiner's “plan 

of action” should include the order and combination of TASKs to be 

demonstrated by the applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient 

and valid test. 

The examiner is expected to use good judgment in the performance of 

simulated emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for 

simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions 

(both meteorological and topographical), at the time of the test, as well as 

the applicant's, workload, and the condition of the aircraft used. If the 

procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected that the 

applicant will simulate that portion of the maneuver. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 6

Special Emphasis Areas 

Examiners must place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operation 

considered critical to flight safety. Among these are: 

1. positive aircraft control; 

2. procedures for positive exchange of flight controls (who is flying the 

aircraft); 

3. collision avoidance; 

4. wake turbulence avoidance; 

5. runway incursion avoidance; 

6. CFIT; 

7. wire strike avoidance; 

8. ADM and risk management; 

9. checklist usage; and 

10. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical test. 

Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each TASK, 

they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical 

test. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will relate to the complete 

situation. 

Commercial Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Prerequisites

An applicant for the Commercial Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test is required 

by 14 CFR part 61 to: 

1. possess a private pilot certificate or meets the flight experience 

 required for a private pilot certificate and pass the private helicopter 

 or gyroplane knowledge and practical test; 

2. have passed the appropriate commercial pilot knowledge test 

 since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which the 

 practical test is completed; 

3. obtain the applicable instruction and aeronautical experience 

 prescribed for the commercial pilot certificate or rating sought; 

4. possess at least a current third-class medical certificate issued 

 under 14 CFR part 67; 

5. be at least 18 years of age; 

6. obtain a written statement from an appropriately certificated flight 

 instructor certifying that the applicant has been given flight 

 instruction in preparation for the practical test within 60 days 

 preceding the date of application. The statement must also state 

 that the instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the practical 

 test and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of the subject 

 area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated by the airman 

 knowledge test report; and 

7. be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. 

 If there is a doubt, use AC 60-28, English Language Skill 

 Standards. 
7 FAA-S-8081-16A

Aircraft And Equipment Required for the Practical Test

The commercial pilot applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61, section 

61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the 

practical test. This section further requires that the aircraft must: 

1. be of U.S., foreign or military registry of the same category, class, 

and type, if applicable, for the certificate and/or rating for which the 

applicant is applying; 

2. have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided in 14 CFR 

part 61, section 61.45(c) and (e); in this CFR section; and 

3. be capable of performing ALL AREAS OF OPERATION appropriate 

to the rating sought and have no operating limitations, which 

prohibit its use in any of the AREAS OF OPERATION, required for 

the practical test. 

Flight Instructor Responsibility

An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the 

commercial pilot applicant to acceptable standards in ALL subject matter 

areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKs within the 

appropriate commercial pilot practical test standard. 

Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, 

proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, 

skill, and the abilityto impart that knowledge and skill to students. 

Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for 

emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision 

avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures. 

Examiner Responsibility

The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for determining 

that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and skill of 

each TASK within the appropriate practical test standard. Since there is no 

formal division between the “oral” and “skill" portions of the practical test, 

this becomes an ongoing process throughout the test. To avoid 

unnecessary distractions, oral questioning, to determine the applicant’s 

knowledge of TASKs and related safety factors, should be used judiciously 

at all times, especially during the flight portion of the practical test. 

Examiners must test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant's 

correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts throughout 

the practical test. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 8

If the examiner determines that a TASK is incomplete, or the outcome 

uncertain, the examiner may require the applicant to repeat that TASK, or 

portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interest of 

fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repeating of an 

unsatisfactory TASK is permitted during the certification process. 

Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner must 

evaluate the applicant's use of visual scanning and collision avoidance 

procedures. 

Satisfactory Performance

Satisfactory performance to meet the requirements for certification is based 

on the applicant's ability to safely: 

1. perform the TASKs specified in the AREAS OF OPERATION for the 

certificate or rating sought within the approved standards; 

2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome of 

each TASK performed never seriously in doubt; 

3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the 

approved standards; 

4. demonstrate sound judgment and ADM; and 

5. demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated 

for single-pilot operations.

Unsatisfactory Performance

The tolerances represent the performance expected in good flying 

conditions. If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet 

the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the associated 

AREA OF OPERATION is failed and therefore, the practical test is failed. 

The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when the 

failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible for the 

certificate or rating sought. The test may be continued ONLY with the 

consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the applicant is 

entitled credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION and their associated 

TASKs satisfactorily performed. However, during the retest and at the 

discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be re-evaluated including those 

previously passed. 
9 FAA-S-8081-16A

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for 

disqualification are: 

1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective 

intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight. 

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to 

clear the area before and while performing maneuvers. 

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives. 

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are 

exceeded. 

When a Notice of Disapproval is issued, the examiner will record the 

applicant's unsatisfactory performance and TASK(s) not completed in 

terms of AREA OF OPERATION(s) and specific TASK(s) not meeting the 

standard appropriate to the practical test conducted. The AREA(s) OF 

OPERATION/TASK(s) not tested and the number of practical test failures 

must also be recorded. If the applicant fails the practical test because of a 

special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval must indicate the 

associated TASK. i.e.: AREA OF OPERATION VIII, Settling-With-Power, 

failure to use proper collision avoidance procedures. 

Letter of Discontinuance

When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than unsatisfactory 

performance (i.e., equipment failure, weather, or illness) FAA Form 8700-1, 

Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if applicable, the Airman 

Knowledge Test Report, is to be returned to the applicant. The examiner at 

that time prepares, signs, and issues a Letter of Discontinuance to the 

applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance should identify the AREAS OF 

OPERATION and their associated TASKs of the practical test that were 

successfully completed. The applicant should be advised that the Letter of 

Discontinuance must be presented to the examiner when the practical test 

is resumed, and made part of the certification file. 

Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management 

Throughout the practical test, the examiner evaluates the applicant’s 

ability to use good aeronautical decision-making procedures in order to 

identify risks. The examiner accomplishes this requirement by 

developing scenarios that incorporate as many TASKs as possible to 

evaluate the applicants risk management in making safe aeronautical 

decisions. For example, the examiner may develop a scenario that 

incorporates weather decisions and performance planning. 

The applicant’s ability to utilize all the assets available in making a risk 

analysis to determine the safest course of action is essential for 

satisfactory performance. The scenarios should be realistic and within 

the capabilities of the aircraft used for the practical test. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 10

Single-Pilot Resource Management 

Single-pilot resource management refers to the effective use of ALL 

available resources: human resources, hardware, and information. It is 

similar to crew resource management (CRM) procedures that are being 

emphasized in multi-crewmember operations except that only one 

crewmember (the pilot) is involved. Human resources “...includes all other 

groups routinely working with the pilot who are involved in decisions that 

are required to operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not 

limited to: dispatchers, weather briefers, maintenance personnel, and air 

traffic controllers.” Pilot resource management is not a single TASK; it is a 

set of skill competencies that must be evident in all TASKs in this practical 

test standard as applied to single-pilot operation. 

Applicant's Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an 

appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific TASK being 

evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist while 

accomplishing the elements of the Objective would be either unsafe or 

impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of 

the checklist after the elements have been accomplished would be 

appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning would be 

considered when using a checklist. 

Use Of Distractions During Practical Tests

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the 

pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate the 

pilot's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both 

inside and/or outside the cockpit, the examiner should cause a realistic 

distraction during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the 

applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining safe flight. 

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls 

During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between pilots of 

who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should be 

conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A 

positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between pilots 

is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. 

When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, he or 

she will say, “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot acknowledges 

immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The first pilot again says, 

“You have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the first pilot, 

follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to verify that 

the exchange has occurred. There should never be any doubt as to who is 

flying the aircraft. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 

SECTION 1 

COMMERCIAL PILOT 

ROTORCRAFT — HELICPTER 
1-i FAA-S-8081-16A

CONTENTS: SECTION 1

Contents ............................................................................................ 1-i 

Additional Rating Task Table...........................................................1-iii

CHECKLISTS: 

 Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter)............................ 1-v 

 Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter) ..........................1-vii 

AREAS OF OPERATION: 

 I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION ................................................. 1-1 

 A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS ................................ 1-1 

 B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS............................... 1-1 

 C. WEATHER INFORMATION............................................... 1-2 

 D. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING .......................... 1-2 

 E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM ...................................... 1-3 

 F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS ............................... 1-3 

 G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS.............................................. 1-4 

 H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS............................................... 1-4 

 I. PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NIGHT FLYING ............ 1-5 

 J. LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT FOR NIGHT FLYING......... 1-5 

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES.................................................. 1-6

 A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION................................................ 1-6 

 B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT ................................................ 1-6 

 C. ENGINE STARTING AND ROTOR ENGAGEMENT ......... 1-6 

 D. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK ............................................. 1-7 

 

III. AIRPORT AND HELIPORT OPERATIONS ............................ 1-8 

 A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

 SIGNALS ........................................................................... 1-8 

 B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS........................................................ 1-8 

 C. AIRPORT/HELIPORT RUNWAY, HELIPORT, AND 

 TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING .............. 1-8 

 IV. HOVERING MANEUVERS...................................................... 1-9

 A. VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING .............................. 1-9 

 B. SLOPE OPERATIONS ...................................................... 1-9 

 C. SURFACE TAXI............................................................... 1-10 

 D. HOVER TAXI ................................................................... 1-10 

 E. AIR TAXI.......................................................................... 1-11 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-ii

V. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS ................... 1-12 

 A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF 

 AND CLIMB ..................................................................... 1-12 

 B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH..................... 1-13 

 C. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF 

 AND CLIMB ..................................................................... 1-13 

 D. STEEP APPROACH ........................................................ 1-13 

 E. ROLLING TAKEOFF........................................................ 1-14 

 F. SHALLOW APPROACH AND RUNNING/ROLL-ON 

 LANDING......................................................................... 1-15 

 G. GO-AROUND................................................................... 1-15 

VI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS........................................... 1-16 

 A. RAPID DECELERATION ................................................. 1-16 

 B. STRAIGHT IN AUTOROTATION..................................... 1-16 

 C. 180° AUTOROTATION.................................................... 1-17 

 D. APPROACH AND LANDING WITH SIMULATED 

 POWERPLANT FAILURE – MULTIENGINE 

 HELICOPTER.................................................................. 1-17 

 VII. NAVIGATION ........................................................................ 1-18 

 A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING............................. 1-18 

 B. RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES ............. 1-18 

 C. DIVERSION ..................................................................... 1-19 

 D. LOST PROCEDURES ..................................................... 1-19 

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS ......................................... 1-20 

 A. POWER FAILURE AT A HOVER..................................... 1-20 

 B. POWER FAILURE AT ALTITUDE ................................... 1-20 

 C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS............ 1-20 

 D. SETTLING-WITH-POWER .............................................. 1-20 

 E. LOW ROTOR RPM RECOVERY..................................... 1-22 

 F. DYNAMIC ROLLOVER.................................................... 1-22 

 G. GROUND RESONANCE ................................................. 1-22 

 H. LOW G CONDITIONS ..................................................... 1-23 

 I. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR ..... 1-23 

IX. SPECIAL OPERATIONS....................................................... 1-24 

 A. CONFINED AREA OPERATION ..................................... 1-24 

 B. PINNACLE/PLATFORM OPERATIONS .......................... 1-24 

X. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ............................................ 1-25 

 AFTER LANDING AND SECURING .................................1-25
1-iii FAA-S-8081-16A 

ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE 

Addition of a Rotorcraft/Helicopter rating to an existing 

Commercial Pilot Certificate 

Required TASKs are indicated by either the TASK letter(s) that apply(s) 

or an indication that all or none of the TASKs must be tested based on 

the notes in each AREA OF OPERATION. 

COMMERCIAL PILOT RATING(S) HELD 

AREAS 

OF 

OPERATION 

ASEL ASES AMEL AMES RG Glider Balloon Airship 

I F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J 

II ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

III B,C B,C B,C B,C ALL ALL ALL B,C 

IV ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

V ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

VI ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

VII NONE NONE NONE NONE B B,C,D B,C,D NONE 

VIII ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

IX ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

X ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 
1-v FAA-S-8081-16A 

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST 

(HELICOPTER) 

APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER: 

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________ 

LOCATION ____________________________________ 

DATE/TIME ____________________________________ 

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT 

 Aircraft Documents: 

 Airworthiness Certificate 

 Registration Certificate 

 Operating Limitations 

 Aircraft Maintenance Records: 

 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections 

 and AD Compliance 

 Pilot’s Operating Handbook and FAA-Approved 

 Helicopter Flight Manual 

 FCC Station License 

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT 

 View-Limiting Device 

 Current Aeronautical Charts 

 Computer and Plotter 

 Flight Plan Form 

 Flight Logs 

 Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate 

 Publications 

PERSONAL RECORDS 

 Identification - Photo/Signature ID 

 Pilot Certificate 

 Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate 

 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or 

 Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if 

 applicable) 

 AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report, or 

 Computer Test Report 

 Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements 

 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable) 

 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable) 

 Examiner’s Fee (if applicable) 

 

 
1-vii FAA-S-8081-16A

EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST 

(HELICOPTER) 

APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________ 

LOCATION_______________________________________ 

DATE/TIME______________________________________ 

 I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

 A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS 

 B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS 

 C. WEATHER INFORMATION 

 D. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING 

 E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM 

 F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS 

 G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS 

 H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS 

 I. PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NIGHT FLYING 

 J. LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT FOR NIGHT FLYING 

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

 A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION 

 B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT 

 C. ENGINE STARTING AND ROTOR ENGAGEMENT 

 D. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK 

 III. AIRPORT AND HELIPORT OPERATIONS

 A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

 SIGNALS 

 B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS 

 C. AIRPORT/HELIPORT RUNWAY, HELIPORT, AND 

TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING 

IV. HOVERING MANEUVERS 

 A. VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING 

 B. SLOPE OPERATIONS 

 C. SURFACE TAXI 

 D. HOVER TAXI 

 E. AIR TAXI 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-viii

V. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS

 A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND 

 CLIMB 

 B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH 

 C. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF AND 

 CLIMB 

 D. STEEP APPROACH 

 E. ROLLING TAKEOFF 

 F. SHALLOW APPROACH AND RUNNING/ROLL-ON 

 LANDING 

 G. GO-AROUND 

VI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

 A. RAPID DECELERATION 

 B. STRAIGHT IN ADUTOROTATION 

 C. 180° AUTOROTATION 

 D. APPROACH AND LANDING WITH SIMULATED 

POWERPLANT FAILURE – MULTIENGINE 

HELICOPTER 

VII. NAVIGATION

 A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING 

 B. RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES 

 C. DIVERSION 

 D. LOST PROCEDURES 

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

 A. POWER FAILURE AT A HOVER 

 B. POWER FAILURE AT ALTITUDE 

 C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS 

 D. SETTLING-WITH-POWER 

 E. LOW ROTOR RPM RECOVERY 

 F. DYNAMIC ROLLOVER 

 G. GROUND RESONANCE 

 H. LOW G CONDITIONS 

 I. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR 

IX. SPECIAL OPERATIONS

 A. CONFINED AREA OPERATION 

 B. PINNACLE/PLATFORM OPERATIONS 

X. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES

 AFTER LANDING AND SECURING 
1-1 FAA-S-8081-16A 

I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION 

 A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-21, 

 FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to certificates and documents by: 

 1. Explaining— 

 a. commercial pilot certificate privileges, limitations, and 

 recent flight experience requirements. 

 b. medical certificate class and duration. 

 c. pilot logbook or flight records. 

 2. Locating and explaining— 

 a. airworthiness and registration certificates. 

 b. operating limitations, placards, POH/RFM, and 

 instrument markings. 

 c. weight and balance data and equipment list. 

 B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to airworthiness requirements by: 

 1. Explaining— 

 a. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR. 

 b. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness 

 of the helicopter with inoperative instruments and 

 equipment with and without an MEL. 

 c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight 

 permit. 

 2. Locating and explaining— 

 a. airworthiness directives. 

 b. compliance records. 

 c. maintenance/inspection requirements. 

 d. appropriate record keeping. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-2

 C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

 REFERENCE(S): AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-84; FAA-H-8083-25; 

 AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather 

 information by analyzing available weather reports, charts, 

 and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on— 

 a. METAR, TAF, and FA. 

 b. surface analysis chart. 

 c. wind shear reports. 

 d. winds and temperature aloft chart. 

 e. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports. 

 f. significant weather prognostic charts. 

 2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available 

 weather information. 

 D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCE(S): AC 61-84; FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts; 

Airport/Facility Directory; FDC NOTAMs; AIM. 

 NOTE: In-flight demonstration of cross-country procedures by the 

 applicant is tested under AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country 

 flight planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned VFR 

 cross-country flight, as previously assigned by the examiner. On 

 the day of the practical test, the flight plan should be to the first 

 fuel stop necessary, based on maximum allowable passenger, 

 baggage, and/or cargo loads using real-time weather. 

 2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts. 

 3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features, 

 including discussion of wire strike avoidance techniques. 

 4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints. 

 5. Selects most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions 

 and equipment capabilities. 

 6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements. 

 7. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and 

 communication frequencies. 

 8. Extracts and applies pertinent information from NOTAMs, 

 Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications. 

 9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight 

 plan. 
1-3 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to the national airspace system by explaining: 

 1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace. 

 2. Airspace classes – their operating rules, pilot certification, 

 and helicopter equipment requirements for the following— 

 a. Class A. 

 b. Class B. 

 c. Class C. 

 d. Class D. 

 e. Class E. 

 f. Class G. 

 3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas. 

 F. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21; AC 91-23; 

 POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance 

 and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and 

 data to determine performance and the adverse effects of 

 exceeding limitations. 

 2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed 

 weight and center of gravity is within the helicopter’s 

 operating limitations and if the center of gravity will remain 

 within limits during all phases of flight. 

 3. Demonstrates the use of appropriate performance charts, 

 tables, and data. 

 4. Describes the effects of various atmospheric conditions on 

 the helicopter's performance. 

 5. Understands the cause and effects of retreating blade stall. 

 6. Considers circumstances when operating within “ avoid 

 areas” of the height/velocity diagram. 

 7. Is aware of situations that lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque 

 effectiveness (unanticipated yaw). 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-4

 G. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/AFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to the appropriate normal operating procedures 

 and limitations of the following systems by explaining: 

 1. Primary flight controls, trim, and, if installed, stability control. 

 2. Powerplant. 

 3. Main rotor and antitorque. 

 4. Landing gear, brakes, steering, skids, or floats, as applicable. 

 5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic. 

 6. Electrical. 

 7. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure and associated flight 

 instruments, if applicable. 

 8. Environmental. 

 9. Anti-icing, including carburetor heat, if applicable. 

 10. Avionics equipment. 

 H. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining: 

 1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at 

 least three (3) of the following— 

 a. hypoxia. 

 b. hyperventilation. 

 c. middle ear and sinus problems. 

 d. spatial disorientation. 

 e. motion sickness. 

 f. carbon monoxide poisoning. 

 g. stress and fatigue. 

 h. dehydration. 

 2. The effects of alcohol and drugs, including over-the- 

 counter drugs. 

 3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a 

 pilot and/or passenger in flight. 
1-5 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 I. TASK: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NIGHT FLYING

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to the physiological aspects of night flying by 

 explaining: 

 1. The function of various parts of the eye essential for night 

 vision. 

 2. Adaptation of the eye to changing light. 

 3. Correct use of the eye to accommodate changing light. 

 4. Coping with illusions created by various light conditions. 

 5. Effects of the pilot's physical condition on visual acuity. 

 6. Methods for increasing vision effectiveness. 

 J. TASK: LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT FOR NIGHT FLYING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lighting and 

 equipment for night flying by explaining— 

 a. the types and uses of various personal lighting devices. 

 b. the required equipment, and location of external 

 navigation lighting of the helicopter. 

 c. the meaning of various airport, heliport, and navigation 

 lights, the method of determining their status, and the 

 procedure for airborne activation of runway lights. 

 2. Locates and identifies switches, spare fuses, and circuit 

 breakers pertinent to night operations. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-6

II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES 

 A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a preflight 

 inspection. Including, which items must be inspected, the 

 reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible 

 defects. 

 2. Inspects the helicopter with reference to an appropriate 

 checklist. 

 3. Verifies that the helicopter is in condition for safe flight. 

 B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-32; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit 

 management procedures. 

 2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured. 

 3. Organizes material and equipment in an efficient manner so 

 they are readily available. 

 4. Briefs the occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder 

 harnesses, doors, rotor blade avoidance, and emergency 

 procedures. 

 C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING AND ROTOR ENGAGEMENT 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; AC 91-13, AC 91-42, 

 AC 91-55; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to correct engine 

 starting procedures. Including, the use of an external power 

 source, starting under various atmospheric conditions, 

 awareness of other persons and property during start, and 

 the effects of using incorrect starting procedures. 

 2. Ensures proper rotor blade clearance, and frictions flight 

 controls, as necessary. 

 3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedures. 
1-7 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 D. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before 

 takeoff check. Including, the reasons for checking each item 

 and how to detect malfunctions. 

 2. Positions the helicopter properly considering other aircraft, 

 wind, and surface conditions. 

 3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit. 

 4. Ensures that the engine temperature and pressure are 

 suitable for run-up and takeoff. 

 5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and ensures that the 

 helicopter is in safe operating condition. 

 6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances, 

 departure, and emergency procedures. 

 7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no conflict with 

 traffic prior to takeoff. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-8

III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT AND HELIPORT 

 OPERATIONS 

 A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

 SIGNALS 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio 

 communications and ATC light signals. 

 2. Selects appropriate frequencies. 

 3. Transmits using recommended phraseology. 

 4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with 

 instructions. 

 B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21; AIM, 

 POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. 

 Including, procedures at airports and heliports with and 

 without operating control towers, prevention of runway 

 incursions collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, 

 and wind shear. 

 2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures. 

 3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic or avoids the flow 

 of fixed wing aircraft. 

 4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain proper ground track. 

 5. Maintains orientation with runway/landing area. 

 6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude ±100 feet, and appropriate 

 airspeed, ±10 knots. 

 C. TASK: AIRPORT/HELIPORT RUNWAY, HELIPAD, AND 

 TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport/heliport 

 runway, and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway 

 incursion avoidance. 

 2. Properly identifies and interprets airport/heliport, runway, and 

 taxiway signs, markings, and lighting. 
1-9 FAA-S-8081-16A 

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: HOVERING MANEUVERS 

 A. TASK: VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-95; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a vertical 

 takeoff to a hover and landing from a hover. 

 2. Ascends to and maintains recommended hovering altitude, 

 and descends from recommended hovering altitude in 

 headwind, crosswind, and tailwind conditions. 

 3. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 4. Establishes recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that 

 altitude within 10 feet of the surface; if above 10 feet, ±5 feet. 

 5. Avoids conditions that might lead to loss of tail 

 rotor/antitorque effectiveness. 

 6. Keeps forward and sideward movement within 2 feet of a 

 designated point, with no aft movement. 

 7. Descends vertically to within 2 feet of the designated 

 touchdown point. 

 8. Maintains specified heading, ±10°. 

 B. TASK: SLOPE OPERATIONS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to slope 

 operations. 

 2. Selects a suitable slope, approach, and direction considering 

 wind effect, obstacles, dynamic rollover avoidance, and 

 discharging passengers. 

 3. Properly moves toward the slope. 

 4. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 5. Makes a smooth positive descent to touch the upslope skid 

 on the sloping surface. 

 6. Maintains positive control while lowering the downslope skid 

 or landing gear to touchdown. 

 7. Recognizes when the slope is too steep and abandons the 

 operation prior to reaching cyclic control stops. 

 8. Makes a smooth transition from the slope to a stabilized 

 hover parallel to the slope. 

 9. Properly moves away from the slope. 

 10. Maintains the specified heading throughout the operation, 

 ±5°. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-10

 C. TASK: SURFACE TAXI 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; AIM, POH/AFM. 

 NOTE: This TASK applies to only helicopters equipped with 

 wheel- type landing gear. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to surface taxiing. 

 2. Surface taxies the helicopter from one point to another under 

 headwind, crosswind, and tailwind conditions, with the 

 landing gear in contact with the surface, avoiding conditions 

 that might lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness. 

 3. Properly uses cyclic, collective, and brakes to control speed 

 while taxiing. 

 4. Properly positions nosewheel/tailwheel, if applicable, locked 

 or unlocked. 

 5. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 6. Maintains appropriate speed for existing conditions. 

 7. Stops helicopter within ± 2 feet of a specified point. 

 8. Maintains specified track within ± 2 feet. 

 D. TASK: HOVER TAXI 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to hover taxiing. 

 2. Hover taxies over specified ground references, 

 demonstrating forward, sideward, and rearward hovering and 

 hovering turns. 

 3. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 4. Maintains specified ground track within ± 2 feet on straight 

 legs. 

 5. Maintains constant rate of turn at pivot points. 

 6. Maintains position within ± 2 feet of each pivot point during 

 turns. 

 7. Makes 90°, 180°, and 360° pivoting turns, stopping within 10° 

 of specified headings. 

 8. Maintains recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that 

 altitude within 10 feet of the surface, if above 10 feet, ±5 feet. 
1-11 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 E. TASK: AIR TAXI 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-95; AIM; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to air taxiing. 

 2. Air taxies the helicopter from one point to another under 

 headwind and crosswind conditions. 

 3. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 4. Selects a safe airspeed and altitude. 

 5. Maintains desired track and groundspeed in headwind and 

 crosswind conditions, avoiding conditions that might lead to 

 loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness. 

 6. Maintains a specified altitude, ±5 feet. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-12

V. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-

 AROUNDS

 A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s 

 knowledge of the crosswind elements must be evaluated through 

 oral testing; otherwise a crosswind takeoff and climb must be 

 demonstrated. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and 

 crosswind takeoff and climb, including factors affecting 

 performance, to include height/velocity information. 

 2. Establishes a stationary position on the surface or a 

 stabilized hover, prior to takeoff in headwind and crosswind 

 conditions. 

 3. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 4. Accelerates to manufacturer’s recommended climb airspeed, 

 ±5 knots. 

 5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, as 

 necessary. 

 6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 
1-13 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s 

 knowledge of the crosswind elements must be evaluated through 

 oral testing; otherwise a crosswind approach and landing must be 

 demonstrated. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and 

 crosswind approach. 

 2. Considers performance data, to include height/velocity 

 information. 

 3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and 

 obstacles. 

 4. Selects a suitable termination point. 

 5. Establishes and maintains the normal approach angle, and 

 rate of closure. 

 6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 7. Avoids situations that may result in settling-with-power. 

 8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, as 

 necessary. 

 9. Arrives at the termination point, on the surface or at a 

 stabilized hover, ±2 feet. 

 C. TASK: MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF AND CLIMB 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maximum 

 performance takeoff and climb. 

 2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended 

 and factors related to takeoff and climb performance, to 

 include height/velocity information. 

 3. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 4. Utilizes proper control technique to initiate takeoff and 

 forward climb airspeed attitude. 

 5. Utilizes the maximum available takeoff power. 

 6. After clearing all obstacles, transitions to normal climb 

 attitude, airspeed, ±5 knots, and power setting. 

 7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, as 

 necessary. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-14

 D. TASK: STEEP APPROACH 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a steep 

 approach. 

 2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended 

 and factors related to a steep approach, to include 

 height/velocity information. 

 3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and 

 obstacles. 

 4. Selects a suitable termination point. 

 5. Establishes and maintains the recommended approach 

 angle, (15° maximum) and proper rate of closure. 

 6. Avoids situations that can result in settling-with-power. 

 7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 9. Arrives at the termination point, on the surface or at a 

 stabilized hover, ±2 feet. 

 E. TASK: ROLLING TAKEOFF 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 NOTE: This TASK applies only to helicopters equipped with 

 wheel- type landing gear. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rolling 

 takeoff. 

 2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended 

 and factors related to takeoff and climb performance, to 

 include height/velocity information. 

 3. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 4. Utilizes proper preparatory technique prior to initiating 

 takeoff. 

 5. Initiates forward accelerating movement on the surface. 

 6. Transitions to a normal climb airspeed, ±5 knots, and power 

 setting. 

 7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 9. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 
1-15 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 F. TASK: SHALLOW APPROACH AND RUNNING/ROLL-ON 

 LANDING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to shallow 

 approach and running/roll-on landing, including the purpose 

 of the maneuver, factors affecting performance data, to 

 include height/velocity information, and effect of landing 

 surface texture. 

 2. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 3. Considers obstacles and other hazards. 

 4. Establishes and maintains the recommended approach 

 angle, and proper rate of closure. 

 5. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 6. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 7. Maintains a speed that will take advantage of effective 

 translational lift during surface contact with landing gear 

 parallel with the ground track. 

 8. Utilizes proper flight control technique after surface contact. 

 9. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 

 G. TASK: GO-AROUND 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/AFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around 

 and when it is necessary. 

 2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to 

 landing. 

 3. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 4. Establishes proper control input to stop descent and initiate 

 climb. 

 5. Retracts the landing gear, if applicable, after a positive rate of 

 climb indication. 

 6. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 7. Transitions to a normal climb airspeed, ±5 knots. 

 8. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-16

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

 NOTE: The examiner must select TASK A and at least one other 

 TASK. 

 A. TASK: RAPID DECELERATION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Helicopter Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to rapid 

 deceleration. 

 2. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 3. Properly coordinates all controls throughout the execution of 

 the maneuver. 

 4. Maintains an altitude that will permit safe clearance between 

 the tail boom and the surface. 

 5. Decelerates and terminates in a stationary hover at the 

 recommended hovering altitude. 

 6. Maintains heading throughout the maneuver, ±5°. 

 B. TASK: STRAIGHT IN AUTOROTATION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a straight in 

 autorotation terminating with a power recovery to a hover. 

 2. Selects a suitable touchdown area. 

 3. Initiates the maneuver at the proper point. 

 4. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ± 5 

 knots. 

 5. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits. 

 6. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to 

 void undershooting or overshooting the selected landing 

 area. 

 7. Utilizes proper deceleration, collective pitch application to a 

 hover. 

 8. Comes to a hover within 100 feet of a designated point. 
1-17 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 C. TASK: 180° AUTOROTATION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a 180° 

 autorotation terminating with a power recovery to a hover. 

 2. Selects a suitable touchdown area. 

 3. Initiates the maneuver at the proper point. 

 4. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 

 knots. 

 5. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits. 

 6. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to 

 avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing 

 area. 

 7. Utilizes proper deceleration, collective pitch application to a 

 hover. 

 8. Comes to a hover within 100 feet of a designated point. 

 D. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING WITH SIMULATED 

 POWERPLANT FAILURE - MULTIENGINE HELICOPER 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 NOTE: In a multiengine helicopter maneuvering to a landing, the 

 applicant should follow a procedure that simulates the loss of one 

 powerplant. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of maneuvering to a landing 

 with a powerplant inoperative, including the controllability 

 factors associated with maneuvering, and the applicable 

 emergency procedures. 

 2. Selects a suitable touchdown point. 

 3. Maintains, prior to beginning the final approach segment, the 

 desired altitude ± 100 feet, the desired airspeed ± 10 knots, 

 the desired heading ± 5° , and maintains desired track. 

 4. Establishes the approach and landing configuration 

 appropriate for the runway or landing area, and adjusts the 

 powerplant controls as required. 

 5. Maintains a normal approach angle and recommended 

 airspeed to the point of transition to touchdown. 

 6. Terminates the approach in a smooth transition to 

 touchdown. 

 7. Completes the after-landing checklist items in a timely 

 manner, after clearing the landing area, and as 

 recommended by the manufacturer. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-18

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION

 A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and 

 dead reckoning. 

 2. Follows the preplanned course by reference to landmarks. 

 3. Identifies landmarks by relating the surface features to chart 

 symbols. 

 4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, 

 groundspeeds, and elapsed time. 

 5. Corrects for, and records, the differences between preflight 

 fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those 

 determined en route. 

 6. Verifies the helicopter’s position within three (3) nautical 

 miles of the flight planned route. 

 7. Corrects for, and records, the differences between preflight 

 fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those 

 determined en route. 

 8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and established 

 heading, ±10°. 

 B. TASK: RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES 

REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; Navigation 

Equipment Operation Manuals. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio 

 navigation and ATC radar services. 

 2. Selects and identifies the appropriate facilities or coordinates, 

 as appropriate. 

 3. Locates the helicopter's position relative to the navigation 

 facilities or coordinates, as appropriate. 

 4. Intercepts and tracks a given radial or bearing. 

 5. Locates position using cross radials, coordinates, or 

 bearings. 

 6. Recognizes and describes the indication of station or way 

 point passage. 

 7. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action. 

 8. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC 

 radar services. 

 9. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet. 
1-19 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 C. TASK: DIVERSION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to procedures for 

 diversion. 

 2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport or heliport and route. 

 3. Promptly, diverts toward the alternate airport or heliport. 

 4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival 

 time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport or heliport. 

 5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and established 

 heading, ±10°. 

 D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; 

 AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost 

 procedures. 

 2. Selects an appropriate course of action. 

 3. Maintains an appropriate heading, and climbs, if necessary. 

 4. Attempts to identify prominent landmark(s). 

 5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an ATC 

 facility for assistance as appropriate. 

 6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or 

 fuel exhaustion is impending. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-20

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

 NOTE: Tasks F through I are knowledge only TASKs. 

 A. TASK: POWER FAILURE AT A HOVER 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power failure at 

 a hover. 

 2. Determines that the terrain below the aircraft is suitable for a 

 safe touchdown. 

 3. Performs autorotation from a stationary or forward hover into 

 the wind at recommended altitude, and RPM, while 

 maintaining established heading, ±5°. 

 4. Touches down with minimum sideward movement, and no 

 rearward movement. 

 5. Exhibits orientation, division of attention, and proper 

 planning. 

 B. TASK: POWER FAILURE AT ALTITUDE 

 NOTE: Simulated power failure at altitude must be given over 

 areas where actual touchdowns can safely be completed in the 

 event of an actual powerplant failure. 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power failure at 

 altitude. 

 2. Establishes an autorotation and selects a suitable landing 

 area. 

 3. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 

 knots. 

 4. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits. 

 5. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to 

 avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing 

 area. 

 6. Terminates approach with a power recovery at a safe altitude 

 when directed by the examiner. 
1-21 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 C. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, 

 indications, and pilot actions for various systems and 

 equipment malfunctions. 

 2. Analyzes the situation and takes action, appropriate to the 

 helicopter used for the practical test, in at least four of the 

 following areas— 

 a. engine/oil and fuel. 

 b. hydraulic, if applicable. 

 c. electrical. 

 d. carburetor or induction icing. 

 e. smoke and/or fire. 

 f. flight control/trim. 

 g. pitot static/vacuum and associated flight instruments, if 

 applicable. 

 h. rotor and/or antitorque. 

 i. various frequency vibrations and the possible components 

 that may be affected. 

 j. any other emergency unique to the helicopter flown. 

 D. TASK: SETTLING-WITH-POWER 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to settling-with- 

 power. 

 2. Selects an altitude that will allow recovery to be completed no 

 less than 1,000 feet AGL or, if applicable, the manufacturer’s 

 recommended altitude, whichever is higher. 

 3. Promptly recognizes and announces the onset of settling- 

 with-power. 

 4. Utilizes the appropriate recovery procedure. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-22

 E. TASK: LOW ROTOR RPM RECOVERY 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Appropriate Manufacturer’s 

 Safety Notices; POH/RFM. 

 NOTE: The examiner may test the applicant orally on this TASK if 

 helicopter used for the practical test has a governor that cannot be 

 disabled. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low rotor RPM 

 recovery, including the combination of conditions that are 

 likely to lead to this situation. 

 2. Detects the development of low rotor RPM and initiates 

 prompt corrective action. 

 3. Utilizes the appropriate recovery procedure. 

 F. TASK: DYNAMIC ROLLOVER 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-87; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the 

 aerodynamics of dynamic rollover. 

 2. Understands the interaction between the antitorque thrust, 

 crosswind, slope, CG, cyclic and collective pitch control in 

 contributing to dynamic rollover. 

 3. Explains preventive flight technique during takeoffs, landings, 

 and slope operations. 

 G. TASK: GROUND RESONANCE 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a fully 

 articulated rotor system and the aerodynamics of ground 

 resonance. 

 2. Understands the conditions that contribute to ground 

 resonance. 

 3. Explains preventive flight technique during takeoffs and 

 landings. 
1-23 FAA-S-8081-16A 

 H. TASK: LOW G CONDITIONS 

 REFERENCE(S): Helicopter Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low G 

 conditions. 

 2. Understands and recognizes the situations that contribute to 

 low G conditions. 

 3. Explains proper recovery procedures. 

 I. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency 

 equipment and survival gear appropriate to the helicopter 

 environment encountered during flight. 

 2. Identifies appropriate equipment that should be on board the 

 helicopter. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 1-24

IX. AREA OF OPERATION: SPECIAL OPERATIONS

 A. TASK: CONFINED AREA OPERATION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to confined area 

 operations. 

 2. Accomplishes a proper high and low reconnaissance. 

 3. Selects a suitable approach path, termination point, and 

 departure path. 

 4. Tracks the selected approach path at an acceptable 

 approach angle and rate of closure to the termination point. 

 5. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 6. Avoids situations that can result in settling-with-power. 

 7. Terminates at a hover or on the surface, as conditions allow. 

 8. Accomplishes a proper ground reconnaissance. 

 9. Selects a suitable takeoff point, considers factors affecting 

 takeoff and climb performance under various conditions. 

 B. TASK: PINNACLE/PLATFORM OPERATIONS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to 

 pinnacle/platform operations. 

 2. Accomplishes a proper high and low reconnaissance. 

 3. Selects a suitable approach path, termination point, and 

 departure path. 

 4. Tracks the selected approach path at an acceptable 

 approach angle and rate of closure to the termination point. 

 5. Maintains RPM within normal limits. 

 6. Terminates at a hover or on the surface, as conditions allow. 

 7. Accomplishes a proper ground reconnaissance. 

 8. Selects a suitable takeoff point, considers factors affecting 

 takeoff and climb performance under various conditions. 
1-25 FAA-S-8081-16A 

X. AREA OF OPERATION: POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES

 A. TASK: AFTER LANDING AND SECURING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing, 

 parking, and securing. 

 2. Minimizes the hazardous effects of rotor downwash during 

 hovering. 

 3. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of 

 nearby persons and property. 

 4. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown. 

 5. Completes the appropriate checklist. 

 6. Conducts an appropriate postflight inspection and secures 

 the aircraft. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 

SECTION 2 

COMMERCIAL PILOT 

ROTORCRAFT — GYROPLANE 
2-i FAA-S-8081-16 

CONTENTS: SECTION 2 

Contents .......................................................................................2-1 

Additional Rating Task Table..................................................... 2-iii 

CHECKLISTS:

 Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane) ......................2-v 

 Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane).................... 2-vii 

AREAS OF OPERATION:

 I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION.............................................2-1 

 A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS ...........................2-1 

 B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS...........................2-1 

 C. WEATHER INFORMATION ..........................................2-2 

 D. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING ......................2-2 

 E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM .................................2-2 

 F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS ..........................2-3 

 G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS .........................................2-4 

 H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS ..........................................2-4 

 I. PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NIGHT FLYING........2-5 

 J. LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT FOR NIGHT FLYING ....2-5 

 II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES..............................................2-6 

 A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION ...........................................2-6 

 B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT ............................................2-6 

 C. ENGINE STARTING......................................................2-6 

 D. TAXIING.........................................................................2-7 

 E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK.........................................2-7 

 III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS ...................................................2-8 

 A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

 SIGNALS .......................................................................2-8 

 B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS....................................................2-8 

 C. AIRPORT MARKINGS AND LIGHTING ........................2-8 
FAA-S-8081-16 2-ii

 IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS 2-9 

 A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND 

 CLIMB............................................................................2-9 

 B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND 

 LANDING.....................................................................2-10 

 C. SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB..........................2-11 

 D. SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING .................2-11 

 E. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB.......................2-12 

 F. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING ..............2-13 

 G. GO-AROUND...............................................................2-13 

 V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER.........................................2-14 

 A. STEEP TURNS............................................................2-14 

 VI. NAVIGATION....................................................................2-15 

 A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING.........................2-15 

 B. RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES .........2-15 

 C. DIVERSION .................................................................2-16 

 D. LOST PROCEDURES .................................................2-16 

 VII. FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS ......................................2-17 

 A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL, TURNS, CLIMBS, AND 

 DESCENTS AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS...........................2-17 

 B. HIGH RATE OF DESCENT AND RECOVERY............2-17 

 VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS...........................................2-18 

 A. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING ..............2-18 

 B. LIFT-OFF AT LOW AIRSPEED AND HIGH 

 ANGLE OF ATTACK ...................................................2-18 

 C. GROUND RESONANCE ..............................................2-1 

 D. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS........2-19 

 E. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL 

 GEAR...........................................................................2-19 

 IX. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ........................................2-20 

 A. AFTER LANDING, PARKING, AND SECURING.........2-20 
2-iii FAA-S-8081-16A 

ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE 

Addition of an a Rotorcraft/Gyroplane rating to an existing 

Commercial Pilot Certificate 

Required TASKs are indicated by either the TASK letter(s) that apply(s) 

or an indication that all or none of the TASKs must be tested based on 

the notes in each AREA OF OPERATION. 

COMMERCIAL PILOT RATING(S) HELD 

AREAS 

OF 

OPERATION 

ASEL ASES AMEL AMES RH Glider Balloon Airship 

I A,F,G A,F,G A,F,G A,F,G A,F,G A,F,G A,F,G A,F,G 

II ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

III B B,C B B,C B B ALL B 

IV ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

V ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

VI ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

VII ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

VIII ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 

IX ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL 
2-v FAA-S-8081-16 

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST 

(GYROPLANE) 

APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER: 

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________ 

LOCATION ____________________________________ 

DATE/TIME ____________________________________ 

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT 

 Aircraft Documents: 

 Airworthiness Certificate 

 Registration Certificate 

 Operating Limitations 

 Aircraft Maintenance Records: 

 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections 

 and AD Compliance 

 Pilot’s Operating Handbook and FAA-Approved 

 Gyroplane Flight Manual 

 FCC Station License 

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT 

 View-Limiting Device 

 Current Aeronautical Charts 

 Computer and Plotter 

 Flight Plan Form 

 Flight Logs 

 Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate 

 Publications 

PERSONAL RECORDS 

 Identification - Photo/Signature ID 

 Pilot Certificate 

 Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate 

 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or 

 Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if 

 applicable) 

 AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report, or 

 Computer Test Report 

 Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements 

 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable) 

 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable) 

 Examiner’s Fee (if applicable) 

 

 
FAA-S-8081-16 2-vii

EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST 

(GYROPLANE) 

APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________ 

LOCATION_______________________________________ 

DATE/TIME______________________________________ 

 I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

  A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS 

  B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIRMENTS 

  C. WEATHER INFORMATION 

  C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING 

  E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM 

  F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS 

  G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS 

  H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS 

  I. PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NIGHT FLYING 

  J. LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT FOR NIGHT FLYING 

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

  A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION 

  B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT 

  C. ENGINE STARTING 

  D. TAXIING 

  E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK 

 III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

  A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

 SIGNALS 

  B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS 

  C. AIRPORT MARKINGS AND LIGHTING 
FAA-S-8081-16 2-viii

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS 

  A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND 

 CLIMB 

  B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND 

 LANDING 

  C. SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB 

  D. SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING 

  E. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB 

  F. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING 

  G. GO-AROUND 

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER

  A. STEEP TURNS 

VI. NAVIGATION

  A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING 

  B. RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES 

  C. DIVERSION 

  D. LOST PROCEDURES 

VII. FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEED

  A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL, TURNS, CLIMBS, AND 

 DESCENTS AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS 

  B. HIGH RATE OF DESCENT AND RECOVERY 

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

  A. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING 

  B. LIFT-OFF AT LOW AIRSPEED AND HIGH ANGLE 

 OF ATTACK 

  C. GROUND RESONANCE 

  D. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS 

  E. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR 

IX. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES

  A. AFTER LANDING, PARKING, AND SECURING 
2-1 FAA-S-8081-16A

I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

 A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-21, 

 FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to certificates and documents by: 

 1. Explaining— 

 a. commercial pilot certificate privileges and limitations and 

 recent flight experience requirements. 

 b. medical certificate class and duration. 

 c. pilot logbook or flight records. 

 2. Locating and explaining— 

 a. airworthiness and registration certificates. 

 b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and 

 gyroplane flight manual. 

 c. weight and balance data and equipment list. 

 B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to airworthiness requirements by: 

 1. Explaining— 

 a. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR. 

 b. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness 

 of the gyroplane with inoperative instruments and 

 equipment with and without an MEL. 

 c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight 

 permit. 

 2. Locating and explaining— 

 a. airworthiness directives. 

 b. compliance records. 

 c. maintenance/inspection requirements. 

 d. appropriate record keeping. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-2

 C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR 91; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-84; 

 FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather 

 information by analyzing weather reports, charts, and 

 forecasts from various sources with emphasis on— 

 a. METAR, TAF, and FA. 

 b. surface analysis chart. 

 c. radar summary chart. 

 d. winds and temperature aloft chart. 

 e. significant weather prognostic charts. 

 f. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports. 

 2. Makes a competent “ go/no-go” decision based on available 

 weather information. 

 D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; 

 Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory; FDC NOTAMs; AIM. 

 NOTE: In-flight demonstration of cross-country procedures by the 

 applicant is tested under AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country 

 flight planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned 

 VFR cross-country flight, as previously assigned by the 

 examiner. On the day of the practical test, the final flight plan 

 shall be to the first fuel stop necessary, based on maximum 

 allowable passenger, baggage, and/or cargo loads using real 

 time weather. 

 2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts. 

 3. Properly identifies airspace, obstacles, and terrain features, 

 including discussion of wire strike avoidance techniques. 

 4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints. 

 5. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather 

 conditions and equipment capabilities. 

 6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements. 

 7. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and 

 communication frequencies. 

 8. Applies pertinent information from FDC NOTAMs, 

 Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications. 

 9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight 

 plan. 
2-3 FAA-S-8081-16A

 E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to the national airspace system by explaining: 

 1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace. 

 2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification, and 

 gyroplane equipment requirements for the following— 

 a. Class A. 

 b. Class B. 

 c. Class C. 

 d. Class D. 

 e. Class E. 

 f. Class G. 

 3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas. 

 F. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21; AC 61-84; 

 Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance 

 and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and 

 data to determine performance and the adverse effects of 

 exceeding limitations. 

 2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed 

 weight and center of gravity is within the gyroplane’s 

 operating limitations and if the weight and center of gravity 

 will remain within limits during all phases of flight. 

 3. Demonstrates the use of appropriate performance charts, 

 tables, and data. 

 4. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the 

 gyroplane’s performance. 

 5. Understands the cause, effect, and avoidance procedure of “ 

 power pushover,” and “ pilot induced oscillation.” 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-4

 G. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to the operation of systems on the gyroplane 

 provided for the flight test by explaining at least four (4) of the 

 following systems selected by the examiner. 

 1. Primary flight controls and trim. 

 2. Powerplant. 

 3. Rotor, including prerotator/spin-up control, if applicable. 

 4. Landing gear, brakes, and steering. 

 5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic. 

 6. Electrical. 

 7. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight 

 instruments, if applicable. 

 8. Environmental, if applicable. 

 9. Anti-icing, including carburetor heat, if applicable. 

 10. Avionics equipment. 

 H. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining: 

 1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at 

 least four (4) of the following— 

 a. hypoxia. 

 b. hyperventilation. 

 c. middle ear and sinus problems. 

 d. spatial disorientation. 

 e. motion sickness. 

 f. carbon monoxide poisoning. 

 g. stress and fatigue. 

 2. The effects of alcohol and drugs, including over-the-counter 

 drugs. 

 3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a 

 pilot and/or passenger in flight. 
2-5 FAA-S-8081-16A

 I. TASK: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NIGHT FLYING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

 the elements related to the physiological aspects of night flying by 

 explaining: 

 1. The function of various parts of the eye essential for night 

 vision. 

 2. Adaptation of the eye to changing light. 

 3. Correct use of the eye to accommodate changing light. 

 4. Coping with illusions created by various light conditions. 

 5. Effects of the pilot's physical condition on visual acuity. 

 6. Methods for increasing vision effectiveness. 

 J. TASK: LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT FOR NIGHT FLYING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; 

 Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lighting and 

 equipment for night flying by explaining— 

 a. the types and uses of various personal lighting devices. 

 b. the required equipment, and location of external 

 navigation lighting of the gyroplane. 

 c. the meaning of various airport and navigation lights, the 

 method of determining their status, and the procedure for 

 airborne activation of runway lights. 

 2. Locates and identifies switches, spare fuses, and circuit 

 breakers pertinent to night operations. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-6

II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

 A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a preflight 

 inspection including which items must be inspected, the 

 reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible 

 defects. 

 2. Inspects the gyroplane with reference to an appropriate 

 checklist. 

 3. Verifies that the gyroplane is in condition for safe flight. 

 B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-32; FAA-H-8083-25; 

 Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to efficient cockpit 

 management procedures. 

 2. Ensures all loose items in the aircraft are secured. 

 3. Organizes and arranges material and equipment in an 

 efficient manner so they are readily available. 

 4. Briefs the occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder 

 harnesses, doors, propeller and rotor blade avoidance, and 

 emergency procedures. 

 C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING 

 REFERENCE(S): AC 91-13, AC 91-42, AC 91-55; FAA-H-8083-

 21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to correct engine 

 starting procedures. Including the use of an external power 

 source, starting under various atmospheric conditions, 

 awareness of other persons and property during start, and 

 the effects of using incorrect starting procedures. 

 2. Positions the gyroplane properly considering structures, 

 surface conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby 

 persons and property. 

 3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedure. 
2-7 FAA-S-8081-16A

 D. TASK: TAXIING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; 

 Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended 

 taxi procedures, including rotor blade management and the 

 effect of wind during taxiing. 

 2. Performs a brake check immediately after the gyroplane 

 begins moving. 

 3. Properly positions rotor blades while taxiing. 

 4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of 

 brakes. 

 5. Complies with airport markings, signals, ATC clearances, and 

 instructions. 

 6. Avoids other aircraft and hazards. 

 7. Properly positions the gyroplane for runup considering other 

 aircraft, surface conditions, and if applicable, existing wind 

 conditions. 

 E. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane 

 Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before 

 takeoff check. Including, the reasons for checking the items 

 and how to detect malfunctions. 

 2. Positions the gyroplane properly considering other aircraft, 

 surface conditions, and wind conditions. 

 3. Divides attention inside and outside the aircraft. 

 4. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and ensures that the 

 gyroplane is in safe operating condition. 

 5. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds and expected takeoff 

 distance. 

 6. Describes takeoff emergency procedures to include low 

 speed/high speed blade flap situations. 

 7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no conflict with 

 traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position. 

 8. Utilizes proper rotor spin-up procedure. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-8

III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

 A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

 SIGNALS 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio 

 communications and ATC light signals. 

 2. Selects appropriate frequencies. 

 3. Transmits using recommended phraseology. 

 4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with 

 instructions. 

 B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS 

 REFERENCE(S): 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; 

 Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. 

 Including, procedures at airports with and without operating 

 control towers, prevention of runway incursions, collision 

 avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear. 

 2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures. 

 3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic. 

 4. corrects for wind drift to maintain proper ground tract. 

 5. Maintains orientation with the runway/landing area in use. 

 6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet and appropriate 

 airspeed, ±5 knots. 

 C. TASK: AIRPORT MARKINGS AND LIGHTING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport runway 

 and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway incursion 

 avoidance. 

 2. Properly identifies and interprets airport runway and taxiway 

 signs, markings, and lighting. 
2-9 FAA-S-8081-16A

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-

 AROUNDS

 A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s 

 knowledge of the crosswind elements must be evaluated through 

 oral testing; otherwise a crosswind takeoff and climb must be 

 demonstrated. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and 

 crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff 

 procedures. 

 2. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM. 

 3. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns 

 the gyroplane with takeoff path. 

 4. Advances the throttle as required. 

 5. Maintains proper directional control during acceleration on 

 the surface. 

 6. Attains the proper lift-off attitude and airspeed. 

 7. Accelerates to appropriate climb airspeed, ±5 knots. 

 8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, and 

 then sets climb power. 

 9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction 

 throughout the takeoff and climb. 

 10. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 11. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-10

 B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND 

LANDING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s 

 knowledge of the crosswind elements must be evaluated through 

 oral testing; otherwise a crosswind approach and landing must be 

 demonstrated. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and 

 crosswind approach and landing. 

 2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area. 

 3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and 

 obstructions. Selects a suitable touchdown point. 

 4. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the 

 recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, 

 ±5 knots. 

 5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during 

 the flare and touchdown. 

 8. Touches down smoothly, beyond and within 50 feet of a 

 specified point with no appreciable drift, and with the 

 longitudinal axis aligned with the intended landing path. 

 9. Completes the prescribed checklist. 
2-11 FAA-S-8081-16A

 C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field 

 takeoff and climb. 

 2. Determines and utilizes best takeoff procedure based on the 

 capabilities of this gyroplane and current conditions. 

 3. Positions the flight controls for existing wind conditions and to 

 maximize lift as quickly as possible. 

 4. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM. 

 5. Clears the area, taxies onto the takeoff surface at a speed 

 consistent with safety, without stopping, while advancing the 

 throttle smoothly to takeoff power. 

 6. Maintains proper directional control. 

 7. Lifts off and remains in ground effect while accelerating to 

 recommended climb airspeed. 

 8. Maintains recommended climb airspeed, ±5 knots. 

 9. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then 

 sets climb power. 

 10. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 11. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 12. Completes the prescribed checklist. 

 D. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to soft-field 

 approach and landing. 

 2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and 

 obstacles, and selects the most suitable touchdown area. 

 3. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the 

 recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, 

 ±5 knots. 

 4. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 5. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during 

 the flare and touchdown. 

 7. Touches down smoothly, at a minimum descent rate and 

 airspeed with no appreciable drift, and with the longitudinal 

 axis aligned with the intended landing path. 

 8. Completes the appropriate checklist. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-12

 E. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to short-field 

 takeoff and maximum performance climb. 

 2. Properly positions controls. 

 3. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM. 

 4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns 

 the gyroplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff 

 area. 

 5. Advances the throttle as required. 

 6. Climbs at manufacturer’ s recommended airspeed, or in its 

 absence at V, ± 5 knots until the obstacle is cleared, or until 

 the gyroplane is at least 50 feet above the surface. 

 7. After clearing the obstacle, accelerates to appropriate 

 airspeed, ±5 knots. 

 8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then 

 sets climb power. 

 9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction 

 throughout the takeoff and climb. 

 10. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 11. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 
2-13 FAA-S-8081-16A

 F. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field 

 approach and landing. 

 2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and 

 obstacles. 

 3. Selects a suitable touchdown point. 

 4. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the 

 recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, 

 ±5 knots. 

 5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake 

 turbulence. 

 7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during 

 the flare and touchdown. 

 8. Touches down smoothly, with little or no float beyond and 

 within 50 feet of a specified point with no appreciable drift, 

 and with the longitudinal axis aligned with the intended 

 landing path. 

 9. Applies brakes, as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance 

 consistent with safety. 

 10. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 

 G. TASK: GO-AROUND 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around 

 and when it is necessary. 

 2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to 

 landing. 

 3. Applies appropriate power and establishes a climb at the 

 appropriate airspeed, ±5 knots. 

 4. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then 

 sets climb power. 

 5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if 

 necessary. 

 6. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-14

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER

 A. TASK: STEEP TURNS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns. 

 2. Selects a safe altitude. 

 3. Establishes the manufacturers recommended airspeed or if 

 one is not stated, a safe airspeed not to exceed VA. 

 4. Smoothly enters a coordinated steep 360° turn with a 40° 

 bank, ±5°, immediately followed by at least a 360° turn in the 

 opposite direction. 

 5. Divides attention between gyroplane control and orientation. 

 6. Maintains the entry altitude, ± 100 feet, airspeed, ± 10 knots, 

 bank, ± 5° and rolls out on the entry heading ± 10° . 
2-15 FAA-S-8081-16A

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION

 A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and 

 dead reckoning. 

 2. Correctly flies to at least the first planned checkpoint to 

 demonstrate accuracy in computations. 

 3. Identifies landmarks by relating the surface features to chart 

 symbols. 

 4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, 

 groundspeed, and elapsed time. 

 5. Verifies the gyroplane’s position within 1 nautical mile of flight 

 planned route at all times. 

 6. Arrives at the en route checkpoints within 3 minutes of the 

 initial or revised ETA and provides a destination estimate. 

 7. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and established 

 heading, ±10°. 

 B. TASK: RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; Navigation 

 Equipment Operation Manuals. 

 NOTE: If the gyroplane is not equipped with radio navigation aids, 

 competency will be evaluated through oral testing. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio 

 navigation and ATC radar services. 

 2. Demonstrates the ability to use an airborne electronic 

 navigation system. 

 3. Locates the gyroplane’s position using the navigation 

 system. 

 4. Intercepts and tracks a given course, radial, or bearing as 

 appropriate. 

 5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station or way 

 point passage as appropriate. 

 6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action. 

 7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC 

 radar services. 

 9. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ± 100 feet and headings 

 ± 10°. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-16

 C. TASK: DIVERSION 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to procedures for 

 diversion. 

 2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route. 

 3. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival 

 time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport. 

 4. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and established 

 heading, ±10°. 

 D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; AIM. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost 

 procedures. 

 2. Selects an appropriate course of action. 

 3. Maintains an appropriate heading, and climbs if necessary. 

 4. Identifies prominent landmarks. 

 5. Uses available navigation aids and/or contacts an 

 appropriate facility for assistance, if gyroplane is radio 

 equipped. 

 6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or 

 fuel exhaustion is impending. 
2-17 FAA-S-8081-16A

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS

 A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL, TURNS, CLIMBS, AND 

 DESCENTS AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to flight 

 characteristics and controllability associated with 

 maneuvering during slow flight. 

 2. Selects a safe altitude. 

 3. Establishes and maintains a specified airspeed, +5,-0, in 

 straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents as 

 directed. 

 4. Maintains the specified altitude, ±50 feet. 

 5. Maintains the specified heading during straight flight, ±5°. 

 6. Maintains specified bank angle, ±5°, during turning flight. 

 7. Rolls out on specified headings, ±5°. 

 8. Divides attention between gyroplane control and orientation. 

 B. TASK: HIGH RATE OF DESCENT AND RECOVERY 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aerodynamic 

 factors associated with a high rate of descent and recovery 

 and how this relates to actual approach and landing 

 situations. 

 2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed 

 no lower than 500 feet AGL. 

 3. Establishes an airspeed that will induce a high rate of 

 descent in high or low power settings. 

 4. Recognizes the onset of a high rate of descent. 

 5. Promptly recovers with or without power as directed. 

 6. Maintains the specified heading, ±10°. 

 7. Resumes normal cruising flight. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-18

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

 NOTE: TASK B may be tested orally at the discretion of the 

 examiner, TASKs C through E are knowledge only items. 

 A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency 

 approach and landing with a power failure. 

 2. Establishes and maintains the appropriate airspeed, ±5 

 knots. 

 3. Selects a suitable landing area, considering the possibility of 

 an actual forced landing. 

 4. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the selected landing area, 

 considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstacles, and other 

 factors. 

 5. Attempts to determine the reason for the simulated 

 malfunction, if time permits. 

 6. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable. 

 B. TASK: LIFT-OFF AT LOW AIRSPEED AND HIGH ANGLE 

 OF ATTACK 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lift-off at low 

 airspeed and high angle of attack, including combination of 

 conditions, which are likely to lead to this situation. 

 2. Properly positions the controls. 

 3. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM, if applicable. 

 4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the 

 gyroplane with the takeoff path. 

 5. Maintains proper directional control during acceleration on 

 the surface. 

 6. Rotates for takeoff prior to normal lift-off airspeed with high 

 angle of attack. 

 7. Detects the development of a low airspeed and high angle of 

 attack, and initiates prompt corrective action. 

 8. Accelerates to appropriate climb airspeed, ±5 knots. 
2-19 FAA-S-8081-16A

 C. TASK: GROUND RESONANCE 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a fully 

 articulated rotor system and the aerodynamics of ground 

 resonance. 

 2. Understands the conditions that contribute to ground 

 resonance. 

 3. Explains preventive flight techniques used during takeoffs 

 and landings. 

 D. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS 

 REFERENCE(S): Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, 

 indications, and pilot actions for various systems and 

 equipment malfunctions. 

 2. Analyzes the situation and takes action, appropriate to the 

 gyroplane used for the practical test, in at least four (4) of the 

 following areas— 

 a. engine/oil and fuel. 

 b. hydraulic, if applicable. 

 c. electrical. 

 d. carburetor or induction icing. 

 e. smoke and/or fire. 

 f. flight control/trim. 

 g. pitot static/vacuum and associated flight instruments, if 

 applicable. 

 h. rotor and/or propeller. 

 i. any other emergency unique to the gyroplane flown. 

 E. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency 

 equipment appropriate to the gyroplane used for the practical 

 test. 

 2. Identifies appropriate equipment that should be aboard the 

 gyroplane. 
FAA-S-8081-16A 2-20

IX. AREA OF OPERATION: POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES

 A. TASK: AFTER LANDING, PARKING AND SECURING 

 REFERENCE(S): FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; 

 Gyroplane Flight Manual. 

 Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing, 

 parking, and securing procedures. 

 2. Maintains directional control after touchdown while 

 decelerating to an appropriate speed. 

 3. Observes runway hold lines and other surface control 

 markings and lighting. 

 4. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of 

 nearby persons and property. 

 5. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown. 

 6. Completes the appropriate checklist. 

 7. conducts an appropriate post flight inspection and secures 

 the aircraft. 
APPENDIX 1

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT 
Appendix 1 

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT 

Examiners conducting the Commercial Pilot—Helicopter Practical Tests with simulation devices documentation to ensure that the device has been approved for training. The documentation for each following activities have occurred:  1. The device must be evaluated, determined to meet the appropriate standards, and assignelevel by the National Simulator Program Manager. The device must continue to meet qualification evaluations as outlined in the appropriate advisory circular (AC). For helicopter simulators, AC 120Simulator Qualification, will be used.  2. The FAA must approve the device for specific TASKs.  3. The device must continue to support the level of student or applicant performance required by NOTE: Users of the following chart are cautioned that use of the chart alone is incomplete. The desTASK as listed in the body of the PTS, including all NOTES must also be incorporated for accurate sim

USE OF CHART 

XCreditable.X1 Creditable only if accomplished in conjunction with a running takeoff or running lan

NOTE: 1. The helicopter may be used for all TASKs. 2. Level C simulators may be used as indicated only if the applicant meets established pre-re requirements.  3. Level A helicopter simulator standards have not been defined.  4. Helicopter flight training devices have not been defined. 

Appendix 1-1 
Appendix 1-3 

FLIGHT TASK FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL Areas of Operation : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A B II. Preflight Procedures

 A. Preflight Inspection (Cockpit Only) __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Cockpit Management __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  C. Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement (If applicable) __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  D. Before Takeoff Check __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ III. Airport and Heliport Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Traffic Patterns __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  C. Airport/Heliport Runway, Heliport, and Taxiway Signs, __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  Markings, and Lighting IV. Hovering Maneuvers A. Vertical Takeoff and Landing __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Slope Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  C. Surface Taxi __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  D. Hover Taxi __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  E. Air Taxi __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ V. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Normal and Crosswind Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  C. Maximum Performance Takeoff and Climb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  D. Steep Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  E. Rolling Takeoff __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 

F. Shallow Approach and Running /Roll-On __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 

 G. Go-Around __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 
Appendix 1-4 

FLIGHT TASK FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL Areas of Operation : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A B VI. Performance Maneuvers

 A. Rapid Deceleration __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Straight In Autorotation __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  C. 180° Autorotations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 

D. Approach and Landing with Simulated Powerplant __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 

Failure – Multiengine Helicopter 

VII. Navigation A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Radio Navigation and Radar Services __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  C. Diversion __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X  D. Lost Procedures __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ VIII. Emergency Operations A. Power Failure at a Hover __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Power Failure at Altitude __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  D. Settling-With-Power __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  E. Low Rotor RPM Recovery __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  F. Dynamic Roll Over __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  G. Ground Resonance __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  H. Low G Conditions __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  I. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 
Appendix 1-5 

IX. Special Operations

 A. Confined Area Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  B. Pinnacle/Platform Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X. Postflight Procedures A. After Landing and Securing __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __