# Importation o **f Fresh Avocado, Persea a** **mericana Miller,** 

**from Continental Spain into t he U**  **nited States, Including**

**Haw aii a**  **nd U.S. Territories A Qualitative, Pathway** **- I**  **nitiated Ri sk A**  **ssessment**

**November 22, 2011 Version**  **5**

**Agency contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 ii 

## Executive Summary In this document we assess the risks associated with the importation of fresh fruits of all avocado varieties , Persea americana Mill er , from continental Spain into the entire United States , including Hawaii and U.S. territories . A search of print and electronic resources identified one quarantine - significant pest that occur s in Spain and could be introduced into the United States in shipments of the commodity . The quarantine pest w as qualitatively analyzed based on international principles and internal guidelines as described in the PPQ guidelines for PathwayInitiated Pest Risk Assessments version 5.02 (USDA, APHI S, 2000). In formation on pests associated with avocado in Spain revealed that Ceratitis capitata Weidemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) was the onl y quarantine insect pest we found that could be introduced into the entire United States, including territories, via this pathway . We rated the pest risk potential of C. capitata to be **H igh**  **.** Additional phy tosanitary measures are strongl y recommended to guard against the introduction and establishment of this pest, as port of entry inspection is deemed insufficient as a sole mitigative me asure. Risk management will be done in a separate stage.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 iii 

## Table of Contents **Executive Summary ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... ii**  **1. Introduction ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 1**  **2. Risk Assessment ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........................ 1**  2.1. Initiating Event ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 1 2.2. Assessment of the Weed Potential of Avocado ................................ ................................ ... 2 2.3. Previous Decisions, Current Status, and Pe st Interceptions ................................ ................ 2 2.4. Pest Categorization ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 3 2.5. Quarantine pests f

ollowing the pathway ................................ ................................ ............ 13 2.6. Consequences of Introduction ................................ ................................ ............................ 14 2.7. Likelihood of Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ . 15 2.8. Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 16 **3. Authors and Reviewers ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........... 16**  **4. Literature Cited ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... 17** Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 1 

## 1 **. Introduction** This risk assessment was prepared b y the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant Health S cience and Technology (CPHST), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

(PERAL) after a request from the Subdirection General de Sanidad Vegetal, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Spain. Plant p est risk s associated with the importation of fresh fruit of avocado , Persea americana Miller , from continental Spain into the United States were e stimate d and assigned the qualitative terms high, medium or low in accordance with the template document, Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5 . 02 (USDA, 2000). The methods used to initiate, conduct and report the plant pest risks associated with importation of fresh fruits of avocado from continental Spain into the United States conform to international standards provided b y the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ( IP PC, 1996a, 2004 ) . Biological and phy tosanitary terms conform to the definitions in International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures : Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms ( IP PC, 2002a). Avocado most likely

originated in southern Mexico (Morton, 1987) , but it is now grown in approximately

50 countries worldwide (Ploetz et al . , 1994). Most authors recognize three botanical races of avocado that differ in skin thickness and cold- hardiness : the Guatemalan race, Persea americana var. guatemalensis Miller (Hass), bears thick - skinned fruit and is somewhat cold- hardy; the Mexican race, Persea americana var. drymifolia Miller ( Schldl. and Cham.) S.F. Blake , bears thin - skinned fruit and is cold- hardy; and the West Indian race , Persea americana var. americana Miller , bears fruit with an intermediate skin thickness and only thrives in tropical climates (Ploetz et al . , 1994). The green - skinned Fuerte cultivar, which is a natural hy brid between the Guatemalan and Mexican races, and the dark- skinned Hass cultivar, which was developed in California from the Guatemalan race, dominate s commercial production worldwide (Ploetz et al . , 1994). World avocado production is estimated at 2.1 million metric tons annuall y, with Mexico, the United States, the Dominican Republic , and Brazil being the top four producers (CABI, 2003; Ploetz et al . , 1 994). 

## 2 **. Risk Assessment**  **2. 1**  **. Initiating Event**  This risk assessment was developed in response to a request b y the government of Spain through the Counselor for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food , Embassy of Spain, Washington, D.C. for USDA authorization to permit importation of fresh avocado fruit into the United States. Entry of thi s commodity into the United States presents a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7, Part 319, Section 5 6 of the United States Code of Federal Regulatio ns (7 CFR §319.5 6 ) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States .Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 2 **2. 2**  **. Assessment of**  **the Weed Potential of**  **Avocado** The potential of the commodity to become a weed after it enters the United States was examined in this step (Table 1). A pest - initiated risk assessment was not conducted because the anal ys is did not indicate that the commodity had a significant weed potenti al. **Table 1.** Assessment of the weed p otential of avocado **Commodity:** Avocado (Persea americana ) ( Lauraceae) **Phase 1:** Avocado is cultivated in commercial and private orchards in USDA Plant H ardiness Z ones 9 - 11 of the United States (USDA -NRCS, 2002 ). Avocados are commerciall y grown in California, Florida and Hawaii ( Bevacqua, 1991; Toth and Stinner, 2003). **Phase 2:** Is the species listed in: No Geographical Atlas of W orld Weeds (Holm et al . , 1979) No World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al . , 1977) or World We eds : Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al . , 1997) No Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds: Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Richie, 1982) No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977) No Weed Science Society of America Composite List of Weeds (WSSA, 2003) No Does any literature indicate weed potential ( e.g. AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS search on “species name” combined with “weed”) **Phase 3:** Avocado is a common evergreen tree that is widely prevalent in areas of the United States that are suitable for its survival . This species and its botanical varieties were not listed as weeds in the United States or in any foreign countries; therefore, a pest - initiated risk assessment was not necessary . **2. 3**  **. Previous**  **Decisions , Current Status**  **, and Pest Interceptions**  We examined p revious decisions , current status, and pest interceptions . Only one previ ous decision was found: a 1998 re quest to import avocados from S p ain was denied for the stated reason that no acceptable treatment existed for Ceratitis capitata . Title 7, Part 319, Section 56 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR §319.56) does not currentl y permit importation of fresh avocado fruit from continental Spain into the United States. We summarized p est interceptions on avocados from Spain below ( Table 2 ) .Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 3 **Table 2 .**  Pest Interceptions on Avocados from Spain (1985 - 20 08 ) (PestID, 2011 ). **Pest Plant Part**  **Infested Location of** 

**Interception (**  **no. )**  **Purpose Interceptions**  **(no.)** Aleuropleurocelus abnormis No Explanation Baggage (1) Consumption 1 Ceratitis capitata Fruit Ship Quarters (1) Consumption 1 Cladosporium sp. Fruit Baggage (1) Consumption 1 Sphaceloma sp. Fruit Ship Stores (1) No Explanation 1 Hemiberlesia lataniae Fruit Baggage Consumption 2 

### 2.4 **. Pest Categorization**  We listed below any

p ests that were associated with avocado anywhere in the world and occur in Spain (Table 3) . In formation on the geographic distribution of these pests, affected plant part(s), quarantine status with respect to the United States, and relevant references on the distribution and biolo gy

were also included in Table 3 ; as a result, T able 3 served as a “master list” that provided the basis for selecting pests for further analyses. Quarantine pests that were reasonabl y likely to follow the pathway ( i.e . accompany shipments of avocado ) were listed in Table 4 and subjected to steps 5 to 7 (USDA, 2000 ) in this document . Numerous pests included in Table 3 were not subjected to further analyses for the following reasons: they

were widely established in the United States, they were associated mainly

with plant parts other than the commodity , or they were associ ated with the commodity, but not likel y to remain with the commodity during processing . Pest risk analyses, by

necessity , must focus on organisms for which biological information is available; therefore, none of the pests listed at the level of genus or higher were selected for further anal ys es if the genus or other broader taxon already occurred in the United States. Lack of specific information or identification to the specific level does not indicate that a pest does not pose a serious phy

tosanitary ri sk to agriculture in the United States . It may simply indicate the quality of the specimen or the limits of current taxonomic knowledge. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, a re evaluation of risk may occur.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 4 **Table 3 .**  Pests a ssociated with avocado in Continental Spain 1 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **ARTHROPOD A**  **ACARI Tarsonemidae**  Polyphagotarso - nemus (Hemitarsonemus) latus Banks ES, US I, L No No CABI, 2003; Jeppson et al . , 1975 ; Smith, 1973 **Tetranychidae** Panonychus citri McGregor ES, US F, L, S No Yes Bolland et al . , 1998; CABI, 2003 Tetranychus neocaledonicus André ES, US F, L, S No Yes Bolland et al . , 1998; CABI, 2003; Ferragut and Santonja, 1989; Jeppson et al . , 1975 ; Singh et al . , 1981 Tetranychus urticae Koch ES, US F, L, S No Yes Bolland et al . , 1998; CABI, 2003; Jeppson et al . , 1975 **Coleoptera: Bostrichidae**  Apate monachus Fabricius ES S Yes No CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002 Sinoxylon conigerum Gerstaecker ES, US S No No CABI, 2003 **Coleoptera: Curculionidae**  Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) ES, US L, R No No CABI, 2003 ; Peirce et al . , 1999 **Diptera: Tephritidae**  Ceratitis capitata Weidemann ES , US (HI) F Yes Yes Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2003; Mau and Martin, 1992; Weems, 1981; White and Elson - Harris, 1992 **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae**  Aleurodicus dispersus Russell ES, US L No No CABI, 2003 Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) ES, US (CA, FL, HI, TX) L No No CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002 Bemisia tabaci (B biotype) (Gennadius) (= B . argentifolii Bellows, Perring, Gill and Hendrick) ES, US L No No CABI, 2003; Mau and Lee, 1995 Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) ES, US (CA, FL, HI) L, S [Yes] 4 No CABI, 2003; Mound and Halsey, 1978 1 We included d ata for some pests that occur only in the Canary Islands, which are not part of continental Spain. We included these pests because some references list these pests as occurring in Spai n without specification. Because we think these species are unlikely to occur in continental Spain, they were not likely to follow the pathway. 2 ES = Spain; US = United States (specific states were listed only if the distribution was limited; CA = California; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; NY = New York; OR = Oregon; TX = Texas) 3 F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence; L = Leaf; R = Root; S = Stem; Sd = Seed; Ws = SystemicPest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 5 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) ES, US L No No CABI, 2003 **Hemiptera: Aphididae**  Aphis gossypii Glover ES, US I, L, S No No Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2003 Aphis spiraecola Patch ES, US I, L, S No No Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2003 ; Saninet, 2002 Myzus persicae Sulzer ES, US L, S No No Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2003 Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (= T

. aurantiae) ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003; HYPPZ, 2003; Saninet, 2002 **Hemiptera: Coccidae**  Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Canary Isls., US L, S No No CABI, 2003; Smith, 1973; Scalenet, 2003 Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003 ; Crane et al . , 2001 ; Saninet, 2002 Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) ES, US (FL) L, S [Yes] 4 No CABI, 2003 ; Scalenet, 2003 Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio ES, US (FL) L, S [Yes] 4 No CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003 Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003 Coccus longulus (Douglas) Canary Isls., US L, S No No CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003 Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003 ; Scalenet, 2003 Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) (= Lecanium corni Bouché) ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003; Peirce et al . , 1999 Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003 Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003 ; Crane et al . , 2001 ; Saninet, 2002; Scalenet, 2003 Pulvinaria psidii Maskell Canary Isls., US F, L, S No No 1 CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003; Mau and Kessing, 1992 Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (= S. hemisphaerica (Targioni)) ES, US L, S No No CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002; Scalenet, 2003 Saissetia oleae (Olivier) ES, US L, S No No Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2003 ; Saninet, 2002 ; Scalenet, 2003 **Hemiptera: Diaspididae**  Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003

4 Species is not under official control but the U.S. is temporarily co n si dering it as a quarantine species until its official status is recognized (Paul A. Courneya, personal communication).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 6 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Canary Isls., US (CA, FL, HI) F, L, S No No 1 CABI, 2003; Rosen, 1990 ; Saninet, 2002 Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Crane et al . , 2001 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003 ; Crane et al . , 2001 ; Saninet, 2002 ; Smith, 1973 Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003 Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003 ; Saninet, 2002 ; Scalenet, 2003 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003 ; Crane et al . , 2001 ; Smith, 1973 Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Tenbrink and Hara, 1992 a Howardia biclavis (Comstock) ES, US S No No CABI, 2003 ; Saninet, 2002 ; Scalenet, 2003 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) Canary Isls., US (CA, FL, HI) F, L, S No No 1 CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003; Tenbrink and Hara, 1992b Unaspis ( Chionaspis) citri (Comstock) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002; Scalenet, 2003 **Hemiptera: Lygaeidae**  Nysius ericae (Schilling) ES, US S No No CABI, 2003; Peirce et al . , 1999 ; Rivero and Garcia Mari, 1983 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) ES L, S Yes No CABI, 2003; Swirski et al . , 1995 **Hemiptera: Pentatomidae**  Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) ES, US F, I, L, S No No 5 CABI, 2003 ; Saninet, 2002 **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae**  Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) Canary Isls., US F, L, R, S No No 1 CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002 Dysmicoccus grassii Leonardi (= D . alazon (Leonardi)) Canary Isls., US F No No 1 Ben -Dov, 1994; CABI, 2003; Miller and Miller, 2002; Perez et al . , 1984; Scalenet, 2003; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) ES, US F, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002 Planococcus citri (Risso) ES, US F, L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Hill, 19 9 3; Scalenet, 2003; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 5 Large, mobile arthropods that fed externally on fruits were considered not likely to follow the pathway because minimal processing of the commodity would remove these pests prior to shipment.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 7 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Planococcus ficus Signoret ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Scalenet, 2003 Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Peirce et al . , 1999 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) (= P . adonidum (Linnaeus) Westwood) ES, US F, L, S No Yes Ben -Dov, 1994; CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002; Scalenet, 2003 **Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae**  Lymantria dispar Linnaeus ES, US I, L Yes No CABI, 2003; Robinson et al . , 2003 **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Peridroma saucia (Hubner) ES, US F, I, L, S No No 5 CABI, 2003; Carter, 1984; Robinson et al . , 2003; Zhang, 1994 Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) ES F, L Yes No 6 Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2003; Carter, 1984; Hill, 1993; Sneh and Gross, 1981; Zhang, 1994 **Lepidoptera: Pyralidae**  Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière ES, US (HI, NY) F, L, S Yes No 7 Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2003; Carter, 1984; McQuate et al . , 2000; Zhang, 1994 **Lepidoptera: Sessiidae**  Bembecia chrysidiformis Epler ES R, S Yes No CABI, 2003; Robinson et al . , 2003; Scott and Sagliocco, 1991; UK Biodiversity Group, 1999 **Lepidoptera: Tortricidae**  Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hübner ES, US (OR) F, I, L [Yes] 4 No 7 CABI, 2003; Swirski et al . , 1995 **Thysanoptera: Thripidae**  Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouché ES, US F, L No Yes CABI, 2003; Saninet, 2002

6 We considered S

. littoralis unlikely to follow the pathway because only instars three through six are capable of feeding on avocado (Sneh and Gross, 1981). Those that are capable of surviving on avocado are large, feed externally on the fruit (Swirski et al . , 1995), and are primarily nocturnal (CABI, 2003). Most S. littoralis larvae are, therefore, unlikely to be associated with the commodity during harvest, and any that are present are likely to be detected and remo ved prior to shipment of the commodity. 7 Cacoecimorpha pronubana and Cryptoblabes gnidiella are both feed on avocado, but damage is predominantly external and likely to be detected and removed prior to shipment of the ecommodity. Neither of these pests have been intercepted on avocado, and internal feeding, while reported, is likely to occur in conjunction with external feeding damage.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 8 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **FUNGI** Athelia ( Corticium ) rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu and Kimbr. (Polyporales: Atheliaceae) [anamorph = Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.] ES, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. (Agaricales: Marasmiaceae) ES, US R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; López - Herrera and Melero -Vara, 1992; Ohr et al . , 1993 Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Dennis, P.D. Orton and Hora (Agaricales: Marasmiaceae) ES, US R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993; Tsopelas, 1999 Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. and de Not. (Dothideales Botryo sphaeriaceae) [anamorph = Fusicoccum aesculi Corda] ES, US F, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Sanchez et al . , 2003 Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) [anamorph = Botrytis cinerea Per s.: Fr] ES, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Botryosphaeria (Physalospora ) obtusa (Schwein.) Shoem. (Dothideales Botryosphaeriaceae) [anamorph = Sphaeropsis malorum Berk.] ES, US S No No Armengolm et al . , 2001; CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Knowledge Master, 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. and Duggar (Dothideales Botryo - sphaeriaceae) [anamorph = Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. ] ES, US F , S No Yes CABI, 2003; Peirce et al . , 1999; Sanchez Hernandez et al . , 2002 Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis and Halst. (Microascales: Ceratocystidaceae) (= C. fimbriata f. platani J. M. Walter) ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Cadahia, 1986; Farr et al . , 2003; Smith et al . , 1997 Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito and Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur (Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae) [anamorph = Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker] ES, US I, L, R, S, Sd No No CABI, 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993

Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds (Anamorphic Glomerella ) ES, US F, I, L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 9 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Colletotrichum crassipes (Spegazzini) von Arx (Anamorphic Glomerella ) ES, US L No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003 Cylindrocarpon sp. (Anamorphic Nectria ) ES F, I, L, R, S, Sd Yes No 8 López -Herrera and Melero Vara, 1992 Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg. (Anamorphic Nectria ) ES, US L, R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Fusarium sp. (Anamorphic Gibberrella ) ES F, I, L, R, S, Sd Yes No 8 López -Herrera and Melero Vara, 1992 Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. and Schrenk (Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae) [anamorph = Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.] ES, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Korsten et al . , 1994; Ohr et al . , 1993 Khuskia oryzae Huds. (Trichosphaeriales: Incertae sedis) [anamorph = Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. and Broome) Petch ] ES, US L No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Guarro et al . , 1986; Tsukiboshi, 2003 Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths and Maubl. (Anamorphic Botryosphaeria ) ES, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Korsten et al . , 1994 Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid (Anamorphic Ascomycetes) ES, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; López - Herrera and Melero -Vara, 1992 Mycosphaerella tassiana (de Not.) Johanson (Myco sphaerellales: Myco sphaerellaceae ) [anamorph = Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Link] ES, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Pelaez et al . , 1998

Nectria haematococca (Wollenw.) Gerlach (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) [anamorph = Fusarium solani (Martius) Sacc. ] ES, US R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Korsten et al . , 1994

8 Pests not identified to the specific level in this document belong to genera that are present in the United States. Th ese pests may or may not be quarantine pests. We did not further analyze them because either their risk is encompassed in the analysis of another pest, or we found no evidence of other pests in the taxon being associated with the commodity in the region ex amined. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, APHIS may take action at the port- of - entry, and a reevaluation of risk may occur.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 10 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Nectria inventa Pethybr. ( Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) (= Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus Corda) [anamorph = Verticillium tenerum (Pers.: Fr.) Link] ES, US L, R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003

Nitschkia broomeiana (Berk.) Nannf. (Sordariales: Nitschkiaceae) (= Fracchiaea heterogenea Sacc.) ES, US S No No Farr et al . , 2003 Penicillium expansum Link (Anamorphic Botryotinia ) ES, US F No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003 Pestalotiopsis adusta (Ellis & Everh.) Steyaert (Anamorphic Pestalosphaeria ) (= Pestalotia adusta Ellis & Everh. (Anamorphic Broomella )) ES, US L, S No No Farr et al . , 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) Schröter (Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US F, L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003 Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US L, R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; López - Herrera and Melero -Vara, 1992; Ohr et al . , 1993 Phytophthora citricola Sawada (Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US F, R No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Phytophthora citrophthora (R.H. Sm. & E. Sm.) Leonian (Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US F, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003 Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. and Lafferty (Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US F, L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003 Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler (Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US F, R, S No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003 Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae ) ES, US F, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003 Phytophthora palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae ) ES, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Phytophthora spp. ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae ) ES F, I, L, R, S, Sd Yes No 8 López -Herrera and Melero Vara, 1992Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 11 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Pythium coloratum Vaartaja ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US R No No CABI, 2003 Pythium debaryanum Hesse ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US R No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003 Pythium irregulare Buisman ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003; Rodriguez Molina et al . , 1998 Pythium spp. ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES F, I, L, R, S, Sd Yes No 8 López -Herrera and Melero Vara, 1992 Pythium torulosum Coker and Patt. ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003; Rodriguez Molina et al . , 1998 Pythium ultimum Trow ( Pythiales: Pythiaceae) ES, US R No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003; Melero Vara and Jimenez Diaz, 1990 Rhizoctonia sp. (Anamorphic Ceratobasidium ) ES F, I, L, R, S, Sd Yes No 8 López -Herrera and Melero Vara, 1992 Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Lind (Mucorales: Mucoraceae) ES, US F No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Rosellinia necatrix Prill. (Xylariales: Xylariaceae). [anamorph = Dematophora necatrix R. Harting ] ES, US R, S No No CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; López - Herrera and Melero -Vara, 1992; Ohr et al . , 1993; Sztejnberg and Madar; 1980 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary ( Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae ) ES, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (Ceratobasidiales: Ceratobasidiaceae) [anamorph = Rhizoctonia solani Kühn ] ES, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . 2003; Melero Vara and Jimenez Diaz, 1990 Trichothecium roseum Link (Anamorphic Ascomycetes) ES, US F No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; Fernandez Magan 1974; Korsten et al . , 1994; Ohr et al . , 1993 Verticillium albo - atrum Reinke and Berthold (Anamorphic Hypomyces) ES, US F, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003 Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Anamorphic Hypomyces) ES, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CABI, 2003; Farr et al . , 2003; López - Herrera and Melero -Vara, 1992; Ohr et al . , 1993Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 12 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **BACTERIA** Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al . (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) ES, US L, R, S No No Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2003 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall ES, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 Rhizobium (

Agrobacterium ) radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden) Young et al . (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) ES, US R, S No No Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 **VIRUSES** Tobacco mosaic virus ( Tobamovirus ) ES, US Ws No Yes 9 Alper et al . , 1978; Brunt et al . , 1996; CABI, 2003; Jordan et al . , 1983 **VIROIDS** Avocado sunblotch viroid (Avsunviroidae: Avsunviroid

) ES, US Ws No Yes 10 CABI, 2003; Ohr et al . , 1993 **PHYTOPLASMA** Stolbur ES Ws Yes No 11 CABI, 2003; Lavina et al . , 2002; Smith et al . , 1997 **MOLLUSCA STYLOMMATOPHORA**  **Helicidae** Cornu aspersa Muller (=

Helix) ES, US F, I, L, R,

S, Sd Yes 12 No CABI, 2003; Peirce et al . , 1999 **NEMATODA DORYLAIMIDA**  **Aporcelaimidae** Aporcelaimellus (

Dorylaimus ) obscurus (Thorne and Swanger) ES, US R No No USDA, 2003; Velasco, 2002

9 Viruses are typically transmitted from plant to plant through sap, seed, pollen, dodder ( Cuscuta sp.) and fungi or arthropod vectors (Agrios, 1997). Only viruses that are seed transmissible or spread by aerial arthropods and detected in fruit are likely to follow the pathway. 10 Viroids are not well understood, but they are typically transmitted from p lant to plant through mechanical inoculation (e.g. pruning and grafting) (Agrios, 1997). Only those viroids that are seed transmissible or spread by aerial arthropods and detected in fruit are likely to follow the pathway. 11 Phy toplasmas are typically pres ent in only a few phloem elements of an infected plant, and they are usually transmitted from plant to plant by aerial arthropods (Agrios, 1997). Because the commodity (i.e . avocados) contains few phloem elements and because potential vectors are not likely to gain access to these elements, phytoplasmas were unlikely to follow the pathway. 12 No action except in Florida, Alabama and Puerto Rico (Pest ID, 2011).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 13 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant part**

**a ffected** **3 Quaran**  ****

**tine Pest Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **Longidoridae** Longidorus spp. ES, US R No No CABI, 2003 **Xiphinematidae** Xiphinema americanum Cobb [= X . californicum Lamberti and Bleve - Zaches] ES, US R No No CABI, 2003; Ferris and Caswell - Chen, 2003 Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micoletzky) Thorne ES, US (CA) R No No CABI, 2003; Ferris and Caswell - Chen, 2003 **TRIPLONCHIDA Trichodoridae**  Trichodorus spp. ES, US R No No CABI, 2003 **TYLENCHIDA Hoplolaimidae**  Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher ES, US R No No CABI, 2003 Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden Canary Isls., US R No No CABI, 2003 Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden ES, US R No No CABI, 2003 Rotylenchulus reniformis Lindford and Olivera ES, US R No No CABI, 2003; Ferris and Caswell - Chen, 2003; Goodey et al . , 1965 **Pratylenchidae** Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans Steckhoven ES, US R No No CABI, 2003 Pratylenchus vulnus Allen and Jensen ES, US R No No CABI, 2003; Goodey et al . , 1965; Pinochet et al . , 1992 

### 2.5 **. Quarantine pests following the pathway**  The fruit fl y, C. capitata (Medfl y), w as the onl y pest we anal yz ed further , because it was a quarantine pest for the United States, and likely to follow the pathway

( i.e . accompany shipments of avocado) . Medfly was likel y to follow the pathway because it lays eggs in or on, and develops inside fresh fruit (Weems, 1981). Although avocados are not the primary host of C. capitata (CABI, 2003; Weems, 1981), Medfl y has been intercepted eight times at U.S. ports - of - entry in avocado fruits , including onc e on pro duce from Spain (PestID , 200 11 .Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 14 **2. 6**  **. Consequences of Introduction**  Consequences of Introduction were estimated using five risk elements: climate - host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact and environmental impact. Pests were assi gned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) for each risk element, and a Cumulative Risk Rating was calculated b y summing all risk elements for each pest analyzed (USDA, 2000). The Consequences of Introduction values were summarized in Table 5 . **Ceratitis capitata Risk Value**  **Risk Element 1: Climate -**  **Host Interaction** Ceratitis capitata is widely distributed in the Mediterranean, South and Central America, west Asia (CABI, 2003) and northern Australia (Hassan, 1977). Based on this distribution and the geographic range predicted by Vera et al . (2002), it is estimated that C. capitata could become established in the United States in USDA Hardiness Zones 8 - 11. One or more of its potential hosts occur in t hese Zones (USDA -NRCS, 2002). High (3)

**Risk Element 2: Host Range** Ceratitis capitata has been recorded on hosts from numerous plant families, including Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ebanaceae, Lauraceae, Longaniaceae, Malpighi aceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, My rtaceae, Oleaceae, Podocarpaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Solanaceae and Sterculiaceae (CABI, 2003; Weems, 1981; White and Elson - Harris, 1992). High (3)

**Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential** A f emale C. capitata can mature and deposit up to 800 eggs during her life (Weems, 1981) . The fl y can complete several overlapping generations each year (Hassan, 1977). Adult C. capitata can fl y up to 20km during their two month life, and larvae can be transported over lon g distances in infested fruit (CABI, 2003). High (3)

**Risk Element 4: Economic Impact** In some Mediterranean countries, C. capitata infestation of stone fruits hovers near 100% (Weems, 1981). In addition to substantial yield reductions, C. capitata lowers crop values by requiring controls, and its presence in the United States would cause foreign and domestic markets to be lost (Weems, 1981). Ceratitis capitata is listed by EPPO as an A2 quarantine pest for Europe (Smith et al . , 1997). High (3)

**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact**  Ceratitis capitata is extremely pol yphagous and could potentially attack plants listed as Threatened or Endangered ( e.g. , Opuntia treleasei and Prunus geniculata ). It would undoubtedly initiate chemical or biological control programs if introduced into the United States because it is a major pest of numerous economic crops ( e.g. , apple, citrus, fig and peach). High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 15 **Table 5**  . Risk rating s summary for Consequences of Introduction **Pest Climate** **- Host** 

**Interaction Host** 

**Range Dispersal** 

**p otential**  **Economic**

**Impact Environment** ****

**al Impact Cumulative** 

**Risk Rating** Ceratitis capitata High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) 

### 2. **7 .**  **Likelihood of Introduction** Cumulative Risk Ratings for the L ikelihood of Introduction w ere estimated from the quantity of the commodity that was expected to be imported annually and the probabilities that a pest w ould survive postharvest treatment and shipment, enter the United States undetected , and arrive in an area with a climate and host plants capable of supporting reproduction (USDA, 2000). Cumulative Risk Ratings for the Likelihood of Introduction were summarized in Table 6 . 2.7.1. Quantity Imported Annually The government of Spain indicated that the quantity of avocados exported would be less than 10 containers per year. 2.7.2. Survive Post-Harvest Treatment Internal feeding arthropods were expected to survive minimal postharvest treatments, such as washing and culling. The fruit fly , C. capitata was therefore rated high for this sub - e lement. 2.7.3. Survive Shipment The optimum temperature for shipping avocados is 12 - 13 oC ( Lawrence, 2003 ). Even if the optimum temperature was maintained while transporting the commodity via a modern cargo ship, which should take about eight days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, assuming fair weather, a distance of 3,589 miles and a constant speed of 16 knots, some individuals of each pest would likely survive. For example, C. capitata is one of the least cold- hardy pests anal yz ed here, and USDA ( 200 7 ) currentl y recommends in cold treatment T107 - a, that fruit be stored at 1.11 oC or below for 1 4 days to kill all C. capitata larvae. Ceratitis capitata was assigned a high risk rating for this sub - element . 2.7.4. Not Detected at Port of Entry The probability

that an arthropod pest is detected at the port of entry is a function of their size and degree of concealment. Because internal feeders are well concealed, they have a high probability

of escaping detection. Ceratitis capitata was therefore given high risk rating for this sub - element. 2.7.5. Moved to Suitable Habitat Avocados have widespread acceptance among consumers in the United States (Affleck, 1992 ). Such widespread acceptance means that markets exist in all parts of the United States, and infested fruits are likel y to arrive in areas that are suitable for pest survival. Risk ratings for this sub - element were , therefore , based on the area of the United States where each pest could potentially

establish. The pest was rated medium for this sub - element becau s e it was estimated as having the potential to establish in USDA Hardiness Zones 8 - 11 which represents less than an estimated 33% of the United States.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 16 2.7.6. Contact with Host Material C. capitata has a wide host range and is capable of long distance aerial dispersal (CABI, 2003). Therefore , it was considered likely to come into contact with suitable hosts and assigned a pest risk rating of high for this sub - element. **Table 6 .**  Risk rating s summary for Likelihood of Introduction **Pest Quantity** 

**Imported Annually**  **Survive**

**Postharvest Treatment**  **Survive**

**Shipment Not Detected** 

**at Port of Entry**  **Moved to**

**Suitable Habitat**  **Contact**

**Host Material**  **Cumulative**

**Risk Rating** Ceratitis capitata Low ( 1 ) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (1 5 ) 

### 2.8 **. Conclusion**  Pest Risk Potentials, which are summations of the Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction values, were recorded in Table 7 . Pest Risk Potential is an estimation of the risk associated with importation of the commodity in th e absence of any mitigative measures. According to the template document, Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5 . 02 (USDA, 2000), port of entry inspection provides sufficient phy tosanitary security for pests assigned L ow pest ris k potentials . Additional measures are strongly recommended for pests with H igh pest risk potentials. **Table 7 .**  Pest Risk Potential **Pest Consequences of** 

**Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk Potential**  Ceratitis capitata High (15) High ( 1 5 ) High ( 30 ) 

## 3 **. Authors**  **and Reviewers 3**  **. 1. Authors**  R. Kahn and P. Lima (consultants) developed a first draft of this document. Itwas subsequentl y updated and revised b y USDA APHI S staff including Mr. K.Colpetzer . Dr. R.A. Sequeira and Dr. D.M. Borchert . **3 .**  **2. Reviewers** (in alphabetic order) Bentley , W., Entomologist, University of California, Kearney

Agricultural Center Converse, R., Plant Pathologist, USDA, ARS, HCRL(Retired) Li ghtfield, J., Plant Pathologist, USDA, APHIS, PPQ (Retired) Pfeiffer, D., Entomologist, Virginia Tech, Department of EntomologyPest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Spain



### Ver. 5 November 22, 2011 17 

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