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No. 00-289 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

2000 MT 317 

302 Mont. 492

15 P.3d 888 

IN THE MATTER OF KALFELL RANCH, INC., 

Petitioner and Appellant,

v.

PRAIRIE COUNTY COOPERATIVE STATE GRAZING DISTRICT,

Respondent and Respondent.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Seventh Judicial District, 

In and for the County of Prairie,

The Honorable Richard G. Phillips, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Lorraine A. Schneider, Schneider, Howe and Batterman, P.C.,

Glendive, Montana

For Respondent:

A. Lance Tonn, Lucas & Tonn, P.C., Miles City, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: August 31, 2000 

Decided: December 12, 2000

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Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

Justice Terry N. Trieweiler delivered the opinion of the Court.

¶1 The Appellant, Kalfell Ranch, Inc., filed a Petition for Judicial Review in the District Court for the 

Seventh Judicial District in Prairie County in which Kalfell contended that the Respondent, Prairie 

County Cooperative State Grazing District, failed to comply with a prior decision of this Court. Kalfell 

sought money damages as a result of the Grazing District's assignment of grazing rights scattered 

throughout the District. The District Court denied relief and Kalfell now appeals. We affirm the 

judgment of the District Court.

¶2 Kalfell raises several issues which we restate as follows: 

¶3 1. Has the Grazing District complied with the Montana Supreme Court's Decision in Kalfell I? 

¶4. 2. Did the District Court have equitable jurisdiction to award damages in lieu of the statutory remedy 

provided by § 76-16-403, MCA?

¶5 3. Did the District Court err in computing damages?

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶6 Most of the facts upon which the current appeal is based were previously addressed by this Court in 

Prairie County Cooperative State Grazing District v. Kalfell Ranch, Inc. (1994), 269 Mont. 117, 887 

P.2d 241 (Kalfell I). The 1.1 million acres that make up Prairie County are divided into one mile square 

parcels known as sections. The mixed federal, state, and private ownership of these sections creates a 

checkerboard pattern of ownership. The Prairie County Cooperative State Grazing District (Grazing 

District) was formed in the 1930s as part of an effort to efficiently administer the checkerboard tracts 

throughout Prairie County. Grazing District members receive grazing preferences pursuant to the 

Montana Grass Conservation Act, Title 76, Chapter 16 of the Montana Code Annotated. Grazing 

preferences are issued to each member of the Grazing District annually. The grazing preference allows 

ranchers to obtain grazing permits from the Grazing District. Grazing preferences are measured in 

animal unit months (AUMs), which represent the amount of forage necessary to sustain a cow-calf pair 

for one month. The Grazing District issues grazing preferences on lands which are owned by various 

interests including the federal government, the State of Montana, the Grazing District itself, and other 

private landowners. 

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¶7 The land giving rise to this dispute was owned by the Glacier Park Company as a successor in interest 

to the Northern Pacific Railway Company. Prior to 1989, the Glacier Park Company owned 

approximately 50,000 acres in Prairie County. The Grazing District leased this land from Glacier Park 

Company pursuant to a lease which allowed for termination without cause on 60-days notice. Kalfell 

was one of the 26 members of the Grazing District who had grazing allotments on lands leased from the 

Glacier Park Company.

¶8 In 1989, Glacier Park Company decided to sell its Prairie County lands, including those leased by the 

Grazing District. Glacier Park Company first offered the land to the Grazing District. The Board of 

Directors declined to purchase the land but did convince Glacier Park Company to offer the land to the 

26 Grazing District members who grazed their cattle on Glacier Park Company land. All but two of the 

Grazing District members purchased the land. Kalfell and Glacier Park Company could not agree on a 

purchase price for the land and the six and one-half sections were sold to Kalfell's neighbor. 

¶9 Following the sale of Glacier Park Company land, a total of 7828 AUMs were no longer available for 

administration by the Grazing District. The Grazing District's Board of Directors tendered monetary 

compensation to the 26 affected permittees pursuant to § 76-16-414(2), MCA. The compensation per 

AUM was approximately $5.72, and the total compensation offered to each permittee varied, depending 

on the number of AUMs each could no longer use. Twenty-five of the 26 affected permittees accepted 

the Grazing District's offer of compensation. Kalfell, which sustained the second largest loss of AUMs, 

did not accept the $5526.97 tendered by the Board of Directors and the first round of litigation followed.

¶10 In Kalfell I, we determined that the Grazing District erred as a matter of law when it applied § 76-16-

414(2), MCA. We affirmed the District Court's conclusion that § 76-16-403, MCA was the applicable 

statute and directed the Grazing District to comply with the requirements of this code section.Kalfell I,

269 Mont. at 126, 887 P.2d at 246. The Grazing District then reduced the grazing privileges of each of 

the 138 permittees on a proportionate basis in accordance with § 76-16-403, MCA. The Grazing District 

determined that each member would have to reduce its herd size to reflect the lost grazing privileges. 

The AUMs lost by the other members were then offered to Kalfell. However, the grazing privileges 

offered to Kalfell were scattered throughout the District. The Grazing District was unable to issue 

grazing permits for these scattered AUMs due to the federal regulatory scheme imposed by the Bureau 

of Land Management.

¶11 Almost two years after our decision in Kalfell I, counsel for Kalfell wrote a letter to the Grazing 

District which made the following demands: 

1. Recovery of Section 76-16-414(2) Payments. Pursuant to the Supreme Court's decision on 

12/22/94, the Grazing District's payment of $39,260.96 (i.e., $44,787.93 less $5,526.97) to 25 of 

its members in 1991 under Section 76-16-414(2), MCA was paid out in error and contrary to 

statutory authority. The District has an obligation to recover those sums. Demand is made that it 

do so.

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2. Acknowledge that the District's Attempted Compliance With Section 76-16-403, MCA is 

Unworkable. Consistent with the position the District took prior to issuance of the Montana 

Supreme Court's decision in this matter, demand is made that the District acknowledge Section 

76-16-403, MCA is not workable and is impossible to implement. 

3. Provide Alternative AUMs Based on Proportion of Allotment Lost. While all other 

members of the District are enjoying use of their proportionately reduced preferences or the 

whole of their undiminished preferences, Kalfell does not have workable or practical access to 

his proportionately reduced preferences. Demand is made that the District provide alternative 

AUMs to Kalfell by any means at its disposal including by lease or purchase of sufficient land to 

satisfy its obligation under Section 76-16-403, MCA.

4. Petition the Appropriate Forum. Demand is made, pursuant to the District Court's 5/18/94 

Judgment, that the Grazing District petition the appropriate forum for relief from its obligation 

under Section 76-16-403, MCA and for an alternative remedy to fulfill its obligation to Kalfell.

5. Payment of Money Damages. Demand is made for payment to Kalfell of damages in the sum 

of $225,000.00 suffered by reason of its loss of more than its proportionate reduction of AUMs 

from December 1989 until Kalfell is made whole and by reason of the District's misapplication of 

the law. 

¶12 On October 4, 1996, the Grazing District issued a Notice of Contested Case Hearing. The contested 

case hearing was held on July 29 and 30, 1998. The Hearings Examiner issued his Findings of Fact and 

Conclusions of Law on August 21, 1998. The Final Order adopting the Hearings Examiner's findings 

was issued on September 4, 1998. 

¶13 Kalfell appealed the Grazing District's decision to the Department of Natural Resources and 

Conservation pursuant to § 76-16-109, MCA. The Director issued a Final Decision on August 9, 1999. 

¶14 Kalfell then filed a Petition for Judicial Review in the District Court for the Seventh Judicial District 

in Prairie County. On December 29, 1999, the Honorable Richard G. Phillips issued an Order which 

affirmed the previous decisions in part but ordered the Grazing District to recover the sums paid to 25 of 

its members. Kalfell now appeals the Grazing District's Order, which adopted the Hearings Examiner's 

Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Proposed Order. Kalfell also appeals that part of the District 

Court Order which affirmed the Grazing District's Order.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶15 We review the decisions of grazing districts pursuant to the Montana Administrative Procedure Act. 

See § 76-16-110, MCA. In multilevel proceedings and reviews pursuant to the Montana Administrative 

Procedure Act (MAPA), the "agency" decision to be scrutinized on judicial review is that of the agency 

which issued the initial decision. See Baldridge v. Board of Trustees (1994), 264 Mont. 199, 870 P.2d 

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711. An agency's findings of fact are reviewed to determine whether they are clearly erroneous. GBN, 

Inc. v. Montana Dep't of Revenue (1991), 249 Mont. 261, 264, 815 P.2d 595, 596. The standard of 

review for an administrative agency's conclusions of law is whether their interpretation of law was 

correct. Leahy v. Dep't of Revenue (1994), 266 Mont. 94, 97, 879 P.2d 653, 655. 

DISCUSSION

ISSUE 1

¶16 Has the Grazing District complied with the Montana Supreme Court's decision in Kalfell I? 

¶17 Kalfell points out that the Grazing District has an obligation to administer the rights of its members 

fairly. If the Grazing District cannot protect members' rights in the manner provided by statute, Kalfell 

contends that justice requires equitable intervention by the District Court. Because the scattered AUMs 

offered to Kalfell cannot serve as the basis for issuance of a grazing permit, Kalfell asserts that the 

additional grazing preferences have no practical value. Therefore, Kalfell concludes that the Grazing 

District erred both in determining it had complied with Kalfell I and that Kalfell was not entitled to 

damages in the subsequent action. 

¶18 In this case the Hearings Examiner made detailed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. The 

Grazing District adopted these findings in its September 4, 1998 Order. It does not appear that Kalfell 

contends the findings were clearly erroneous. Its argument appears to be that the law was incorrectly 

applied or, if correctly applied, led to inequitable results.

¶19 In Kalfell I, we determined that § 76-16-403, MCA was the legally applicable statute. Although the 

statute has been amended by the 1999 Legislature, at the relevant time it read as follows:

76-16-403. Procedure if reduction in grazing privileges necessary. If reductions in grazing 

privileges become necessary, operators with temporary permits will be reduced first on a 

proportionate basis. When the extent of reduction of privileges exceeds that of temporary 

permits, then the rights of operators with both dependent commensurate property and 

commensurate property shall be reduced together on a proportionate basis. 

The Grazing District and Kalfell agree that no temporary permits were in effect and therefore the first 

sentence of § 76-16-403, MCA is inapplicable. The second sentence requires that grazing privileges be 

reduced on a proportionate basis. The Hearings Examiner specifically found that the Grazing District 

reduced the privileges of each of its 138 members on a proportionate basis. Moreover, Kalfell does not 

contend that this determination by the Examiner was not supported by substantial evidence. The Grazing 

District clearly complied with the directive of this Court in Kalfell I.

¶20 Kalfell further argues that the Grazing District erred when it decided not to acquire 

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additional lands. Kalfell notes that § 76-16-305(2), MCA, gave the Grazing District the 

discretion to acquire additional forage producing lands when it lost control of the Glacier 

Park Company lands. However, we addressed this argument in Kalfell I when we decided 

that the acquisition of property is a matter entirely within the discretion of the Grazing 

District's Board of Directors. Kalfell I, 269 Mont. at 128, 887 P.2d at 248. Kalfell has 

demonstrated neither factual nor legal error in the Grazing District's Order or the 

underlying findings of the Hearings Examiner. Accordingly, we affirm the Grazing 

District's decision and the District Court Order upholding that decision.

ISSUE 2

¶21 Did the District Court have equitable jurisdiction to award damages in lieu of the 

statutory remedy provided by § 76-16-403, MCA?

¶22 Kalfell contends that the Grazing District's proportionate reduction of grazing 

preferences was of no economic benefit and therefore seeks monetary compensation for 

lost grazing privileges. In essence, Kalfell suggests that for every wrong there must be a 

meaningful remedy. Kalfell cites 360 Ranch Corp. v. R & D Holding (1996), 278 Mont. 

487, 926 P.2d 260, for the proposition that a district court may only assert equitable 

jurisdiction when no statutory or legal remedy is available. However, that is not to say 

that there must be an equitable remedy whenever there is no statutory or legal remedy. 

¶23 First, Kalfell seeks compensation for grazing privileges which do not create a legally 

protectable right. Section 76-16-108, MCA, defines the nature of rights granted to 

Grazing District members. While this section was amended by the 1999 Legislature, the 

previous codification stated:

76-16-108. Nature of rights. (1) Preferences or rights under this chapter through 

the creation of the district or the issuance of permits or preferences are statutory and 

do not create any vested right, title, interest, or estate in or to the lands owned or 

controlled by the district excepting as herein provided.

The United States Supreme Court has recently interpreted the legal effect of grazing 

preferences in a similar fashion. See Public Lands Council v. Babbitt (2000), 529 U.S. 

728, 120 S. Ct. 1815, 146 L. Ed. 2d 753 (grazing preferences realized pursuant to the 

Taylor Grazing Act do not create fixed legal rights to grazing permits).

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¶24 Second, the Grazing District did nothing to harm Kalfell when, due to the loss of 

Glacier Park Company lands, it followed the directive of Kalfell I and implemented the 

plain terms of § 76-16-403, MCA. The Grazing District proportionately reduced the 

AUMs of all its members as provided by the former § 76-16-403, MCA. We agree with 

the District Court that it is unfortunate for Kalfell that the statutory remedy proved 

impractical in this case, however, the result was not caused by the wrongful conduct of 

any of the parties. Consequently, we conclude that the Grazing District and the District 

Court properly determined that an equitable award of monetary damages was 

inappropriate. 

ISSUE 3

¶25 Did the District Court err in computing damages?

¶26 Having determined that the District Court properly refused to award money damages, 

we need not address the manner in which damages were calculated.

¶27 The judgment of the District Court is affirmed. 

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER 

We Concur:

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ JIM REGNIER 

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

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