DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

OFF ICE OF JUSTICE PROGRAMS

BJA NI J OJJDP BJS OVC

U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

Jeremy Travis, Director

Dear Colleague:

On behalf of the National Institute

of Justice, I am pleased to present

the Institute’s portfolio of ongoing

research. In this Research in Brief,

we inform researchers, practitioners, and policymakers of the entire

body of the Institute's work in

progress.

Here for the first time readers will

have access to all current NIJ

activity—efforts supported by

grants and contracts as well as

intramural research projects by

NIJ staff. Our work is categorized

in three main areas: Criminal

Behavior, Crime Control and

Prevention, and Criminal Justice

System. Through these clusters of

intellectual activity, NIJ is seeking

new insights into the causes of

crime, assessing the best strategies for preventing and controlling

crime, and improving the criminal

justice system’s response to crime

and administration of justice.

As a science institute and an

investor of public funds in developing useful knowledge about crime

and criminal justice, we are

committed to building a varied

portfolio of research that responds

to practitioners’ needs. NIJ’s

activities cover a broad spectrum

of research, much of which now

reflects the major initiatives of the

1994 Crime Act. As we build upon

our portfolio, we will continue our

commitment to these issues as

well as seek out new areas for

research. In this way, we can

cultivate knowledge that informs

and advances criminal justice

policy and practice at all levels.

Jeremy Travis

Director

National Institute of Justice

R e s e a r c h i n B r i e f

National Institute of Justice

NIJ Research Portfolio

This Research in Brief presents all

ongoing research, evaluation, and

program development projects supported

by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

through the end of fiscal year 1995. Each

project in this portfolio is a part of NIJ’s

overall strategic plan to respond to the

Nation’s critical criminal justice concerns.

NIJ’s Research and

Evaluation Solicitations

In 1993 the Institute set forth six strategic

goals as the focus of its activities: (1)

reduce violent crime, (2) reduce drugand alcohol-related crime, (3) reduce the

consequences of crime, (4) improve

crime prevention, (5) improve law

enforcement and criminal justice, and

(6) develop new technologies.

NIJ issues a Research Plan that solicits

investigator-initiated proposals in

broadly defined areas of research. In

addition, the Institute issues separate,

focused solicitations for research on

specific problems, issues, or programs.

Most recently, these solicitations emphasized four key themes of the Violent

Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

of 1994 (the 1994 Crime Act): community policing, boot camps and correctional programs, violence against

women, and drug courts. Projects that

have been awarded under the Crime Act

are listed here.

Organization of the Portfolio

The portfolio is organized into three

main topic areas: Criminal Behavior,

Criminal Justice System, and Crime

Control and Prevention. Within each

topic, three types of research activities

are presented:

• Extramural research—awards in the

form of grants, interagency agreements, cooperative agreements, and

fellowships made to organizations

and researchers not affiliated with

NIJ.

Continued on next page

August 1996

Table of Contents

Criminal Behavior ............................... 2

Extramural Research ...................... 2

Intramural Projects .......................... 7

Research Applications Contract

 Projects ........................................ 8

Criminal Justice System ..................... 8

Extramural Research ...................... 8

Intramural Projects ........................ 18

Research Applications Contract

 Projects ...................................... 19

Crime Control and Prevention .......... 20

Extramural Research .................... 20

Intramural Projects ........................ 34

Research Applications Contract

 Projects ...................................... 35
Research in Brief

2

Criminal Behavior

Criminal Behavior

◆ Extramural Research

95–IJ–CX–0115

Changing Patterns of Homicide

and Social Policy in Three

American Cities

North Carolina State University

Margaret Zahn

This project measures changes in

volume and types of homicide over

time in three cities. It provides

preliminary assessments of the impact

of homicide levels and types on

police, welfare, education, and

recreation policies.

95–IJ–CX–0108

Evaluating the Impact of

Alternative Placement: LongTerm Followup of Adjudicated

Delinquents

University of Illinois—Chicago

Michael Fendrich

This study explores the relative

impact of alternatives to State

training schools on the recidivism

of adjudicated delinquents.

95–WT–NX–0002

An Exploration of the Experience

and Needs of Formerly Intimate

Stalking Victims

West Chester University

Mary P. Brewster

This research identifies the evolution

and patterns of stalking behavior; the

psychological, financial, physical,

and behavioral effects of stalking on

its victims; the effectiveness (or

ineffectiveness) of legal mechanisms

in protecting victims; the various

needs of stalking victims; the factors

related to subsequent violence in

stalking cases; and related issues.

95–IJ–CX–0017

Felons Who Attempt To Purchase

Guns: A Study of Prior and

Subsequent Criminal Involvements

Sam Houston State University

Kenneth Adams

This project investigates the efficacy

of criminal history background

checks in screening applicants for

gun purchases in Florida.

95–IJ–CX–0028

Monitoring the Decline in the

Crack Epidemic With Data From

the Drug Use Forecasting Program

John Jay College of Criminal

Justice—Research Foundation

of the City University of New York

Andrew Golub

This project uses data from the Drug

Use Forecasting (DUF) program to

analyze trends in the use of crack

cocaine.

95–IJ–CX–0006

Panel on Research on Violence

Against Women

National Academy of Sciences

Elaine Smialek

This 12-month project, jointly

sponsored with the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention,

appoints a panel of experts to

examine empirical and clinical

research reports and data bases on

violence against women, to identify

gaps in the knowledge base, and to

develop a research agenda aimed at

improving policy and practice.

• Intramural research—projects

conducted by NIJ staff.

• Research Applications Contract Projects—projects that

focus on the dissemination of

critical research findings and

important advances in specific

areas of the criminal justice

field.

Within each of the three topic

areas, extramural projects are

presented according to year of

award and alphabetically by title.

Intramural and Research Applications Contract projects are

alphabetized by title.

For Further Information

To receive a copy of the NIJ

Research Plan 1995–1996, or for

information about NIJ programs,

publications, or final reports,

contact the National Criminal

Justice Reference Service

(NCJRS) at (301) 251-5500 or

(800) 851–3420.

The Research Plan also is

available electronically via the

NCJRS Bulletin Board System.

To access the Bulletin Board

through the Internet, telnet to

ncjrsbbs.ncjrs.org or gopher to

ncjrs.org.71. For World Wide

Web access, connect to the

NCJRS Justice Information

Center at http://www.ncjrs.org.

For information regarding the

1994 Crime Act, contact the

Department of Justice Response

Center at (800) 421–6770.
Research in Brief

3

Criminal Behavior

95–IJ–CX–0114

Patterns and Trends in YouthPerpetrated Homicides in the

United States

Research Triangle Institute

Robert Flewelling

This project examines patterns and

trends in youth-perpetrated homicides

since 1980 and explores social and

demographic determinants of the

recent increases in youth homicide.

95–IJ–CX–0094

Supplemental Survey of Gun

Owners

President and Fellows of Harvard

David Hemenway

This project conducts a national

random-digit-dial survey of 3,200

gun owners to supplement findings

on self-defense produced in surveys

by the Harvard Injury Control Center

and NIJ.

95–IJ–CX–0097

Targeting Cycles of Domestic

Violence: Assessment, Review,

and Recommendations

Seattle Police Department

Dan W. Fleissner

This project gathers information on

the cycle of violence to promote the

development of more effective

measures against domestic violence.

95–IJ–CX–0027

Understanding, Preventing, and

Controlling Domestic Violence

Incidents

University of Massachusetts,

Lowell Research Foundation

Eve Buzawa

This project examines official records

and conducts indepth interviews with

batterers and victims to determine the

effect of judicial intervention on

batterers sentenced in the Quincy,

Massachusetts, District Court.

95–IJ–CX–0005

Youth Violence, Guns, and Links to

Illicit Drug Markets

Carnegie Mellon University

Alfred Blumstein

This project studies the recent growth

in juvenile homicide rates by race and

age through examination of data on

homicide rates, drug arrest rates,

arrest rates for weapons offenses, the

number of homicides involving guns,

and other variables.

94–IJ–CX–0014

Classification for Recidivism Risk:

A Hazard Model Approach

Richard L. Linster, NIJ Research

Fellow

This project involves development

and implementation of a management

information system-based

classification system for adult

probationers in Florida, replication in

Florida of work conducted on a

population of juvenile probationers in

San Diego, and analysis of the failure

of two cohorts of parole releasees

from the California Youth Authority.

94–IJ–CX–0051

Community Structure and Patterns

of Criminal Homicide

University of Maryland—College

Park

Brian Wiersema

This project examines differences in

homicide rates as they relate to

differences in individual victim and

offender characteristics and

community characteristics. The focus

will be on how community structure

conditions and influences patterns of

criminal homicide.

94–IJ–CX–0049

Computerization and Validation of

an Inventory To Assess Adult and

Juvenile Sex Offenders

Brandeis University

Raymond Knight

This project continues the

development of diagnostic

instruments and offender typologies,

including the Multidimensional

Assessment of Sex and Aggression,

for both adult and juvenile offenders.

94–IJ–CX–0047

A Coordinated Response to

Domestic Violence: A Field Test

Victim Services

Robert Davis

This evaluation examines the effects

of a coordinated program to reduce

repeat violence in a sample of 500

households in which the male

member has been arrested for partner

abuse.

94–IJ–CX–0041

Developmental Antecedents of

Partner Violence: Longitudinal

Study From Childhood to

Adulthood

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Terrie Moffitt

This project examines the significant

correlates of partner violence, such as

other criminal behavior, mental

disorder, alcohol abuse, drug abuse,

unemployment, and social isolation

from support networks. It addresses

the developmental factors relevant to

partner violence and seeks to clarify

our understanding of the prevalence

of partner violence in young adults.
Research in Brief

4

Criminal Behavior

94–IJ–CX–0031

Developmental Antecedents of

Sexual Aggression

Joseph J. Peters Institute

Robert Prentky

This project collects data on

convicted rapists, self-reported

sexually coercive college students,

and two control groups to determine

if the developmental antecedents of

sexual aggression differ among the

four groups.

94–IJ–CX–0062

Dynamics of Violent Incidents

Among Inner-City Adolescents

Clark Atlanta University

Daniel Lockwood

This project interviews 200

adolescents who have been involved

in school violence to clarify the

dynamics leading up to the violence

and uses the information to design a

school curriculum that better

addresses those dynamics.

94–IJ–CX–0058

Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T.

University of Nebraska—Omaha

Finn-Aage Esbensen

This project supports the longitudinal

evaluation of the Gang Resistance

Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

Program, a school-based gang

prevention curriculum taught by law

enforcement officers.

94–IJ–CX–K013

Girl Scouts Beyond Bars Program:

Research and Evaluation

University of Baltimore

Kathleen Block

This evaluation of the Maryland Girl

Scouts Beyond Bars program

assesses the impact of enhanced

visitation on the relationship between

incarcerated mothers and their

daughters by collecting data on the

children’s school and home life.

94–IJ–CX–0033

High School Youth, Weapons, and

Violence: A National Survey of

Weapon-Related Behavior, Crime,

and Victimization

Tulane University

Joseph Sheley

This project conducts a national

survey of a random sample of 3,000

male high school juniors and seniors

to determine weapon-related

violence, victimization, and

associated behavior.

94–IJ–CX–0010

The Impact Evaluation of the

Opportunity To Succeed (OPTS)

Program

The Urban Institute

Shellie Rossman

This 4-year evaluation includes a

process evaluation, an impact

evaluation, and a cost-benefit analysis

of the OPTS program, which

provides an array of services to

probationers and parolees returning to

their communities.

94–IJ–CX–0030

Robbers on Robbery: Prevention

and the Offender

University of Missouri—St. Louis

Richard Wright

This ethnographic field study of

robbery and offenders who commit

robbery in metropolitan St. Louis

focuses on the types of factors—

opportunities, risks, rewards—that

robbers take into account when

contemplating the commission of a

crime.

94–MU–CX–K003

Youth, Firearms, and Violence

in Atlanta: A Problemsolving

Approach

Emory University Office of

Sponsored Programs

Arthur Kellermann

This study employs a problemsolving

approach to reduce gun violence

among youth in metropolitan Atlanta.

The approach involves working with

the community and with State and

local governments to analyze the

magnitude, extent, and characteristics

of the problem.

93–IJ–CX–0031

Childhood Victimization and Adult

Violence: Using Multiple Measures

To Better Estimate Offending

State University of New York—

Albany, Research Foundation

Cathy Spatz Widom

This award, which extends funding

for research on childhood

victimization and adult violence,

focuses on the use of multiple

measures to better estimate offending.

93–IJ–CX–0033

Children of Battered Women

Education Development Center, Inc.

Debra Whitcomb

This study seeks to clarify

understanding of the needs of the

children of battered women.

Investigators gather data on mothers

who apply for temporary restraining

orders over a 6-month period and,

through telephone contacts with the

mothers, follow a sample of cases

that proceed to criminal prosecution.
Research in Brief

5

Criminal Behavior

93–IJ–CX–0055

Hair Assays and Urinalysis for

Drug Use Among Juvenile Offenders: A Comparison of Two Cities

Based Upon the DUF Program

Operation PAR, Inc.

Richard Newel & Tom Mieczkowski

This project measures the incidence

of illicit drug use among two

populations of arrested or detained

juveniles in two demographically

different areas—Cleveland, Ohio, and

Pinellas County, Florida. Self-report,

urine testing, and hair analysis are the

methods used.

93–IJ–CX–K019

Iowa State Evaluation Capacity

Building

Iowa Department of Human Rights

Richard G. Moore

This award continues and expands a

project to construct a risk assessment

scale for juveniles and to develop

outcome measures for juvenile justice

treatment programs in the State of

Iowa.

93–IJ–CX–0023

Prevalence and Consequences of

Child Victimization: The National

Survey of Adolescents

Medical University of South Carolina

Benjamin Saunders

This project investigates the

prevalence, nature, and effects of

child victimization and its

relationship to the development and

continuation later in life of drug

abuse and other emotional and

behavioral problems.

93–IJ–CX–0017

Private Ownership of Firearms in

the United States: A National Study

Police Foundation

Earl Hamilton

This project analyzes data collected

from a sample of 2,600 households

that participated in a national

telephone survey of firearm

ownership and use.

93–IJ–CX–K005

Project on Human Development in

Chicago Neighborhoods

President and Fellows of Harvard

Felton J. Earls

This longitudinal study, which is

sponsored jointly with the MacArthur

Foundation, collects data over an 8-

year period to study the development

of delinquent and criminal behavior

patterns in 7,000 subjects from birth

to age 26 in 80 neighborhood areas in

metropolitan Chicago.

93–IJ–CX–0028

The Role of Drug and Alcohol

Abuse in Domestic Violence and Its

Treatment: Followup of the

Domestic Violence Court

Experiment

Crime and Justice Research Institute

John S. Goldkamp

This project examines the role of

alcohol and drug abuse in domestic

violence by studying predictors of

reoffending and by experimentally

assessing the impact of a new

approach that integrates violence

reduction therapy and drug abuse

treatment.

93–IJ–CX–0019

Soviet Emigre Organized Criminal

Networks in the United States

Rutgers, The State University of New

Jersey

James Finckenauer

This project examines the evolution,

current status, and future projections

of organized criminal networks,

including their structure, operations,

and enterprises. The project is

conducted with the collaboration of a

task force of investigative and

prosecutorial agencies in New Jersey,

New York, and Pennsylvania.

93–IJ–CX–0012

Violence and Threats of Violence

Against Women in America

Center for Policy Research

Patricia G. Tjaden

This national telephone survey of

8,000 women age 18 and older in

U.S. households collects data on the

extent, nature, and consequences of

various forms of violence and threats

of violence against women, including

stalking and childhood victimization.

92–IJ–CX–K008

Delinquent Networks in

Philadelphia: Policing Gangs

Temple University

Joan McCord

This project focuses on gang

structures, delinquent networks, gang

interaction patterns, the ways in

which gang structures affect

individual involvement in criminal

activities, and the criminal justice

system’s response to these activities.

92–IJ–CX–K036

Gangs and Organized Crime

Groups

Police Executive Research Forum

Deborah Lamm Weisel

This project examines the

relationships between traditional and

newly emerging organized crime

groups and youth gangs through a

mail survey of large police agencies,

interviews with law enforcement

officials in four cities with chronic

gang problems, and field studies that

include interviews with gang

members.
Research in Brief

6

92–DD–CX–0031

Longitudinal Implementation of

the Children at Risk Program

The Urban Institute

Adele Harrell

This 4-year evaluation of the

Children at Risk Program—the 3-year

program interval plus 1 year of

followup for the last cohort

completing services—includes a

process evaluation, an impact

evaluation, and a cost-benefit

analysis.

92–IJ–CX–0013

Secret Service Exceptional Case

Study Project

Robert A. Fein, NIJ Visiting Fellow

This study examines the behaviors,

including stalking, and ideas of

persons who had lethal means, or had

access to lethal means, and have

assassinated, attacked, or approached

public officials or figures in the

United States since 1950.

The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)

Program

Researchers at DUF sites interview

and perform drug tests of persons

arrested and brought to booking

facilities. The test findings indicate

levels of illicit drug use, determine

what drugs are used in specific

jurisdictions, and track changes in

drug use patterns. Researchers also

use DUF sites to collect data and

conduct other investigations.

95–IJ–CX–A014

DUF—Gun Addendum

St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan

Police Department

Scott H. Decker

This project supports the gathering of

information about arrestees’ use of

guns.

94–IJ–CX–K002

AutoDUF Project

University of Maryland—

College Park

Eric Wish

Under this project, staff at 12 Drug

Use Forecasting sites receive training

in automated interviewing

(AutoDUF) of arrestees to

significantly reduce data collection

errors and the time required after

collection to correct errors and

aggregate data.

94–IJ–CX–A009

Laboratory Analysis of Urine

Specimens

National Center for Forensic Science

Lionel Menard

This project screens urine specimens

collected from adult and juvenile

sampled arrestees for 10 drugs and

confirms the specimens testing

positive for amphetamines with gas

chromatography.

93–IJ–CX–A002

DUF Program—Statistical Analysis

Aspen Systems Corporation

Georgette Semick

This project provides assistance in

preparation of DUF interviews and

urine specimen data and maintenance

of data files; in data analyses and

preparation of reports and

monographs; and in the training of

project personnel.

92–IJ–CX–K011

Use of DUF Results To Inform and

Shape Drug Prevention and

Treatment Programs

San Diego Association of

Governments

Susan Pennell

This project demonstrates how data

collected under the DUF program can

be enhanced to develop drug control

and treatment programs in a Weed

and Seed area.

DUF—Atlanta

Georgia State University

Kirk Elifson

DUF—Birmingham

Birmingham, TASC

Foster Cook

DUF—Chicago

TASC of Illinois, Inc.

Melody Heaps

DUF—Cleveland

Cuyahoga County Sheriff's

Department

Bob Pace

DUF—Dallas

Dallas County Sheriff's Department

Charles Fawns

DUF—Denver

Colorado Division of Criminal

Justice

Kim English

DUF—Detroit

Michigan State University

Tim Bynum

DUF—Ft. Lauderdale

Broward County Sheriff's Department

Ron Cochran

DUF—Houston

Houston-Galveston Area Council

Brett Arkinson

DUF—Indianapolis

Marion County Justice Agency

Cindy Mowry

DUF—Los Angeles

Los Angeles County, Inc., Public

Health Foundation

Karen Garcia

Criminal Behavior
Research in Brief

7

DUF—Manhattan

New York City Department of Mental

Health, Retardation, and Alcoholism

Services

Patricia Thomas

DUF—Miami

Metro Dade County

Dorothy Fletcher

DUF—New Orleans

Orleans Parish Criminal Sheriffs

Office

William C. Hunter

DUF—Omaha

Office of Public Safety, Police

Division

Frederick Power

DUF—Philadelphia

Center for Public Policy, Temple

University

Jack R. Greene

DUF—Phoenix

TASC of Maricopa County, Arizona

Barbara Zugor

DUF—Portland

TASC of Oregon, Inc.

Linda Tyon

DUF—San Antonio

San Antonio Metropolitan Health

District

Sergio Soto

DUF—San Diego

San Diego Association of

Governments

Susan Pennell

DUF—San Jose

Santa Clara County Bureau of Drug

Abuse Services

Robert Garner

DUF—St. Louis

St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan

Police Department

Larry Pattison and Scott H. Decker

DUF—Washington, D.C.

District of Columbia Pretrial Services

Agency

Janis Bergin

◆ Intramural Projects

The following research is being

conducted by NIJ staff:

Analysis of Juvenile Drug Use

Trends and Patterns

Jack Riley and

Angela Moore Parmley

Using data from Drug Use

Forecasting sites, researchers are

analyzing drug use among juveniles.

The work examines prevalence,

initiation into illicit drug use, living

arrangements, and education, and

compares juvenile self-reports of drug

use with test results. Additionally,

trends in the DUF data will be

compared with trends reported in the

Monitoring the Future program.

Arrestees in Emergency Rooms:

Linking DUF and DAWN Data

James Trudeau and Thomas E. Feucht

This research will help adjust national

prevalence estimates that have

attempted to incorporate data from

the Drug Use Forecasting program,

which gathers data on drug use

among arrestees, and the Drug Abuse

Warning Network, which tracks drug

abuse-related incidents in emergency

rooms.

Count Models of Postrelease

Arrest of Youthful Offenders

Pamela K. Lattimore and

Richard L. Linster

Multiple rearrests are a frequent

occurrence among parolees from the

California Youth Authority. This

research focuses on the expected

number of arrests per unit street time

as a function of prior criminal

histories, criminal justice

environment variables, and various

personal and family descriptors.

Crack and Powder Cocaine Use

Among Arrestees: Trend Analysis

of the DUF Data

Christy A. Visher and

Thomas E. Feucht

This research will analyze 12 years of

data on crack and powder cocaine use

to determine whether there has been a

significant shift in patterns of use

and, if so, whether these changes are

associated with specific demographic

groups.

Geometry of Crime: Feasibility

Study

Robert Langworthy and

Nancy La Vigne

This study is developing a model

based on where crime is committed

and how the location relates to the

offender. It will answer such

questions as: Are arrested persons

charged with activities in spaces they

routinely use or is the space

exceptional?

Housing Circumstances of

Arrestees in 23 U.S. Cities

Thomas E. Feucht and Jordan Leiter

By analyzing Drug Use Forecasting

data about offenses, circumstances of

arrest, drug use, and housing situation

at the time of arrest, investigators are

Criminal Behavior
Research in Brief

8

developing a portrait of the living

situations of arrestees in 23 major

cities.

Mobility of DUF Arrestees

Robert Langworthy and

Nancy La Vigne

This study is analyzing ZIP code data

from arrestees in Drug Use

Forecasting samples to determine the

concentrations of arrestees, the

concentrations of offenses, and the

relationship between where offenders

live and where they commit crimes.

Patterns and Correlates of Assaults

on Police

Robert Kaminski and

Robert Langworthy

This project examines assaults on

police officers in 77 cities from 1980

to 1994 and analyzes a variety of

police organizational factors, sociodemographic characteristics of cities,

and officer and suspect attributes.

Rearrest Among DUF Arrestees:

Prior Arrests and Current Drug

Use

Thomas E. Feucht and

Gabrielle M. Kyle

This project analyzes self-report data

on prior criminal activity among

arrestees in the Drug Use Forecasting

program and compares the

relationship between drug-test results

and prior criminal activity.

Risk of Death Among Serious

Young Offenders

Pamela K. Lattimore and

Richard L. Linster

This research focuses on the death of

serious, chronic offenders who are

parolees of the California Youth

Authority. The research tests the

hypothesis that because of their

criminal lifestyle, these young people

are at abnormally high risk of death.

Role of Drugs in Crime: Arrestees

Under the Influence and in Need

of Drugs

Jack Riley and Thomas E. Feucht

Using new Drug Use Forecasting

data, investigators are analyzing the

relationship between the crime and

the offender’s drug use and “need”

for drugs or alcohol at the time the

offense was allegedly committed.

Special attention is paid to patterns

that may emerge from subsets of

arrestees (for example, male and

female arrestees).

Target Selection in Personal Fraud

Richard Titus

This project builds on earlier research

on fraud to identify which factors

increase the likelihood that an

individual will be subject to a fraud

attempt, how offenders select

potential victims, and how policymakers can use this information in

prevention programs. Information

from fraud investigators and

incarcerated fraud offenders will be

used to design a questionnaire for a

national survey.

Use of Methamphetamines Among

Arrestees: An Analysis of the

DUF Data

Thomas E. Feucht and

Gabrielle M. Kyle

The Drug Use Forecasting data show

increasing methamphetamine use

among arrestees in several data

collection sites. This research is

determining the criminal history and

demographic and geographical

characteristics of methamphetamine

users.

◆ Research Applications

 Contract Projects

OJP–C–94–007

Abt Associates, Inc.

Joan Mullen

Gang Research Update

Through a series of reports, this

project synthesizes research in three

specific gang-related areas: (1) drugs

and gangs, (2) the role of gangs in

delinquency, and (3) intervention and

prevention.

Rise in Hallucinogen Use Among

Youth

Recent data suggest a reemergence in

the popularity of hallucinogens,

particularly among young drug users.

This investigation discusses the

trends in hallucinogen use and the

implications for treatment and law

enforcement.

Criminal Justice System

◆ Extramural Research

95–IJ–CX–0010

Assessing the Feasibility of

Creating Centralized State Data

Bases on the Incidence of Sexual

and Domestic Violence

Justice Research and Statistics

Association

Joan C. Weiss

A group of experts will study and

report on how to create centralized

State data bases on the incidence of

sexual and domestic violence.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

9

95–IJ–CX–0014

Develop a Rapid, Immobilized

Probe Assay for Detection of

mtDNA Variation

Roche Molecular System, Inc.

Rebecca L. Reynolds

This project is developing a simple

and rapid method for typing

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

sequence variation using polymerase

chain reaction amplification.

95–IJ–CX–0033

Developing an Internet Model for

Cross-National Information

Sharing and Dissemination

Sergey S. Chapkey, NIJ Visiting

Fellow

This project further develops the

Institute’s cross-national information

sharing and dissemination capabilities.

95–IJ–CX–0018

Development of a Dynamic

Mugbook Using Multimedia

Computers

Southeastern Louisiana University

Hunter A. McAllister

This project involves development

and testing of a dynamic mugbook

procedure that uses multimedia

computer technology to enable

eyewitnesses to consider an

individual mugshot in the context of

other cues about the person pictured.

95–IJ–CX–0034

Development of a Program Plan for

Improving Alien Adjudication and

Pretrial Release

Vera Institute of Justice, Inc.

Christopher E. Stone

This project designs, implements, and

assesses a demonstration program

that aims to increase the effectiveness

and efficiency of adjudication and

pretrial release procedures for aliens.

95–IJ–CX–0002

DNA Training and Technical

Assistance

American Prosecutors Research

Institute

Cabell C. Cropper

This project establishes a DNA Legal

Assistance Unit to assist prosecutors

involved in DNA cases and provide

training and technical assistance

regarding both legal and scientific

issues surrounding the use of DNA

analysis.

95–IJ–CX–0105

Domestic Violence Cases: What

Happens When Courts Are Faced

With Uncooperative Victims?

American Bar Association

Barbara Smith

This project studies the effects of

changes in policy to accept more

domestic violence cases and

examines what happens when cases

are prosecuted with uncooperative or

hostile victims.

95–IJ–CX–0102

The Effects of Court Dispositions

on the Likelihood of Rearrest for

Domestic Violence Arrestees in

Cincinnati

University of Cincinnati

John Wooldredge

This project assesses the effectiveness

of pretrial detention, conviction, or

jail sentences for preventing and

delaying further domestic violence by

suspects arrested for misdemeanor

domestic violence in Cincinnati,

Ohio.

95–IJ–CX–0099

Estimating the Costs and Benefits

of Mandatory Sentencing Laws

Rand Corporation

Peter Greenwood

This project helps public officials and

the general public better understand

the potential costs and benefits of

three-strikes-and-you're-out and other

such mandatory sentencing laws and

helps administrators plan for the

implementation of such laws.

95–WT–NX–0004

Evaluation of a Coordinated

Response to Domestic Violence

Applied Research Associates

Stan Orchowsky

This evaluation assesses the

effectiveness of the Alexandria,

Virginia, Domestic Violence

Intervention Project, which combines

a mandatory arrest policy with a nodrop prosecution strategy and courtmandated treatment for batterers in

addition to providing services for

battered women, such as emergency

shelter, counseling, and court

advocacy.

95–IJ–CX–0040

Evaluation of JABS: The Joint

Automated Booking Station

Program

PRC, Inc.

Randy Young

This project evaluates the JABS

Program under consideration by

several Federal law enforcement

agencies and determines to what

extent JABS can reduce resources

required for bookings in the criminal

justice system, improve the quality of

the booking data collected, and

increase the availability of the data to

all appropriate law enforcement

agencies.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

10

95–WT–NX–0001

Extent and Nature of Sexual

Victimization of College Women

University of Cincinnati

Bonnie Fisher

This project collects data from a

national sample of women enrolled at

postsecondary institutions in the

United States, using structured

telephone interviews to obtain

incident and victimization data.

95–IJ–CX–A025

Family Violence and the Courts:

Exploring Expert Testimony on

Battered Women

National Association of Women

Judges

Esther Ochsman

This award supplements a State

Justice Institute grant, “Family

Violence and the Courts: Exploring

Expert Testimony on Battered

Women,” in order to support

additional work required to prepare

the Report on Battered Women’s

Syndrome as mandated by the Violent

Crime Control and Law Enforcement

Act of 1994.

95–IJ–CX–0013

Impact of Police Order

Maintenance on Fear, Crime, and

Urban Decay

Northeastern University

George Kelling

This project examines the impact of

police order maintenance activities on

fear, crime, and urban decay as well

as police organizational changes

involved in departments’

implementation of community

policing.

95–IJ–CX–0031

Infrastructure and Governance

Planning for the National Law

Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center Network

Pymatuning Group, Inc.

Ruth M. Davis

This project supports the

development of infrastructure and

governance planning for the National

Law Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center Network.

95–IJ–CX–K010

Installation and Evaluation of

an Intercity Automatic Vehicle

Location System

Rockwell International Corporation

John T. Neustadter

This grant installs and evaluates an

intercity, multijurisdictional

automatic vehicle location system in

four police departments in the South

Bay region of Los Angeles County,

California.

95–IJ–CX–A037

Joint DHHS—NIJ Domestic

Violence Studies

The Urban Institute

Martha Burt

This award provides partial support

for two studies being conducted

through the Office of the Assistant

Secretary for Planning and

Evaluation, Department of Health and

Human Services: (1) Domestic

Violence Policy and Program

Development and (2) Child Welfare

and Domestic Violence—An

Exploratory Study.

95–IJ–CX–K006

Law Enforcement, Technology

Transfer, and Policing Liability

Assessment

SEASKATE, Inc.

E. A. Burkhalter, Jr.

This project focuses on assessing the

legal liability of law enforcement and

corrections that might arise from the

deployment of certain technologies

being considered for research and

development by NIJ’s less-than-lethal

program.

95–WT–NX–0006

Models of Community

Coordination in Response to

Partner Violence

State University of New York—

Albany, Research Foundation

Alissa Worden

This evaluation complements an

ongoing analysis of the impact of

legislated reforms in family violence

cases in New York State and develops

a typology of community coordination models.

95–DD–BX–K009

National Evaluation of

Correctional Options Programs

National Council on Crime and

Delinquency

James Austin

This project expands the scope of a

national process evaluation of

correctional options demonstration

sites to include a detailed evaluation

of five additional sites and provides

opportunities for researchers to

disseminate information on the

national evaluation requirement for

corrections options at two planning

conferences.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

11

95–WT–NX–0005

National Evaluation of the Violence

Against Women Act Grants

The Urban Institute

Martha Burt

This 2-year evaluation examines the

activities funded through grants to

combat violent crimes against women

under Chapter 2 of the Violence

Against Women Act. The grant

program aims to develop and

strengthen effective law enforcement,

prosecution, and victim services in

cases involving crimes against

women.

95–IJ–CX–K002

National Law Enforcement and

Corrections Technology Center

Aspen Systems Corporation

David Shinton

This project maintains the National

Law Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center, which serves as

the main clearinghouse for

information dissemination and

provides product information data

bases and functions.

95–IJ–CX–K011

Net Deployment Module for a

Snare Net Projectile

Foster-Miller, Inc.

Arnis Mangolds

This project develops a nonlethal net

deployment module to enhance the

safety and practicality of an existing

projectile-delivered antipersonnel

snare net system. The net is designed

to entangle and incapacitate fleeing

offenders or, in a stand-off situation,

those armed with hand-held weapons

other than firearms.

95–IJ–CX–A017

NIJ Office of Law Enforcement

Technology Commercialization at

the National Technology Transfer

Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Jonathan Root

This project develops and operates an

NIJ Office of Law Enforcement

Technology Commercialization at the

National Technology Transfer Center,

which provides effective resources

for technology transfer and

commercialization.

95–IJ–CX–K004

Operation of the National Law

Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center—Rocky

Mountain Region

University of Denver—Colorado

Seminary

Deborah Bradford

This project establishes the Rocky

Mountain Regional Law Enforcement

and Corrections Technology Center to

assist in the transfer of command,

control, and communication

technologies developed by the U.S.

Department of Defense that meet the

needs and requirements of the

criminal justice system.

95–IJ–CX–0098

Profiling the Needs of California’s

Female Youth Authority Population

California State University—Fresno

Barbara Owen

This applied research project

develops a protocol to assess the

needs of the female youthful offender

population nationwide.

95–IJ–CX–0096

Prosecution in the Community:

A Study of Emergent Strategies

President and Fellows of Harvard

George Kelling and Catherine Coles

This study documents and develops

profiles of prosecutorial strategies in

State prosecutors’ offices in five

cities; explores the congruence

between operational strategies of

police and prosecutors; and

determines indicators to measure

community prosecution’s

effectiveness in dealing with specific

problems.

95–WT–NX–0003

Prosecution Strategies in Domestic

Violence

University of Iowa

Carolyn Hartley

This study examines the prosecution

of domestic violence-related cases to

identify those strategies associated

with a successful outcome of

conviction on the original charge.

95–IJ–CX–0004

Prosecutorial Response to

Bias-Motivated Crimes

American Prosecutors Research

Institute

Don Rebovich

This 12-month study gathers

information on the prosecution of

bias-motivated offenses through a

mail survey administered to

approximately 800 district attorney’s

offices nationwide.

95–IJ–CX–A039

Provide Support to the Border

Research and Technology Center

U.S. Attorney, Southern District of

California

Alan D. Bersin

This project provides support to the

Center by identifying the short-term

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

12

technology needs and requirements

for enhancement of U.S. border

agencies’ activities.

95–IJ–CX–0112

Rethinking Organizational

Strategies and Criminal Justice

Performance Measures: The Case

of Community Prosecution

Barbara Boland, NIJ Visiting Fellow

This award supports development of

performance measures for the

Portland, Oregon, model of

community prosecution; assessment

of the applicability of the

performance measure methodology to

Manhattan’s community prosecution

model; and documentation of the

characteristics of community

prosecution strategies nationwide.

95–IJ–CX–0029

The Self-Evaluating Justice

Organization: Building Local

Evaluation Capacity

Michael G. Maxfield, NIJ Visiting

Fellow

This project examines the role of selfevaluation as a problemsolving

management tool in criminal justice

agencies and will produce a series of

publications that focus on the role of

evaluation and on methods for

carrying out an evaluation at the local

level with limited resources and

expertise.

95–IJ–CX–0003

Study of Alternative Structures for

the U.S. Trustee Program

National Academy of Public

Administrators

Jennifer Hughes

Investigators are conducting a review

of the U.S. Trustee Program to assess

the strengths and weaknesses of its

current structure and evaluate the

feasibility of an alternative

administrative and management

structure that relies on greater

private-sector involvement.

95–IJ–CX–0095

A Study To Assess the Feasibility

of Conducting a Demonstration

of In-Prison Substance Abuse

Programming

Abt Associates, Inc.

Dale Parent

This feasibility study focuses on the

utility of boot camps and therapeutic

communities for reducing drug use

and drug dependence among

offenders.

95–IJ–CX–K005

Support to the Border Research

and Technology Center

The Aerospace Corporation

Robert Pentz

This award establishes a Border

Research and Technology Center that

will receive technical support from

NIJ’s Western Regional Law

Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center. The Center will

transfer the information to NIJ’s

National Law Enforcement and

Corrections Technology Center for

national data base purposes.

95–IJ–CX–A016

Technical Requirements for

Implementation of Technology

Information Network and

Technical Support

U.S. Department of the Navy

Joseph Knoefel

This project provides resources,

advice, and recommendations on the

technical requirements for

implementation in the first phase of

construction of the hub Technology

Information Network (TIN) in the

Regional Law Enforcement and

Corrections Technology Center.

95–IJ–CX–A030

Test and Evaluation of a Rear Seat

Air Bag Restraint System

U.S. Department of the Navy

Tom Milhous

This project tests and evaluates a rear

seat air bag restraint system designed

to control violent subjects being

transported in the rear seat of a patrol

vehicle.

95–IJ–CX–0032

Test, Modify, and Retest: An

Agenda for Evaluating Intensive

Supervision and Probation

Council of State Governments and

American Probation and Parole

Association

Timothy H. Matthews

This project evaluates a prototypical

intensive supervision and probation

model to promote behavioral change

in offenders by focusing on the

provision of intense services rather

than exclusive surveillance and

incapacitating measures.

95–IJ–CX–0026

Three-Strikes-and-You’re-Out: A

Comparative Study of Two States’

New Legislation

National Council on Crime and

Delinquency

James F. Austin

This research project analyzes how

three-strikes-and-you’re-out laws are

being implemented by the courts and

the consequences for criminal justice

system charging practices, pretrial

detention, court delay, court

disposition, and prison population

growth.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

13

95–IJ–CX–0016

Toward Common Sense in

Sentencing

Thomas J. Quinn, NIJ Visiting Fellow

This project examines the emerging

interest in restorative justice from the

perspective of State and local

criminal justice officials and

policymakers.

95–IJ–CX–A019

When Domestic Violence and

Custody Disputes Coincide

National Center for State Courts

Susan Keilitz

This project, funded by NIJ and the

State Justice Institute, examines

effective court responses to domestic

violence cases involving custody

disputes.

94–IJ–CX–K016

Creation of a Working Group on

Law Enforcement Technology and

the Private Sector

Eagan, McAllister Associates, Inc.

Robert Greenberg

This project examines how best to

facilitate the broader involvement of

the private sector in producing new,

low-cost technology for all sectors of

the criminal justice system.

94–IJ–CX–0052

Domestic Violence Cases: Effects of

a Specialized Court

American Bar Association

Barbara Smith

This project evaluates a domestic

violence court in Milwaukee by

examining the effects of the no-drop

policy on convictions and victim

satisfaction; the effects of various

dispositions on recidivism of

batterers; and whether the new court

reduces time to disposition in

domestic violence cases.

94–IJ–CX–A051

Drug Court Intervention Project of

the D.C. Superior Court

D.C. Pretrial Services Agency

John A. Carver

This award, in conjunction with the

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment

of the Department of Health and

Human Services, supports the

implementation and evaluation of a

drug court in the District of Columbia.

94–IJ–CX–0019

Enhancing the Evaluation

Outcomes of Innovative Boot

Camp Programs

Southern Illinois University

Tom Castellano

This project explores the factors

associated with the implementation

and development of innovative

correctional boot camps and

examines program impacts on such

offender traits as self-esteem and

problemsolving skills.

94–IJ–CX–0053

Evaluating Nevada’s Anti-Gang

Legislation and Gang Prosecution

University of Nevada—Las Vegas

Terance Miethe

This evaluation examines two

approaches to increasing formal

responses to gang activity—anti-gang

statutes and specialized prosecution

units—in two Nevada counties.

94–IJ–CX–K011

Evaluation of the District of

Columbia Drug Court

The Urban Institute

Adele Harrell

This evaluation of the Drug Court

Intervention Program of the Superior

Court of the District of Columbia

assesses the effectiveness of two

different drug treatment strategies and

will provide a process evaluation, an

outcome evaluation, and a costbenefit analysis of the program.

94–IJ–CX–0005

Guidelines for Physical Security of

Court Facilities

National Sheriffs’ Association

Aldine Moser, Jr.

This project convenes an advisory

group representing all interests and

possible contributors to improved

courthouse security to develop

guidelines for the design and

execution of a national survey of

existing courthouse security resources

and managerial problems.

94–IJ–CX–K005

HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in

Correctional Facilities

Abt Associates, Inc.

Ted Hammett

This project, sponsored by NIJ and

the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, provides an update on the

impact of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis

in correctional facilities, including

juvenile facilities.

94–IJ–CX–0040

Impact of Mandatory Minimum

Sentences on Felony Case

Processing

National Center for State Courts

John Goerdt

This study examines the impact of

two sentencing trends—mandatory

minimum sentences for first-time

drug offenders and mandatory

minimum sentence enhancements for

habitual offenders—on trial rates,

backlog, delay, and conviction rates.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

14

94–IJ–CX–0003

The Influence of Court, Prosecutor,

and Defense Resources on Felony

Adjudication Procedures and

Interagency Coordination of

Felony Case Processing

National Center for State Courts

John Goerdt

This project examines court,

prosecutor, and defender resources;

case management procedures; and

methods of interagency coordination

and their impact on the pace and

outcomes of felony adjudication in 10

large urban jurisdictions.

94–IJ–CX–0016

Measuring Probation/Parole

Effectiveness Using Alternative

Outcome Measures

Regents of the University of

California—Irvine

Crystal Garcia

This evaluation reanalyzes the data

from the 14-site National Intensively

Supervised Demonstration Project to

compare the findings with previously

reported results and offer policy

recommendations.

94–IJ–CX–0020

Study of Juvenile Justice Programs

in Prosecutor Offices

Ann Taylor, NIJ Visiting Fellow

This project involves a review of the

relevant literature and a process

evaluation of three prosecutor offices

in diverse jurisdictions to determine

which juvenile justice programs can

be replicated, modified, or adopted in

other jurisdictions.

94–IJ–CX–0064

Substance Abuse Treatment Using

Cognitive Behavior Therapy:

The Oklahoma Department of

Corrections Systematic Strategy

University of Maryland—

College Park

Doris MacKenzie

This project investigates the impact

of a systemwide substance abuse

treatment program that follows

offenders throughout their time in

correctional institutions as well as

after their release into the community.

94–IJ–CX–0025

Supercritical Fluid Extraction and

Chromographic Analysis

University of Florida—Gainesville,

College of Pharmacy

Ian R. Tebbett

This study perfects a procedure,

developed and tested in previous NIJ

work, for the dating of inks. The final

product will be a reference document

for crime laboratories to use in dating

inks on questioned documents.

94–IJ–CX–A004

Technology Assessment Program

U.S. Department of Commerce,

National Institute of Standards and

Technology and the Office of Law

Enforcement Standards

Kathleen M. Higgins

This project continues NIJ

Technology Assessment Program

efforts, such as the development of

DNA polymerase chain reaction

standards and armor-piercing

ammunition testing, and will update

the law enforcement standards for

concealable body armor used by the

military in situations other than war.

94–IJ–CX–0039

Testing the Reliability of Animal

Models in Research and Training

Programs in Forensic Entomology

Louisiana Tech University

James D. Liberatos

This study authenticates a currently

used method for determining the post

mortem interval by scientifically

testing the yet unsupported claim that

the domestic pig is a reliable human

surrogate in forensic entomology.

94–IJ–CX–0054

Use of Closed-Circuit Television

and Videotaped Testimony in Child

Sexual Abuse Trials: An Evaluation

of the Bureau of Justice

Assistance’s Funding Program

American Bar Association

Sharon Elstein

This project documents how 28

jurisdictions are using Bureau of

Justice Assistance funding to

implement closed-circuit televised

and videotaped testimony in child

sexual abuse cases, including how

often the technologies are

successfully introduced into the

prosecution and adjudication process.

94–IJ–CX–0028

User Accountability and LongTerm Recidivism

Arizona State University

John Hepburn

This project evaluates the effects on

recidivism of a Maricopa, Arizona,

program that is based on a philosophy

of zero tolerance to drugs.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

15

93–IJ–CX–0013

Children’s Out-of-Court

Statements

Regents of the University of

California

Gail Goodman

Researchers conducting three

interrelated studies are investigating

effective ways to introduce children’s

testimony in domestic violence cases

and juror decisionmaking regarding

the reliability of hearsay versus live

trial testimony.

93–IJ–CX–4048

Day-Reporting Centers as an

Intermediate Sanction: A Process

and Impact Evaluation

Pacific Institute for Research

Evaluation

Amy Craddock

This project examines how and to

what extent three day-reporting

centers have been implemented.

Findings will include assessments of

planning activities, barriers to

implementation, service coordination,

policy development and operations,

and program impact.

93–IJ–CX–0030

Development of Capillary

Electrophoresis for Application in

Forensics DNA Testing Procedure

University of Virginia

Ralph Allen

This study examines sequence

polymorphisms from mitochondrial

DNA (mtDNA) to answer the

questions of genetic variability in

racial and ethnic subpopulations. The

research also makes improvements to

mtDNA sequence data bases and

evaluates genetic mutation rates.

93–IJ–CX–0032

Dispensing Justice Locally: The

Implementation and Effects of the

Midtown Community Court

Fund for the City of New York

Michele Sviridoff

This project supports a cooperative

effort between the Fund for the City

of New York and the National Center

for State Courts to examine the

implementation process, operation,

and preliminary impacts of

misdemeanor case processing by a

Manhattan community court.

93–IJ–CX–0036

Divorce Mediation and Spousal

Violence

Center for Policy Research

Jessica Pearson

This project documents the screening

and mediation practices developed to

meet the needs of abused women,

determines how widespread the

adoption of these practices is,

assesses the degree to which the

practices are perceived as effective

and efficient, and identifies

recommended methods for better

serving these women.

93–IJ–CX–0008

DNA Forensic Science: An Update

National Academy of Sciences

Eric Fisher

This study clarifies the statistical and

genetic issues related to determining

the probability that a DNA match is

not random. The project involves a

committee that reviews and explains

the major alternative approaches to

the statistical evaluation of DNA

evidence, along with their

assumptions, merits, and limitations.

93–IJ–CX–0035

Effectiveness of Civil Protection

Orders in Deterring Domestic

Violence

National Center for State Courts

Susan Keilitz

This project examines factors that can

influence the effectiveness of

protection orders to deter domestic

violence.

93–IJ–CX–0025

Effects of Different Criminal

Justice System Strategies on

Completion of Mandated

Treatment

Vera Institute of Justice, Inc.

Douglas Young

This project evaluates a program in

Brooklyn, New York, that mandates

offenders to attend and remain in a

residential treatment program.

Investigators examine whether the

concept of mandatory treatment

influences retention rates and thus

reduces recidivism.

93–IJ–CX–0056

Evaluation of the New York City

Department of Probation’s Drug

Treatment Initiative

National Development and Research

Institute

Gregory Falkin

This process and impact evaluation

examines four models of

implementing drug treatment

currently used for felony offenders on

probation in New York City.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

16

93–IJ–CX–0041

Evaluation of Two Models for

Treating Sentenced Federal Drug

Offenders in the Community

National Council on Crime and

Delinquency

James Austin

This project supports a process and

experimental design impact

evaluation of two drug treatment

models for Federal offenders under

community supervision.

93–IJ–CX–0011

Experiments in Special Deterrence:

A Meta-Analysis

Rutgers, The State University of New

Jersey

David Weisburd

This meta-analysis assesses five

randomized experiments that

evaluated traditional criminal justice

sanctions as well as crime reduction

programs administered by nonjustice

agencies.

93–IJ–CX–0007

An Extended Computer

Sourcebook of Forensic Science

Information

Regents of the University of

California—Berkeley

John Thornton

This followup study updates and

expands versions of existing forensic

science hypertext computer

sourcebooks (such as firearms

evidence, serology evidence,

fingerprints evidence, and trace

evidence) on CD-ROM disks, so that

they can be disseminated as a single

product.

93–IJ–CX–0010

Massively Parallel DNA Typing by

Capillary Array Electrophoresis

(CAE)

Regents of the University of

California—Berkeley

George Sensabaugh

This project adapts the CAE

technology to criminal justice DNA

testing for a variety of markers,

including short tandem repeats, and

enables the criminal justice system to

rapidly generate large numbers of

DNA profiles.

93–IJ–CX–K024

New Initiatives in Correctional

Technology

American Correctional Association

John Greene III

This evaluation examines the relative

effectiveness of technology currently

in use by corrections personnel in

seven areas and identifies

opportunities to improve and promote

the effectiveness of correctional

institution operations in general by

introducing additional technologies.

93–IJ–CX–0042

Parental Drug Testing in Child

Abuse and Neglect Cases

The Urban Institute

Lisa Newmark

This study examines the use of

parental drug testing to aid judicial

and social service system

collaboration in preventing further

maltreatment in child abuse and

neglect cases.

93–IJ–CX–0016

The PLM/Microprobe: An Electron

Microprobe for Use on a Light

Microscope Stage Designed for

Trace Evidence Analysis

McCrone Research Institute

David Stoney

This award supports the development

and construction of an electron

microprobe that works on the stage of

a light microscope to detect the

elemental composition of trace

evidence and that allows direct

observation of the sample’s optical

properties and visible

cathodoluminescence.

93–IJ–CX–0045

Probationer Compliance With

Conditions of Supervision

University of Maryland—

College Park

Doris MacKenzie

This project provides a wide range of

information on the imposition of

technical conditions during

community supervision and assesses

the relationship between violations of

technical conditions of supervision

and criminality.

93–IJ–CX–0039

Prosecution of Domestic Violence

Offenses

American Prosecutors Research

Institute

Cabell C. Cropper

This project identifies and explains

domestic violence prosecution needs,

accomplishments, and obstacles for

local prosecutors’ offices across the

Nation.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

17

93–IJ–CX–K021

State Evaluation Capacity Building

California State Board of Corrections

Thomas E. McConnell

This project involves both process

and impact evaluations of three jailbased life skills development

programs for local prisoners in Los

Angeles, Mendocino, and Sacramento

counties.

93–IJ–CX–K017

State Evaluation Capacity Building

Colorado Division of Criminal

Justice

Kim English

This project evaluates aspects of a

juvenile intensive supervision

probation to enable staff to expand

their knowledge of employing

experimental research techniques

beyond basic applications.

93–IJ–CX–0020

Use of Juvenile Records in Adult

Court

Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.

J. Thomas McEwen

This study examines the extent to

which States are authorized to

consider juvenile record information

in adult prosecutions through a

national assessment of legislation and

practice.

93–IJ–CX–A031

Washington State Patrol Crime

Laboratory Division Trace

Evidence Identification Project

Washington State Patrol

David M. Northrop

This award supports the development

of capillary electrophoresis as a

technique to provide courtroom

evidence of firearm use and rapid and

sensitive analytical evidence of the

organic residues that remain after

firearm discharge.

92–IJ–CX–0009

Americans With Disabilities:

Implications for Criminal Justice

Paula N. Rubin, NIJ Visiting Fellow

This project continues research on the

implications for criminal justice

agencies of the Americans With

Disabilities Act and its effects on the

policies and programmatic responses

of the field.

92–IJ–CX–K027

Identifying Effective Strategies of

Managing Female Offenders

Michigan State University

Merry Morash

This evaluation assesses special

populations to determine the ways in

which correctional officials are

managing the increased numbers of

female offenders in the criminal

justice system.

92–IJ–CX–K041

Justice System Processing of Child

Abuse Cases

American Bar Association

Susan Wells

This project combines the resources of

the American Bar Association’s Center

on Children and the Law; Westat, Inc;

and James Bell Associates to track

cases, victims, and perpetrators

through the justice system.

92–IJ–CX–K017

Less-Than-Lethal Weapons:

Application/Evaluation in Jails

and Patrol Situations

National Sheriffs’ Association

Jacob Griffin

This project evaluates the potential

utility of less-than-lethal method

technologies for application to

criminal justice operations,

particularly in jail and patrol

situations, to contain or deescalate

hostile actions, such as rioting or

individual violence.

92–IJ–CX–K040

Mitochondrial DNA Variation in

North American Populations of

Forensic Interest

Pennsylvania State University

Mark Stoneking

This project continues a study to type

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in five

geographical subpopulations of four

groups (Caucasians, African

Americans, Hispanics, and Asians) to

determine the extent and forensic

significance of mtDNA subpopulation

heterogeneity; ascertain whether any

significant association exists between

mtDNA types and genotypes at other

loci used forensically; and increase

the size of the mtDNA data base.

92–IJ–CX–K002

Research Applications for Sheriffs

National Sheriffs’ Association

Aldine Moser, Jr.

This project expands the outreach

efforts of the National Sheriffs’

Association, which works with the

Nation’s sheriffs to apply the results

of NIJ research and evaluation

through training, technical support,

and information dissemination.

92–IJ–CX–K032

Sexual Violence: Utility of Rapist

Classification for Criminals

Forensic Training and Research

Associates

Robert Prentky

This project evaluates the

generalizability of a proposed

classification of rapists to correctional

settings beyond the prison where it

was developed and is preparing a

simplified version for use by a wide

variety of criminal justice officials.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

18

91–IJ–CX–K023

Drug Testing for Youthful

Offenders on Parole: An

Experimental Study

California Youth Authority

Rudy Haapanen

This study compares the effects of

different levels of routine,

unscheduled drug testing on

criminality and parole adjustment

among young adult offenders on

parole supervision.

91–IJ–CX–0016

Sexual Assault Evidence: National

Assessment and Guidebook

University of New Haven—

School of Public Safety

R.E. Gaensslen

This assessment of evidence handling

and analysis procedures in sexual

assault cases surveys all relevant

criminal justice agencies and victim

service organizations as well as

medical and forensic science facilities

to identify the systems and methods

used in handling sexual assaults and

the physical evidence resulting from

the investigation.

90–IJ–CX–0027

Dissemination of Criminal Justice

Research to Local Prosecutors

American Prosecutors Research

Institute

Cabell C. Cropper

This project addresses the problem of

underutilized criminal justice

research among local government

prosecutors by issuing the periodical

"Prosecutors Perspective," which

highlights recent criminal justice

research findings for application to

the prosecutorial function, and

identifying promising areas of future

research for the National Institute of

Justice.

◆ Intramural Projects

The following research is being

conducted by NIJ staff:

Assessment of Sentencing

Outcomes for Drug Offenders in

State Courts

Jordan Leiter and

Angela Moore Parmley

This research compares sentencing

outcomes for black and white drug

offenders convicted in State courts in

Virginia and Minnesota. Both the

likelihood of being incarcerated and

the length of incarceration are being

studied.

Automated Risk Classification for

Probationers

Pamela K. Lattimore and

Richard L. Linster

Using data from the Florida

Department of Corrections

management information system,

researchers are developing a modelbased classification system for

probation populations. The intent is to

develop a quick and inexpensive

method for classifying regular

probation populations.

Drug Assay Cutoff Levels for

Marijuana: A Comparison of

100- and 50-ng/ml Cutoffs for Drug

Testing Arrestees

Christy A. Visher and

Thomas E. Feucht

During 1995, the Drug Use

Forecasting program conducted tests

for marijuana at both 100 ng/ml and

50 ng/ml. This research is examining

the empirical consequences of

changing the cutoff level for a

positive test result for marijuana from

100 ng/ml to 50 ng/ml for screening

assays such as the widely used

EMITTM.

Identifying Optimal Risk

Classification Schemes for

Probationers

Pamela K. Lattimore

This project, which continues NIJ

work with the Florida Department of

Corrections, is developing methods to

establish appropriate cutoff points for

assignment to maximum, medium, or

minimum probation supervision

levels.

Prison Drug Use: Results of Drug

Testing in a State Prison System

Thomas E. Feucht and

Gabrielle M. Kyle

In cooperation with the Pennsylvania

Department of Correction,

researchers are measuring the extent

of drug use in prisons and assessing

the impact of specific drug control

strategies, including drug-detection

dogs, electronic drug-detection

equipment, and randomized drug

testing.

Violence in U.S. Cities: Homicide

Trends in Eight Cities

Pamela K. Lattimore

This examination of trends in murder

and violent crime rates in large U.S.

cities entails extensive study of eight

cities (plus two pilot cities), where

data will be collected and key

policymakers will be interviewed.

The research is analyzing the ways in

which changes in local factors are

associated with changes in homicide

rates.

Violence in U.S. Cities: Homicide

Trends in Large Cities

Pamela K. Lattimore and

Jordan Leiter

This project is examining homicide

rates between 1980 and 1994 in U.S.

cities with populations of more than

200,000. Data are being collected to

investigate the relationships between

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

19

homicide trends and changes in

criminal justice system activities,

socioeconomic factors, and criminal

activities (such as involvement with

guns, gangs, and drugs).

◆ Research Applications

 Contract Projects

OJP–C–94–007

Abt Associates, Inc.

Joan Mullen

Business Involvement in

Correctional Reform

This project explores business and

corporate involvement in corrections,

such as job training for inmates,

private-sector prison industries, and

corporate contributions to improve

corrections management.

“CEO” (Center for Employment

Opportunities)

This report takes an indepth look at

the Center for Employment

Opportunities Neighborhood Work

Project and Vocational Development

Program and describes how the

program gives former offenders

transitional, minimum-wage jobs to

meet their immediate needs, in

addition to preemployment training

and placement in permanent,

unsubsidized jobs.

Community-Backed Anti-Drug

Tax: COMBAT in Jackson County,

Missouri

This report describes the efforts and

results of an anti-drug sales tax now

in place in Jackson County (Kansas

City), Kansas. The tax has generated

more than $75 million since 1990.

The revenue has been distributed to

more than 88 programs to combat

drugs and drug-related crime.

Community Dispute Resolution

This report explores the expanding

role of dispute resolution in the

administration of justice and

examines several variants of conflict

resolution programs that have

emerged around the Nation.

The Dispute Settlement Center of

Durham, North Carolina

This indepth review of the creative

services offered by the Dispute

Settlement Center of Durham, North

Carolina, focuses on the problems the

Center has confronted and various

issues involved in its development

and operation.

Developing Law Enforcement

Stress Programs for Officers and

Their Families

Building on previous work on how

law enforcement officers cope with

stress, this analysis of the range and

types of stress programs for officers

and their families identifies and

describes the characteristics of

effective programs.

HIV/AIDS and STD's in Juvenile

Facilities

This report presents the findings of

the 1994–95 survey of juvenile

correctional facilities by NIJ and the

Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. In particular, it discusses

the findings as they pertain to policies

and programs regarding HIV/AIDS

and other sexually transmitted

diseases.

Immigration and Naturalization

Service Detention Centers

This project is a broad study of the

Immigration and Naturalization

Service (INS) procedures for

contracting with and managing

private firms that provide detention

services. The study will analyze INS

procedures for procuring and

managing privately operated

detention services and the costs of

private versus government-operated

facilities.

Intermediate Sanctions and

Structured Sentencing

Although sentencing guidelines and

intermediate sanctions are widely

used around the country, the two

have tended to develop in isolation.

This project examines the ways in

which jurisdictions are integrating

intermediate sanctions and

comprehensive sentencing

guidelines.

Jail-Based Vocational and

Educational Programs in Orange

County, Florida

This project will report on several

vocational and educational training

programs that have become an

integral part of jail services in

Orlando, Florida. Provided in

conjunction with the local community

college, the program allows inmates

to continue their education when they

are released.

The Maryland Shelter Plus Mental

Health Care Program for Dually

Diagnosed Offenders Released

From Jail

This report will describe and assess a

new program for mentally ill

offenders who are newly released

from jail and detention centers.

Through housing vouchers, the

program reduces the likelihood that

this population will become

homeless.

Criminal Justice System
Research in Brief

20

No-Frills Confinement

This work summarizes the issues

surrounding policies to make

imprisonment more unpleasant (for

example, by eliminating recreation

equipment and televisions and

restricting conjugal visits). The report

examines the extent to which such

laws have been passed, the effects of

those laws on the administration of

prisons, and the extent to which

trends conflict with professional

standards and case law regarding

minimum conditions of confinement.

Pretrial Services

This report explores developments in

the field of pretrial services, describes

an ideal model of pretrial release, and

contrasts it with current practices. It

emphasizes the ways pretrial services

respond to the pressures of

emergency release, three-strikes-andyou’re-out legislation, juveniles, and

the increasing number of drug-related

crimes.

Project SEEK

This report will highlight Project

SEEK (Services to Enable and

Empower Kids), a Michigan program

for families and children of

incarcerated persons (primarily

fathers).

Public Defenders in the

Neighborhood: A Harlem Law

Office Stresses Teamwork, Early

Investigation

This report highlights an innovative,

community-based approach to

indigent defense services. The

Neighborhood Defender Service is a

public law office serving the residents

of Harlem’s neighborhoods who are

accused of crimes and cannot afford

private lawyers.

Restorative Justice: Principles in

Action

Many justice system innovations

implemented in recent years have

restorative justice features. This

report will provide a stimulus for

discussions about restorative justice

by examining what it looks like in

practice.

Sentencing

This series of reports explores key

sentencing issues: mandatory

sentencing, sentencing commissions,

intermediate sanctions, and the

transfer of juvenile offenders to adult

facilities.

Serving Crime Victims and

Witnesses, 2nd Edition

This report updates the issues and

new developments in victimology and

victim services.

Structured Sentencing: The Case

of North Carolina

This work examines North Carolina’s

implementation of two major

legislative reforms: the Structured

Sentencing Act (presumptive

sentencing guidelines explicitly tied

to available correctional resources)

and the Criminal Justice Partnership

Act (a comprehensive community

corrections act). The report highlights

not only how the structured

sentencing system works but also

how key officials kept the system on

track during volatile and emotionally

charged times.

Treatment Programs for Batterers

A number of approaches are being

implemented to respond to domestic

violence. This report explores the

features and findings of a number of

model programs.

Tuberculosis in Correctional

Facilities, 1994–95

This report presents the findings of

the 1994–95 survey of correctional

facilities as they pertain to HIV and

tuberculosis.

Women’s Prison Association and

Home, Inc.

This report will highlight a

community program in New York

City that provides a variety of support

services for newly released women

inmates to ease their transition into

the community.

Crime Control and

Prevention

◆ Extramural Research

95–IJ–CX–0104

An Analysis of Police Use of Force

Data

University of South Carolina

Geoffrey P. Alpert

This project reanalyzes and compares

the data sets on police use of force

from the Metro-Dade, Florida, and

Eugene and Springfield, Oregon,

police departments. Through data

analysis, researchers will determine

the relationship between the amount

of resistance met by police and the

amount of force used to control

suspects.

95–IJ–CX–0024

Analysis of the Juvenile Curfew in

New Orleans

University of New Orleans

Ralph E. Thayer

Using mapping techniques, this study

examines the impact of the New

Orleans curfew on both delinquency

and violent crimes committed by

juveniles against juveniles.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

21

95–IJ–CX–0001

Assessment of Family Violence

Interventions

National Academy of Sciences

Rosemary Chalk

A committee of experts is developing

a synthesis of the relevant research

and expert opinions regarding the

strengths and limitations of existing

program interventions in the area of

family violence.

95–IJ–CX–0042

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Police

Family Group Conferencing

Project

Community Service Foundation, Inc.

Theodore Wachtel

This project evaluates the

effectiveness of family group

conferencing, an innovative

community policing technique that

involves victims, offenders, and their

families and friends in addressing

moderately serious juvenile crimes.

95–IJ–CX–0054

Beyond Arrest: The Portland,

Oregon, Experiment

Portland State University

Annette Jolin

This study explores whether arrest, in

the context of a coordinated domestic

violence response system, has a

greater deterrent effect than arrest by

itself and evaluates the effectiveness

of the Portland Police Bureau’s

Domestic Violence Reduction Unit.

95–IJ–CX–0081

Building Effective Strategies for

Community Policing

State University of New York—

Buffalo

Raymond Hunt

This project supports the

collaboration between a university

team and the Buffalo, New York,

Police Department to help define,

clarify, develop, and deploy a vision

and strategy for community policing.

95–IJ–CX–0015

Citizen Feedback on Individual

Officer Performance

Lincoln, Nebraska, Police

Department

Terrence K. Sherrill

This project evaluates the Police

Department’s Quality Service Audit

using an ongoing systematic survey

of citizens involved in contacts with

the police. Feedback on citizen

satisfaction will be provided monthly

to the officers involved in the contacts.

95–IJ–CX–0092

Citizen Involvement in Community

Policing

Institute for Social Analysis

Royer F. Cook

This evaluation focuses on policecitizen interaction and community

policing in two cities where the

national impact evaluation of

Operation Weed and Seed is being

conducted.

95–IJ–CX–0079

Collaboration Between Abt

Associates and the Hartford Police

Department

Abt Associates, Inc.

Joan Mullen

This evaluation examines an

innovative joint police-community

program in Hartford, Connecticut,

that directly addresses two key

aspects of the 1994 Crime Act:

development and implementation of

innovative programs to permit

members of the community to assist

law enforcement agencies in reorienting the emphasis of their

activities from reacting to crime to

preventing crime.

95–IJ–CX–0046

Collaboration Between the

Oakland Police Department and

the University of California

Regents of the University of

California—Berkeley

Jerome Skolnick

This project supports collaboration

between the Oakland Police

Department and the University of

California—Berkeley to encourage

police accountability to the

department and to the citizens of

Oakland. It will also evaluate the

department’s move to implement

community-oriented policing through

decentralization.

95–IJ–CX–0074

Community Policing Activities:

Ohio Task Analysis Project

University of Cincinnati, Office

of Sponsored Programs

Lawrence F. Travis

This study examines whether the job

function of police officers,

particularly street-level officers, has

developed and changed with the

adoption of community-oriented

policing over the past decade.

95–IJ–CX–0049

Community Policing in El Centro,

California: Strengthening PoliceCitizen Cooperation in a Bilingual,

Multicultural Community

City of El Centro

Harold D. Carter

Working with faculty from San Diego

State University, the El Centro Police

Department is identifying and testing

strategies for improving cooperation

and building trust between police

officers and citizens who may not

speak the same language or share a

common cultural experience.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

22

95–IJ–CX–0071

Community Policing in

Neighborhoods

Michigan State University

Stephen D. Mastrofski

This study addresses several aspects

of community policing, including

how the police and the community

interact with each other in a

community policing environment,

how officers spend their time and use

their authority to intervene in

citizens’ lives, how police control

problem citizens, and how law

enforcement agencies obtain

cooperation between the police and

the public.

95–IJ–CX–A040

Concealed Weapon Technology

Support and Establishment of

National Law Enforcement and

Corrections Technology Center—

Northeast Region

U.S. Department of the Air Force—

Rome Laboratory

John A. Ritz

This project provides NIJ with

technical expertise for the oversight

of the NIJ-funded concealed weapon

technologies and establishes the

National Law Enforcement and

Corrections Technology Center—

Northeast Region.

95–IJ–CX–0067

Consent to Search and Seize

University of Missouri—St. Louis

Scott H. Decker

This project evaluates the St. Louis

Firearm Suppression Program, an

innovative policing effort to:

(1) reduce youth firearm possession

and violence by obtaining parental

consent to search the homes of

juveniles suspected of possessing a

gun, and (2) document aspects of

problem-oriented policing most

responsible for successful outcomes.

95–IJ–CX–0039

Controlling Crime and Disorder

Hot Spots Using Civil Remedies

University of Cincinnati

Lorraine Green–Mazerolle

This 18-month study assesses the

Oakland, California, Police

Department’s Beat Health Unit

Initiative, which uses civil remedies

for drug and crime abatement,

neighborhood improvement, and

cooling down of hot spots. The

assessment's aim is to inform

policymakers of the types of

communities most likely to provide

successful environments for such

initiatives.

95–IJ–CX–0030

Controlling Fraud in Small

Business Health Benefits Programs

St. John’s University

Robert H. Tillman

This project develops estimates of the

magnitude of fraudulent health care

provider schemes, the effectiveness

of the law enforcement response, and

the legislative and regulatory gaps

that facilitate these kinds of fraud.

95–IJ–CX–0069

COPS Youth Firearm Violence

Initiative

Abt Associates, Inc.

Terry Dunworth

This evaluation of an initiative of the

Office of Community Oriented

Policing Services (COPS) assesses

the impact of various strategies to

address youth firearms violence and

identifies and describes those that are

successful and transferable to other

jurisdictions.

95–IJ–CX–0045

Council Grove–Kansas State

University Law Enforcement Team

Project

Kansas State University

Kay K. Cogley

This project forms a long-term

partnership between law enforcement

in the rural community of Council

Grove, Kansas, and Kansas State

University to provide systematic data

on public perception of the area’s

style of community policing.

95–IJ–CX–0077

Criminology Against Crime:

Criminologists and Crime Control

for the Indianapolis Police

Department

City of Indianapolis

Donald Christ

This evaluation examines two key

elements of police accountability. One

is the IMPACT (Indianapolis Model of

Police Accountability for Community

Problemsolving Targets) program, a

computer-aided management

information and evaluation program

for community policing. The other is

the New York City police

department’s model of weekly crime

control strategy meetings, which

promote intensive review of local

crime patterns by top police

commanders.

95–IJ–CX–0058

A Cross-Cultural Study of Police

Corruption

University of Delaware—Newark

Carl B. Klockars

This study surveys police officers and

administrators in U.S. police agencies

about corruption and compares the

results with those obtained in a

survey completed by a researcher in

Croatia. The ensuing report will be

the first systematic cross-cultural

study of police corruption.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

23

95–IJ–CX–0083

Cross-Site Research on Locally

Initiated Collaboration

Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.

J. Thomas McEwen

This national evaluation conducts

cross-site research on local

collaborations developed under this

program to determine how

researcher-police partnerships are

formed, how they operate, and what

factors lead to success.

95–IJ–CX–0047

Demonstrating a Cost-Effective

Approach for Locally Initiated

Police Research in Small- and

Medium-Sized Cities

LINC

Marcia R. Chaiken

This project facilitates interaction, via

the Internet, among research

institutions and police departments in

four cities that are geographically

distant from each other and from

institutions that conduct policing

research. The project develops, tests,

and evaluates new interactive

processes.

95–IJ–CX–A027

Detection and Classification of

Concealed Weapons Using

Magnetic Gradient Measurement

Techniques

U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory

Jonathan Nadler

This project is developing a method

of detecting and classifying concealed

weapons using magnetic gradient

measurement techniques to provide

quantitative estimates of weapon size,

location, and other characteristics.

95–IJ–CX–K007

Detection of Concealed Weapons

and Other Contraband Using

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

Millitech Corporation

Roger Boyce

This project is producing a series of

proof-of-principal and prototype

passive millimeter wave camera

systems for the remote detection of

concealed weapons and contraband

hidden under clothing.

95–IJ–CX–0076

Developing and Expanding

Problemsolving and Research

Partnerships in Jersey City

Jersey City Police Department

Frank Gajewski

This project expands the partnership

between the Jersey City Police

Department and the Center for Crime

Prevention Studies at Rutgers

University to enhance the

department’s information

management and research

capabilities, particularly in

community policing, problemoriented policing, and crime

prevention projects.

95–IJ–CX–0085

Development of the Florida Law

Enforcement Research Coalition

(FLERC)

Florida State University (FSU)

Tony Pate and Lorie Fridell

The Florida State School of

Criminology and Criminal Justice, in

collaboration with the FSU College

of Social Sciences and relevant law

enforcement agencies, has formed the

Florida Law Enforcement Research

Coalition to identify research and

policy needs of the law enforcement

community and promote working

relationships between practitioners

and researchers.

95–IJ–CX–0053

DI-LEARN: Downstate Illinois

Law Enforcement Research

Network (Phase I)

Southern Illinois University

James Garofolo

This award supports a network of

small police agencies, sheriffs’

departments, and researchers from

Southern Illinois University to

identify and prioritize the agencies’

research needs as related to

community policing.

95–IJ–CX–0055

Educating the Public About Police:

The Lima Public Service

Announcement Project

University of Cincinnati, Office of

Sponsored Programs

Mitchell Chamlin

This evaluation examines the ability

of four educational public service

announcements on police-citizen

interaction to affect police-citizen

outcomes.

95–IJ–CX–0038

The Effects of Juvenile Curfews on

Violent Crime

Sam Houston State University

Kenneth Adams

This project investigates whether

juvenile curfews reduce violent and

nonviolent crime and increase school

attendance.

95–IJ–CX–0052

Enhancing Dissemination of

Technological Innovation

Indiana University—Bloomington

Alexander Weiss

This project examines patterns of

information sharing among 600 State,

county, and municipal law

enforcement agencies to illustrate the

nature and frequency of

communication, the factors that

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

24

influence these patterns, and whether

a group of law enforcement agencies

serves as a clearinghouse for the

dissemination of information.

95–IJ–CX–0057

Establishing a Research

Partnership Between the Omaha

Police Department and the

University of Nebraska at Omaha

University of Nebraska—Omaha

Vincent Webb

This project builds on an ongoing

collaborative research partnership in

which Omaha Police Department

professionals and university

researchers identify the department’s

research needs, develop a community

policing-related research agenda,

carry out the agenda, and assess its

impact on the department and the

community.

95–IJ–CX–0007

Estimation of Population Structure

Parameters

North Carolina State University

Bruce S. Weir

This project seeks to estimate the

standardized variance of allele

frequencies over a group of

subpopulations, a sample of the FBI’s

worldwide compendium of DNA

typing data, and a geographic

sampling of Roche parentage lab data

from North Carolina counties.

95–IJ–CX–0041

Evaluating Community Policing in

Public Housing

Temple University

Jack R. Greene

This evaluation assesses the

implementation of a community

policing strategy by the Philadelphia

Housing Authority and its resident

police agency across six public

housing developments in Philadelphia

that are linked by a common

thoroughfare.

95–IJ–CX–0090

Evaluation of Community Policing

in Tempe, Arizona

Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.

J. Thomas McEwen

This continuing evaluation considers

how a police department changes,

adapts, and sustains community

policing over time in efforts that

encompass the entire city.

95–IJ–CX–0068

Evaluation of Community Policing

in Two Medium-Sized Cities

University of Illinois—Chicago

Dennis P. Rosenbaum

This evaluation assesses two types of

initiatives: long-term organizational

efforts to implement community

policing strategies on a citywide basis

and new, multiagency efforts to

reduce violence and fear in and

around local schools.

95–IJ–CX–0051

Evaluation of Community Policing

Project

Hagerstown Department of Police

Dale J. Jones

This project, conducted by

researchers from Shippensburg

University in Pennsylvania, assesses

the implementation of the

Hagerstown, Maryland, Police

Department’s community policing

program, which was designed to

reduce fear of crime and improve the

quality of life for residents and

merchants in two neighborhoods.

95–IJ–CX–0011

An Evaluation of the Chicago

Housing Authority’s Anti-Drug

Initiative

Abt Associates, Inc.

Susan Popkin

This project examines the overall

impact of the Chicago Housing

Authority’s anti-drug initiative on

crime rates and residents’ perceptions

of safety and willingness to

participate in organized anticrime

efforts.

95–IJ–CX–0070

An Evaluation of the Dallas

Police Department’s Interactive

Community Policing Program

University of Texas—Arlington

Charles H. Mindel

This evaluation examines the

implementation of an Interactive

Community Policing Model (ICPM)

in Dallas, Texas; codifies and

measures the ICPM; develops a

replicable implementation technology;

and assesses the effects of the ICPM

on the community and the police

department.

95–IJ–CX–0078

Everyday Perceptions of Disorder,

Self-Protection Against Crime, and

Community Policing

Regents of the University of

California—Los Angeles

Jack Katz

This ethnographic study of five

contrasting neighborhoods in the

Hollywood area of Los Angeles

describes the differences among the

residents in their perceptions of

disorder and fear of crime, personal

strategies for avoiding risk, and

definitions of community policing.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

25

95–IJ–CX–0091

Examining the Transformation to

Community Policing:

Organizational Development

Characteristics and Issues

Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.

Edward F. Connors

This evaluation examines the critical

elements involved in making a

successful transition from a

traditional law enforcement agency to

a community policing organization.

95–IJ–CX–0101

Facilitating Organizational

Change: Shaping Philosophies

Through Individual and

Organizational Evaluations

University of South Carolina

Geoffrey P. Alpert

These evaluations assess the efforts

of police officers and their

departments, using input that focuses

on the processes of policing in the

community and the consequences of

the actions taken by officers.

95–IJ–CX–0020

Federal Funding of Police

Overtime: A Utilization Study

State University of New York—

Albany

David H. Bayley

This project examines the use of

Federal funds for police overtime by

municipal police departments and

multijurisdictional drug task forces

to determine whether and how such

funds can be used more effectively to

support strategic innovation,

especially in community policing.

95–IJ–CX–0050

Fighting Disorder Within the Law:

How Community Policing Officers

Can Combat Street Disorder and

Protect Civil Liberties

American Alliance for Rights and

Responsibilities

Roger L. Conner

This project develops case studies of

cities that have faced lawsuits related

to street-level disorder. The case

studies will provide practical and

timely guidance to police and others

for development of policies that

minimize the chances for lawsuits.

95–IJ–CX–0093

Forming a Research Partnership:

Lansing Police Department and

Michigan State University

City of Lansing

Richard Cook

This project links the Lansing Police

Department and the School of

Criminal Justice at Michigan State

University to conduct a process

analysis of the implementation of a

team approach to policing and to

analyze the informational needs of

officers.

95–IJ–CX–0106

Handgun Intervention Program

Evaluation

The Urban Institute

Jeffrey A. Roth

This study evaluates the Handgun

Intervention Program in the 36th

District Court in Detroit, Michigan.

The goal of the Program is to prevent

gun violence among defendants

charged with carrying a concealed

weapon.

95–IJ–CX–0113

Identification of Work and Family

Services for Law Enforcement

Personnel

Police Research Education Project

Elizabeth McGee

This project identifies the work and

family stress factors in police officers’

lives and the programs provided to

assist them. It also surveys a national

sample of law enforcement agencies

to determine the availability and

success of such programs.

95–DD–BX–0134

Impact Evaluation of the Weed and

Seed Program

Abt Associates, Inc.

Terence Dunworth

This 24-month study evaluates eight

Weed and Seed sites (using eight

comparison sites) and the National

Performance Review Laboratory as it

is applied to Weed and Seed.

95–IJ–CX–0060

Implementing Community Policing

in Los Angeles: A Partnership

Between the LAPD, UCLA,

and USC

Training Research Corporation

Edward Smith

This project establishes a partnership

between the Los Angeles Police

Department and the city’s two largest

research universities to test whether

the implementation of community

policing can be accelerated by

feeding data at strategic points in the

organization and whether such a

partnership can be a catalyst in

transforming a large and complex

police agency.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

26

95–IJ–CX–0080

Increasing the Effectiveness of

Rural Police Departments

Alfred University

William Hall

Alfred University and two

neighboring towns are conducting a

field study to determine how the

police departments in the towns can

more effectively and efficiently

provide services to their communities

by using community policing

strategies and sharing programs and

resources.

95–IJ–CX–0065

Integrating Community Policing

into the San Diego Regional Law

Enforcement Training Center

Curriculum

San Diego Police Department

Donna Warlick

This project enables the San Diego

Police Department to analyze the

Training Center curriculum, develop

modifications that incorporate

community policing and

problemsolving as a common theme,

train instructors in the modifications,

and evaluate the outcome.

95–MU–MU–0026

Intervention for Elementary School

Children Exposed to Community

Violence

Howard University

Hope Hill

This project, cofunded with the

Office of Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention, supports an

initial evaluation of a culturally

appropriate, multilevel, after-school

intervention designed to reduce

children’s likelihood of experiencing

the negative psychological effects of

violence and engaging in violent

behavior.

95–IJ–CX–0023

Investigating the Scope of

Measurement Error in Calls-forService as a Measure of Crime

University of Houston

David A. Klinger

This project compares initial police

dispatch and observers’ descriptions

of calls for police service to yield a

variety of error counts.

95–IJ–CX–0008

Isolation and Characterization of

Population-Specific Alleles

University of Pittsburgh

Mark D. Shriver

This award supports the development

of a data base that estimates the

ethnic affiliation of unknown suspects

by typing a random sample of

Caucasian, African-American, and

Hispanic residents for the identified

markers.

95–IJ–CX–0061

Joint Police and Social Services

Response to Abused Elders

Victim Services

Bruce Taylor

This evaluation, conducted in

cooperation with the New York City

Police Department, examines a joint

community policing and social

service response to elder abuse.

95–IJ–CX–0062

A Joint Research Partnership for

Community-Oriented Policing

St. Louis University

James F. Gilsinan

This collaborative project between

the university and the St. Louis

Metropolitan Police Department

examines the commitment of firstline supervisors to a communityoriented policing approach and

develops criteria that will recognize

and reward activity that results from

this approach.

95–IJ–CX–0089

Law Enforcement Family Support

Survey and Focus Groups

Center for Criminal Justice Studies

Elizabeth Langston

This study provides information on

the extent and nature of police stress

as identified by focus groups of

police officers and spouses.

95–IJ–CX–K001

Law Enforcement Technology,

Technology Transfer, Less-ThanLethal Weapons Technology, and

Policing Assessment

SEASKATE, Inc.

E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.

This project supports a panel of

experts who will identify the law

enforcement technologies that are

most promising in the short and long

term and that should be the focus of

development or adaptation.

95–IJ–CX–K003

Less-Than-Lethal Technology

Assessment and Transfer

Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Inc.

Donald Vincent

This project designs and implements

a process for assisting in the transfer

of less-than-lethal technologies to

policing and correctional operations.

95–IJ–CX–0012

Linguistic Methods for

Determining Document Authorship

Carole Elizabeth Chaski, NIJ Visiting

Fellow

This project develops, demonstrates,

and tests a technique that linguistically

analyzes a document to provide

evidence of the author’s identity.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

27

95–IJ–CX–0100

Locally Initiated Research and

Evaluation Project

Salem State College Resource Center

Edward LeClair

This project supports the Salem State

College Criminal Justice Institute in

Massachusetts and three local police

departments in developing an

innovative research and evaluation

collaboration that will measure the

effectiveness of community policing

programs at the local level.

95–IJ–CX–0088

Locally Initiated Research of

Community Policing Initiatives in

Jefferson County, West Virginia:

Process and Outcome Evaluation

Jefferson County, West Virginia,

Coalition on Substance Abuse

Diane C. McCoy

This project evaluates the COPS

FAST/COPS AHEAD project in three

collaborating police forces to develop

a research and analysis agenda for the

future.

95–IJ–CX–0103

Measuring and Analyzing Crime

Patterns and Trends With the

Geographic Information System

(GIS)

John Jay College of Criminal

Justice—Research Foundation of the

City University of New York

(CUNY)

John Mollenkopf

This collaborative project between

the New York Police Department and

two CUNY research centers improves

analysis and evaluation techniques to

increase understanding of crime

incidence and control dynamics.

95–IJ–CX–0059

Organizational Change and

Leadership: Conditions and

Strategies for Creating a

Culture of Community Policing

President and Fellows of Harvard

Mark Moore

This evaluation determines what

internal and external organizational

conditions and what leadership and

management techniques facilitate

change. The researchers will then

develop hypotheses to be tested in

future research.

95–IJ–CX–0056

Partners for Prevention? Obstacles

to Police-Community Cooperation

in Problemsolving

Northwestern University

Wesley G. Skogan

This project evaluates Chicago’s

community policing effort and the

impact of its problemsolving

strategies.

95–IJ–CX–0072

A Partnership for Research in

Community Policing Strategies

in a Rural County and Three

Small Cities

University of South Alabama

Robert Galbraith

This project is a demonstration of the

mutual value of a research, evaluation,

and program development-oriented

relationship between small and rural

law enforcement agencies and a

criminal justice faculty from a local

urban university.

95–IJ–CX–0117

A Partnership To Evaluate the

Lincoln Police Department’s

Quality Service Audit

University of Nebraska—Omaha

Julie Horney

This project supports the Lincoln

Police Department in designing and

implementing an evaluation of the

department’s Quality Service Audit, an

ongoing, systematic survey of citizens

involved in contacts with the police.

95–IJ–CX–0109

Police Officer Experience in

Interpersonal Policing: The Crisis

Negotiation Example

University of Michigan

Jane Sachs

This project examines police crisis

negotiations in an effort to gain a more

complete understanding of the effects

of interpersonal policing methods.

95–IJ–CX–0043

Policing Evaluation Through

Academic Research: Creating a

Special Policing Analysis Network

City of Colorado Springs

Teresa Schultz

This project establishes a research

alliance of the University of Colorado

at Colorado Springs, the Colorado

Springs Police Department, and the

El Paso County Sheriff’s Office to

build an interdisciplinary team of

researchers and practitioners who can

identify and coordinate community

policing research within the area.

95–IJ–CX–0075

Policing Local Illicit Gun Markets

Carnegie Mellon University

Jacqueline Cohen

This project, a partnership between a

local research institution and the

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

28

Pittsburgh police, examines the

nature of local gun markets,

particularly the sources of guns to

juveniles, and assesses the

effectiveness of law enforcement and

investigatory strategies directed

against these markets.

95–IJ–CX–0086

Policing on American Indian

Reservations

President and Fellows of Harvard

Francis Hartmann

This 18-month project works with

American Indian tribes to discover

what policing strategies are and are

not working, why they seem to be

working or not, and how tribes and

private and public agencies concerned

with the welfare of American Indian

communities might apply the

findings.

95–IJ–CX–0025

Population-Based Monitoring of

Firearm Violence: Georgia United

Notification System

Emory University

Arthur L. Kellermann

This award supports development of

a data surveillance system for police

investigators that integrates

information on nonfatal gunshot

injuries from police reports, health

care providers, and hospital

emergency rooms in the Atlanta area.

95–IJ–CX–0021

Problem-Oriented Policing Case

Studies

Ronald V. Clarke, NIJ Visiting Fellow

This project identifies a small number

of promising problem-oriented

policing interventions and assists

police in conducting evaluations of

their effectiveness.

95–IJ–CX–0073

Process Evaluation of Title I of the

Violent Crime Control Act of 1994

The Urban Institute

Jeffrey A. Roth

This project evaluates the progress

made and problems encountered

through implementation of Community

Oriented Policing Services (COPS)

under Title I of the 1994 Crime Act.

The evaluation includes site visits to 60

locations and a national survey of 1,800

police executives.

95–IJ–CX–0111

Process Evaluation of Title XVIII

of the Violent Crime Control Act of

1994

The Urban Institute

Jeffrey A. Roth

This evaluation analyzes the impact

that the Crime Act’s bans on

semiautomatic assault weapons and

large-capacity ammunition magazines

have had on violent crime and drug

trafficking.

95–IJ–CX–0063

A Proposal To Integrate Objective

Performance Evaluation into

Community Policing

Boston Police Department

James T. Jordan

This two-stage project seeks to create

an effective program for ongoing

evaluation of the Boston Police

Department’s community policing

strategy and will conduct two projects

to assess the progress of

neighborhood policing.

95–IJ–CX–0009

Public Access to Information

Concerning the Whereabouts of

Abuse Victims

National Criminal Justice Association

Gwen A. Holden

In response to a mandate of the 1994

Crime Act, experts are studying and

reporting on the means by which

abusive spouses obtain information

concerning the addresses or locations

of estranged or former spouses and

providing recommendations on

potentially effective and enforceable

regulation of access to such

information.

95–IJ–CX–0019

Reducing Firearms Crime and

Injuries: Interdicting Guns and

Bullets

Indianapolis, Office of the Mayor

Craig Fishburn

This project tests several strategies to

encourage gun safety and reduce gun

carrying and gun violence.

95–IJ–CX–A032

Reducing Injuries to Women in

Domestic Assaults

Rutgers, The State University of New

Jersey

Jeffrey Fagan

This supplement to a grant awarded

by the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention supports additional

analysis of data on injuries to women

who are victims of domestic assault.

95–IJ–CX–0116

The Reporting and Nonreporting of

Racially Motivated Hate Crimes in

Robeson County, North Carolina:

A Case Study

North Carolina Central University

Alice J. Mayer

This project explores the factors that

influence the reporting and

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

29

nonreporting of racially motivated

hate crimes in Robeson County,

North Carolina.

95–IJ–CX–0048

A Research Partnership Between

the Lexington Division of Police

and Eastern Kentucky University

Lexington/Fayette Urban County

Government

Larry Gaines

This project establishes a research

partnership to support one initial

research project, plan a second one,

and establish a system within the

Division of Police for soliciting,

prioritizing, and supervising

subsequent research projects. The

second project will evaluate the

police department’s move toward

more geographically based

deployment in support of community

policing.

95–IJ–CX–0110

The Role of Local Law

Enforcement in Controlling

Illegal Immigration and Other

Transnational Crimes

Georgetown University

William McDonald, NIJ Visiting

Fellow

This project studies State and local

law enforcement efforts against

transnational crime, including illegal

immigration, street crime committed

by illegal immigrants, organized

crime initiated outside U.S. borders,

and immigrant involvement in the

drug trade.

95–IJ–CX–0064

Scanning for Innovation

National League of Cities Institute

Renee Winsky

This project identifies innovative and

exemplary community policing

programs, practices, and procedures

by means of a nationwide competitive

Award for Excellence in Policing

program.

95–IJ–CX–0044

Stage Model of Community

Policing

Seattle Police Department

Dan W. Fleissner

This project investigates the “stage

concept” of the change process for a

police department implementing

community policing, examines the

process in several cities to determine

its validity, and identifies the

components of community policing

and their evolution as the agencies

progress through the stages.

95–IJ–CX–0107

State and Local Participatory

Evaluation of the Safe

Neighborhoods Program

Connecticut Statistical Analysis

Center

Dolly Reed

This project supports the evaluation

of the Connecticut Safe Neighborhoods Program, which provides funds

to establish and administer police

substations in high-crime areas.

95–IJ–CX–K009

Support for the NIJ Surplus

Property Program

Ultimate Enterprise Limited

Michael C. Simpson

This project assists the National Law

Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center in developing a

plan and procedures for identifying

select U.S. Department of Defense

surplus property and transferring it to

State and local law enforcement

agencies.

95–IJ–CX–0036

Systemic Neighborhood

Organization and Control

Oklahoma Division of Criminal

Justice Services

Robert J. Bursik

This research examines how the

success of urban neighborhood

organizations in confronting crime

and delinquency is affected by the

larger urban context in which these

neighborhoods are located.

95–IJ–CX–0084

Temple University–Philadelphia

Police Department Collaboration

Temple University

Jack R. Greene

This collaborative project between

the Center for Public Policy at

Temple University and the

Philadelphia Police Department

assesses the department’s research

and information needs in managing

its continuing shift from traditional to

community-based policing.

95–IJ–CX–K008

Test and Evaluation of a Handgun

Detection System Based on LowFrequency Electromagnetic

Radiation

Raytheon Company

Charles Ciany

This project supports development of

a concealed weapons detection

system based on low-frequency

electromagnetic radiation.

95–IJ–CX–0087

The Two-Stage Model of Change:

Madison Police Department

Police Executive Research Forum

Mary Ann Wycoff

This evaluation examines and

documents the Madison, Wisconsin,

Police Department’s implementation

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

30

of the second stage of a two-stage

model of the transition to community

policing.

95–IJ–CX–0066

The Use of Force By and Against

Police

Joint Centers for Justice Studies

Joel Garner

This project builds upon prior NIJfunded research on police use of force

in Phoenix, Arizona, by surveying

arresting officers in four cities

regarding the nature of force used and

the nature and circumstances of the

arrest.

95–IJ–CX–0082

Using Technology To Enhance

Police Problemsolving

Board of Trustees of University of

Illinois—Champaign

John Gardiner

This project automates the analysis of

large crime data sets to help police

identify patterns in the data that point

to the activities of career criminals

and to achieve a form of

problemsolving appropriate to

problem-oriented policing.

95–IJ–CX–0037

Vermont Incident-Based Crime

Analysis and Mapping: Developing

Research Capabilities for ProblemOriented Policing

Vermont Center for Justice Research

William Clements

This project analyzes data on

offender and offense relationships

using new technologies in geographic

information systems to analyze data

spatially and visually.

95–IJ–CX–0022

Victims of Nonfatal Gunshot

Wounds

Howard University

Vernetta D. Young

This study provides specific

information on the demographic

characteristics of the victims of

nonfatal gunshot wounds and the

nature of circumstances surrounding

these incidents. The research also

assesses alternative solutions and

preventive measures to reduce

nonfatal gunshot injuries.

94–IJ–CX–K012

Assault Crisis Teams: Preventing

Youth Violence Through

Monitoring, Mentoring, and

Mediation

St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan

Police Department

Richard Rosenfeld

This project creates assault crisis

teams that work in an emergency

medical treatment center serving

high-risk populations, in a juvenile

detention facility, in an adult

medium-security institution, and in

one or two neighborhoods with high

levels of violence. The project

includes an evaluation of the teams’

impact.

94–IJ–CX–0048

Collection of Baseline Impact Data

for the Weed and Seed Program

Institute for Social Analysis

Janice Roehl

This project, with the assistance of

the Police Foundation and locally

recruited interviewers, collects

baseline data for a national impact

evaluation of eight Weed and Seed

sites.

94–IJ–CX–K014

Community Police Officer Survey

Center for Criminal Justice Studies

Elizabeth Langston

This project examines the attitudes of

100 community police officers

toward various components of

community policing by measuring

their perceived value of community

policing, support of management,

cooperation within the community,

and changing job roles.

94–IJ–CX–0027

A Coordinated Response to Motor

Vehicle Thefts: Evaluation of

Enforcement and Crime Prevention

Efforts

San Diego Association of

Governments

Susan Pennell

This evaluation examines the

effectiveness of using enhanced crime

analysis information and mapping

techniques targeted at enforcement

and prevention of motor vehicle

thefts to improve efforts to control

and prevent auto theft.

94–IJ–CX–0050

Corporate Sector Response to

Domestic Violence

President and Fellows of Harvard

Nancy Isaac

This study explores the responsiveness of the corporate sector to

domestic violence by conducting

surveys and interviews with

individuals working in employee

assistance programs.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

31

94–IJ–CX–0035

Crime-Induced Business

Relocations and Prevention

Programs

University of Texas—Austin

David Huff

This project examines the influence

of crime on business relocation

decisions within and outside the

Austin metropolitan area and

identifies crime prevention strategies

for the business community.

94–IJ–CX–0063

Crime Prevention Programs in

Public Housing: The Jersey City

Approach to Drug and Violent

Crime Problems in Public Housing

Jersey City Police Department

Frank Gajewski

This evaluation examines a

coordinated and integrated crime

prevention approach in six public

housing sites in Jersey City that have

an exceptional crime-reporting rate

relative to other areas of the city.

94–IJ–CX–K009

Developing a Research Capacity

for Problem-Oriented Policing

Eastern Kentucky University

Gary W. Cordner

This demonstration project in

Lexington, Kentucky, involves the

implementation of a problem-oriented

policing strategy to reduce the impact

of mental health emergencies upon

the community, health and social

services agencies, and police

department. The project also aims to

enhance the research, problemsolving, and evaluation capacities of

the police.

94–IJ–CX–0046

Evaluation of Chicago’s Citywide

Community Policing Program

Northwestern University

Wesley G. Skogan

This evaluation of Chicago’s citywide

community policing program

analyzes how the program developed

and changed and will provide a

detailed description of program

efforts.

94–IJ–CX–K006

Evaluation of Oleoresin Capsicum

and Stun Device Effectiveness

National Sheriffs’ Association

Jack Griffin

This evaluation of pepper spray and

handheld electrical stun devices—

both commercially available lessthan-lethal devices—will assess their

reliability and effectiveness for use in

jail settings.

94–IJ–CX–0065

Evaluation of the Bureau of Justice

Assistance’s Comprehensive

Communities Program

BOTEC Analysis Corporation

Ann Marie Rocheleau

This project expands a process

evaluation of the Comprehensive

Communities Program to include an

additional six sites, at a reduced level

of study, and increase the intensity of

study at six sites currently under

evaluation.

94–IJ–CX–0056

Firearms and Violence: Juveniles,

Illicit Markets, and Fear

President and Fellows of Harvard

David Kennedy

This project tests the applicability of

preventing juvenile gun violence

through problemsolving policing

focused on disrupting the illicit

market in firearms and reducing

juveniles’ fear. It also assists the

Boston Police Department in

analyzing its juvenile gun problem

and designing an intervention

strategy.

94–IJ–CX–0044

First-Line Supervision in the

Community Policing Context

Earl Hamilton

Police Foundation

This project provides empirical and

theoretical articulation of the role of a

first-line supervisor in a community

policing context and will suggest

methods of designing training,

measuring performance, and

providing managerial support.

94–IJ–CX–0038

Gun Density vs. Gun Type: Did

More, or More Lethal, Guns Drive

Up the Dallas Homicide Rate,

1978–92

Crime Control Institute

Christopher Koper

This project tests three hypotheses on

the relationship between gun type,

gun availability, and homicide by

exploring the effects of guns of

varying lethality on urban homicide

rates.

94–IJ–CX–0045

Mapping Violence and HighFrequency Calls for Police Services

Southern Illinois University

Jim LeBeau

This project uses 10 years of police

data from Charlotte, North Carolina,

and a raster-based Geographic

Information System (GIS) to analyze,

assess, and display violent crime and

high-frequency calls for police

service.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

32

convenience store employee assaults

and homicides.

94–IJ–CX–0015

Understanding and Reporting

of the Effects of Crime on AfterSchool Voluntary Youth Programs

LINC

Marcia R. Chaiken

This project examines the crimerelated problems faced by

community-based organizations that

provide youth programs during afterschool hours and explores how the

organizations deal with these

problems.

93–IJ–CX–0038

Building a Culture and Climate of

Safety in Public Schools

Temple University

Jack R. Greene

This project explores the relationships

among student demographics,

community safety surrounding the

school, and school “climate” in

Philadelphia to determine their effects

on school safety and performance.

93–IJ–CX–K011

Community Policing in Lansing,

Michigan

Michigan State University

David Carter

This project continues research and

analysis of community policing and

related activities, such as community

policing training and programmatic

problemsolving initiatives.

93–IJ–CX–0034

Discipline, Control, and School

Crime

Bowling Green State University

Steven Lab

This study examines the relationships

between school discipline and control

practices and the consequences for

school “climate” and student

performance in all schools, grades

7–12, in Lucas County, Ohio.

93–IJ–CX–0058

Evaluation of Tempe Police

Department’s Use of Self-Directed

Work Team

Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.

Edward F. Connors

This project evaluates how and to

what extent a self-directed work team

program of community policing has

been implemented in Tempe, Arizona.

93–IJ–CX–0051

Evaluation of Youth Gang Drug

Intervention and Prevention

Programs for Female Adolescents

Development Services Group

Alan M. Bekelman

This project conducts a process and

impact evaluation of three programs

that attempt to prevent the

involvement of at-risk female

adolescents in gangs.

93–IJ–CX–0043

Expansion of the School

Management and Resource Teams

(SMART) Program

Anaheim Union High School District

Jack Fischer

This project extends the SMART

program to 10 new school districts

and expands the existing Resource

Center in this California school

district. The program includes a

community-based conflict resolution

component and development of

curriculum materials for a gangsuppression program.

94–IJ–CX–0042

National Assessment of Community

Policing Training

Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.

J. Thomas McEwen

This project assesses the nature,

quality, and scope of training in

community policing through indepth

telephone interviews and a national

mail survey of a representative sample

of police chiefs, sheriffs, and training

academy directors.

94–IJ–CX–K008

A Problemsolving Study: An

Examination of Efforts Aimed at

Impacting Crime and Disorder

Problems

Rana Sampson, NIJ Visiting Fellow

This project collects, studies, and

describes successful problemsolving

efforts of police and community

members.

94–IJ–CX–K015

Safe Travel to and from School:

A Problem-Oriented Policing

Approach

Temple University

Jack R. Greene

This project helps Philadelphia’s

North Central Police Department

implement problem-oriented policing

strategies to address the safety of

school-age children as they travel to

and from school.

94–IJ–CX–0037

The Study of Convenience Store

Crime in Five States

Justice Research and Statistics

Association

Charles Wellford

This project complements the

Association’s ongoing National

Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health study of robbery-related

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

33

93–IJ–CX–0022

Longitudinal Effects of Crime and

Signs of Disorder

Temple University

Ralph Taylor

This project supplements a

longitudinal study of the effects of

crime and signs of disorder in

communities.

93–IJ–CX–K023

Police-Community Initiatives for

Effective Law Enforcement

North Carolina Central University

Harvey L. McMurray

This project follows the development

of a cooperative, rural community

policing program in Beaufort and

Columbus counties, North Carolina,

for a better understanding of how to

organize and establish similar

operations in other multicounty, rural

areas.

93–IJ–CX–0061

Police Pursuit Driving and the Use

of Excessive Force

University of South Carolina

Geoffrey P. Alpert

This project examines the nature and

extent of police pursuit incidents and

the effects of various administrative

guidelines in controlling police

pursuits and subsequent excessive

force behavior.

93–IJ–CX–K013

Problem-Oriented Policing in a

State Police Agency: A

Demonstration and Evaluation

State University of New York—

Albany, Research Foundation

Hans Toch

This collaborative project applies the

philosophy of problem-oriented

policing to a State police agency to

demonstrate to agencies nationwide

that they can achieve significant

benefits by using a local research and

development capability.

93–IJ–CX–K012

Public Acceptance of Less-ThanLethal Technologies

Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.

J. Thomas McEwen

This study assesses and predicts

public reaction to the use of new lessthan-lethal weapons and related

technologies by law enforcement

personnel.

93–IJ–CX–0054

Reducing Disorder, Fear, and

Crime in Public Housing

Washington State University

Quint Thurman

This project supports an evaluation

of the Reclaiming Our Area

Residents (ROAR) program,

including an analysis of official

crime data, physical signs of

disorder, and indicators of the

strength and integrity of the program

and its implementation.

93–IJ–CX–0046

Reducing School Violence in

Detroit: Evaluation of Alternative

Conflict Resolution Strategies

Michigan State University

Timothy Bynum

This evaluation assesses a conflict

resolution and violence reduction

intervention program being

implemented in 10 middle schools

in Detroit, Michigan.

93–IJ–CX–K008

Security by Design: Revitalizing

Urban Neighborhoods

Conference of Mayors Research and

Education Foundation

Laura Waxman

This project establishes a national

effort to encourage greater use of

security by design—also known as

crime prevention through

environmental design—to decrease

criminal opportunity, increase safety

and security, and revitalize urban

neighborhoods.

93–IJ–CX–0049

Understanding Crime

Victimization on College

Campuses: Implications for

Crime Prevention

University of Cincinnati,

Office of Sponsored Programs

Bonnie Fisher

This project examines how individual

and contextual factors interact to affect

campus crime victimization and

provides information for developing

strategies to reduce campus crime.

92–IJ–CX–K038

Community Policing and

Accreditation

Eastern Kentucky University

Gary W. Cordner

This study explores the compatability

of two controversial reform efforts in

modern community policing and

police agency accreditation.

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

34

92–IJ–CX–0003

The Cutting Edge of Technology:

An Information Campaign

International Association of

Chiefs of Police

Charles E. Higginbotham

This project seeks to ensure that the

innovative law enforcement

technology applications developed

and researched by the National

Institute of Justice are incorporated

into police operations.

92–IJ–CX–4011

Defining the Characteristics and

Role of “The Community” in

Community-Oriented Policing

Initiatives

Michael E. Buerger, NIJ Visiting

Fellow

This project explores the variations in

the community role and participation

in community-oriented policing

initiatives in three jurisdictions: Ft.

Worth, Texas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Montgomery County,

Maryland.

91–IJ–CX–K007

Comprehensive Analysis of

Community Policing Strategies

Police Executive Research Forum

John E. Eck

This project helps fill the information

gap on community policing strategies

by identifying a representative set of

currently operating strategies in

urban, suburban, and rural areas.

90–IJ–CX–K006

San Diego Drug Market Analysis

and Street-Level Enforcement

San Diego Police Department

Kimberly Glenn

This evaluation tests the effectiveness

of problemsolving policing in

controlling street-level drug

trafficking and updates the

computerized information systems

developed under Phase I of the Drug

Market Analysis Program.

◆ Intramural Projects

The following research is being

conducted by NIJ staff:

Crime Prevention Through Design:

The Case of the Washington, D.C.,

Metro

Nancy La Vigne

This research analyzes crime data

from the Washington, D.C., Metro

transit police, municipalities served

by Metro, and other subway systems

to test two questions: (1) Is the

Washington, D.C., Metro safer than

expected, given what is known about

crime rates on other subway systems

and those outside the systems?

(2) Are Metro’s low crime rates

explained by the design, management, and maintenance of the system?

Effects of Mandatory Sentences

and Sentencing Guidelines on

Local Drug Markets

Jack Riley

This research examines the impact of

mandatory sentences and sentencing

guidelines on the structure of, and

participation in, drug markets. The

research measures how stricter

sentencing for drug offenses has

affected the age distribution of

offenders and the size of transactions.

Optimal Use of Multiple Methods

of Drug Testing

Pamela K. Lattimore

A variety of technologies can now

detect illegal drug use, and for each

technique (for example, urinalysis

and hair analysis) specimen collection

involves different costs and response

times. This project will develop

methods for determining when and

how to use different types of drug

tests.

Perceptions of Police Use of Force

Robert Langworthy and

Stephanie Bourque

Police have a unique license to use

force in pursuit of legitimate State

ends, but are prohibited from using

excessive force. This research

explores definitions of excessive

force from several perspectives—that

of the public, the workplace, the legal

profession, the mass media, and

government agencies.

Relationship Between Crime and

Changes in Public Housing

Jordan Leiter

This research addresses the ways in

which current initiatives to restructure

and reorganize public housing affect

crime rates.

Repeat Victimization in Residential

Burglary

Richard Titus

This research will use segment-level

analysis of burglary in the National

Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

to determine whether one housing

unit in the segment is disproportionately victimized during the 3

years the segment is in the NCVS

sample and in the 6 months following

a burglary.

Shelter Availability and Murder

and Nonnegligent Homicide Rates

Bernard Auchter and

Stephanie Bourque

This research examines the possible

relationship between the availability

of shelter beds for victims of

Crime Control and Prevention
Research in Brief

35

Crime Control and Prevention

domestic abuse and the rate of murder

and nonnegligent manslaughter. For

example, when fewer beds are

available in shelters for battered

women, are more women murdered

by their domestic partners?

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of

Homicide in Washington State

Eric Jefferis and Robert Langworthy

This project will examine homicide

patterns using data collected for

Washington’s Homicide Investigation

and Tracking System (HITS). The

HITS system contains statewide

information on homicides (solved and

unsolved) from 1981 through 1995.

The project will provide a microlevel

spatial and temporal analysis of

homicide trends and patterns.

Studies in Community

Preparedness for Local-Level

Domestic Terrorism and Politically

Motivated Violence

Jack Riley

This study analyzes approaches to

terrorism preparedness in up to seven

communities. Factors studied include

how the types and range of strategies

communities develop to address local

terrorism differ; how communities

define the threat; how strategies vary

with threat type; and how

communities operationalize, review,

and evaluate strategies.

◆ Research Applications

 Contract Projects

OJP–C–94–007

Abt Associates, Inc.

Joan Mullen

Crime Prevention Through

Environmental Design

This report summarizes several

studies about designing public

buildings and spaces to ensure better

security, implementing the designs,

and assessing their effectiveness.

Federal Initiatives To Aid

Communities

This article for issue 231 of the

National Institute of Justice Journal

reports on the status of federally

supported, community-based efforts

to address crime. The initiatives

described include Project PACT,

Weed and Seed, Comprehensive

Communities, SafeFutures, and the

Youth Firearms Violence Initiative.

NCJ 162204

The National Institute of Justice is a

component of the Office of Justice

Programs, which also includes the Bureau

of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice

Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for

Victims of Crime.
U.S. Department of Justice Crime Control

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20531

Official Business

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