. . United States

Department of

Agriculture

Southeastern Forest

Experiment Station

Forest Service

An Atlas and Illustrated Guide to .:-.

the Threatened and Endangered :;!

Vascular Plants of

of North Carolina

the Mo&ains .iz

Andy Virginia

,, .: . . .

a: --
Abstract.-Provides detailed description and illustration of 45 species of endangered

vascular plants to assist public and privatl efforts to protect and to conserve

them. Range maps indicate the location of each species and additional sources of

information are also given for each species.

Keywords: Natural habitats, conservation, herbaria.

I

June 1983

Southektern Forest Experiment Station

Asheville, North Carolina
An Atlas and Illustrated Guide to the

Threatened and Endangered Vascular Plants

of the Mountains of North Carolina and Virginia

J. R. Massey, D. K. S. Otte

T. A. Atkinson. and R. D. Whetstone

Illustrations by Susan Sizemore
J. R. Massey, Curator

University of North Carolina Herbarium

Chapel Hill

D. K. S. Otte, Research Associate

University of North Carolina Herbarium

Chapel Hill

T. A. Atkinson, Botanist

Carolina Biological Supply Company

Burlington, North Carolina

R. D. Whetstone, Herbarium Curator and

Associate Professor

Jacksonville State University

Jacksonville, Alabama

Susan Sizemore, Staff Artist

Department of Biology

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill

This publication was undertaken by the University of North Carolina Herbarium and

the Highlands Biological Station of the University of North Carolina in cooperation

with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina.
CONTENTS

Objectives ...................

Background and Documentation ....

Organization .................

Scientific name with author .

Common name ..........

Family ...............

Synonomy .............

Other common names .....

Description ............

Phenology .............

Distribution ............

Legal status ............

Habitat ...............

Documentation ..........

Maps ................

Illustrations ............

Acknowledgments .............

Atlas and Illustrated Guide ........

Glossary ....................

Index to Scientific Names ........

Index to Common Names of Species .

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1

I

3

3

3

4

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

7

7

7

9

198

214

217

LISTS

1. Species Described .....................................

2. Mountain Counties in North Carolina and Virginia ...............

3. Institutional Herbaria Consulted ............................

4. Families of Described Species .............................

5. Threatened and Endangered Suecies Renorts ...................

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1 1 6

III

OBJECTIVES

This illustrated guide and atlas was prepared to assist public and private efforts to protect and to conserve endangered and threatened species and their habitats. The 45 species of vascular plants (List 1)

treated here have been proposed or designated as threatened or endangered by Federal and/or State

authorities and have been at least reported to occur in the mountain counties (List 2) of North Carolina and/or Virginia. The descriptive and distributional information should assist in the identification of

these species, encourage the reporting of new stations or change in population status or occurrence,

and stimulate the badly needed observations and studies on the biology of these species.

BACKGROUND AND DOCUMENTATION

The present treatment represents a much condensed summary of two detailed and thoroughly documented reports prepared for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, in 1978 and 1979

under cooperative research agreements between the Service and the Highlands Biological Station.’

These reports were compiled from extensive literature searches and from herbarium specimens deposited

in 19 herbaria (List 3). Only a limited number of field observations were made.

The work on this guide is part of the three-phase endangered plant species program developed

for the Highlands Biological Station by Massey and Whitson. The original plan was to collect and

make available basic background information (Phase I) which would be used to locate and evaluate

populations of these species (Phase II) so that well-designed scientific studies, management plans,

and population and habitat monitoring procedures (Phase III) might efficiently be conducted or developed.

This guide is the result of Phase I activities and a limited amount of data from Phase II* for several

species.

Documentation for the information presented here for work completed in 1978-79 is retained in

the University of North Carolina Herbarium files. Reviews of recent literature, status reports, and lists

of protected plants from various states have been consulted. Descriptions and improved illustrations

and maps have been especially prepared for this publication.

The criteria for the selection of the species reviewed here include those species proposed or

listed by Federal and/or State agencies for protection, reported to occur in mountainous areas of Virginia or North Carolina, and surveyed for distribution for our 1978,79 reports. In considering the

various plant lists, the most significant is the report of 15 December 1980 in the Federal Register (Vol.

45, No. 242) entitled “Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Review of Plant Taxa for

Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species.” All species in Lists 1 and 2 in the Register are given

primary concern. Plants proposed or listed as either endangered or threatened in Virginia and/or

North Carolina are included. The two documents used to determine status in these States are “Rare and

Endangered Vascular Plant Species in Virginia” by D. M. Porter, published in 1979 by the Virginia

Polytechnic Institute and State University in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (species

proposed but without legal status), and the list released by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture,

Pesticide and Plant Protection Division, pursuant to Plant Protection and Conservation Act, Article 19B,

Chapter 106, Section 202.12-2 12. I4 of the General Statutes of North Carolina.

LIST 1. SPECIES DESCRIBED

Asplenium monunthes Hudsonia montana

Astilbe crenatiloba Hydrastis canadensis

Betula cordijolia Iliumna corei

Betula uber lsotria medeoloides

Buckleya distichophylla Juncus trifidus ssp. carolinianus

Cacalia rugelia Liatris helleri

Calamagrostis porteri Lilium grayi

’ USDA-FS Cooperative Agreements I X-606, 18-627, and I X-668

’ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-160004-78-108.
Carex aenea

Carex biltmoreana

Carex misera

Carex purpurifera

Cimictfuga rubtfolia

Clematis viticaulis

Coreopsis lattfolia

Cymophyllus fraseri

Dalibarda repens

Eriocaulon lineare

Geum geniculatum

Geum radiatum

Glyceria nubigena

Grammitis nimbata

Helonias bullata

Hexastylis contracta

Lindernia saxicola

Listera cordata

Panax quinquefolium

Prenanthes roanensis

Sagittaria fasciculata

Sarracenia jonesii

Saxtfraga careyana

Saxifraga caroliniana

Sedum rosea var. roanense

Senecio millefolium

Shortia galacifolia

Solidago spithamaea

Sporobolus heterolepis

Synandra hispidula

Trisetum spicatum var. molle

LIST 2. MOUNTAIN COUNTIES IN NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA

NORTH CAROLINA

Alleghany

Ashe

Avery

Buncombe

Burke

Caldwell

Cherokee

Clay

Graham

Haywood

Henderson

Jackson

VIRGINIA

Albemarle

Alleghany

Amherst

Augusta

Bath

Bedford

Bland

Botetourt

Buchanan

Carroll

Clark

Craig

Dickenson

Fauquier

Floyd

Franklin

Frederick

Giles

Grayson

Greene

Highland

Macon

Madison

McDowell

Mitchell

Polk

Suny

Swain

Transylvania

Watauga

Wilkes

Yancey

Lee

Loudoun

Madison

Montgomery

Nelson

Page

Patrick

Pulaski

Rappahannock

Roanoke

Rockbridge

Rockingham

Russell

Scott

Shenandoah

Smyth

Tazewell

Warren

Washington

Wise

Wythe
LIST 3. INSTITUTIONAL HERBARIA CONSULTED

Clemson University, Clemson, S .C.

Duke University, Durham, N.C.

Furman University, Greenville, S.C.

Great Smoky Mountains National Park Museum,

Park Headquarters, Gatlinburg, Term.

Harvard University (Gray Herbarium, Arnold Arboretum),

Cambridge, Mass.

Longwood College, Farmville, Va.

Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va.

New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, N.Y.

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.

The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va.

Smithsonian Institution (U.S. National Herbarium),

Washington, D.C.

University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

University of South Carolina at Columbia

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

Blacksburg

Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, N.C.

ORGANIZATION

This guide is divided into three major parts: the first consists of the species reports or accounts, including description, documentation, maps and illustrations; the second is a glossary of technical terms

used in the species descriptions and comparisons; and the third is an index to the scientific names,

synonyms, and common names.

The individual species accounts are arranged alphabetically by scientific name. The general

format used in these reports is presented below with brief explanations and comments:

SCIENTIFIC NAME WITH AUTHOR

Generally, the scientific name is consistent with that used on threatened and endangered

plant lists. The author is the person who first validly published the name or combination.

COMMON NAME

The most widely used common (English) name on the various protected plant lists is given.

3
FAMILY

Scientific and common name. All family names used here end in the suffix -aceae; thus Poaceae

(for Gramineae), Lamiaceae (for Labiatae), and Asteraceae (for Compositae) are used. The families

and the taxa included in this publication are given in List 4.

LIST 4. FAMILIES OF DESCRIBED SPECIES

Alismataceae

Sagittaria fasciculata

Araliaceae

Panax quinquefolium

Aristolochiaceae

Hexastylis contracta

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium monanthes

Asteraceae

Cacalia rugelia

Coreopsis latifolia

Liatris helleri

Prenanthes roanensis

Senecio millefolium

Solidago spithamaea

Betulaceae

Betula cordifolia

Betula uber

Cistaceae

Hudsonia montana

Compositae. See Asteraceae

Crassulaceae

Sedum rosea var. roanense

Cyperaceae

Carex aenea

Carex biltmoreana

Carex misera

Carex purpurifera

Cymophyllus fraseri

Diapensiaceae

Shortia galacifolia

Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulon lineare

Gramineae. See Poaceae

Grammatidaceae

Grammitis nimbata

Juncaceae

Juncus trifidus ssp. carolinianus

Labiatae. See Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Synandra hispidula

Liliaceae

Helonias bullata

Lilium grayi

Malvaceae

Iliamna corei

Orchidaceae

Isotria medeoloides

Listera cordata

Poaceae

Calamagrostis porteri

Glyceria nubigena

Sporobolus heterolepis

Trisetum spicatum var. molle

Ranunculaceae

Cimicifuga rubtfolia

Clematis viticaulis

Hydrastis canadensis

Rosaceae

Dalibarda repens

Geum geniculatum

Geum radiatum

Santalaceae

Buckleya distichophylla

Sarraceniaceae

Sarracenia jonesii

Saxifragaceae

Astilbe crenatiloba

Saxtfraga careyana

Saxtfraga caroliniana

Scrophulariaceae

Lindernia saxicola
SYNONOMY

The most commonly encountered synonyms are included to assist users in locating appropriate

information in manuals and other references.

OTHER COMMON NAMES

The common names (mostly English) found in literature or on herbarium specimens consulted

during preparation of this work are listed. The names are given as found, and no attempt has been made

to be consistent or to follow any rules for composition. See Index for a list of common names and

their equivalent scientific names.

DESCRIPTION

Each technical species description is based on a compilation of information from the original

description, manuals and floras, and specimens examined. The habit, duration, stems, leaves, inflorescence,

flowers, and fruits (where appropriate) are described and comparisons with other similar or related

species are often included. A glossary is provided to assist with the technical terminology in these

descriptions.

PHENOLOGY

The phenophases (flower, fruit, vegetative) are based only on documented data from literature,

herbarium specimens, or observations. Therefore, continuity in months is often broken (e.g., Flowers,

April, June-July) or it may appear that a plant fruits before it flowers (e.g., Flowers, April to May;

Fruits, March, May to June). These problems are due to a lack of information and serve to illustrate the

need for additional field observations and better reporting and documentation.

-DISTRIBUTION

Distribution is given on a state (for U.S.), country, and/or province basis. For North Carolina and Virginia, counties are listed.

LEGAL STATUS

Legal status for the included species is given for all Southeastern States with the exception of

Delaware, which at the time of preparation of this guide had no threatened or endangered species

list We have attempted to ascertain whether species are indeed legally protected or are only candidates

for proposed or pending legislation. See List 5 for reports on threatened and endangered species.

HABITAT

General habitat information is based on specimen labels, limited personal observations, and

selected literature. A better understanding of the specific and diversity of habitat types occupied by

each species is badly needed.

DOCUMENTATION

Documentation is divided into sections. The first consists of the references consulted in

preparing the treatment and includes the place of publication of the scientific name or binomial as well

as state lists and “printouts” consulted for legal status and distribution. Journal abbreviations generally follow B-P-H: Botanico-Periodicurn-Huntianum (G. H. M. Lawrence, A. F. G. Buchheim, G. S.

Daniels, and H. Dolezal, eds. 1968. Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, Pa.). The second consists of

a list of herbaria consulted. Specimens used in preparation of this study have been annotated by one or

more of the authors of this guide.

5
LIST 5. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES REPORTS

ALABAMA

Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and R. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened,

and special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and

Microbiology, Agric. Exp. Stn., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

ARKANSAS

Arkansas Department of Planning. 1974. Arkansas natural area plan. State of Arkansas, Little

Rock. [See G. E. Tucker, “Threatened native plants of Arkansas,” p. 39-65.1

FLORIDA

Ward, D. B., editor. No date. Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Vol. V. Plants. Univ.

Presses of Fla.. Gainesville.

GEORGIA

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

KENTUCKY

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Sciences, and Kentucky Native Preserves Commission. No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky.

Ky. Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Unpublished manuscript.

LOUISIANA

Curry, M. G. 1981. Status of Louisiana vascular plants listed in the 1 July 1975 Federal

Register. Environmental and Developmental Control Dep., Metairie, La.

MARYLAND

Broome, C. R., J. L. Reveal, A. 0. Tucker, and N. H. Dill. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Maryland. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Comer, Mass.

MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi Natural Heritage Program, Dep. of Wildlife Conservation. No date. Special plant

list. Miss. Mus. Natural Sciences, Jackson. Unpublished manuscript.

NORTH CAROLINA

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh.

SOUTH CAROLINA

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered,

Threatened and Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise

in jeopardy in South Carolina. South Carolina Museum Commission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

6
TENNESSEE

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants

of Tennessee. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

UNITED STATES

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife

and plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register 45(242):82480-82569.

VIRGINIA

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic

Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg.

WEST VIRGINIA

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered

species of West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. I. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. Natural

Resources, Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston.

MAPS

A distribution map for each species is included. Distribution is based on herbarium specimens examined by the authors (indicated on maps by solid circles), literature or other reports (solid

triangles), or field observations (solid squares). For wide-ranging species the distribution is only

representative rather than complete since herbarium surveys were limited mostly to institutions in the

Southeastern United States.

ILLUSTRATIONS

The line drawings generally have been prepared from herbarium specimens or from photographs of herbarium specimens. In a few cases field-collected seeds and fruits have been used. All

drawings have been prepared by Susan Sizemore, Staff Artist of the Department of Biology, University

of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Documentation for each is indicated in the legend by citation of the

herbarium acronym and sheet number where applicable. The original plates are deposited in the University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank A. E. Radford and Rob Sutter for reading and commenting on the entire manuscript,

Julie Moore and Charles Roe of the North Carolina Heritage Program for providing a printout of specimen citations and localities from the N.C. Heritage Program data bank, Duncan Porter for sharing

unpublished distributional data, Josephine Henry for supplying seeds and fruit of Gray’s lily, L. L.

Gaddy and Joan Gibson for making unpublished reports available, and Joy Mermin for help in cbecking specimens and descriptions. Special recognition is due Richard Bruce and Michael Lennartz who

have provided constant encouragement and managed extra paperwork and bookkeeping throughout

the several years we have been engaged in the various stages of this work.
ATLAS AND ILLUSTRATED GUIDE

ASPLENIUM MONANTHES Linnaeus Single-sorus spleenwort

Family.-Aspleniaceae (Spleenwort Family)

Synonymy.-Asplenium monanthemum L.f.; A. inaequilaterale Mart. & Gal. (non Willd.); A. leptophyllum

Fee; A. blandulum Fee; A. dentex Lowe; A. galeotti Fee; A. menziesii Hook. & Grev.; A.

polyphyllum Bertol.; A. arcuatum Liebm.; A. polymeris Moore; A. bertolonii Donn.; A.

trichomanes var. viridissimum Christ.; A. viridissimum Bommer (as synonym)

Other common names.-Kumu kumu, monosorial spleenwort, San Felasco spleenwort

Description.-Small, tufted, evergreen ferns. Rhizome short, creeping, obscured by many old petiole

bases, scales narrowly lanceolate, lustrous, in an appressed latticelike series. Leaves erect,

sterile and fertile ones generally alike; blades narrowly elliptic, 15-40 cm long, 1-3 cm

wide, l-pinnate throughout, pinnae numerous, short-petiolulate, mostly opposite, oblong,

reduced to mere auricles at base of blade, dentate along upper margin, entire along lower

margin, base auriculate above; petioles and rachises basically glabrous, lustrous, wiry, purplebrown; veins forked, distinct and not reaching the margin, main vein along lower edge of

pinna. Sori dorsal, elongate, on the lowermost pinnae usually few in number or solitary and

borne parallel to the lower margin, on the upper pinnae frequently several in number (as many

as 7) and borne obliquely to the margins of the uppermost pinnae, or often all pinnae bear

only a single parallel sorus; indusia scarious, glabrous, those of lower row attached along one

margin at one side of a veinlet facing away from the main vein.

Species similar to A. monanthes include A. platyneuron, A. trichomanes, A. resiliens,

and A. heteroresiliens. Asplenium platyneuron is most easily distinguished from A. monanthes

because it has dimorphic fronds (fertile erect and sterile spreading and lying on the ground) and

alternate pinnae, whereas A. monanthes has like sterile and fertile fronds and opposite pinnae.

The characteristic most definitive of A. monanthes is sori typically one or few, at least on the

lowermost pinnae, and borne parallel to the lower margins of these pinnae. This feature

separates this species from A. trichomanes, A. resiliens, and A. heteroresiliens, in which the

pinnae (including the lowermost) typically bear numerous sori that lie obliquely to the margins.

The pinnae of the last two species closely resemble those of A. monanthes, whereas those of A.

trichomanes display a rather distinctive shape, varying from round to roundish-oblong to

fan-shaped, and margin, being crenate.

Phenology.-Sporulates, April to December; Vegetative, January to December

Distribution.-Ariz., Fla., Hawaii, N.C. (Transylvania County), S.C.; Azores Islands, Brazil, Canary

Islands, Chile, Costa Rica (Cartago Province), Ecuador, Ethiopia, Germany (?), Guatemala,

Jamaica, Madagascar, Madeira Islands, Manila, Mexico (Chiapas, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco,

Mexico, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Vera Cruz), Panama (Chiriqui), Peru, Republic of Colombia,

Republic of South Africa (Cape of Good Hope, Natal), Sandwich Islands, West Indies

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); S.C. - Endangered, Possibly extinct (Candidate)

Habitat.-Shaded, moist, granitic boulders and steep, rocky bluffs in cool shaded ravines near rivers

and waterfalls. Frequently rooted in moss-liverwort mats.
REFERENCES

Anderson, L. E., and T. T. Bannister. 1952. An addition to the fern flora of North Carolina. J. Elisha

Mitchell Sci. Sot. 68:81-84.

Blomquist, H. L. 1948. Asplenium monanthes in South Carolina. Am. Fern J. 38:171-176.

Christensen, C. 1973. Index filicum. (Reprint of the 1906 edition.) Otto Koeltz Antiquariat, Koenigstein.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Hooker, W. J. 1860. Species filicum. William Pamplin, London.

Keamey, T. H., and R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora. 2nd ed. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.

Lakela, O., and R. W. Long. 1976. Ferns of Florida. Banyan Books, Miami.

Linnaeus, C. 1961. Mantissa plantarum. (Facsimile of the 1771 edition.) J. Cramer, Weinheim.

Maxon, W. R. 1913. Studies of tropical American ferns. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17:133-179.

Mickel, J. T. 1979. How to know the ferns and fern allies. Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers, Dubuque,

Iowa.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Evans, Aspleniaceae, p. 32.1

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. S.C. Museum Commission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

Wagner, W. H., Jr., D. R. Farrar, and B. W. McAlpin. 1970. Pteridology of the Highlands Biological

Station area, Southern Appalachians. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 86:1-27.

Ward, D. B., Chairman Special Committee on Plants. No date. Rare and endangered Florida plants.

Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. Dep. of Botany, Univ. Fla.,

Gainesville. Unpublished manuscript.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of Tennessee

University of Georgia Vanderbilt University

University of North Carolina at Western Carolina University

Chapel Hill

9
Asplenium monanthes (ASPLENIACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Fertile pinnae. c Fertile pinnae.

a from NCU 92331 & 92333; b from NCU 381639; C from NCU 92333

1 0
11
ASTILBE CRENATILOBA (Britton) Small Roan false goat’s-beard

Family.-Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family)

Synonymy.-Astilbe decandra D. Don var. crenatiloba B&ton; Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton var.

crenatiloba (Britton) Wheelock; Astilbe crenatilobata (Britton) Small

Other common names.-Feather-trees, Roan astilbe

Description.-_Coarse, robust perennial herb to 1 m high from stout rhizomes. Leaves basal and cauline,

similar, alternate, large, often to 6 dm broad, 2-3 temately compound or temately and oddpinnately decompound, petiolate; terminal leaflets usually 3-lobed, occasionally more, or blade

ovate, 8- 15 cm long, 4- 15 cm wide, acute to obtuse, crenate with mucronate teeth, base

usually cordate; lateral leaflets ovate to elliptic, 3-lobed or more often lobed on 1 side, smaller,

acute to obtuse, crenate with mucronate teeth, base oblique or cordate, petiolulate. Inflorescence an elongate (often 3 dm long) widely spreading, many-branched, plumelike, terminal

compound panicle of racemes. Flowers numerous, perfect or imperfect, actinomorphic, bracteate,

short-pedicellate, becoming reflexed in fruit. Sepals 5, basally fused to form a shallow campanulate cup, persistent in fruit; petals 5 or absent in pistillate flowers, distinct, white, attached

at the base of the calyx; stamens 10 or abortive in imperfect flowers, distinct; gynoecium of 1

compound pistil, ovary slightly inferior, carpels and locules 2, placentation axile, styles 2,

stigmas 2 and capitate. Fruit a 2-beaked, ovoid capsule composed of the 2 folliclelike carpels,

each dehiscing longitudinally in the stylar region. Seeds numerous, lustrous, reddish-brown.

This Roan Mountain endemic closely resembles its more widespread relative A. biternata

but apparently is quite distinct (pers. commun., T. L. Mellichamp). The following comparison chart may be used to separate these two species.

PLANT

HEIGHT

LEAFLET

MARGIN

FRUIT

SHAPE

FRUIT

LENGTH

A. crenatiloba

l m

crenate

broadly ovoid

3 mm

A. biternata

l-2m

serrate

lanceoloid

4-5 mm

Astilbe is also similar to Aruncus dioicus (goat’s-beard) of the Rosaceae. They may be

readily separated by the following characters: Astilbe has 10 stamens, 2 carpels, and a terminal leaflet that is 3-lobed, and Aruncus has 15 or more stamens, 3 carpels, and a terminal

leaflet that is not lobed.

Phenology.-Flowers, Summer (no documentation for flowering months); Fruits, September; Vegetative,

September.

Distribution.-N.C. (Mitchell County);* Tenn. (thought to be extinct)

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered, Possibly extirpated (Protected); Tenn. - Endangered, Possibly

extinct (Candidate); Federal - Under review.

Habitat.-Wooded slopes on Roan Mountain.

* Individuals of this species have not been seen in the field since B&on’s (1888) original collection. A search was conducted in the summer of 1979 by Massey, Whitson, and Atkinson (1980) but proved unsuccessful.

1 2
REFERENCES

B&ton, N. L. 1888. New or noteworthy North American Phanerogams. I. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15:97-104.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened p!ant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14-160004-78-108. Highlands

Biological Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Mellichamp, T. L. (Dep. of Biology, Univ. N.C., Charlotte). 1977. Personal communication, letter in

NCU files.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Saxifragaceae, p. 523.1

Small, J. K. 1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Published by the author, New York.

- . 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the 1933 edition. 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Small, J. K., and P. A. Rydberg. 1905. Saxifragaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 22:81-158.

Spongberg, S. A. 1972. The genera of Saxifragaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor.

53:409-499.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Wheelock, W. E. 1896. A list of species of the smaller herbaceous genera of North American Saxifragaceae.

Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23:76-78.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (photographs of type, which is deposited in New York

Botanical Garden, by T. L. Mellichamp).

1 3
Astilhe cremtilobcr (SAXIFRAGACEAE)

a Compound leaf. b Infructescence. c Capsule.

From NCU 483233, photo

14

BETULA CORDIFOLIA Regel Mountain paper birch

Family.-Betulaceae (Birch Family)

Synonymy.-Bet&a pupyrifera Marsh. var. cord$Xa Regel; B. alba ssp. papyrlfera /3 cordifolia Regel;

B. papyracea var. cordifolia Dippel; B. alba var. cordifolia Fernald; B. papyrifera Marsh. var.

cordifolia (Regel) Fernald

Other common names.-Heart-leaved paper birch

Description.-Monoecious tree to 20 m tall with white to gray, pinkish bark, exfoliating into thin papery

sheets, especially on young stems, with prominent brown lenticels in horizontal stripes; twigs

glabrous or pubescent and reddish brown. Terminal buds absent; lateral buds ovoid, acute,

gummy, covered with imbricate, chestnut-brown scales. Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate,

often appearing paired on spur shoots because of shortened internodes, stipulate (stipules

often quickly deciduous), ovate, to 10 cm long and 8 cm wide, pubescent beneath along the

veins, acuminate, doubly serrate, base cordate (sometimes oblique or truncate), venation

prominently pinnate; petioles usually pubescent, 0.7-3 cm long. Numerous, minute (so small

that one really needs a hand lens or a dissecting microscope to examine them) male and

female flowers are borne in different catkins on the same tree; catkins with numerous, imbricate scales. Staminate catkins slender, 2-3-clustered near ends of twigs, appearing in late

summer and remaining all winter, producing pollen in early spring, becoming long and drooping;

pistillate catkins cylindric, erect and solitary on peduncles at the ends of spur shoots, appearing in spring. The basic unit of the inflorescence is a cymule (to the observer this unit appears

to be the “flower”), each subtended by a complex of bracts and spirally arranged. Staminate cymule 3-flowered, subtended by a complex of bracts, 2 small, lateral secondary bracts

and 1 large, ciliate primary bract that covers the entire cymule; pistillate cymule 3-flowered,

subtended by a single ciliate, 3-lobed scale, the lobes representing 3 bracts (1 central primary

and 2 lateral secondary) fused together basally. Staminate flower: calyx minute, represented

by a single tepal (actually a fusion of 4 tepals), stamens 2. Pistillate flower: perianth absent,

consists solely of 1 compound pistil, ovary nude (inferior in other family members), carpels

2, locules 2, each locule with 2 ovules (1 abortive in fruit), placentation apical, styles 2 and

persistent in fruit, stigmas 2. Fruiting catkins conelike, 2.5-4.5 cm long. Fruit a samara,

body (nutlet) ellipsoid with 2 thin lateral wings; samaras transversely oblong, 2.5-4 mm long,

4-6 mm broad, wings l-l.5 mm wide and erose, body usually ciliate apically.

The species most similar to B. cordijolia is B. papyrifera, of which it is sometimes

considered a variety (B. papyrifera Marsh. var. cordifolia Regel). The two may be identified

using the following comparison chart.

TWIG

VESTITURE

BARK

COLOR

B . cordifolia

sparsely pubescent or

usually glabrous

white, with pinkish

tint

B. papyrifera

densely pubescent

white, without pinkish

tint

LEAF

BASE

STYLE

BASES

cordate

obscured by

pubescence

cuneate to rounded

not obscured by

pubescence

Two other birch species of interest here are B. lutea and B. uber. Betula lutea occurs

in similar habitats, however, the golden-yellow or bronze bark and sessile pistillate catkins

readily distinguish it from B. cordifolia. Betula uber is an extremely rare species found only

in Smyth County, Virginia (see next species treatment in this publication). It differs from B.

cordifolia in its dark bark with a wintergreen fragrance and its almost round leaves.

16
Phenology.-Flowers, April, May, July, August; Fruits, June to October, Vegetative, January to December

Distribution.-Corm., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Minn., N.H., N.Y., N.C. (Buncombe, Yancey Counties),

Tenn., Vt., Wis.; Canada - British Columbia, Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered, Special Concern (Protected); Tenn. - Threatened (Candidate)

Habitat.-In the Southeast it occurs at high altitudes in moist or dry, rocky soil in various community

types, such as Fraser fir (A&es fraseri)-red spruce (Piceu rubens); Fraser fir-yellow birch

(Bet& luteu)/fire cherry (Prunes pensylvanicu); yellow birch/mixed heaths.

REFERENCES

Ashe, W. W. 1918. Notes on Betulu. Rhodora 20:63-64.

Bartlett, H. H. 1909. The submarine Chumuecyparis bog at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Rhodora

11:221-235.

Candolle, A. de. 1864. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Vol. 16. Treuttel et Wurtz,

Paris. [See Regel, E. A. von, Beth, p. 166.1

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Dippel, L. 1892. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 20. Gartner und Forstleute, Berlin.

Engler, A. 1904. Das Pflanzenreich. IX. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Berlin. [See Winkler, Betulaceae,

p. 61.1

Femald, M. L. 1901. The vascular plants of Mount Katahdin. Rhodora 3:166-177.

-. 1945. Some North American Corylaceae (Betulaceae). I. Notes on Beth in eastern North

America. Rhodora 47:303-329.

_. 19.50. Gray’s manual of botany. American Book Co., New York.

Fowells, H. A., compiler and reviser. 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agric. Handbook 271. U.S. Dep Agric., Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

Gray Herbarium Card Index. 1894 + . Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.

Hardin, J. W. 1971. Studies of the southeastern United States flora. 1. Betulaceae. J. Elisha Mitchell

Sci. Sot. 87:39-41.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state. New York

State Mus. Bull. 254. The Univ. of the State of N.Y., Albany.

Huber, F. C., J. A. DeLapp, and C. A. Mitchell. 1977. Betulu pupryiferu var. cordifoliu (Regel) Femald

in Tennessee. Castanea 42:324-325.

Lakela, 0. 1965. A flora of northeastern Minnesota. Univ. Minn. Press, Minneapolis.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

198 1. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Preston, R. J., Jr. 1976. North American trees. 3rd ed. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Betulaceae, p. 368.1

Ramseur, G. S. 1960. The vascular flora of the high mountain communities of the Southern Appalachians.

J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 76:82-l 12.

Regel, E. 1861. Monographische Bearbeitung der Betulaceen. Nouveaux Memories de la Societe Imperiale

de Naturalistes de Moscou 8:86-87.

Seymour, F. C. 1969. The flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53: 128- 133.

1 7
HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of Tennessee

University of North Carolina at Western Carolina University

Chapel Hill

Betula cordfolia (BETULACEAE)

a Fruiting branch. b Bark. c Staminate bract (abaxial or outer surface).

staminate catkins. e Samara. f Pistillate bract (abaxial or outer surface).

a,e,f,g from NCU 237 186; b,c,d from NCU 64050

d Twig with

g Twig features.

18
19
BETULA UBER (Ashe) Fernald Round-leaf birch

Family.-Betulacsae (Birch Family)

Synonymy.-Betulu divergens Ashe, B. lentu Linnaeus var. uber Ashe, B. nigra Linnaeus var. uber

(Ashe) Massey & Hundley, B. ditis Ashe (?), B. ullegheniensis (sic) Britton X B. pumilu Linnaeus

var. glundul~~era Regel, B. X purpusii Schneider pro purte, B. lutea Michaux f. X B. pumila

Linnaeus, B. X juckii Schneider pro parte, B. lenta Linnaeus X B. pumila Linnaeus, B. lentu

Linnaeus X B. pumila Linnaeus var. glandul~feru Regel, B. pumila Linnaeus pro parte.

Other common names.-Ashe birch, Ashe’s birch, Virginia birch, Virginia little-leaved birch, Virginia

round-leaf birch

Description.-Small monoecious tree averaging ca. 10.5 m high, major branches beginning on the upper part of the trunk and giving rise to many relatively slender spreading branchlets. Bark

and branches with wintergreen flavor and fragrance when cut or broken. Bark blackish-brown,

rather thin, relatively smooth, with prominent horizontal lenticels, exfoliating on young stems.

Twigs usually glabrous and reddish brown; branchlets glabrous, blackish-brown, with prominent,

whitish, round lenticels. Terminal buds absent; lateral buds ovoid to lanceoloid, acuminate,

covered with imbricate chestnut brown scales, scales ciliate along upper margin. Leaves deciduous,

simple, alternate, often appearing paired on spur shoots because of shortened internodes,

stipulate (stipules often quickly deciduous); blades suborbicular, 1.4-6 cm long, 1.5-4.5 cm

wide, pubescent above and below along the veins, obtuse to rounded, coarsely serrate, teeth

with prominent mucros, base mostly cordate; petioles 0.5- 1.5 cm long, pubescent with long,

soft, white hairs, especially where the petiole meets the blade. Numerous, minute (so small

that one really needs a hand lens or a dissecting microscope to examine them) staminate and

pistillate flowers are borne in different catkins on the same tree; catkins with numerous,

imbricate scales. Staminate catkins slender, 2-3-clustered near ends of twigs, appearing in late

summer and remaining all winter, producing pollen in early spring, becoming long and

drooping; pistillate catkins cylindric, sessile at the ends of spur shoots, erect, appearing in

spring. The basic unit of the inflorescence is a cymule (to the observer this unit appears to be

the “flower”), each subtended by a complex of bracts and spirally arranged. Staminate cymule

3-flowered, subtended by a complex of bracts, 2 small, lateral secondary bracts and 1 large,

ciliate primary bract that covers the entire cymule; pistillate cymule 3-flowered, subtended by a

single, minutely and sparingly ciliate, 3-lobed scale, the lobes representing 3 bracts (1 central primary and 2 lateral secondary) fused together basally. Staminate flower: calyx minute,

represented by a single tepal (actually a fusion of 4 tepals), stamens 2. Pistillate flower:

perianth absent, consists solely of I compound pistil, ovary nude (inferior in other family

members), carpels 2, locules 2, each locule with 2 ovules (1 abortive in fruit), placentation

apical, styles 2 and persistent in fruit, stigmas 2. Fruiting catkins conelike, 1 - 1.5 cm long.

Fruit a samara, body (nutlet) obovoid with 2 thin lateral wings; samaras broadly cuneiform,

1.5-2 mm long, ca. 1 mm broad, dark brown, ciliate apically, wings broadened upward,

usually narrower than nutlet.

Two other birches, B. lenta and B. ulleghaniensis, occur in the habitat area of B.

uber. The comparison chart included here may be used to separate these species.

Betula uber is completely disjunct by nearly 500 miles from the other members of

the series Humiles. Its nearest relative, B. pumilu, is not found south of New York and northern New Jersey and is easily distinguished from B. uber by being a shrub 0.5-3 m high

and by having the middle lobe of the pistillate bract narrow and much longer than the lateral

lobes.

Phenology.-Staminate catkins, May, September; Fruiting, July, September; Vegetative, January to

December. Our phenology data are very limited because of a paucity of specimens.

Distribution.-Virginia (Smyth County)

Legal status.-Va. - Endangered (Protected); Federal - Endangered (Protected)

Habitat.-Streambank and flood plain of creek

20
REFERENCES

Ashe, W. W. 1918. Notes on Bet&a. Rhodora 20:63-64.

Elias, T. S. 1980. The complete trees of North America: Field guide and natural history. Van Nostrand

Reinhold Co., New York.

Femald, M. L. 1945. Some North American Corylaceae (Betulaceae). I. Notes on Betula in eastern

North America. Rhodora 47:303-329.

-. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York.

Getto, L. 1976. Ogle’s birch tree discovery is drawing national acclaim. The Hilltopper VI (5), 26

January: 1, 3. Virginia Highlands Community College, Abingdon.

Johnson, A. G. 1954. Betula lenta var. uber Ashe. Rhodora 56: 129-13 1.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. I. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Kinkead, E. 1976. Our footloose correspondents: The search for Bet&a uber. The New Yorker, 12

January: 58-69.

Massey, A. B., and L. R. Hundley. 1955. Betula uber (Ashe) Femald in Smyth Co., Va. Virginia J.

Sci. 6:247-248.

Mazzeo, P. M. 1974. Betula uber-What is it and where is it? Castanea 39:273-278.

Ogle, D. W., and P. M. Mazzeo. 1976. Betula uber, the Virginia Round-leaf Birch, rediscovered in

southwest Virginia. Castanea 41:248-256.

Porter, D. M. 1979a. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

1979b. Vascular plants. Pages 31-122 in D. W. Linzey, ed. Proceedings of the symposium on

endangered and threatened plants and animals of Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute and State

Univ., Blacksburg. May 19-20, 1978.

Reed, C. F. 1975. Betula uber (Ashe) Femald rediscovered in Virginia. Phytologia 32:305-311.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Havard University University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

BARK

COLOR

LEAF

SHAPE

LEAF

APEX

LEAF

VENATION

PISTILLATE

CATKIN LENGTH

MEDIAL

BRACT

B. uber B. lenta

blackish brown blackish brown

suborbicular ovate

rounded acuminate

4-6 pairs 8- 12 pairs

l-l.5 cm 2.5-3 cm

broad, low, prolonged and

and rounded; narrow; much

subequal to longer than

lateral lobes lateral lobes

B. alleghaniensis

golden yellow, bronze

ovate

acuminate

8- 12 pairs

2.5-3 cm

prolonged and narrow;

much longer than

lateral lobes

21
Beth uher (BETULACEAE)

a Fruiting branch. b Pistillate bract (abaxial or outer surface). C Samara.

twig. e Staminate flowers on adaxial (inner) surface of staminate bract complex.

(abaxial or outer surface).

d Staminate

f Staminate bract

Al] from Virginia: Smyth CO., July 21, 1976, ~011. Ogle.

except b and c from NCU 20896

22
f

23
BUCKLEYA DISTICHOPHYLLA (Nuttall) Torrey Piratebush

Family.-Santalaceae (Sandalwood Family)

Synonymy.-Borya distichophylla Nuttall

Other common names.-Buckleya

Description.-Dioecious shrubs to 3.5 m tall from large, white rhizomes, root parasites of Tsuga (hemlock)

and several other woody and herbaceous plants. Stems freely branched, branches terete, distichous;

young stems green, puberulent, fanlike and ascending; older stems gray to grayish green,

puberulent; lenticels conspicuous, whitish, circular to elliptic, l-2 mm long, 1 mm wide; leaf

scars depressed obovate, ca. 1 mm wide and 1 mm high, with a single vascular trace.

Terminal buds absent; lateral buds up to 4.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, sessile, ligneous, scales

imbricate in 6-9 opposing pairs, acute to short acuminate. Leaves deciduous, simple, opposite,

distichous on green branches of the growing season thus giving the impression of large pinnately compound leaves, pale green. lanceolate to elliptic, l-8 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide,

increasing in size on each branch from base to apex, upper leaves acuminate. apices of lowermost leaves acute and ligneous, entire, base broadly cuneate, puberulent, especially along

the midvein and margin, sessile to short petiolate. Staminate flowers in umbels of 3-7 flowers,

terminating lateral twigs, pistillate solitary and terminal on lateral twigs. Flowers actinomorphic,

unisexual, small. Perianth of only one series, the calyx. Staminate flowers: sepals 4, distinct,

rotate, green, elliptic, 2-2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, puberulent; petals absent; stamens 4,

distinct, opposite the sepals, I - 1.5 mm long, with curved-ascending filaments, inserted on the

sinuses of a conspicuous, flat, 4-lobed disc. Pistillate flowers: sepals as in male flowers;

petals absent; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary inferior, carpels 4, locule 1, placentation

basal, style 1, stout and terete, stigma 4-lobed; subtended by 4 foliaceous, persistent, lanceolate bracts. Fruit a drupe, fleshy, l-seeded, yellow green, ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long. I- 1.4 cm

wide, with white protuberances, the bracts remaining almost to maturity.

In addition to Buckleya, in North America the Santalaceae is composed of three other

genera, each with only one species: Comandra umbellata, Nestronia umbellula, and Pyrularia

p&era. C(wnandra is a herbaceous plant rarely more than 2 dm tall. The three shrubs can be

easily distinguished with the following comparison chart.

LEAF

ARRANGEMEN’I

INFLORESCENCE

TYPE

INFLORESCENCE

POSITION

FRUIT

SHAPE

BllM$Yl

opposite

staminate flowers

in umbels; pistillate

flowers solitary

terminal on leafy

branches

ellipsoid

Pyrultiritr

alternate

racemelike

spikes

terminal

pyriform to

ovoid

Ncstrorlia

opposite

staminate flowers in

umbels; pistillate

flowers solitary

in leaf axils

ovoid

Phenology.-Flowers, April to July; Fruits, June to October; Vegetative, January to December

Distribution.-N.C. (Buncombe, Guilford, Haywood, Macon, Madison, Swain Counties), Term., Va.

(Bland, Craig, Giles, Montgomery, Roanoke, Wythe Counties)

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Tenn. - Threatened (Candidate); Va. -Threatened

(Candidate); Federal - Under review

Habitat.--Generally found in openings of hemlock (Tsuga) stands on streambanks, cliffs, bluffs, or

steep slopes. Usually parasitic on hemlock.

24
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.

Freeman, 0. M. 1941. Notes on plant distribution. Castanea 6:77-78.

Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and

adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

Howard, R. A. 1977. Buckleya-The oldest cultivated plant in the Arnold Arboretum. Amoldia 37:151-156.

Kelsey, H. P., and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized plant names. J. Horace McFarland Co., Harrisburg,

Pa.

Massey, A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 155. Blacksburg.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

198 1. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Nuttall, T. 1818. The genera of North American plants. Published by the author, Philadelphia, Pa.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Santalaceae, p. 396.1

Sargent, C. S. 1880. New or little known plants. Buckleya distichophylla. Gard. & Forest 3:236-237.

1896. Buckleya again. Gard. & Forest 9:163.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Published by the author, New York.

Torrey, J. 1843. Buckleya. An editorial footnote in S. B. Buckley. Description of some new species of

plants. Am. J. Sci. 45:170-177.

Totten, H. R. 1937. Notes on Buckleyu and Pyrulariu (Buffalo-nut). J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 53:226.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Wofford, B. E., ed. 1980. Inventory of proposed threatened and endangered plant species: Cherokee

National Forest, Tennessee. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Clemson University University of North Carolina at

Duke University Charlotte

Furman University University of South Carolina at

Harvard University Columbia

Lynchburg College University of Tennessee

North Carolina State University Vanderbilt University

The College of William and Mary Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

University of Georgia State University

University of North Carolina at Western Carolina University

Chapel Hill

25
Bucklqu distichophylla (SANTALACEAE)

a Branches with immature fruits. b Pistillate flower. c Staminate branch.

e Staminate flower. f Mature drupe. g Mature drupe (cross section).

d Anther.

a from NCU 73760; b from NCU 476872; C, d, e from NCU 15880;

f and g from NCU 94884

26
27
CACALZA RI/CELIA (Shuttleworth ex Chapman)

Barkley & Cronquist

Rugel’s ragwort

Family.-Asteraceae (Composite, Aster, or Sunflower Family)

Synonymy.-Rugelicl nurlicaulis Shuttleworth ex Chapman; Senecio rugrliu (Shuttleworth) Gray

Other common names.-Rugel’s groundsel, winter-well

Description.-Tufted, coarse, subscapose perennial herbs with basal rosettes of leaves arising from welldeveloped. thick, tough rhizomes covered with somewhat persistent leaf bases from past

seasons. Stems 3-S dm tall. ribbed, floccose below, villous and glandular above, or eventually glabrate. Basal leaves several, simple, alternate; blades ovate, 5- 16 cm long, 3- 12 cm

wide, mostly acute, the margins coarsely and distantly dentate, the teeth with short bristle-tips,

base truncate, rounded, or cordate, floccose-villous, becoming glabrate with age; petioles as

long as or longer than the blade, flattened, winged, sheathing at the base, villous, particularly

along the margins. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but few and much reduced, alternate,

mostly sessile and bractlike. Flowers (florets) small and sessile in a compact head on a common enlarged receptacle, collectively surrounded by an involucre, each head appearing to be

a single flower; secondary inflorescence determinate and racemiform or sometimes paniculate,

the heads somewhat nodding when young, becoming erect with maturity, on elongate peduncles 2-9 cm long, the peduncles subtended by the uppermost bracteal stem leaves. Heads

usually few (2-6) but sometimes as many as 20, discoid; involucre campanulate, IO- 15

mm long, 8-25 mm broad, a single series of lo- 15, equal phyllaries (bracts), more or less

herbaceous, lanceolate, pale green with scarious margins, pubescent; receptacle flat to slightly

convex, naked. Florets (flowers) numerous, commonly 30-40, all discoid and perfect; calyx

represented by a pappus of numerous capillary bristles; corolla tubular, the lower half narrowly constricted, the upper half somewhat expanded, with 5 spreading lobes, tube 7-8 mm

long, lobes 1-2 mm long, dull, dirty-white; stamens 5, syngenesious (the anthers fused

together to form a cylinder around the style), this cylinder much exserted beyond the corolla

tube; gynoecium of I compound pistil, ovary inferior, carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal, style 1, much exserted, 2-branched at the apex, the branches recurved and flattened,

with broad stigmatic lines along the inner surface margins. Fruit a cypsela (achene or nutlet

of some authors), tan to brown, cylindric, ca. 6 mm long, 0.8- 1 mm broad, lo-ribbed, glabrous;

pappus persistent, white to tan, 8- 12 mm long.

Cacalia rugelia may be distinguished from most other Cacalia species by having lo- 15

involucral bracts and numerous flowers (commonly 20-40), as opposed to 5 involucral

bracts and 5 flowers. The species most similar to C. rugelia is C. suaveolens, which has

chiefly cauline leaves, the larger ones hastate, and is mostly l-2.5 m tall, whereas C.

rugelia has basally disposed leaves, none of them hastate, and is well under 1 m tall. Cacalia

rugelia has often been placed in the genus Senecio. A very conspicuous difference between

these two genera is flower color: yellow to orange in Senecio and white to creamy in Cacalia.

Phenology.-Flowers, June to August; Fruits, July to October; Vegetative, June to November

Distribution.-N.C. (Haywood, Swain Counties), Tenn.

Legal status.-N.C. - Threatened (Protected); Tenn. - Threatened (Candidate); Federal - Under

review

Habitat.-Forest openings, moist woods, and thickets at high elevations (mostly above 5,000 ft) in the

mountains. Dominant forest species are the coniferous evergreens, red spruce (Piceu rubens)

and Fraser fir (Abies,fraseri). Frequently roots in deep moss mats. Largely restricted to the

Smoky Mountain region in the Blue Ridge physiographic province of N.C. and Tenn.

28
REFERENCES

Alexander, E. J. 1937. Senecio rugelia. Addisonia 20:29-30 (pl. 655).

Barkley, T. M., and A. Cronquist. 1974. Cacalia rugelia: A new combination for a North American

Senecionoid. Rhodora 76:48-50.

Chapman, A. W. 1860. Flora of the southern United States. Ivison, New York.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson, and

J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina. Bookstore,

Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. I. Asteraceae. Univ. N.C.

Press, Chapel Hill.

Gray, A. 1884. Contributions to North American botany. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts 19: l-96.

Kelsey, H. P., and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized plant names. 2nd ed. J. Horace McFarland Co.,

Harrisburg, Pa.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Senecio, p. 1034.1

Ramseur, G. S. 1960. The vascular flora of high mountain communities of the Southern Appalachians.

J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 76:82-l 12.

Rogerson, C. T., ed. 1978. Compositae-Mutisieae, Senecioneae, Vemonieae. N. Am. Flora II. lO:l-245.

[See Pippen, Cacalia, p. 15 1.1

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants:

Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register 45

(242):82480-82569.

Vuilleumier, B. S. 1969. The genera of Senecioneae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor.

50:104-123.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Furman University University of North Carolina at

Great Smoky Mountains National Chapel Hill

Park Museum University of Tennessee

North Carolina State University Vanderbilt University

University of Georgia Western Carolina University

29
Crrurlia txgc/icr (ASTERACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Head. c Phyllary. d Stigma and style. e Portion of style.

flower. g Pappus bristles. h Cypsela (achcne).

a from NW 13557 I & 78822; b-h from NCU 78822

f Disc

30
31
CALAMAGROSTIS PORTERI Gray Porter’s reed grass

Family.-Poaceae (Grass Family)

Synonymy.-Deyeuxia porteri (Gray) Vasey, non D. porteri Dudley

Other common names.-Porter’s reed bent

Description.-Tufted perennial herbs with slender rhizomes. Culms (stems) terete, ribbed, erect, unbranched,

slender, usually glabrous, 6- 12 dm tall, internodes hollow, nodes closed and swollen. Leaves

cauline, simple, alternate, 2-ranked, composed of a blade, sheath, and ligule; blades greatly

elongate and narrow, strap-shaped and narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-4.5 dm long, 4-8 mm wide,

flat, spreading, lax, parallel-veined, sparingly to densely glandular-pubescent, scaberulous,

margins white and scabrous; sheaths encircling the culms, split, densely pubescent on the collar,

margins brownish-scarious; ligules membranous, scarious, erose flaps of tissue, 2-2.5 mm

long. Flowers in the axils of bracts, inconspicuous and minute, reduced to the essential organs

(the stamens and pistil), the perianth represented by minute scales (lodicules) at the base of

the flower. Floret a unit composed of a flower with two bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing it;

the lemma is the lower bract, lies to the outside of the spikelet, and encloses the palea; the

palea is the inner, upper bract, lies next to the rachilla, and envelopes the flower. Infloresence

compound, with the basic, primary inflorescence (the ultimate unit) a spikelet consisting of I

flower and its lemma and palea and 2 empty bracts (glumes) at the base, the lower glume

called the 1st glume, the upper one the 2nd glume. Spikelets secondarily arranged into a

narrow but rather loose, erect or somewhat nodding pale or purplish panicle, lo- 15 cm long.

Spikelets l-flowered, light green when young, straw-colored when mature, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, prolonged behind the palea as a short, hairy bristle, callus bearing

a tuft of hairs at the sides, these hairs rather scant, nearly half as long as the lemma. Glumes

about equal, acuminate, 4-6 mm long. scaberulous; lemmas slightly shorter than the glumes,

toothed at the apex, with an awn from near the base, about as long as the lemma, bent and

protruding from the side of the glumes; paleas about as long as the lemma. Stamens 3, distinct,

exserted, filaments slender, anthers large, appearing versatile; gynoecium of 1 compound

pistil, ovary superior, carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal, styles 2, stigmas 2,

plumose. Fruit a lanceoloid grain (caryopsis), I- I .5 mm long.

Phenology.-Flowers, July to August; Fruits, July to December; Vegetative, July to December

Distribution.-Fla., N.Y., N.C. (Clay, Transylvania Counties), Ohio, Pa., Va. (Albemarle, Alleghany,

Amherst, Appomattox, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Botetourt, Carroll, Craig, Franklin, Frederick,

Giles, Grayson, Greene, Highland, Lee, Madison, Montgomery, Nelson, Page, Pulaski,

Rappahannock, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Shenandoah, Warren, Wythe Counties),

W. Va.

Legal status.-Ky. - Undetermined (Candidate); N.C. - Endangered (Protected); W. Va. - Threatened (Candidate)

Habitat.-Dry, rocky upland woods, sand barrens, ledges, shale barrens.

32
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Science, and Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission.

No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky. Ky. Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Unpublished manuscript.

Femald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. I. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston.

Gray, A. 1862. Revision of the North American species of the genus Culamagrostis, sect. Deyeuxia.

Proc. Am. Acad. Arts 6:77-80.

Gress, E. M. 1924. The grasses of Pennsylvania. Pa. Dep. Agric., Bureau of Plant Industry, Tech.

Series No. 2, Vol. 7, No. 5 (Gen. Bull. 384), Harrisburg.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., C. E. Stevens, and D. M. E. Ware. 1977. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part 1.

Pteridophytes through Monocotyledons. Va. Botanical Associates, Farmville.

Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. 2nd ed. Revised by A. Chase. U.S.

Dep. Agric. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state. N.Y. State

Mus. Bull. No. 254. The Univ. of the State of N.Y., Albany.

Kelsey, H. P., and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized plant names. 2nd ed. J. Horace McFarland Co.,

Harrisburg, Pa.

Lamson-Scribner, F. 1899. American grasses--II. U.S.D.A., Div. of Agrostology, Bull. No. 17 (Agros.

40). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Nash, G. V. 1909. (Poales) Poaceae. N. Am. Flora 1. 17:501,508.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Poaceae, p. 112.1

Straubaugh, P. D., and E. L. Core. No date. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc.,

Grantsville, W. Va.

Vasey, G. 1885. A descriptive catalogue of the grasses of the United States. Gibson Brothers, Printers

and Bookbinders, Washington, D.C.

Weigman, P. G. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Pennsylvania. Western Pa.’

Conservancy, Pittsburgh.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Lynchburg College University of North Carolina at

North Carolina State University Chapel Hill

The College of William and Vanderbilt University

Mary Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

University of Georgia State University

33
Ccrlamn~~rostis portcri ( POACEAE)

a Vegetative parts and inl‘lorescence. b Plant habit. C Grain. d Palea, lemmas and

awn. e Glumes. f Spikelet. 9 Sheath from side. h Sheath split to show ligule.

a from NCU 459296 & 156577: b, C , h from NCU 459296; d, e,

f from NCU 429343; g from NCU 196577

34

CAREX AENEA Fernald Bronzy sedge

Family.--Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)

Synonymy.2are.x praticola Britt. & Rydb.; C. adjusta Boon pro parte fide Femald, 1902, and Mackenzie,

1935); C. adjusta var. sparsiflora Bailey; C. albolutescens var. sparsiflora Olney (vide Femald,

1902); C. foenea Willd. var. aenea (Fem.) Kukenthal; C. foenea var. perplexa Bailey (vide

Mackenzie, 1935, name only); C. foenea var. sparszfloru Howe; C. straminea var. minor Dewey

(vide Mackenzie, 1935); C. tenera f. erecta Olney; C. aenea Mackenzie

Other common names.-Fernald’s hay sedge

Description.--Grasslike, monoecious, tufted perennial herbs arising from very short, black, fibrillose

rootstocks. Culms (stems) slender, nodding, exceeding the leaves, 3- 12 dm tall, obtusely

triangular and smooth on the angles except immediately beneath the inflorescence, brownish

at base and clothed with old leaves. Leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a fertile culm,

on the lower half, but not bunched, 3-ranked; blades ascending, weak, flat, light-green,

l-3 dm long, 2-4 mm wide, roughened towards apex; sheaths tight, green-and-white-mottled

dorsally, thin-hyaline ventrally, slightly yellowish-tinged and concave at mouth, short-prolonged

beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule. Flowers minute, inconspicuous, staminate or

pistillate; staminate flower simply a cluster of 3 stamens; pistillate flower simply a pistil

surrounded by a specialized, saclike bract (perigynium); staminate and pistillate flowers each

subtended by a glumelike scale (bract). lnflorescence compound, with the basic, primary

intlorescence (the ultimate unit) a spikelet (a small spike), the staminate spikelet composed of

the spirally arranged staminate flowers and their bracts, the pistillate spikelet composed of a

single pistillate flower, perigynium, and bract; spikelets secondarily arranged into 4- 10 subglobose

spikes, these in turn arranged into a flexuous moniliform (beadlike) inflorescence 3.5-7 cm

long. Spikes 3-7, 7-25 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, all separate or the upper 2 or 3, aggregated,

oblong or oblong-obovoid, gynecandrous (the pistillate flowers above the staminate); scales

ovate, acute to acuminate, dull or yellowish brown with narrow hyaline margins and 3-nerved

green center, nearly as wide and as long as perigynia and nearly concealing them. Perigynia

numerous, appressed-ascending, concave-convex, ovoid, 4-5 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide,

membranous, dull green but soon brownish, nerved on outer (dorsal) face, obscurely nerved

on inner (ventral) face, serrulate above, short-stipitate, tapering at apex into a conspicuous beak

about half the length of the body; beak ca. 1.5 mm long, flat, serrulate, obliquely cut dorsally,

bidentate, reddish-brown-tipped, the orifice light-reddish-brown-tinged at margins. Lower bracts

cuspidate, the upper scalelike. Perianth none; stamens 3, distinct; gynoecium of 1 compound

pistil, ovary superior and enclosed by the perigynium, carpels 2, locule 1, placentation basal,

style 1, 2-branched above, each branch with an elongate, slender, reddish brown stigma

exserted at anthesis. Fruit a lenticular achene (nutlet of some authors), 1.6- 1.7 mm long,

1.1-1.5 mm broad, substipitate, apiculate, jointed with the deciduous style, dull, yellowish brown.

Carex uenea is a member of the section Ovales, the largest and best developed

group of Carices in North America, where about 75 species occur. Carex aenea and four other

species form a complex known as Foeneae. Field characteristics useful in recognizing C.

aenea are the flexuous, moniliform inflorescence; the perigynia with the body widest near the

base, dull-green, soon brownish, essentially nerveless ventrally or occasionally few-nerved,

the beak reddish-brown-tipped; and scales dull or yellowish brown.

Phenology.-Flowers, June to August; Fruits, July to September; Vegetative, June to September

Distribution.-Alaska, Calif., Conn., Idaho, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.J., N.Y.,

N.C. (Avery, Mitchell Counties), Pa., S. Dak., Vt., Wis.; Canada - Alberta, British Columbia,

Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected)

Habitat.-Usually dry, open places in woods and thickets or on banks, roadsides, sandy ridges, slopes.

Frequently in cut- or burned-over areas. Often associated with rocky, gravelly, or sandy

soil. In N.C. on grassy balds.

36
REFERENCES

Bailey, L. H. 1889. Studies of the types of various species of the genus Carex. Notes on Carex. XI.

Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 1: l-85.

Bean, R. C., D. C. Richards, and F. Hyland. 1966. Check-list of the vascular plants of Maine. Revision of 1948 edition, by E. C. Ogden, F. H. Steinmetz, and F. Hyland. Bull. Josselyn Bot.

Sot. Maine 8:1-71.

Boott, F. 1968. Illustrations of the genus Carex. (Facsimile of the 1858 edition.) Verlag von J. Cramer,

New York.

B&ton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1970. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada.

Vol. I. Ophioglossaceae to Polygonaceae. (Facsimile of the 1913 edition.) Dover Publications,

Inc., New York.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Davis, R. J. 1952. Flora of Idaho. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa.

Dewey, C. 1826. Caricography. Am. J. Sci. 11:304-325.

Engler, H.G.A. 1901. Das Pflanzenreich. Vol. 38. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Berlin. [See Kukenthal,

Carex, pp. 67-824.)

Femald, M. L. 1902. I. The northeastern Carices of the Section Hyparrhenae. II. The variation of some

boreal Carices. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts 37:447-514.

-. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. American Book Co., New York.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state. New York

State Mus. Bull. No. 254. The Univ. of the State of N.Y., Albany.

HultCn, E. 1942. Flora of Alaska and Yukon. C.W.K. Gleerup, Lund, Sweden.

Mackenzie, K. K. 1935. (Poales) Cyperaceaexariceae. N. Am. Flora I. 18:1-478 (pp. 169-170).

-. 1940. North American Cariceae. Vol. I. The New York Botanical Club, New York.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Cyperaceae, p. 228.1

Seymour, F. C. 1969. The flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part 1. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science

and Univ. of Mich. Herbarium. Bulletin 55. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.

Weigman, P. G. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Pennsylvania. Western Pa.

Conservancy, Pittsburgh.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of Tennessee

University of Georgia Vanderbilt University

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

37
Carex aenea (CYPERACEAE )

a Plant habit. b Achene (nutlet).

scale. e Pistillate inflorescence.

C Pistillate spikelet (pistil enclosed in perigynium). d Pistillate

a from NCU 155949 & 181161; b from NCU 375600;

c, d from NCU 181161; e from NCU 155949

38
I

b
CAREX BILTMOREMA Mackenzie Biltmore sedge

Family.-Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)

Synonymy.<. tetunica sensu Small (1903) non Schk.

Other common names.-None.

Description.arasslike, monoecious, tufted and stoloniferous perennial herbs. Rootstock stout, interwoven;

stolons short, stout, ascending. Fertile culms (stems) 3-7 dm tall, erect, slender above, stout

towards the base (3-4 mm thick), exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, smooth or rough

above, purple-tinged and somewhat fibrillose at base; sterile shoots numerous, elongate. Leaves

with well-developed blades usually 3-5 per fertile culm, near the base, but usually not

bunched, 3-ranked; blades of fertile culms flat with slightly revolute margins, light-green, thin,

minutely hispidulous, 0.5-2 dm long, 3.5-5 mm wide, the lower much smaller than the

upper, very rough towards apex; blades of sterile culms 2-3.5 dm long; sheaths overlapping,

loose, glabrate, white- or yellowish-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth; ligules longer than

wide, often much prolonged. Flowers minute, inconspicuous, staminate or pistillate; staminate

flower simply a cluster of 3 stamens; pistillate flower simply a pistil surrounded by a specialized,

saclike bract (perigynium); staminate and pistillate flowers each subtended by a glumelike scale

(bract). Inflorescence compound, with the basic. primary inflorescence (the ultimate unit) a

spikelet (a small spike), the staminate spikelet composed of the spirally arranged staminate

flowers and their bracts, the pistillate spikelet composed of a single pistillate flower, perigynium,

and bract; spikelets secondarily arranged into 2-4 elongate spikes per culm. Terminal spike

staminate, linear, 2-3 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, strongly rough-peduncled; scales numerous,

closely appressed, oblong, obtuse, purplish brown or with age reddish brown, with 3-nerved

green center and white-hyaline apex and margins. Lateral spikes l-3, pistillate, linear or

linear-oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm long, 4-8 mm wide, few- and loosely-flowered, erect on slender,

roughish, usually much exserted peduncles; scales ovate, as wide but rather shorter than the

mature perigynia, varying from obtuse to mucronate to short-awned, purplish brown or with

age straw-colored, with 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline margins; perigynia 6-20,

ascending, obovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 1.5-2.25 mm wide, not inflated, 2-keeled, manynerved, yellowish green, membranous, minutely punctate, stipitate, tapering to base, abruptly

rounded at apex into a short, often bent beak (sometimes absent), the orifice hyaline, entire

(nonbidentate). Bracts long-sheathing, the blades shorter than the culm, the sheaths tight,

smooth, 5-30 mm long. Perianth none; stamens 3, distinct; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil,

ovary superior and enclosed by the perigynium, carpels 3, locule I, placentation basal, style

1, 3-branched above, each branch with an elongate, slender, reddish brown stigma. Fruit an

achene (nutlet of some authors), obovoid, 2.3-2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, triangular with

concave sides, closely enveloped by the perigynium, yellowish brown, granular, tapering at

base, abruptly strongly bent-beaked, jointed with the persistent style.

Carex biltmoreana belongs to the section Paniceae and most strongly resembles three

other species in this section: C. tetunica, C. woodii, and C. meadii. A combination of the

following characteristics distinguishes C. biltmoreana in the field: culms stout and strongly

purplish-tinged at base, rootstocks stout and interwoven, larger leaf blades 5 mm wide.

Phenology.-Flowers, May to June; Fruits, May to June; Vegetative, May to June

Distribution.*aa., N.C. (Buncombe, Haywood, Macon, Rutherford Counties), S.C., Va.?

Legal status.-Ga. - Threatened (Protected); N.C. - Endangered, Possibly extirpated (Protected); Federal - Under review.

Habitat.-Rocky woods and cliff crevices at high elevations.

* A study prepared by L. L. Caddy. 1981. for the Plant Protection Board of the N.C. Department of Agriculture reports verification of population at type locality on Satulah Mt. (Macon County), and also populations in Greenville and Oconee Counties,

South Carolina, and Towns County. Georgia.

i- Counties in which C. biltmoreunu occurs in Va. are unknown. Occurrence m this state is from Radford, Ahles, and Bell (1968)

40
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Mackenzie, K. K. 1910. Notes on Carex. VI. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:231-250.

_. 1935. (Poales) Cyperaceae-Cariceae. N. Am. Flora I. 18:1-478 (p. 240).

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. of Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14- 160004-78- 108. Highlands

Biological Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Cyperaceae, p. 234.1

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the 1933 edition. 1972.) Hafner

Publishing Co., New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University The New York Botanical Garden

H_arvard University University of Georgia

41
Carex biltmoream (CYPERACEAE )

a Plant habit. b Perigynium. C Pistillate scale. d Pistillate infructescence. e Staminate

scale. f Staminate inflorescence.

From NY (Bilt. Herb. 268a)

42
_ . ,-I, _ ,‘;.

‘, 1 Tj

‘j, .:,:,.

”

,. .,:

c ”

43
CAREX MISERA Buckley Wretched sedge

Family.--Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)

Synonymy.--Carex miser Buckley (emended by Small [ 19331 to C. misera), C. juncea sensu Small

(1903, 1913) non Willd., rr~n C. miseru Franchet (type from Japan), rmn C. miseru Phil., rmn

C. maritimu var. miseru (Phil.) Fernald, rmn C. melanocystis var. miseru (Phil.) Kukenthal,

non C. incurvu var. miseru (Phil.) Kukenthal, C. rugeliunu Kunze pro purte

Other common names.-None

Description.--Grasslike, monoecious, tufted perennial herbs. Rootstocks short, slender, tough, purplish.

Culms (stems) 1.8-5.0 dm tall, very slender but erect, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular,

minutely pubescent to glabrous and roughened on the angles, strongly purplish at base. Leaves

with well-developed blades 2-4 per fertile culm, on the lower half but not clustered; blades

ascending, flat or channeled at base, light green, ciliate and sparsely short-pubescent beneath,

6-30 cm long, l-3 mm wide, long-attenuate, roughened towards apex; sheaths tight, purplish,

red-dotted. sparsely pubescent ventrally, truncate and strongly ciliate at mouth; ligules very

short. Flowers minute, inconspicuous, staminate or pistillate; staminate flower simply a cluster of 3 stamens; pistillate flower simply a pistil surrounded by a specialized, saclike bract

(perigynium); staminate and pistillate flowers each subtended by a glumelike scale (bract).

Inflorescence compound, with the basic, primary inflorescence (the ultimate unit) a spikelet (a

small spike), the staminate spikelet composed of the spirally arranged staminate flowers and

their bracts, the pistillate spikelet composed of a single pistillate flower, perigynium, and bract;

spikelets secondarily arranged into 3-4 elongate spikes per culm. Terminal spike staminate,

peduncled, linear, 2.5 cm long, 1 .O-2.5 mm wide; scales rather loose, oblong-obovate, obtuse,

reddish brown with narrow, white-hyaline margins and a lighter midrib. Lateral spikes 2-3,

pistillate, erect, strongly separate, linear, lo-25 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, loosely flowered

below, closely above, the lower spikes on long, capillary, slightly rough peduncles, the

upper short-peduncled; scales ovate, obtuse or short-cuspidate, about the width of, but only ‘I2

to 2/j the length of, the perigynia, brownish red with lighter, sharply defined midrib and

narrow, white-hyaline margins; perigynia 10-25, appressed-ascending, in few rows, lanceoloid

to ellipsoid, 4-4.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, obscurely triangular, slightly flattened, rounded

on outer, concave on inner surface, not inflated, light-green, membranous, minutely punctuate,

red-dotted, sparsely pubescent towards apex, lightly few-nerved (the two lateral sharply defined),

long-tapering at base and apex, sometimes short-beaked, the orifice entire (nonbidentate). Lowest bract leaflike, 3-6 cm long, slightly auriculate at base, not sheathing; upper bracts much

shorter. Perianth none; stamens 3, distinct; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior

and enclosed by the perigynium, carpels 3, locule 1, placentation basal, style 1, 3-branched

above, each branch with an elongate, slender, reddish brown stigma. Fruit an achene (nutlet of

some authors), narrowly oblong-ellipsoid, 2.5 mm long, scarcely 1 mm broad, triangular

with somewhat concave sides, rather closely enveloped by the perigynium, tapering and substipitate

at base, minutely beaked, jointed with the style.

Curex miseru belon.gs to the section Grucillimue of which there are 7 other members:

C. uestivuliformis, C. uestivulis, C. duvisii, C. formosu, C. grucillimu, C. oxylepis, and C.

prusinu. Curex miseru is fairly distinct from these species because of the following combination of characteristics: leaf sheaths and blades pubescent, perigynia beaked, terminal spike

staminate, bracts sheathless, pistillate scales brownish red, and achenes narrowly oblong-ovoid.

Phenology.-Flowers, May to July; Fruits, May to July; Vegetative, May to September

Distribution.--Cra., N.C. (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Burke, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Swain,

Transylvania Counties), Tenn.

Legal status.--Ga. - Threatened (Protected); N.C. - Threatened (Protected); Tenn. - Threatened

(Candidate)

Habitat.-Rocky crevices and balds at high elevations.

44
REFERENCES

Buckley, S. B. 1843. Description of some new species of plants. Am. J. Sci. 45:170-177.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Femald, M. L. 1933. Recent discoveries in the Newfoundland flora. Rhodora 35:395-403 (p. 397).

Gray Herbarium Card Index. 1894 + . Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.

Hooker, J. D., B. D. Jackson, and others. 1893-1895. Index Kewensis. The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dept. of Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

Mackenzie, K. K. 1935. (Poales) Cyperaceaexariceae. N. Am. Flora. I. 18:1-478 (p. 283).

-. 1940. North American Cariceae. Lancaster Press, Inc., Lancaster, Pa.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. of N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Cyperaceae, p. 242.1

Small, J. K. 1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

-. 1913. Flora of southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

- . 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the 1933 edition. 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of South Carolina at

Great Smoky Mountains National Columbia

Park Museum University of Tennessee

University of Georgia Vanderbilt University

University of North Carolina at Western Carolina University

Chapel Hill

45
Curex misera (CYPERACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Base of pistillate inflorescence. c Achene (nutlet). d Pistillate spikelet

(pistil enclosed in perigynium). e Pistillate scale. f Staminate scale.

From NW 204421

46
47
CAREX PURPURIFERA Mackenzie Purple sedge

Family.-Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)

Synonymy.-Carex laxifora var. purpurifera (Mackenzie) Gleason

Other common names.-None

Description.--Grasslike, monoecious, tufted perennial herbs arising from short rootstocks. Fertile culms

(stems) 2-5 dm tall, largely lateral, erect, usually ascending, sometimes decumbent, exceeding

the leaves, slender, triangular, the angles irregularly and sharply papillose, very strongly

bright-purple-tinged at base; sterile shoots elongate, forming conspicuous culms. Leaf blades of

the sterile shoots erect, flat, thin, not semi-evergreen, green or in age yellowish green, the

longer ones 1.5-2.5 dm long, 3-8 mm wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex

on the veins, sharp-pointed, conspicuously whitish-striate beneath, the midvein prominent on

the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; leaves with well-developed blades

3 to several to a fertile culm, the blades similar to above but smaller, the sheaths long, only

slightly enlarged upwards, not strongly serrulate, very thin and whitish-hyaline ventrally, conspicuously prolonged at mouth, the ligules conspicuous, longer than wide. Flowers minute,

inconspicuous, staminate or pistillate; staminate flower simply a cluster of 3 stamens; pistillate

flower simply a pistil surrounded by a specialized, saclike bract (perigynium); staminate and

pistillate flowers each subtended by a glumelike scale (bract). Inflorescence compound, with

the basic, primary inflorescence (the ultimate unit) a spikelet (a small spike), the staminate

spikelet composed of the spirally arranged unisexual flowers and their bracts, the pistillate

spikelet composed of a single pistillate flower, perigynium, and bract; spikelets secondarily

arranged into 3-4 elongate spikes per culm. Terminal spike staminate, long-peduncled, strongly

overtopping the pistillate spikes and their bracts, linear, l-3 cm long, l-3.5 mm wide;

scales oblong-obovate, cuspidate or short-awned, dull purplish brown with several-nerved,

lighter center and narrow hyaline margins, the peduncle minutely serrulate. L,ateral spikes 2 or

3, pistillate, all widely separate, the upper erect and slightly or not at all exserted, the lower

strongly exserted, the peduncles very slender, weak, terctc, slightly roughened, the spikes

2.0-5 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, very loosely 4- IS-flowered. the perigynia alternately arranged in few rows, strongly separate and not overlapping, erect, the uppermost scales often

empty, the rachis granular, sharp-edged, the joints enlarged upwards; scales obovate or oblongobovate, very thin and membranous, more or less purple-tinged, often notched, usually whitishhyaline with a 3-nerved, green center extended as a conspicuous rough awn, as wide below as

the perigynia but usually shorter; perigynia usually obovoid, sometimes elliptic to ovoid,

3.6-4.25 mm long, nearly 2 mm wide, not at all inflated, obtusely triangular, membranous,

glabrous, many-nerved, dull-green, with age greenish, stramineous, strongly stipitate, contracted into a spongy base, tapering into the straight or slightly excurved, 0.25 mm long beak,

the orifice oblique. Bracts strongly sheathing, not purple-tinged nor strongly serrulate-margined,

the blades rather long, exceeding the culm. Perianth none; stamens 3, distinct; gynoecium of 1

compound pistil, ovary superior and enclosed by the perigynium, carpels 3, locule 1, placentation basal, style 1, 3-branched above, each branch with an elongate, slender, reddish brown

stigma. Fruit an achene (nutlet of some authors), obovoid, 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide,

triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, closely filling the upper part of the perigynium,

granular, dull yellowish brown, subsessile, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short style.

Superficially, Care-x purpurfera resembles a number of other woodland sedges belonging to the section LaxiJZorae, one of the most difficult complexes in a difficult genus. These

similar species include: C. absconditu, C. albursina. C. austrocaroliniana, C. blanda, C. digitalis,

C. gracilescens, C. laxiculmis, C. lax$ora, C. plantaginea, C. platyphylla, C. striatula,

and C. stylojlexa. Field characteristics useful in recognizing C. purpurifera are bright, purpletinged bases, brownish staminate spikes on peduncles that exceed the pistillate spikes, and

obovoid perigynia with convex faces.

Phenology.-Flowers, March to June; Fruits, April to July; Vegetative, March to July

Distribution.-Ala., Ga., Ky., N.C. (Ashe, Clay, Haywood, Macon Counties), Tenn.

Legal status.-Ala. - Threatened (Candidate); Ga. - Threatened (Protected); N.C. - Endangered

(Protected)

Habitat.an rich, rocky wooded slopes at moderate, elevations. Soils are calcareous or at least circumneutral

and well-drained. Usually found in cove hardwood communities with a well-developed herb

layer.

48
REFERENCES

Babcock, J. V. 1977. Endangered plants and animals of Kentucky. Office of Research and Engineering Services. College of Engineering, Univ. Ky., Lexington.

Braun. E. L. 1941, Notes on Kentucky plants. III. Castanea 6: 10-12.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg. eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and R. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened, and

special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and

Microbiology, Agric. Exp. Stn., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

Gray Herbarium Card Index. 1894-t Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. of Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

Mackenzie, K. K. 1935. (Poales) Cyperaceae--Cariceae. N. Am. Flora I. l8:1-478 (pp. 253-254).

_. 1940. North American Cariceae. Vol. II. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

198 I. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the 1933 edition. 1972.) Hafner

Publishing Co., New York.

Wofford, B. E., ed. 1980. Inventory of proposed threatened and endangered plant species: Cherokee

National Forest, Tennessee. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Aci. 53: l28- I 33.

HERBARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

University of Georgia University of Tennessee

University of North Carolina at Vanderbilt University

Chapel Hill Western Carolina University

49
Curex purpurifera (CYPERACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Perigynium.

infructescence. f Leaf sheath.

c Achene (nutlet). d Pistillate scale.

9 Staminate scale.

From NCU 168580

e Portion of pistillate

5 0

CIMICIF UGA R UBIFOLIA Kearney Appalachian bugbane

Family.-Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)

Synonymy.Ximicifuga cordifolia Pursh pro parte, C. racemosa (Linnaeus) Nuttall var. cordifolia (Pursh)

Gray pro parte

Other common names.-Kearney’s bugbane

Description.-Tall, coarse, long-lived perennial herbs arising from hard, knotted rhizomes. Rhizomes

thick, horizontal, attaining a maximum length of ca. IO cm, bearing numerous, strong fibrous

roots. Stems solitary, wandlike, erect, mostly 8- 14 dm tall, rather stout at the base, but

diminishing rapidly toward the apex, usually dark purplish brown, rather acutely 4-angled below,

but terete toward the apex, more or less grooved lengthwise, especially below, smooth and

glabrous or with a few, lax, delicate hairs up to the inflorescence. Leaves 1 or 2, near the

base, alternate, quite large, biternately compound, petiole 2-5 dm long, rather stout, straight

or sometimes curved below, angled, with a rather deep groove on the upper face, densely

pubescent in the groove, otherwise nearly glabrous or sparsely pubescent toward the summit,

petiole base much enlarged and with thin, winglike margins clasping the stem; central primary

division (leaflet) usually trifoliolate, sometimes unifoliolate, always much larger than the

others, terminal secondary leaflet of this central division very broadly obovate, equilateral,

9-30 (mostly 14- 17) cm long, O-25 (mostly 15- 16) cm wide between the apices of the

two widest lobes, apex acuminate, base usually deeply cordate, deeply and acutely palmately

3-5 lobed, the primary lobes themselves less deeply 2-3 lobed, coarsely and irregularly

dentate, thin, dark green above, paler beneath, sparsely short-ciliate, smooth and glabrous above,

sparsely to rather densely pubescent with rather long, appressed hairs along the veins beneath;

other leaflets smaller, 8-24 cm long, 6-22 cm wide, usually inequilateral, otherwise similar;

petiolules similar to main petiole, although smaller.

Inflorescence a simple panicle of 2-6 slender racemes, the terminal and longest one

15-30 cm long; rachis sparsely or sometimes densely puberulent. Flowers numerous,

actinomorphic, pedicellate and bracteate; pedicels rather slender, much thickened at summit of

raceme, ca. 2 mm long in flower, becoming 4-5 mm long in fruit, subtended by a lancesubulate bract ca. 2 mm long and 2 laterally disposed, ovate-triangular, acute, ciliolate bractlets

ca. 1 mm long. Sepals 5, distinct, petaloid, white, quickly deciduous, 4.5-5 mm long,

3-4 mm wide, rounded at apex, narrowed at base, concave; petals absent; stamens numerous,

distinct, spirally arranged into a globose cluster forming the most conspicuous part of the

flower, filaments ca. 4 mm long, flattened especially toward summit, white, showy; gynoecium

of 1 (rarely 2) simple pistil, ovary superior and strongly compressed laterally, carpel and

locule 1, placentation marginal, the style and stigma only slightly differentiated from the body

of the ovary, style very short, slightly recurved, stigma minute. Fruit a follicle, laterally

compressed, oblong, 8-21 mm long, with sides rounded towards base on the ventral face,

beaked by the short, blunt, hardened, apically somewhat enlarged, ascending style that departs from the ventral side, just below the apex, at an angle of ca. 45”, pale green, walls thin,

becoming almost like paper, veins prominent. Seeds usually 6, lenticular, ca. 3 mm long,

ca. 1.5 mm wide, reddish brown, covered with reddish brown, thin, chaffy scales, particularly

along the edges where they form a well-developed, lacerate wing.

Three species of Cimicifuga occur in eastern North America: C. rubifolia, C. racemosa,

and C. americana. Cimicifuga rubifolia differs from the other two species in many respects,

as can be seen from the following comparison chart.

52
LEAFLET

NUMBER

TERMINAL

LEAFLET

BASE

TERMINAL

LEAFLET

VENATION

PEDICEL

BRACT

NUMBER

STAMINODIA

OCCURRENCE

PISTIL

NUMBER

PISTIL

POSITION

FOLLICLE

SHAPE

FOLLICLE

LENGTH

SEED

SURFACE

C. rubfoliu

3-9

deeply cordate

5-9 prominent

veins arising

from base

3

absent

1 (2)

sessile

oblong

8-21 mm

scaly

C. racemosa

20 or more

cuneate, rounded,

or subcordate

3 prominent veins

arising from base

I

present

1 (2)

sessile

broadly ellipsoid

7 mm

scaly

C. umericanu

20 or more

cuneate, rounded,

or subcordate

3 prominent veins

arising from base

I

present

3-8

stipitate

ellipsoid

8- 15 mm

smooth

Phenology.-Flowers, July to October; Fruits, July, September to October; Vegetative, April to October

Distribution.-Ill., Ky., N.C. (no counties documented), Tenn., Va. (Scott, Smyth Counties)

Legal status.-Ky. - Threatened (Candidate); Tenn. - Threatened (Candidate); Va. - Threatened

(Candidate); Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Wooded bluffs, ravines, coves, or north-facing talus slopes; prefers limestone or calcareous

shale.

53
REFERENCES

Ayensu, E. S., R. A. DeFilipps. 1978. Endangered and threatened plants of the United States. The

Smithsonian Institution and World Wildlife Fund, Inc., Washington, D.C.

Bailey, W. M., and J. R. Swayne. 1951. New Illinois plant records. Am. Midl. Naturalist 46:256.

B&ton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1897. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the

British Possessions. Vol. 2. 1st ed. Charles Scribners Sons, New York.

-. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions.

Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Charles Scribners Sons, New York.

Elliott, S. 1824. Sketch of the botany of South Carolina and Georgia 2:17. J. R. Schenk, Charleston,

S.C.

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Science, and Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission.

No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky. Ky. Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Unpublished manuscript.

Femald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York.

Gattinger, A. 1901. The flora of Tennessee. Gospel Advocate Publishing Co., Nashville.

Gleason, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and

Canada. Vol. 2. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Gray, A., and others. 1895- 1897. Synoptical flora of North America 1:55. Edited by B. L. Robinson.

American Book Co., New York.

Huth, E. 1893. Revision der Kleineren Ranunculaceen+Gattungen Myosurus, Traumetteria, Hamadryas,

Glaucidium, Hydrastis, Eranthis, Coptis, Anemonopsis, Actaea, Cimicifuga und Xanthorrhiza.

Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16:278-324.

Jones, G. N., and G. D. Fuller. 1955. Vascular plants of Illinois. The Univ. Ill. Press, Urbana, and Ill.

State Museum, Springfield.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. I. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Keamey, T. H., Jr. 1893. Additions to the Tennessee flora. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20:253-254.

-. 1893. Letter to Britton, re: C. cordifolia, 16 March 1893. The New York Botanical Garden,

New York.

-. 1897. New or otherwise interesting plants of eastern Tennessee. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24:560-564.

Keener, C. S. 1977. Studies in the Ranunculaceae of the southeastern United States. VI. Miscellaneous

genera. Sida 7:1-12.

Massey, A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 155. Blacksburg.

Mohlenbrock, R. H., and J. W. Voigt. 1959. A flora of southern Illinois. Southern Ill. Univ. Press,

Carbondale.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Ramsey, G. W. 1965. A biosystematic study of the genus Cimicifuga (Ranunculaceae). Ph.D. dissertation.

Univ. Term., Knoxville.

Sims, J. 1819. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 46:2069.

Torrey, J., and A. Gray. 1838-1843. A flora of North America. Vol. I. Wiley and Putnam, New

York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

54
HERBARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Harvard University University of North Carolina at

Lynchburg College Chapel Hill

North Carolina State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University

55
a Plant habit, b Follicle. C Seed. d Flower. @ Leaf. f Inflorescence.

a from NCU 473700, 467 180; b, c from NCU 74819a;

d, f from NCU 473700: e from 467 I89

56
f

57
CLEMATIS VITICAULIS Steele Grape leather-flower

Family.-Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)

Synonymy.-None

Other common names.-Leather flower

Description.-Erect, suffruticose perennial herbs from woody caudices densely clad with long, unbranched,

fleshy, brownish roots, these sometimes reaching 30 cm long with little diminution of size.

Stems erect, often clustered, light brown to dark purplish brown, finely hirtellous with many

short twisted or straight hairs, often glandular, sometimes spreading viilose or with stellate

hairs intermixed, usually solid and 6-angled or -ribbed, the main axis 2-3.5 (4.5) dm tall,

simple or branched, the branches I- 12, usually overtopping the central axis and forming a

round, bushy plant. Leaves deciduous, simple, opposite, decussate, dark green, flaccid and

membranous, narrowly ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, the largest on the main axis 4-7 cm long,

2-3.5 cm wide, entire, seldom serrate with a few teeth, acute to obtuse, often mucronate,

base usually obtuse, lower surface nearly glabrous or with a few, scattered hairs along the

major veins, rarely markedly pubescent, upper surface glabrous; subsessile to petiolate, petiofes 2-8 mm long, pubescent like the stem. Flowers solitary, terminal on primary branches,

nodding, actinomorphic, narrowly urceolate, on hirtellous, recurved peduncles lengthening

to 1-4 cm and straightening to a nearly erect orientation in fruit. Sepals 4, distinct, thick,

fleshy, leathery, petaloid, purplish lavender, sometimes with greenish backs, lanceolate, 14-25

mm long, 6- 10 mm wide, tips blunt to tapering, spreading to recurved, outer surface minutely

pilose to puberulent with few to many short, straight to bent hairs, margins densely pubescent with short hairs, less than 1.5 mm thick. Petals absent. Stamens numerous, distinct, spirally arranged, pubescent; filaments 6-9 mm long; anthers 4-5 mm long; connective extending beyond the anther sacs. Gynoecium of numerous, distinct simple pistils spirally arranged on

a convex receptacle, ovaries superior, unicarpellate, unilocular, with 1 ovule, placentation

marginal, style 1, much elongated into a plumose “tail” that persists on the fruit, stigma 1.

Fruit a conspicuous, spherical aggregate of achenes; achenes dark purplish brown, laterally

compressed, more or less orbicular to fusiform, 4-5 mm long, 3-4.5 mm broad, with evident

narrow rims, usually symmetrical with the styles attached more or less erect from the tip,

pubescence spreadingly short-pilose above the middle, strongly ascending along the carpel rim;

achene tails 1.5-3.5 cm long, plumose with deep brown to reddish-brown hairs, straight to

recurved to form a loosely compact, more or less spherical fruiting aggregate.

Five similar species of Clematis in Section Viorna Subsection Integrzfoliae occur in

North America: C. fremontii, C. albicoma, C. coactilis, C. viticaulis, and C. ochroleuca.

Clematis fremontii occurs in the barrens of eastern MO. and the prairies of Kans. and Nebr.

and differs from the other species in having essentially glabrous achene tails. Clematis albicoma,

C. coactilis, and C. viticaulis are endemics restricted to western Va. and eastern W. Va.

and occur in shale barrens, a unique habitat marked by a surface layer of resistant, fissile,

highly siliceous shale fragments of the Braillier Formation of the Upper Devonian (Keener,

1967). Clematis ochroleuca is a more widespread species, has a wider ecological amplitude,

and grows in a moist, well-drained, shaded woods to sunny, rather dry, open roadside banks

and cutover areas over basic rock. The following comparison chart can be used to separate the

last four species.

58
STEM

VESTITURE

LEAF

COLOR

LEAF

VESTITURE

(LOWER SURFACE)

SEPAL

VESTITURE

CARPEL RIM

VESTITI’RE

FRUITING

PELXJNCLE

LENGTH

ACHENE TAIL

COLOR

ACHENE TAIL

LENGTH

c. viticYllrlis

hirtellous, often

short-appressed

dark green

glabrous or with

a few scattered

hairs along veins

minutely pilosc

to puberulent

ascending

I-S cm

deep brown to

reddish brown

1.5-3.5 cm

C. trlhic~ornc~

spreadingvillous

dark green

glabrous or with

a few scattered

hairs along veins

villous

spreading

2-11 cm

white to

pale yellow

2-4 cm

C. coactilis

fine and silky

pubescent

light green

pubescent

dense. silky,

matted hairs

spreading

4-10 cm

white to

pale yellow

3-4.5 cm

villous

light green

pubescent

dense, silky

hairs

ascending

S-21 cm

yellowish white

to tawny

3-6 cm

Phenology.-Flowers, April to June; Fruits, June to September; Vegetative, April to October

Distribution.-Va. (Augusta, Bath, Roanoke, Rockbridge Counties)

Legal status.-Va. - Endangered (Candidate); Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Shale barrens.

REFERENCES

Erickson, R. 0. 1943. Taxonomy of Clematis section Viorna. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 30:1-60.

Femald, M. L. 1943. Virginia botanizing under restrictions. Rhodora 45:357-413, 445-480, 485511 (p.

401-412).

Gleason, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and

adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Keener, C. S. 1967. A biosystematic study of Clematis subsection Integrifoliae (Ranunculaceae). J.

Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 83: 1-41.

1975. Studies in the Ranunculaceae of the southeastern United States. III. Clematis L. Sida

6:33-47.

Massey, A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 155. Blacksburg.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Steele, E. S. I91 I. New or noteworthy plants from the eastern United States. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.

13:359-374.

59
HERBARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Harvard University University of North Carolina at

Lynchburg College Chapel Hill

North Carolina State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

The College of William and Mary State University

a Fruiting branches.

and leaf base.

b Achene. c Flower. d Stamen. e Anther. f Closeup of stem

a, b, f from NCU 276605; c, d, e from NCU 471266

60
d

61
COREOPSIS LATIFOLIA Michaux Broad-leaved tickseed

Family.-Asteraceae (Composite, Aster, or Sunflower Family)

Synonymy.-Leiodon latifolium (Michaux) Shuttleworth

Other common names.-Broadleaf coreopsis

Description.-Erect, slender, essentially glabrous perennial herbs with long rhizomes. Stems 7- 15 dm

tall, with 6-10 nodes below the inflorescence, erectly branched toward the apex, puberulent

on upper portions. Leaves conspicuous all or nearly all the way to the apex of the plant,

opposite, short-petiolate (O-2 cm) or subsessile, cauline, lance-ovate to lance-elliptic, 8-20

cm long, 3- 10 cm wide, markedly reduced upward, membranous and veiny, acuminate,

ciliate and coarsely serrate to dentate with mucronate teeth, base cuneate to attenuate. Flowers

(florets) small and sessile in a compact head on a common enlarged receptacle, collectively

surrounded by an involucre, each head appearing to be a single flower; secondary inflorescence

loosely corymbose-paniculate, peduncles 0.5-3 cm long. Heads few to numerous, ca. 4 cm

broad including the rays, radiate; involucre narrowly campanulate, biseriate, outer bracts

linear, 4-6 mm long, spreading, herbaceous, inner bracts Ianceolate, 7-8 mm long, erect,

membranous, brownish to yellowish; receptacle flat, chaffy, with a slender, thin, flat bract

(chaff, pale) subtending each disc Bower. Ray flowers 4-5, yellow, l-2 cm long, not or

inconspicuously toothed, pistillate; disc flowers few (ca. lo- 18), yellow, 5-toothed, perfect;

pappus absent; stamens 5, syngenesious (the anthers fused together to form a cylinder around

the style), this cylinder exserted beyond the corolla tube; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil,

ovary inferior, carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal, style 1, much exserted,

2-branched at the apex, the branches acute and ending in a fairly sharp point, each with inconspicuous stigmatic tissue. Fruit a cypsela (achene or nutlet of some authors), 6-8 mm long,

lance-oblong, wingless, truncate and without pappus awns at the narrow apex.

A combination of characteristics distinguish C. lahfoliu from other Coreopsis species:

leaves opposite and coarsely serrate but not pinnatifid, cypselas wingless, style branches acute

and sharp pointed, disc corollas 5-toothed, and ray flowers only 4-5 (most species have 8).

Coreopsis is a large genus, poorly delimited from the closely related, even larger genus, Bidens,

from which it cannot be separated definitely by any one character. The following key (modified

from Sherff and Alexander, 1955) might aid in identification of the 2 genera:

Herbs or shrubs, some species climbing; heads discoid or more often radiate with

rays yellow; cypselas not membranous-winged, commonly beakless, usually awned, the

awns more often retrorsely barbed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bidens

Some species shrubs, but none climbing; heads radiate with rays yellow; cypselas in

most species membranous-winged, awnless or, if awned, never with awns retrorsely

barbed. . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coreopsis.

Phenology.-Flowers, August to September; Fruits, August to October; Vegetative, August to October

Distribution.-Ga. (?), N.C. (Buncombe, Cherokee, Henderson, Polk Counties), S.C.

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); S.C. - Threatened (Candidate); Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Rich, moist woods at upper elevations in the Blue Ridge province.

62
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. I. Asteraceae. Univ. N.C.

Press, Chapel Hill.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. I. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Michaux, A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. Caroli Crapelet, Paris and Argentorati.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Asteraceae, p. 1125.1

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. S.C. Museum Commission, Museum Bull. No. 4.

Sherff, E. E. 1936. Revision of the genus Corropsis. Field Museum of Natural History. Botanical

Series I 1:279-475.

Sherff, E. E.. and E. J. Alexander. 1955. Compositae-Heliantheae. Coreopsidinae N. Am. Flora 11.

2:1-149.

Small, J. K. 1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

Smith, E. B. 1976. A biosystematic survey of Coreopsis in eastern United States and Canada. Sida

6:123-215.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 4.5(242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

North Carolina State University Chapel Hill

University of Georgia University of South Carolina at

Columbia

63
Corcopsis l(lt{folirl (ASTEKACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Flowering portion of plant. c Head. d Outer phyllary. e Inner phyllary.

f Chaff. g Ray flower. h Stigmas and apical portion of style. i Disc flower (with stigma

pulled outside anthers). j Cypsela (achene). t

a-i from NCU 381672; j from Kral’s material

64
65
CYMOPHYLLUS FRASERI (Andrews) Mackenzie Fraser’s sedge

Family.Zyperaceae (Sedge Family)

Synonymy.-Carex fraseri Andrews, C. fraseriana Sims, C. lagopus Muhlenberg, Cronopus tripitus

Kin, Olamblis fraseri Rafinesque, Mapania sylvaticafide Pursh (non M. sylvatica Aublet)

Other common names.-Fraser’s carex, Lily-leaf sedge

Description.-Grasslike, monoecious, tufted, evergreen perennial herbs arising from short, thick rhizomes.

Culms (stems) slender, erect to arching, glabrous, slightly ribbed, pale green, 1.2-5.0 dm

tall, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, obscurely triangular (often flattened when pressed), surrounded on

lower half by 4-6 overlapping, cylindrical, involute, membranous, striate, bladeless sheaths,

these glabrous, 0.5- 17 cm long, broadly acute apically, margins entire. Leaves basal, evergreen,

pale green when young, becoming dark green at maturity, blades flat, thick and coriaceous,

without midrib, but with many, fine, parallel veins, widely linear and straplike, l-7 dm long,

1.5-5 cm wide, rounded to obtuse, margins narrowly scarious, undulate (hence finely crumpled upon drying), minutely serrulate and scaberulous; sheaths and ligules absent. Inflorescence

compound, with the basic, primary inflorescence (the ultimate unit) a spikelet (a small spike);

the staminate spikelet composed of minute, inconspicuous flowers (reduced simply to stamens),

each in the axil of a glumelike scale (bract), the bracts spirally arranged; the pistillate spikelet composed of a single flower (reduced simply to a pistil), surrounded by a saclike scale

(perigynium) and subtended by a single bract. Spikelets secondarily arranged into a terminal,

solitary, erect spike that is milky-white, bractless, androgynous (the upper half with staminate

flowers, the lower with pistillate), l-2.5 cm long, 0.8- 1.5 cm wide. Pistillate portion of

spike ovoid-globose, flowers very dense, 20-30, in many rows, ascending but soon spreading;

perigynia obscurely 3-nerved, white, hyaline, ovoid to subglobose, 4-6 mm long, 2-2.5

mm wide, with a short beak; scales white, hyaline, very thin, ovate, 3-5 mm long (half the

length of the perigynia), acute to obtuse, the midvein very faint. Staminate portion of spike

short cylindric; scales white, hyaline, very thin, obovate, spathulate, or oblanceolate, 4.5-5.5

mm long, acute to obtuse, the midvein very faint. Perianth none; stamens 3, distinct, white,

much exserted at anthesis on filiform filaments ca. 1.2 cm long; gynoecium of 1 compound

pistil, ovary superior and enclosed by the perigynium, carpels 3, locule 1, placentation basal,

style 1, but 3-branched above, each branch with an elongate stigma, stigmas exserted at anthesis.

Fruit a 3-sided achene (nutlet of some authors), shiny, dark brown at maturity, ovoid or

obovoid, the sides concave, loosely enveloped in the lower two-thirds of the perigynium, strongly

stipitate, jointed with the persistent style.

Cymophyllus fraseri is quite distinctive and the only living member of the genus. It is

related to the genus Carex in that it does produce a perigynium; consequently, it has often

been placed into this genus by botanists. Important field characteristics include the milky-white

spikes and the broad, flat, dark-green, straplike leaves without midrib and sheath. Carex has

inconspicuous, mostly green spikes and keeled, usually dull-green leaves with midrib and sheath.

Phenology.-Flowers, March to June; Fruits, March to July; Vegetative, January to December

Distributiotrqa. (?)*, Ky., N.C. (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Caldwell, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Jackson,

Macon, McDowell, Mitchell, Swain, Watauga, Wilkes, Yancey Counties), Pa., S.C., Tenn.,

Va. (Grayson, Highland, Scott, Smyth, Tazewell, Washington, Wise, Wythe Counties), W.

Va.

Legal status.-Ky. - Threatened (Candidate); S.C. - Extinct (Candidate); Tenn. - Threatened (Candidate);

Va. - Threatened (Candidate); W. Va. - Threatened (Candidate)

Habitat.-This southern Appalachian endemic inhabits rich woods, cool, moist slopes, and streambanks

in various types of communities, e.g., northern hardwoods (Acer saccharum [sugar maple],

Fagus grandlj?>lia [American beech], Brtulu lutra [yellow birch]), Rhododendron maximum

(rosebay) thickets, cove hardwoods (a number of different tree species), and T.yu~u canuderzsis

(Canadian hemlock) forests.

* This state is from a herbarium specimen collected by S. B. Buckley and labeled “in montibus Carolinae et Georgiae.” To our

knowledge, no confirmation of its presence in Georgia has been made.

66
REFERENCES

Andrews, H. 1811. Botanists repository. Vol. X. Printed by T. Bensley for the author, London.

Braun, E. L. 1941. Notes on Kentucky plants. III. Castanea 6:10-12.

Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the

British possessions. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. [See Mackenzie, Cymophyllus, p.

441.1

Carpenter, I. W., and M. L. Hicks. 1976. The vascular flora of Stone Mountain State Park in Wilkes

and Alleghany Counties of North Carolina. ASB Bull. 23:48.

Clarkson, R. B. 1961. Fraser’s Sedge, Cymophyllus fraseri (Andrews) Mackenzie. Castanea 26: 129-136.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Science, and Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission.

No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky. Ky. Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Unpublished manuscript.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. 1. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston, W. Va.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., C. E. Stevens, and D. M. E. Ware. 1977. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part 1.

Pteridophytes through Monocotyledons. Va. Botanical Associates, Farmville.

Hooker, J. D., B. D. Jackson, and others. 1893-1895. Index Kewensis. The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Mackenzie, K. K. 1935. (Poales) Cyperaceae--Cariceae. N. Am. Flora I. 18: l-478. [See Cymophyllus,

P. 8.1

-. 1940. North American Cariceae. Vol. II. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Muhlenberg, G. H. E. 1817. Descriptio Uberior Graminum. Published by F. A. Muhlenberg, Philadelphia,

Pa.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Pittillo, J. D. 1978. Field observations of Fraser’s Sedge (Cymophyllus fruseri-Cyperaceae). ASB Bull.

25:49.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Cymophyllus, p. 216.1

Rafinesque, C. S. 1840. The good book. Philadelphia, Pa.

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. S.C. Museum Commission, Museum Bull. No. 4.

Sims, J. 181 1. Cure.rfrtrserianu. Fraser’s Carex. Bot. Mag. 34: 1391,

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Small, J. K., and A. M. Vail. 1893- 1894. Report of the botanical exploration of southwestern Virginia

during the season of 1982. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4:93-202 (p. 162).

Strausbaugh, P. D., and E. L. Core. No date. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc.,

Grantsville, W. Va.

Wofford, B. E., ed. 1980. Inventory of proposed threatened and endangered plant species: Cherokee

National Forest, Tennessee. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

67
HERBARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Fumran University Chapel Hill

Great Smoky Mountains National University of South Carolina at

Park Museum Columbia

Harvard University University of Tennessee

Lynchburg College Vanderbilt University

North Carolina State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

The College of William and Mary State University

University of Georgia Western Carolina University

a Plant habit. b Pistillate scale. C Staminate scale.

inflorcxcence. g Late intlorcscence.

d Stamen. e Achene (nutlet). f Early

a from NCU 400828; b-e from NCU 360.368:

f, g from Paul Marx’s material

68

DALJBARDA REPENS Linnaeus Dalibarda

Family.-Rosaceae (Rose Family)

Synonymy.-Dalibarda cordata Steph.; D. violaeoides Michaux; Rubus dalibarda L.; Rubus repens

(L.) Kuntze

Other common names.-Dew-drop, false violet, robin-runaway, star-violet, star-violet dalibarda, swamp

robin.

Description.-Low, unarmed perennial herbs with densely tufted, evergreen leaves arising directly from

, creeping, slender rhizomes. Leaves simple; blades rounded to cordate, 1.5-4 cm long, with

long, soft hairs (trichomes) on both surfaces, crenate; petioles long (2-7 cm), slender,

pubescent; stipules small, linear, deeply trifid. Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles and of

two kinds: petaliferous, usually sterile flowers, and apetalous, fertile ones. Sterile flowers on

upright peduncles usually longer than the petioles, actinomorphic; sepals 5, distinct, divergent,

apically 3-toothed; petals 5, distinct, white; stamens numerous, distinct, inserted on a diskshaped floral cup; gynoecium of few, distinct, villous simple pistils, usually abortive. Fertile

flowers on curved peduncles usually shorter than the petioles, actinomorphic; sepals 5, distinct,

erect, apically 3-toothed, persistent and enclosing the mature fruit; petals absent; stamens 5- 10,

distinct, inserted on a disk-shaped floral cup; gynoecium of 5- 10, distinct, villous, simple

pistils, ovaries superior, unicarpellate, unilocular, placentation axile. Fruit of 5- 10 achenelike

drupelets, white, nearly dry, pubescent.

Phenology.-Flowers, June to September; Fruits, May, July to September; Vegetative, January to December

Distribution.<onn., Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C. (Transylvania County),

Ohio, Pa., Va. (Carroll County), Vt., W. Va.; Canada - Nova Scotia (?), Ontario, Quebec

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Va. - Endangered (Candidate); W. Va. - Peripheral

(Candidate)

Habitat.-Rich, moist, cool or shaded woods or swamps with deciduous or evergreen forest canopy or

mossy bogs.

70
REFERENCES

Bean, R. C., D. C. Richards, and F. Hyland. 1966. Check-list of the vascular plants of Maine. Revision

of 1948 edition, by E. C. Ogden, F. H. Steinmetz, and F. Hyland. Bull. Josselyn Bot. Sot.

Maine 8:1-71.

Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada and

the British Possessions. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.

Clark, A. G. 1904. Dalibarda repens near Boston. Rhodora 6:227.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Femald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. American Book Co., New York.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. I. Vascular plants. West Virginia Dep. Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston, W. Va.

Gibson, J. R. 1969. The flora of Alder Run Bog, Tucker County, West Virginia. M.A. thesis. Dep. of

Botany, Univ. N.C., Chapel Hill.

Hooker, J. D., B. D. Jackson, and others. 1893- 1895. Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum.

The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state. New York

State Mus. Bull. 254. The Univ. of the State of N.Y., Albany.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. I. BONAC, Pittsburgh.

Kelsey, H. P., and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized plant names. J. Horace MacFarland Co., Harrisburg,

Pa.

Kuntze, C. E. 0. 1891. Revisio generum plantarum. Leipzig.

Linnaeus, C. 1762. Species plantarum. Editio secunda aucta. Stockholm.

-. 1957. Species plantarum. (Facsimile of the 1753 edition.) The Ray Society, London.

Marshall, M. P. 1977. A vascular flora of Bennington County, Vermont. M.A. thesis. Dep. of Botany,

Univ. N.C., Chapel Hill.

Michaux, A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. Caroli Crapelet, Paris and Argentorati.

Pease, A. S. 1964. A flora of northern New Hampshire. New England Botanical Club, Inc., Cambridge,

Mass.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Rosaceae, p. 542.1

Robertson, K. R. 1974. The genera of Rosaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor.

55:344-40 1.

Robinson, J. 1880. The flora of Essex County, Massachusetts. Essex Institute, Salem.

Rydberg, P. A. 1913. Rosaceae. North American Flora. Vol. 22, Part 5.

Schaffner, J. H. 1914. Catalog of Ohio vascular plants. Ohio Biol. Surv. I, Bull. 2.

Seymour, F. C. 1969. The flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

Strausbaugh. P. D., and E. L. Core. 1952. Flora of West Virginia. Part I. West Virginia Univ. Bull.

Series 52, No. 12-2.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Furman University Charlotte

North Carolina State University University of Tennessee

University of North Carolina at Vanderbilt University

Chapel Hill

71
a Plant habit. b Pctaliferous flower. c Stamens (ubaxial and adaxial views of anthers).

d Petal. e Sepal. f Pistil(carpel). g Drupclet. h Seed. i Stipules. j Apetaliferous

flower (with curpels removed).

a from NCU 7945X; b, d, e from NCU 461374; c, f, g, h from

NCU 305436; i from NClJ I3472 I : j from NCU 13272 I

72
h

73
ERIOCAULON LINEARE Small Linear pipewort

74

Family.-Eriocaulaceae (Pipewort Family)

Synonymy.-Eriocaulon Eineare Small var. gigas Moldenke

Other common names.-Narrow pipewort

Description.-Rosulate, scapose, tufted perennial herbs, reproducing vegetatively either by short lateral

offshoots (in moist situations) or by pale, elongated, leafy rhizomes (in submersed or wet

situations). Roots pale, thick, fleshy, evidently cross-partitioned, appearing unbranched. The

stems very short, unbranched. Leaves in a basal rosette, bluish green, simple, arranged in a

close spiral toward the apex of the short stem, linear, 1- 10 cm long, curved, tapering from

a widened sheath-like base to the acuminate apex, pale and noticeably aerenchymatous (with

air spaces) basally, greener and less distinctly lacunate above, the chlorenchymatous (green)

proportion of the leaves increasing with extent and duration of emergence. Mature scape erect,

slender, much exceeding the leaves, 5-32 cm long and ca. 1 mm thick below the head

(longest and thickest when the plants are submersed), slightly twisted, with 4-7 slightly elevated,

dark green ridges, the shallow grooves yellowish to pale green, sheathed basally with a

tubular leaf. Flowers small and sessile in a compact, buttonlike head on a common enlarged

receptacle, collectively surrounded by an involucre, each head appearing to be a single flower;

heads solitary on the scapes, hemispheric, 4-9 mm broad. Bracts of the involucre imbricate,

orbicular or ovate, 2-2.5 mm long, pale, the tips rounded, entire, sometimes squarrose, the

margin often scarious. Bractlets within the inflorescence 1 per flower, obovate or cuneate, ca.

2 mm long, the bases scarious with a slightly darkened midrib, the apices hairy on the backs

with white, clavate (club-shaped) hairs. Flowers unisexual, regular, the perianth members similar and chaffy. Staminate flower: sepals 2, fused into a short-tubular base, scarious and

translucent, grayish, concave-curvate, oblong-linear, 1.5 -2 mm long, acute, the outer surfaces

with white, clavate hairs apically; petals 2, largely fused into a narrow cylindrical structure

1- 1.5 mm long, basal end narrow, gradually broadened above at which point the two short

(ca. 0.5 mm) ciliate corolla lobes depart, each with a sessile black gland on the concave

inner surface; stamens 4, distinct, arising from the summit of a claviform structure (androphoreapparently a fusion of filaments and corolla tube) bearing 2-3 dark-colored glands in its

center, anthers jet black and exserted from the heads on white filaments. Pistillate flower:

sepals 2, fused at the base, oblanceolate, ca. 2 mm long, keeled, curvate, greenish or grayish

brown, the apices rounded and with a covering of white clavate hairs on the backs; petals 2,

fused at the base, spathulate, 1.5-2 mm long, flat, yellowish white, the apices rounded and

white-hairy on both sides, the inner surfaces often with a mixture of clear and opaque hairs;

gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior, stipitate, carpels 2, locules 2, styles 2,

stigmas 2, ovules 1 per locule, pendulous from the summit of each locule (apical placentation).

Fruit a thin-walled capsule, dehiscence loculicidal, the style persistent. Seeds red, ellipsoid.

Superficially, E. linear-e most closely resembles E. septungulare, whose range (the

Canadian Shield of southern Canada, the Great Lakes region, New England, and south in

the Appalachians into mountainous N.C.) it may contact to the north and northwest, and E.

texense, whose range (Western Fla. Panhandle, S.W. Ala. to e. Tex.) it does contact to the

west. The following comparison chart may be used to separate these three species.

RECEPTACLE

SURFACE

FILAMENTS

PERIANTH &

BRACT COLOR

FLOWERING

PERIOD

E. lineare

naked

ciliate

whitish

late summer

E. texense

conspicuously hairy

glabrous

dark grayish

early spring

E. septangulare

naked

glabrous

dark grayish

late summer
Phenology.-Flowers, April to May, July to September; Fruits, July to September; Vegetative, April to

December

Distribution.-Ala., Fla., Ga., N.C. (Henderson County)

Legal status.-Ala. - Special Concern (Candidate); Miss. - Rare (Candidate); N.C. - Endangered,

Possibly extirpated (Protected)

Habitat.-Wet, acid situations, such as wet woods and moist pinelands, savannahs, bogs, shallow pools,

and ditches.

REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and R. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened, and

special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and Microbiology,

Agric. Exp. Sm., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

Godfrey, R. K., and J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States:

Monocotyledons. The Univ. Ga. Press, Athens. [See Kral, Eriocaulaceae, p. 510.1

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants, Vol. 1.

BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Kral, R. 1966. Eriocaulaceae of continental North America north of Mexico. Sida 2:285-332.

Mississippi Natural Heritage Program, Dep. of Wildlife Conservation. No date. Special plant list. Miss.

Museum of Natural Sciences, Jackson. Unpublished manuscript.

Moldenke, H. N. 1937. Eriocaulaceae. N. Am. Flora 1. 19:17-50.

-. 1974. An unusual Florida pipewort. Phytologia 27:444.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Eriocaulaceae, p. 266.1

Small, J. K. 1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

HERBARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

University of Georgia Chapel Hill

Vanderbilt University

75
a Plant habit. b Staminate flower with perianth removed. C Staminate flower. d Bractlet (at

base of flower). e Involucral bract. f Pistillate tlower with sepals and petal removed. g Pistillate

flower. h Seed.

a from NCU 236503; b-g from NCU 374214; h from NCU 268305

76

GEUM GENICULATUM Michaux Bent avers

Family.-Rosaceae (Rose Family)

Synonymy.--Ceum geniculaturn Michaux var. macrearzum Gray

Other common names .-None

Description.-Erect, hirsute perennial herbs with basal rosette of leaves arising from short, vertical rootstocks.

Stems 4-8 dm tall, slightly angled. Basal leaves odd-pinnately compound, sometimes appearing simple and reniform or 3-lobed, coarsely dentate, with long petioles, the 3 terminal leaflets

usually ovate and often larger than the lower ones which are of varying sizes, some usually

greatly reduced or absent; stem leaves similar to basal ones, but usually less compound and with

shorter petioles, often simple in the inflorescences; stipules prominent, 0.8- 1 .S cm long,

those of basal leaves completely adnate to the petioles and forming wings, those of stem leaves

free. lnflorescence terminal, an open, weakly paniculate cyme. Flowers nodding, actinomorphic,

epicalyx of 5, small, lanceolate bracts present. Sepals 5, spreading, fused at the base, 5- IO mm

long, green, with glandular hairs; petals 5, distinct, about as long as or a little longer than

the sepals, pinkish, whitish, or lavender, spathulate, almost truncate at the apex, gradually

narrowed to prominent claws; stamens and pistils numerous, distinct; pistils longer than the

petals, simple, ovaries superior and covered with long, stiff hairs, unicarpellate, unilocular,

placentafion basal, styles 7- 12 mm long, jointed and abruptly bent near the middle with the

apical part often deciduous, sometimes with a few short hairs, the apical part plumose with

very dense, long, stiff hairs. Receptacle ringed with dense, tan, stiff hairs. Fruit a hemispheric aggregate of hirsute achenes with persistent styles (beaks).

“Nodding flowers, spathulate petals that are truncate or emarginate above and clawed

below, and plumose styles that exceed the calyx lobes at or soon after anthesis (the terminal

stylar portion as long as or longer than the beak portion) characterize this species. .” (Robertson,

1974). Geum geniculatum differs from G. rivale and G. radiatum in several characteristics.

The following comparison chart can be used to identify the three species.

LEAF

POSITION

PERIANTH

ORIENTATION

PETAL

COLOR

PETAL

LENGTH

STYLE

TYPE

STYLE

DURATION

STYLE

VESTITURE

FRUIT

SHAPE

G. geniculatum

cauline and

basal

spreading

pinkish, whitish,

or lavender

G. rivalr

cauline and

basal

strongly

ascending

yellowish to

purplish

5-10 mm 5-10 mm

geniculate

part above joint

deciduous, leaving a hooked beak

on fruit

basal portion

glabrous

hemispheric

geniculate

part above joint

deciduous, leaving a hooked beak

on fruit

basal portion

hirsute

globose

G. radiatum

predominantly basal,

stem leaves reduced

spreading

yellow

13-20 mm

straight

wholly persistent

in fruit

basal portion

hirsute

hemispheric

78
Phenology.-Flowers, June to August; Fruits, July to September; Vegetative, June to September

Distribution.-N.C. (Avery, Mitchell, Watauga Counties); Tenn.; Canada (?)*

Legal status.-N.C. - Threatened (Protected); Tenn. - Endangered (Candidate); Federal - Under

review

Habitat.-Balds and moist wooded coves at high elevations. Found associated with red spruce-Fraser

fir (Picm nthetls-Ahic~s,~(l.reri) forests and yellow birch-American beech (Betula lutes-Fqus

grmdijolia) forests. Massey, Whitson, and Atkinson (1980) found most populations along

trails and suggested that perhaps the trails aid in preserving this species by preventing encroachment of Ruhus (blackberry), just as in the past grazing and browsing might have played a

similar role.

REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson, and

J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina. Bookstore,

Univ. N.C.. Charlotte.

Gray, A. 1842. Notes of a botanical excursion to the mountains of North Carolina. J. Am, Sci. 42: l-49.

(Published also in London J. Bat., 1X42+, Vol. I .)

Massey, J. R., P. 0. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14- 160004-78- 108. Highlands

Biological Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Michaux, A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. Typis Caroli Crapelet, Paris and Argentorati.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Plant Conservation Board. N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Rosaceae, p. 545.1

Ramseur, G. S. 1960. The vascular flora of high mountain communities of the southern Appalachians.

J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 76:82-l 12.

Robertson, K. R. 1974. The genera of Rosaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor.

55:344-40 I

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the I933 edition. 1972.) Hafner

Publishing Co., New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife S ervice. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45(242):82480-82569.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53: 12% 133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Harvard University Western Carolina University

University of North Carolina

at Chapel Hill

*Michaux ( I X03) reported G. ~~~nrur/ntum to occur in Canada No recent documentatmn has been found.

79
a Portion of plant in flower. b Plant habit in fruit.

f Bract. g Sepal. h Stamens.

c Achene. d Pistil (carpel). e Petal.

a from NCU 223575. 30128; b, C from NCU 223576;

d-h from NCU 30128

80
- .,,,,r,,-- I.
GEUM RADIATUM Michaux Appalachian avers

Family.-Rosaceae (Rose Family)

Synonymy.-Acomastylis radiata (Michaux) F. Bolle; Geum radiutum Gray (not validly published);

Parageum rudiatu (Michaux) Hara; Sieversia radiatu (Michaux) Greene

Other common names.-Spreading avens

Description.-Erect, hirsute perennial herbs with basal rosettes of leaves arising from horizontal rhizomes.

Stems 2-5 dm tall, with extremely dense spreading hairs. Basal leaves odd-pinnately compound,

terminal leaflet reniform and much larger (7-15 cm wide) than the lateral leaflets which are

greatly reduced in size (so much so that the terminal leaflet may appear to be a simple leaf)

or absent, slightly lobed or uneven margins, serrate, with long petioles; stem leaves considerably smaller than the basal, rounded to obovate, margins irregularly cut, sessile and clasping;

stipules not evident. Inflorescence terminal, a few-flowered, indefinite cyme. Flowers actinomorphic,

epicalyx of 5, small, lanceolate bracts present. Sepals 5, fused at base, 6- 10 mm long,

ovate, green, hirsute; petals 5, distinct, 1.3-2 cm long, obcordate, bright yellow; stamens and

pistils numerous, distinct; pistils simple, ovaries superior and hirsute, unicarpellate, unilocular,

placentation basal, styles ca. 1 cm long, straight, essentially glabrous except at the base, persistent

as a beak in fruit. Receptacle ringed with dense, tan, stiff hairs. Fruit a hemispheric aggregate of hirsute, beaked achenes.

Geum radiatum strongly resembles its close relative, G. peckii. However, many

characteristics distinguish G. radiatum from another threatened Geum, G. geniculatum. The

following comparison chart can be used to identify the three species.

PLANT

VESTITURE

SEPAL

SHAPE

LEAF

POSITION

PETAL

COLOR

PETAL

LENGTH

STYLE

TYPE

STYLE

DURATION

STYLE

VESTITURE

G. radiatum

densely hirsute

with spreading

hairs

lanceolate

triangular to

broadly ovate

predominantly predominantly

basal, stem basal, stem

leaves reduced leaves reduced

yellow

13-20 mm

straight

wholly persistent

in fruit

basal portion

hirsute

G. peckii

sparingly pubescent

to glabrate

yellow

X- I5 mm

straight

wholly persistent

in fruit

basal portion

hirsute

G geniculatum

sparsely hirsute

triangular to ovate

cauline and basal

pinkish, whitish, or

lavender

5-10 mm

geniculate

part above joints

deciduous, leaving

a hooked beak on fruit

basal portion

glabrous

Phenology.-Flowers, June to October; Fruits, July to October; Vegetative, May to October

Distribution.-N.C. (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey Counties); Term.

Legal status.-N.C. - Threatened, Special Concern (Protected); Term. - Endangered (Candidate);

Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Endemic to balds on high mountains. Often occurs on steep rock faces and narrow ledges.

82
REFERENCES

Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1970. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada.

Vol. 2. (Republication of the 1913 edition.) Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

Brown, D. M. 1941. Vegetation of Roan Mountain: A phytosociological and successional study. Ecol.

Monogr. 11:61-97.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Gray Herbarium Card Index. I894 + Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.

Hooker, J. D., B. D. Jackson, and others. 1893-I 895. Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum. The

Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14-160004-78-108. Highlands

Biological Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Michaux, A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. Typis Caroli Crapelet, Paris and Argentorati.

Morgan, S. W. 1980. Species general information system: Species population, habitat, and threat inventory species status summary for Geum radiatum Michaux. M.S. problem. Botany Dep.,

Univ. N.C., Chapel Hill.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill [See Ahles, Rosaceae, p. 545.1

Ramseur, G. S. 1960. The vascular flora of the high mountain communities of the southern Appalachians.

J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 76:82-l 12.

Robertson, K. R. 1974. The genera of Rosaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor.

55:344-401.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co.,

New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife.Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Clemson University University of North Carolina at

Furman University Charlotte

Great Smoky Mountains National University of South Carolina at

Park Museum Columbia

Harvard University University of Tennessee

Lynchburg College Virginia Polytechnic Institute

North Carolina State University and State University

University of Georgia Western Carolina University

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

83
Geutn rntlkrutn (ROSACEAE)

a Portion of plant habit in flower. b Plant habit. C Stamens. d Petal. e Bract.

f Sepal. g Pistil (carpel). h Achene.

a, b from NCU 323956; c-h from NCU 201751

84
85
GLYCERIA NUBIGENA W. A. Anderson Smoky Mountains mannagrass

Family.-Poaceae (Grass Family)

Synonymy .-None

Other common names.-None

Description.--Coarse, short-rhizomatous perennial herbs. Culms (stems) terete, erect, slender to rather

stout, glabrous, smooth, shining, 8- 14 dm tall, internodes hollow, nodes closed and swollen.

Leaves cauline, simple, alternate, 2-ranked, composed of a blade, sheath, and ligule; blades

narrowly lanceolate and straplike, to 4.5 dm long, 5-10 mm wide, smooth below, scabrous

above, parallel-veined; sheaths encircling the culms, closed, glabrous or scaberulous, margins and orifice scarious, the lower much longer than the internodes; ligules scarious, truncate,

erose, 1.5-3 mm long. Flowers in the axils of bracts, inconspicuous and minute, reduced to

the essential organs (the stamens and pistil), the perianth represented by minute scales (lodicules)

at the base of the flower. Floret a unit composed of a flower with two bracts (lemma and

palea) enclosing it; lemma is the lower bract, lies to the outside of the spikelet, and encloses

the palea; palea is the inner, upper bract, lies next to the rachilla, and envelopes the flower.

Inflorescence compound, with the basic, primary inflorescence (the ultimate unit) a spikelet

consisting of 2-3 flowers, each with its lemma and palea, and 2 empty bracts (glumes) at

the base, the lower glume called the 1st glume and the upper one the 2nd glume. Spikelets

secondarily arranged into an open panicle, 2- 3 dm long, 2- 2.5 dm broad; panicle branches

stiffly spreading, scaberulous. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, ca. 3.5 mm long, 1.5-2.2 mm wide,

the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets. Glumes unequal, l-nerved,

scarious, acute, 1st glume 1.4-1.6 mm long, 2nd glume 1.8-2.1 mm long; lemmas 2.5-3

mm long, awnless, convex on the back, firm, obtuse to subacute, margins and apex scarious,

7-nerved, nerves prominent, parallel; paleas 2.3-2.8 mm long, rounded, margins usually chartaceous with thin scarious edges. Stamens 3, distinct, exserted, filaments slender, anthers

large, appearing versatile; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior, carpels 2, locule 1,

ovule 1, placentation basal, styles 2, stigmas 2, plumose. Fruit a grain (caryopsis), ellipsoid,

1.5 mm long, lustrous, olivaceous, cancellate (resembling latticework).

Phenology.-Flowers, June to July; Fruits, March (?), June to August; Vegetative, March to August

Distribution.-N.C. (Swain County), Tenn.

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Tenn. - Endangered (Candidate); Federal - Under

review

Habitat.-Seepage areas, balds and high ridges.

86
REFERENCES

Anderson, W. A. 1933. A new species of Glyceria from the Great Smoky Mountains. Rhodora 351320-322.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Hitchcock, A. S 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. 2nd ed. Revised by A. Chase. U.S.

Dep. Agric. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C.

Kelsey, H. P., and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized plant names. 2nd ed. J. Horace McFarland Co.,

Harrisburg, Pa.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14-f60004-78-108. Highlands Biological Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection Section,

1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Poaceae, p. 80-81.1

Ramseur, G. S. 1960. The vascular flora of high mountain communities of the southern Appalachians.

J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 76:82-l 12.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.)Hafner Publishing Co.,

New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Great Smoky Mountains National Chapel Hill

Park Museum University of Tennessee

Harvard University Vanderbilt University

87
Gl\ceritr rurhi,qv~c~ (POACEAE)

a Vegetative parts. b Terminal portion of inflorescence. C Grain. d Sheath split to show

ligule. e Closed sheath. f Spikelet. g First glume. h Second glume. i Lemma from

side. j Lemma from back. k Lemma in cross section. I Palea.

From NCU 180042

88
I
GRAkMZTLS NZMBATA (Jenman) Proctor Dwarf polypody fern

Family.-Grammitidaceae (Dwarf Polypody Family)

Synonymy.-Polypodium nimbatum Jenman

Other common names.-Trifling polypody

Description.-Diminutive ferns with minute, creeping rhizomes less than 0.5 mm in diameter, covered

with pale brown, ovate scales. Leaves erect, clustered, very small, less than 3 cm long and 1

cm wide, ribbonlike and linear, narrowed at the base, deeply pinnatifid, hairy with numerous dark brown setae ca. 2 mm long; segments close, ascending, linear, entire, rounded, reduced to auricles at base of blade, one l-forked vein per segment. Sori round, without

indusia, at the base of the leaf segments near midrib, with brown hairs protruding between the

sporangia. Spores green, tetrahedral.

Grammitis nimbata closely resembles a miniature, delicate Polypodium. However, G.

nimbata has fronds 2-5 cm long and is soft and hairy, whereas Polypodium has fronds

7.5 -60 cm long and is leathery and naked or scaly.

Phenology.-Sporulates, June; Vegetative, June, October

Distribution.-N.C. (Macon County); Cuba, Jamaica

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Known only from one locality in N.C.; inhabits moss mats in the grottos and ledges under

waterfalls.

90
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Farrar, D. R. 1967. Gametophytes of four tropical fern genera reproducing independently of their sporophytes in the southern Appalachians. Science 155: 1266- 1267.

Jenman, G. S. 1886. Some additional Jamaica ferns. J. Bot. 24:265-274.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14- 160004-78- 108. Highlands

Biological Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Maxon, W. R. 1916. Studies of tropical American ferns. No. 6. Contrib. U.S. Nat]. Herb. 17:541-608.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection Section.

1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Proctor, G. R. 1953. A preliminary checklist of Jamaican pteridophytes. Bull. Inst. Jamaica, Sci. Ser.

No. 5: l-89.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Evans, Grammitidaceae, p. 33-34.1

Simpson, D. P. 1960. Cassell’s new Latin dictionary. Funk & Wagnalls, New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

Wagner, W. H., Jr., D. R. Farrar, and B. W. McAlpin. 1970. Pteridology of the Highlands Biological

Station area, southern Appalachians. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 86:1-27.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Harvard University University of Tennessee

University of North Carolina at Western Carolina University

Chapel Hill

9 1
Grarnrniris rh77bartr (GILU~IVIITIDACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Leaf portion (abaxial surface). C Leaf portion (adaxial surface).

From NCU 481070

92
I
HELONIAS B ULLATA Linnaeus Swamp-pink

Family.-Liliaceae (Lily Family)

Synonymy.-Helonias Adanson non L. (= Lilichgacinthus Ortega), Helonias latifolia Michaux, H.

latifolia Muhlenberg, H. scapigera Stokes, H. striata Rafinesque

Other common names.-Stud flower

Description.-Subscapose, glabrous perennial herbs arising from thick stocky rhizomes. Scapes stout

and hollow, l-4 dm long in flower, to 6 dm in fruit, with many small, scalelike leaves or

bracts, 0.5-2 cm long. Leaves in a basal rosette, simple, evergreen, oblanceolate and straplike,

0.9-3.0 dm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, base attenuate. Inflorescence an ebracteate raceme, 2-8

cm long. Flowers actinomorphic. Perianth in 2 very similar series of 3 distinct segments (tepals)

each, petaloid, pink to lavender, 5-9 mm long, l-2 mm wide, persistent in fruit; stamens

6, in 2 whorls, as long or slightly longer than the perianth, persistent; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior, carpels and locules 3, placentation axile, stigmas 3, separate,

sessile, l-l.5 mm long, ascending to arching. Fruit a 3-lobed, papery capsule, 3-5 mm long,

8-10 mm wide.

Phenology.-Flowers, April to May, August; Fruits, May to July, September; Vegetative, April to

September

Distribution.-Del., Ga., Md., N.J., N.Y., N.C. (Henderson, Jackson, Transylvania Counties), Pa.,

S.C., Va. (Augusta, Henrico, Nelson Counties)

Legal status.-Md. - Single Maryland station, Possibly extirpated, Local, Vulnerable (Candidate);

N.C. - Threatened (Protected); S.C. - Endangered (Candidate); Va. - Threatened (Candidate);

Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Swamps and bogs

94
REFERENCES

Britton, N. L. 1882. Helonias bullutu on Staten Island. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9:lOl.

Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada. 2nd

ed. (Reprint edition, 1970.) Dover Publications, Inc. New York.

Broome, C. R., J. L. Reveal, A. 0. Tucker, and N. H. Dill. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant

species in Maryland. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, Mass.

Brown. S. 1910. Hdmi~~s bullotu Linnaeus. Bartonia 3:1-6.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Femald, M. L. 1937. Local plants of the Inner Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia. Contrib. Gray

Herb. 120:321-366, 379-415, 433-4.59, 465-491.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., C. E. Stevens, and D. M. E. Ware. 1977. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part 1.

Pteridophytes through Monocotyledons. Virginia Botanical Associates, Farmville.

Hooker, J. D., B. D. Jackson, and others. 1893- 1895. Index Kewensis. The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Index nominum genericomm. 1955 + International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Kelsey, H. P., and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized plant names. J. Horace McFarland Co., Harrisburg,

Pa.

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum. (Facsimile edition, 1957.) The Ray Society, London.

McDowell, G. W. 1973. The swamp-pink, an unreported native of South Carolina. Castanea 38:407-408.

Michaux, A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. Caroli Crapelet, Paris and Argentorati.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Liliaceae, p. 299.1

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. S.C. Museum Commission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co.,

New York.

Stone, W. 1911. The plants of southern New Jersey. Annual Report of the New Jersey State Museum

1910.

Tatnall, R. R. 1946. Flora of Delaware and the eastern shore. Intelligencer Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Weigman, P. G. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Pennsylvania. Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, Pittsburgh.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Clemson University University of North Carolina at

Duke University Charlotte

Furman University University of South Carolina at

North Carolina State University Columbia

University of Georgia Vanderbilt University

University of North Carolina at Western Carolina University

Chapel Hill

95
a Plant habit and root. b Capsule. C Seed. d Flower. e Stamens (adaxial and abaxial

views of anthers). f Inner tepal (petal). g Outer tepal (sepal).

a from NCU 14453 I, 472565; b, c from NCU 407099;

d-g from NC17 452310

96
97
HEXASTYLIS CONTRACTA Blomquist Mountain heart leaf

Family.-Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort Family)

Synonymy.-None

Other common names.-Southern heartleaf.

Description.-Low, aromatic perennial herbs with evergreen leaves (actually persistent for one year,

then replaced by a new leaf in the spring) arising directly from light-colored, fleshy, freely

branching rhizomes with short internodes. Roots thick and fleshy. Leaves simple; blades

essentially glabrous, leathery, lustrous, heart-shaped, 4-7 cm long or wide, not variegated,

basal lobes often overlapping the petiole; petioles long, averaging 12 cm. Flowers apetalous,

actinomorphic, solitary, axillary on short, fleshy, often-curved peduncles, subtended by a keelshaped bract, often hidden under leaf and forest litter. Perianth a firm, fleshy, petaloid,

tubular calyx; calyx tube broadly flask-shaped, prominently contracted above the base, expanded upward then again contracted, 15-27 mm long, 12- 17 mm broad, outer surface

pale yellow to purplish, inner surface purplish-brown, sparingly ridged-reticulate in lower part,

short-pilose in upper part; calyx lobes 3, erect, inner surface purplish, marked with colorless

spots, short-pilose. Stamens 12, in 2 whorls, the outer whorl slightly shorter than the inner,

epigynous, the short filaments adnate to (sitting on) the base of the gynoecium, the anther

connective slightly prolonged into a short appendage. Gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary

one-third inferior, carpels and locules 6, placentation axile; styles 6, distinct, erect, thick,

fleshy, with a bifid extension above the 6, obvious, globose, extrorse stigmas. Fruit a fleshy

capsule that retains floral characteristics (so much so that it is easily mistaken as a flower),

the only difference being a swollen base (mature ovary); dehiscence occurs by general disintegration,

a dry deliquescence. Seeds with a prominent, fleshy caruncle.

This species may be distinguished from other Hexastylis species by its unmottled leaves

and characteristic calyx that is flask shaped and conspicuously contracted toward the base

with low-relief ridged-reticulations inside.

Phenology.-Flowers, April to June; Fruits, June; Vegetative, January to December.

Distribution.-N.C. (Buncombe, Henderson, Stokes Counties), Tenn.

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Tenn. - Currently under review as threatened;

Federal - Under review

Habitat-Specific preferences unknown. Occurs in deciduous, evergreen, or mixed forests with dominants such as hemlock (Tsuga), oak (Quercus), pine (Pinus), mountain-laurel (Kulmiu), and

rhododendron (Rhododendron), on various topographic features (streambanks, slopes, ravines,

bluffs, waterfalls), over several types of soil (acid, humus, sandy, rocky), and in mesic to dry

moisture conditions.

98
REFERENCES

Blomquist, H. L. 1957. A revision of Hexastylis of North America. Brittonia 8:255-281.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. I. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Bell, Aristolochiaceae, p. 400.1

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co.,

New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register 45

(242):82480-82569.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 531128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of Tennessee

University of North Carolina at Vanderbilt University

Chapel Hill

99
Hcwstdis cotmwm (AKISTOLOCHIACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Flower (with portion of calyx removed). c Flower (external view).

From Duke Univ. Godfrey and Anderson 5 1225 Type

100
101
HUDSONIA MONTANA Nuttall Mountain golden heather

Family.-Cistaceae (Rockrose Family)

Synonymy.-Hudsonia ericoides L. ssp. montana (Nuttall) Nickerson & J. Skog

Other common names.-False-heather, mountain beachheather, mountain hudsonia

Description.-Low, spreading, decumbent, freely branched, heathlike shrubs from short, thick crowns,

rarely more than 3-4 dm tall, often forming a dense, circular mat. Leaves deciduous, simple,

alternate, crowded, needle-shaped, 3-7 mm long, spreading-ascending, at first villous, becoming glabrate, rigid, moderately thickened, often curved. Flowers solitary, on stalks at the ends

of short leafy branchlets or terminating normal branches. Sepals 5, basally fused, persistent,

unequal, 5-7 mm long, lobes lanceolate, villous, acute to acuminate; petals 5, distinct, yellow,

slightly to 2 X longer than the sepals; stamens usually numerous, distinct; gynoecium of 1

compound pistil, ovary superior, hairy to base, carpels 2, locule 1, placentation parietal, style

slender and elongate with a minute stigma. Fruit a unilocular, l -2-seeded, ovoid capsule,

enclosed in the persistent calyx.

Two other similar species of Hudsonia exist: H. tomentosa and H. ericoides. The following

comparison chart can be used to identify the three species.

LEAF

LENGTH

LEAF

ORIENTATION

PEDICEL

PRESENCE

OVARY

VESTITURE

H. montana

3-7 mm

spreading-ascending

pedicillate

ovary pubescent

throughout

H. tomentosa

less than 3 mm

appressed

sessile

glabrous

H. ericoides

6-8 m m

spreading

pedicillate

ovary pubescent only

above the middle

SEPAL

LENGTH

SEPAL

APEX long acuminate

2.5-3 mm

rounded, mucronate acute

4-6 mm

Phenology.-Flowers, May to July; Fruits, July to September; Vegetative, January to December

Distribution.-N.C. (Burke County)

Legal status.-N.C. - Threatened (Protected); Federal - Threatened (Protected)

Habitat.<learings on heath balds on quartzitic ledges and cliffs on high peaks and ridges. Usually

rooted in shallow, acidic, sandy or stony soil in depressions or cracks in rocks. Appears to be

limited to eastern exposures. Requires full sun for best development. According to Sanders

(1980) the community most often associated with H. montana is: Leiophyllum buxifoliumlXerophyllum

asphodeloideslHudsonia montanalRhododendron minus (sand myrtle/turkey beard/mountain

golden heather/rhododendron).

102
REFERENCES

Brizicky, G. K. 1964. The genera of Cistaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor.

451346-351.

Committee of Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Kelsey, H. P., and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized plant names. 2nd ed. J. Horace McFarland Co.,

Harrisburg, Pa.

Lawrence, G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan Co., New York. [See Cistaceae,

pp. 608-609.1

Morse, L. E. 1981. Report on the conservation status of Hudsonia montana, a candidate endangered

species. Pages 283-308 in L. E. Morse and M. S. Henifin, eds. Rare plant conservation:

Geographical data organization. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

Nuttall, T. 1818. The genera of North American plants. Vol. II. Printed for the author by D. Hear&

Philadelphia.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Cistaceae, p. 718.1

Radford, A. E. and others. 1976. Table Rock. Page 25. In Vegetation-habitats-floras-natural areas in

the southeastern United States: Field data and information. Univ. N.C. Student Stores, Chapel Hill.

Sanders, B. 1980. Population status study: Hudsonia montana (Nutt.) (sic]. Unpublished manuscript

completed in the course of a status study for the U.S. Forest Service.

Skog, J. T., and N. H. Nickerson. 1972. Variation and speciation in the genus Hudsonia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 59:454-464.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co.,

New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

North Carolina State University University of North Carolina at

University of Georgia Chapel Hill

Western Carolina University

I03
a Plant habit. b Flower. C Stamen. d Capsule with persistent stamens and calyx. e Capsule

with calyx removed. f Stem with leaves. g Seed. h Leaf (abaxial surface). i Leaf (adaxial

surface),

a, b, c, h, i from NCU 3041 12; d-g from NCU 73299

104
ii

C

105
HYDRASTIS CANADENXS Linnaeus Golden seal

Family.-Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)

Synonymy.-Hydra& trifolia Rafinesque, Hydrophyllum verum . . . Linnaeus (as polynomial), Warnera

canadensis Miller, W. diphylla Rafinesque, W. tinctoria Rafinesque

Other common names .-Eye-balm, eyebright, eyeroot, goldenroot, ground-raspberry, Indian dye, Indiandye, Indian-iceroot, Indian paint, Indian plant, Indian-turmeric, jaundice root, Ohio cucuma,

orange-root, turmeric, turmeric-root, wild turmeric, yellow eye, yellow eyewright, yellow

Indian paint, yellow paintroot, yellow puccoon, yellow root, yellowwort

Description.-Erect, pubescent perennial herbs arising from thick, yellow rhizomes. Stems 1.5-5 dm

tall, sparsely pilose. Leaves usually 1 basal (often quickly deciduous) and 2 cauline towards

the apex of the stem, simple, alternate (appearing opposite), cordate, 0.5-2.5 dm wide at

maturity, palmately (3) 5-9-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, doubly serrate and/or lobed, pubescent.

Flower solitary, subtended by the upper cauline leaf, actinomorphic, greenish white, 8- 10

mm broad, scape densely hirsute, 0.5-2.5 cm long. Sepals 3, distinct, petaloid, quickly deciduous;

petals absent; stamens numerous, distinct, spirally arranged, strongly exserted and showy;

gynoecium of numerous, distinct, spirally arranged simple pistils, ovaries superior, carpel and

locule 1 per pistil, placentation marginal, style 1, short and curved, stigma 1, minute. Fruit

an ovoid aggregate of 1-2-seeded, dark berries, each berry tipped with the short, curved,

persistent style.

Phenology.-Flowers, March to June; Fruits, March to August; Vegetative, March to October

Distribution.-Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mich., Minn., Miss.,

MO., Neb., N.Y., N.C. (Buncombe, Jackson, Madison, Rockingham* Counties), Ohio, Okla.,

Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va. (Campbell, Henry, Lee, Montgomery, Pulaski, Rockbridge, Smyth,

Tazewell, Washington, Wythe Counties), W. Va., Wis.; Canada - Ontario, Quebec.

Legal status.-Ala. - Endangered (Candidate); Ga. - Endangered (Protected); Ky. - Special Concern

(Candidate); Md. - Few, Vulnerable (Candidate); Miss. - Endangered (Candidate); N.C. -

Endangered, Special Concern (Protected); Tenn. - Threatened (Candidate); Va. - Threatened (Candidate); W. Va. - Status Undetermined (Candidate)

Habitat.-Rich, mesic woods; usually over basic bedrock.

REFERENCES

Ayensu, E. S., and R. A. DeFilipps. 1978. Endangered and threatened plants of the United States. The

Smithsonian Institution and World Wildlife Fund, Inc., Washington, D.C.

Barkley, T. M. 1968. A manual of the flowering plants of Kansas. The Kans. State Univ. Endowment

Assoc., Manhattan.

Braun, E. L. 1943. An annotated catalog of Spermatophytes of Kentucky. John S. Swift Co., Inc.,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

B&ton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada.

Vol. II. 2nd ed. (Reprint edition, 1970.) Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

Broome, C. R., J. L. Reveal, A. 0. Tucker, and N. H. Dill. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant

species in Maryland. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Comer, Mass.

Charette, L. A. 1964. Hydrastis canadensis L., in New England. Rhodora 66:94-96.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Deam, C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. State of Ind. Dep. of Conservation, Div. of Forestry, Indianapolis.

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Science, and Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission.

No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky. Ky. Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Unpublished manuscript.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. I. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston.

* Reported by Joan Gibson and by J. M. Lynch, 1981, in unpublished natural area reports.

106
Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and R. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened, and

special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and

Microbiology, Agric. Exp. Stn., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

Guldner, L. F. 1960. The vascular plants of Scott and Muscatine Counties. Davenport Public Museum

Publications in Botany, No. 1. Davenport, Iowa.

Harvill, A. M., Jr. 1970. Spring flora of Virginia. McClain Printing Co., Parsons, W. Va.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., T. R. Bradley, and C. E. Stevens. 1981. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part II. Dicotyledons.

Va. Botanical Associates, Farmville.

Henry, L. K. 1971. An annotated list of the vascular flora of Butler County, Pennsylvania. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 43:115-178.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state. New York

State Mus. Bull. No. 254. Univ. of the State of N.Y., Albany.

Jones, G. N., and G. D. Fuller. 1955. Vascular plants of Illinois. Museum Scientific Series, Vol. VI.

Univ. Ill. Press, Urbana, and Ill. State Museum, Springfield.

Keener, C. S. 1977. Studies in the Ranunculaceae of the southeastern United States. VI. Miscellaneous

genera. Sida 7:1-12.

Krochmal, A., R. S. Walters, and R. M. Doughty. 1971. A guide to medicinal plants of Appalachia.

U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Service, Handbook No. 400. U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C.

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum. (Facsimile edition, 19.57.) The Ray Society, London.

-. 1759. Systema naturae. (Facsimile edition, 1964.) J. Cramer, Weinheim, Germany.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. of Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

Macoun, J. 1883. Catalogue of Canadian plants. Part 1. Polypetalae. Dawson Brothers, Montreal, Canada.

Merrill, E. D. 1949. Index Rafinesquianus. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univ., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Mississippi Natural Heritage Program, Dep. of Wildlife Conservation. No date. Special plant list. Miss.

Museum of Natural Sciences, Jackson. Unpublished manuscript.

Mohr, C. 1901. Plant life of Alabama. (Reprint edition, 1969.) J. Cramer, Lehre, Germany.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Peterson, N. F. 1912. Flora of Nebraska. Published by the author, Lincoln, Nebr.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Ranunculaceae, p. 455.1

Reveal, J. L., and C. R. Broome. 1981. Minor nomenclatural and distributional notes on Maryland

vascular plants with comments on the state’s proposed endangered and threatened species. Castanea

46 (1):50-82.

Roosa, D. M., and L. J. Eilers, 1978. Endangered and threatened Iowa vascular plants. State Preserves

Advisory Board, State Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Schaeffer, R. L., Jr. 1949. The vascular flora of Northampton County, Pennsylvania. Ph.D. dissertation

in Botany, Univ. Pa., Philadelphia.

Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.

Strausbaugh, P. D., and E. L. Core. No date. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc.,

Grantsville, W. Va.

Tatnall, R. R. 1946. Flora of Delaware and the eastern shore. The Society of Natural History of Delaware,

[Wilmington].

Taylor, R. J., editor. 1978. New, rare, and infrequently collected plants in Oklahoma. Publication No.

2. Herbarium, Southeastern Okla. State Univ., Durant.

Waterfall, U. T. 1969. Keys to the flora of Oklahoma. 4th ed. Published by the author, Oklahoma State

Univ., Stillwater.

Weigman, P. G. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Pennsylvania. Western Pa.

Conservancy, Pittsburgh.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

107
HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of Tennessee

Harvard University Vanderbilt University

Lynchburg College Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

North Carolina State University State University

University of Georgia Western Carolina University

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

Hydrustis canadensis ( RANUNCULACEAE)

a Plant habit (in flower).

of berries.

b Plant habit (in fruit). c Flower. d Seed. e Young aggregate

a from NCU 475600 & 111403; b, d from NCU 254950;

c from NCU 111403; e from NCU 398206

108
109
ILIAMNA CORE1 (Sherff) Sherff Core’s globe mallow

Family.-Malvaceae (Mallow Family)

Synonymy.-lliamtia remota Greene var. corei Sherff, I. remota Greene pro parte, Phymosia remota

(Greene) Britton pro parte, Sphaeralcea remota Femald pro parte

Other common names.-lliamna, Peter’s-mountain mallow

Description.-Perennial herbs from woody rhizomes. Stems erect, ascending-branched, to 1 m high,

pale green, densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate; blades maplelike, suborbicular to ovate in general outline, 5 - 10 cm long, less than 10 cm wide, palmately 5-7-lobed, the

lobes triangular and prolonged with the terminal the longest and lanceolate, lobe tips acuminate,

sinuses acute, margins serrate to dentate, bases truncate to cordate, stellate-pubescent on both

surfaces; petioles 3-6 cm long, spreading-ascending, slender but stiff; stipules conspicuous,

lance-triangular, early deciduous; lowest leaves the largest (lowermost usually absent by flowering

time), gradually reduced upward on stem and branches, ultimately becoming bracteal leaves

at tips. Flowers solitary or clustered in axils of upper leaves, actinomorphic, to 5 cm in diameter;

peduncles spreading-ascending, at anthesis 5- 10 mm long, stellate-tomentose, bearing at

their tips, directly below the calyx, 2-3 linear, densely stellate-tomentose bracts to 1 cm long.

Sepals 5, fused 114 to l/2 their length into a broadly campanulate calyx, lanceolate, ca. 1.5

cm long, acuminate, the backs stellate-hairy, inside cottony-tomentose, persistent and reflexed

in fruit; petals 5, distinct, rose, basally adnate to stamina1 column, spreading, broadly obovate,

2.5-3.0 cm long, notched at the apex, the bases cuneate or attenuate to a short claw, this

bristly-ciliate; stamens numerous, filaments basally fused into a tube (monadelphous) 7-8

mm long and paper-thin except for 5 strong nerves, filaments apically distinct and spreading at

tube apex to form a “sphere” of short, purplish anthers; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil,

ovary superior, the surface with dense, pale, erect, bristly hairs, carpels and locules numerous,

forming a lobed ring (the ovary), the style slender and with ca. 10 clavate-tipped branches at

the level of the stamen tips, stigmas as many as style branches and capitate. Fruit a lobed

capsule with mature carpels oblong, 8-10 mm long, walls papery and veiny, sides smooth,

the backs coarsely hirsute, dehiscent from apex toward base 2/3 down the ventral (inner) margin.

Seeds 2-4 in each carpel, rounded, pubescent.

Iliamna corei is so closely related to I. remota that some botanists have considered

them to be conspecific or the former a variety of the latter (1. remota var. corei Sherff).

Apparently the two are distinct. Iliamna corei is known only from Giles County, Va., whereas

I. remota is known from a few stations in Ill., Ind., and Va. The following comparison

chart can be used to identify the two species.

STEM

HEIGHT

FLOWER

ODOR

LEAF

WIDTH

SHAPE OF

TERMINAL LEAF

LOBE

SINUS

ANGLE

1. corei

I m or less

odorless

less than 10 cm

lanceolate

acute

I. remota

2 m or less

very fragrant

215 cm

deltoid

obtuse

LEAF

MARGIN serrate-dentate crenate

110
Iliamna can be distinguished from other eastern Malvaceous genera in the following

ways: from Hibiscus, Gossypium, and Kosteletzkya by having more than 5 carpels; from

Althuea, Mulva, Malvastrum, Sphuerulceu, CallirhoE. Anodu. Sidcl, and Napea by having 2

or more seeds per carpel; and from Abutilon, Modiola, and Sida by having beakless carpels.

Phenology.-Flowers, July to August; Fruits, July to September; Vegetative, July to October

Distribution.-Va. (Giles County)

Legal status .-Va. - Endangered (Candidate); Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Soil-filled pockets and crevices in sandstone outcrops; growing in full sunlight in open woods.

REFERENCES

Femald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.

Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist, 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and

adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N.J.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. 1. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Keener, C. S. 1964. New Virginia locality for Zliamna. Castanea 29: 191-192.

Linzey, D. W., editor. [ 19791. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of Virginia. Symposium,

Va. Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, May 19-20, 1978. [See Porter, “Vascular

plants,” p. 31-122.1

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Sherff, E. E. 1946. Notes on certain plants in the Gray’s manual range. Rhodora 48:89-98.

-. 1949. Miscellaneous notes on dicotyledonous plants. Am. J. Bot. 36:499-511.

Strausbaugh, P. D., and E. L. Core. 1932. Phymosia remota. Rhodora 34:142-146.

U.S. Dep. of Agric., Forest Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened species of the southeastern

United States, including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Atlanta, Ga. [See Kral, Iliamna

remota, Report 67.)

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

Harvard University State University

North Carolina State University

111
a Plant habit (upper portion). b Leaf (closeup of abaxial surface).

e Immature capsule. f Mature capsule.

C Portion of stem. d Seed.

From Herbarium of Virginia Polytechnic

Institute and State University 20866

112
b

113
ISOTRIA MEDEOLOIDES (Pursh) Rafinesque Small whorled pogonia

Family.--Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)

Synonymy.-Arethusa medeoloides Pursh, Pogonia afinis Austin, Isotria afinis (Austin) Rydberg, Odonectis

afinis (Austin) Schlecter, Pogonia verticillata (Muhlenberg) Nuttall var. medeoloides Eaton

Other common names.-Fairy frill, green five-leaved orchid, little five-leaves, little whorl-crest, small

whorled crest-lip, smaller whorled pogonia

Description.-Low, glabrous, terrestrial perennial herbs with long, slender, filamentous, hairy roots.

Stems slender, 9.5-25 cm tall, hollow-cylindrical, greenish- or purplish-tinged, glaucous. Leaves

mostly 5(6) in a whorl at the apex of the stem, drooping, pale dusty green, glaucous, elliptic

to elliptic-obovate, 2-8.5 cm long, 0.8-4 cm wide, widely rounded and apiculate to short

acuminate apically. Inflorescence composed of 1 (rarely 2) flowers just above the leaves.

Flowers inconspicuous, zygomorphic, ringent, yellowish green, sessile to subsessile (though the

slender, elongate ovary resembles a peduncle) or with a short peduncle after fertilization.

Perianth biseriate, sepals and petals free, similar and subequal. Sepals 3, distinct, petaloid,

linear-oblanceolate, narrowly spathulate, or narrowly elliptic, to 2.5 cm long, ca. 3 mm

wide near the middle, apex acuminate, somewhat narrowed at base. Petals 3, distinct; lateral

petals similar to sepals, pale green, oblanceolate, to 1.7 cm long, ca. 3 mm wide, apex

rounded to obtuse; medial petal modified into a labellum or lip that is greenish white and

veined with green, obovate-cuneate to oblong-oval, 1 .O- 1.5 cm long, ca. 5 mm wide,

3-lobed, lateral lobes narrowly triangular and involute, middle lobe rounded, undulate, upper

surface with a longitudinal yellow green crest that breaks up into blunt, elongated, wartlike

processes that stand erect on the middle nerves of the middle lobe. Stamens, styles, and stigmas united to form an organ called the column (gynandrium) in the center of the flower;

column free, terete, white, 9 mm long, toothed at apex. Anther 1, terminal on the column,

white, stalked, operculate, pollen bound into 2 powdery masses (pollinia). Gynoecium of 1

compound pistil, ovary inferior, carpels 3, placentation parietal, style 1 (portion of column),

stigmas 3, the 2 lateral ones fertile and functional, fused together into a concave, papillose

structure below the anther on the under surface of the column, the median stigma sterile and

nonfunctional, modified into a reduced rostellar flap situated between the anther and the 2

fertile stigmas. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal dehiscence, erect, ellipsoid-cylindrical, 1.7-3

cm long, on a short pedicel to 1.5 cm long, valves hygroscopic.

Only one other species belongs to the genus Isotria, 1. verticillata; however, the two

are readily distinguishable, as can be seen from the following comparison chart.

PRESENCE OF

PEDICEL

SEPAL

LENGTH

SEPAL

COLOR

LEAF

ORIENTATION

STEM & LEAF

SURFACE

BASE OF

STEM

I. medeoloides

flowers sessile

to subsessile

less than 2.8 cm

light green

retlexing (drooping)

glaucous (gives the plants

a gray or hoary aspect)

with 2 or 3 small,

alternate leaves

I. \wticillatu

flowers pedicellate with a

pedicel at least 1.5 cm long

more than 3 cm

brownish purple

spreading

not glaucous (though the leaves

may be somewhat so beneath)

without leaves

114
Both species of Isotria superficially resemble nonflowering plants of Medeola virginiana

(Liliaceae), with which they are commonly associated. In fact, this is how I. medeoloides

received its specific epithet, which means “like a Medeola,” referring to the resemblance of

the leaves to those of Indian cucumber. In Medeola the stem is solid, hairy, dark green, and

the more slender leaves are 6 or more in number whereas in Zsotria the stem is hollow,

glabrous, light green, and the broader leaves are mostly 5 in number.

Phenology.-Flowers, May to July; Fruits, June; Vegetative, May to July

Distribution.-Conn.*, Del.*, Ga., Ill., Maine, Md.*, Mass.*, Mich., Minn.*, MO.*, N.H., N.J.,

N.Y.*, N.C. (Cumberland, Hamett *, Henderson, Macon, Surry* Counties), Pa., R.I., S.C.,

Vt.*, Va. (Buckingham*, Gloucester, James City *, New Kent* Counties); Canada - Elgin,

Ontario

Legal status.-Md. - Few (Candidate); N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Va. - Endangered (Candidate);

Federal - Currently proposed

Habitat.--Open, dry deciduous or mixed pine-deciduous woods, or along streambanks. Mehrhoff (1980)

states that all sites are second-growth deciduous or deciduous-coniferous forest, with an

open canopy and shrub layer and a sparse herb layer. He also lists various situations in which

the species occurs: old fields or pastures, windthrow areas, cutover forests, old orchards,

near semipermanent canopy breaks, such as streams, highways, old logging roads, lakes, or

cliffs. Site conditions, e.g., soils, aspect, topography, vary a great deal.

* Possibly extinct in these states and counties. At one time I. medeoloides wis known from 49 counties in 17 states, but t&y it

is known from only 12 counties in 11 states and Canada.

115
REFERENCES

Bean, R. C., D. C. Richards, and F. Hyland. 1966. Check-list of the vascular plants of Maine. Revision of 1948 edition, by E. C. Ogden, F. H. Steinmetz, and F. Hyland. Bull. Josselyn Bot.

Sot. Maine 8: I-71.

Britton, N. L. 1901. Manual of the flora of the northern states and Canada. Henry Holt and Co., New

York. [See Rydberg, Orchidaceae, p. 297-298.1

Broome, C. R., J. L. Reveal, A. 0. Tucker, and N. H. Dill. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant

species in Maryland. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Comer, Mass.

Case, F. W., Jr., and W. Schwab. 1971. Isotria medeoloides, the Smaller Whorled Pogonia, in Michigan.

Michigan Bot. 10:39-43.

Church, G. L., and R. L. Champlin. 1978. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Rhode Island.

The New England Botanical Club, in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton

Comer, Mass.

Coddington, J., and K. G. Field. 1978. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Massachusetts.

The New England Botanical Club, Cambridge, Mass.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Correll, D. S. 1950. Native orchids of North America north of Mexico. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham,

Mass.

Eames, E. H. 1926. Pogonia uffinis in Maine. Rhodora 28:31-34.

Fernald, M. L. 1947. Additions to and subtractions from the flora of Virginia. Rhodora 49:85-l 15,

121-142, 145-159, 175-194 (p. 134-136).

Graves, C. B., and Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Society. No date. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Connecticut growing without cultivation. Conn. Geological and Natural History Survey, Bull. No. 14, Hartford.

Gray, A. 1867. Manual of the botany of the northern United States. 5th ed. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor

and Co., New York.

Gray Herbarium Card Index. 1894 + Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.

Grimes, E. J. 1921. A new station for Pogonia afSinis. Rhodora 23:195-197.

Harvill, A. M., Jr. 1969. Isotria medeoloides on the Piedmont of Virginia. Rhodora 71:303-304.

1970. Spring flora of Virginia. McClain Printing Co., Parsons, W. Va.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., C. E. Stevens, and D. M. E. Ware. 1977. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part 1.

Pteridophytes through Monocotyledons. Va. Botanical Associates, Farmville.

Henry, L. K., W. E. Buker, and D. L. Pearth. 1975. Western Pennsylvania orchids. Castanea 40:93-168.

Luer, C. A. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada excluding Florida. The New

York Botanical Garden, New York.

Massey, A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 155. Blacksburg, Va.

Mehrhoff, L. A., III. 1980. The reproductive biology of the genus Isotria (Orchidaceae) and the ecology of Isotria medeoloides. Master’s thesis. Botany Dep., Univ. N.C., Chapel Hill.

Mohlenbrock, R. H., and D. M. Ladd. 1978. Distribution of Illinois vascular plants. Southern Ill. Univ.

Press, Carbondale, 111.

Morris, F., and E. A. Eames. 1929. Our wild orchids. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Pursh, F. 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. Vol. II. White, Cochrane, and Co., London.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Correll, Orchidaceae, p. 342.1

Rafinesque, C. S. 1836. Flora Telluriana. Part 1. Published by the author, Philadelphia, Pa.

Reed, C. F. 1964. Orchidaceae of Maryland, Delaware and the District of Columbia. Castanea 29:77-109.

116
Schlecter, R. 1911. Die Polychondreae (Neottiinae Pfitz.) und ihre systematische Einteilung. Bot.

Jahrb. Syst. 45:375-410.

Seymour, F. C. l-969. The flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. The Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.

Storks, I. M., and G. E. Crow. 1978. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in New Hampshire.

The New England Botanical Club, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Newton Corner, Mass.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Proposal to determine ‘ ‘Isotria medeoloides’ ’ (Small Whorled Pogonia) to be an endangered species. U.S. Federal Register 45 (178):59909-59914.

-. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part 1. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science

and Univ. of Mich. Herbarium, Bloomfield Hills.

Weigman, P. G. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Pennsylvania. Western Pa.

Conservancy, Pittsburgh.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Longwood College Chapel Hill

117
Isotricr medeoloides (ORCHIDACEAE)

a Plant habit (from NCU 49954).

118
119
JUNCUS TRZFZDUS L. ssp. CAROLINIANUS Hgmet-Ahti One-flowered rush

Family.-Juncaceae (Rush Family)

Synonymy.-Juncus monanthos Jacquin pro parte, J. trzjidus L. var. monanthos (Jacquin) Bluff & Fingerhuth

pro parte, J. trifdus L. ssp. monanthos (Jacquin) Asch. & Graebner pro parte

Other common names.-For species: highland rush, three-leaved rush

Description.-Densely tufted, glabrous, rhizomatous, grasslike perennial herbs. Stems erect, l-3 dm

tall. Leaves mostly basal, reduced to almost bladeless sheaths, these 3-4 cm long, blades to

1 cm long or missing; stem leaves usually 3, alternate, linear to filiform, flat to involute,

grasslike, at least the inner of the tuft well-developed, much exceeding the inflorescence, the

base of the lowermost situated l-3 cm below the inflorescence, the two uppermost usually

subtending the inflorescence, margins serrulate; auricles deeply fimbriate. lnflorescence a

cluster of I-2 (3) flowers, not usually densely crowded. Flowers small, actinomorphic, with

bracteoles. Perianth in 2 very similar series of 3 distinct segments (tepals) each, tepals

undifferentiated, dark brown, glumaceous, coriaceous, dry, membranous, lanceolate, 3-4 mm

long, equal or the inner whorl (petals) slightly shorter than the outer (sepals); stamens 6,

distinct, opposite the perianth segments; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior, carpels and locules 3, placentation axile, style 1, 3-branched apically, each branch with an

elongate stigma. Fruit a dry, few-seeded loculicidal capsule, equal to or slightly shorter than

the perianth, dark brown, obovoid, beaked (beak ca. 0.7 mm long), surrounded by persistent

perianth and bracteoles. Seeds small, I - 1.3 mm long, irregularly angled.

Juncus trifidus ssp. carolinianus closely resembles J. tr$dus ssp. trfidus and ssp.

monanthos, thus causing great taxonomic confusion. The Appalachian specimens, here referred

to as ssp. carolinianus, have usually been included in ssp. monanthos. Hamet-Ahti (1980)

determined that several characteristics (e.g., plant height, flower number, leaf length, perianth

length) distinguish the three subspecies. She also states that subspecies carolinianus and

monanthos are different ecologically: monanthos occurs only in alpine limestone areas, whereas

carolinianus, like trfidus, prefers oligotropic schistose rock crevices.

Juncus trifidus ssp. carolinianus differs from other members of the genus in characters

such as presence of bracteoles, fimbriate auricles, and serrulate leaf margins. It is most

similar to J. tenuis, a more widespread species occurring along roadsides and paths. Juncus

tenuis has more than 3 flowers per culm and entire auricles, whereas J. t@dus ssp. carolinianus

has l-3 flowers per culm and deeply fimbriate auricles.

Phenology.-Flowers. June to September; Fruits. June to September; Vegetative, June to September

Distribution.*-N.C. (Buncombe County), N.Y.

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected)

Habitat.-Rock crevices in schistose rocks at high elevations

*The exact distribution and the location of the northern limit of this new taxon IS not known as yet. Further study is needed

Subspecies monanthos occurs in Maine, N.H., Term.. Va., and Vt.

120
REFERENCESt

Bean, R. C., D. C. Richards, and F. Hyland. 1966. Check-list of the vascular plants of Maine. Revision of 1948 edition, by E. C. Ogden, F. H. Steinmetz, and F. Hyland. Bull. Josselyn Bot.

Sot. Maine 8:1-71.

Bluff, M. J., and C. A. Fingerhuth. 1825. Flora Germaniae. Tomus I. Norimbergae.

Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1970. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada.

(Reprint of the 1913 edition.) Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg. eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Umv. N.C.. Charlotte.

Fernald. M. L. 1925. Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America. Mem. Gray Herb.

2:241-342.

1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York.

Hamet-Ahti, L. 1980. Jurzc~rs rr~fi’dus L. subsp. curo/itticrtzus Hlmet-Ahti, n. scrhsp., in eastern North

America. Pages 7-13 in H. Lieth and E. Landolt, eds. Contributions to the knowledge of flora

and vegetation in the Carolinas. Proceedings of the 16th International Phytogeographical Excursion (IPE). 197X. through the SE United States, Vol. 2. Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen

Institutes der ETH, Stiftung Riibel, Zurich.

HultCn, E. 1971. Atlas of the distribution of vascular plants in northwestern Europe. Ab Kartografiska

Institute, Stockholm.

Jacquin, N. J. 1762. Enumeratio Stirpium Plerarumque. Joannis Pauli Kraus, Vindobonae.

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum. (Facsimile edition, 3957.) The Ray Society, London.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Polunin, N. 1959. Circumpolar artic flora. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Batson, Juncaceae, p. 275.1

Seymour, F. C. 1969. Flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, ‘$‘t.

HERBARIA$

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

North Carolina State University Chapel Hill

University of Georgia Vanderbilt University

Western Carolina University

a newly dewibed subspecies

$ The specimens examlncd at these herbaria were all annotated as J. /rifidrrs ssp. mono~~rhos since our study was

done before sap. a~ro/iuiunrt.s had been named. Speumcns of ssp. urolinhus were examined only at the

University of North Carolina at Chapel HIII.

121
Juncus trifidus ssp. carolinianus (JUNCACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Gynoecium. c Anther. d Seed. e Sheath of leaf. f Capsule.

CJ Infructescence. h Bract. i Outer tepal (sepal). j Inner tepal (petal). k Bracteoles.

From NCU 226884

122
123
LIATRIS HELLERI Porter Heller’s blazing star

Family.-Asteraceae (Composite, Aster, or Sunflower Family)

Synonymy.-Lucinaria helleri (Porter) Porter

Other common names.-Button-snakeroots, Heller’s gayfeather, rattlesnake-masters

Description.-Small, glabrous perennial herbs with a thickened, more or less globose, cormlike rootstock.

Stems erect, l-5 dm tall. Leaves rather numerous and crowded, gradually decreasing in size

upward to bracts subtending the flower heads, linear to lanceolate, all narrow, the lowest

ones mostly 2-20 cm X 3-7( 10) mm, alternate, spirally arranged, simple, entire, glabrous,

scarcely punctate, sessile. Flowers (florets) small and sessile in a compact head on a common enlarged receptacle, collectively surrounded by an involucre, each head appearing to be a

single flower; secondary inflorescence elongate and racemiform, the heads flowering from

the top to the bottom. Heads turbinate, 3-2(X30), closely ascending. discoid; involucre narrowly campanulate. 7- IO mm high, its bracts imbricate in several series, glabrous or with

minute hairs along the margins, the outer commonly lance-triangular and entirely green and

herbaceous, the others more oblong or linear and rounded at the apex, thinner, often with

hyaline-scarious margins and often partly purplish, especially toward the apex; receptacle flat to

somewhat convex, naked. Florets (flowers) mostly 7- 10 per head, all discoid and perfect;

calyx represented by a pappus of bristles (see below for further description); corolla purple to

lavender, tubular, with 5 spreading lobes, the tube 5-7 mm in length, short-hairy inside

toward the base; stamens 5, syngenesious (the anthers fused together to form a cylinder around

the style), included within the corolla tube; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary inferior,

carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal, style 1, much exserted, 2-branched at the apex,

the branches elongate and somewhat stiff and erect, with inconspicuous stigmatic lines along

the inner surface margins near the base. Fruit a cypsela (achene or nutlet of some authors),

2.5-5 m long, tan to blackish, somewhat cylindrical but tapered at the base into a blunt

point, ribbed, hairy, particularly along the ribs; pappus of rather stout, capillary, barbellate

bristles, tan, notably short, 112 or less the length of the corolla tube, hardly showing beyond

the involucre at time of flowering.

Liatris species are often difficult to identify, although L. helkri is fairly distinctive

in its very short pappus (only l/z or less the length of the corolla tube) and its short stature. Two genera

very similar in appearance to the genus Liarris arc Trilisu and Carphq~horus; however, these two inhabit the coastal plain, not the mountains, and have heads arranged in moderately loose, spreading

panicles or corymbs, not in compact racemes.

Phenology.-Flowers, July to September; Fruits, August to October; Vegetative, July to October

Distribution.-Ala. (has not been recently documented), N.C. (Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell, Watauga

Counties), Va. (not documented)

Legal status.-Ala. - Threatened (Freeman and others, 1979, placed this species in their publication in

Appendix 1, which consisted of species listed for Alabama by the U.S. Department of the

Interior in a 1975 issue of the Federal Register as endangered or threatened, but not treated

elsewhere in their publication, due to lack of recent documentation.); N.C. - Threatened

(Protected); Federal - Under review

Habitat.--Open, rocky outcrops, ledes, cliff faces, and woods at high elevations.

124
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. I. Asteraceae. Univ. N.C.

Press, Chapel Hill.

Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and R. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened, and

special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and Microbiology,

Agric. Exp. Stn., Auburn University, Auburn, Ala.

Gaiser, L. 0. 1946. The genus Liatris. Rhodora 48:165-183, 216-263, 273-326, 331-382, 393-412.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, T. C. 1891. A new Liatris from North Carolina. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18:147-148.

-. 1900. Muhlenbergia 1:6 (Gray Card Index).

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Asteraceae, p. 1050.]

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co.,

New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior. 1975. Threatened or endangered fauna or flora: Review of status of vascular

plants. U.S. Federal Register 40:27825-27924.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Harvard University Chapel Hill

125
Liatris helleri (ASTERACEAE )

a Plant habit. b Head. c Phyllary. d Flower (with corolla split to show stigma division).

e Cypsela (achene). f Flower. g Pappus bristles.

From NCU 78477

126
127
LILIUM GRAYI Watson Gray’s lily

Family.-Liliaceae (Lily Family)

Synonymy.-None

Other common names.---Bell-lily. orange-bell lily. Roan lily

Description.-_Caulescent perennial herbs arising from deep-set, subglobose, scaly bulbs, these putting

forth stoloniferous offshoots that terminate in new bulbs. Stems solitary, stout, strict, erect, to

2 m tall, terete. pale green basally, often deeper green tinted with maroon upwardly. Leaves

simple, spreading, firm, occasionally alternate, mostly in whorls of 4- I I on fairly well-spaced

nodes, elliptic to lanceolate, 3- I3 cm long, 0.8-2.5(4) cm wide, acuminate, scabrous on

the margins and often on the veins beneath, the bases narrowly cuneate or attenuate to a short

petiole or sessile, the upper surface dark green, the lower surface paler with several raised

and parallel nerves. lnflorescence terminal, solitary or umbellate with I-9 flowers, occasionally racemose or flowers solitary in upper leaf axils. Flowers actinomorphic, somewhat nodding or spreading (often almost horizontal) on long, erect or moderately curved pedicels.

Perianth campanulate, in 2 very similar series of 3 distinct segments (tepals) each, tepals

petaloid, oblanceolate, 3-S cm long, I -I .5 cm wide, broadening gradually from cuneate base

to above he middle, abruptly rounded to acute, mucronate apices, flared very littlk but slightly

recurved apically, the outer surfaces a deep orange-red with deeper purple-brown midnerves,

paler and with greenish tints basally, the inner surfaces orange-red toward the tips, yellowish

medially and basally, heavily spotted with purple-brown spots almost to apex, quickly deciduous;

stamens 6, in 2 whorls, distinct, slightly shorter than the tepals, 2-4.0 cm long, the filaments

slender, broadening slightly toward base, yellowish, the anthers versatile, brown to purplish;

gynoecium of I compound pistil, ovary superior, carpels and locules 3, placentation axile,

style I and very long, stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-lobed loculicidal capsule, oblong, 3-4 cm

long. Seeds numerous, flat.

Several lily species resemble L. grayi. Lilium michauxii and L. superbum have leaves

with smooth margins and tepals that are strongly recurved (the apices being turned back to

or beyond the base of the perianth), whereas L. gruyi has leaves with scabrous margins and

tepals that are straight to slightly recurved at the tips. Lilium philadelphicum differs from L.

grayi in having erect flowers and tepals with long, narrow claws. The two species most similar

to L. gruyi are L. cunadense and L. michigunense. The following comparison chart may be

used to separate these species.

TEPAL

ORIENTATION

L. grclyi

straight to slightly

recurved at tips

L. iYIII~idcIlsc

moderately recurved

into an open. flaring

bell-shape

L. rnic,higcrfzc~/lsr

strongly recurved

TEPAL

LENGTH

TEPAL SPOT

DISTRIBUTION

4-s cm

as dense near the

apex as at the base

s- IO cm

sparse toward apex

S-IO c m

sparse toward apex

Phenology.-Flowers, May to July; Fruits, July IO September; Vegetative, May to September

Distribution.-Md.*, N.C. (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, McDowell,

Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey Counties), Tenn., Va. (Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Carroll, Floyd,

Grayson, Wythe Counties), W. Va.

Legal status.-N.C. - Threatened, Special Concern (Protected); Tenn. - Endangered (Candidate); Va.

_ Threatened (Candidate); Federal - Under review.

Habitat.-Mountain balds, meadows, and forest openings.

* Reveal and Broome (1981) feel that the Md. locality (Ayensu & DeFilipps, 1978) is very questionable and that the species

probably is L. canadense var. editorurn.

128
REFERENCES

Ayensu, E. S., and R. A. DeFilipps. 1978. Endangered and threatened plants of the United States. The

Smithsonian Institution and The World Wildlife Fund, Inc., Washington, D.C.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and

adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. Princeton, N.J.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., C. E. Stevens, and D. M. E. Ware. 1977. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part 1.

Pteridophytes through Monocotyledons. Va. Botanical Associates, Farmville.

McGilliard, E. 1955. The family Liliaceae in Tennessee. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 30:19-26.

Massey. A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 1.55. Blacksburg.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14-160004-78-108. Highlands

Biological Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Liliaceae, p. 311.1

Reveal, J. L., and C. R. Broome. 198 1. Minor nomenclatural and distributional notes on Maryland

vascular plants with comments on the state’s proposed endangered and threatened species. Castanea

46( 1):50-82.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the 1933 edition. 1972.) Hafner

Publishing Co., New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Watson. S. 1879. Contributions to American botany. I. Revision of the North American Liliaceae. 2.

Descriptions of some new species of North American plants. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts 14:213-303

(p. 256).

Wherry, E. T. 1946. A key to the eastern North American lilies. Bartonia 24:5-g.

Wofford, B. E., ed. 1980. Inventory of proposed threatened and endangered plant species: Cherokee

National Forest, Tennessee. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 58:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Clemson University Lynchburg College

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Furman University Chapel Hill

Great Smoky Mountains National University of Tennessee

Park Museum Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

Harvard University State University

Longwood College Western Carolina University

129
a Plant habit (flowering portion). b Flower (with portion of perianth and androecium removed).

c Flower. d Capsule. e Capsule (cross section). f Seed.

a, b, c from NCU 259470; d, e, f from NC: Davidson Co

130
Ii: d

131
LINDERNIA SAXICOLA Curtis Rock false pimpernel

Family.-Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family)

Synonymy.-llysanthes refracta Bentham (pro parte 7.),* I. refracta var. saxicola (Curtis) Gray, I. saxicola

(Curtis) Chapman

Other common names.-False pimpernel

Description.-Small, erect perennial herbs. Stems numerous, slender, angled, sparingly branched, leafy,

7-12 cm tall, glabrous. Leaves simple, opposite, basal and cauline; basal leaves spathulate,

l-2 cm long; cauline leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong, 5- 10 mm long, entire, the lowest

attenuate at base, glabrous, minutely glandular-punctate. Flowers axillary, solitary; peduncles much longer than the leaves, 0.7- 1.5 cm long, without bractlets below the calyx, sparingly glandular-puberulent. Sepals 5, distinct or slightly connate, subequal, linear, ca. 2 mm

long; corolla of 5 connate petals, lavender blue to pale blue, with 2 yellow, pubescent ridges in

the throat, zygomorphic, bilabiate, 8- 1 1 mm long, the lobes shorter than the cylindrical

tube; stamens 4, didynamous, distinct, epipetalous, upper 2 stamens fertile, lower 2 filaments

partially adnate to the yellow ridges in the corolla throat; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil,

ovary superior, carpels 2, locules 2, placentation axile, style 1, stigma bilobed. Fruit a septicidaI capsule, ovoid, l-2 mm long, glabrous, terminated by the persistent style. Seeds numerous,

minute, ovoid, brownish yellow.

Lindernia saxicola most closeiy resembles L. monticola, both being erect and having minutely glandular-punctate leaves and ovoid seeds about as long as they are wide. The

following comparison chart may be used to separate these two species.

STEM

HEIGHT

L. monticola

I-3 dm

LEAF

DISPOSITION

stem uniformly leafy stem nearly leafless above

UPPER LEAF

SIZE

CAPSULE

LENGTH

not greatly reduced, the

cauline being little

smaller than the basal

l-2 m m

greatly reduced and bractlike,

the cauline much smaller

than the basal

3-5mm

HABITAT on rocks in rapid

mountain streams

moist, sandy soil on granite

outcrops

PhenoIogy.-Flowers, July to September; Fruits, August to September; Vegetative, July to September

Distribution.--Cra., N.C. (Cherokee County)

Legal status.--Ca. - Endangered (Protected); N.C. - Endangered, Possibly extirpated (Protected);

Federal - Under review

Habitat.-On rocks in rapid mountain streams

* Described in De Candolle’s Prodromus. Vol. IO (I 846)--reference not seen, vide Hooker and Jackson (1893). Chapman (I 860)

placed L. monricola Nuttall in synonymy. If Bentham’s llysanfhes refracta was based on L. refracta Elliott, then the combinatio

nova of Bentham was preceded by that of Rafinesque in his Aufikon Botanikon (1840). If this presumption is correct, Ilysanthes

refrcrcra (El].) Raf. should be listed as well.

132
REFERENCES

Chapman, A. W. 1860. Flora of the southern United States. Ivison, Phirmey, and Co., New York.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Curtis, M. A. 1843. An account of some new and rare plants of North Carolina. Am. J. Sci. 44:80-84.

Gray, A. 1878. Synoptical flora of North America. Vol. 2. American Book Co., New York.

Hooker, J. D., D. B. Jackson, and others. 1893- 1895. Index Kewensis. The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. of Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

Pennell, F. W. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs, No. 1. Philadelphia.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular tlora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Bell, Scrophulariaceae, p. 942.1

Rafinesque, C. S. 1840. Autikon Botanikon. (Facsimile edition, 1942). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard

University, Cambridge, Mass.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co.,

New York. [See Pennell, Rhinanthaceae, p. 1195.1

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

The New York University of Georgia

Botanical Garden

133
Lindernia .~xicola (SCROPHULARIACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Capsule. c Flower.

From NY (Small, s.n.)

134
i

135
LISTERA CORDATA (Linnaeus) R. Brown Heart-leaved twayblade

Family.--Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)

Synonymy.-Bifolium cordutum (L.) Nieuwland, Diphryllum cordatum (L.) Kuntze, Distomaea cordata

(L.) Spenner, Listera cordata (L.) R. Brown var. chlorantha Beauverd, L. cordata (L.) R.

Brown var. nephrophylla (Rydberg) HultCn, L. cordata R. Brown ssp. nephrophylla (Rydberg)

Lave & Liive, L. cordata f. disjuncta Lepage, L. corduta (L.) R. Brown var japonica Hara,

L. cordata Nuttall vide Stone, L. nephrophylla Rydberg, Neottia cordata Rich., Ophrys

nephrophylla Rydberg, Pollinirhizu cordata Dulac

Other common names.-Double-leaf, heart-leaved listera, lesser twayblade, twayblade.

Description.-Small, inconspicuous, terrestrial perennial herbs. Roots fibrous, often somewhat matted.

Stems slender, delicate, 5-35 cm tall, glabrous below leaves, usually glandular-pubescent

above the leaves, the pubescence sometimes extending into the inflorescence, base surrounded

by a few thin sheaths. Leaves 2, simple, opposite or subopposite, sessile, inserted at about

the middle of the stem, widely to narrowly ovate, deltoid, or cordate, l-4 cm long, 0.7-3.8

cm wide, mucronate, base truncate, cuneate, or cordate. lnflorescence a raceme, slender,

I.5 10 cm long, 8- 15 mm in diameter, loosely to densely flowered, with up to 25 minute

flowers. Floral bracts small, I mm long, purplish to yellowish green. Flowers zygomorphic,

green to yellowish green to purple; pedicels slender, l-4 mm long. Perianth biseriate, sepals

and petals free, similar and subequal. Sepals 3, distinct, petaloid; lateral sepals ovate-oblong

to elliptic or oblong-linear, obtuse, somewhat oblique, 2-3 mm long, 0.5- 1.5 mm wide;

medial sepal ovate-oblong to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 2-3 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide. Petals

3, distinct; lateral petals similar to sepals, elliptic to oblong-linear, obtuse or occasionally truncate,

1.5-2.5 mm long, 0.5- 1 mm wide; medial petal modified into a labellum or lip that is

linear-oblong, 3-4 mm long, cleft one-half to two-thirds of the distance to the base into two

linear-lanceolate lobes, with a pair of spreading, homlike papillose teeth near the base, lamina 3-6 mm long, 1 - 1.5 mm wide near the middle. Stamens, styles, and stigmas united to

form an organ called the column (gynandrium) in the center of the flower, column short, ca.

0.5 mm long. Anther 1 and borne on the back of the column near the apex, pollen bound into

2 powdery masses (pollinia). Gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary inferior and almost

globular, carpels 3, placentation parietal, style I (portion of column), stigmas a depression in

the under surface of the column and divided into 3 lobes, the upper one of which is modified into a broad, flat rostellum (a small beak) that lies between the fertile stigmas and the

anther and curves over the fertile stigmatic surface. Fruit a capsule with longitudinal dchiscence,

semierect, subglobose. slender, small, 3-4 mm long, 2-3 mm broad, pedicellate, valves

hygroscopic. Seeds relatively few.

Three similar species of Listera inhabit the Southeastern United States, including L.

cordata, L. smallii, and L. australis. The following comparison chart may be used to separate these three species.

LIP

SHAPE

LOBES OF

LIP

LIP

BASE

LIP

LENGTH

STEM

COLOR

L cotdata

linear to

oblong

L. smallii

obovatecuneate

L. australis

linear to

oblong

linear

with 2 hornlike

teeth

2x longer than

lateral petals

rounded

with 2 hornlike

teeth

4- 8 x longer than

lateral petals

linear

without teeth

4-8~ longer than

lateral petals

green ‘1 purple

136
Phenology.-Flowers, April to September; Fruits, July to September; Vegetative, April to September

Distribution.-Alaska, Calif., Cola., Conn., Idaho, Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H.,

N.J., N. Mex., N.Y., N.C. (Avery, Buncombe, Transylvania Counties), Ohio, Oreg., Pa.,

R.I., Utah, Va. (Giles County), Vt., Wash., Wis., W. Va., Wyo.; Asia Minor, Austria,

Bulgaria, Canada (Alberta, Anticosti, British Columbia, Keewatin, Labrador, Mackenzie,

Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,

Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon), Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Greenland,

Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Miquelon Islands, Norway, Poland, Romania,

Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, U.S.S.R., Wales, Yugoslavia.

Legal status.-N.C. - Special Concern; Va. - Peripheral, Vulnerable (Candidate); W. Va. - Peripheral (Candidate)

Habitat.-Damp, mossy forest floors and wooded acid bogs, especially under evergreens.

137
REFERENCES

Aiton, W. T. 1813. Hortus Kewensis. Vol. V. 2nd ed. London. [See Brown, Listera, p. 201.1

Bean, R. C., C. D. Richards, and F. Hyland. 1966. Check-list of the vascular plants of Maine. Revision of 1948 edition, by E. C. Ogden, F. H. Steinmetz, and F. Hyland. Bull. Josselyn Bot.

Sot. Maine 8:1-71.

Braun, E. L. 1967. The Monocotyledoneae. Cat-tails to orchids. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus,

Ohio.

B&ton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada. 2nd

ed. (Reprint edition, 1970.) Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

Coddington, J., and K. G. Field. 1978. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Massachusetts.

The New England Botanical Club, Cambridge, Mass.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Correll, D. S. 1950. Native orchids of North America north of Mexico. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham,

Mass.

Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal, and P. K. Holmgren. 1977. Intermountain

flora. Vascular plants of the intermountain west, U.S.A. Vol. 6. The Monocotyledons. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

Davis, R. J. 1952. Flora of Idaho. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa.

Fassett, N. C. 1976. Spring flora of Wisconsin. 4th ed. (Revised by 0. S. Thomson.) Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Femald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. H. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. 1. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. of Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, Charleston.

Gray Herbarium Card Index. 1894 + Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.

Henry, L. K., W. E. Buker, and D. L. Pearth. 1975. Western Pennsylvania orchids. Castanea 40:93-168.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state. New York

State Mus. Bull. No. 254. The Univ. of the State of N.Y., Albany.

Huh&, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif.

-. 1971. Atlas of the distribution of vascular plants in northwestern Europe. Ab Kartografiska

Institutet, Stockholm.

Lakela, 0. 1965. A flora of northeastern Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Linnaeus, C. 1959. Species plantarum. (Facsimile of the 1753 edition.) The Ray Society, London.

Luer, C. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada, excluding Florida. The New York

Botanical Garden, W. S. Cowell, Ltd., Ipswich, England.

Massey, A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 155, Blacksburg.

Munz, P. A., and D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. With supplement by P. A. Munz. Univ. of

California Press, Berkeley.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

198 1. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan. Revised edition. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Piper, C. V. 1906. Flora of the state of Washington. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. Vol. 11.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Polunin, N. 1959. Circumpolar arctic flora. The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Correll, Orchidaceae, p. 340.1

Rydberg, P. A. 1900. Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park. Mem.

New York Bot. Gard. Vol. I.

138
--. 1905. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora. XV. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32597-610.

-. 1906. Flora of Colorado. Colorado Agricultural College, Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 100. Fort

Collins.

Seymour. F. C. 1969. The flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

Stone, W. 1911. Plants of southern New Jersey. Annual Report of the New Jersey State Museum 1910.

Strausbaugh, P. D., and E. L. Core. 1952. Flora of West Virginia. Part I. 2nd ed. W. Va. Univ. Bull.

Series 52, No. 12-2.

Summerhayes, V. S. 1968. Wild orchids of Britain. Collins, London.

Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science

and University of Michigan Herbarium. Bulletin 55. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.

Wooten, E. 0.) and P. C. Standley. 1915. Flora of New Mexico. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. Vol. 19.

HERBARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

North Carolina State University University of North Carolina at

University of Georgia Charlotte

University of North Carolina at University of Tennessee

Chapel Hill Vanderbilt University

139
Listeru cot-data (ORCHIDACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Flower (anterior view). c Flower (lateral view). d Immature capsule.

a from NCU 384128; b, c from NCU 220261; d from NCU 35078

140
. .

:- :

::I
PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM Linnaeus American ginseng

Family.-Araliaceak (Ginseng Family)

Synonymy.-Aralia quinquefolia Decaisne & Planchon, Ginseng quinquefolium Wood, Panax americanum

Rafinesque, P. americanum Rafinesque var. elatum Rafinesque, P. americanum Rafinesque

var. obovatum Rafinesque, P. cuneatum Rafinesque, P. obovatum Rafinesque, P. quinquefolium

Linnaeus, P. quinquefolium Linnaeus var. americanum Rafinesque, P. quinquefolium Linnaeus

var. cuneatum Rafinesque, P. quinquefolium var. obovatum Rafinesque

Other common names.-Blue ginseng, dwarf groundnut, five fingers, garantogen, garentoquere, gensang,

ginseng, grantogen. Hsi-yang-she”. Hua-ch’i-she”, jinshard, man’s health, manroot, ninsin,

redberry, sang, tartar root, wild ginseng, wild ginsing

Description.--Glabrous, polygamo-dioecious perennial herbs arising from short rhizomes and tuberous

roots. Roots large and spindle-shaped, elongate or globose, fleshy, aromatic, often branched,

sometimes shaped in the form of a person. Stems erect, 1.5-6 dm tall, slender, subterete,

often striate, base subtended by a few scales. Leaves (2) 3-4, in a single whorl at apex of

stem, palmately compound, long-petiolate (petiole to 10 cm long); leaflets 3-5, elliptic or

obovate, to 15 cm long and 8.5 cm wide, acuminate, serrate, base oblique or merely obtuse,

membranous, petiolulate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary, simple umbel; peduncles slender,

elongate, 2-25 cm long. Flowers 6-20 per umbel, actinomorphic, perfect, staminate, or pistillate;

pedicels to 12 mm long, swollen distally, subtended by lanceolate bracts 2-5 mm long.

Sepals 5, reduced and minute, fused into a fleshy cupuliform calyx adnate to the ovary, at

anthesis erect, ca. 2 mm long and in diameter, the lobes deltoid, acute, ca. 0.5 mm long;

petals 5, distinct, arising from the margin of the cupuliform nectariferous disc, greenish white,

oblong, 0.5- 1 mm long, ca. 1 mm broad, subacute and slightly incurved at the apex,

membranous, slightly granular-papillose distally; stamens 5, distinct, inflexed in the bud but

ultimately spreading, inserted on the nectariferous disc, filaments fleshy, narrowed distally;

gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary inferior, carpels and locules 2, ovule solitary in each

locule, placentation apical, styles 2, fleshy, slightly curved, 1-2 mm long, persistent, stigmas 2. Fruit a bright red, subglobose (to 7 mm long and 10 mm in diameter), 2-sulcate drupe

with persistent calyx lobes and styles and with 2 oblong stones (seeds plus surrounding hard

endocarp).

panax quinquefolium can be easily confused with Panax trifolium or Aralia nudicaulis.

The following comparison chart can be used to separate these three species.

LEAF

ARRANGEMENT

CARPEL

NUMBER

P. quinquefolium

whorled

2

P. trifolium

whorled

3

A. nudicaulis

alternate (usually

a solitary leaf)

5

LEAFLET

NUMBER

LEAFLET

POSITION

ROOT

SHAPE

3-5

petiolulate

spindle-shaped

3

sessile

globose

3-5

petiolulate

not applicable

142
Phenology.-Flowers, May to September; Fruits, May to October; Vegetative, April to October

Distribution.-Ala., Ark., Corm., Del., Fla. (now extirpated vide Ward), Ga., Ill., lnd., Iowa, Ky.,

La., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., MO., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.C. (Ashe, Buncombe,

Burke, Caswell, Clay, Durham, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Lee, Macon, Madison,

Martin, Mitchell, Moore, Orange, Polk, Stokes, Swain, Transylvania, Wake, Watauga, Wilkes,

Yancey Counties), Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Term., Vt., Va. (Albemarle, Amherst, Appomattox,

Arlington, Augusta, Bedford, Bland, Botetourt, Buchanan, Buckingham, Campbell, Caroline,

Carroll, Craig, Cumberland, Dickenson, Fairfax, Floyd, Franklin, Frederick, Giles, Grayson,

Greene, Halifax, Henry, Highland, James City, Loudoun, Madison, Montgomery, Nelson, Orange,

Page, Patrick, Pittsylvania, Prince Edward, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Scott, Smyth,

Spotsylvania, Surry, Tazewell, Warren, Washington, Westmoreland, York Counties), W. Va.,

Wis.; Canada - Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec

Legal status.-Ala. - Endangered (Candidate); Ark. - Endangered (Candidate); Ky. - Threatened

(Candidate); Md. - Widespread but infrequent, Declining, Vulnerable (Candidate); Miss. -

Threatened (Candidate); N.C. - Special Concern; S.C. - Threatened (Candidate); Tenn. -

Threatened (Candidate); Va. - Threatened (Candidate); W. Va. - Status Undetermined

(Candidate)

Habitat.-Rich mesic woods of slopes and coves.

REFERENCES

Allen, C. M., M. G. Curry, and B. F. Martin. 1975. A vascular flora of St. Helena and West Feliciana

Parishes, Louisiana. Univ. Southwestern La. Research Series No. 39, Biology. Lafayette.

Arkansas Dep. of Planning. 1974. Arkansas natural area plan. State of Arkansas, Little Rock. [See

G. E. Tucker, “Threatened native plants of Arkansas,” pp. 39-65.1

Bean, R. C., D. C. Richards, and F. Hyland. 1966. Check-list of the vascular plants of Maine. Revision of 1948 edition, by E. C. Ogden, F. H. Steinmetz, and F. Hyland. Bull. Josselyn Bot.

Sot. Maine 8:1-71.

Benner, W. M. 1932. The flora of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Ph.D. dissertation in Botany, Univ.

Pa., Philadelphia.

Bingham, M. T. 1945. The flora of the Oakland County, Michigan. Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci., No. 22.

Bloomfield Hills, Mich.

Braun, E. L. 1943. An annotated catalog of Spermatophytes of Kentucky. John S. Swift Co., Inc.,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Broome, C. R., J. L. Reveal, A. 0. Tucker, and N. H. Dill. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant

species in Maryland. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Comer, Mass.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Deam, C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Dep. of Conservation, Division of Forestry, Indianapolis. Ind.

Duke University Environmental Center. No date. Analysis of Bernheim Property. Durham, N.C.

Eastman, L. M. 1976. Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., in Maine and its relevance to the Critical

Areas Program. Planning Report No. 16. State Planning Office, Augusta.

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Sciences, and Kentucky Nature Preserves

Commission. No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky.

Ky. Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Unpublished manuscript.

Femald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. I. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston.

Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and R. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened, and

special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and Microbiology,

Agric. Exp. Stn., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

Funderburg, J. B. No date. The North Carolina Ginseng protection program. N.C. State Museum, Raleigh.

Graham, S. A. 1966. The genera of Araliaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor.

47:126-136.

143
Gulder, L. F. 1960. The vascular plants of Scott and Muscatine Counties. Davenport Public Museum

Publication in Botany, No. I. Davenport, Iowa.

Harvill, A. M., Jr. 1970. Spring flora of Virginia. McClain Printing Co., Parsons, W. Va.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., T. R. Bradley, and C. E. Stevens. 1981. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part 2. Dicotyledons.

Va. Botanical Associates, Farmville.

Henry, L. K. 1971. An annotated list of the vascular flora of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Ann.

Carnegie Mus. 43:115-178.

Henry, L. K., and W. E. Buker. 1951. Check list of the vascular flora of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

Trillia 11:3-128.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York. N.Y. State Mus.

Bull. No. 254. Albany.

Hu, Shiu-Ying. 1977. A contribution to our knowledge of Ginseng. Am. J. Chinese Med. .5:1-23.

Jones, G. N., and G. D. Fuller. 1955. Vascular plants of Illinois. Museum Scientific Series, Vol. VI.

The Univ. Ill. Press, Urbana, and Ill. State Museum, Springfield.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. 1. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Krochmal, A., R. S. Walters, and R. M. Doughty. 1971. A guide to the medicinal plants of Appalachia.

U.S. Dep. Agric. Handbook No. 400. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Lewis, W. H. 1980. American ginseng: A forest crop. MO. Dep. Conservation, Jefferson City.

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum. (Facsimile edition, 1957.) The Ray Society, London.

Lowe, E. N. 1921. Plants of Mississippi. Miss. State Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 17. Hederman Bros., Jackson.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. of Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

Massey, A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 155. Blacksburg.

Mississippi Natural Heritage Program, Dep. of Wildlife Conservation. No date. Special plant list. Miss.

Museum of Natural Sciences, Jackson. Unpublished manuscript.

Mohr, C. 1901. Plant life of Alabama. Contrib. U.S. Nat]. Herb. No. 6. (Reprint edition, 1969,

edited by J. Cramer.) Verlag von J. Cramer, New York.

Moore, J. W., and R. M. Tryon, Jr. 1946. A preliminary check list of the flowering plants, ferns and

fern like allies of Minnesota. Dep. Botany, Univ. Minn., Minneapolis.

Natural History Section, Missouri Dep. of Conservation. [ 19801. Official proceedings of the Second

National Ginseng Conference. May 19 and 20, 1980, Jefferson City, MO.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Peterson, N. F. [ 19121. Flora of Nebraska. Published by author, State Printing Co., Lincoln, Nebr.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Arahaceae, p. 760.1

Rafinesque, C. S. 1830. Medical flora. Samuel C. Atkinson, Philadelphia, Pa.

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy in

South Carolina. S.C. Museum Commission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

Seymour, F. C. 1969. The flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the 1933 edition. 1972.) Hafner

Publishing Co., New York.

Smith, A. C. 1944. Araliaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 28B:3-41.

Stemen, T. R., and W. S. Myers. 1937. Oklahoma flora. Harlow Publishing Corporation, Oklahoma

City.

Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. The Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.

Stone, H. E. 1945. A flora of Chester County, Pennsylvania. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Storks, I. M., and G. E. Crow. 1978. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in New Hampshire.

The New England Botanical Club, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Newton Comer, Mass.

Strausbaugh, P. D., and E. L. Core. No date. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc.,

Grantsville, W. Va.

144
Tatnall, R. R. 1946. Flora of Delaware and the eastern shore. The Society of Natural History of Delaware,

[Wilmington].

Taylor, R. J., editor. 1978. New, rare, and infrequently collected plants in Oklahoma. Publication No.

2. Herbarium, Southeastern Okla. State Univ., Durant.

Wagner, P. R. 1943. The flora of Schuylkill County Pennsylvania. Ph.D. dissertation in Botany. The

Univ. Pa., Philadelphia.

Ward, D. B., editor. No date. Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Vol. V. Plants. Univ. Presses of

Fla., Gainesville.

Wheeler. C. F., and E. F. Smith. I88 1. Catalogue of the phanerogamous and vascular cryptogamous

plants of Michigan. W. S. George and Co., Lansing, Mich.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Clemson University University of North Carolina at

Duke University Chapel Hill

Furman University University of North Carolina at

Great Smoky Mountains National Charlotte

Park Museum University of South Carolina at

Harvard University Columbia

Longwood College University of Tennessee

Lynchburg College Vanderbilt University

North Carolina State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

The College of William and Mary State University

University of Georgia Western Carolina University

145
400--

Panax quinquefolium (ARALIACEAE )

a Plant habit (in fruit).

section). f Flower.

b Immature drupc. c Seed. d Stamen. e Gynoecium (longitudinal

a from NCU 299004 & 366283; b from NCU 400007; c from

NCU 489730; d, e, f from NCU 221883

146
a

d

147
PRENANTHES ROANENSIS (Chickering) Chickering Roan rattlesnakeroot

Family.-Asteraceae (Composite, Aster, or Sunflower Family)

Synonymy.-Nabalus roanensis Chickering, N. cylindricus Small, Prenanthes cylindrica (Small) Braun,

P. cylindricus (Small) Braun

Other common names.-Piedmont (sic) rattlesnake-root, white lettuce

Description.-Erect, caulescent, unbranched perennial herb with milky juice and a tuberous-thickened

root. Stem 6- 10 dm tall, hollow, ribbed, green throughout, green above and purple below,

or entirely purple, glabrous below the inflorescence, or sometimes conspicuously long-hairy.

Leaves simple, alternate, variable in shape and size, blades 3- 13 cm long and 2- 10 cm

wide, essentially glabrous except for the very short, stiff hairs along the veins; leaves on lower

half of the plant often absent; the middle leaves with an ovate or deltoid to mostly sagittate

or hastate, irregularly toothed and sometimes deeply palmately lobed blade, petiolate, the petioles winged on the distal portion; the upper leaves reduced, lanceolate, and sessile or shortpetiolate. Flowers (florets) small and sessile in a compact head on a common receptacle, collectively surrounded by an involucre, each head appearing to be a single flower; secondary

inflorescence elongate and narrow, occupying l/2 to l/3 the total length of the plant, thyrsoidracemiform, leafy-bracteate at least below, the branches all very short. Heads cylindric,

nodding, ligulate; involucre of 2 series of bracts, the inner whorl of 5-9, equal bracts, linear

to lanceolate, lo-12 mm long, stiff, pale green with a darker median line and tip, hyalinescarious margins, and often a purplish apex, pubescence of scattered hairs mainly along the

midrib, these inner bracts subtended by 4-6, much reduced, translucent, blackish, outer

bracts that are l-3 mm long, triangular to ovate, and densely pilose; receptacle small, flat,

naked. Florets (flowers) 5- 13 per head, all ligulate (ray) and perfect; calyx represented by a

pappus of bristles (see below for further description); corolla pale green-yellow, strap-shaped,

8- 10 mm long, the tube about half the length of the corolla; stamens 5, syngenesious (the

anthers fused together to form a cylinder around the style), exserted beyond the corolla tube

but shorter than the strap-shaped portion of the corolla; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil,

ovary inferior, carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal, style 1, much exserted, 2-branched

at the apex, the branches terete, recurved, and barbed, each with inconspicuous stigmatic

tissue. Fruit a cypsela (achene or nutlet of some authors), 4-5 mm long, fusiform, subterete or

angled, indistinctly ribbed, glabrous, light tan; pappus of numerous capillary bristles, upwardly barbed, 5-8 mm long, light tan to whitish.

Prenanthes roanensis, which has a limited distribution, resembles the more common and widespread species, P. ultissima and P. serpentaria. The following comparison chart

may be used to separate these three species.

INVOLUCRAL

BRACTS

SECONDARY

INFLORESCENCE

P. roanerlsis

with long, coarse

hairs

narrowly thyrsoidracemiform; branches

all very short

P. srrperitaria

with long, coarse

hairs

diffusely paniculate;

at least some

branches elongate

P. altissima

glabrous

diffusely thyrsoid;

at least some

branches elongate

Phenology.-Flowers, August to September; Fruits, August to October; Vegetative, July to October

Distribution.-Ky., N.C. (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Burke, Haywood, Jackson, McDowell, Mitchell,

Surry, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey Counties), Tenn., Va. (Grayson, Smyth Counties)

Legal status.-N.C. - Threatened (Protected); Tenn. - Threatened (Candidate); Va. - Threatened

(Candidate); Federal - Under review

148
Habitat.-A Southern Appalachian endemic that is predominantly a successional species often abundant

on disturbed sites at high elevations. Found in various habitats: rich woods; open, moist

sites on grass and heath balds; open, moist wooded slopes; roadsides and parking areas; pasture

margins; along trails; borders of and clearings in forests; cliffs or precipices. Associated

with several types of communities: Fraser fir (Abies ,frcr.srri) and/or red spruce (Picea rubens);

red spruce-Canadian hemlock (Ts~rgtr (.NIz(I([(~/7.si.s)-yellow birch (Betula lutra); Canadian

hemlock-yellow birch-maple (Acer spp.); yellow birch: oak (Qrrrrc~s spp.)-hickory (Caryu

spp.), northern red oak (Querws rubru var. boreulis), fire cherry (Prunes pensylvanica),

other deciduous forest species, and various types of shrub (often heath) or grass balds.

REFERENCES

Braun, E. L. 1943. An annotated catalog of Spermatophytes of Kentucky. John S. Swift, Inc., Cincinnati,

Ohio.

Chickering, J. W. 1880. Nubulus Roanensis, n. sp. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 5:155.

-. I88 1. Prenunthes (Nub&us) Roanensis, Chickering. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 6: 191.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. I. Asteraceae. Univ. N.C.

Press, Chapel Hill.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. 1. BONAC, Pittsburgh.

Milstead, W. L. 1964. A revision of the North American species of Prenunthes. Ph.D. thesis. Purdue

Univ., West Lafayette, Ind.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Pittillo, J. D. 1976. Potential natural landmarks of the Southern Blue Ridge Portion of the Appalachian

Ranges Natural Region. Dep. Biology, Western Carolina, Univ., Cullowhee, N.C.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Asteraceae, p. 1020.1

Ramseur, G. S. 1960. The vascular flora of high mountain communities of the Southern Appalachians.

J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 76:82-l 12.

Small, J. K. 1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. IY80. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species, U.S. Federal

Register 4.5(242):82480-82569.

Vuilleumier, B. S. 1973. The genera of Lactuceae (Compositae) in the southeastern United States. J.

Arnold Arbor. 54:42-93.

Wofford, B. E., ed. 1980. Inventory of proposed threatened and endangered plant species: Cherokee

National Forest, Tennessee. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee.

J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

United States National Herbarium Vanderbilt University

University of North Carolina at Western Carolina University

Chapel Hill

149
Prenmthe,s rommsis (ASTEKACEAE)

a Plant habit (basal and apical portions).

(achene).

b Flower. c Head. d Pappus bristles. e Cypsela

a from NCU I 15975 & 2 15442; b, C, d from NCU 212637;

e from NCU 115975

I50
.:.
SAGITTARIA FASCICULATA Beal Bunched arrowhead

Family.-Alismataceae (Water-plantain or Arrowhead Family)

Synonymy.Sagittaria graminea var. macrocarpa (J. G. Smith) Bogin pro parte, excluding holotype,

non S. macrocarpa J. G. Smith; S. macrocarpa J. G. Smith sensu Small

Other common names.--Clustered arrowhead

Description.-Emersed, aquatic, monoecious, scapose perennial herbs from stout rhizomes. Roots fibrous.

Leaves simple, basal, usually emersed, spathulate or narrowly oblanceolate and straplike, to

3 dm long and 2.0 cm wide, reticulately veined with few primary parallel veins converging

apically and numerous close and parallel transverse veins, sheathing, Scapcs erect, overtopping the leaves, 9-30 cm long. Flowers in 2-4 whorls, only the lowest pistillate, the upper

staminate, each whorl subtended by 3 bracts connate at the base and to 0.5 cm long. Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic. Sepals 3, distinct, green, persistent, in pistillate flowers spreading or recurving in fruit, 3-6 mm long; petals 3, distinct, white, 6- 18 mm long, rather

quickly deciduous; staminate flowers with numerous, distinct stamens, filaments pubescent,

dilated at base; pistillate flowers with gynoecium of numerous, crowded simple pistils

spirally arranged on a domelike receptacle, ovaries superior, unicarpellate, unilocular, placentation basal. Fruit a globose aggregate of achenes, OS- 1.5 cm broad; achenes obovoid, 2.5-3.5

mm long, flattened, winged, the prominent dorsal wing crenate-crested, usually with a lateral

beak or beakless.

Only a few hundred plants of this endemic species grow in a very restricted area in the

lower mountains of N.C. and the upper Piedmont of S.C. Sagittaria fasciculuta is distinctive

with its comparatively wide, spathulate leaves and large, crested achenes.

Phenology.-Flowers, May to July; Fruits, May to July, September; Vegetative, April to July, September

Distribution.-N.C. (Buncombe ?, Henderson Counties), S.C.

Legal status.-N.C. -Endangered (Protected); S .C. - Endangered (Candidate); Federal - Endangered

(Protected)

Habitat.-Swamps, bogs, and sluggish streams.

152
REFERENCES

Beal, E. 0. 1960. The Alismataceae of the Carolinas. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 76:68-79.

_. 1977. A manual of marsh and aquatic vascular plants of North Carolina with habitat data. N.C.

Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. No. 247. N.C. State Univ., Raleigh.

Bogin, C. 19.55. Revision of the genus Sagitturia (Alismataceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 9:179-233.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Beal, Alismataceae, p. 52.1

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular planta endangered, threatened. or otherwise in jeopardy in

South Carolina. South Carolina Museum Commission, Museum Bull. No. 4.

Small, J. K. 1909. Alismaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 17:43-62.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Furman University Charlotte

University of Georgia Western Carolina University

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

153
Sugittrrricl jbscicultrtc~ (ALISMATACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Bracts on infructescence. c Staminate flower. d Pistillate flower.

a from NCU 421882; b-d from NCU 174834; e from NCU 456809

e Achene.

154
>’

.‘i . . .

‘) ‘... . / ‘..,

>.. i

'..

i , .

.’

1.1:b

I:

., 1.

1:

155
SARRACENIA JONESII Wherry Mountain pitcherplant

Family.-Sarraceniaceae (Pitcherplant Family)

Synonymy.Sarrucenia rubru Walter forma jonesii (Wherry) Bell, S. rubru Walter ssp. jonesii (Wherry)

Wherry

Other common names.-For this species: Red pitcher plant, sweet pitcher plant, upland red pitcher-plant;

for genus: bog-bugles, bugle-grass, buttercups, dumb-watches, Eve’s cups, frog-bonnets, pitcher

plants, trumpets, watches

Description.-Insectivorous, rhizomatous perennial herbs. Leaves clustered, numerous, erect, 2-7.5

dm tall, averaging 4.5 dm, hollow and trumpet-shaped (almost tubular), fomring long, narrow pitchers covered by a lid (hood), diameter of pitcher narrow and expanding sharply in

upper 114 of tube, somewhat bulged on abaxial surface below hood neck, with a narrow,

linear wing often slightly wider at or below middle, firm, thick, waxy, dull green, usually

finely but profusely reticulate-veined with maroon-purple, especially on inside of hood neck,

the tube retrorsely hairy within, often partially filled with moisture and decayed insects; hood

ascending, held high over orifice, cordate, 1.5-6.5 cm long, 2.0-5.4 cm wide, rim tightly

rolled, margins weakly to moderately reflexed; orifice exposed, diameter l-4 cm. Flowers

actinomorphic, solitary, nodding on erect scapes usually exceeding the leaves, delicately

sweet-scented. Bracts 3, appressed, persistent. Sepals 5, distinct, ovate, 2-3 cm long, obtuse,

persistent in fruit, very strongly recurved after petals fall, maroon on outside with green

inner surface; petals 5, distinct, obovate and fiddle-shaped, 2.5-5 cm long, to 3 cm wide,

pendulous between lobes of style disc, obtuse to rounded, dark red to maroon on outside,

often yellow green and tinged with red on inner surface, deciduous, with nectar-secreting glands

at bases; stamens numerous, distinct; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior and

rugose, 3-5-carpelled and -1oculed and with as many lobes, placentation axile, style 1, much

enlarged apically into an umbrella-shaped disc with 5 lobes, each lobe with a small V-shaped

cleft, at the lower point of which is located a small stigmatic lobe. Fruit a 5-valved loculicidal

capsule 5- 15 mm in diameter.

Sarruceniu jonesii very closely resembles S. rubra, of which it is often considered a

variety or subspecies. Surracenia jonesii is a very narrow endemic of the Blue Ridge Mountains in N.C. and S.C., whereas S. rubru is more widespread, although infrequent, and occurs

in the Coastal Plain of N.C. and S.C. and in Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss. The comparison

chart included here can be used in identifying the two species.

Phenology.-Flowers, April to June; Fruits, August; Vegetative, April to August

Distribution.-N.C. (Buncombe, Henderson, Transylvania Counties), S.C.

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered, Special Concern (Protected); S.C. - Endangered (Candidate);

Federal - Under review

Habitat.-In bogs and along streams in mountains

REFERENCES

Bell, C. R. 1948. A taxonomic study of the Sarraceniaceae of North America. M.A. thesis. Botany

Dep., Univ. N.C., Chapel Hill.

-. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of the Sarraceniaceae of North America. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci.

Sot. 65:137-166.

Case, F. W., and R. B. Case. 1947. Surruceniu ulubumensis, a newly recognized species from central

Alabama. Rhodora 76:650-665.

. 1976. The Surruceniu rubra complex. Rhodora 78:270-325.

Lloyd, F. E. 1942. The carnivorous plants. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

McDaniel, S. T. 1966. A taxonomic revision of Surrucenia (Sarraceniaceae). Ph.D. dissertation. Fla.

State Univ., Tallahassee. (Available from Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.)

156
1971. The genus Surrucrniu (Sarraceniaceae). Bull. Tall Timbers Res. Stn. 9:1-36.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. S.C. Museum Commission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

Schnell, D. E. 1976. Carnivorous plants of the United States and Canada. John F. Blair, Publisher,

Winston-Salem, N.C.

--. 1977. Infraspecific variation in Sarraceniu ruhru Walt. : Some observations. Castanea 42: 149- 170.

Schnell, D. E., and D. W. Krider. 1976. Cluster analysis of the genus Sarrmceniu L. in the southeastern

United States. Castanea 4 I : I65- 176.

Slack, A. 1979. Carnivorous plants. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Published by the author, New York.

Ward, D. B., editor. No date. Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Vol. V. Plants. Univ. Presses of

Fla., Gainesville.

Wherry, E. T. 1929. Acidity relations of the Sarracenias. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 19:279-390.

1972. Notes on Sarracmict subspecies. Castanea 37: 146-147.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbarium:

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

PITCHER

HEIGHT

PITCHER

CHAMBER

SHAPE

PETIOLE

LENGTH

PETIOLE

SHAPE

ORIFICE

DIAMETER

HOOD

ORIENTATION

HOOD

SHAPE

HOOD

LENGTH

HOOD

WIDTH

HOOD

MARGINS

SCAPE

LENGTH

S. ,jotw.sii

21-73 cm (avg. 45)

narrow. expanding

sharply in upper

I14 of tube

l/3 length of leaf

abaxial portion of

petiole flattened in

cross section

S. rhw

5.7757 cm (avg. 21)

relatively narrow throughout.

evenly and gradually tapered

upward

less than I14 length of leaf

rounded in cross section

l-4 cm

ascending, held high

over exposed orifice

0.5-2.X cm

usually close over orifice in

a plane at nearly right angles

to long axis of pitcher

cordate ovate

1.5-6.5 cm 0.7--4.5 cm

2.0-5.4 cm 0.7-3.9 cm

weakly to moderately scarcely or not at all

reflexed reflexed

about equaling pitcher 1.5-2 x height of

height pitchers

157
Scrrrucenirr ,jotwsii (SAKKACENIACEAE)

a Leaf. b Plant habit. c Hood (view of inside). d Hood (view from back). e Flower

(portions of perianth and androecium removed). f Immature fruit (persistent calyx and style). g Anther

(abaxial surface). h Anther (adaxial surface). i Petal. j Ovary surface.

a, C , d, f, i, j from NCU 484053: e from NCU 71208; g, h

from NCU 460885; b from C.K. Bell thesis photo

158
a

-
SAXIFRAGA CAREYANA Gray* Carey saxifrage

Family.-Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family)

Synonymy.-A4icrunthes careyana (Gray) Small, M. tennesseensis (Small) Small, Su.rz~~aga grayanu

Keamey, S. tennesseensis Small

Other common names .--Golden-eye saxifrage

Description.-Glandular-pubescent, acaulescent perennial herbs with very short caudices Scapes solitary,

arising from basal rosettes, erect, lo-30 cm tall, glandular-pilose throughout, 4-7- branched

above in a paniculate manner, each branch subtended by sessile, linear bracts to 1.5 cm long,

lower bracts foliose. Leaves in basal rosettes, spreading, simple, alternate, blades ovate to

slightly obovate, to 14 cm long (including petiole) and 4 cm wide, thin and membranous,

green above and mottled to dark purple beneath, especially along the veins, puberulent on

both surfaces, coarsely dentate to serrate, ciliate, obtuse or acute, base cuneate to attenuate,

narrowed to a winged petiole, petioles commonly exceeding blades in length, much more

pubescent than blades. Inflorescence of terminal cymes disposed in a broad panicle; peduncles

and pedicels very slender or filiform, glandular-pubescent. Flowers actinomorphic, numerous,

widely scattered. Sepals 5, fused about ‘Y4 their length into a campanulate caylx tube, ovate,

l-2 mm long, 0.5- 1 .O mm wide, acute, obscurely 1-3-nerved, erect to spreading and

sometimes nearly flat at anthesis, persistent in fruit; petals 5, distinct, white, mostly lacking

two yellowish-green spots at base, inner surface papillose, elliptic to oblanceolate and clawed

at base, 2-5 mm long, 0.5-1.5 mm wide; stamens 10, distinct, exserted, filaments filiform,

2.5-3.3 mm long, persistent in fruit, anthers orange; gynoecium of ! compound pistil fused

only at the base of the 2 carpels and locules, ovary superior, at anthesis surrounded by a

narrow, lobed band of glandular tissue ca. 1 mm wide, placentation axile below and marginal above, styles and stigmas 2, distinct. Fruit a capsule with locules divergent and separate

2/3 the length, thus appearing follicular, capsule ovoid, 2.5-3 mm long, green, surrounded

by persistent sepals and filaments. Seeds numerous, brown, fusiform, ca. 0.5 mm long, lined

with minute papillae.

Five species of Su~ifragu closely resemble one another and inhabit similar habitats: S.

cureyunu, S. caroliniana (another threatened species), S. tnichauxii, S. micranthidifolia, and

S. virginiensis. The two threatened species, S. careyunu and S. curoliniunu, are similar enough

to suggest that they are indeed one species. However, they differ in four characters-sepal

orientation, filament shape, petal coloration, and fruit length. The following comparison chart

will prove useful in identifying these five species.

* Because the taxonomy involved in the Sasifraga “careyana-caroliniana” complex is confusing, this treatment more or less

reflects the systematic concepts of Lord (1961). M. Weber of the Dep. of Botany at North Carolina State University is

currently studying the complex.

160
S. careyzu

ovate to

obovate

S. cmdiniuna

ovate to

obovate

reflexed

actinomorphic

with yellow

spots

club-shaped

3.5 mm (?)

exserted

superior

4-S mm

without

nerves

S. tttichuu_rii

oblanceolate

to obovate

S. tnicrut~tkid~foliu

lanceolate to

oblanceolate

S. virginiensis

ovate

LEAF

SHAPE

SEPAL

ORIENTATION

COROLLA

SYMMETRY

erect erect reflexed erect

actinomorphic zygomorphic

3 petals with

yellow spots

actinomorphic

with yellow blotch

below middle

actinomorphic

PETAL

COLORATION lack spots lack spots

filiform

FILAMENT

SHAPE

FILAMENT

LEXNGTH

filiform filiform club-shaped

3.5 mm (‘3

included to

barely exserted

2-3.5 mm l-l.5 mm

STAMEN

POSITION exserted exserted included

I13 inferior

1.5-3 mm

without

nerves

OVARY

POSITION

FRUIT

LENGTH

FRUIT

SURFACE

superior superior superior

2.5-3 mm

without

nerves

3.5-7 mm

with distinct

longitudinal

nerves

3-6 mm

without

nerves

Phenology.-Flowers, March to July; Fruits, April to August; Vegetative, March to August

Distribution.--Ga., N.C. (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Macon,

Madison, Mitchell, Polk, Rutherford, Swain, Watauga, Yancey Counties), S.C., Term., Va.

(Craig, Dickenson, Giles, Grayson, Russell, Smyth, Tazewell, Washington Counties)

Legal status.-N.C. - Special Concern; S.C. - Threatened (Candidate); Va. - Threatened (Candidate);

Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Endemic of the southern Appalachians; moist rocks and cliffs, seepage slopes, on damp,

moss-covered boulders and rock faces, or along streambanks; usually shaded.

161
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C.. Charlotte.

Gray, A. 1842. Notes of a botanical excursion to the mountains of North Carolina. J. Am. Sci.

42: l-49. (Published also in London J. Bat., 1842 + , Vol. 1.)

Harvill, A. M.,‘Jr.. T. R. Bradley, and C. E. Stevens. 1981. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part II.

Dicotyledons. Va. Botanical Associates, Farmville.

Kartesz. J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part I. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. I. BONAC. Pittsburgh, Pa.

Kearney, T. H., Jr. 1894. New or little-known plants of the southern states. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club

21:260-266.

Lord, L. P. 1961. The genus Suxifruga L. in the southern Appalachians. Ph.D. dissertation. Dep. Botany,

Univ. Tenn., Knoxville.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Saxifragaceae, p. 529.1

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. S.C. Museum Commission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

Small, J. K. 1896. New and noteworthy species of Smifrcrga. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23:362-368.

1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile of the 1933 edition. 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Small, J. K., and P. A. Rydberg. 1905. Saxifragaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 22:81-158 (p. 142).

Spongberg, S. A. 1972. The genera of Saxifragaceae in the southeastern IJnited States. J. Arnold Arbor.

53:409-499.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Wherry, E. T. 1937. Smifrugu care_vanu in Virginia. Claytonia 3:56.

Wofford, B. E., ed. 1980. Inventory of proposed threatened and endangered plant species: Cherokee

National Forest, Tennessee. IJ.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga.

162
HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Clemson University University of North Carolina at

Duke University Charlotte

Furman University University of Tennessee

Harvard University Vanderbilt University

Longwood College Virginia Polytechnic lnstitute and

Lynchburg College State University

North Carolina State University Western Carolina University

The College of William and Mary

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

163
Smifiqqr c’crrc’t’trrrtr (SAXlt'RAGKEAE)

a Plant habit. b Flower (longitudinal view). c Flower. d Stamens.

a-d from NCU 12Y602; e, f from NCU 21521 I

e Seed. f Capsule.

164
b

165
SAXIFRAGA CAROLINIANA Gray* Carolina saxifrage

Family.-Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family)

Synonymy.-Micranthes caroliniana (Gray) Small, M. grayana Small. Sar$aga careyanu var. caroliniana

Engler, S. grayana Britton

Other common names.-Dwarf-saxifrage, Gray’s saxifrage, mountain lettuce

Description.-Glandular-pubescent, acaulescent perennial herbs with very short caudices. Scapes solitary,

arising from basal rosettes. erect, lo-20 cm tall, glandular-pilose throughout with glands

often purple-tinged, 3-9-branched above in a paniculate manner, each branch subtended by

sessile, linear bracts to I .5 cm long, lower bracts foliose. Leaves in a basal rosette, spreading,

simple, alternate. blades ovate to slightly obovate, 6- 10 cm long (including petiole), 3-7 cm

wide, thin and membranous, green above and mottled to dark purple beneath, puberulent on

both surfaces, coarsely and shallowly dentate, ciliate, acute to obtuse, base attenuate to truncate,

narrowing abruptly to a winged petiole, petioles about equal in length to the blade, pubescent,

particularly along the margins. Inflorescence of terminal cymes disposed in a broad panicle;

peduncles and pedicels slender and elongating, glandular-pubescent. Flowers actinomorphic,

numerous, widely scattered. Sepals 5, slightly fused at base forming a campanulate calyx tube,

elliptic to ovate, 1.2-2.3 mm long, 0.5- 1 .O mm wide, acute, reflexed at anthesis, persistent in fruit; petals 5, distinct, white with 2 yellowish-green spots near the base, inner surface

papillose, obovate and clawed at base, 2.0-3.8 mm long, I .O- 1.5 mm wide; stamens 10,

distinct, exerted, filaments clavate, 3.0-4.3 mm long, persistent in fruit, anthers orange; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil fused only at the base of the 2 carpels, ovary superior, at anthesis surrounded by a narrow ridge of glandular tissue that disappears at maturity, carpels and

locules 2, placentation axile below and marginal above, styles and stigmas 2, distinct. Fruit

a capsule with locules slightly spreading and separate 213 the length, thus appearing follicular,

capsule ovoid, 4-5 mm long, green, surrounded by persistent sepals and filaments. Seeds

numerous, brown to black, fusiform, ca. 0.5 mm long, lined with minute papillae.

Five species of Saxifraga closely resemble one another and inhabit similar habitats:

S. careyana (another threatened species), S. caroliniana, S. michauxii, S. micranthidifolia, and

S. virginiensis. The two threatened species, S. caroliniana and S. careyana, are similar

enough to suggest that they are indeed one species. However, they differ in four characterssepal orientation, filament shape, petal coloration, fruit length. The comparison chart following the description of S. careyana will prove useful in identifying these five species.

Phenology.-Flowers, April to July; Fruits, April to August; Vegetative, April to August

Distribution.-Ky., N.C. (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Graham, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison,

Mitchell, Rutherford, Swain, Watauga, Yancey Counties), Tenn., Va. (Grayson, Smyth,

Tazewell, Washington Counties), W. Va.

Legal status.-N.C. - Special Concern; Va. - Threatened (Candidate); Federal - Under review

Habitat.-Endemic of the southern Appalachians; steep, moist, moss-covered rocks and cliffs, seepage

slopes, along streambanks; under a diverse mixture of hardwood and coniferous species;

apparently restricted to sites with steep, rocky terrain provided with dense shade and abundant

moisture.

* Because the taxonomy involved in the Saxifraga “l,arqvcrna-carolinicma” complex is confusing, this treatment more or less

reflects the systematic concepts of Lord (1961). M. Weber of the Dep. of Botany at North Carolina State University is

currently studying the complex.

166
REFERENCES

Babcock, J. V. 1977. Endangered plants and animals of Kentucky. Office of Research and Engineering

Services, College of Engineering, Univ. Ky., Lexington.

Committee of the Botanical Club, A.A.A.S. 1893- 1894. List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing

without cultivation in northeastern North America. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: l-377 (p. 178).

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. I. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston.

Gray, A. 1848. Chloris Boreali-Americana.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. 1. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Lord, L. P. 1961. The genus Saxifraga L. in the southern Appalachians. Ph.D. dissertation. Dep. Botany,

Univ. Tenn., Knoxville.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Saxifragaceae, p. 529.)

Small, J. K. 1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Small, J. K., and P. A. Rydberg. 1905. Saxifragaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 22:81-158 (p. 146).

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

Wofford, B. E., ed. 1980. Inventory of proposed threatened and endangered plant species: Cherokee

National Forest, Tennessee. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of Tennessee

Harvard University Vanderbilt University

North Carolina State LJniversity Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

The New York Botanical Garden State University

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

167
Stat-ifi-trgn cwdi/zicrmr (SAXIFKAGACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Flower (longitudinal view). c Flower. d Stamens.

a-e from NCU 421626: f from NCU 129565

e Seecl. f Capsule.

168
169
SEDUM ROSEA (L.) Scopoli

var. ROANENSE (Britton) Berger

Roseroot

Family.-Crassulaceae (Stonecrop or Orpine Family)

Synonymy.Sedurn roseurn (L.) Scopoli (orthography corrected by Sprague and Sprague [ 1939]), Rhodiolu

rosea L., Sedum rounense Britton, Rhodiola roanensis (Britton) Britton, Sedum Rhodiola

sensu Chapman non DeCandolle

Other common names.-Purple orpine rosewort, scurvy grass, snowdon rose

Description.---Succulent. cespitosc, dioecious (rarely monoecious) perennial herbs arising from rosescented woody rootstocks. Floriferous stems annual, erect. I -3 dm tall. glabrous and somewhat glaucous, each stem terminated by a small corymbiform, compound cyme. Leaves simple,

alternate. spirally arranged, crowded, flat, variously shaped (elliptic, cuneate, ovate, obovate,

oblanceolate), I-5 cm long, the lower ones smaller, dentate to entire, pale green, glaucous,

sometimes red-tipped or even completely red in exposed situations, sessile. Inflorescence

with few reduced bracts. Flowers actinomorphic, functionally imperfect. Sepals 5, distinct,

linear-oblong or lanceolate, 0.3-0.8 mm long (those of pistillate flowers longer than those

of staminate flowers), unequal, green; petals 5, distinct, spreading-ascending, yellowish, oblong,

canaliculate, hooded, rounded or acute at apex in male plants, but reddish purple, flat, and

obtuse in female plants; stamens twice as many as sepals, distinct, in 2 whorls, one whorl

attached to the bases of the petals; gynoecium of 5, distinct simple pistils. each subtended

by a tangerine orange to bright yellow nectariferous gland, ovaries superior, I-carpellate,

I-Iocular. placentation marginal, style I, stigma I. Fruit 5 follicles, erect, the apices divergent,

3-S mm long. with stout stylar beaks.

S&on I’O,SC(I var. rootwnsc most closely resembles S. tclephioides, which also inhabits

rock crevices and cliffs in the mountains. and S. te/qhiwl. which is an escape from cultivation and inhabIts roadsides and borders of‘ fields. The following comparison chart may be used

to separate these three taxa.

ROOTSTOCK

S. 17).s(‘0 var. ~~u~~~tl.s~~

with scalelike leaves

and axillary annual.

flower-bearing stems

S. tt4q~hioidr.s

lacking acalelike

leaves and axillary

annual, flower-bearing

stems

ROOl‘S fibrous tuberous. carrotlike

taproots

LEAF

WIDTH

PETAL

COLOR

less than I cm

male tlowers yellow;

female tlowers reddish

purple

more than I cm

white to pale pink

CARPEL

ORIENTATION erect divergent

S. trltyhium

lacking scalelike

leaves and axillary

annual, flowerbearing stems

tuberous, carrotlike

taproots

more than I cm

reddish purple

divergent

Phenology.-Flowers, July to August; Fruits, August to October; Vegetative, July to October

Distribution.-N.C. (Ashe, Avery, Caldwell, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey Counties), Tenn.

Legal status.---N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Tenn. - Possibly extirpated (Candidate)

Habitat.--Rocky cliffs at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains.

170
REFERENCES

B&ton, N. L., and J. N. Rose. 1903. New or noteworthy North American Crassulaceae. Bull. New

York Bot. Gard. 3:1-45.

-. 1905. Crassulaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 22:7-74.

Clausen, R. T. 1975. Sedum of North America north of the Mexican Plateau. Cornell Univ. Press,

Ithaca.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Engler, A., and K. Prantl. 1930. Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann,

Leipzig. [See Berger, Se&m, p. 440.1

Linnaeus. C. 1753. Species plantarum. (Facsimile edition, 1957.) The Ray Society, London.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Crassulaceae, p. 515.1

Scopoli, G. A. 1771. Flora Camiolica. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Wien.

Small, J. K. 1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York. [See

Britton, Sedaceae, p. 497.1

-, 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co,,

New York.

Spongberg, S. A. 1978. The genera of Crassulaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold .4rbor.

59: 197-248.

Sprague, T. A., and M. S. Sprague. 1939. The herbal of Valerius Cordus. J. Linn. Sot., Bot. 52:1-113.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

North Carolina State University University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

171
a Plant habit. b Flower (with portion of calyx and corolla removed).

(anthers from front and side). e lnflorescencc branch.

C Pistil (carpel). d Stamens

From NCU 7 1322

172
173
SENECIO MILLEFOLIUM Toney & Gray Divided-leaf ragwort

Family.-Asteraceae (Composite, Aster, or Sunflower Family)

Synonymy.-Senecio memmingeri Britton, S. millefoliutn T. & G. var. memmingeri (Britton) Small

Other common names.-Divided-leaf groundsel, divided-leaf squaw-weed, Piedmont (sic) ragwort, yarrowleaved ragwort

Description.-Cespitose perennial herbs arising from weakly creeping, branching, fibrous-rooted rhizomescaudices. Stems 3-7 dm tall, hollow, unbranched or branched above, floccose-tomentose

when young, becoming glabrous at maturity except for some persistent tomentum in the leaf

axils. Leaves basal and cauline, simple but deeply dissected and appearing compound, alternate;

basal leaves ovate to lanceolate in general outline, IO-30 cm long (including the long petiole),

3- 10 cm wide, finely 2 to 3 times dissected, the divisions linear to filiform; cauline leaves

few (about 2-6), progressively decreasing in size and becoming sessile up the stem, half as

long or less than the basal leaves, still much pinnately dissected. Flowers (florets) small and

sessile in a compact head on a common enlarged receptacle, collectively surrounded by an

involucre, each head appearing to be a single flower; secondary inflorescence an open,

corymbiform cyme. Heads numerous, usually more than 20, radiate; involucre narrowly

campanulate, 4-7 mm long. 4-6 mm broad, a single series of ca. 21, equal phyllaries

(bracts), erect, herbaceous, green or sometimes pink-tipped, the apex often with a minute tuft

of hair, sometimes with a few remote small bracts at base; receptacle Hat to slightly convex,

naked, pitted. Ray flowers ca. 8- IO (13), the corolla ligulate, the ligules 8- 12 mm long,

irregularly toothed, yellow, pistillate and fertile; disc flowers numerous, usually 50-60, the

corolla tubular, 5-lobed, lobes 0.5-0.8 mm long, tube 4-5 mm long, yellow, perfect and

fertile; calyx in both ray and disc flowers represented by a pappus of bristles (see below

for further description); stamens 5, syngenesious (the anthers fused together to form a cylinder around the style), this cylinder only slightly exserted beyond the corolla tube; gynoecium of

1 compound pistil, ovary inferior, carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal, style 1,

slightly exserted, 2-branched at the apex, the branches recurved and flattened, with stigmatic

lines along the inner surface margins. Fruit a cypsela (achene or nutlet of some authors),

brown, oblanceolate, 1.7-2.2 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm broad, angled, S- 10 nerved, hairy on

the angles; pappus of numerous, capillary, barbellate bristles, soft, white, 4-5 mm long,

deciduous.

Senecio millefolium superficially resembles S. glabellus and S. anonymus. However,

habitat and distribution patterns differ somewhat: S. millefolium occurs on or near rock

outcrops in the Blue Ridge Mountains of N.C., S.C., and Ga.; S. glabellus inhabits alluvial

woods, swamp forests, and wet pastures from N.C. to s. Fla., w. to S. Dak., and Tex.; and

S. anonymus grows in meadows, pastures, roadsides, woodlands, and savannahs from s. Pa. to

n. Fla., w. to Ky., Tenn., and c. Miss. Also, the following chart may be used to separate

these three species.

PLANT

DURATION

LEAF

DISPOSITION

BASAL LEAF

DIVISION

CAULINE LEAF

DIVISION

LEAF

LOBES

perennial perennial annual

leaves progressively

reduced in size upward along the stem

leaves progressively

reduced in size upward along stem

leaves distributed

equally along the

stem

2-3 times pinnatifid simple (undivided) simple (undivided)

2-3 times pinnatifid once-pinnatifid once-pinnatifid

linear to filiform narrowly oblong orbicular

174
Phenology.-Flowers, April to June; Fruits, May to July; Vegetative, April to August

Distribution.-Ga., N.C. (Buncombe, Burke, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Polk Counties), S.C.

Legal status.--Cra. - Threatened (Protected); N.C. - Threatened (Protected); S.C. - Threatened (Candidate)

Habitat--On or near exposed, dry rock outcrops or rocky sites at high elevations in the mountains

REFERENCES

Alexander, E. J. 1937-1938. Senecio millefolium. Addisonia 20:31-32 (pl. 656).

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular Plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. I. Asteraceae. Univ. N.C.

Press, Chapel Hill.

Greenman, J. M. 1915. Monograph of the North and Central American species of the genus Senecio.

-Part II. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 2:573-626.

Kartesz, J. T., and R. Kartesz. 1977. The biota of North America. Part 1. Vascular plants. Rare plants,

Vol. I. BONAC, Pittsburgh, Pa.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Georgia Dep. of Natural Resources,

Resource Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N. C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Senecio, p. 1035.1

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. South Carolina Museum Commission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

Rogerson, C. T., ed. 1978. Compositae-Mutisieae, Senecioneae, Vemonieae. N. Am. Flora 11.

lO:l-245. [See Barkley, Senecio, p. 50.1

Small, J, K. 1898. Studies in the botany of the southern United States. X111. Bull. Torrey

Bot. Club 25:134-151.

_.

1903. Flora of the southeastern United States. Published by the author, New York.

- .

1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Small, J. K., and A, A. Heller. 1892. Flora of western North Carolina and contiguous territory. Mem.

Torrey Bot. Club 311-36.

Torrey, J., and A. Gray. 1838-1840. A flora of North America. Wiley and Putnam, New York.

Vuilleumier, B. S. 1969. The genera of Senecioneae in the southeastern United States. J. Amold Arbor.

50:104-123.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria.

Clemson University University of Georgia

Duke University University of North Carolina at

Furman University Chapel Hill

Harvard University University of South Carolina at

North Carolina State University Columbia

175
Setwcio tttill~jidiwt (ASTERACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Head (adaxial and side views). c Ray flower. d Disc flower. e Cypsela

(achene). f Pappus bristles. g Finely dissected leaf. h Coarsely dissected leaf.

a from NCU 788 I7 & 498 I I ; b from NCU 78X 17; C, d, f from NCU 788 18;

e, h from NCU 4981 I; g from NCIJ 49810

176
177
SHORTIA GALACIFOLIA Torrey & Gray Oconee-bells

Family.-Diapensiaceae (Diapensia Family)

Synonymy.-Shpnt,oodirr gdCjdia (Torrey & Gray) House, non Shortiu Rafinesque, Shortia galucifolia

Torrey & Gray var. hrevist$a Davies

Other common names.-Hyams sparkling shortia, one-flower coltsfoot, shortia

Description.-Low, rhizomatous, acaulescent, glabrous, evergreen perennial herbs, forming dense clumps

or carpets. Leaves simple, alternate, clustered basally, arising from horizontal rhizomes,

mostly widely elliptic to elliptic, 3-8 cm long, leathery, lustrous, truncate to emarginate,

coarsely crenate to serrate, occasionally dentate, base rounded to cordate, sometimes oblique;

petiole 4- 15 cm long. Flowers nodding, actinomorphic, solitary, scapose, scapes to I8 cm

long, 3-5 bracteate, these often closely subtending the calyx. Sepals 5, barely united at

base, ovate to elliptic, 8- 12 mm long, acute to obtuse, imbricate. Petals 5, united l/4 or less

their length, white to pale pink or blue, obovate, 2-2.5 cm long, apex undulate-crenate

notched, corolla open-campanulate. Androecium of 2 whorls: an outer of 5 fertile, distinct

stamens with conspicuous, 2-loculed anthers bent sharply inward and connivent in the tube,

and an inner of 5 very short staminodia borne near the base of the corolla and incurving over

the ovary; filaments adherent to the petals. Gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior,

carpels and locules 3, placentation axile. style I, elongate, stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal

capsule. globose, S-6 mm long, 3-valved.

Shortia closely resembles another species in the Diapensiaceae, Galax aphylla. They

can be quite easily distinguished in flower: Shortia flowers are large, solitary, and have

undulate-crenate notched petal apices; Galax flowers are small, numerous and in racemes, and

have entire petal apices. Vegetatively, the two become much more difficult to separate; this

can best be accomplished with side-by-side comparison. Shorticl has mostly widely elliptic, coarsely

crenate-serrate leaves with prominent veins, whereas Gu/rr.r has rnostly orbicular, dentate-serrate

leaves with bristle-tipped teeth. Additionally, Shortia has a much more restricted range along the

Blue Ridge escarpment, whereas Gnlax- is common in the mountains and local in the Piedmont and

Coastal Plain. Their habitats also differ, Shortia inhabiting rich woods, streambanks, and gorges,

Galax drier, rocky woods, often on west-facing slopes.

PhenoJogy.-Flowers, March to April; Fruits, April to September; Vegetative, January to December

Distribution.-Ga., N.C. (Burke, Jackson, Macon *, McDowell, Swain, Transylvania Counties), S .C.,

Va. (Amherst County)**

Legal status.-Ga. - Endangered (Protected); N.C. - Endangered, Special Concern (Protected);

S.C. - Threatened (Candidate); Federal - Under review

Habitat.--Rich woods along mountain streams, often under Rhododendron maximum (Rosebay) and

Kalmin /trGjkdin (mountain-laurel).

* Probably only cultivated in Macon County.

** Crdndall (1956) reported the occurrence of Shorfiu in Va. Doubts exist as to whether this population is natural or not (vi&

Davies, 1959).

178
REFERENCES

Boynton, F. E. 1889. The home of Shorticr. Gard. & Forest 2:214-215.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Crandall, D. L. 19.56. Shorticr gcrlac~jblia in Gray’s manual range. Rhodora 58:38-40.

Davies, P. A. 1952. Geographical variations in Shorticl g~rlacifidi~~. Rhodora 54: I2 I - 124.

-. 1959. Remarks on the Virginia location of Shortiu gdtrc~fifolic~. Rhodora 61:297-301.

Dunn, B. A., and S. M. Jones. 1979. Geographical distribution of Shortia gcrlncijdiu in Oconee and

Pickens Counties, South Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 95:32-41.

Gray, A. 1842. Notes of a botanical excursion to the mountains of North Carolina. Am. J. Sci. 42: l-49

(p. 48). (Published also in London J. Bat., 1842 + , Vol. I .)

Hatley, J. R. 1977. An analysis of variation in Shorticl ~&c~~diu. M.S. thesis. Dep. Botany, North

Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.

House, H. H. 1907. The genus Shorticr. Torreya 7:233-235.

Jenkins, C. F. 1942. Asa Gray and his quest for Shortirr gdac~folia.

McCollum, J. L., and D. R. Ettman. 1977. Georgia’s protected plants. Ga. Dep. of Natural Resources,

Research Planning Section, OPR Endangered Plant Program, Atlanta.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14- 160004-78-108. Highlands Biological

Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Diapensiaceae. p. X18.1

Rafinesque, C. S. 1840. Autikon botanikon. (Facsimile edition, 1942). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Rayner, D. A., Chairman, and The South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and

Rare Plants. 1979. Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy

in South Carolina. S.C. Museum Cornmission, Mus. Bull. No. 4.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. (Facsimile edition, 1972.) Hafner Publishing

Co., New York.

South Carolina Heritage Trust Program. NO date. Abstracts of South Carolina’s rare, threatened, or

endangered plants. S.C. Wildlife and Marine Resources Dep., Div. of Natural Area and Resources Planning. Columbia.

Stafleu, F. A., Chairman of Editorial Committee. 1972. International code of botanical nomenclature.

Regnum Vegetabile 82. A. Oosthoek, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal

Register 45 (242):82480-82569.

Wood, C. E., Jr., and R. B. Channell. 1959. The Empetraceae and Diapensiaceae of the southeastern

United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 40: l64- I7 I.

179
HERBARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Clemson University University of North Carolina at

Duke University Charlotte

Furman University liniversity of South Carolina at

Great Smoky Mountains National Columbia

Park Museum University of Tennessee

Harvard [Jniversity Vanderbilt University

Lynchburg College Virginia Polytechnic Institute

North Carolina State University and State University

University of Georgia Western Carolina University

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

a Plant habit.

f Gynoecium.

b Petal. C Sepal. d Seed. e Portion of corolla with stamens

a from NCU 293427 & 666%: d from Guy Nesom’s material;

b, C, e, f from Janet Hatley’s material. Pickens Co.

180
d

181
SOLIDAGO SPITHAMAEA M. A. Curtis Skunk goldenrod

Family.-Asteraceae (Composite, Aster, or Sunflower Family)

Synonymy.-Aster spithamaeus Kuntze (?I

Other common names.--Blue-Ridge goldenrod

Description.-Erect, caulescent, somewhat foul-smelling perennial herbs arising from short, stout rhizomes or branched caudices. Stems angled above, l-4 dm tall, sparsely to densely pubescent,

or glabrate below. Leaves basal and cauline, simple, alternate, similar in shape (elliptic to

ovate), serrate, smooth to slightly scabrous above, glabrous beneath, ciliate; the basal and

lowermost cauline leaves relatively large, mostly 3- 10 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide, and

persistent, with the blade gradually contracted to a definite winged petiole, the cauline leaves

progressively reduced and less petiolate upward, those near and above the middle of the

stem sessile. Flowers (florets) small and sessile in a compact head on a common enlarged

receptacle, collectively surrounded by an involucre, each head appearing to be a single flower;

secondary inflorescence densely corymbiform. Heads relatively small, radiate; involucre campanulate,

3-6 mm long, 4-7 mm broad, its bracts imbricate in several series, firm, glabrous, greentipped, rather narrow; receptacle small, flat or slightly convex, naked. Ray flowers ca. 8 (13),

2-4 mm long, the corolla ligulate, notched at the apex, yellow, pistillate and fertile; disc

flowers numerous, 20-60, yellow, perfect and fertile, the corolla tubular, deeply 5-lobed, the

lobes almost as long as the tube and erect; calyx in both ray and disc flowers represented by

a pappus of bristles (see below for further description); stamens 5, syngenesious (the anthers

fused together to form a cylinder around the style), this cylinder only slightly exserted beyond

the corolla tube; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary inferior, carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1,

placentation basal, style 1, exserted beyond the corolla, 2-branched at the apex, each branch

flattened and somewhat thickened, with a lanceolate, externally hairy appendage and with stigmatic lines along the inner surface margins. Fruit a cypsela (achene or nutlet of some authors),

2.5-3 mm long, subterete, several-nerved, pubescent; pappus of numerous, capillary, upwardly barbellate bristles, 2.5-3.5 mm long, white.

Solidago spithamaea is a fairly distinctive species in a rather large, difficult genus. It

is one of three species having a corymbiform inflorescence and yellow rays, the other two

being S. nitida and S. rigida. The following comparison chart may be used to separate these

three species.

PLANT HEIGHT

INVOLUCRAL

BRACTS

DISTRIBUTION

S. spithamaea

l-4 dm

not striatenerved

high altitudes in

the mountains

S. nitid

5-20 dm

striate-nerved

not at high

altitudes

S. rigida

5-20 dm

striate-nerved

not at high

altitudes

Solitlago porteri, the other rare Solidago in this region, differs from S. spithamaea by having

elongate, rather loose. open cymose inflorescences.

Phenology.-Flowers, July to September; Fruits, July to October; Vegetative, July to October

Distribution.--Ala. (has not been recently documented), Ga. (has not been recently documented), N.C.

(Avery, Caldwell, Mitchell Counties), Tenn.

Legal status.-Ala. - Threatened (Freeman and others, 1979, placed this species in their publication in

Appendix I, which consisted of species listed for Alabama by the U.S. Department of the

Interior in a 1975 issue of the Federal Register as endangered or threatened, but did not treat it

elsewhere in their publication, due to lack of recent documentation.); N.C. - Endangered

(Protected); Federal - Under review; Tenn. (no specimens seen)

Habitat.-Rock crevices and balds at upper elevations in the mountains.

182
REFERENCES

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. I. Asteraceae. Univ. N.C.

Press, Chapel Hill.

Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and R. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened, and

special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and Microbiology,

Agric. Exp. Stn., Auburn University, Auburn, Ala.

Gray, A. 1842. Notes of a botanical excursion to the mountains of North Carolina. Am. Sci.

42:1-49. (Published also in London J. Bot., 1842+, Vol. I.)

Kuntze, 0. 1891. Revisio generum plantarum. Pars. 1. Arthur Felix, Leipzig.

Massey, J. R., P. D. Whitson, and T. A. Atkinson. 1980. Endangered and threatened plant survey of

twelve species in the eastern part of Region IV. Contract 14-160004-78-108. Highlands Biological

Station, Contractor. Unpublished manuscript.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. of Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Ahles, Asteraceae, p. 1088.]

Torrey, J., and A. Gray. 1838-1840. A flora of North America. Wiley and Putnam, New York.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Harvard University University of North Carolina at

North Carolina State University Chapel Hill

University of Georgia University of Tennessee

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University

183
a Plant habit (in flower). b Rosette. c Disc flower (front portion of pappus removed to show

corolla tube). d Early disc cypsela (achenc). e Head. f Ray flower (front portion of pappus

removed to show corolla tube). g Ray cypsela (achcne). h Pappus bristles.

a, b from NCU 305367; C , e, f, h from NCU 213737

d, g from NCU 304308

I84

SPOROROLUS HETEROLEPIS (Gray) Gray Prairie dropseed

Family.-Poaceae (Grass Family)

Synonymy.-Agrostis heterolepis Wood, Sporobolus junceus sensu Higley and Raddin non (Michx.)

Kunth, Virfa heterolepis Gray, non Vilfa heterolepis Lapham

Other common names.-Northern dropseed

Description.-Densely tufted perennial herbs. Culms (stems) terete, erect, unbranched, slender, wiry,

usually glabrous, 3.6- 10 dm tall, internodes hollow, nodes closed and swollen. Leaves

basal and low cauline, simple, alternate, 2-ranked, composed of a blade, sheath, and ligule;

blades filiform, the basal ones usually equaling the culm, 12-55 cm long, the upper ones

shorter, 6- 12 cm long, l-2 mm wide, flat, folded or involute at the slender tapering tip,

glabrous, with scabrous margins and midribs, parallel-veined; sheaths encircling the culms,

split, longer than the internodes, somewhat pilose at the throat and on either side of collar, the

upper glabrous on the back, the lower sometimes sparsely pilose on the back, margins scarious;

ligules minute, 0.1-0.3 mm long, erose-ciliate. Flowers in the axils of bracts, inconspicuous

and minute, reduced to the essential organs (the stamens and pistil), the perianth represented

by minute scales (lodicules) at the base of the flower. Floret a unit composed of a flower with

two bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing it; lemma is the lower bract, lies to the outside of

the spikelet, and encloses the palea; palea is the inner, upper bract, lies next to the rachilla,

and envelopes the flower. Inflorescence compound, with the basic, primary inflorescence

(the ultimate unit) a spikelet consisting of 1 flower and its lemma and palea and 2 empty bracts

(glumes) at the base, the lower glume called the 1st glume and the upper one the 2nd

glume. Spikelets secondarily arranged into a narrowly pyramidal or ellipsoidal, open, exserted

panicle, 5-20 cm long and 1.5-6 cm wide, dark green or lead-colored; panicle branches

primarily alternate, spreading to ascending, 3-6 cm long, loosely flowered, often naked on the

lower 114 to l/2, bearing the spikelets toward their tips. Spikelets l-flowered, lead-colored,

4-6 mm long, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes. Glumes purplish, glabrous, smooth,

shining, l-nerved, unequal, 1st glume almost reduced to a scaberulous awn 2-4.5 mm

long, 2nd glume lanceolate, 4-6 mm long, acuminate or awn-pointed, membranous; lemmas

l-nerved, membranous, awnless, smooth, occasionally scaberulous apically, slightly shorter

than the 2nd glume, 3.5-4 mm long, acute, margins scarious; paleas prominent and almost as

long as the lemma, 3-3.5 mm long, 2-nerved, glabrous, occasionally scaberulous apically,

acute, splitting between nerves as fruit matures. Stamens 3, distinct, exserted, filaments slender,

anthers large, orange-red, appearing versatile; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior,

carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal, styles 2, stigmas 2, plumose. Fruit a utricle

(not a true grain or caryopsis because the pericarp is not adnate to the seed coat), globose,

1.5- 1.8 mm in diameter, smooth and shining, indurate, finally splitting the palea, spreading

the parts of the spikelet and falling readily at maturity.

Phenology.-Flowers, August to November; Fruits, August to November; Vegetative, August to November

Distribution.-Ark., Colo., Conn., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Mass., Mich., Minn., MO., Nebr.,

N.Y., N.C. (Clay, Jackson Counties), N. Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S. Dak., Tex., Wis., Wyo.;

Canada - Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan

Legal status.-Ky. - Endangered (Candidate); N.C. - Endangered (Protected)

Habitat.-Prairies, glades, rocky cliffs, open ground along railroads, lightly grazed pastures, serpentine

barrens, pine barrens over olivine.

186
REFERENCES

Braun, E. L. 1967. The Monocotyledoneae. Cat-tails to Orchids. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Deam, C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Wm. B. Burford Printing Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Dom, R. D. 1977. Manual of the vascular plants of Wyoming. Garland Publishing Co., Inc., New

York.

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Science, and Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission.

No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky. Ky. Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Unpublished manuscript.

Fassett, N. C. 1951. Grasses of Wisconsin. The Univ. Wis. Press, Milwaukee.

Gates, F. C. 1937. Grasses in Kansas. Report of the Kans. State Board of Agric., Vol. 55, No. 220-A.

Kansas State Printing Plant, Topeka.

Gould, F. W. 1975. The grasses of Texas. Texas A & M Univ. Press, College Station.

Gray, A. 1835. A notice of some new, rare, or otherwise interesting plants from the northern and

western portions of the state of New York. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 3:221-238.

-. 1848. A manual of the botany of the northern United States. James Munroe and Co., Boston,

Mass.

Gress, E. M. 1924. The grasses of Pennsylvania. Pa. Dep. Agric. Gen. Bull. 384, Harrisburg, Pa.

Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. Sage Books, Denver, Colo.

Hitchcock, A. S. 1971. Manual of the grasses of the United States. (Reprint of the 2nd ed., revised by

A. Chase. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. No. 200.) Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

House, H. D. 1924. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York. New York State

Mus. Bull. No. 24. Univ. of the State of N.Y., Albany.

Jones, G. N., and G. D. Fuller. 1955. Vascular plants of Illinois. The Univ. 111. Press, Urbana, and the

Ill. State Museum, Springfield.

Lapham, I. A. 1854. Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agric. Sot.

Nash, G. V. 1901. (Poales) Poaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 17:481, 492.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Radford, A. E. 1948. The vascular flora of the olivine deposits of North Carolina and Georgia. J.

Elisha Mitchell Sci. Sot. 64:45-106.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. [See Radford, Poaceae, p. 105.1

Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.

Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part 1. Gymnosperms and monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science

and Univ. of Mich. Herbarium, Bloomfield Hills.

Weigman, P. G. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Pennsylvania. Western Pa.

Conservancy, Pittsburgh.

Winter, J. M. 1936. An analysis of the flowering plants of Nebraska. Bull. 13 Conservation Dep. of the

Conservation and Survey Div., Univ. Nebr., Lincoln.

Wood, A. 1868. Class-book of botany. A. S. Barnes and Co., New York.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University Vanderbilt University

North Carolina State University Western Carolina University

University of Georgia

187
Sporobolus hererolepis (POACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Plant habit. c Glumes. d Second glume. e First glume. f Palea,

lemma, and grain. g Lemma (abaxial surface). h Sheath. i Sheath split to show ligule.

a, b. f-i from NCU 465145; C, d, e from NCU 465146

188
189
SYNANDRA HISPZDULA (Michaux) Baillon Synandra

Family.-Lamiaceae (Mint Family)

Synonymy.-Lumium hispidulum Michaux, no/l Syutnclra Schrader, S~nar&~~ granrl~flflnro Nuttall, S.

hispictula (Michaux) Britton *, Torrty grcrnd~flfloru Rafinesque

Other common names.-Guyandotte beauty, gyandotte

Description.-Annual or biennial, simple or little-branched, pubescent herbs arising from overwintering

rosettes. Stems 2-6 dm tall, erect, quadrangular, soft, striate, spreading-pubescent. Rosette

and cauline leaves similar, cauline leaves simple, opposite, larger upward, cordate-ovate, 2-7

cm long, 3-5.5 cm wide, acute to acuminate, crenate to coarsely serrate, base cordate,

sparsely pubescent; petiole often longer than the blade, 2- 12 cm long. lnflorescence a bracteate raceme, 3- 15 cm long, the flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts, lowest pair of

bracts resembling the foliage leaves and scarcely smaller, but sessile, the upper ones progressively reduced. Flowers sessile or on pedicels 0..5- 1 mm long. Calyx 4-lobed (the median

upper lobe usually absent), persistent, pubescent, narrowly campanulate, 5-8 mm long, irregular,

each lobe a different size, lanceolate, acuminate, 1 lobe with a lateral tooth; petals 5 (the

upper 2 fused into l), fused into a zygomorphic, strongly 2-lipped corolla, yellow to whitish,

often streaked with purple, membranous, 2.5-3.5 cm long, the tube much dilated distally,

upper lip not lobed, concave, arched, slightly galeate, the margin minutely erose, the lower lip

spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broadest and slightly erose; stamens 4, epipetalous,

didynamous (in 2 unequal pairs), exserted, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair longer,

filaments hairy, incurved at the summit, bringing the anthers into contact, anthers 2-loculed,

short-spurred, the sacs divergent, the two upper anthers each with one fertile and one sterile

locule, the latter locules cohering; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior, carpels

2 (each deeply lobed and appearing as 4), locules 2 but appearing as 4 because of the intrusion

or constriction of the ovary wall, ovules 2 per carpel, placentation basal, style 1, gynobasic

(arising between the 2 carpels from their inner bases), unequally bifid, stigmas 2. Fruit a schizocarpof mericarps (nutlets), smooth, biconvex, obovoid, ca. 4 mm long, sharply angular, contained

in the persistent, inflated calyx.

Phenology.-Flowers, April to June; Fruits, May to June; Vegetative, April to June

Distribution.-Ala., Ill., Ind., Ky., N.C. (Swain County), Ohio, Tenn., Va. (Scott, Smyth, Tazewell,

Washington, Wise Counties), W. Va.

Legal status.-Ala. - Endangered (Candidate); Ky. - Threatened (Candidate); Tenn. - Threatened

(Candidate); Va. - Threatened (Candidate); W. Va. - Threatened (Candidate); Federal -

Under review

Habitat.-Rich, mesic, wooded slopes and streambanks; often over limestone or shale; requires permanently moist soil.

* This comb. nav. was published in 1894; therefore, It was superfluous when pubhshed, because BailIon’s name appeared 2 years

earlier.

190
REFERENCES

Baillon, H. 1892. Labiees. In Histoire des plantes. Vol. 11. Librairie Hachette et Cie, Paris, France.

Page 45.

Braun, E. L. 1943. An annotated catalog of Spermatophytes of Kenhicky. J. S. Swift Co., Inc., Cincinnati,

Ohio.

Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1970. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada.

Vol. III. Gentianaceae to Compositae. (Facsimile of the 1913 edition.) Dover Publications,

Inc., New York.

Committee of the Botanical Club, A.A. A.S. 1893- 1894. List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing

without cultivation in northeastern North America. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5:1-377. [See

Britton, Synnndra, p. 285.1

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Deam. C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. State of Ind. Dep. of Conservation, Div. of Forestry, Indianapolis.

Endangered Species Committee, Kentucky Academy of Science, and Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission

No date. Endangered, threatened and rare animals and plants of Kentucky. Ky. Nature Preserve

Commission, Frankfort.

Femald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.

Fortney, R. H., R. B. Clarkson, C. N. Harvey, and J. Kartesz. 1978. Rare and endangered species of

West Virginia: A preliminary report. Vol. 1. Vascular plants. W. Va. Dep. Natural Resources,

Heritage Trust Program, East Charleston.

Freeman, J. D., A. S. Causey, J. W. Short, and K. R. Haynes. 1979. Endangered, threatened, and

special concern plants of Alabama. Departmental Series No. 3, Dep. of Botany and

Microbiology, Agric. Exp. Stn., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and

adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., T. R. Bradley, and C. E. Stevens. 1981. Atlas of the Virginia flora. Part 11. Dicotyledons.

Va. Botanical Association, Farmville.

Hooker, J. D., B. D. Jackson, and others. 1893- 1895. Index Kewensis. The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Jones, G. N., and G. D. Fuller. 1955. Vascular flora of Illinois. Museum Scientific Series, Vol. VI.

Univ. Ill. Press, Urbana, and the Ill. State Museum, Springfield.

Massey, A. B. 1961. Virginia flora. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 155. Blacksburg.

Michaux, A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. Tomus secundus. Fratres Levrault, Paris, France.

Nuttall, T. 18 18. The genera of North American plants. Vol. II. Printed for the author by D. Heartt,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Porter, D. M. 1979. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Virginia. Va. Polytechnic Institute

and State Univ., Blacksburg.

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Published by the author, New York.

Strausbaugh, P. D., and E. L. Core. No date. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc.,

Grantsville, W. Va.

U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants: Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. U.S. Federal Register

45 (242):82480-82569.

Weishaupt, C. G. 1968. Vascular plants of Ohio. A manual for use in field and laboratory. Revised ed.

Wm. C. Brown Book Co., Dubuque, Iowa.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Great Smoky Mountains National University of North Carolina at

Park Museum Chapel Hill

Harvard University University of Tennessee

University of Georgia Vanderbilt University

191
Synanrlrr~ hispidula (LAMIACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Flower (anterior viewj. c Mericarp (nutlet). d Flower (lateral view).

e Anther and apical portion of filament. f Gynoecium with portion of calyx and nectary.

a, e, f from NCLJ 446703; b, d from NCU 31960X;

c from NCU 187817

192
f

193
TRISETUM SPICATUM (Linnaeus) Richter

var. MOLLE (Kunth) Beal

Soft spike trisetum

Family.-Poaceae (Grass Family)

Syraonymy.-Avena mollis Michaux (non A. mollis Salisbury, non A. mollis Koel.), Koeleria canescens

Torr., Rupestrina pubescens Provancher, Trisetum molle (Michaux) Kunth, T. molle (Michaux)

N. Paul, T. spicatum ssp. molle (Michx.) Huh&r, T. spicatum ssp. molle (Kunth) Hulten, T.

spicatum (L.) Richter var. molle (Michx.) Piper, T. spicatum (L.) Richter var. michauxii St.

John, T. subspicatum var. molle Gray, T. tr$‘orum ssp. mollr (Hulten) Love & Love, T.

triflorum ssp. molle (Kunth) Love & Love.

Other common names.-Soft trisetum

Description.-Densely tufted perennial herbs. Culms (stems) terete, strongly furrowed, erect, 15-50

cm tall, vestiture variable, glabrous to puberulent to densely pilose or villous, internodes hollow,

nodes closed and swollen. Leaves mostly basal, simple, alternate, 2-ranked, composed of a

blade, sheath, and ligule; blades flat to loosely involute, ascending, to 15 cm long, l-2.5 mm

wide, usually pubescent below, scaberulous above, margins ciliate, parallel-veined; sheaths

encircling the culms, split, puberulent; ligules scarious, truncate, erose-dentate, l-2 mm long.

Flowers in the axils of bracts, inconspicuous and minute, reduced to the essential organs

(the stamens and pistil), the perianth represented by minute scales (lodicules) at the base of the

flower. Floret a unit composed of a flower with two bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing it;

lemma is the lower bract, lies to the outside of the spikelet, and encloses the palea; palea is the

inner, upper bract, lies next to the rachilla, and envelopes the flower. Inflorescence compound,

with the basic, primary inflorescence (the ultimate unit) a spikelet consisting of 2 flowers, each

with its lemma and palea, and 2 empty bracts (glumes) at the base, the lower glume called

the 1st glume and the upper one the 2nd glume. Spikelets secondarily arranged into a dense,

narrow, spikelike panicle, 2-4.5 cm long, 0.8- 1 cm broad, yellowish green; panicle branches

ascending, villous. Spikelets 2-flowered, 4-6 mm long, 2 mm wide, the rachilla disarticulating below the glumes, prolonged behind the upper floret, rachilla-joint shortly appressedpilose, callus bearing a tuft of very short hairs. Glumes lanceolate, somewhat unequal in length,

scarious, scabrous-keeled, appressed hirsute to glabrous, 1 st glume l-nerved, narrow, acuminate,

3.5-4 mm long, 2nd glume 3-nerved, wider than lst, cuspidate, longer than lowest lemma, 5

mm long; lemmas 5-nerved, keeled, pubescent or glabrous, sometimes papillose, margins

scarious, acuminate to bidentate, the teeth setaceous, body 4.5-5 mm long, lemma of first

floret longer than the glumes, curved dorsal awns 3-6 mm long, attached about 113. below

the tip, geniculate, exserted, flexuous at base; paleas scarious, 4 mm long, nerves ciliolate.

Stamens 3, distinct, exserted, filaments slender, anthers large, appearing versatile; gynoecium of 1 compound pistil, ovary superior, carpels 2, locule 1, ovule 1, placentation basal,

styles 2, stigmas 2, plumose. Fruit a grain (caryopsis), oblong, somewhat flattened, mostly

ca. 2.5 mm long.

Phenology.-Flowers, June to August; Fruits, June to August; Vegetative, June to August

Distribution.-Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Corm., Idaho, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Nev., N.H.,

N. Mex., N.Y ., N.C. (Avery. Mitchell Counties), Oreg., Pa., Tenn. (possibly extirpated),

Utah, Vt., Wash, Wis.; Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario,

Quebec, Saskatchewan), Haiti, Mexico, Santo Domingo, U.S.S.R.

Legal status.-N.C. - Endangered (Protected); Term. - Possibly extirpated (Candidate)

Habitat.--In N.C.. it occurs on rocky ledges on balds in the high mountains, cool shores, meadows. and

boulder fields.

194
REFERENCES

Beal, W. J. 1896. Grasses of North America. H. Holt and Co., New York.

Bean, R. C., D. C. Richards, and F. Hyland. 1966. Check-list of the vascular plants of Maine.

Revision of 1948 edition, by E. C. Ogden, F. H. Steinmetz, and F. Hyland. Bull. Josselyn

Bot. Sot. Main 8:1-71.

Committee on Vascular Plants. 1977. Vascular plants. Reprinted from J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson,

and J. B. Funderburg, eds, Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina.

Bookstore, Univ. N.C., Charlotte.

Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal, and P. K. Holmgren. 1977. Intermountain

flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 6. The Monocotyledons.

Columbia University Press, New York.

Gould, F. W. 1973. Grasses of southwestern United States. (Reprint of the 1951 edition.) The Univ.

Ariz. Press, Tucson.

Gray, A. 1856. Manual of the botany of the northern United States. 2nd ed. George P. Putnam and

Co., New York.

Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of North America. 2nd ed. Revised by A. Chase. U.S.

Dep. Agric. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C.

HultCn, E. 1959. The Trisetum spicatum complex. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt., an artic-montane

species with world-wide range. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 53:203-228.

Louis-Marie, Fr. 1928. The genus Trisetum in America. Rhodora 30:209-223, 237-245.

Michaux, A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. Typis Caroli Crapelet, Paris and Argentorati.

Munz, P. A., and D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.

Nash, G. V. 1909. (Poales) Poaceae. N. Am. Flora I. 17:551, 555-556.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Dep. Natural Resources and Community Development.

1981. Unpublished computer printout. Raleigh.

Piper, C. V. 1906. Flora of the state of Washington. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11.

Plant Conservation Board, N.C. Dep. Agric., Pesticide and Plant Protection Div., Plant Protection

Section. 1980 (September). North Carolina protected plant list. Raleigh. Unpublished manuscript.

Pretz, H. W. 1919. Discovery of Trisetum spicatum in Pennsylvania. Rhodora 21:128-132.

Seymour, F. C. 1969. The flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

Sharp, A. J.. and others. No date. A preliminary checklist of monocots in Tennessee. Mimeograph.

Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68:435-463.

Wofford, B. E., and Committee for Tennessee Rare Plants. 1978. The rare vascular plants of Tennessee. J.

Tennessee Acad. Sci. 53:128-133.

HERB ARIA

Specimens of this species examined and annotated at the following herbaria:

Duke University University of North Carolina at

North Carolina State University Chapel Hill

University of Georgia University of Tennessee

Vanderbilt University

195
Trisetum spicatum var. molle (POACEAE)

a Plant habit. b Sheath split to show ligule. c Sheath. d First floret.

floret f Glumes. 9 Spikelet.

a-c from NCU 155951; d-g from NCU 331828

e Second

196
d

197
GLOSSARY*

This glossary is provided to assist the reader with the technical, specialized vocabulary encountered in

plant identification and description. An attempt has been made to account for the more

technical or unusual morphological terms used in this publication. Learning the “language of

plants” is a difficult process indeed and requires much time, effort, and perseverance. This

glossary primarily endeavors to define the terms as used in this publication and does not provide all existing definitions. Moreover. definitions of most terms have been simplified and

therefore represent a practical, not theoretical, treatment. It is also important to realize that the

definitions portray general concepts and that variation occurs in nature so that a particular

plant or species may not conform exactly to the definitions.

Several references have been used in completing this glossary (see list below). The

reader may desire to consult one or several of these for additional discussion, an illustration,

further examples, or derivation of a term.

Featherly, H. I. 1954. Taxonomic terminology of the higher plants. The lowa State College Press,

Ames.

Harrington, H. D. 1977. How to identify grasses and grasslike plants (sedges and rushes). The Swallow

Press. Inc., Chicago, Ill.

Harrington, H. D., and L. W. Durrell. 1957. How to identify plants. The Swallow Press, Inc., Chicago,

Ill.

Jackson, B. D. 1928. A glossary of botanic terms with their derivation and accent. 4th ed. J. B. Lippincott

Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan Co., New York.

-. 1955. An introduction of plant taxonomy. The Macmillan Co., New York.

McKechnie, J. L., editor. 1980. Webster’s new twentieth century dictionary of the English language.

Unabridged 2nd ed. William Collins Publishers, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.

Morris, W., editor. 1969. The American heritage dictionary of the English language. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., and Houghton Mifflin Co., New York.

Porter, C. L. 1967. Taxonomy of flowering plants. 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco,

Calif.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill.

Radford, A. E., W. C. Dickison, J. R. Massey, and C. R. Bell. 1974. Vascular plant systematics. Harper

& Row, Publishers, New York.

Smith, J. P., Jr. 1977. Vascular plant families. Mad River Press, Inc., Eureka, Calif.

Tippo, O., and W. L. Stem. 1977. Humanistic botany. W. W. Norton and Co., Inc., New York.

*Glossary prepared by Deborah K. S. Otte, UNC-Chapel Hill herbarium, in 1981

198
A-. A prefix meaning without, as in apetalous.

Abaxial. Back; pertaining to the back or outer surface of a part or organ; the surface most distant from

the axis; lower side of leaf; dorsal.

Abortive. Imperfectly developed or not fully developed at maturity, as abortive stamens with filaments

only or the abortive seeds in a banana.

Acaulescent. Apparently stemless, with no aerial stem but possibly with a scape.

Accessory organs. Calyx and corolla, the parts of a flower not necessary for reproduction.

Achene. Dry, indehiscent, one-seeded, unilocular fruit with seed generally attached to pericarp at one

point and usually tightly enclosed by it; may be simple (derived from unicarpellate, superior

ovary) or compound (derived from compound [syncarpous], superior ovary). Compare with

cypsela

Actinomorphic (regular or radial). A type of symmetry in which parts or structures are divisible into

halves in two or more planes, used especially for the calyx or corolla; said of a flower in

which the parts radiate from the center like spokes in a wheel, the parts mostly similar in

size and shape; as in lily or tobacco flowers. Compare with irregular; zygomorphic.

Acuminate. Pertaining to an apex with straight to convex margins forming a terminal angle of less than

45”.

Acute. Apex or base with straight to convex margins forming a terminal angle of 45” to 90”; more

properly, an acute base is actually a cuneate base.

Adaxial. Front; pertaining to the inner face or part of an organ; the surface nearest the axis; the upper

surface of a leaf; ventral.

Adherent. A condition in which two dissimilar organs or parts touch each other but are not grown or

fused together. Compare with coherent, adnate.

Adnate. A general fusion term meaning fusion of unlike parts, as stamens to petals. Compare with

connate, adherent.

Aerenchymatous. Tissue with large, air-filled intercellular spaces that usually aid in floating.

Aggregate,fruit. Fruit derived from several ovaries in a single flower (a grouping of primary fruits), as

in blackberry, rose.

Alternate. One leaf per node; the leaves at two consecutive nodes usually on different sides of the

stem. Compare with opposite.

Androecium. The whorl(s) or series of stamens inside the perianth; a collective term for all the stamens

in a flower.

Androgynous. Inflorescence with staminate flowers above or inside and pistillate flowers below or outside,

as in Cymophyllus.

Androphore. A stalk or other supportive structure bearing the stamens.

Angled. A surface with angles that usually form ridges of some sort, e.g., a four-angled stem as in

mints (Lamiaceae).

Annual. Living 1 year or less. Compare with biennial; perennial.

Anther. The pollen-bearing part of the stamen, borne at the top of the filament or sometimes sessile.

Anther connective. The filament extension between the 2 cells of an anther; used especially when the

anther cells are separted or the connective extends beyond the anther.

Anthesis. The act of flowering; strictly, the time of expansion of a flower when pollination takes place,

but often used to designate the flowering period.

Apetalous. Without petals.

Apex. The tip or distal end of a two-dimensional structure that is usually bounded by the upper 5%-- 10%

of the margins; the top of a three-dimensional structure.

Apical (terminal). At tip, top, or end of stem or other plant structure.

Apical placentafion. Placenta(-tae) at top or apex of ovary; often called pendulous or suspended; as in

grapes.

Apiculate. Terminated by a short, sharp. flexible point. often slightly curled.

Appendage. An attached subsidiary or secondary part, as a projecting part or a hanging part or supplement.

Appressed. Pressed closely to axis in an upward direction with angle of divergence 15” or less.

Aromatic. Having a pleasant, characteristic odor, usually sweet- or spicy-smelling, as licorice.

Ascending. Directed upward with angle of divergence 16”-45”.

Attenuate. Long, gradually tapered base, margins usually concave.

Auricle. An ear-shaped part or appendage, as the projections at the base of some leaves and petals.

199
Auricuhte. Base with sinus and a pair of rounded, earlike lobes; the outer margins concave, the inner

convex or straight.

Awn. A bristlelike or stiff and slender part or appendage, as on the glumes of grasses; often used to

indicate members of a certain kind of pappus in composites.

Axil. Upper angle that an organ or organ part, especially a petiole. leaf, or peduncle, makes with the

axis that bears it.

Axile placentation. Placentae attached to center or central axis of a septate, compound ovary; a type of

placentation in which the ovules are borne at or near the center of a compound ovary on the

axis formed by the union and fusion of the septa (partitions) and usually in vertical rows; as

in the nightshades (Solanaceae) or figworts (Scrophulariaceae).

Axillary. In an axil; usually used in sense of axillary buds (lateral buds), which are in the axils of

leaves or leaf scars.

Barbed. With terminal or lateral spinelike hooks or rigid points that are usually bent backward sharply

like the barb of a fishhook; used most often to describe bristles or awns.

Barbellate. Finely barbed.

Bark. The outer covering of woody stems, branches, roots, and main trunks of woody plants; tissues of

plant outside xylem (wood).

Basal (radical). At the base, near the ground. Compare with cauline.

Basal placentation. Placentae at the base of the ovary; a type of placentation in which the ovules are

few or reduced to 1 and borne at the base of the ovary, the ovule when solitary often filling the

cavity; as in the mints (Lamiaceae).

Beak. A long, prominent and substantial point; applied particularly to pistils and fruits.

Berty-ries). Indehiscent fruit with a fleshy or pulpy pericarp, lacking a stony endocarp; most are syncarpous and several-seeded and result from a superior ovary, e.g., a tomato or grape.

Bidentate. With 2 teeth.

Biennial. Living 2 years, usually flowering and fruiting the second year. Compare with unnuul, perenniul.

Bifd. Cut or divided into 2 lobes or parts.

Bilubiate. Two-lipped, with two unequal divisions, as in the corollas of many mints (Lamiaceae).

Biseriate. With two series; in 2 whorls or cycles; as a perianth composed of a calyx and a corolla.

Biternately compound. See ternately compound.

Blade (lamina). The expanded and usually flattened portion of a leaf.

Bract. A reduced or modified leaf found in or directly under an inflorescence.

Bructeate. With bracts.

Bracteole. See bractlet.

Bractlet (bracteole). A small or much-reduced leaf in an inflorescence; a second-order bract, as on the

pedicel.

Bristle. A stiff hair; any slender body that may be likened to a hog’s bristle; a member of a capillary

pappus in a composite.

Bri.rtle-t@. A stiff hair, usually on a tooth of a leaf, as in oaks.

Brist/y. Bearing stiff, strong hairs or bristles.

Bud, Embryonic axis or stem bearing leaf and/or flower primordia. often enclosed or surrounded by

scales.

Bud scales. Modified protective leaves covering a bud.

Callus. A thickened, raised area, which is usually hard; in grasses, the indurated downward extension

of the lemma below its point of insertion that is grown to, and hence morphologically often a

part of, the axis or rachilla of the spikelet.

Culyx. The lowermost or outermost of the 4 whorls of floral parts; a collective term for sepals; a series

of modified leaves usually green and foliaceous, sometimes referred to as one of the accessory organs of a flower.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped; with a flaring tube about as broad as long and a flaring limb..

Cancel/ate. Resembling latticework.

Cupillary. Hairlike, very slender; often used to describe a pappus in composites.

Cupitate. Headlike; formed like a head; in heads; aggregated into a very dense, compact cluster.

Cupsule. Syncarpous, dry, usually 2- to many-seeded fruit opening (dehiscing) by various means, such

as pores, slits, lids; several types of capsules based on type of dehisccnce are recognized, See

loculicidal, septicidal, poricidul.

200
Curpel. The floral organ that bears ovules; the basic unit of the gynoecium; unit of a compound pistil,

simple pistils have only 1 carpel; a megasporophyll of an angiosperm flower.

Caruncle. An outgrowth or appendage on the seed at or about the point where the seed stalk is attached.

Caryopsis. See gruin.

Catkin. A short, erect or pendulous spike or spikelike inflorescence, the flowers unisexual and sessile,

the entire inflorescence commonly falling as a unit; flowers typically small with petals an&or

sepals much reduced or absent, often arranged into cymules lateral along the main axis.

Caudex(-dices). A short, thick, vertical or branched perennial stem usually subterranean (sometimes at

ground level), as in Viola (violet).

Cnulescent. With an aerial stem.

Cauline (stem). Pertaining to the stem; more or less evenly distributed on stem; often used to distinguish leaves along a stem from basal or rosette leaves.

Cespitose. See tufted.

ChufS(pale). A small, thin, dry, and membranous scale or bract; in particular, the bract subtending each

individual flower (floret) in the head of some composites.

Chufi. Thin, dry, and membranous; like the bracts in the heads of composites.

Channeled. With longitudinal grooves.

Chartuceous. Of papery or tissuelike texture and not usually green in color.

Chlorenchymatous. Tissues with chlorophyll and therefore a green color.

Ciliate. With conspicuous hairs (trichomes) along the margins.

Ciliolute. With inconspicuous, tiny hairs (trichomes) along the margin.

Cluvate. Club-shaped; said of a long body thickened toward the top, like a baseball bat.

Claviform. See clavate.

Claw. The long, narrow, petiolelike base of the petals or sepals in some flowers.

Cleft. Divided or indented, usually l/4- l/2 the way to midrib or base of blade.

Climbing. Ascending upon other objects by means of tendrils, roots, or other special structures, as in

poison ivy (Rhus radicans) or English ivy (Hederu helix).

Closed. Having complete boundaries, as in the leaf sheath of most sedges (Cyperaceae); completely

filled in with tissue, as the nodes in grasses (Poaceae).

Coarse. Lacking in delicacy; consisting of large structures; not fine in texture; rough; harsh.

Coherent. A condition in which two or more similar parts or organs of the same series touch one

another but are not fused; connivent. Compare with ctdhrrent, connate.

Collar. A band of tissue that lies behind the ligule and at the junction of the blade and sheath, often

lighter in color than the rest of the leaf; best seen when the leaf is viewed from the back.

Column. A single central structure composed of stamens, style, and stigmas united in varying degrees,

as in orchids (Orchidaceae) (also known as gynandrium, gynostemium); a structure resulting

from fusion of stamens, as in mallows (Malvaceae).

Compound leaf. Leaf divided into leaflets, the leaflets usually 2 or more.

Compound pistil. A pistil produced by the fusion of 2 or more carpels into one structure.

Concave. Curved like the inner surface of a sphere.

Confgurution. Surface pattern usually resulting from internal structural form, exclusive of venation.

Connate. A general fusion term meaning fusion of like parts, as petals to petals to form a corolla tube.

Compare with udttate; coherent.

Connective. See unther connective.

Connivent. Coming together or converging. but not fused, the parts often arching; coherent,

Constricted. Drawn together; contracted.

Convex. Having a more or less rounded surface; having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges

outward, as the exterior of a sphere.

Cordute. A shape that is ovate in general outline with a sinus and rounded lobes at the base; often

restricted to the basal portion rather than to the outline of the entire organ; heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Thick and leathery.

Corm. A solid, upright, thick, hard or fleshy, and usually subterranean stem with dry, scaly leaves, as

in gladiolus and crocus.

Corolla. The whorl(s) or series of floral parts located above and inside the sepals and below and outside

the stamens; collective term for petals; also referred to as one of the accessory organs or part of

a flower; often white or brightly colored.

201
Corymb. An unbranched, flat-topped or convex primary inflorescence with pedicels of varying lengths,

usually indeterminate, as in pear or apple trees.

Corymbijkm. Flowers or primary inflorescences (e.g., heads) arranged in the form of a corymb; not a

true corymb; corymblike.

Creeping. Lying flat on substrate and typically rooting at nodes.

Crenate. Shallowly ascending, low, and rounded teeth that are cut less than 118 way to midrib or

midvein; scalloped.

Crest. An elevated and irregular or toothed ridge.

Crown. The part of a plant, usually at ground level, between the root and the stem.

Culm. The stem of grasses or sedges.

Cunecltr. A shape that is inversely triangular, the length to width ratio mostly 6:1-3:l; a base with

straight to convex margins that form a terminal angle 45”-90”; wedge-shaped.

Cuspidate. An apex somewhat abruptly and sharply concavely constricted into an elongate, coriaceous

and stiff, sharp-pointed tip.

Cylindric(-al). Long-tubular, length to width ratio usually more than 2: 1; elongated with a circular cross

section.

Cyme (dichasium). A determinate inflorescence with flowers 3, pedicellate, and borne on a common

peduncle, the central flower the oldest and opening first.

Cymule. .4 diminutive cyme, many usually aggregate along a common axis to form a catkin.

Cypsela. An achenelike fruit derived from a syncarpous, inferior ovary, as in composites (Asteraceae).

Compare with achene.

Deciduous. Parts not persisting for more than one growing season; commonly applied to plants that shed

their leaves or branchlets at the end of each growing season. Compare with evergreen.

Decompound. A general term for more than once compound.

Decumbent. Stems reclining or lying upon the ground but with ends or tips ascending.

Decussate. Opposite leaves occur in 4 rows up and down the stem alternating in pairs at right angles.

Drhiscencr. The act of opening spontaneously when ripe. as capsules; the method or process of

opening of a fruit or an anther.

Deliyuescence. The act or process of dissolving or melting away, the parts becoming semiliquid or

powdery and quickly disappearing.

Deltoid. Triangular.

Dentate. Margins with sharp, coarse teeth that point outward at right angles to midrib or midvein, cut

l/16- l/8 distance to midrib or midvein.

Determinate. Pertaining to the maturation of flowers in the inflorescence, with the central or uppermost

one maturing first with the subsequent arrest of the growth or elongation of the main axis.

DidJnamous. A stamen arrangement in which there are 4 stamens in two pairs, one pair long, the other

pair short, as in many mints (Lamiaceae).

Dimorphic. Occurring in two forms, as in ferns with sterile foliaceous fronds and fertile fronds.

Dioecious. Species with all flowers imperfect, staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants.

Disarticulute. To separate at a joint at maturity; used most often in grasses (Poaceae).

Disc. A more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle or of coalesced nectaries or

staminodes about or below the pistil.

Di.sc,,floit-ers. The tubular flowers in the center of the heads of composites. as distinguished from my

flowers; the flowers are cylindrical in shape and corollas have a conspicuous tube with short

limb.

Discoid. Shaped like a disc; the head of a composite in which only disc flowers are present.

Disposed. Set or arranged in a particular order or position.

Dis@tion. The manner in which plant organs or their component parts are placed, arranged, or

distributed.

Dissected, Deeply divided into many and usually slender segments.

Distal. Away from the point of origin or attachment.

Distichous. Two-ranked, with organs or organ parts (such as leaves, leaflets, or flowers) on opposite

sides of an axis and in the same plane.

Distinct. A general fusion term meaning like parts unjoined and separate from one another, as a corolla

of 5 separate petals. Compare with free.

Divergent. More or less horizontally spreading with angle of divergence 15” or less up or down from

the horizontal.

202
Division. The separation, divergence, or forking into segments, parts, lobes, or branches of any organ

or it parts.

Dorsal. See ubuxiul.

Doubly serrute (biserrdte). Serrations with serrate teeth.

Drupe. Indehiscent, l- to few-seeded, fleshy fruit, the stony endocarp enclosing the seed(s) and forming

a pit or one or more pyrenes; most drupes are derived from a compound (syncarpous) ovary, as

in cherry, holly, peach.

Drupelet. One drupe in a fruit that is composed of an aggregation of drupes, as in the blackberry;

usually small in size. See drupe.

Durution. Length of time that a plant or any of its parts exists, e.g., evergreen leaves.

Ebructeate. Without bracts.

Ellipsoid. Shape of solid figure with widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins symmetrically curved, the length to width ratio 2: l-3:2.

El/&tic. With widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins symmetrically curved, the length to

width ratio 2: 1 -3:2.

Emarginute. In general terminology, with a shallow notch at the apex or base.

Emersed. Rising above the surface of the water, as leaves or stems of aquatic plants.

Endocurp. Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp; very often indistinguishable from outer and middle

layers of pericarp unless it is different in texture, e.g., the stony endocarp of a drupe, as in

peach.

Entire. Margin smooth, without indentations, teeth, spines, etc.; may be ciliate.

Epiculyx. A series of bracts directly subtending and resembling the calyx, the bracts usually alternating

with the sepals.

Eplgynous. A term used to describe the perianth, calyx, corolla, and/or androecium position-these

parts appear to be inserted above the ovary, generally inserted on the hypanthium that is

adnate to the ovary; ovary position in an epigynous flower is inferior.

Epipetulous. Borne upon the petals.

Eyuul. Alike as to length, size, or number.

Equiluterul. Equal-sided.

Erect. Standing upright; vertical; used for stem habit or orientation.

Erose. Irregularly, shallowly toothed and/or lobed margins or apices; appearing gnawed.

Essentiul organs. Androecium and gynoecium, the parts necessary for reproduction.

E\,ergreen. Persistent for two or more growing seasons; plants that always have some leaves; remaining

green during dormant season. Compare with t/eciduou.t

Exfoliuting. To peel off in thin layers.

Exserted. Sticking out; projecting beyond, as stamens or stigma from a corolla. Compare with inclu&d.

Extrorse. Facing or opening outward.

Femule. See pistillute.

Fern. Any herbaceous plant that is a flowerless, seedless vascular plant of the class Filicopsida, and

characteristically reproduces by means of spores.

Fertile. Capable of bearing pollen; capable of producing fruit; a leaf that bears the reproductive organs;

said of a “female” flower, thoae that posseas pistils; functional in receiving pollen, as in a

fertile stigma.

Fibrillose. Furnished with fine fibers.

Fibrous. Much-branched roots system in which all roots arc of similar size, none markedly larger, and

resemble fibers; with fine, threadlike or slender roots.

Filament. The stamen stalk upon which the anther sits.

Filumentous. Threadlike; formed of filaments or fibers.

Filiform. Threadlike, long, and very slender.

Fimbriate. Fringed, the long, slender processes longer or coarser than ciliate hairs.

Fluccid. Withered and limp, flabby.

Flask-shaped. Having the form of a flask, somewhat globular with a drawn-out neck.

Flat. Having no curves; extending or lying completely in a plane; having an even, level surface; lying

prostrate.

FIesh~. Succulent: firm and pulpy, as the flebh of a peach.

FIP-YUOUS. Bent alternately in different directions forming a more or less zigzag or wavy pattern,

Floccose. Covered with dense, appressed trichomes in patches or tufts.

203
Floral cup (hypanthium). A shallow cuplike to elongate tubular structure, resulting from the fusion of

the perianth and the androecium and surrounding the gynoecium; in some cases it appears to be

derived from receptacle tissue.

Floret. Individual small flowers that compose a very dense form of inflorescence, as in composites

(Asteraceae) and grasses (Poaceae).

Flower. The characteristic reproductive structure of flowering plants (angiosperms); an axis bearing at

the least 1 or more pistils or 1 or more stamens or both; when complete, flowers consist of

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Foliaceous. Leaflike; said particularly of sepals, calyx lobes, or bracts that in texture, size, or color

look like leaves.

Foliose. See foliaceous.

Follicle. Unicarpellate, dry, dehiscent fruit opening along one suture.

Free. A general fusion term meaning unlike parts unjoined and separate from one another, as stamens

being free from (not connected to) the petals. Compare with distinct.

Frond. The leaf of a fem.

Fruit. In angiosperms (flowering plants), the structure produced by the maturation of the ovary, the

whole pistil, and/or sometimes other portions (such as an involucre or hypanthium) of the

plant adjacent to these parts; the seed-bearing organ.

Fused. United or coalesced into one structure, as petals fusing to form a corolla tube.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; narrowed both ways from a swollen middle.

Fusion. The coalescence or union of like or unlike organs or parts, as the fusion of sepals to form a

calyx tube.

G&ate. Helmet-shaped, as one sepal is in monk’s hood (Aconitum).

Geniculute. Bent at an abrupt angle like that of a bent knee, usually jointed so as to be capable of

bending in such a manner.

Clubrate. Nearly glabrous, or becoming glabrous with maturity or age.

Glubrous. Without hairs; often incorrectly used in the sense of smooth (sc:e smooth).

Glandular. Having or bearing secreting organs (glands); with vestiture composed of secretory or excretory trichomes, usually with swollen or capitate tips.

Glandular-punctute. A surface having depressions or pits with sessile glands.

Glaucous. Covered with whitish substance (bloom) that easily rubs off, as in a plum or cabbage leaf.

Globose. Having the shape of a globe; round.

Globular. Having the shape of a globe; round.

Glumaceous. Resembling the glumes of grasses (Poaceae); thin, dry, and membranous.

Glume. One of the two chaffy, empty bracts (do not contain flowers) at the base of a grass spikelet.

Glumelike. Resembling the glumes of grasses (Poaceae); thin, dry, and membranous.

Grain (caryopsis). Dry, unilocular l-seeded fruit derived from syncarpous ovary and with seedcoat

adnate to pericarp, as in grasses (Poaceae).

Granular. Covered with very small particles or grains; finely mealy.

Grasslike. Resembling grasses, that is having narrow, slender leaves like true grasses (Poaceae).

Gynandrium See column.

Gynecandrous. With staminate and pistillate flowers in the same inflorescence, the pistillate inside or

above and staminate outside or below.

Gynobusic. Arising between carpels from their inner bases, as the styles in mints (Lamiaceae).

Gynoecium. The innermost and uppermost whorl, series, or structure in a complete flower; a collective

term for the pistils in a flower; the so-called female element of the flower, typically consisting

of one or more carpels or pistils; when only 1 pistil is present, pistil and gynoecium are

synonymous.

Hair (trichome). An outgrowth of the epidermis.

Hustute. Apex or base with sinus and a pair of lobes that are pointed and oriented outward or divergent

in relation to petiole; halberd-shaped.

Head (capitulum). A primary inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile or subsessile and crowded

on a common, usually enlarged receptacle, as in composites (Asteraceae).

Heathlike. With vegetative characteristics like shrubs in the heath family (Ericaceae), usually lowgrowing and having small, leathery, evergreen leaves.

Hemispheric. Shaped like a hemisphere (half a sphere).

Herb. Plants with annual aboveground stems.

204
Herbaceous. Nonwoody, somewhat soft or succulent, annual, aerial stems with limited if any secondary growth.

Hirsute. Covered with long, rather stiff, coarse hairs.

Hirtellous. Softly or minutely hirsute or hairy.

Hispid. Covered with very long, stiff hairs.

Hispidulous. Approaching hispid, minutely hispid.

Hood. A bladelike flap of leaf tissue that covers the opening into the tubular leaves (pitchers) of

Sarrucenia (pitcherplants).

Hood neck. The contracted portion at the base of the hood in Sarracenia (pitcherplant) leaves.

Hooked. Curved or bent back at the tip.

Hyaline. Thin and translucent or transparent.

Hygroscopic. Capable of expanding or contracting on presence or absence of water or water vapor;

altering form or position through changes in humidity.

Imbricate. Leaves or other structures closely overlapping, as shingles on a roof.

Imperfect (unisexual). With either stamens or carpels absent in the flower. Compare with perfect.

Included. Not protruding beyond the surrounding organ. Compare with exserted.

Indefinite. Capable of continuous growth, extension, or elongation, as the indefinite elongation in a

raceme.

Indeterminate. Pertaining to the development and/or maturation of flowers in an inflorescence, with the

lateral or lowermost ones maturing first without the growth or elongation of the main axis

being arrested, e.g., in gladiolus or snapdragons.

Indurate. Hardened.

Indusium(-sia). A thin, membranous, protective layer covering a sorus.

Inequilateral. With unequal sides.

Inferior. A position in which one organ lies below another; especially used when other floral parts

appear to be inserted above the ovary, the hypanthium adnate to the ovary, as in squash.

Inflated. Rladderlike; swollen; distended or expanded by or as if by gas or air.

Znflorescence. The arrangement of flowers on a plant or axis; classified into many types based on type

and number of parts, position and arrangement of flowers, sequence of flowering, and branching pattern of the axis. See also primar?, inflorescence, and secondary.

In.sec?ilwrou.s. Said of those plants that capture insects and absorb nutrition from them, as in flytraps

(Dionaea) or pitcherplants (Sarruceniu).

Inserted. Attached to, or appearing to be growing out of. a structure, as a stamen on the coro]]a.

Internode. Region of stem between the nodes. See no&.

fnvolucral. Pertaining to an involucre, e.g., involucral bracts.

fnvolucre. A cluster of bracts subtending an inflorescence, as in composites (Asterdceae) and utnbels

(Apiaceae); may be fused or distinct.

Involute. Margin rolled in from the edges, toward the upper surface. Compare with revolute.

Irregular. Not symmetrical; of uneven occurrence, as a leaf being irregularly toothed; more specifically,

in floral symmetry, with floral parts within a whorl dissimilar in shape, size, or fusion so

that the structure cannot be divided into two symmetrical halves. Compare with zyjgomorphic.

Jointed. With nodes or points of real or apparent articulation (separation).

Joint. An articulation, or place where separation may naturally occur, as in grass inflorescences.

Keeled. Ridged like the bottom of a boat, like a ship’s keel.

Keel-shaped. Having the shape of a ship’s keel.

Lubellum (lip). The medial petal of a corolla, usually enlarged and often much modified; especially

used in mints (Lamiaceae) and orchids (Orchidaceae); the upper lip of orchids is made to

appear as the lower lip by a twist of the ovary.

Lacerate. Irregularly torn or cleft along the margin or apex.

Lacunate. With an extensive system of intercellular spaces.

Lamina. The limb, blade, or expanded part of a leaf or petal.

Lunceolate. With widest axis below the middle and with margins symmetrically curved, the length to

width ratio 3:1-6:l; in a leaf the petiole attached at the broad end; lance-shaped.

Lanceoloid. Shape of solid figure with widest axis below the middle and with margins symmetrically

curved, the length to width ratio 3: l-6: I; lance-shaped.

Lateral. On or at the side.

Lateral (axillary) bud. A bud in the axil of a leaf or leaf scar.

Latticelike. Resembling a lattice; with regular, patterned spaces.

205
Leaf scar. A mark indicating former place of attachment of petiole or leaf base.

LeufZet. A separate and distinct segment of a compound leaf.

Leab. With leaves; full of leaves, the leaves often more or less evenly distributed on the stem.

Lemmu. The lower of the 2 bracts enclosing a grass flower above the glumes; formerly called “flowering

glume.”

Len@. The measurement of the extent of something from apex to base, as distinguished from width.

Lenticel. A lens-shaped or rounded spot on young bark, corresponding to an epidermal stomate; a pore

in the bark.

Lenticulur. Lens-shaped, rather flattened with both sides convex.

Ligneous, Woody.

Ligulute. Strap-shaped: having a tonguelike outgrowth (ligule) at the base of a blade or top of a sheath

of a leaf, as in grasses (Poaceae); corolla of the ray flower of a composite (Asteraceae); a composite

head in which only ray flowers are present.

Ligule. A tonguelike or strap-shaped projection from top of a leaf sheath at juncture with the blade, as

in grasses (Poaceae); also a strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray flowers of composites (Asteraceae).

Limb. The expanded, usually flat part of an organ; in particular, the expanded portion of calyx or

corolla above the tube, throat, or claw.

Linear. Long and narrow, with widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins essentially parallel,

length to width ratio mostly 2:l or greater.

Lip. One of the two divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, that is, the corolla or calyx is cut into an

upper and lower portion, although one lip is sometimes wanting; the labellum of orchids.

Lobe. Any part or segment of an organ; especially, a part of corolla, calyx, or leaf that represents a

division.

Lobed. With lobes; often technically used to describe a structure cut l/8- 114 distance to midvein with

the sinuses and lobes rounded.

Lo&e. A cavity, chamber, or cell within an ovary or fruit; also used to denote a pollen chamber in an

anther.

Loculi&ia/ &h&ence. In a fruit, dehiscing longitudinally into the locule.

Lodicule. Small scales or protuberances, usually 2 and situated near the edges at the base of the lemma;

thought to be vestiges of the perianth.

Longitudinal dehiscence. Dehiscing along the long axis of a structure.

Lustrous. Glossy, shiny.

Main vein. See midrib; midvein.

Male. See staminate.

Margin. The border region of the side of a two-dimensional or plane structure.

Marginal placentation. With the placentae along the margin of a simple ovary.

Medial. Situated in the middle, as in the medial sepal of the Orchidaceae; upon or along the longitudinal axis.

Membranous. Thin, more or less flexible, and translucent; like a membrane.

Mericurp. A portion of a fruit that separates and functions at maturity as a fruit; a segment of a schizocav;

usually l-seeded, indehiscent, and often called a nutlet; twr a fruit type but a fruit part.

Midrib. The central conducting and supporting structure (vein) of the blade of a simple leaf; often used

interchangeably with midvein.

Midvein. Central conducting and supporting structure (vein) of the leaflet blade; often used interchangeably with midrib.

Milky juice. Said of a plant when it possesses an opaque, white juice (latex), as in milkweeds (Asclepias).

Monadelphous. Stamens united into one group by fusion of their filaments, as in mallows (Malvaceae)

and some members of the pea family (Fabaceae).

Moniljform. Constricted laterally and appearing like a string of beads.

Monoecious. Species with all flowers imperfect, staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant.

Mottled. A pattern in which the color is disposed in various irregular spaces.

Mucro. A short and sharp tip.

Mucronute. Terminated abruptly by a distinct and obvious short and sharp tip (mucro).

Multiple fruit. Fruit formed from the coalescence of the ovaries and accessory tissues of several flowers

borne on a common axis, as in mulberry, pineapple.

Naked. Lacking its usual covering, as flowers without a perianth, a bud without scales, a composite

receptacle without chaff.

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Necturiferous. Nectar-bearing.

Nerve. Usually a simple or unbranched vein or slender rib.

Neuter. Flowers without stamens or carpels, or sex organs abortive.

Nodding. Drooping.

Node. Region of stem from which leaves and branches arise.

Nude. Bare, naked, uncovered; in particular, an ovary position in which no perianth members are present with which to determine whether the ovary is superior or inferior.

Nut. Dry, l-seeded, indehiscent fruit derived from l- to several-locular ovary, the pericarp usually hard

and boney, most derived from syncarpous (compound) ovary (carpels often abortive, thus fruit

appears unicarpellate), as in oaks and walnuts.

Nut/et. An ambiguous term used to describe small nuts and nutlike fruits. See nut.

Obcordate. Inversely cordate or heart-shaped.

Oblanceolute. A shape that is inversely lanceolate, in a leaf the petiole attached at the narrow end; with

widest axis above the middle and with margins symmetrically curved, the length to width

ratio more than 6:1-3:l.

Oblique. Asymmetrical, the sides unequal, as in elm leaf bases; generally. having a slanting or sloping

direction or position.

Oblong. A shape with the widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins essentially parallel.

Obovate. A shape that is inversely ovate, in a leaf the petiole attached at the narrow end; with widest

axis above the middle and with margins symmetrically curved, the length to width ratio 2: l-3:2.

Obovoid. Shape of solid figure that is inversely obovate with widest axis above the middle and with

margins symmetrically curved, the length to width ratio 2: I -3:2.

Obtuse. Base or apex with straight to convex margins forming a terminal angle more than 90”.

Odd-pinnute (imparipinnate). A pinnately compound leaf with the apex of rachis with a single leaflet.

Offshoot. A lateral shoot that is often a propagative stem.

Once-pinnate. A pinnately compound leaf with the blade divided only once (one order of leatlets), the

leaflets arranged along the rachis.

Operculute. With a lid or cover produced by a transverse line of dehiscence, as in some fruits (e.g.,

rose moss) or anthers (e.g., blueberry).

Opposite. Two leaves per node, directly across from each other. Compare with alternate.

Orbicular. Flat with a circular outline.

Orientation. Arrangement of parts in relation to vertical angle of divergence from a central axis or

point, for example, spreading or ascending leaves.

Orifice. An opening.

Outline. A line described in the plane of vision by the outer boundary of any object or figure; when ihe

object or figure is lobed, the general outline cuts off half the lobes and fills in half the

sinuses.

Ovary. The swollen, basal, ovule-bearing part of a pistil; when mature becomes a fruit.

Ovate. A shape in which the widest axis is below the middle, the margins are symmetrically curved,

and the length to width ratio is mostly 2: l-3:2; egg-shaped.

Ovoid. Shape of solid figure with widest axis below the middle, margins symmetically curved, and the

length to width ratio mostly 2: l-3:2; egg-shaped.

Ovule. The egg-containing unit of the ovary; the body that, after fertilization, becomes the seed.

Pale. See chaff.

Palea. The upper and inner of the 2 bracts that enclose a grass flower; it is usually enclosed by the

lower bract, the lemma.

Palmate. Lobed or divided or ribbed in a palmlike or handlike fashion, the lobes or divisions attached

or running down to one place at the base; common!y used to describe a compound leaf or

venation.

Palmutely compound. A compound leaf in which the leaflets radiate from a common point at the end of

the petiole or axis.

Panicle. An elongate primary inflorescence with pedicellate flowers and the central axis branched; a

branched raceme.

Paniculute. Resembling a panicle; flowers or primary inflorescence (e.g., heads) arranged in the form

of a panicle; often used to describe an inflorescence that is not a true panicle.

Papilla(-lae). Minute pimplelike or nipple-shaped protuberance(s).

Papillose. Bearing minute pimplelike protuberances.

207
Puppus. Peculiar modified outer perianth series of composites, borne on the ovary and persisting in

fruit, being plumose, bristlelike, scaly, or otherwise; generally accepted as a modified calyx.

Purullcl rwnrtion. Veins more or less equal in size and extending from base to apex, essentially parallel to one another. as in many monocots, such as lilies.

Ptrrasite. Plant deriving food or nlineral nutrition. or both. from another living organism (host).

Purieta/placentution. Placentae on the wall or intruding partitions of a compound (syncarpous), unilocular

ovary; a placentation type in which the ovules are borne on the walls within a compound

ovary, or on intrusions of the wall that form incomplete partitions or false septa within the

ovary.

Pedicel. The stalk of 1 flower in an inflorescence; in grasses, applied to stalk of a single spikelet.

Prdicelhztc. With pedicelts).

Peduncle. Stalk of an inflorescence or of an individual flower when intlorescence consists of only a

solitary flower; in an intlorescence the peduncle begins below the first flower(s), above that

flower the axis becomes the rachis.

Pendulous. Drooping, hanging downward.

Perenniul. Living for 3 or more years or growing seasons. Compare with ~znnuul; biennial.

Perfect (bisexual). With both stamens and carpels in the flower.

Perianth. A collective term for the calyx and corolla.

Prricurp. Fruit wall; mature, ripened ovary wall.

Perigynium. The saclike blact in the pistillatc flower of sedges (Cyperaceae) that completely surrounds

the ovary: it is often inflated and almost or completely joined at the edges.

Persistent. Enduring; lasting past maturity without falling off.

Pet&. One unit or member of the corolla; usually white or brightly colored.

Petultfkous. Bearing petals; sometimes used to mean petaloid.

Petuloid. Like a petal; resembling a petal in color and shape.

Petiolate. With a petiole.

Petiole. Leaf stalk; in a compound leaf, the petiole begins directly below the first leaflet(s), above that

the central axis is the rachis.

Prtiolulate. With a petiolule.

P&Jule. Stalk of a leaflet of- a compound leaf.

Ph~//~7r~(-rir.~). One of the involucral leaves or bracts subtending a head. as in composites (Asteraceae).

Pi[oJc. With soft, shaggy trichomes.

Pinnu(-nae). A primary division of a compound fern leaf; equivalent to leaflet.

Pinnate/y compound. Leatlets arranged on either side along a common axis (rachis), like a feather; may

be once-pinnate, twice-pinnate, thrice-pinnate.

Pinnatifid. Cut pinnately, like a feather; best used when a structure (e.g., a leaf) is lobed, cleft, parted,

or divided, not truly compound.

Pistil. A component of the gynoecium, typically consisting of stigma, style, and ovary and including

one or more distinct or fused carpels; when only I pistil is present, pistil and gynoecium are

synonymous; may be either simple or compound (which see).

Pistil/ate (carpellate or female). With only carpels in the flowers, stamens absent; may also be used for

inflorescence or plant sex (with pistillate flowers only).

Pitcher. Ventricose to tubular insectivorous leaf, as in pitcherplants (Surruceniu).

Plucentu(-me). A place or part in the ovary where ovules are attached.

Pketzttrtim. The position or location of placentae relative to the septa or wall of the ovary; the arrangement of ovules within the ovary.

Plumose. Pubescent in a manner simulating a feather or plume, as the pappus of some composites

(Asteraceae).

Pollen. The fine, powderlike grains or material produced in the anthers, containing the male element.

Pollinium(-niu). A coherent mass of pollen grains, as in orchids and milkweeds.

Polygamo-dioecious. Species predominately dioecious, but with some perfect flowers on staminate or

pistillate plants or both.

Position. Location or attachment of organs or parts with respect to other, dissimilar organs or major

parts.

Primury. First in order of time or development; the main division of a structure, often the larger.

Primary fruit. Unit or simple fruits that are derived from a single ovary within one flower; these primary fruits can group together to form aggregate or multiple fruits or can occur singly. See

aggregate fruit; multiple fruit; simple ,fruit.

208
Primury inflorescence. Simple, distinctive, and relatively easily recognizable types of inflorescences,

such as cyme, head, raceme; secondary inflorescences are composed of 1 or more types or

orders of primary inflorescences.

Prolonged. Drawn out or lengthened.

Protuberance. A structure that protrudes; a projection; bulge; swelling.

Puberulent. Minutely pubescent, the hairs soft, straight, erect, scarcely visible to the unaided eye.

Pubescence. Hairiness. Compare with vestiture.

Pubescent. Usually with straight, slender trichomes; often used as a general term meaning hairy.

Puncrate. With translucent or colored dots or depressions or pits.

Pyramidul. Shaped like a pyramid.

Pyr{form Shaped like a pear.

Quadrangular. Having 4 angles that are usually right angles.

Raceme. An unbranched, elongate primary inflorescence with pedicellate flowers; typically indeterminate,

i.e., the lowermost flowers opening first.

Rucemelike. Resembling a raceme, but not a true raceme.

Rucemijorm. Flowers or primary inflorescences (e.g., heads) arranged in the form of a raceme; not a

true raceme.

Rachillu. A small rachis, especially used for the axis of a grass or sedge spikelet-portion of axis above

the glumes and to which florets are attached.

Ruchis. Main axis of a compound leaf or an inflorescence; an axis bearing leaflets or flowers or flowering branches; begins above the first flower(s) or leaflet(s), below that becomes the peduncle or

petiole. respectively.

Radiate. Said of a composite head with ray florets present on the periphery and disc florets on the rest

of the receptacle.

Ray (ligulate)flower. The strap-shaped flowers with a very short tube in composites, as distinguished

from disc flowers; most often occur on the periphery of a composite head but can compose

an entire head.

Receptacle (torus). The region at the end of a pedicel or flower axis to which other flower parts are

attached; usually is more or less enlarged or elongated; in an inflorescence, the expanded or

elongated (often greatly so) end of the peduncle or axis to which the flowers are attached, as

in the head of composites.

Recurved. Curved outward or downward.

Reduced. Decreased in size as compared to other similar parts or organs.

Reflexed. Abruptly curved or bent downward or backward.

Ren(f2wm. Kidney-shaped.

Reticulate. Netted.

Reticulllte (netted) ~wmtion. Major and secondary veins forming a network, e.g.. venation in ;1 maple

or an oak leaf.

Retrorse. Bent or directed downward, as the barbs on a pappus or hairs on a stem.

Revolute. Margin rolled in from the edges, toward the lower surface. Compare with involute.

Rhizome. An elongate, horizontal, underground stem, usually with dry or scaly and often minute leaves.

as in Iris.

Ribbed. With longitudinal nerves on the surface.

Ridged. With longitudinal ridges on the surface.

Ringent. Wide open, gaping.

Rootstock. A term applied to miscellaneous types of underground stems or parts, usually used when

specific stem type is not known.

Rosrtfr. An arrangement of leaves radiating from a crown or center and usually at or close to the

ground. as in dandelions.

Ro.wllurn. A small beak; a slender extension of the median stigma that is generally sterile and lies

between the pollen-bearing anther and the fertile stigmas on the under surface of the column,

as in orchids.

Rosulute. In the form of a rosette; especially used in reference to leaves, these clustering at or near the

base of the plant.

Rotate. Wheel-shaped; applied to a sympetalous corolla with a short tube and a flat and circular limb at

right angles to the tube.

Round. A shape with a circular outline; an apex or base in which the margins and apex form a smooth

arc.

209
Sagittate. Base with sinus and a pair of pointed or rounded lobes that point downward or inward in

relation to petiole; like an arrowhead in form; often used for leaf shape also.

Samara. Dry, l-seeded, indehiscent, winged fruit derived from a syncarpous ovary; a winged achene,

as in elms, ashes; sometimes confusingly used to describe the winged mericarps of a schizocarp, as in maples.

Scaberulous. Slightly rough, minutely scabrous.

Scabrous. Having a harsh surface; feeling rough to the touch.

Scale. A name given to many kinds of small, dry, thin leaves or bracts, often only vestigial, as in the

inflorescences of sedges, the buds of trees.

Scape. A naked flowering stem with or without a few scale leaves, arising from an underground stem,

for example, the flowering stem of a tulip, daffodil, or grape hyacinth.

Scapose. With a solitary flower or inflorescence on a leafless peduncle or scape, usually arising from a

basal rosette of leaves.

Scarious. Applied to leaflike parts or bracts that are not green but thin, dry, membranaceous, and often

more or less translucent.

Schizocarp. Dry, indehiscent fruit derived from a syncarpous ovary, the fruit splitting into l-seeded

segments or mericarps, as in parsley, mints, or maples.

Secondary. Not primary, subordinate; a branch of a many-branched axis; a structure that often develops

from a primary structure.

Seed. A mature, ripened ovule containing an embryo.

Sepal. One unit or member of the calyx; usually green and foliaceous.

Septicidal dehiscence. In a fruit, dehiscing (opening) longitudinally, and splitting the septa.

Series. A row or whorl.

Serrate. Saw-toothed; teeth coarse, sharp, and ascending and cut l/16- l/8 distance to midrib or

midvein. See also doubly serrate.

Serrulate. Minutely serrate; teeth cut to l/16 distance to midrib or midvein.

Sessile. Not stalked; as in sessile leaf, which lacks a petiole.

Seta(-tae). A bristle or bristle-shaped body.

Setaceous. Having setae or bristlelike hairs.

Shape. The outline of specific forms of plane or two- or three-dimensional structures.

Sheath. A tubular portion of a leaf surrounding the stem, as in grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae),

Sheathing. Enclosing, as a sheath encloses a stem.

Showy. Making a conspicuous display; striking.

Shrub. Woody perennials, usually much branched and without a single trunk; in general usage shorter

than a tree. Compare with tree.

Simple fruit. Fruit derived from the ovary of a solitary pistil in a single flower.

Simple injlorescence. One that is not branched, as a spike or raceme.

Simple lerfl. A leaf not divided into leaflets; blade not divided into discrete segments but may be cleft,

lobed, parted, divided, or dissected.

Simple pistil. A pistil of only one carpel, the resultant structure being unicarpellate and unilocular; in

this case, carpel, pistil, and gynoecium are synonymous.

Sinus. The space or recess between 2 lobes or divisions of a leaf or other expanded organ.

Smooth. Surfaces devoid of vestiture, other epidermal outgrowths, or configuration.

Solitary. Borne singly or alone; usually used in sense of an “inflorescence” being l-flowered, the flower

borne either at the apex of the flowering stalk or in the axil of a leaf and supported by a

peduncle, pedicel absent.

Sorus(-ri). In ferns, a cluster of spore cases, or sporangia (which contain the spores), usually on the

undersides of the leaves; when young appear as tiny, greenish, round or elongate spots, with

maturity turn brown.

Spathulate (spatulate). Spoon-shaped; oblong or obovate apically with long attenuate base.

Spike. Elongate, usually indeterminate, unbranched inflorescence with sessile flowers.

Spiral. Arranged as though wound around an axis, as a spring.

Sporangium(-gia). A spore case; a sac or body bearing spores; in many ferns it is composed of a stalk,

a capsule, and an annulus.

Spore. A simple reproductive body, usually composed of a single detached cell, containing a nucleated

mass of protoplasm (but no embryo) and capable of developing into a new individual after

being released; used particularly in reference to pteridophytes and lower plants.

210
Spreading. In orientation, standing outward or horizontally nearly at right angles from vertical axis or

plane; when used in stem habits, trailing or lying flat upon the ground.

Spur shoot. A very short, compact branch with little or no intemodal development, usually bearing

flowers and fruits, as in cherries or apples, or leaves, as in Ginkgo.

Spurred. With a tubular, saclike, or pointed projection from a flower, as from a petal or sepal, as in

columbines; usually contains a nectar-secreting gland.

Squarrose. Sharply curved downward or outward at the tip.

Stalk. An elongate supportive structure (the “stem”) of a plant part or organ, e.g., the petiole, peduncle,

pedicel , filament.

Stamen. A unit of the androecium typically composed of anther and filament, sometimes reduced to

only an anther; a reproductive organ, specifically the pollen-producing part of the flower.

Stamina1 column. See column.

Staminate (male). With only stamens in the flower, carpels absent; may also be used for inflorescence

or plant sex (with staminate flowers only).

Staminodium(-dia). A sterile stamen, or a structure resembling such, borne in the stamina1 part of the

flower; may be modified into a nectary or petaloid and showy structure, as in canna lily

(Canna).

Stellate. Starlike; stellate hairs have radiating branches, or when falsely stellate, are separate hairs

aggregated into starlike clusters.

Stem. See cauline.

Sterile. Barren; lacking functional sex organs; in grasses, composites, and other groups used for staminate or neuter flowers; said of a leaf without reproductive organs; area of tissue upon which

pollen will not germinate; nonfunctional, as a sterile stigma; incapable of producing pollen,

as a sterile anther.

Stigma. The pollen-receiving portion of the pistil, usually at the apex of the style.

Stipitate. Borne on a stipe or short stalk.

Stipulate. With stipule(s).

Stipule. Basal, often leaflike appendage of a petiole; often paired: may be modified into spines or

glands.

Stolen (runner), An indeterminate, elongate, aboveground propagative stem bearing long internodes and

rooting at the tip to form new plants, as in strawberries.

Stoloniferous. With stolons.

Scone (pit, pyrene). A seed enclosed by a bony endocarp, usually in a drupe, as the pit in a cherry or

plum; sometimes referred to as the nutlet of a drupe.

Stramineous. Straw-colored or strawlike.

Striate. With fine longitudinal lines, channels, ridges, or nerves.

Style. The elongate, necklike, nonovule-bearing portion of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma.

Sub-. A prefix usually signifying somewhat, slightly, rather, or almost.

Subequal. Almost equal in length, size, or number.

Subglobose. Almost globose. See also globose.

Subopposite. Almost opposite, not quite directly across from each other.

Suborbicular. Almost orbicular in shape.

Subscapose. Almost scapose, flowering stem usually with a few leaves.

Subtend. To stand below and close to, as a bract below a flower or a leaf below a bud.

Subterete. Almost circular in cross section. See also terete.

Subulate. Awl-shaped; with a fine, sharp point; a solid shape with 3 sides and 3 angles (triangular) and

with a length to width ratio more than 12: 1.

Suffruticose (suffrutescent). Pertaining to a low and somewhat woody plant, usually woody at base with

herbaceous shoots apically.

S&-ate. Grooved or furrowed lengthwise.

Summit. The highest point or part; the top.

LyLlperior. Said of one organ when positioned above another; particularly used with superior ovary, an ovary with

other floral parts attached below the ovary, which is free from all other floral parts.

Surface. Features derived from epidermal outgrowths or excrescences, exclusive of trichome cover types.

Symmetry. A character defined as the correspondence or proportion of parts with respect to size, form,

and arrangement on opposite sides of a plane, line, or point.

Syncarpous. A multicarpellate gynoecium with fused carpels.

211
Syrzgenesious. Said of stamens fused by their anthers to form a cylinder about the style, as in composites (Asteraceae).

Tepal. A unit or member of a perianth, when the perianth is not obviously differentiated into a distinct

calyx and corolla, as in tulip.

Terete. Circular in transverse or cross section; imperfectly cylindrical because the object may taper one

or both ways.

Terminal (apical). At the tip, apical, or distal end.

Terminal bud. A bud at the apex or end of stem.

Terrl(lrr!\, (~c,m/~~~l~~~~f. Leaflets in threes; palmately compound with 3 leaflets; the terms bitemate and

triternate are used to denote leaves with second and third orders of ternate leaflets.

Terrestrial. Growing in the soil, as distinguished from those growing in the water or other habitats.

Tetrahedral. Four-sided, as a 3-sided pyramid and its base.

Three-ranked (3-ranked). In 3 vertical rows.

Thrice-pinnate. A compound leaf with the blade divided thrice; with three orders of leaflets, each order

pinnately compound.

Throat. The opening or orifice into a gamopetalous corolla or perianth; an open, expanded tube in the

corolla or perianth; also used for opening of a leaf sheath.

Thyrse. Secondary inflorescence type - a many-flowered inflorescence with opposite lateral cymes or

compound cymes and often with an indeterminate central axis; frequently confused with panicle.

Thyrsoid. Flowers or primary inflorescences (e.g., heads) arranged in the form of a thyrse; not a true

thyrse.

Tomentose. Covered with dense, interwoven trichomes.

Tomentum. A densely matted pubescence.

Tooth (teeth). A small, pointed marginal lobe, most often used in reference to leaf margins.

Transverse. Dehiscing at right angles to the long axis; situated or lying across; crosswise.

Tree. Woody perennials, usually with a single main truck; in general usage taller than shrubs. Compare

with shrub.

Trichome. A hairlike outgrowth of the epidermis; can be simple- to many-celled, stellate, and many

other forms; composes the hairy cover (vestiture) on a leaf or other surface of a plant.

Trifid. Cut or divided into 3 lobes or parts.

Trifoliute. Three-leaved..

Truncate. Appearing as if cut straight across; ending abruptly almost at right angles to midrib or midvein;

usually pertaining to apex or base.

Tube. The cylindrical part of the corolla, calyx, or perianth that results from fusion of the petals,

sepals. or perianth parts.

Tuberous root. Fleshy roots resembling stem tubers, e.g., a sweet potato.

Tubular. Cylindrical.

Tufted (cespitose). Much-branched plant forming a cushion, tuft, or clump.

Turbinute. Top-shaped; inversely conical (shaped like a cone).

Twice-pinnate. A compound leaf with the blade divided twice - with two orders of leaflets, each order

pinnately compound.

Twig. The shoot of a woody plant representing the growth of the current season and terminated basally

by bud scale scars; incorrectly used as a young woody stem.

Tlr,ir7irlg. Twisted around a central axis. as in many vines.

Two-rclrzketl (2-ranked). In 2 vertical rows.

Umbel. compound. A branched or second-order umbel; secondary umbels (umbellets) arranged in umbellike

fashion; an umbel with primary rays (branches) arising from a common point with a secondary

umbel rather than a flower terminating the rays.

Umbel, simple. An unbranched, determinate or indeterminate, flat-topped or convex inflorescence with

pedicellate flowers, the pedicels arising or appeamg to originate from a common point at the

apex of the peduncle, as in members of parsley or carrot family (Apiaceae).

Unurmed. Without any armature, such as thorns, spines, prickles, barbs.

Unequul. Not equal in length, size, shape, or number.

Unfoliate. One-leaved.

Unisexual. See imperfect.

Urc,eolate. Urn-shaped, as corolla in many heaths, such as blueberries.

lJtri(,/e. A dry. unilocular. bladdery or inflated, l-seeded fruit derived from a compound (syncarpous)

ovary. as in amaranths or pigweeds; a bladdery compound achene.

212
Valve. One of the pieces of a fruit after dehiscence, commonly used to describe the portions of the

ovary that separate after dehiscence, as in capsules of the morning glory (Ipomoea).

Variegated. The color disposed in various irregular, sinuous spaces.

Vuscular trace. A mark indicating former place of attachment within the leaf scar of the vascular

bundle (vein).

Vein. Prominent line or ridge on surface of a leaf blade; the vein conducts food and water and provides

support.

Veinlet. A small vein; the ultimate division of a vein.

Ventral. See adaxial.

Versatile. Anther attached dorsally and medially to apex of filament, but anther seemingly swinging free

on the filament.

Vestiture (jndument). The type of trichome or hairy cover on a leaf or other surface of a plant.

Villous (vi/lose). Shaggy vestiture; trichomes long, soft, crooked but not matted.

Vine. Plants with elongate, non-self-supporting stems; can be herbaceous, woody, annual, perennial.

Whorl. With 3 or more similar structures arranged in a circle around a common axis; most often used

with sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.

Widfh. The measurement of the extent of something from side to side; usually done at its widest point.

Wing. Any thin, dry or membranous expansion attached to an organ (on a woody stem or branch the

wing is woody); said of a petiole with flattened, bladelike margins.

Winged. With a wing.

Wiry. Like a wire; slender but tough.

Woody. Persistent, hard or lignified stems, usually with considerable secondary growth.

Zygomorphic (bilateral). Floral parts within a whorl so disposed that the structure can be divided into

two symmetrical halves along only one plane; with inequality in the size, form, or union of

similar parts in a whorl. Compare with actinomorphic; irregular.

213
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Acomastylis radiata ..................82

Agrostis heterolepis .................186

Aralia nudicaulis ...................I42

Aralia quinquefolia ..................142

Arethusa medeoloides ................ 1 14

Asplenium arcuatum ...................8

Asplenium bertolonii ...................8

Asplenium hlandulum ..................8

Asplenium dentex .....................8

Asplenium galeotti ....................8

Asplenium inaequilaterale ............... 8

Asplenium Ieptophyllum ............... .8

Asplenium menziesii ...................8

Asplenium monanthemum .............. .8

ASPLENIUM MONANTHES ........... .8

Asplenium polymer-is. ..................8

Asplenium polyphyllum ................ .8

Asplenium trichomanes var. viridissimum .... 8

Asplenium viridissimum ................ 8

Aster spithamaeus ...................I82

Astilbe hiternata .....................12

Astilbe biternata var. crenatiloba .........I2

ASTILBE CRENATILOBA ............. I2

Astilbe crenatilohata ..................12

Astilbe decandra var. crenatiloba ......... 12

Avena mollis ......................194

Bet&a alba var. cordifolia .............. 16

Betula alba ssp. papyrlfera var. cord@ia ... 16

Betula allegheniensis X B. pumila ....... .20

BETULA CORDIFOLIA ............... I6

Betula ditis ........................20

Betula divergens ....................20

Betula X jackii .....................20

Betula lenta X B. pumila ............. .20

Betula lenta var. uber. ............... .20

Betula lutea. .......................I6

Betula lutea X B. pumila ............. .20

Betula nigra var. uber ............... .20

Betula papyracea var. cordifolia .......... I6

Betula papy$era ....................16

Betula papy-ifera var. cord$olia .......... 16

Betula pumila ......................20

Betula X purpusii ...................2O

BETULA LJBER ....................20

Bifolium cordatum ..................I36

Borya distichophylla ..................24

BUCKLEYA DISTICHOPHYLLA ....... .24

CACALIA RUGELIA ................ .28

Cacalia s~4aveolen.s ...................28

CALAMAGROSTIS PORTER1 ......... .32

Carex adjusta ......................36

Carex acijusta var. sparsifora ........... 36

CAREX AENEA ....................36

Carex albolutescens var. sparisfora ...... .36

CAREX BILTMOREANA ............ .40

Carex foenea var. aenea .............. .36

Carex foenea var. perplexa ............ .36

Carex foenea var. sparsifora ........... .36

Carex,fraseri .......................66

Cares fraseriana ....................66

Carex incurva var. misera ............. .44

Carex juncea .......................44

Care-x lagopus ......................66

Carex laxiflora var. purpurifera ......... .48

Carex maritima var. misera ............ .44

Carex me1anocysti.s var. misera ......... .44

CAREX MISERA ...................44

CAREX PURPURIFERA ............. .4X

Carex praticola .....................36

Carex rugeliana .....................44

Care-y straminea var. minor ............. 36

Carex tenera f. erecta. ............... .36

Carex tetanica ......................40

Cimicifuga americana ................ .52

Cimicifuga cord{fXa ................ .S2

Cimic&yr racemosa ................ .52

Cimic$iga racemosa var. cord(fXia ....... 52

CIMICIFUGA RUBIFOLIA ........... .52

Clematis albicoma ...................S8

Clematis coactilis ....................58

Clematis fiemontii ...................58

Clematis ochroleucu ..................58

CLEMATIS VITICAULIS ............. .5 8

Comandru umbellatu .................24

COREOPSIS LATIFOLIA ............. .62

Cronopus tripitus ....................66

CYMOPHYLLUS FRASER1 ........... .66

Duliburda cordata ................... IO

DALIBARDA REPENS .............. .70

Dalibarda violaeoides ................ .70

Deyeuxia porteri ....................32

Diphyllum cordatum ................136

Distomaea cot-data ..................136

ERIOCAULON LINEARE ............ .74

Eriocaulon lineure var. gigus ........... .74

Eriocaulon .septangulare ............... 74

Eriocaulon texense ...................74

GEUM GENICULATUM ........

Geum geniculutum var. macreanum

Geum peckii .................

GEUM RADIATUM ............

Geum rivale .................

Ginseng yrrinquclfi,lium ..........

.78, 82

. . . 78

. . . . . 82

. .78, 82

. . . . 78

. . 142

214
GLYCERIA NUBICiENA .........

GRAMMITIS NIMBATA .........

HELONIAS BULLATA ........

Helonias Iat[folia .............

Helonias scapigera ............

Helonias striata ..............

HEXASTYLIS CONTRACTA ....

Hudsonia ericoides ............

Hudsonia ericoides ssp. montana . .

HUDSONIA MONTANA .......

Hudsonia tomentosa ...........

HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS .....

Hydras& trifolia .............

H~droph$lum verum ...........

.86

.90

. . . . . 94

. . . . . 94

. . . 94

. . . . 94

. . . . 98

. . . 102

. . 102

. . . . 102

. . 102

. . 106

. . 106

. . . . 106

ILIAMNA CORE1 ...............

Iliamna remota ..................

lliamna remota var. cork ..........

Ilysanthes wfracta ...............

Ilwinthes wfracta var. saxicola ......

Ilwrnthes saxicola ...............

lsotria affinis ...................

ISOTRIA MEDEOL,OIDES .........

lsotria verticillata ................

110

110

110

I32

132

132

114

114

II4

Juncus monanthos ...................I20

JUNCUSTRIFIDUS SSP. CAROLINIANlJS . 120

Juncus tr$dus ssp. monanthos .......... I 20

Juncus trifidus var. monanthos .......... 120

Koeleria canescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I94

Lacinaria helleri ...............

Lamium hispidulum .............

Leiodon latifolium .............

LIATRIS HELLERI ............

Lilium canadense ..............

LILIUM GRAY1 ..............

Lilium michiganense ............

Lindernia monticola ............

LINDERNIA SAXICOLA ........

Listera australis ...............

LISTERA CORDATA ...........

Listera

Listera

Listera

Listrra

Listera

Listera

Listera

cordata var. chlorantha ......

cordata f. disjuncta .........

cordata var. ,japonica ........

cot-data ssp. nephroph~lla .....

cordata var. nephrophylla .....

nephrophplla ..............

smallii ..................

124

190

.62

124

128

128

I28

132

132

136

136

136

136

136

136

136

136

136

Mapania sylvatica ...................66

Micranthes careyanu ............. 160. 166

Micranthes caroliniana ............... 166

Micranthes grayana .................166

Micranthes tennesseensis .............. I60

Nabalus cylindricus .................I48

Nabalus roanensis ..................148

Neottia cordatu ....................136

Nestronia umbellula ..................24

Odonectis affinis ....................114

Olamblis fruseri .....................66

Ophrys nephrophyllu .................I36

Panax americunum ..................142

Panax americanum var. elatum .......... I42

Punax americunum var. obovatum ....... I42

Panax cuneutum ....................142

Panax obovatum ....................I42

PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM ........... 142

Panux quinquefolium var. americanum .... 142

Panax yuinquqfolium var. cuneatum ...... 142

Punax quinquefolium var. obovatum ...... 142

Panax tr$(>lium ....................I42

Parugeum radiatu ...................82

Phymosia remotu ................... 1 IO

Pogonia affinis .....................114

Pogonia verticillata var. medeoloides ..... I 14

Pollinirhiza cordata .................136

Pol?lpodium nimbatum ................ .90

Prenanthrs altissima ................. 148

Prenanthes c$indrica ................ I48

Prenanthes qlindricus ............... 148

PRENANTHES ROANENSIS ......... .I48

Prenanthes serpentaria ............... I48

Pyruluria pubera ....................24

Rhodiola rounensis ..................170

Rhodiolu rosea .....................I70

Rubus daliburda .....................70

Rubus repens .......................70

Rugelia nudicuulus ...................28

Rupestrina pubescens ................I94

SAGITTARIA FASCICULATA ........ .I.52

Sqittaria graminea var. macrocurpa ..... I52

Sagittariu macrocurpa ................ 152

SARRACENIA JONES11 ............. .I56

Surracenia rubru ...................157

Sarracenia rubra f. ,jonesii ............. 156

Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii ........... 156

SAXIFRAGA CAREYANA ........... .I60

Sax(fraga cartJwna var. curoliniana ...... I66

SAXIFRAGA CAROLINIANA ...... 16 I, 166

Sax$agu graytrnu ..................I60

Sax~fraga michauxii .............. I6 I, I66

Saxifraga micrunthidqolia .......... I6 I , I66

Sux(fraga tennesseensis ............... 160

Suxifruga virginiensis ................ I6 I

Srdum rhodiola ....................170

215
Sedum roanense ..................

SEDUM ROSEA VAR. ROANENSE ...

Sedum roseum ...................

Sedum telephioides ................

Sedum telephium .................

Senecio anonymus. ................

Senecio glabellus .................

Senecio memmingeri ...............

SENECIO MILLEFOLIUM ..........

Senecio millefolium var. memmingeri. ...

Senecio rugelia ..................

Sherwoodia galacfolia .............

SHORTIA GALACIFOLIA ..........

Shortia galacifolia var. brevistyla ......

Sieversia radiata .................

Solidago nitida ...................

Solidago rigida ..................

SOLIDAGO SPITHAMAEA .........

Sphaeralcea remota ...............

.I70

.I70

.I70

. 170

.I70

.I74

.I74

. 174

.I74

.I74

. .28

. 178

. 178

. 178

. 8 2

.I82

. I82

. 182

.llO

SPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS ......... ‘186

Sporobolus junceus ..................186

Synandra grandifora ................ 190

SYNANDRA HISPIDULA ............ 190

Torreya grandzyora .................I90

Trisetum molle ..................... 194

Trisetum spicatum var. michauxii ........ 194

Trisetum spicatum ssp. molle ........... 194

TRISETUM SPICATUM VAR. MOLLE ... 194

Trisetum subspicatum var. molle ......... I94

Trisetum triflorum ssp. molle ........... 194

Vilfa heterolepis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Warnera canadensis .................IO6

Warnera diphylla ...................IO6

Warnera tinctoria ...................106

216
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES OF SPECIES

American ginseng -Punux quinquclfolium . . 142

Appalachian avens - Geum rudiatum ..... .82

Appalachian bugbane-Cimic~igurub~f~~lia . .52

Ashe birch - Betula uber ............. .20

Ashe’s birch - Bet&u uber ........... .20

Bell-lily - Lilium grayi .............. 128

Bent avens - Geum geniculutum ........ .78

Biltmore sedge - Carex biltmorearm ..... .4O

Blue ginseng -Panax quinquefolium ..... 142

Blue-ridgegoldenrod-Solid~r~os~>ithamuea . . I82

Bog-bugles - Surracenia ,jonesii ........ 156

Broadleaf coreopsis - Coreopsis lutijolia .. .62

Broad-leaved tickseed - Coreopsis lut(folia . .62

Bronzy sedge - Carex aenea .......... .36

Buckleya - Buckleya distichophyllu ....... 24

Bugle-grass - Sarracenia jonesii ........ I56

Bunched arrowhead - Sagitturia fasciculatu i . I52

Buttercups - Surruceniu jonesii ......... I56

Button-snakeroots - Liutris helleri ....... I24

Carey saxifrage - Saxijraga careyanu .... 160

Carolina saxifrage - Saxifraga caroliniunu . I66

Clustered arrowhead - Sugittaria jiisciculata . . I52

Core’s globe mallow -Iliamma corri .... I IO

Ijalibarda - Daliburdu repens. ......... .70

Dew-drop - Dalibardu repens ......... .70

Divided-leafgroundsel-Seneciomillefolium . . 174

Divided-leaf ragwort - Senecio millefolium . . 174

Divided-leaf squaw-weed - Senecio

millefolium .......................174

Double-leaf -Listera cordutu .......... I36

Dumb-watches - Surracenia jonesii ...... I56

Dwarf groundnut -Punax quinquefolium ... 142

Dwarf polypody fern - Grummitis nimbutu . .90

Dwarf-saxifrage - Suxzjiiagu caroliniana . . 166

Eve’s cups - Surraceniu jonesii ........I56

Eye-balm - HFdrastis cunadensis ....... 106

Eyebright - H~drustis cunudensis ....... 106

Eyeroot - Hydrustis canadensis ......... 106

Fairy frill - Isotria medeoloides ........ 1 I4

False-heather - Hudsoniu montuna ...... 102

False pimpernel - Lindernia saxicolu ..... 132

False violet - Daliburda repens ........ .70

Feather-trees - Astilbe crenatiloba ....... I2

Fernald’s hay sedge - Carex aenea ...... .36

Five fingers -Panux quinqutlfolium ...... 142

Fraser’s carex - Cymophyllus fruseri ..... .66

Fraser’s sedge - Cymophyllus fruseri ..... .66

Frog-bonnets - Sarraceniu jonesii ....... I56

Garantogen -Punax quinquefijlium ...... 142

Garentoquere -Panax quinquefolium . . . . . 142

Gensang -Panax quinquefolium . . . . . . . I42

Ginseng - Punax quinquefolium . . . . . . . 142

Golden-eye saxifrage-Saxijru~a careyanu . . I60

Goldenroot - Hydrastis canadensis . . . . . 106

Golden seal - Hydrastis canadensis . . . . . 106

Grantogen - Panax quinquefolium . . . . . . 142

Grape leather-flower - Clematis viticuulis . .58

Gray’s lily - Lilium gruyi . . . . . . . . . . . I28

Gray’s saxifrage - Suxifraga curolinianu . 166

Green five-leaved Orchid -fsotria

medeoloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I4

Ground-raspberry - Hydrustis canadensis . . 106

Guyandotte beauty ~ Synandru hispidula . 190

Gyandotte beauty - Synandru hispidula . . . 190

Heart-leaved listera - Listeru cordatu. . . . 136

Heart-leaved paper birch - Betulu cord(folia . I6

Heart-leaved twayblade - Listera cordutu 136

Heller’s blazing star - Liatris helleri . . . 124

Heller’s gayfeather - Liatris helleri . . . . . 124

Highland rush - Juncus trzfidus ssp.

carolinianus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I20

Hsi-yang-shen - Panax quinqucfolium . . . . 142

Hua-ch’i-shen -Panax quinqu@lium . . . . 142

Hyams sparkling shortia-Shortia galucifoliu . . I78

Iliamna - fliamnu corei . . . . . . . . . . . . . I IO

Indian-dye - Hydrastis cunudensis . . . . . . 106

Indian dye - Hydrustis canudensis . . . . . . . 106

Indian-iceroot - Hydrastis cunadensis . . . . 106

Indian paint - Hlldrastis canadensis . . . . . . 106

Indian plant - Hydrusris canadensis . . . . . 106

Indian-turmeric - Hydrustis canadensis . . . 106

Jaundice root - Hydrastis canadensis . . . . 106

Jinshard - Panax quinqugfolium . . . . . . . 142

Keamey’s bugbane -Cimicijuga rubifoliu . .52

Kumu kumu - Asplenium monanthes . . . . . .8

Leather flower - Clemutis viticuulis . . . . .58

Lesser Twayblade - Listeru corduta . . . . 136

Lily-leaf sedge - Cymophyllus ,fruseri . . . . .66

Linear pipewort - Eriocaulon lineure . . . .74

Little five-leaves -Isotriu medeoloides . . . I I4

Little whorl-crest - fsotria medeoloides . . . I I4

Manroot - Panax quinquefolium . . . . . . . . 142

Man’s health - Panux quinquefi>lium . . . . 142

Monosorialspleenwort-Aspleniummonanthes . .8

Mountain beachheather-Hudsonia montuna . . I02

Mountain golden heather - Hudsonia

montuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO2

Mountain heart leaf - HexashYis contracta . 98

217
Mountain hudsonia ~ Hudsoniu monrtrnu . . 102

Mountain lettuce - Saxifrugu curolihu~u . 166

Mountain paper birch -Bet& cord+liu . 16

Mountain pitcherplant - Surracenia ,jonr.rii . . I56

Narrow pipewort - Eriocaulon lineare . . . 74

Ninsin -- Panax quinquefolium . . . . . . . 142

Northern dropseed - Sporobolus hrterolepis . . 186

Oconee-bells - Shortiu ~@ucifi~liu . . . 178

Ohio cucuma -- Hydrastis c~rmtrden.~is . . . 106

One-flower coltsfoot - Shortiu galuc$)liu . 178

One-flowered rush - Juncus tr$dus ssp.

curoliniunus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Orange-bell lily -- Lilium gruyi . . . . . . . . 12X

Orange-root -- Hydrustis cunudcn.sis . . . . . . 106

Peter’s-mountain mallow -Iliumna corei . I 10

Piedmont ragwort - Senecio mill<folium . . . 174

Piedmont rattlesnake-root - Prenunthes

rounensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Piratebush - Buckleyu distichophyllu . . . .24

Pitcherplants - Surracenia jonesii . . . . . I56

Porter’s reed bent - Culamagrostis porteri .32

Porter’s reed grass -Ca/umu~rostis porteri . . 32

Prairie dropseed - Sporobolus hcterolepis . . 186

Purple orpine rosewort - Sedum roseu var.

rounense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Purple sedge --- Curex purpuriferu . . . . .48

Rattlesnake-masters - Liatris helleri . . . . . 124

Redberry -- Panax quinquefolium . . . . . . . . 142

Red pitcherplant - Surruceniu jonesii . . . 156

Roan astilbe - Astilbe crenutilobu . . . . 12

Roan false goat’s-beard -Astilbe crenutilobu . . I2

Roan lily - Lilium gruyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Roan rattlesnakeroot- Prenanthesroanensis . 148

Robin-runaway ~-- Daliburdu repens . . . . , .70

Rock false pimpernel ~ Lindernia suxicolu . . 132

Roseroot -- Sedum rosea var. rounense . . . 170

Round-leaf birch - Betula uber . . . . . .20

Rugel’s groundsel - Cucalia rugeliu . . .28

Rugel’s ragwort - Cuculiu rugelia . . . . .28

San Felasco spleenwort---Asplenium monanthes . .8

Sang - Panux quinquefXium . . . . . . 142

Scurvy grass ~ Sedum rosea var. rounense . . 170

Shortia - Shortiu galuczfoliu . . . . . . . 178

Single-sorusspleenwort-Aspleniummonunthes . .8

Skunk goldenrod - Solidago spithamuea . . 182

Small whorled crest-lip---lsotria medeoloides . . 114

Small whorled pogonia --Isotria medeoloides . . 114

Smaller whorled pogonia -- fsotria

medeoloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . I I4

Smoky Mountains mannagrass -Glyceriu

nubigenu . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Snowdon rose - Sedum roseu var. roanense . . 170

Soft spike trisetum - Trisctum spicatum var.

molle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Soft trisetum - Trisetum spicatum var. molle . . 194

Southern heartleaf - Hexastylis contructu . .98

Spreading avens - Geum radiatum . . . . . . .82

Star-violet - Daliburdu repens . . . . . . . . . .70

Star-violet dalibarda - Duliburdu repens . . .70

Stud flower -- Helonias bulluta . . . . . . . . . .94

Swamp-pink - Helonias bulluta . . . . . . . . .94

Swamp robin - Duliburda repens . . . . . . . 70

Sweet pitcher plant -- Surruceniu jonesii . . . 156

Synandra - Synundru hispidula . . . . . . . . . 190

Tartar root - Panux quinquefolium . . . .

Three-leaved rush - Juncus trifidus ssp.

caroliniunus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trifling polypody - Grammitis nimbuta .

Trumpets - Surrucenia jonesii . . . . . . .

Turmeric - Hydrustis canudensis . . . . . .

Turmeric-root - Hydrastis cunudensis . .

Twayblade - Listeru corduta . . . . . . . .

. 142

.I20

. .90

. 1.56

. 106

. 106

. 136

Upland red pitcher-plant -Sarracenia jonesii . . I56

Virginia birch - Betula uber . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Virginia little-leaved birch -Betulu uber . . .20

Virginia round-leaf birch - Betulu uber . . . .20

Watches - Surruceniu jonesii . . . . . . 156

White lettuce - Prenanthes roanensis . . . . 148

Wild ginseng - Punux quinqucfolium . . . . 142

Wild ginsing -- Punax quinqu<folium . . . . 142

Wild turmeric - Hydrustis canadensis . . . 106

Winter-well - Cuculia rugeliu . . . . . .28

Wretched sedge -- Cure-r miseru . . . .44

Yarrow-leavedragwort-Seneciomillejtilium ,174

Yellow eye - Hydrastis cunudensis . . . . 106

Yellow eyewright - Hydrustis canudensis 106

Yellow Indian paint - Hydrastis cunadensis 106

Yellow paintroot - Hydrustis cunudensis 106

Yellow puccoon - Hvdrustis cunudensis . 106

Yellow root - Hydrustis cunudensis . . . . 106

Yellowwort - Hydrustis cunadensis . . . . 106

218


Massey, J. R.; Otte, D.K.S.; Atkinson, T. A.; Whetstone, Massey, J. R.; Gtte, D.K.S.; Atkinson, T. A.; Whetstone,

R. D. R. D.

An atlas and illustrated guide to the threatened and An atlas and illustrated guide to the threatened and

endangered vascular plants of the mountains of North

Carolinaand Virginia. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-20. Asheville,

endangered vascular plants of the mountains of North

Carolina and Virginia. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-20. Asheville,

NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1983. 218 p. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1983. 218 p.

Provides detailed description and illustration of 45 spe- Provides detailed description and illustration of 45 species of endangered vascular plants to assist public and ties of endangered vascular plants to assist public and

private efforts to protect and to conserve them. Range private efforts to protect and to conserve them. Range

maps indicate the location of each species and additional maps indicate the location of each species and additional

sources of information are also given for each species. sources of information are also given for each species.

Keywords: Natural habitats, conservation, herbaria. Keywords: Natural habitats, conservation, herbaria.
.--

The Forest Service. U.S. Department of -Agriculture, is dedicated to the principle of multiple

.’ -

use management of the Nation’s

forest resources for sustained

yields of wood. water., forage.

* wildlife. and recreation. Through

forestry research, cooperation

with the States and private forest

owners, and management of the

National Forests and National

Grasslands, it strives-as directed by Congress-to provide

increasingly greater service to a

growing Nation.

USDA policy does not permit discrimination because of

race, color, national origin. sex or religion. Any person

who believes he or she has been discriminated against in

any USDA-related activity should .write immediately to

the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington. D.C. 20250.

i