U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey

Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Water from 

Springs, Wells, and Streams in Parts of Shenandoah 

National Park, Virginia, and Vicinity, 1995-1999

by L. Niel Plummer, Eurybiades Busenberg, John-Karl Bohlke, Rebecca W. 

Carmody, Gerolamo C. Casile, Tyler B. Coplen, Michael W. Doughten, Janet E. 

Hannon, Wandee Kirkland, Robert L. Michel, David L. Nelms, Brian C. Norton, 

Kathryn E. Plummer, Haiping Qi, Kinga Revesz, Peter Schlosser, Shane Spitzer, 

Julian E. Wayland, and Peggy K. Widman

Open-File Report 00-373

Prepared in cooperation with the 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

SHENANDOAH NATIONAL PARK

Reston, Virginia 

December, 2000
U.S. Department of the Interior

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

The use of trade, product, or firm names in this report is for descriptive purposes 

only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

For additional information write to:

Chief, Branch of Regional Copies of this report can be

Research purchased from:

Eastern Region

U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey

432 National Center Branch of Information Services

12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

Reston, Virginia 20192 Denver, CO 80225-0286
CONTENTS

Abstract ....................................................................................................... 1

Introduction .................................................................................................. 1

Climatic data for Shenandoah National Park....................................................... 3

Sample locations ....................................................................................... 3

Acknowledgments...................................................................................... 3

Sample collection and analytical procedures............................................................. 8

Air samples.............................................................................................. 8

Water chemistry......................................................................................... 8

Major dissolved gases.................................................................................. 9

Chlorofluorocarbons.................................................................................... 9

Sulfur hexafluoride..................................................................................... 9

Tritium................................................................................................... 9

Tritium/helium-3 and noble gases.................................................................... 9

Sulfur isotopes.......................................................................................... 10

Sulfur-35 in sulfate..............................................................................10

Stable sulfur isotope ratios in sulfate......................................................... 10

Stable isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen in water............................................ 11

Isotope ratios of nitrogen in nitrate.................................................................. 11

Tables of analytical data..................................................................................... 11

Air samples.............................................................................................. 11

Well and spring samples............................................................................... 11

Dissolved N2, Ar, Ne, He, O2, CO2, recharge temperature and excess air................ 11

Chlorofluorocarbon concentrations and CFC age............................................. 12

Sulfur hexafluoride concentrations and SF6 age.............................................. 13

Tritium, helium, and neon data, and 3H/3He age..............................................13

Stable isotope data................................................................................13

Water chemistry...................................................................................13

Surface-water samples............................................................................... 14

References...................................................................................................... 14

Tables 1-17.................................................................................................... 17

in
Figures

1. Location of Shenandoah National Park and vicinity....................................................5

2. Map showing location of wells, springs and surface-water sampling sites in and near 

Shenandoah National Park. Numbers are site identification numbers referred to in the 

tables...........................................................................................................6

3. Map showing location of wells, springs and surface-water sampling sites in and near 

Shenandoah National Park in relation to the geologic units within the Park (Gathright,

Tables

(All tables are placed at the end of the text)

1. Identification of spring samples from Shenandoah National Park and vicinity.................... 17

2. Identification of well samples from Shenandoah National Park and vicinity...................... 18

3. Identification of surface-water samples from Shenandoah National Park and

vicinity....................................................................................................... 19

4. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride concentrations in air

from the Big Meadows Air Monitoring Station, Shenandoah National Park.......................20

5. Summary of dissolved gases (nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, oxygen, and carbon

dioxide)...................................................................................................... 21

6. Summary of recharge temperatures and quantities of excess air.....................................27

7. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in water from wells and springs................ 30

8. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon-based apparent recharge dates, ages, and

uncertainties................................................................................................ 35

9. Concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride in North American

(N.A.)air.....................................................................................................40

10. Summary of sulfur hexafluoride data...................................................................43

11. Summary of tritium, dissolved helium, and dissolved neon data................................... 48

12. Summary of tritium/helium-3 ages..................................................................... 50

13. Summary of hydrogen (52H, 3H), oxygen (518O). sulfur (35S. 534S), and nitrogen (515N)

isotopic data................................................................................................53

14. Summary of field parameters and major-element chemistry........................................ 57

15. Summary of minor-element chemistry................................................................. 62

16. Summary of trace-element chemistry.................................................................. 65

17. Summary of isotopic data (52H, 5180, 3H) for surface-water samples............................. 70

iv
CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABREVIATED UNITS

Multiply________By_______To obtain

Cubic centimeters (cm3)

Gram (g)

Kilogram (kg)

Kilometer (km)

Square kilometer (km2)

Meter (m)

Millimeter (mm)

Centimeter (cm)

Becquerel per liter (Bq/L)

Terra becquerels (TBq)

Tritium Units (TU)

Kilopascal (kPa)

Picogram (pg)

Femtogram (fg)

0.06102

0.03527

2.205

0.6215

0.3861

3.281

0.03937

0.3937

0.027

27

3.19

5.28 IxlO- 12

IxlO- 15

Cubic inch

Ounce

Pound

Mile

Square mile

Foot

Inch

Inch

Picocuries per liter

Curies

Picocuries per liter

Atmosphere, standard

Gram

Gram

For temperature, degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by using 

the formula °F=(1.8)(°C) + 32.

Stable isotope ratios are reported as 8 values computed from the formula

R \ 

6r =\ 11000 ,

RSTD I

where Rx is the ratio of the isotopes measured in the sample and RSTD is the isotope ratio in 

the reference standard. The value of 8X is in parts per thousand (per mil).

Abbreviated units used in report: L (liter), mL (milliliter), kg (kilogram), pg (picogram), mol 

(mole), jimol (micromole), fmol (femtomol), fg (femtogram), pptv (parts per trillion by 

volume), mg/L (milligrams per liter), |ig/L (micrograms per liter), STP (standard temperature 

and pressure, 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere pressure).
Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Water from 

Springs, Wells, and Streams in Parts of Shenandoah 

National Park, Virginia, and Vicinity, 1995-1999

By L. Niel Plummer, Eurybiades Busenberg, John-Karl Bohlke, Rebecca W. Carmody, 

Gerolamo C. Casile, Tyler B. Coplen, Michael W. Doughten, Janet E. Hannon, Wandee 

Kirkland, Robert L. Michel, David L. Nelms, Brian C. Norton, Kathryn E. Plummer, Haiping 

Qi, Kinga Revesz, Peter Schlosser, Shane Spitzer, Julian E. Wayland, and Peggy K. 

Widman

ABSTRACT

The chemical and isotopic composition of 

water discharging from 44 springs and 32 wells in 

Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and vicinity were 

measured. The data include field measurements of 

water temperature, specific conductance, 

concentrations of dissolved oxygen (O2), and pH, 

and laboratory measurements of major- minor- and 

trace-element chemistry, concentrations of 

dissolved gases (nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), helium 

(He), neon (Ne), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide 

(CO2)), tritium (3H) of water, concentrations of 

dissolved trace atmospheric gases, including 

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC113), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), the 3He/4He 

isotope ratio (53He) of dissolved He, stable ^'H 

and 18O/16O isotope ratios (52H and 518O) of water, 

the stable 34S/32S isotope ratio (534S) of dissolved 

sulfate, the stable 15N/14N isotope ratio (515N) of 

dissolved nitrate, and the activity of radioactive 

sulfur-35 (35S) of dissolved sulfate. Water from 

selected springs and wells was sampled in April 

1996, August-September 1997, and AugustSeptember 1999. Additional data on the 

atmospheric mixing ratios of CFC-11, CFC-12, 

CFC-113 and SF6 in air from the Big Meadows Air 

Monitoring Station, SNP are given approximately 

weekly for the period September 1995 through 

March 2000.

Five springs (Lewis Spring, Furnace Spring, 

Byrd's Nest 3, Browntown Valley Overlook 

Spring, and Hudson Spring) were sampled monthly

between March 1999 and September 1999. 

Measurements were also made of 3H, 518O, and 52H 

of water from 30 streams near the base of the east 

and west flanks of the Blue Ridge Mountains that 

encompass Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, in 

April 1996 and September 1997.

INTRODUCTION

Shenandoah National Park (SNP) covers an 

area of approximately 800 km2 in the Blue Ridge 

Mountains of Virginia (fig. 1). Water from springs 

and wells is the sole source of public and staff 

supply for SNP, which receives more than 1.5 

million visitors annually. Little is actually known 

about the quality of ground water in the Park, its 

susceptibility to contamination, the response times 

of springs and wells to transient chemical inputs, 

and lag times (ground-water ages, ground-water 

residence times) necessary for flushing of 

contaminants from ground water.

Approximately 850 springs and seeps have 

been identified throughout the Park, but most of 

these have discharges of less than several liters per 

second, and most occur at elevations significantly 

below Park facilities, limiting their usefulness as 

water supplies to Park facilities (DeKay, 1972). 

Approximately 70 springs are known to occur 

above or near Skyline Drive, the principal route of 

travel in the Park that traverses 170 km along the 

crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains (fig. 1).
The potential for contamination of water 

supplies in SNP is compounded by several factors. 

First, water discharged from shallow, unconfined 

springs can be easily contaminated from surficial 

sources, and water pumped from wells in dense, 

fractured rock is difficult to protect from 

contamination because of the multiplicity and 

unknown connections of flow paths available to 

waters infiltrating from the land surface. The 

problem of connectivity of flow paths in the 

fractured-rock aquifers is further compounded 

when the aquifer is hydraulically stressed during 

pumping of wells, which can cause rapid transport 

of contaminants over relatively large distances. 

Secondly, the potential for contamination of water 

supplies is increased by the location of facilities in 

the Park.

In the original development and construction 

of SNP in the 1930s, buildings, campgrounds and 

other facilities were located and constructed in near 

proximity to the largest springs that occur in the 

higher-altitude, more scenic parts of the Park. In 

later years, water supply wells were drilled near 

Park facilities to supplement these springs. The 

result is that most public water supplies are located 

in the most populated parts of the Park, and at 

higher altitudes that lack surface-water sources. 

The shallow springs and fractured-rock aquifers can 

be easily contaminated by improperly functioning 

waste disposal (septic) systems or run-off from 

facilities operations in the Park.

Springs used for public water supply were 

modified by sub-surface construction in the 1930s 

to enhance discharge and collection. In some 

cases, the development was fairly extensive, with 

underground construction of "wing walls", gravel 

packs, and terra cotta pipes that channel water, 

often from multiple subsurface sources, to a weir 

box and then to a central collection and distribution 

system where the water is chlorinated. 

Construction records indicate that some springs 

combine discharge from shallow fractures in 

bedrock with water draining from shallow 

colluvium and residuum that overlies the bedrock.

The measurement of the concentrations of 

atmospheric environmental tracers and other 

chemical and isotopic substances in water from 

springs and wells gives information on groundwater quality, ground-water age and travel time.

Environmental tracers (chlorofluorocarbons 

(CFCs), tritium (3H), tritiogenic helium-3 (3He), 

sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and sulfur-35 (35S)) have 

known historical atmospheric concentrations 

(Plummer and Busenberg, 1999), and for tritium 

and sulfur-35, known half-lives (Plummer and 

others, 1993; Sueker, Turk and Michel, 1999; 

Michel, and others, 2000). Elevated concentrations 

of chlorofluorocarbons (Plummer and Busenberg, 

1999) and 15N (Kendall and Aravena, 1999) can be 

used to identify water supplies that are being 

affected by human activities.

During the period October, 1995 through 

September, 1999, the USGS completed several 

synoptic samplings of selected springs and wells in 

SNP, along with other studies of air and 

precipitation chemistry. This report tabulates the 

chemical and isotopic data obtained by the USGS 

for water from shallow springs and wells in SNP 

and vicinity. Additional data are given on the 

chemical and isotopic composition of water 

samples from selected surface waters at the base of 

the Blue Ridge Mountains surrounding SNP, and 

for trace gases (chlorofluorocarbons and sulfur 

hexafluoride) in air from the Big Meadows Air 

Monitoring Station, SNP.

For samples from springs and wells, the data 

include field measurements of water temperature, 

specific conductance, concentrations of dissolved 

oxygen (O2), and pH, and laboratory measurements 

of major- and minor-element chemistry, 

concentrations of dissolved gases (nitrogen (N2), 

argon (Ar), helium (He), neon (Ne), oxygen (O2), 

carbon dioxide (CO2)), tritium (3H) of water, 

concentrations of dissolved trace atmospheric 

gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, 

CFC-12, and CFC-113), and sulfur hexafluoride 

(SF6), the 3He/4He isotope ratio (as 63He) of 

dissolved helium, WH and 18O/16O isotope ratios 

(62H and 618O) of water, the 34S/32S isotope ratio 

(634S) of dissolved sulfate, the 15N/14N isotope ratio 

(615N) of dissolved nitrate, and the activity of 

radioactive sulfur-35 (35S) of dissolved sulfate. 

Surface-water samples include measurements of 

62H, 6180, 3H activity. Air samples include analyses 

of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113, and SF6.
Climatic Data for Shenandoah National 

Park

Precipitation at Big Meadows in the central 

part of the Park (fig. 1) averaged about 114 cm 

annually over the period 1962 through 1971 

(DeKay, 1972), and 145 cm annually during the 

period 1988 to 1999 (National Atmospheric 

Deposition Program (NADP) data). Annual 

precipitation for the years 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 

1998, and 1999 was 138, 194, 171, 126, 132, and 

141 cm, respectively (NADP data). The mean 

annual temperature was 7.8 °C at Big Meadows 

(elevation 1070 m) and 11.2 °C at Park 

Headquarters (elevation 340 m) between 1962 and 

1971 (DeKay, 1972). The mean annual temperature 

at Big Meadows was 8.5 °C during the period 1988 

through 1999 (National Park Service Air Resources 

Division (ARD) data). Mean annual temperatures 

for the years 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 

1999 were 8.5, 7.8, 7.4, 7.7, 9.5, and 8.5 °C, 

respectively at Big Meadows (ARD data).

Sample Locations

All spring, well, and surface-water sample 

sites are located by Site ID number on figure 2 and 

identified in the tables by Site ED. The Site ED 

numbers from figure 2 are used throughout this 

report. A separate SNP number was assigned to 

each sample to distinguish multiple samples from a 

single site. Samples may also be distinguished by 

Site name, sample date and sample time from the 

tables.

A total of 44 springs and 32 wells were 

sampled (Tables 1 and 2). Water from selected 

springs and wells was sampled in April 1996, 

August-September 1997, and August-September 

1999. Five springs (Lewis Spring, Furnace Spring, 

Byrd's Nest 3, Browntown Valley Overlook 

Spring, and Hudson Spring) were sampled monthly 

between March 1999 and September 1999. Table 3 

gives the location and elevation of all 32 surfacewater sample sites (fig. 2). Thirty streams near the 

base of the east and west flanks of the Blue Ridge 

Mountains were sampled for 3H, 818O, and 82H in 

April 1996 and September 1997. Weekly air 

samples from the Big Meadows Air Monitoring 

Station were analyzed for CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113, and SF6 from October 1995 through December 

1999.

Table 1 includes the Site ID number (fig. 2), 

latitude, longitude, elevation, watershed area, and 

the principal geologic formation for the springs. 

Table 2 gives locations of all wells sampled, along 

with land-surface elevation, principal geologic 

formation, total depth, depth to bedrock, depth of 

casing, casing diameter, and depths of waterbearing zones. Additional well-construction data 

are given in DeKay (1972). Latitude and longitude 

were determined using the NAVSTAR Global 

Positioning System (GPS) Precise Positioning 

Service (PPS) equipment. Site locations are based 

on averages of approximately 1000 readings from 

the GPS/PPS in "Continuous Mode" operation and 

are accurate to within approximately 0.01 seconds 

(Table 1).

Watershed area was estimated from traces of 

drainage divides on 7.5-minute USGS topographic 

maps. The principal geologic formation was based 

on data of Gathright (1976) and DeKay (1972). All 

samples from within the boundaries of Shenandoah 

National Park are located on the surficial geologic 

map (Gathright, 1976) in figure 3.

Acknowledgments

This study was conducted in cooperation with 

the National Park Service (NFS). The assistance of 

Robert Krumenaker, Christi Gordon, Dan Hurlbert, 

and Steve Richards, NPS, Shenandoah National 

Park, Luray, Virginia is gratefully acknowledged. 

The work was supported by funds from the 

National Research Program, U.S. Geological 

Survey (USGS), and the Office of Ground Water, 

USGS. This work would not have been possible 

without the field, laboratory assistance and 

computer assistance of many of our colleagues, all 

of whom are affiliated with the U.S. Geological 

Survey, Reston, VA, unless otherwise indicated 

below.

The primary responsibilities of the authors of 

this report were as follows: Eurybiades Busenberg, 

sulfur hexafluoride analyses, air analyses, and age 

interpretation; John-Karl Bohlke, nitrogen isotope 

ratio analyses; Rebecca W. Carmody, stable sulfur 

isotope ratio analyses; Gerolamo C. Casile, field 

sampling, chlorofluorocarbon analyses, sulfur-35
laboratory processing; Tyler B. Coplen, stable 

hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur isotope ratio analyses; 

Michael W. Doughten, field sampling and water 

chemistry; Janet E. Hannon, nitrogen isotope ratio 

analyses and sulfur-35 laboratory processing; 

Wandee Kirkland, sulfur hexafluoride analyses; 

Robert L. Michel, sulfur-35 analyses; David L. 

Nelms (U.S. Geological Survey, Richmond, VA), 

field sampling and project planning; Brian C. 

Norton, database management and computer 

graphics; Kathryn E. Plummer, stable hydrogen and 

oxygen isotope ratio analyses; Haiping Qi, stable 

sulfur isotope ratio analyses; Kinga Revesz, stable 

sulfur isotope ratio analyses; Peter Schlosser 

(Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia 

University, Palisades, NY), tritium/helium-3 

analyses and age interpretation; Shane Spitzer 

(National Park Service, Shenandoah National Park,

Luray, VA), collection of air samples; Julian E. 

Wayland, field sampling, chlorofluorocarbon 

analyses, sulfur-35 laboratory processing; and 

Peggy K. Widman, field sampling and analysis of 

major dissolved gases.

Additional field assistance was provided by 

Anne Burton (USGS, Reston, VA), Steve Richards 

(NFS, SNP), Vanessa Fox (Institute of Geological 

and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand), 

and John Weaver (CSIR, Stellenbosch, South 

Africa). Computer assistance from Sarah Parnes 

(USGS, Reston, VA) is gratefully acknowledged. 

The report was improved by review comments from 

Stephanie D. Shapiro and Michael J. Focazio 

(USGS, Reston, Virginia). Lamont-Doherty Earth 

Observatory of Columbia University contribution 

No. 6134.
8,2°

39°-

7,8°

Shenandoah 

National Park

\ A *

Headquarters

Enlarged Area Shown in Black

N

Skyland

Big MeadOWS Stanley .%

, Staunton

Waynesboro

5 0 5 10 15 Miles

10 0 10 20 Kilometers " 

Spring

^^ Shenandoah

J^^ Elkton

Harrisonburg A

Grottoes

Figure 1. Location of Shenandoah National Park and vicinity.
39°-

Enlarged Area Shown in Black

15 Miles

20 Kilometers

29 J 7

C^J

Charlottesville

Surface Water 

Well

Figure 2. Location of wells, springs and surface-water sampling sites in and near Shenandoah 

National Park. Numbers are site identification numbers referred to in the tables of this report.
Sites

 Springs

A Surface Water

 Wells 

Geologic Unit

Catoctin Fm.

Erwin (Antietam) Fm.

Hampton (Harpers) Fm.

Old Rag Granite

Pedlar Fm.

Swift Run Fm. 

_ Weverton Fm. 

1 Cities

Washington

N

-^

Staunton

Madison

505 10 15 Miles 

10 0 10 20 Kilometers

Waynesboro

Charlottesville

Figure 3. Relation of wells, springs and surface-water sampling sites in and near Shenandoah 

National Park to geologic units within the Park (Gathright, 1976).
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND 

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

The methods used to sample springs and wells 

were selected to minimize or eliminate contact with 

air. For developed springs, a stainless-steel piston 

displacement pump (Bennett pump) was inserted in 

the discharge pipe for the spring. If possible, flow 

from the spring was then blocked, flooding the 

below-land-surface construction. A closed path 

from the pump to the sample container prevented 

subsequent contact with air. Spring discharge was 

measured by capturing timed flow in a calibrated 

bucket. Wells were purged of at least 3 casing 

volumes prior to sampling. Stability in field 

parameters including water temperature, specific 

conductance, pH and dissolved oxygen provided 

additional guidelines in determining when to 

sample wells. A closed path was established 

between the well and sampling equipment to 

prevent contact of the sample with air. Containers 

for surface-water samples were filled by 

submerging the containers directly in the source.

Air Samples

Ambient air samples were collected in 800 cc 

stainless steel flasks with electro-polished internal 

surfaces using an ultra-pure diaphram-type pump 

and analyzed for CFCs and SF6. The flasks were 

prepared in the laboratory by pressurizing with 

ultra-pure nitrogen. At the Big Meadows Air 

Monitoring Station, the nitrogen was released and 

the flask flushed with air for 15 minutes prior to 

filling. Total sample pressure was typically 2 

atmospheres. Air samples were pumped through 

3.1 mm (O.D.) refrigeration-grade stainless steel 

tubing from a point approximately 30 m above land 

surface. The gas samples were analyzed by 

electron capture dector (BCD) gas chromatography, 

with a precision of approximately 5 percent.

Water Chemistry

The procedures and guidelines established by 

the USGS were followed in the collection and 

preservation of the water samples. Samples for 

analysis of cations were filtered (0.45iu.m) and 

collected in acid-rinsed 250-mL polyethylene 

bottles. The samples were acidified with 1 mL of

Ultrex nitric acid. The samples for analysis of 

anions were filtered and collected in 250-mL 

polypropylene containers. The containers, filters, 

and acid were obtained from USGS National Water 

Quality Laboratory in Lakewood, Colorado. 

Further details of field collection procedures are 

described elsewhere (Busenberg and Plummer, 

1992; Dunkle and others, 1994; Plummer and 

others, 1998a, 1998b; Busenberg and others, 1998, 

2000).

Samples were analyzed for major cations and 

silica at the USGS Water Chemistry Laboratory in 

Reston, Virginia using the ARL SpectraSpan V, a 

multi-element direct-current plasma spectrometer 

(DCP). The instrument is equipped with the Adam 

analytical manager and background corrector. The 

detection limits for Ca, Mg, Sr, SiO2, Na, K, Fe, 

Mn, and Al by DCP were less than 0.1, 0.01, 0.005, 

0.1, 0.05, 0.1, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.005 parts per 

million (ppm), respectively. Precision for 

measurement of Ca, Mg, Sr, SiO2, Na, K, Fe, Mn, 

and Al concentrations by DCP was 3 to 5, 3 to 5, 3 

to 5, 5, 3 to 5, 5 to 10, 5 to 10, 5, and 10 to 15 

percent, respectively.

Samples were analyzed for trace cations using 

a Perkin Elmer ELAN6000 inductively coupled 

plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) with a Scotttype cross flow nebulizer for sample introduction 

and a quadrupole mass separator. The detection 

limits for Cu, Ni, Rb, and V were 0.1 parts per 

billion (ppb). The detection limits for Ba, Li, and 

Zn were 1 ppb The detection limits for Pb and B 

were 0.05 and 20 ppb, respectively. Precision was 

generally 3 to 5 percent for all elements analyzed 

by ICP-MS.

A Dionex series 4000i ion chromatograph (1C) 

equipped with a Dionex AS4 column (1996 data), 

and a Dionex DX-120 equipped with a Dionex 

ASH column (1997 and 1999 data) were used for 

the analysis of samples for fluoride, chloride, 

nitrate, and sulfate. Bromide was measured with a 

Dionex DX-120 ion chromatograph. Detection 

limits for chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and fluoride 

were less than 1, 2, 0.1, and 0.05 ppm, respectively. 

The bromide detection limit depended on the 

volume of the sampling loop used to inject the 

sample into the ion chromatograph and ranged from 

less than 0.005 to less than 0.02 ppm. The 

precisions for measurements of chloride, sulfate,
nitrate, fluoride, and bromide were 3, 3 to 5, 3 to 5, 

3, and 10 percent, respectively.

Major Dissolved Gases

Water samples for analysis of major dissolved 

gases were collected in 150 cc septum bottles 

without headspace. Concentrations of N2, Ar, O2, 

and CO2 were measured in the USGS Dissolved 

Gas Laboratory, Reston, Virginia using gas 

chromatography procedures (See 

http://water.usgs.gov/lab/cfc/). Replicate analyses 

of N2 and Ar in laboratory standards prepared by 

equilibrating water samples with air were typically 

within 1 percent and yielded calculated 

equilibration temperatures within ± 0.5 °C (See 

Busenberg and others, 1998 for further details). 

The dissolved O2 and CO2 analyses have 

uncertainties similar to dissolved N2 and Ar, but 

can deviate as much as 20 percent between 

replicate samples because of varying extents of 

microbiological processes occurring in the sample 

bottles.

Chlorofluorocarbons

Water samples for analysis of CFCs were 

fused into borosilicate ampoules in the field using 

collection procedures that exclude contact with air 

(Busenberg and Plummer, 1992). Concentrations 

of the CFCs, CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane, 

CFC13), CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane, 

CF2C12), and CFC-113, (trichlorotrifluoroethane, 

C2F3C13), were determined at the USGS 

Chlorofluorocarbon Laboratory, Reston, Virginia 

using purge and trap gas chromatography with an 

electron-capture detector (Busenberg and Plummer, 

1992; http://water.usgs.gov/lab/cfc/). The CFC 

concentrations are referenced to average air 

compositions measured at Niwot Ridge, CO 

(Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory 

(CMDL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of 

Commerce (see http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/). The 

detection limit for CFC-11 and CFC-12 is near 0.3 

picograms per kilogram of water (pg kg" 1 ), and 

approximately 1.0 pg/kg for CFC-113.

Sulfur Hexafluoride

Water samples for analysis of SF6 were 

collected in 2.5 L plastic-coated glass bottles. The 

tube carrying water from the sample pump was 

placed in the bottom of the bottle, displacing the air 

above the water. After at least 3 L of over-flow, the 

tube was slowly removed. The bottles were sealed 

with screw caps with conical liners without 

headspace. The cone liners in the caps allowed for 

some expansion of the water on warming. 

However, caps were slightly loosened periodically 

to prevent the glass bottles from breaking when the 

ground-water temperatures were significantly lower 

than the ambient air temperature. The SF6 analyses 

were performed in the USGS laboratory in Reston, 

Virginia, by purge and trap gas-chromatographic 

procedures (Busenberg and Plummer, 2000). The 

SF6 detection limit was approximately 1.5 

femtograms per liter (fgL" 1 ).

Tritium

Water samples for analysis of 3H were 

collected in 500 cc glass bottles. The bottles were 

sealed with screw caps with conical liners. 

Approximately 10 cc air space was left in the 

bottles during filling to accommodate expansion on 

warming. The samples were enriched 

electrolytically and analyzed by liquid scintillation 

counting in the low-level tritium laboratory of the 

USGS, in Menlo Park, California, following 

procedures modified from those described by 

Thatcher and others (1977). Additional 3H 

measurements were made at the Noble Gas 

Laboratory at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory 

of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, 

using the He ingrowth technique (Clarke and 

others, 1976; Bayer and others, 1989). The 3H 

results based on liquid scintillation counting and He 

ingrowth were identical within the uncertainties of 

the measurements (generally < 0.1 TU for He 

ingrowth measurements and 0.3 to 0.4 TU for lowlevel counting).

Tritium/Helium-3 and Noble Gases

Samples for 3H/3He age determination (3H, 

83He, 4He, and Ne analyses) were collected in 80 

cm long copper tubes with pinch-off clamps, and
analyzed at the Noble Gas Laboratory, LamontDoherty Earth Observatory of Columbia 

University, Palisades, NY, using massspectrometric procedures (Ekwurzel and others, 

1994; Ludin and others, 1998). An additional 500 

cc water sample was collected in a glass bottle for 

3H determination by 3He ingrowth. Gases were 

extracted quantitatively (>99.9 percent) from the 

water sample in the copper sample tubes using a 

vacuum extraction line and transferred into flamesealed glass ampoules. After separation of water 

vapor and dissolved gases in several cryogenic 

traps, He isotopes were measured on a VG 5400 

mass spectrometer. Analyses of duplicate samples 

agreed within the analytical error of about ± 2 

percent for the 4He concentration and ±1 percent for 

the 3He/4He ratio. Neon was measured in parallel to 

the He isotopes in a quadrupole mass spectrometer 

with a precision of < ± 4 percent. The analytical 

errors assigned to the He and Ne concentrations, as 

well as the 3He/4He ratios were based on factors 

affecting both the extraction procedures and the 

mass spectrometric measurements. The term 83He 

expresses the deviation of the 3He/4He ratio of the 

sample from that of air in percent:

laboratory where the samples were weighed. The 

water samples were spiked with approximately 100 

mg of 35S-free Na2SO4, which helped to improve 

recovery of sulfur from the original sample. The 

total dissolved sulfate was then collected on the 

anion exchange resin, eluted in the laboratory and 

precipitated as BaSO4.

The 35S activity was determined by beta-decay 

counting procedures at the USGS Laboratory, 

Menlo Park, California (Sueker and others, 1999; 

Michel and others, 2000). Data on the total 

dissolved sulfate, the amount of sulfate recovered 

in laboratory processing to BaSO4, and weight of 

the sample were used to correct the 35S activity 

relative to 1 L of sample. The 35S activity was then 

corrected to the date of sample collection using the 

half-life of 87 days. Depending on the initial 35S 

activity in the sample and the biogeochemical 

behavior of the sulfate, the detection limit of betacounting procedures for 35S permits recognition of 

waters younger than about 1.5 years (approximately 

5 half-lives) or mixtures of younger waters with 

waters older than 1.5 years. The 35S activity is 

reported as milli-Becquerels per liter of sample 

(mBq L" 1 ).

S3He =

3 He}

J.\ampie

~

,

4He

100 , (1)

where the 3He/4He ratio of air is equal to 1.384xlO"6 

(Clark and others, 1976).

Stable Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Sulfate

Water samples for analysis of 34S were 

collected in the field on anion exchange resin. The 

dissolved sulfate (without Na2SO4 spike) was eluted 

in the laboratory and precipitated as BaSO4. The S 

isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate is 

reported as 834S on the Vienna Canyon Diablo 

Triolite (VCDT) scale (Coplen and Krouse, 1998) 

with a typical 2a uncertainty of ± 0.4 per mil. The 

term 834S is defined as:

Sulfur Isotopes

Samples for analysis of 34S/32S and 35S were 

collected as sulfate on anion exchange resins from 

approximately 20 L water samples using methods 

described by Carmody and others (1998).

Sulfur-35 in Sulfate

Water samples for analysis of 35S were 

collected in plastic carboys and returned to the

Jsample *

1000 . (2)

10
Stable Isotope Ratios of Oxygen and 

Hydrogen in Water

Water samples for determination of the stable 

isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen were 

untreated and collected in 60 cc glass bottles with 

polycone-seal liner caps. The stable isotopes of 

oxygen and hydrogen (expressed as 818O and 82H) 

were determined on water samples at the USGS 

Stable Isotope Laboratory, Reston, Virginia. The 

terms 818O and 52H are expressed as the per mil 

(parts per thousand) deviation from the Vienna 

SMOW (VSMOW, Vienna Standard Mean Ocean 

Water; Coplen, 1996) standard:

S18 0 =

"°

"

0 sample,

u£| °L

-i

MOW

1000 , (3)

and

S 2H =

JL 1H

/sample -1

'MOW

1000 . (4)

The 8I8O and 82H values were normalized (Coplen, 

1988) on scales such that the 818O and82H values 

of SLAP (Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation) 

are -55.5 and -428 per mil, respectively. The 2a 

precisions of O- and H-isotope results were 0.2 and 

1.5 per mil, respectively.

sample containing approximately 10-20 (amole of 

nitrate was titrated with KOH to a pH value of 9- 

10, freeze-dried in a polyethylene Erlenmayer flask, 

redissolved in 1-2 mL of de-ionized water, then 

freeze-dried again in a quartz tube open at one end. 

Combustion reagents (0.2 g of CaO plus 2.0 g of a 

Cu-Cu2O mixture) were added to the tube, which 

was then evacuated, sealed, and baked (held at 

850°C for 2 hours, then cooled at 40°C per hour to 

room temperature). N2 gas was admitted to the 

mass spectrometer by breaking the tube under 

vacuum at the inlet with no further purification. 

The nitrogen isotope analyses were calibrated by 

interspersed analyses of laboratory standard nitrate 

solutions whose values are known with respect to 

the normalized scale provisionally defined by 

IAEA-N1 (+0.43 %c) and USGS-32 (+180.0%c) 

(Bohlke and Coplen, 1995), with average 1 a 

uncertainties of less than ± 0.1 per mil (average 

deviation from the mean for sample aliquots 

prepared and analyzed separately). Concentrations 

of total N determined from the mass spectrometer 

signals for freeze-dried, combusted samples 

generally were in excellent agreement with 

concentrations of nitrate determined from 1C 

measurements. See Bohlke and Denver (1995) for 

additional information on N isotope sample 

collection and analysis.

TABLES OF ANALYTICAL DATA 

Air Samples

Concentrations of gases in air samples are 

reported as mixing ratios in dry air in units of parts 

per trillion by volume (pptv). Concentrations of 

CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and SF6 in air from the 

Big Meadows Air Monitoring Station, Shenandoah 

National Park are summarized in Table 4.

Isotope Ratios of Nitrogen in Nitrate Well and Spring Samples

Water samples for determination of isotope 

ratios of nitrogen in dissolved nitrate were filtered 

through 0.45iim filters in the field, collected in 

field-rinsed 1-L plastic bottles without preservative, 

and stored under refrigeration until analyzed. 

Nitrogen isotope analyses were performed on N2 

gas produced from nitrate (plus trace amounts of 

nitrite and organic N, if present). A split from each

Dissolved N2, Ar, Ne, He, O2, CO2, Recharge 

Temperature and Excess Air

Table 5 summarizes concentrations of 

dissolved N2, Ar, Ne, He, O2, and CO2. The table 

also includes calculation of the recharge 

temperature (°C), and excess air (ccSTP/kg) based 

on the dissolved N2 and Ar data and the landsurface elevation of the spring discharge area or

11
well head. This procedure leads to a minimum 

estimate of the average elevation of recharge for 

springs in SNP. Based on traces of watershed area 

on topographic maps (Table 1), recharge elevations 

of some of the sampled springs could be as much as 

500 feet higher than that of the discharge point. 

The elevation of recharge for water pumped from 

wells is even less certain due to the unknown nature 

of ground-water flow in the fractured rocks of SNP. 

However, as most of the spring and well samples 

are from the higher elevations in SNP and located 

near the Skyline Drive, the elevation of recharge 

cannot be significantly underestimated. Plummer 

and Busenberg (1999) discuss uncertainties in 

calculated gas partial pressures and apparent CFCbased ages resulting from uncertainties in recharge 

elevation. Generally, uncertainties of 500 feet in 

recharge elevation can be ignored.

The recharge temperature is the temperature at 

the water table during recharge and was determined 

by assuming that the dissolved N2 and Ar 

concentrations were in solubility equilibrium during 

recharge with possible dissolution of excess air. 

Excess air refers to air trapped below a rising water 

table with subsequent dissolution under increased 

hydrostatic pressure. Recharge temperatures were 

determined for individual samples using data on 

dissolved N2 and Ar concentrations with correction 

for excess air (Heaton, 1981; Heaton and Vogel, 

1981; Heaton and others, 1983; Busenberg and 

others, 1993; Stute and Schlosser, 1999). The 

calculation of recharge temperature and excess air 

used data on the vapor pressure of water from 

Wexler (1976) and the Henry's law solubilities of 

N2 and Ar in water compiled by Wilhelm and 

others (1977). The calculation was based on the 

assumption that excess air dissolves completely, 

that is, without being fractionated during 

dissolution. Values of excess air were also 

estimated from the dissolved helium and dissolved 

neon concentrations using Henry's law solubility 

data for He and Ne from Weiss (1971) (Table 5).

Table 6 summarizes selected/and(or) averaged 

values of recharge temperature and excess air based 

on the dissolved N2 and Ar data of Table 5. The 

last column of Table 6 indicates the number of 

dissolved gas analyses included in the averaged 

recharge temperature and excess air. In some cases 

there were no valid N2 and Ar data and a recharge 

temperature of 9 °C was assumed. In this case, the

excess air was based on dissolved Ne, if available, 

or assumed to be zero if Ne data were not available. 

Negative values of excess air are included in Table 

6 as calculated. Negative values of excess air can 

be attributed to uncertainty in recharge elevation, 

analytical error and/(or) sample degassing.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations from the 

field and laboratory gas chromatographic 

measurements are compared in Table 5. In most 

cases the laboratory dissolved oxygen content is 

less than the field value as a result of aerobic 

microbial processes occurring in the serum bottle 

between collection and analysis (serum bottles for 

dissolved gas analysis were refrigerated for periods 

of several weeks during storage prior to analysis). 

Several samples have laboratory O2 concentrations 

that are greater than the field O2 analysis (Table 5), 

which is an indication of an air leak into the sample 

container following collection and/(or) during 

laboratory analysis. Table 5 also includes the gas 

chromatographic analyses of dissolved CO2. Many 

of the samples, especially those collected after 

1996, were collected and analyzed in duplicate for 

dissolved N2, Ar, O2, and CO2 . All duplicate 

analyses are included in Table 5.

Chlorofluorocarbon Concentrations and 

CFC Age

Table 7 summarizes average concentrations of 

CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 measured in water 

from springs and wells in pg/kg. The average is 

typically based on 3 separate analyses (3 separate 

ampoules of water collected sequentially from the 

spring or well). Table 7 also includes the recharge 

temperature and site elevation used to calculate the 

tabulated CFC partial pressures in pptv. The 

recharge temperature used in the calculation was 

that of Table 6. All CFC partial pressures are 

expressed as dry air mixing ratios at sea level, and 

can be compared directly with North American 

(N.A.) air values for dating purposes (Plummer and 

Busenberg, 1999).

Table 8 summarizes the apparent (piston flow) 

recharge dates and ages based on CFC-11, CFC-12 

and CFC-113. The recharge date is based on the 

N.A. air curves tabulated in Table 9. Considering 

the uncertainty in recharge elevation and precision 

of the dissolved N2 and Ar analyses, the uncertainty

12
in recharge temperature was estimated to be 

approximately ±1.0 °C. An uncertainty of ±1.0 

°C in recharge temperature was applied to the CFC 

data to estimate age errors. Because of the leveling 

off or turn over in atmospheric CFC concentrations 

in recent years (Plummer and Busenberg, 1999), 

many samples can only be designated as modern 

(M), indicating water recharged since about 1993. 

Other samples have CFC concentrations that are 

greater than those possible for water in equilibrium 

with modern air at the recharge temperature. Such 

apparent over-saturation of CFCs can occur if the 

recharge temperature is over-estimated (too high 

relative to the actual recharge temperature) or if 

there are additional sources of CFCs in addition to 

that of air, such as anthropogenic contamination 

sources. Samples with over-saturation of CFCs are 

denoted as "contaminated" (C). Some samples can 

have dual recharge dates based on the recent turnover in CFC-11 and CFC-113 atmospheric mixing 

ratios. For these, the assigned CFC-11 or CFC-113 

age was arbitrarily taken as the younger of the two 

ages. The atmospheric mixing ratio of CFC-12 rose 

slowly through the period of sampling, permitting 

assignment of a single CFC-12-based age.

Sulfur Hexafluoride Concentrations and SF6 

Age

Table 10 summarizes the measured sulfur 

hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations in fg/L and the 

calculated SF6 partial pressure in the sample based 

on Henry's law solubilities from Busenberg and 

Plummer (2000). Also included in Table 10 is the 

modeled SF6 mixing ratio. The modeled SF6 

mixing ratio was corrected for SF6 that was 

introduced with excess air in the sample. The 

modeled SF6 mixing ratio was calculated iteratively 

by removing excess air from the sample 

corresponding to the apparent recharge date and 

composition of N.A. air for that date as given in 

Table 9 (Busenberg and Plummer, 2000). The 

model recharge date was based on the modeled SF6 

partial pressure (column labeled "Remove Ex Air") 

and the local (SNP) air concentrations of SF6. The 

local SNP air curve for SF6 is that of Table 9 with 5 

percent enrichment. The SF6 age errors were 

estimated by assuming ± 5 percent uncertainty in 

local SNP air composition (L.N. Plummer, E.

Busenberg, J.K. Bohlke, D.L. Nelms. R.L. Michel, 

and P. Schlosser, unpublished data, 2000).

Tritium, Helium, and Neon Data, and 

Tritium/Helium-3 Age

Table 11 summarizes the tritium and noble gas 

data used to calculate the tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He) 

apparent age. The 3H concentration is given in 

Tritium Units (TU) with la uncertainty in TU. The 

He and Ne concentrations are given in ccSTP/g, 

and as the percent excess He and Ne above the 

solubility equilibrium concentrations (A4He and 

ANe). Percent terrigenic helium is the excess He, 

after subtraction of He from equilibrium with air 

during recharge and He from excess air, given in 

percent of the total He. Most samples have small 

negative percentages of terrigenic He, which are 

within the measurement uncertainties of samples 

and indicate that most of the dissolved He is from 

solubility equilibrium with air during recharge and 

from excess air.

Table 12 summarizes the calculated 3H/3He 

ages and the age uncertainties. The "uncorrected" 

ages were calculated without correction for 

terrigenic He sources, assuming all He was derived 

from solubility equilibrium, excess air, and 3H 

decay. The "corrected" ages were calculated after 

subtracting terrigenic He from the analyses. The 

column with "Y" (yes) or "N" (no) indicates 

whether the sample contains sufficient terrigenic 

He to warrant correction; that is, whether the 

sample contains enough terrigenic helium to 

separate the uncorrected and corrected ages by 

more than approximately 0.5 years. The "Final 

Age" and associated error is the uncorrected value 

(if terrigenic He was not considered), or the 

corrected value (if terrigenic He was present). As 

with the chlorofluorocarbons and sulfur 

hexafluoride data, all 3H/3He ages are apparent ages 

and do not account for dispersion or other mixing 

processes. Details of 3H/3He dating are given in 

Schlosser and others (1988, 1989), Poreda, and 

others (1988), Solomon and Sudicky (1991), 

Solomon and others (1993), Ekwurzel and others 

(1994), and Solomon and Cook (1999).

13
Other Isotope Data

Table 13 summarizes analyses of 52H and 518O 

of water, 3H in water, 534S of dissolved sulfate, the 

35S activity and associated dissolved sulfate 

concentration, and 515N of dissolved nitrate. The 

uncertainty in 35S activity is the la counting error.

Water Chemistry

Table 14 summarizes the field parameters 

(water temperature, dissolved O2, pH, and specific 

conductance), and major element composition 

(dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium, 

potassium, chloride, sulfate, and titration alkalinity 

as bicarbonate) of the water samples. Limited 

discharge data are also tabulated. Table 15 

summarizes selected concentrations of minor 

elements, including dissolved strontium, silica (as 

SiO2), iron, nitrate (as N), and manganese. Table 

16 summarizes selected concentrations of trace 

elements including aluminum (Al), boron (B), 

barium (Ba), lithium, (Li), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), 

copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), rubidium (Rb), and 

vanadium (V).

Surface-Water Samples

Table 17 summarizes field measurements of 

specific conductance and water temperature of 

streams sampled at the base of the Blue Ridge 

Mountains. Also given in Table 17 are the 

measured 3H activity, the associated la tritium 

error, and values of 52H and 5I8O of water.

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14
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15
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16
Table 1. Identification of spring samples from 

Shenandoah National Park and vicinity

[Elev., elevation of the land surface, datum is sea level; ND, not determined]

Site ID

2

3

4

5

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

24

26

27

28

29

30

32

35

40

41

42

43

44

46

48

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

64

65

69

Site Name

HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 211

Hemlock Spring

Pinnacles Spring #16

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13-3

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Davids Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Gravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Baldface Mountain Spring

Hazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Hogback Spring #5

Hightop Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Spring at mile 97.3 (D/O-1 8 3H only)

Spring at mile 98.7 (D/O-1 8 3H only)

Mathews Arm Stream (D/O-1 8 3H only)

Sneads Farm Spring (D/O-1 8 3H only)

White Oak Cabin Spring

Mathews Ann Spring Range View Cabin

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Old Rag Shelter Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Bear Lithia Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Elkwallow Spring #8

Hite Spring (Luray)

HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Town of Elkton Spring

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Lewis Spring

Coyner Spring

Latitude

383939.43

383546.43

383733.88

383550.11

381318.13

381742.54

384007.09

384701.41

382923.02

383145.46

385000.16

384550.65

384035.04

382115.53

382323.19

382351.87

382853.66

384131.69

383811.28

384531.92

381959.52

384036.44

380531.00

380444.00

384530.00

385121.00

383454.98

384434.68

382558.66

383315.57

381714.58

381514.85

384048.11

382607.79

381553.40

382558.95

384403.12

384014.93

383937.88

384938.66

382415.84

383913.78

383109.57

380310.01

Longitude 1

782014.21

782147.15

781938.63

782246.90

784355.01

783723.61

781915.46

781154.25

782531.00

782603.73

781034.04

781401.27

781943.40

783257.11

783051.61

783013.32

782716.86

781918.11

781913.59

781621.42

783334.85

781909.43

784654.00

784757.00

781802.00

781207.00

782212.89

781748.15

782857.37

781947.39

783746.74

783954.96

782726.51

783707.66

783916.51

782857.33

781809.49

782537.14

782104.28

780957.60

783612.61

782754.62

782637.88

785554.36

Elev 

(feet)

1760

3440

3480

3430

2880

2360

2560

2900

2580

3400

2400

2490

2580

2640

3110

3560

3300

2200

3000

3240

3120

2700

2340

2540

2580

2130

3370

2880

2920

2035

2460

3000

778

866

2920

2920

2500

837

1460

2290

1078

765

3320

1320

Watershed 

Area 

(acres)

3.2

8.6

9.3

5.4

1.3

193.3

40.2

15.7

57.6

53.6

32.3

7.1

17.0

6.1

39.7

5.7

8.6

201.0

14.7

18.0

8.6

9.8

3.6

5.4

8.9

8.9

0.0

14.3

15.7

10.5

3.6

5.2

ND

ND

21.3

15.7

14.1

ND

3.2

27.9

ND

ND

116.5

ND

Geologic Unit

Catoctin

Catoctin

Pedlar

Pedlar

Hampton

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Pedlar

Catoctin

Catoctin

Pedlar

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Pedlar

Pedlar

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Old Rag Granite

Catoctin

Catoctin

Beekmantown

Elbrook

Catoctin

Catoctin

Catoctin

Conocoheague

Catoctin

Pedlar

Waynesboro

Conocoheague

Catoctin

Elbrook

1 Latitude and longitude are given in degrees-minutes-seconds, and decimal fraction of a second. For example, 384531.52 is 38°45'31.52".

17
oe

Table 2. Identification of well samples from Shenandoah National Park and vicinity

[Elev., elevation of the land surface, datum is sea level; ND, not determined]

Site ID

1

622232531

33

34

36

373839

4547

49505159606162636667

68717273747576

Site NameHQ#1 Well(W-855)Skyland#2(W-1033)

Big Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #14 WellElkwallow Well(W-1703)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Domestic well #1Domestic well #2

Big Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)HQ#2 Well(W-851)Skyland #5Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Town of Elkton wellTown of Grottoes #2Blue Ridge School #5Town of Washington #3Mountain side MarketTown of Stanley #3Town of Shenandoah # 5Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 1

Town of Shenandoah # 2

Town of Shenandoah # 3Town of Stanley* 6

Town of Stanley #5

Town of Stanley #4Town of Stanley #2

Latitude 1

384005.76383514.22383042.32383037.19384413.90385138.85384250384107

383121.62384008.39383527.78383702.57381802.25382622.22

384533.383S1559.85381603.90382447.79

381547.28381549.67384320.98383914.55383359.54382919.58

380311.50382900.65382842.61383459.76383602.29383447.40

383403.47

Longitude 1

782210.60782258.98782529.72782531.43

781820.65781158.50782717782912

782604.59782214.48

782300.11

782041.38783717.45782842.50

781804.02783932.04

783933.57783718.24784854.59

783317.14780948.13

781457.81783039.38783611.38

785413.87783631.09783630.76783005.34782914.63

782940.93

783035.76

Elev 

(feet)

1120

3560346035102570

1840

850845

3504

1135

36703280

2230

339025902740

2680917

1191

733663817

1175

1170

1360

1080

10701050

970

10701140

Geology

CatoctinSwift RunCatoctinCatoctinCatoctinCatoctinBeekmantownBeekmantownCatoctinWevertonPedlarPedlarCatoctinCatoctinCatoctinWeverton

Weverton

ElbrookElbrookLayered pyroxeneLayered pyroxeneLayered pyroxeneRomeConocoheague

RomeConocoheagueConocoheagueConocoheagueConocoheague

ElbrookRome

Well Depth (feet)220

500350

450

363650

NDND

100

280

500

145

205

300200303320352445495

205ND

653

447

432460

660

482

300372490

Depth to 

Bedrock (feet)20

3067

85

3523

ND

ND

60

1134

5630

1515

1414

71355.5ND

8

ND494

111

180122173157

20

145

293

Depth of Casing (feet)

525267,7936, 85. 300

43

52

NDND68

52

34,53

60.5

43

5226.25

6534.75

48,120

338,41468

56

ND

500340191,432121,258

89,175,395

167169

147,257

317

Casing Diameter (inches)67

14,6

14. 10,6

66.25

ND

ND66.44

14,6

6

6766

6

16,12

10,8

6

8

ND6

810,612,8

12,10,610

6

10,8

6.5

Depth of Water Bearing Zones

60, 1 8964,9980-85,100,235310-315,350-360,385-387,45070-75.140-145600-605, 625-630

NDND

70-8056-56.5.89-89.5,107-107.5,117-117.5,150-150.575, 114.34450-51. 67-68

190-195

54-55,104-10542,47.73,109,164

123-123.5. 134-134.5

46-47, 50-51, 53-54, 56-57, 115-116ND424-427,434-435,442-445ND

65-70,160-165

ND

526,540-547,574-578

429.5-431

191-235,245-305,340-400

364-366648-649

461-462,464-467

203-300272-287,311-322,340-343,346-350333,345,360,380,430

' Latitude and longitude are given in degrees-minutes-seconds, and decimal fraction of a second. For example, 384531.52is38°45'31.52"
Table 3. Identification of surface-water samples 

Shenandoah National Park and vicinity

[Elev., elevation of the land surface, datum is sea level]

from

Site ID

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

Site Name

(C01) Tributary of East Hawksbill Creek

(C02) East Hawksbill Creek (Hollow Run)

(C03) Hawksbill Creek

(C03b) Hawksbill Creek @ Rt 737

(C04) Naked Creek

(COS) South Branch Naked Run

(C06) Elk Run

(C07) Conway River

(COS) Rapidan River

(C09) Robinson River

(CIO) Hughes River

(N01) Jeremys Run

(N02) Overall Run

(N03) Flint Run

(N03b) Flint Run

(N04) Greasy Run

(N05) Broad Run

(N05b) Broad Run (up Rt 632 0.7 mi from SNP-N05)

(N06) Dry Run

(N07) Kittles Mill Stream

(N08) Rush River

(N09) Piney River

(NIC) Thomton River

(SOI) Hawksbill Creek 340 Bndge

(S02) Big Run

(S02b) Madison Run

(S03) Mine Branch

(S04) Sawmill Run

(SOS) Lickinghole Creek

(S06) Doyles River

(S07) Buck Mountain Creek

(508) Haneytown Creek

Latitude 1

383636.85

383520.99

383139.00

383202.16

382644.24

382543.80

382357.70

381958.39

382524.50

382942.73

383407.28

384549.48

384821.80

384939.25

384916.24

384735.00

384816.75

384802.80

385207.28

384735.92

384358.33

384053.48

383914.59

382300.32

381958.45

381527.60

380835.67

380545.39

380413.34

381210.13

381246.09

381646.90

Longitude

782504.60

782527.14

782807.00

782813.14

783306.02

783300.47

783543.94

782352.70

782207.64

781925.51

781628.45

782327.96

782055.33

781826.16

781838.19

781555.00

781402.64

781336.07

781306.44

780637.35

781120.42

781419.92

781624.60

783748.05

784305.52

784621.73

784855.12

784843.13

784451.87

784018.73

783449.84

783048.89

Elev (feet)

1060

1250

1601

1263

1086

1194

1056

584

794

689

781

636

584

709

696

1129

971

1043

935

640

771

781

955

971

1020

1371

1516

1519

896

942

571

630

1 Latitude and longitude are given in degrees-minuies-seconds, and decimal fraction of a second. 

For example, 384531.52 is 38045'31.52".

19
Table 4. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride concentrations in air from the 

Big Meadows Air Monitoring Station, Shenandoah National Park ()[CFC-l 1, (trichlorofluoromethane, CFC13 ); CFC-12, (dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2C12); CFC-1 13, 

(trichlorotrifluoroethane, C2F3C13 ); SF6 , sulfur hexafluoride; pptv, parts per trillion by volume; ND, not determined]

Date

8/6/1995

9/18/19959/27/19959/28/1995

11/3/1995

11/3/1995

11/7/199511/13/199511/28/199512/5/199512/12/1995

1/13/1996

1/23/19961/30/1996

2/6/1996

2/27/19963/5/19963/12/19963/19/19964/8/19964/9/19964/11/1996

4/11/19964/11/19964/17/19964/17/19964/17/19964/19/19964/24/19964/25/19964/26/1996

4/30/1996

5/14/19965/21/19965/30/1996

6/4/19967/16/1996

8/6/19968/13/19968/20/19968/29/1996

9/17/19969/24/1996

10/1/199610/7/1996

10/22/199611/5/1996

12/3/1996

12/10/19961/3/1997

1/21/1997

2/25/1997

2/25/1997

CFC-11(PPtV)ND

ND

ND273.8270.7271.4273.0263.5264.7

322.5244.9262.8272.1269.8259.4259.7269.2272.4282.1286.3263.8

282.7275.2ND382.4262.6387.1348.3328.4302.6309.8

262.0268.0268.8265.1269.0265.3269.4

268.6

271.2267.3261.4263 1265.5

267.6

286.1263.0260.3261.7

256.4

265.6266.9

266.9

CFC-12 (pptv)NDNDND550.6544.3546.8547.1534.6536.6

529.2512.9536.3548.9540.6546.7534.7536.4542.8553.4

545.8

531.8549.1543.8

ND

545.7532.0

548.4548.4543.4555.3542.2

532.8534.9551.7536.4539.5560.2551.1550.6555.1550.8539.1545.3545.1552.6564.9534.2546.6536.4528.3536.5542.2

542.2

CFC-1 13 (pptv)

NDNDND

83.284.483.584.584.182.4

80.5

78.6

84.681.382.380.981.783.684.283.882.382.881.682.3

ND

83.780.2

78.7

83.281.282.385.9

82.383.886.383.684.981.782.481.881.7

83.982.083.883.3

82.1

80.882.882.282.181.7

81.382.382.3

SF6 (pptv)4.183.743.733.733.57ND3.99ND3.84

3.653.463.71ND4.004.133.813.84ND4.363.883.863.863.924.00

3.81

3.85ND3.933.78

3.86

ND

4.003.804.913.76

3.91

3.92ND4.264.394.124.334.103.96ND4.094.094.094.083.944.314.184.18

Datej/4/19973/18/1997j/27/19974/2/19974/8/1997

4/16/19974/29/1997

5/6/19975/15/19975/27/1997

6/3/1997

6/3/19976/9/1997

6/9/1997

6/16/19976/24/19976/24/1997

7/1/1997

7/1/19977/8/19977/8/19977/15/19977/15/19977/24/19977/24/1997

8/6/19978/12/19978/20/1997

9/6/19979/11/19979/16/1997

9/16/19979/17/19979/18/19979/25/19979/30/1997

10/7/199710/14/199710/21/199711/18/199711/18/199711/24/199711/24/1997

12/2/1997

12/2/1997

12/9/1997

12/16/19971/6/1998

1/13/1998

2/3/19982/24/19983/17/1998

4/28/1998

CFC-11 (pptv)266.8269.9276.9266.7265.2264.4269.0264.7260.7

273.1272.5264.9265.9268.1261.9266.3256.8269.5

264.0

265.5257.6

280.7273.3

269.6

ND256.1259.3258.4261.4261.7268.2ND

263.8263.5267.4262.7266.0264.2

ND

261.2

261.2

246.8240.7258.8259.6

272.1

265.8264.3262.1267.2264.6269.8257.6

CFC-12 (pptv)534.1535.3562.8543.3539.1

538.1550.5544.8

540.7

553.8

554.5541.9543.3544.7534.8536.7535.3550.7

542.6

543.2534.3

578.5551.5

551.8

ND

526.7543.9537.4

528.4543.5543.1

ND553.0547.9546.8

535.2

545.9546.8

ND

543.4

543.4531.2537.7545.8555.2557.9547.2

546.2551.1

552.0

551.2

558.0

542.7

CFC-1 13 (pptv)79.4

84.285.982.382.181.983.180.681.5

85.283.481.081.382.282.083.580.982.581.082.580.885.884.082.4

ND

77.5

81.2

78.7

79.9

80.983.9

ND

81.582.182.081.885.381.1

ND

81.081.0

87.0

85.4

83.7

80.4

80.682.2

82.4

79.5

81.782.682.079.6

SF6(PPtv)4.17

4.13ND4.064.054.144.084.32

4.044.394.51ND4.56NDND4.07ND4.04ND4.09ND4.1'ND4.16

3 85

4.004.43

5.24

ND

4.20

4.26

4.384.574.474.20ND4.894.194.274.23ND4.08ND4.26ND

5.05

4.094.104.494.564.344.39

4.14

Date

5/11/19985/21/19986/11/19986/12/19986/16/19986/16/19986/29/19986/30/1998

7/7/1998

7/15/1998

7/21/1998

7/28/19987/28/1998

8/18/1998

9/1/1998

10/13/199810/21/199810/27/199811/19/1998

12/8/1998

12/?7'1998

I/' 1999

I/ 1999I'M 1999

If 1999> 19992/I6/ 9994/1 10994 1? 9994 19994 1999

5 19995/26/1999

6/2/19996/2? 1999V 16/1999 > 1999

" 1/19998. 19998 19998 'V19999 14/1999

9/y 1999

10 1999

10/19/1999

10/26/199911/12/199911/23/19991/11,2000

2/11/20002/25/20003/1/2000

ND

CFC-11 (PPtv)ND258.6265.0261.1259.8260.0NDND265.0

ND260.4

265.0263.8267.7261.5264.4

270.6ND274.8

332.2263.2262.4263.0263.8

NDND

262.7263.1

ND

262.7

262.6

262.0

262.6262.2262.1262.4ND265.3

ND266.2270.3

265.2264.0

263.2

265.4

270.8

266.5266.9265.1266.3264.4

266.6

ND

CFC-12 (PPtv)ND

535.7549.7551.3536.5549.2

NDND

554.6ND

549.0548.0539.0555.4549.2549.5544.4

ND

5510551.4548.7560.3546.9545.3

NDND

546.2548.0

ND

547.6547.1

549.0550.4547.7546.9542.2

ND

551.9

ND

543.3547.0541.7543.6545.3554.8556.5560.9549.9542.6538.3536.4557.2ND

CFC-1 13 (pptv)ND

79.3

82.983.580.2

80.8

NDND

81.6ND

84.383.783.181.080.782.6

79.7ND79.9

84.381.582.081.981.9

NDND

80.7

79.6ND79.7

81.1

80.9

82.181.181.3

81.1ND

82.1

ND

82.083.483.781.780.883.182.581.681.781.882.281.083.9

ND

SF6 (PPtv)4.744.17ND4.274.37

ND

4.494.134.60

4.344.274.42ND4.394.524.42

ND

5.05

4464.524.54ND4.604.584.634.824.42ND

4.46

ND

4.31

4.474.484.67

ND

4.574.89

ND

4.534344.614.544.384.444.694.314.834.384.46ND4.594.56ND

1 The air measurements are referenced to average air compositions measured at Niwot Ridge, CO (Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) 

of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). U.S. Department of Commerce-http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/).
Table 5. Summary of dissolved gases (nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide)

[W, well; S, spring; Elev., elevation of the land surface, datum is sea level; 

N2, nitrogen; Ar, argon; °C, degrees Celsius; Ex Air, excess 

mg/L, milligrams per liter; cc STP/g, cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure per gram; kg, kilogram; Ne, neon; 

He, helium; 

O2 , oxygen; CO2, carbon dioxide; ND, not determined]

air;

SNPNo.SNP-001SNP-090

SNP-090

SNP-227SNP-002SNP-003

SNP-108

SNP-108

SNP-23 1SNP-004

SNP-112SNP-112SNP-006

SNP-089

SNP-089SN?-125

SNP-125

SNP-169

SNP-169SNP-182

SNP-187SNP-192

SNP-197SNP-202

SNP-221SNP-224

SNP-260

SNP-266SNP-271SNP-008

SNP-094

SNP-094SNP-232SNP-232SNP-009

SNP-120SNP-120

SNP-014

SNP-014

SNP-131

SNP-131SNP-238

SNP-017

SNP-107

Site ID

111

1

2

33

33444

555

55

555

555555

5

55666

667

77

88

888

9

9

Site NameHQ#1 Well(W-855)

HQ#1 Well(W-855)HQ #1 Well (W-855)

HQ #1 Well (W-855)

HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock SpringPinnacles Spring #1 6Pinnacles Spring #1 6Pinnacles Spring #1 6Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spnng at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spnng at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W-l 033)Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)Skyland #2 (W-1033)Skyland #2 (W-1033)Dundo Spring #29Dundo Spring #29Dundo Spring #29Sitnmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap SpringPanorama Spring #1 3-3

Panorama Spring #13-3

W/SWWW

W

SSSSSSSSS

SSSSSSSS

SSSSSS

S

S

WWWWW

S

SS

SS

SSSSS

Date4/1/1996

8/27/19978/27/1997

8/16/1999

4/1/19964/1/19969/4/1997

9/4/1997

8/17/1999

4/2/19969/4/19979/4/19974/2/1996

8/27/1997

8/27/1997

9/11/19979/11/1997

9/1 8/1 997

9/1 8/1 9973/2/19994/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/19999/22/19994/2/1996

8/28/19978/28/1997

8/17/19998/17/1999

4/3/1996

9/10/19979/10/1997

4/4/19964/4/19969/16/19979/16/1997

8/18/1999

4/5/19969/3/1997

Elev 

(feet)

112011201120

11201760

34403440

3440

344034803480348034303430

343034303430

3430

343034303430

3430

3430

3430343034303430

34303430

356035603560

3560356028802880

2880

2360236023602360

236025602560

N2 

(mg/L)

23.96

24.3724.2222.53

17.3816.5016.2616.35

16.68

16.31

15.5515.61

16.92

16.74

16.4216.5516.4219.8716.50

16.8217.1116.8516.7116.8817.04

16.7216.60

16.6616.7717.10

17.0616.92

17.42

17.4017.3915.7215.86

17.38

16.6116.75

16.5216.7516.85

ND

Ar (mg/L)0.71780.78920.78560.7587

0.66340.63230.6221

0.62720.6319

0.61290.58990.60240.64740.6412

0.63720.62150.6236

0.7001

0.61190.641 10.64900.6381

0.63190.63990.64330.63250.6270

0.63170.6330

0.64860.62410.6251

0.62950.62900.6593

0.59060.5939

0.65230.63810.63660.6276

0.63480.6292

ND

N^Ar 

Recharge 

Temp (°C)

16.7

8.88.98.7

8.67.98.5

8.2

8.2

9.7

10.9

9.5

7.07.47.29.2

8.7

6.8

10.3

7.57.27.9

8.3

7.77.7

8.38.78.38.3

7.09.7

9.39.89.87.4

12.1

12.0

8.9

9.09.4

10.0

9.7

10.2

ND

N2/Ar 

Ex Air (cc STP/L)

8.9

6.6

6.54.7-0.2-0.3

-0.3-0.3

0.00.2

-0.2-0.6-0.2-0.3-0.7

0.2

-0.12.70.6-0.10.0

0.10.10.00.20.1

0.1

0.00.10.1

1.0

0.7

1.4

1.4

0.10.10.2

0.3

-0.4-0.1-0.2-0.1

0.4

ND

Neon xlO" (ccSTP/g)28.46

31.3831.38

ND

19.40

ND

ND

NDND

18.84

18.18

18.18

18.4818.7518.75

18.5218.52

18.6018.60

ND

NDNDNDNDND

NDND

NDND

19.96

19.8719.87

ND

ND

19.60

18.39

18.3918.7118.7119.16

19.16

ND

18.72

ND

Excess 

airNe (cc/kg)4.96.5

6.5

ND

0.1NDNDNDND0.60.30.3

0.10.30.3

0.30.3

0.50.5NDNDNDNDND

NDNDNDNDND

0.9

1.1

1.1

ND

ND

0.5

0.30.3

0.0

0.00.30.3

ND0.2ND

Helium x!0s 

(ccSTP/g)6.84

7.677.67

ND

4.59NDNDNDND

4.264.204.204.244.244.244.25

4.25

4.264.26NDNDND

NDND

ND

NDND

ND

ND

4.724.664.66ND

ND

4.444.264.26

4.304.30

4.434.43

ND

4.30

ND

Excess 

air He (cc/kg)4.5

6.16.1ND

0.4

NDNDND

ND

0.30.20.20.20.20.2

0.30.3

0.30.3

NDND

ND

NDNDNDND

ND

NDND

1.1

1.11.1

ND

ND

0.40.20.2

0.0

0.00.30.3ND

0.1

ND

Lab O2 (mg/L)2.92.72.6

2.0

5.08.06.9

7.4

6.49.2

6.7

8.4

7.7

7.4

7.7

8.17.7

9.3

8.07.3

8.18.48.4

4.4

6.7

7.68.1

8.4

8.2

6.5

7.0

7.0

5.3

5.5

9.3

6.26.3

6.2

6.27.77.3

5.66.4

ND

Field 

02 

(mg/1)

4.7

5.15.16.1

8.9

9.4

10.2

10.210.8

9.69.19.1

10.0

9.69.6

10.1

10.1

10.9

10.9

10.0

9.8

10.6

10.0

9.7

10.1

9.9

10.1

10.5

9.6

9.09.89.8

9.99.99.4

9.29.2

10.5

10.510.0

10.0

11.0

9.99.7

Lab 

CO2 (mg/L)

21.024.824.723.432.85.7

5.0

4.7

10.110.1

6.2

5.1

12.2

9.4

9.2

12.7

13.0

12.711.8

9.5

12.112.1

9.1

12.8

10.7

9.5

12.0

11.714.9

22.4

17.3

17.319.0

18.6

9.3

13.513.8

18.318.119.919.9

18.019.9

ND

ro
Table 5. Summary of dissolved gases (nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) Continued

SNP No.SNP-018

SNP- 103SNP-103

SNP-123SNP-123

SNP- 139SNP- 184SNP- 189SNP- 193SNP-193SNP-198SNP-204

SNP-219

SNP-219SNP-225SNP-262SNP-268SNP-268SNP-273SNP-021SNP-116SNP-116SNP-234SNP-234SNP-022SNP-110SNP-110SNP-243SNP-243SNP-024SNP- 129SNP- 129

SNP-130

SNP- 130SNP-246SNP-025SNP-101SNP-101

SNP-026SNP- 100

SNP- 100SNP-027

SNP- 133

SNP- 133SNP-239SNP-028SNP-115SNP-115

SNP-240

Site ID

10

10

10

1010

10

1010

10

101010

10

101010

1010

1011

11

1111111212

12

12

1213

131313

1313

141414

15

1515161616

16

171717

17

Site Name

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringCamp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2Davids SpringDavids SpringDavids SpringDavids Spring

Davids SpringDickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)

Gravel Spring NEGravel Spring NEGravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook SpringPass Mountain Overlook Spring

Pass Mountain Overlook SpringSwift Run Gap Spring #27Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

W/Sss

s

ss

sss

sss

ss

sssss

s

ssss

s

ssss

s

ssss

s

ssss

sss

ss

sss

ss

s

Date

4/5/19969/2/19979/2/1997

9/11/19979/11/19979/18/19973/3/1999

4/2/19994/28/19994/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/19999/10/19999/10/1999

9/22/1999

4/8/19969/9/19979/9/1997

8/17/1999

8/17/1999

4/8/19969/4/19979/4/1997

8/20/1999

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/12/1997

9/12/19979/12/1997

9/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/2/19979/2/19974/10/19969/2/19979/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/16/19979/16/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/19969/5/19979/5/1997

8/19/1999

Elev 

(feet)2900

29002900

2900290029002900

2900

2900290029002900290029002900290029002900

29002580

258025802580

2580340034003400

3400

34002400240024002400240024002490249024902580

2580258026402640

264026403110

3110

3110

3110

N2 (mg/L)20.12

17.6817.43

17.5!

17.5117.5517.6118.40

18.0018.09

17.8517.9817.8417.81

17.7819.34

27.48

19.20

19.8617.9217.07

17.24

17.2817.41

18.30

14.4313.9717.84

1..79

ND

16.7516.7015.85

15.8316.7517.24

17.15

16.8417.3815.8515.7517.68

16.75

16.8816.73

17.83

17.3616.6516.96

Ar (mg/L)0.7369

0.66390.6622

0.65040.64690.6602

0.66810.6803

0.67180.67160.66800.6679

0.6656

0.66360.66240.69230.83490.6869

0.7031

0.65860.62190.62790.6371

0.64010.66540.5314

0.52130.6491

0.6507ND0.62700.62440.5906

0.5940

0.63060.65000.65330.6467

0.65290.6016

0.59940.64820.6220

0.62940.6249

0.67670.64140.6190

0.6308

N:/Ar 

Recharge 

Temp ("C)4.2

7.4

7.1

8.68.97.6

6.8

7.0

7.17.3

7.37.5

7.5

7.77.77.4

7.0

7.7

7.28.9

11.511.110.110.0

7.6

16.4

16.8

8.6

8.3

ND

10.510.713.1

12.610.1

8.78.18.3

8.5

11.411.5

9.5

10.710.110.4

6.0

9.0

10.2

9.4

N2/Ar 

Ex Air (cc STP/L)

1.5

0.40.0

0.60.80.30.1

0.9

0.60.80.5

0.70.6

0.60.62.1

10.3

2.1

2.5

1.01.11.1

0.8

0.9

1 4

0.40.0

1.3

1.2

ND0.3

0.30.3

0.10.10.2-0.1

-0.40.3-0.2-0.3

1.0

0.50.40.40.10.80.5

0.5

Neon 

xlO* (ccSTP/B)22.9420.02

20.02

198619.86

20.15

NDND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

ND

NDNDND

21.8020.4720.47

NDND

19.23

20.0820.08

NDND

19.38

19.14

19.14

ND

NDND

19.39

20.2820.28

18.7918.4418.44

20.08

20.03

20.03

ND

19.1118.65

18.65

ND

Excess 

airNe 

(cc/kg)2.00.80.8080.80.9ND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

ND

1.81.3

1.3

ND

ND

0.6

1.81.8

ND

ND

-0.7

0.40.4

ND

NDND0.4

0.8

0.8

0.10.20.20.9

1.01.0

ND0.20.30.3ND

Helium xlO5 (ccSTP/g)

5.22

4.584.58

4.584.584.57

NDND

ND

NDNDNDND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

5.12

4.764.76ND

ND4.32

4.65

4.65

ND

ND4.43

4.38

4.38NDND

ND4.434.944.944.304.284.284.634.60

4.60

ND4.314.274.27ND

Excess 

air He 

(cc/kg)

1.8

0.70.7

0.70.7

0.7ND

ND

NDNDNDND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

1.71.11.1

ND

ND

0.3

1-31.3

ND

ND-0.10.30.3

ND

NDND

0.3

1.31.3

0.1

0.20.20808

0.8

ND0.20.20.2

ND

Lab 

O; (mg/L)8.96.56,7

6.6

6.97.0

8.5

8.2

8.78.48.5

4.96.1

5.8

6.6

8.2

10.6

8.1

8.1

7.5

7.1

7.06.0

5.35.1

4.44.54.64.8ND

7.37.5

6.6

6.2

5.7

6.3

5.4

6.2

9.4

7.3

7.1

4.6

5.9

6.0

4.3

7.17.2

7.0

6.4

Field

O;(mg/1)

10.2

9.99.9

8.08.0

9.3

9.19.6

9.39.3

8.78.1

9.19.1

10.310.2

9.39.3

8.98.8

9.59.5

10.6

10.6

8.58.58.58.4

8.4

9.9

8.88.88.58.5

10.8

9.39.09.0

9.1

8.78.78.88.48.4

9.49.99.39.3

10.0

Lab 

CO2 

(mg/L)

19.6

23.423.2

24.724.3

23.1

21.020.9

20.320.520.422.422.3

22.721.828.126.126.0

25.6

18.518.018.019.119.9

40.0

23.3

22.735.635.6ND

17.717.5

37.6

38.3

17.5

25.827.6

26.7

15.1

21.1

21.3

15.414.7

14.715.5

26.2

19.117.5

16.9
Table 5. Summary of dissolved gases (nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide)--Continued

SNPNo.SNP-029SNP-030SNP-032SNP-104

SNP-104SNP-242SNP-034SNP-109SNP-109SNP-127SNP-127SNP-138SNP-138SNP-183SNP-188SNP-194SNP-199

SNP-199SNP-203

SNP-218

SNP-21 8

SNP-226SNP-261SNP-267SNP-267SNP-272SNP-272SNP-035SNP-096SNP-096SNP-036SNP-092SNP-233SNP-233SNP-038SNP-039SNP-086SNP-086SNP-228

SNP-041

SNP-132

SNP-132SNP-043SNP-105SNP-105SNP-048SNP-084

SNP-084SNP-230

10CO

Site ID

1819

2020

20202121212121212121212121

2121212121

2121

21212122

222223232323242525252526262627272731313131

Site Name

Baldface Mountain SpringHazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpnngByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spnng

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringBig Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #14 WellBig Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Hogback Spring #5ElkwallowWell(W-1703)Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)Elkwallow Well (W-1703)Hightop Hut SpringHightop Hut SpringHightop Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut SpringDickeys Ridge Well (W-l 346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-l 346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

W/S

sssssssssssssssss

ssssssssss

wwww

www

s

w

w

ww

ssssss

wwww

Date

4/11/19964/11/19964/12/19969/3/19979/3/1997

8/20/1999

4/12/19969/4/1997

9/4/1997

9/11/19979/11/19979/18/19979/18/19973/2/19994/2/19994/28/1999

5/27/1999

5/27/19996/24/19997/14/19997/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/9/1999

9/22/1999

9/22/19994/15/1996

8/28/19978/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/19978/17/19998/17/1999

4/16/19964/16/1996

8/26/19978/26/19978/16/1999

4/17/1996

9/16/19979/16/19974/18/19969/3/19979/3/19974/19/1996

8/26/19978/26/19978/16/1999

Elev 

(feet)35603300220022002200220030003000300030003000300030003000300030003000

3000300030003000300030003000300030003000346034603460351035103510351032402570257025702570

312031203120

2700

27002700

1840184018401840

N, 

(mg/L)

17.36

16.4910.7914.1216.6716.66

ND

14.0314.0816.9517.0117.9817.05

17.1817.0717.22

17.3217.1917.4617.5617.4117.37

17.3017.3517.42

17.3317.5716.8816.1416.1319.2316.70

23.5123.20

16.41

23.6621.3821.31

16.9417.62

NDND

17.90

33.83

18.67

21.0221.5521.5922.18

Ar 

(mg/L)

0.66250.62990.41530.5265

0.6384

0.6305

ND

0.5185

0.5256

0.63120.62770.64980.62450.63610.63280.63700.6430

0.63590.64640.64710.64270.63900.63660.63980.64360.63780.6445

0.63920.6097

0.60760.67080.63030.75920.74970.62720.76170.71970.71190.64070.6528

ND

ND

0.65840.8921

0.60130.71960.73280.74180.7494

N,/Ar 

Recharge 

Temp (°C)6.0

8.3

28.2

18.3

9.3

10.2

ND

18.0

17.1

9.5

10.0

94

105

9.4

9.69.4

899.4

8.88.9

9.19.49.69.39.09.59.2

7.8

9.7

10.0

8.78.47.0

7.4

8.68.38.7

9.49.0

8.2

NDND

8.7

13.318.0

9.1

8.67.78.0

NVAr 

Ex Air 

(cc STP/L)-0.1

-0.2

-1.3-0.1-0.4-0.1ND0.20.00.50.7

1.5

1.0

0.7

0.60.70.6

0.7

0.7

0.90.80.90.9

0.8

0.80.9

1.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

2.9

0.1

6.66.4-0.36.74.4

4.70.00.8ND

ND

1.018.9

4.7

3.7

4.1

3.8

4.5

Neon 

xlO" (ccSTP/g)

18.5516.6119.2519.1319.13

ND

20.14

19.4719.4719.2819.2819.8319.83

ND

-ND

ND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

18.3218.5718.57

23.75

19 15

ND

ND

18.84

30.8028.2228.22

ND

19.58

NDND

20.08

19.0919.09

22.3928.0928.09

ND

Excess airNe (cc/kg)

0.1

-1.0-0.8

0.20.2ND0.0

1.4

1.4

0.60.6

1.01.0

ND

NDND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

NDNDNDND0.10.40.4

3.2

0.6NDND0.4

6.7

5.35.3

ND

0.7NDND0.9

1 11.1

7.1

4.94.9ND

Helium xlO" (ccSTP/g)

4.224.244.434.394.39ND4.67

4.584.584.54

4.544.57

4.57

NDNDND

ND

ND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

4.084.274.27

5.62

4.44

NDND

4.33

7.677.02

7.02ND4.51NDND

4.624.384.38

5.36

7.38

7.38

ND

Excess 

air He 

(cc/kg)0.10.1

-0.2

0.2

0.2

ND

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.70.70.80.8

NDNDNDND

NDND

NDND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

-0.10.30.32.90.6

NDND

0.3

6.55.35.3

ND

0.6

NDND

0.70.60.62.2

5.75.7

ND

Lab 0: (mg/L)

6.56.1

4.0

6.07.56.1

ND

5.86.1

7.87.38.27.57.18.68.58.6

8.9

6.16.66.57.1

8.3

9.1

8.6

9.09.1

6.0

7.37.2

6.46.46.7

2.6

8.0

7.27.27.35.55.6

NDND

7.6

12.5

7.83.0

3.6

4.34.0

Field 0: (mg/1)

10.610.410.6

9.89.8

10.210.1

9.79.79.29.29.79.79.79.59.39.5

9.59.59.69.6

10.3

9.9

10.2

10.2

9.39.3

8.7

10.1

10.1

8.9

9.3

12.1

12.1

10.2

9.49.7

9.79.1

8.88.58.58.2

9.29.2

5.96.76.77.4

Lab CO, (mg/L)

7.0

13.312.413.8

19.8

17.0

ND

13.3

13.319.219.7

20.0

19.419.5

18.4

186

18.8

18.5

20.7

20.120.0

19.4

19.518.919.518.918.915.812.312.210.5

11.3

7.1

10.5

8.1

17.5

14.8

14.711.5

32.0NDND26.1

14.113.2

2.32.2

1.7

2.6
K

Table

SNPNo.SNP-050

SNP-051SNP-051SNP-052SNP-052SNP-1 1 1SNP-1 1 1SNP-053SNP-083SNP-083SNP-037SNP-087SNP-087

SNP-007SNP-088SNP-088SNP-005SNP-091SNP-019SNP-019SNP-1 02SNP-1 02SNP-031SNP-1 14SNP-054SNP-054

SNP-1 18

SNP-1 18SNP-015SNP-1 21SNP-016SNP-016SNP-1 22SNP-1 22SNP-013SNP-099SNP-099SNP-1 37SNP-137SNP-248SNP 248SNP-042SNP-095SNP-095SNP- 140SNP- 140SNP- 170SNP-255SNP-255

5. Summary of dissolved gases

Site ID

3334

3435353535363636373737

38383839394040

4040

414142424242434344444444454545464646464747474747484848

Site NameDomestic well 1

Domestic well 2

Domestic well 2

White Oak Cabin SpringWhite Oak Cabin SpringWhite Oak Cabin SpringWhite Oak Cabin SpringBig Meadows #1 Well (W-l 701 )Big Meadows #1 Well (W-l 701 )

Big Meadows # 1 Well (W- 1 701 )

HQ#2Well(W-851)

HQ#2Well(W-851)

HQ#2Well(W-851)

Skyland #5Skyland #5Skyland #5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View CabinLewis Mountain Spring #25-2Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Old Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain SpringLoft Mountain SpringLoft Mountain SpringLoft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W-l 704)Simmons Gap Well (W-l 704)Simmons Gap Well (W-l 704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)Yeager's Spring (Luray)Yeager's Spring (Luray)Yeager's Spring (Luray)Lewis Mountain Well (W-l 072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-l 072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-l 072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-l 072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-l 072)Bear Lithia SpringBear Lithia SpringBear Lithia Spring

(nitrogen, argon,

w/swWw

ssss

w

ww

www

ww

w

ww

sssssssssssss

sss

w

ww

ssss

wwwww

sss

Date

4/24/19964/24/19964/24/19964/25/19964/25/19969/4/19979/4/19974/25/19969/17/19979/17/19974/16/1996

8/27/1997

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/19978/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/5/19964/5/19969/2/19979/2/19974/11/1996

9/5/1997

4/26/19964/26/1996

9/9/19979/9/1997

4/4/1996

9/10/19974/4/19964/4/19969/10/19979/10/19974/4/1996

8/29/19978/29/1997

9/17/19979/17/1997

8/23/1999

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

8/28/1997

8/28/1997

9/19/19979/19/19979/8/1997

9/2/19999/2/1999

Elev 

(feet)

850845845

3370337033703370350435043504

113511351135

3670367036703280328028802880288028802920

2920

2035203520352035246024603000

30003000

3000

223022302230

778

778778

778

33903390

339033903390

866

866866

neon,

N, (rng/L)

23.5629.1729.02

16.9116.2214.6614.69

20.86

20.4620.5324.5220.11

19.59

24.99

16.2816.4116.64

ND

17.8817.6515.9818.1216.69

ND

17.1216.7615.5015.4217.6615.3218.3716.5315.6015.7119.8018.7118.4919.20

18.1819.3619.2317.24

27.1526.82

17.6117.53

ND20.9121.03

helium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) Continued

Ar (mg/L)0.79000.86350.86290.63150.62670.56130.55810.71620.69880.69920.76970.68780.7018

0.78800.61800.61700.6159ND0.68370.66670.6173

0.6498

0.6373ND0.6442

0.6381

0.58060.5702

0.66130.58110.60160.63450.58240.59110.68150.66330.66270.67010.63230.6808067790.64060.76740.76760.6552

0.6387

ND

0.73090.7343

NVAr 

Recharge 

Temp (°C)

7.7

10.0

9.8

8.88.1

12.813.3

6.7

7.98.0

11.212.0

9.4

6.48.7

9.1

10.3

ND5.77.1

9.49.8

8.4

ND9.8

9.8

14.215.4

8.3

13.116.6

8.3

12.711.810.510.410.012.815.411.911.9

8.4

13.712.9

7.59.2

ND

9.1

8.9

NVAr 

Ex Air 

(cc STP/L)

5.1

11.8

11.6

0.4

-0.6-0.5-0.33.83.83.97.73.5

1.9

7.9-0.10.20.6

ND

-0.10.2-0.6

1.7

-0.2ND0.2-0.20.00.30.4

-0.3

4.2-0.4

0.20.03.32.1

1.8

2.62.42.42.30.6

12.612.0

0.7

1.2

ND

3.03.1

Neon xlO* 

(ccSTP/g)30.14

ND

ND

18.1618.1617.8617.86

25.82

25.5225.5232.9324.2824.28

33.67

18.6718.67

19.36

61.59

19.85

19.85

19.2619.2618.70

ND

19.8619.86

21.9121.91

18.67

18.44

18.1218.1219.3019.30

24.39

22.5222.52

59.2159.21

ND

ND20.03

NDND

NDNDNDNDND

Excess airNe (cc/kg)

5.6

NDND

0.00.00.30.34.14.14.1

7.62.62.6

8.5

0.50.50.8

23.00.60.60.50.50.3ND0.60.6

2.22.2

0.00.3

-0.1-0.10.90.93.22.22.222.222.2NDND

1.1

ND

NDND

NDNDND

ND

Helium xlO" (ccSTP/g)

7.29

NDND4.444.444.254.25

6.056.066.06

8.09

5.885.88

8.18

4.314.314.48

16.64

4.514.514.324.324.25ND4.43

4.43

5.315.31

4.274.264.164.164.324.32

5.955.515.51

17.3817.38

ND

ND

4.75

NDNDND

NDNDNDND

Excess air He (cc/kg)5.2

NDND

0.60.60.40.43.63.7

3.77.02.72.7

7.70.40.40.723.50.50.50.30.3

0.2

ND

0.20.22.12.10.00 1-0.1

-0.1

0.4

0.43.22.42.424.724.7

ND

ND

1.2

ND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

Lab 

Oi (mg/L)

3.0

4.7

5.1

9.3

8.9

5.85.94.9

5.75.5

0.92.3

1.7

7.76.05.86.4

ND

7.4

6.6

5.86.47.7

ND

7.06.85.65.56.8

5.56.65.86.76.6

4.3

5.85.5

4.3

4.0

1.7

2.1

7.410.4

9.49.19.3

ND

6.66.9

Field O: (mg/1)

5.45.25.2

9.79.7

8.88.88.18.18.1

1.9

4.34.3

9.2

8.6

8.68.8

9.1

10.0

10.0

8.38.3

7.5

8.8

9.89.8

5.85.8

10.3

6.8

10.010.0

9.29.26.6

8.08.05.65.65.65.6

9.3

12.012.0

9.79.7

ND

7.47.4

Lab CO2 (mg/L)39.524.423.9

7.47.65.55.5

16.816.7

16.9

99.2

77.283.725.426.6

26.527.6

ND

27.227.729.228.44.8ND

13.3

13.4

20.720.428.727.0

15.6

19.418.819.0

7.35.35.59.69.3

10.610.217.612.312.8

21.320.9

ND

2.62.5
Table 5. Summary of dissolved gases (nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-046SNP-046SNP-085SNP-085SNP-229SNP-011

SNP-098SNP-098SNP-235SNP-010SNP-097

SNP-097

SNP-236

SNP-012SNP-119SNP-119SNP-237SNP-113

SNP-113SNP-241SNP-033SNP-106SNP-106SNP-244SNP-136SNP-136SNP-247SNP-040SNP-117

SNP-117SNP-249SNP-023SNP-128

SNP-128SNP-251

SNP-251

SNP-252

SNP-252SNP-253SNP-254SNP-254

SNP-256SNP-256SNP-257SNP-257SNP-263SNP-134SNP-134SNP-180

ro

01

Site ID

494949

4949

50

505050515151515252525253

5353545454

54

5555

555656

565657575757575858596060

6161626263646464

Site Name

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)Mathews Arm Well (W-856)Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Ivy Creek Shelter SpringIvy Creek Shelter SpringIvy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Lewis Mountain Spring #25Lewis Mountain Spring #25Elkwallow Spring #8Elkwallow Spring #8Elkwallow Spring #8Elkwallow Spring #8Hite Spring (Luray)Hite Spring (Luray)Hite Spring (Luray)HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter SpringIndian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter SpringTown of Elkton SpringTown of Elkton SpringTown of Elkton wellTown of Grottoes #2Town of Grottoes #2

Blue Ridge School #5Blue Ridge School #5Town of Washington #3Town of Washington #3Mountain side Market

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

W/SWWW

WWW

WWWWWWW

SSSSS

SSSSSSSSSSS

SSSS

S

SSSS

WW

WWWWWW

SSS

Date4/19/19964/19/1996

8/26/19978/26/19978/16/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/19978/29/19978/17/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/19978/29/19978/18/1999

4/3/19969/10/19979/10/1997

8/18/1999

9/5/1997

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/12/19969/3/19979/3/1997

8/20/1999

9/17/19979/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/19969/9/1997

9/9/1997

8/23/1999

4/9/1996

9/12/19979/12/1997

8/23/19998/23/1999

9/1/19999/1/19999/1/19999/1/19999/1/1999

9/2/19999/2/19999/2/19999/2/19999/8/19999/17/19979/17/19973/2/1999

Elev (feet)259025902590259025902740

274027402740268026802680268029202920292029202920

292029202500250025002500

837837837

1460

1460

14601460

22902290229022902290

1078

1078

917

11911191

733733663

663

817765765765

N2 

(mg/L)

18.1918.31

20.8821.1222.5120.03

20.15

19.79

20.2821.2927.7427.8921.24

18.37

17.46

22.61

17.1616.34

16.51

16.9016.4617.4817.1917.5119.4719.55

20.55

18.3415.08

15.58

ND

29.19

16.9517.06

17.0917.11

21.49

19.36

ND

22.90

23.13

18.1518.30

21.0220.8720.10

18.7619.0719.09

Ar 

(mg/L)0.65430.66560.71470.71880.74810.7085

0.69650.68980.70370.74890.85440.85470.72470.69760.6428

0.7357

0.6407

0.6193

0.63180.6318

0.62350.64260.64230.64610.68580.68470.71910.71280.5709

0.5812

ND

0.8453

0.63370.63140.6407

0.6436

0.73710.6937

ND

0.77110.7792

0.66910.673407055

0.7030

0.70010.68200.69500.6919

N,/Ar 

Recharge 

Temp (°C)9.9

8.88.28.37.67.1

8.78.78.1

5.35.86.0

7.7

5.1

9.3

8.78.9

9.8

8.7

9.5

10.2

10.0

9.49.6

11.411.7

9.7

5.7

15.5

15.2

ND

10.010.310.8

9.7

9.49.2

9.9

ND

8.07.5

10.910.7

12.5

12.511.010.6

9.7

10.1

N:/Ar 

Ex Air (cc STP/L)

1.7

1.4

3.84.05.2

2.6

3.3

3.03.23.0

9.8

10.1

4.00.10.95.90.5

-0.1-0.30.4-0.10.90.40.82.42.62.9-0.7

-0.3

0.1

ND

12.8

0.30.60.30.23.8

1.9

ND

4.84.8

0.80.94.34.12.9

1.31.31.5

Neon xlO* (ccSTP/g)

ND

ND

25.7125.71

ND

24.51

24.5824.58

ND

24.51

54.8154.81

ND20.24

19.4119.41

ND

19.0619.06

ND

19.96

20.05

20.05

ND

ND

NDND

20.8229.26

29.26

ND

19.3619.4619.46

NDNDNDND

ND

NDND

NDNDND

ND

ND

22.8022.80

ND

Excess airNe 

(cc/kg)

NDND

3.93.9ND3.2

3.4

3.4

ND

2.9

19.719.7

ND

0.70.60.6

ND

0.4

0.4ND0.90.90.9ND

ND

NDND

0.56.1

6.1

ND

0.40.60.6

NDND

ND

NDNDND

NDND

NDNDNDND

1.81.8

ND

Helium xlO" 

(ccSTP/g)

ND

ND

6.236.23

ND

5.80

5.885.88

ND

5.80

13.9413.94

ND

4.644.44

4.44ND4.38

4.38

ND

4.634.634.63

NDNDND

ND

4.83

8.19

8.19

ND

4.484.514.51

ND

ND

ND

ND

NDNDND

NDNDNDNDND

11.3211.32

ND

Excess 

air He (cc/kg)

ND

ND3.83.8ND3.0

3.23.2ND

2.9

18.418.4

ND

0.70.50.5

ND0.4

0.4

ND

0.8

0.7

0.7

NDNDNDND

0.6

7.4

7.4

ND

0.40.50.5

NDNDND

NDND

NDND

NDNDNDND

ND

13.013.0

ND

Lab 02 (mg/L)

5.55.56.06.05.1

3.4

6.0

5.3

3.9

7.08.7

9.1

6.36.06.98.45.17.3

7.36.35.55.85.67.35.2

4.8

5.06.46.6

6.0

ND

10.9

7.1

6.85.96.45.9

5.4

ND

6.36.73.73.70.10.1

1.2

5.65.35.3

Field O2 (mg/1)

8.18.18.58.5

9.17.8

8.68.6

9.59.5

11.611.6

9.99.69.99.9

10.2

9.8

9.8

10.4

9.4

8.38.3

9.7

6.1617.7

10.2

9.5

9.59.59.89.59.5

10.010.0

8.08.0

7.2

8.98.94.6

4.6

0.20.22.4

7.27.26.8

Lab CO2 (mg/L)

29.829.825.525.926.86.6

4.75.36.2

12.211.611.3

2.5

13.3

21.021.4

19.511.3

11.411.7

29.628.3

28.124.3

4.04.34.5

28.126.8

16.1

ND

23.929.029.323.523.16.4

5.3

ND

3.53.1

18.418.3

9.09.229.7

7.27.87.3
o>

Table 5. Summary of dissolved gases (nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) Continued

SNPNo.SNP-180

SNP-185SNP-185SNP-190SNP-190SNP-195SNP-200

SNP-200SNP-217

SNP-222SNP-258SNP-264SNP-269

SNP-269

SNP-020

SNP-093SNP-093

SNP-124SNP-124SNP-126SNP-126

SNP-135SNF-135

SNP-181SNP-1S6SNP-191SNP-196

SNP-201

SNP-201SNP-220

SNP-223SNP-259

SNP-265SNP-270

VR-01VR-01VR-02VR-03VR-03VR-04

VR-04

VR-06VR-06VR-07VR-08VR-08

VR-09

VR-10

VR-11

Site ID

64

64

6464646464

64646464

646464

656565

65656565

65

65656565656565656565

6565

666667

6868696971

717272

7374

7576

Site Name

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Town of Stanley* 3

Town of Stanley # 3Town of Shenandoah # 5Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd ft 1Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd ft 1

Coyner Spring

Coyner Spring

Town of Shenandoah # 2Town of Shenandoah # 2

Town of Shenandoah # 3Town of Stanley* 6

Town of Stanley #6Town of Stanley #5

Town of Stanley #4Town of Stanley #2

W/S

S

sss

s

ss

s

ss

s

ss

s

s

ss

s

ss

s

s

ss

s

sssss

s

sss

ww

w

ww

sswwwwww

w

w

Date3/2/1999

4/2/19994/2/19994/27/19994/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/19996/23/1999

7/14/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999

9/22/1999

4/8/1996

8/28/1997

8/28/1997

9/11/19979/11/19979/11/19979/11/19979/17/19979/17/19973/2/19994/2'19994/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/19996/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/19997/6/1999

7/6/19997/6/19997/7/19997/7/19997/7/1999

7/7/1999

7/8/19997/8/1999

7/8/19997/9/1 999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

Elev (feet)

765765

765

765

765

765765765

765765765765765765

3320

3320332033203320

33203320

3320332033203320

33203320

3320

332033203320332033203320

117511751170

1360136013201320108010801070

10501050

970

10701140

(mg/L)

19.1219.3519.17

19.40

19.3919.22

19.40

19.5219.3519.0619.2419.2819.1619.35

17.06

16.0916.26

16.2015.9615.8815.82

16.17

16.2016.4316.7716.6616.43

16.8016.71

16.5716.32

16.58

16.65

16.52

24.98

24.42

18.98

22.2021.0321.84

22.34

24.9424.5123.31

19.70

19.64

20.61

19.06

21.93

Ar 

(mg/L)0.6933

0.69870.69270.7012

0.69980.69660.70060.7024

0.69870.6863

0.69210.69640.69330.7005

0.6377

0.61010.61810.60750.6064

0.60290.6046

0.61110.61250.6251

0.63270.62710.6212

0.6303

0.63020.62750.61820.62320.62330.62180.80730.79920.68750.74170.7235

0.74160.7546

0.80460.79480.78790.70340.7062

0.7200

0.69280.7448

N:/Ar 

Recharge 

Temp (°C)

10.0

9.8

10.2

9.79.89.89.7

9.8

9.9

10.710.410.010.1

9.78.5

9.89.2

10.3

10.010.2

9.9

9.8

9.7

8.78.5

8.9

9.28.88.78.7

9.39.2

9.49.37.97.89.89.6

9.4

9.0

8.58.38.5

7.29.69.19.69.59.1

N:/Ar 

Ex Air 

(cc STP/L)

1.5

1.6

.6.6.7.5

.6.8

.6.7.7

1.61.5

1.6

0.4

-0.1-0.10.2-0.2

-0.1-0.3

0.00.0-0.1

0.10.20.0

0.30.10.00.0

0.20.30.2

6.9

6.2

1.5

4.8

3.64.24.56.96.6

4.8

2.1

1.8

2.9

1.4

4.2

Neon xio" 

(ccSTP/g)ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

ND

NDND

ND

NDNDND

18.8318.45

18.4518.74

18.74

ND

ND

18.3518.35

NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

ND34.2734.27

22.32

26.14

26.14

130.15130.15

32.83

32.83

29.8922.6927.69

24.76

22.6428.29

Excess 

airNe (cc/kg)ND

NDNDNDND

NDND

NDNDNDND

NDNDND0.40.30.3

0.50.5NDND

0.2

0.2

ND

NDNDND

NDNDND

NDND

ND

ND

8.0

8.0

1.6

3.8

3.860.960.9

7.2

7.25.5

1.81.7

2.9

1.7

4.8

Helium xlO8 (ccSTP/g)

NDND

ND

ND

NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

4.334.22

4.224.404.40ND

ND

4.254.25NDNDNDND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

8.558.555.257.48

7.4834.11

34.11

7.98

7.98

7.45

16.9916.99

15.9710.66

7.05

Excess air He 

(cc/kg)ND

NDNDND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

NDNDNDND0.4

0.20.20.60.6NDND0.30.3NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDND

NDNDND

7.8

7.8

1.5

5.85.8

56.756.6

6.76.75.623.923.9

21.9

11.8

4.9

Lab (mg/L)6.1

4.84.6

5.15.14.90.5

1.5

3.12.9

4.6

5.35.05.3

6.6

7.17.26.87.27.4

7.6

7.66.9

6.87.97.7

8.4

4.64.64.9

6.37.8

8.68.9

9.37.2

5.96.15.97.3

7.5

7.5

0.1

5.4

4.0

3.7

5.9

4.7

6.6

Field O: (mg/1)

6.8

6.56.56.9

6.96.96.8

6.86.86.7

6.97.06.6

6.6

9.9

10.1

10.1

8.98.9

10.010.0

9.99.99.69.9

9.8

10.2

9.89.89.7

10.4

10.8

10.1

9.9

7.77.7

7.46.96.97.4

7.4

7.37.36.3

5.75.77.0

6.17.4

Lab CO, (mg/L)

6.8

7.87.97.2

7.17.8

10.9

10.2

8.9

9.2

7.8

7.37.77.5

17.9

20.520.520.9

20.621.321.3

20.0

20.8

19.118.520.0

19.6

22.722.521.720.8

19.7

19.518.3

3.34.5

10.4

1.7

1.61.6

1.6

9.9

15.9

8.26.26.44.46.45.4
Table 6. Summary of recharge temperatures 

and quantities of excess air

[W, well; S, spring; Elev., elevation of the land surface, datum is sea level; Rech. Temp., 

recharge temperature; cc STP/L, cubic centimeters at standard temperature and 

pressure per liter; ND, not determined]

SNP No.

SNP-001

SNP-090

SNP-227

SNP-002

SNP-003

SNP-108

SNP-231

SNP-004

SNP-112

SNP-006

SNP-089

SNP- 125

SNP- 169

SNP- 182

SNP-187

SNP-192

SNP-197

SNP-202

SNP-221

SNP-224

SNP-260

SNP-266

SNP-271

SNP-008

SNP-094

SNP-232

SNP-009

SNP- 120

SNP-014

SNP-131

SNP-238

SNP-017

SNP-018

SNP-103

SNP- 123

SNP- 139

SNP- 184

SNP-189

SNP-193

SNP- 198

SNP-204

SNP-219

SNP-225

SNP-262

SNP-268

SNP-273

SNP-021

SNP-116

SNP-234

SNP-022

SNP-110

SNP-243

SNP-024

SNP-129

SNP- 130

SNP-246

SNP-025

SNP-101

SNP-026

SNP-100

SNP-027

SNP- 133

SNP-239

SNP-028

Site ID

1

1

1

2

3

3

3

4

4

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

6

6

7

7

8

8

8

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

11

11

11

12

12

12

13

13

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

16

17

Site Name

HQ#1 Well(W-855)

HQ#1 Well(W-855)

HQ#1 Well(W-855)

HO Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Pinnacles Spring #16

Pinnacles Spring #16

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland"

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Dundo Spring #29

Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13-3

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Davids Spring

Davids Spring

Davids Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)

Gravel Spring NE

Gravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

W/S

W

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

W

W

W

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

Date

4/1/1996

8/27/1997

8/16/1999

4/1/1996

4/1/1996

9/4/1997

8/17/1999

4/2/1996

9/4/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

4/2/1996

8/28/1997

8/17/1999

4/3/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/16/1997

8/18/1999

4/5/1996

4/5/1996

9/2/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

3/3/1999

4/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/1999

9/10/1999

9/22/1999

4/8/1996

9/9/1997

8/17/1999

4/8/1996

9/4/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/12/1997

9/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/16/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/1996

Time

10:30

8:40

9:00

13:00

15:00

12:00

9:45

9:30

10:00

14:30

18:35

12:25

9:15

14:35

11:20

14:40

14:50

13:40

11:45

13:30

12:45

12:30

12:09

17:30

9:45

11:25

12:15

10:30

12:40

13:00

10:45

9:00

12:40

9:30

16:30

13:30

10:00

15:00

10:30

9:05

11:55

14:35

9:20

16:30

8:25

15:45

14:30

14:00

14:35

17:15

18:00

11:05

11:30

10:00

9:45

17:00

14:30

11:00

17:50

16:00

10:00

10:30

13:45

12:00

Elev 

(feet)

1120

1120

1120

1760

3440

3440

3440

3480

3480

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3430

3560

3560

3560

2880

2880

2360

2360

2360

2560

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2580

2580

2580

3400

3400

3400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2490

2490

2580

2580

2640

2640

2640

3110

Rech. Temp. 

CO

9.0

8.9

8.7

8.6

7.9

8.4

8.2

9.7

10.2

7.0

7.3

9.0

8.7

7.5

7.2

7.9

8.3

7.7

7.7

8.3

8.7

8.3

8.3

7.0

9.5

9.8

7.4

12.1

9.0

9.7

9.7

10.2

4.2

7.3

8.8

7.6

6.8

7.0

7.2

7.3

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.4

7.7

7.2

8.9

11.3

10.1

7.6

9.0

8.5

9.0

10.6

12.9

10.1

8.7

8.2

8.5

11.5

9.5

10.4

10.4

6.0

Excess Air 

(cc STP/L)

4.9

6.6

4.7

-0.2

-0.3

-0.3

0.0

0.2

-0.4

-0.2

-0.5

0.1

0.0

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.9

1.4

0.1

0.2

-0.1

-0.2

-0.1

0.4

1.5

0.2

0.7

0.3

0.1

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.7

0.6

0.6

2.1

2.1

2.5

.0

.1

0.9

.4

.8

.3

0.0

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.2

-0.3

0.3

-0.3

1.0

0.5

0.4

0.1

Number of 

Samples 

Averaged

0

2

2

1

2

2

0

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

0

2

0

2

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

1

27
Table 6. Summary of recharge temperatures Continued

SNP No.

SNP-115

SNP-240

SNP-029

SNP-030

SNP-032

SNP- 104

SNP-242

SNP-034

SNP- 109

SNP-127

SNP-138

SNP-183

SNP-188

SNP-194

SNP- 199

SNP-203

SNP-218

SNP-226

SNP-261

SNP-267

SNP-272

SNP-035

SNP-096

SNP-036

SNP-092

SNP-233

SNP-038

SNP-039

SNP-086

SNP-228

SNP-041

SNP-132

SNP-043

SNP-105

SNP-048

SNP-084

SNP-230

SNP-050

SNP-051

SNP-052

SNP-1 1 1

SNP-053

SNP-083

SNP-037

SNP-087

SNP-007

SNP-088

SNP-005

SNP-091

SNP-019

SNP- 102

SNP-031

SNP-1 14

SNP-054

SNP-1 18

SNP-015

SNP-1 21

SNP-016

SNP- 122

SNP-013

SNP-099

SNP-137

SNP-248

SNP-042

SNP-095

SNP-1 40

SNP-1 70

SNP-255

SNP-046

SNP-085

Site ID

17

17

18

19

20

20

20

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

22

22

23

23

23

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

27

31

31

31

33

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

41

42

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

47

48

48

49

49

Site Name

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Baldface Mountain Spring

Hazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beakms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrdb Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Hogback Spring #5

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Hightop Hut Spring

Hightop Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Domestic well #1

Domestic well #2

White Oak Cabin Spring

White Oak Cabin Spring

Big Meadows #1 Well (W- 1701)

Big Meadows #1 Well(W-1701)

HQ#2 Well(W-851)

HQ#2 Well(W-851)

Skyland #5

Skyland #5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Old Rag Shelter Spring

Old Rag Shelter Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Bear Lithia Spring

Bear Lithia Spring

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W 856)

W/S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

W

W

W

S

W

W

W

S

S

S

S

W

W

W

W

W

S

S

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

S

S

W

W

W

S

S

W

W

Date

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/1996

4/11/1996

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

8/20/1999

4/12/1996

9/4/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

8/17/1999

4/16/1996

4/16/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/17/1996

9/16/1997

4/18/1996

9/3/1997

4/19/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/24/1996

4/24/1996

4/25/1996

9/4/1997

4/25/1996

9/17/1997

4/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/5/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/5/1997

4/26/1996

9/9/1997

4/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

8/29/1997

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

8/28/1997

9/19/1997

9/8/1997

9/2/1999

4/19/1996

8/26/1997

Time

14:00

15:40

14:00

18:30

9:40

12:00

8:45

15:20

8:30

14:30

11:00

16:50

12:50

17:25

11:22

9:05

11:34

12:00

14:20

14:30

13:45

11:20

13:30

14:00

11:30

12:50

11:45

16:00

18:30

11:45

15:15

15:45

9:15

14:10

14:40

10:50

16:15

9:50

14:55

10:35

15:55

16:30

16:30

9:45

10:30

16:00

17:10

12:00

12:45

14:35

13:30

16:30

11:00

14:30

18:00

15:30

17:00

17:30

15:00

9:30

10:00

13:10

11:20

18:20

15:45

9:30

17:15

10:20

10:40

15:05

Elev 

(feet)

3110

3110

3560

3300

2200

2200

2200

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3460

3460

3510

3510

3510

3240

2570

2570

2570

3120

3120

2700

2700

1840

1840

1840

850

845

3370

3370

3504

3504

1135

1135

3670

3670

3280

3280

2880

2880

2920

2920

2035

2035

2460

2460

3000

3000

2230

2230

778

778

3390

3390

3390

866

866

2590

2590

Rech. Temp. 

TO

9.6

9.4

6.0

8.3

9.0

9.3

10.2

9.0

9.0

9.8

10.0

9.4

9.6

9.4

9.2

8.8

9.0

9.4

9.6

9.2

9.4

7.8

9.9

8.7

8.4

7.2

8.6

8.3

9.1

9.0

8.2

9.0

8.7

9.0

9.1

8.2

8.0

7.7

9.9

8.5

13.1

6.7

8.0

11.2

10.7

6.4

8.9

10.3

9.0

6.4

9.6

8.4

9.0

9.8

14.8

8.3

13.1

8.3

12.3

10.5

10.2

12.8

11.9

8.4

9.0

8.4

90

9.0

9.4

8.3

Excess Air 

(cc STP/L)

0.7

0.5

-0.1

-0.2

0.0

-0.4

-0.1

0.0

1.4

0.6

1.3

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

1.0

0.1

0.1

2.9

0.1

6.5

-0.3

6.7

4.6

0.0

0.8

0.0

1.0

1.1

3.7

4.0

4.5

5.1

11.7

-0.1

-0.4

3.8

3.9

7.7

2.7

7.9

0.1

0.6

0.8

0.1

0.6

-0.2

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

-0.3

-0.4

0.1

3.3

2.0

2.6

2.4

0.6

1.1

1.0

0.0

3.1

1.6

3.9

Number of 

Samples 

Averaged

2

0

0

0

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

I

2

1

1

0

1

0

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

0

2

2

1

0

2

2

I

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

0

2

0

2

2

2

28
Table 6. Summary of recharge temperatures Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-229

SNP-01 1

SNP-098

SNP-235

SNP-01 0

SNP-097

SNP-236

SNP-01 2

SNP-119

SNP-237

SNP-113

SNP-241

SNP-033

SNP-106

SNP-244

SNP-136

SNP-247

SNP-040

SNP-117

SNP-023

SNP-128

SNP-251

SNP-252

SNP-254

SNP-256

SNP-257

SNP-263

SNP-134

SNP-180

SNP-185

SNP-190

SNP-195

SNP-200

SNP-217

SNP-222

SNP-258

SNP-264

SNP-269

SNP-020

SNP-093

SNP-124

SNP-126

SNP-135

SNP-181

SNP-1 86

SNP-191

SNP-1 96

SNP-201

SNP-220

SNP-223

SNP-259

SNP-265

SNP-270

VR-01

VR-02

VR-03

VR-04

VR-06

VR-07

VR-08

VR-09

VR-10

VR-11

Site ID

49

50

50

50

51

51

51

52

52

52

53

53

54

54

54

55

55

56

56

57

57

57

58

60

61

62

63

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

66

67

68

69

71

72

73

74

75

76

Site Name

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Elkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

Hite Spring (Luray)

Hite Spring (Luray)

HQ Spring #14-1

HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spnng

Town of Elkton Spring

Town of Grottoes #2

Blue Ridge School #5

Town of Washington #3

Mountain side Market

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Town of Stanley # 3

Town of Shenandoah # 5

Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 1

Coyner Spnng

Town of Shenandoah # 2

Town of Shenandoah # 3

Town of Stanley # 6

Town of Stanley # 5

Town of Stanley # 4

Town of Stanley #2

W/S

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

W

S

W

W

W

W

W

W

Date

8/16/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

8/17/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

8/18/1999

4/3/1996

9/10/1997

8/18/1999

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

8/20/1999

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

9/9/1997

4/9/1996

9/12/1997

8/23/1999

9/1/1999

9/1/1999

9/2/1999

9/2/1999

9/8/1999

9/17/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/14/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

4/8/1996

8/28/1997

9/11/1997

9/11/1997

9/17/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

7/6/1999

7/6/1999

7/7/1999

7/7/1999

7/8/1999

7/8/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

Time

13:10

15:45

14:00

18:15

14:30

12:30

8:35

18:00

12:00

10:20

9:30

18:05

12:30

9:00

13:50

11:40

8:56

9:15

9:10

13:00

13:30

18:15

10:25

15:00

12:30

15:45

9:00

9:45

10:10

8:40

9:40

10:00

9:30

9:30

9:15

9:30

9:05

9:00

10:30

17:05

9:35

10:50

16:00

12:30

10:10

13:00

12:55

11:50

9:25

11:35

11:00

10:40

10:40

12:30

16:15

10:35

14:00

16:20

18:20

10:15

13:00

15:00

16:45

Elev 

(feet)

2590

2740

2740

2740

2680

2680

2680

2920

2920

2920

2920

2920

2500

2500

2500

837

837

1460

1460

2290

2290

2290

1078

1191

733

663

817

765

765

765

765

765

765

765

765

765

765

765

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

3320

1175

1170

1360

1320

1080

1070

1050

970

1070

1140

Rech. Temp. 

(°C)

7.6

7.1

8.7

8.1

5.3

5.9

7.7

5.1

9.0

8.9

9.3

9.5

10.2

9.7

9.6

11.6

9.7

5.7

9.0

10.0

10.6

9.6

9.6

7.8

10.8

12.5

11.0

10.2

10.1

10.0

9.8

9.8

9.8

9.9

10.7

10.4

10.0

9.9

8.5

9.5

10.2

10.1

9.8

8.7

8.5

8.9

9.2

8.8

8.7

9.3

9.2

9.4

9.3

7.8

9.8

9.5

8.7

8.4

7.2

9.4

9.6

9.5

9.1

Excess Air 

(cc STP/L)

5.2

2.6

3.2

3.2

3.0

10.0

4.0

0.1

3.4

0.5

-0.2

0.4

-0.1

0.7

0.8

2.5

2.9

-0.7

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.3

2.9

4.8

0.9

4.2

2.9

.3

.5

.6

.7

.5

.7

.6

.7

.7

.6

.6

0.4

-0.1

0.0

-0.2

0.0

-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.3

0.2

6.6

1.5

4.2

4.4

6.8

4.8

2.0

2.9

1.4

4.2

Number of 

Samples 

Averaged

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

0

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

29
CO

0

Table 7. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in water from wells and springs[W, well; S, spring; CFC-1 1, (trichlorofluoromethane, CFC1 3 ); CFC-12, (dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2C1 2 ); CFC-1 13, (trichlorotrifluoroethane, 

C2F3C13 ); 

Cone., concentration; pg/kg, picograms per kilogram; °C, degrees Celsius; Calc., calculated; pptv, parts per trillion by volume; ND, not determined]

SNPNo.SNP-001

SNP-090SNP-227SNP-002SNP-003SNP-108SNP-231

SNP-004SNP-112

SNP-006

SNP-089SNP-125

SNP-169

SNP-182SNP-187SNP-192SNP-197

SNP-202SNP-221SNP-224

SNP-260

SNP-266

SNP-271

SNP-008

SNP-094SNP-232SNP-009

SNP-120SNP-014SNP-131SNP-238SNP-017SNP-018SNP-103SNP-123SNP-139SNP-184

SNP-189

SNP-193SNP-198

SNP-204

SNP-219

SNP-225SNP-262SNP-268SNP-273

Site ID

111

2333

4

4555555

55555555666

7

78889

10

10

1010

1010101010

1010101010

Site NameHQ#1 Well(W-855)HQ#1 Well(W-855)

HQ#1 Well(W-855)

HQ Spring # 1 4-3 - above HQ on Rt 2 1 1Hemlock SpringHemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Pinnacles Spring #16Pinnacles Spring #16

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandSkyland #2 (W- 1033)

Skyland#2(W-1033)Skyland #2 (W- 1033)Dundo Spring #29Dundo Spring #29Simmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap SpringPanorama Spring #13-3Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

W/SWW

W

S

S

S

S

SS

S

SS

S

SS

S

S

SSSSSSW

WW

SS

SSS

SSSSSSS

SS

S

S

SSS

S

Date

4/1/1996

8/27/1997

8/16/19994/1/19964/1/19969/4/1997

8/17/1999

4/2/1996

9/4/1997

4/2/19968/27/19979/11/1997

9/18/19973/2/19994/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/19997/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/19999/22/19994/2/19968/28/1997

8/17/1999

4/3/19969/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/16/19978/18/19994/5/19964/5/19969/2/1997

9/11/19979/18/19973/3/19994/2/19994/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/19998/12/19999/7/1999

9/10/1999

9/22/1999

Time

10:30

8:409:00

13:0015:0012:00

9:459:30

10:00

14:3018:3512:25

9:15

14:351 1:2014:40

14:5013:4011:4513:3012:4512:30

12:0917:30

9:45

11:2512:1510:30

12:4013:0010:45

9:00

12:40

9:30

16:3013:3010:0015:0010:30

9:05

11:5514:35

9:20

16:30

8:25

15:45

CFC-1 1 Cone.

in Water(pK/kj>)586.5691.5669.9

657.5

737.2

691.8

701.3718.2

636.1

1061.5

855.8855.1

860.2851.4882.3887.8978.3

1002.5

985.1937.2924.1921.9

961.7780.5

718.2729.1

751.0625.7770.9

689.8

706.9695.1870.8757.8

738.7733.2768.5785.3770.4843.9830.0938.4

847.7

650.5656.0662.0

CFC-12 Cone.

in Water

(ps/ks)

301.2318.3330.2318.3346.4340.5353.6339.1304.6386.4366.3442.8371.8

363.6380.9373.3370.4374.5362.0358.4352.4367.7410.2

339.9321.9324.8352.6309.4350.4359.7347.9335.6

401.2

383.2359.1373.8

367.2

433.3

389.2373.1371.3362.4363.1

334.6363.0375.3

CFC-1 13 Cone.

in Water(PS/kg)50.248.1610.1

88.6

101.4

97.6

146.6

89.987.3

105.4108.1103.6101.7

99.7

100.9

98.9

178.6

263.0291.7

144.7152.1148.2160.0

95.188.6

144.8

94.190.5

95.9

96.9

139.4103.7125.4108.9

102,1105.3105.7

108.0112.1

206.0305.9

251.5

1560157.9125.7126.3

Recharge Recharge

Temp (°C)

9.08.9

9.7

8.6

7.9

8.48.29.7

10.2

7.07.39.0

10.2

7.57.17.98.3

7.77.68.28.68.28.3

7.0

9.59.9

7.4

12.0

8.99.79.7

10.2

4.2

7.3

8.77.66.8

7.17.37.3

7.5

7.67.77.47.7

7.2

Elevation

(feet)

1120112011001760

34403440344034803480

3430

3430343034303460

3460346034603460346034603460

3460346035603560350028802880

2360

3300

2360

256029002900

29002900290029002900290029002900

2900290029002900

CFC-1 1 CFC-12 CFC-1 13 Calc Atmospheric Calc Atmospheric Calc Atmospheric

Partial Pressure Partial Pressure Partial Pressure

(pptv)

199.2

236.3239.3223.6256.2

250.5

251.0276.6255.3

350.2290.6320.3344.6292.8296.4

312.5352.4348.8340.8335.7338.7

330.2346.5258.7278.1288.0248.5271.0

272.5

267.5264.7266.0238.3

252.3266.7248.4248.4258.4

256.5280.9279.6317.9288.9217.8223.6

219.1

(pptv)450.4

479.2

517.2

477.6

533.6544.8559.8572.6

534.4

568.1553.2730.2651.2555.5

569.9582.4590.0578.3556.1567.9

570.0582.6653.4502.1547.1

561.9518.6579.6

545.6611.5571.1

5614

498.2

567.5

571.8562.3529.7

635.1

576.4552.6555.7

545.2549.1

498.2

549.0552.9

(pptv)40.2

38.8

516.4

70.9

82.783.2

123.3

82.0

83.2

81.285.991.696.8

80.379.281.7

151.3

214.5236.4

121.8

131.3124.8135.5

73.681.2

135.7

72.894.080.089.0

123.6

94.3

78.984.886.983.6

79.7

83.1

87.3

160.4

241.2

199.6124.6123.7100.4

97.7
Table 7. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in water from wells and springs Continued

SNP No.SNP-021SNP-116SNP-234

SNP-022SNP-110SNP-243SNP-024

SNP- 129SNP- 130

SNP-246

SNP-025SNP-101SNP-026SNP-100SNP-027

SNP-133SNP-239SNP-028

SNP-115SNP-240

SNP-029

SNP-030SNP-032SNP- 104

SNP-242

SNP-034SNP- 109SNP- 127SNP-138SNP- 183SNP- 188SNP- 194SNP- 199SNP-203SNP-218SNP-226SNP-261

SNP-267

SNP-272SNP-035SNP-096SNP-036SNP-092

SNP-233SNP-038SNP-039

SNP-086

SNP-228SNP-041

Site ID

11

111112121213

13

131314141515161616

171717

IS

19

2020202121212121212121

2121

2121212122222323232425252526

Site Name

Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2Davids SpringDavids SpringDavids Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)

Gravel Spring NEGravel Spring NEPass Mountain Overlook SpringPass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27Dean Mountain/South River SpringDean Mountain/South River SpringDean Mountain/South River SpringBaldface Mountain SpringHazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Bealims Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringBig Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #14 WellBig Meadows #14 WellBig Meadows #14 WellHogback Spring #5Elkwallow Well (W- 1703)Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)Hightop Hut Spring

W/S

s

sssss

s

s

s

sss

sss

sssssss

ss

s

s

s

s

sss

ss

s

s

ssss

WWWWW

s

WWWs

Date

4/8/19969/9/1997

8/17/1999

4/8/1 9969/4/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/19969/12/1997

9/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/10/19969/2/19974/11/19969/16/1997

8/19/1999

4/110996

9/5/19978/19/19994/11/19964/11 1996

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

8/20/1999

4/12/19969/4/19979/11/19979/18/19973/2/1999

4/2/19994/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/19994/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/16/19964/16/1996

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/17/1996

Time

14:3014:0014:3517:1518:0011:0511:3010:00

9:45

17:0014:30

11:0017:5016:00

10:00

10:3013:4512:00

14:0015:4014:00

18:30

9:40

12:00

8:45

15:20

8:30

14:30

11:0016:5012:5017:25

11:22

9:05

11:34

12:0014:2014:3013:4511:2013:3014:0011:30

12:50

11:45

16:0018:30

11:4515:15

CFC-1 1 Cone, in Water (PS/kg)682.4679.5

681.1

722.0710.0778.0773.4701.3642.1671.7

738.0716.8777.5

688.6

727.1

659.2637.2768.8674.7

646.2

837.8762.2

747.6

690.8673.4

711.4683.4677.1

691.6684.0

776.3

683.2671.2663.4668.9

690.0

1088.3

655.0678.6

714.9

696.3

736.0717.9

669.5

711.6

682.4677.8664.5

740.1

CFC-1 2 Cone, in Water(Pft/kg)328.1330.2336.5335.5358.6373.3370.2338.3

339.2

339.0330.2335.8343.7309.9327.2365.8324.2355.0322.4328.2

359.2

346.0

331.5343.1335.1332.6325.2327.0328.2326.6339.8332.9332.5330.6334.1

334.7329.5339.2367.6331.9338.5322.5314.7332.3331.1336.2313.1334.9354.6

CFC-1 13 Cone, 

in Water 

(PR/kg)

86.9

943

139.1108.4136.8

428.896.495.5

88.2

148.5

89.9

115.8

95.792.891.2

91.4

145.9105.8

92.4

145.9

100.7101.8

92.896.1

149.3

94.191.092.7

93.792.1

81.7

92.2

173.5

287.4

419.8

155.6191.2140.4

153.2

94.6

95.8

83.189.2684.695.691.0

90.1

137.5

103.1

Recharge 

Temp (°O8.9

11.310.1

7.7

9.0

8.48.0

10.6

10.610.1

8.78.28.5

11.5

9.5

10.4

10.4

6.09.6

9.4

6.0

8.39.09.3

10.2

9.09.09.8

10.0

9.4

9.6

9.4

9.0

8.8

9.0

9.496

9.19.3

7.7

9.8

8.78.47.28.68.3

9.0

8.08.2

Recharge 

Elevation 

(feet)

258025802510

34003400340024002400

24002400249024902580

2580

26402640264031103110312035603300

220022002200300030003000

3000

3000

30003000300030003000

30003000

300030003460346035103510351032402570330033003120

CFC-1 1 Calc Atmospheric Partial Pressure (pptv)243.2280.2262.2247.7265.6281.3260.2276.4

253.1257.5259.2247.7270.9287.0

268.5259.3250.7236.4258.3

244.7

261.8269.6

264.2251.4257.7254.2251.9261.1269.6257.9

296.0257.6247.4241.8246.6

260.1

415.0

242.8254.4245.8273.1268.4260.6226.7255.5235.0252.6233.9

258.6

CFC-1 2 Calc Atmospheric 

Partial Pressure 

(pptv)

515.1591.5566.7510.9590.7596.4551.8581.7

583.1568.5511.6513.2528.9560.4530.4628.3556.9489.4541.5

545.9503.5541.1

515.8548.7560.7532.9527.8552.5560.1540.9568.4

551.3

539.6531.1542.2

554.3551.2553.2

605.7

506.4581.9518.7504.8500.8524.7511.9513.9

522.2548.1

CFC-1 13 Calc Atmospheric Partial Pressure (pptv)

73.0

92.9

127.2

87.2

120.8

364.7

76.189.6

82.8

'35.2

74.494.0

78.5

92.579.7

85.5

136.5

" 5.583.7

130.7

73.184.7

77.482.7

135.7

80.879.284.786.782.273.882.3

151.0

246.9365.2

138.7172.7122.9135.8

76.389.0

71.4

76.2541.880.873.779.3

113.6

84.7

W
W 

NJ

Table

SNP No.SNP-043SNP-105

SNP-048

SNP-084

SNP-230SNP-050SNP-051SNP-052SNP-111SNP-053SNP-083SNP-037SNP-087SNP-007SNP-088SNP-005SNP-091SNP-019SNP- 102SNP-031SNP-054SNP-118SNP-015SNP-121SNP-016SNP-122SNP-013SNP-099SNP-137SNP-248SNP-042SNP-095SNP-140SNP-255SNP-046SNP-085SNP-229SNP-011SNP-098SNP-235SNP-010SNP-097SNP-236SNP-012SNP- 119SNP-237SNP- 113SNP-24 1SNP-033

7. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations

Site ID

272731313133343535363637

37383839

39

4040414242434344444545464647474748494949

5050

50

515151525252535354

Site Name

Pass Mountain Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut SpringDickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Domestic well #1Domestic well #2

White Oak Cabin SpringWhite Oak Cabin SpringBig Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)

Big Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)HQ#2 Well(W-851)HQ#2 Well(W-851)Skyland #5Skyland #5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)Pinnacles Well (W-3288)Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Ann Spring Range View CabinLewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Old Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain SpringLoft Mountain Spring

Simmous Gap Well (W-1704)Simmons Gap Well (W- 1 704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)Lewis Mouutam Well (W-1072)

Bear Lithia SpringMathews Ami Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Ann Well (W-856)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-7 15)LoftMouutain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Elkwallow Spring #8

W/S

SS

WWWWW

SS

W

WW

WWWWW

SSSSSSSss

WW

ss

WWW

s

WWWWWWWWW

sss

sss

Date4/18/1996

9/3/1997

4/19/19968/26/19978/16/19994/24/19964/24/19964/25/19969/4/1997

4/25/1996

9/17/19974/16/19968/27/19974/2/19968/27/19974/2/19968/27/19974/5/19969/2/19974/11/1996

4/26/1996

9/9/19974/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/19969/10/19974/4/19968/29/19979/17/19978/23/19994/17/19968/28/19979/19/19979/2/19994/19/1996

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/19978/17/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/19978/18/1999

4/3/19969/10/1997

8/18/19999/5/19978/19/1999

4/12/1996

Time9:15

14:1014:40

10:5016:15

9:50

14:5510:3515:55

16:30

16:30

9:45

10.3016:001~>:10

12:0012:4514.3513:3016:3014:3018:0015:3017:0017:3015:00

9:30

10:0013:1011:2018:2015:45

9:30

10:2010:4015:0513:1015:4514:0018:1514:3012:30

8:35

18:0012:0010:20

9:30

18:0512:30

in water from wells and

CFC-ll Cone, 

in Water 

(pg*g)679.0656.7299.3

311.1364.4

483.8327.5

701.5563.9821.6720.8553.4

452.8946.3776.0686.7

723.6729.6

682.2

771.7783.6579.7789.0

600.8683.0630.24814.7

7321.8783.6

1127.9

726.1726.9

692.4

259.7

685.5655.3634.0

518.6

416.9452.7

683.8611.3565.1645.7641.6

643.8

689.0682.5

752.9

CFC-12 Cone, 

in Water 

(pg/kg)321.0315.1

131.4130.9156.4

287.3

284.7337.4300.6438.7456.7

587.7300.3

440.7

344.2

331.3

426.5

360.8319.0348.7342.8277.3370.6298.4331.7310.7

734.7

715.4743.7

434.3

333.3454.4342.4

118.1

317.7320.6348.3235.5

195.0

201.2340.0337.7204.1297.3317.3325.9333.4340.9

334.6

CFC-113 Cone, iii Water (PR/kK)87.789.824.530.4

58.5

62.537.294.498.560.165.2

80.280.3

131.5

98.497.3

114.5

97.991.799.2

102.6

77.1

99.2

86.088.9

151.1

53.3

48.6

105.5

217.197.2

119.1

93.1

126.0

84.888.6

129.8

51.8

40.865.5

1485.6

279.3

151.5

75.9

94.1

123.5

96.5

154.4

96.8

springs Continued

Recharge 

Temp TO

8.79.09.18.28.07.7

10.0

8.5

13.1

6.7

7.9

11.2

9.4

6.3

8.9

10.3

9.06.39.4

8.4

9.7

14.8

8.3

13.1

8.3

12.310.410.214.111.9

8.49.08.38.99.78.2

7.67.1

8.78.2

5.35.97.75.1

9.39.1

8.8

9.5

10.2

Recharge Elevation 

(feet)

27003300

184018401840

8508253370337035043504

11351135

367036703280328028802880292020352035

246024603000300022302230687800339033903390

866

259025902590274027402680268026802680

2920

292028002920

29202500

CFC-ll Calc Atmospheric 

Partial Pressure 

(pptv)

240.3244.8

105.0104.9121.5151.2116.3

251.6263.6267.0254.2212.1

159.3

302.3291.6271.3269.5226.4256.1270.7

286.1281.5270.6

271.5

238.9278.6

1840.0

2805.2349.1449.6259.2271.8

248.887.9255.5227.3212.4

167.8149.6157.5198.4185.8191.0186.8

239.8236.9250.4

258.0287.4

CFC-12 Calc Atmospheric 

Partial Pressure 

(pptv)

501.1517.1202.7

195.4

231.0398.3

442.4

534.4604.4

636.7

713.7

978.9464.0630.1

569.7571.7699.4501.1

525.8540.6548.8573.8562.1579.8513.1593.1

1226.01198.21417.0

749.4

525.7

748.25439

176.1

519.1491.9

518.0

339.3308.7

309.7

444.5460.6

306.2387.9521.2527.6534.0565.7

558.5

CFC-113 

Calc Atmospheric Partial Pressure (pptv)

73.279.0

20.324.145.845.831.3

79.7

111.1

45.6

53.9

73.4

66.897.7

87.2

91.4

100.6

70.781.481.988.891.280.093.8

73.1

160.5

48.444.2

114.0

207.4

81.7

105.1

78.7

100.7

74.9

72.2

101.8

39.1

34.553.6

997.5

197.0

120.1

50.7

83.1

107.3

82.7

138.1

87.8
Table 7. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in water from wells and springs Continued

SNP No.SNP-106SNP-244

SNP-136SNP-247

SNP-040SNP-117SNP-249SNP-023SNP-128SNP-251

SNP-252

SNP-253SNP-254SNP-256SNP-257SNP-263SNP- 134

SNP-180

SNP-185

SNP- 190SNP-195SNP-200SNP-2 ] 7SNP-222

SNP-258SNP-264

SNP-269SNP-020

SNP-093

SNP- 126

SNP-124

SNP-135SNP-181SNP-186SNP-191SNP- 196SNP-201SNP-220

SNP-223SNP-259SNP-265SNP-270

VR-01VR-02VR-03

VR-04

VR-06

VR-07VR-08

coco

Site ID54

545555

565656575757

5859

60616263646464

64646464

646464646565

656565656565656565

656565656667686971

72

73

Site NameElkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8Hite Spring (Luray)

Hite Spring (Luray)HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter SpringIndian Run Shelter SpringIndian Run Shelter Spring

Town of Elkton SpringTown of Elkton wellTown of Grottoes #2

Blue Ridge School #5

Town of Washington #3

Mountain side Market

Hudson Spruig (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hi'dson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spruig (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spnng (Luray)Lewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis SpringTown of Stanley #3Town of Shenandoah # 5Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 1Coyner Spring

Town of Shenandoah # 2

Town of Shenandoah # 3

Town of Stanley #6

W/Ss

ssssssssss

ww

ww

w

sss

sssss

s

ssss

ssss

ss

s

ss

ss

s

s

ww

w

s

w

w

w

Date9/3/1997

8/20/1999

9/17/19978/23/1999

4/17/1996

9/9/19978/23/1999

4/9/1996

9/12/19978/23/1999

9/1/1999

9/1/19999/1/19999/2/19999/2/19999/8/19999/17/19973/2/19994/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/14/19998/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/19994/8/1996

8/28/19979/11/19979/11/19979/17/19973/2/1999

4/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/19997/6/1999

7/6/19997/7/19997/7/19997/8/1999

7/8/19997/9/1999

Time9:00

13:5011:40

8:56

9:159:10

14:1013:0013:3018:15

10:2511:1515:0012:3015:45

9:009:45

10:10

8:409:40

10:00

9:309:309:159:309:059:00

10:3017:05

10:50

9:35

16:0012:3010:1013:0012:5511:50

9:25

11:3511:0010:4010:4012:3016:1510:3514:0016:20

18:2010:15

CFC-11 Cone, in Water (PR/kg)699.4

674.7262.4276.0710.2587.9542.5709.6

689.0675.9

94.0

7508.4

98.4

37.1

17.6

280.3

197.9

160.7155.7

170.4

345.7

147.2168.6162.8164.8

226.3

195.4

717.4

769.8

723.2711.8

718.8718.1723.5727.2

788.0789.1760.4

743.4752.0785.3765.2

4.6282.5629.8

503.3

390.1

201.5

86.0

CFC-12 Cone, in Water (pg/kg)335.9

336.6

185.9157.3

357.1

294.9266.6342.8342.0336.6

47.93734.4

74.5

249.1

198.2

195.4

95.896.094.4

113.0

143.1

95.996.894.095.3

145.5106.9

358.0402.2

398.1386.3397.1

356.2

378.2389.2

379.8

383.6

370.8

375.4374.3391.8404.90.0

114.3

322.5203.0316.7

191.7

116.3

CFC-113 Cone, 

in Water

(pg/kg)

95.8

149.5

56.4

93.4

103.6

78.5

101.0

91.4

95.5

133.1

25.7295.9

41.2

92.1

12.8

54.7

9.5

10.3

9.0

13.6

80.7

196.4

547.439.3

44.3

188.6

44.294.293.1

90.992.092.1

88.4

94.894.8

166.9

267.1354.1

155.0153.9156.7174.1

2.022.6421.1672.746082.1

129128.4

184.9

Recharge Temp (°C)9.7

9.6

11.6

9.7

5.7

9.09.0

10.010.5

9.5

10.410.0

8.0

9.8

12.611.110.1

9.79.6

9.59.59.49.5

10.310.0

9.69.59.59.5

10.110.1

9.88.78.58.99.28.78.79.3

9.39.3

9.3

7.8

9.89.5

8.78.4

7.2

9.4

Recharge Elevation (feet)2500

2500837837

146014601000

229022902290

800800

1000

733600

800765

10001000

10001000100010001000100010001000

33203320

332033203320332033203320332033203320

3320332033203320

11751170136013201080

10701050

CFC-11 Calc Atmospheric Partial Pressure (pptv)263.2

252.5

103.0

97.6

201.9204.6

185.6

265.9269.0249.634.5

2697.5

31.8

13.1

7.2

107.0

71.4

57.255.160.0

121.7

51.559.359.959.680.1

68.8271.6295.4

286.9282.4

280.5263.3

262.3269.7297.3289.3

278.8282.0285.3

297.9290.3

0.9

53.4

119.2

95.2

73.8

38.1

16.3

CFC-12 

Calc Atmospheric 

Partial Pressure (pptv)

554.3

552.6

316.5

244.0

456.1452.0401.6

562.2582.6

545.5

76.8

5871.9

106.6

386.8

350.9324.3

151.2149.9146.6

174.6

221.1

147.5149.6151.2151.0

225.9

165.2

595.0

677.4

691.0670.5679.0

576.1

605.4635.9630.1620.3

599.8625.9

624.0653.2

675.1

0.0

101.0

284.9

179.3

279.8

169.4102.7

CFC-113 Calc Atmospheric 

Partial Pressure (pptv)85.5

132.5

53.0

78.368.3

64.5

81.681.388.7

116.3

22.4252.3

31.3

77.4

12.7

49.9

8.18.77.5

11.4

67.2

162.6

455.934.4

38.1

158.1

36.8

84.484.6

85.686.785.276.480.983.0

148.8

230.8306.0

139.1138.0140.6

156.1

0.9

9.6

179.0

286.0

19592.4

54900.578.6
w

Table 7. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in water from wells and springs Continued

SNP No.VR-09VR-10VR-11

Site ID Site Name

74 Town of Stanley # 575 Town of Stanley #4

76 Town of Stanley #2

W/S DateW 7/9/1999W 7/9/1999W 7/9/1999

Time

13:00

15:00

16:45

CFC-ll 

Conein Water

(pg/kg)

190.2

388.22.1

CFC-12 

Cone.in Water

(PR/kg)

135.6

241.33.1

CFC-113 

Cone.in Water

(Pg/kg)

31.223.1

11.4

Recharge RechargeTemp ("C)

9.69.59.1

Elevation

(feet)

970

1070

1140

CFC-ll CFC-12 CFC-113 Calc Atmospheric Calc Atmospheric Calc Atmospheric

Partial Pressure Partial Pressure Partial Pressure

(pptv)

36.0

73.5

0.4

(pptv)

119.8

213.22.8

(pptv)

13.3

9.84.9
Table 8. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon-based apparent recharge dates, ages, and uncertainties (')

[W, well; S, spring; CFC-11, (trichlorofluoromethane, CFC1 3 ); CFC-12, (dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2C1 2 ); CFC-113, (trichlorotrifluoroethane, C2F3C13 );

°C, degrees Celsius; Age Errors, changes in age resulting from uncertainty in recharge temperature of "+" or "-" one °C;

C, contaminated, concentration greater than that of water in equilibrium with North American air at time of recharge;

M, modern, concentration near that of water in equilibrium with North American air at time of recharge; ND, not determined]

SNP No.SNP-001SNP-090SNP-227SNP-002SNP-003SNP- 108SNP-231SNP-004SNP-112SNP-006SNP-089SNP-L25SNP- 169SNP- 182SNP-187SNP-192SNP- 197SNP-202SNP-221SNP-224

SNP-260SNP-266SNP-271SNP-008SNP-094SNP-232

SNP-009SNP- 120SNP-014SNP- 131SNP-238SNP-017SNP-018SNP- 103SNP- 123SNP- 139

Wen

Site ID Site Name

1 HQ#1 Well (W-855)1 HQ #1 Well (W-855)1 HQ#1 Well (W-855)

2 HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 2 1 1

3 Hemlock Spring

3 Hemlock Spring

3 Hemlock Spring

4 Pinnacles Spring #164 Pinnacles Spring #16

5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland

5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland

5 Furnace Spring at Skyland

5 Furnace Spring at Skyland5 Furnace Spring at Skyland6 Skyland #2 (W-1033)6 Skyland #2 (W-1033)6 Skyland #2 (W-1033)

7 Dundo Spring #297 Dundo Spring #298 Simmons Gap Spring8 Simmons Gap Spring8 Simmons Gap Spring9 Panorama Spring #13-3

1 0 Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

10 Browntown Valley Overlook Spring10 Browntown Valley Overlook Spring10 Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

W/SWWW

SSSS

SSSSSSSSSSSSS

SSS

W

WW

SSSSSSS

SSS

Date

4/1/1996

8/27/19978/16/1999

4/1/1996

4/1/19969/4/1997

8/17/1999

4/2/19969/4/19974/2/1996

8/27/19979/11 '19979/18/19973/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/15/19998/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/19994/2/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/3/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/16/1997

8/18/1999

4/5/19964/5/19969/2/19979/11/1997

9/18/1997

Time

10:30

8:40

9:00

13:0015:0012:00

9:459:30

10:0014:3018:3512:25

9:15

14:3511:20

14:40

14:50

13:4011:4513:30

12:4512:3012:0917:30

9:45

11:2512:1510:30

12:4013:0010:45

9:00

12:40

9:30

16:3013:30

Model 

CFC-1 1 

Rech. 

Date

1983.01987.01987.01985.51988.51988.01988.01993.51988.0

C

1997.7

CC

1999.21999.3

Contam.Contain.Contam.Contam.Contam.

Contam.Contam.Contam.

1988.51993.5

1999.61987.51991.01991.01989.5

1989.5

1989.5

1987.01988.01989.51987.5

Model CFC-12 Rech. Date

1987.5

1989.5

1993.0

1989.5

1995.0

1997.01997.01996.3

1995.01996.31997.0

CC

1997.01999.31999.31999.4

1999.5

1997.01999.6

1999.71999.7

Contam.

1991.5

1997.01999.61993.01997.71997.0

C

1999.61996.31991.0

1997.71997.71997.7

Model CFC-1 13 Rech. Date

1984.0

1984.0

Contam.

1989.0

1991.5

1992.0

Contam.

1991.51992.0

1991.0

1994.01997.7

C

1991.01990.51991.0

Contam.Contam.Contam.Contam.

Contam.Contam.Contam.

1989.51991.0

Contam.

1989.51997.7

1990.51994.0

Contam.

1996.3

1990.51992.5

1994.01992.0

CFC-11 

Age 

(years)

13.310.7

12.6

10.8

7.8

9.7

11.6

2.89.7CM

CCM

M

CCC

C

C

CCC

7.8

4.2M

8.8

6.7

5.38.2

10.1

6.89.39.78.2

10.2

CFG 11 

+ l°CAge 

Errors 

(years)

1.5

0.5

1.01.5

2.5

1.5

1.5

2.82.5CCCC

C

C

CC

C

CC

CCC3.54.2C

1.5

6.75.3

8.2

6.06.8

1.0

1.5

8.2

1.5

CFC-11 

-1'CAge

Errors (years)

1.01.5

1.0

1.01.51.01.0

4.5

1.0

C5.7CC3.73.8CCCCC

CCC

1.0

4.52.1

1.0

2.52.0

1.5

2.0

1.5

1.51.01.5

1.0

CFC-12 Age (years)

8.88.2

6.66.8

1.3

0.7

2.60.02.7M0.7CC2.2

M

M

MM

2.5

M

MM

C

4.8

0.7M

3.3

M

C

C

M

M5.3

M

M

M

CFC-12 

fl°CAge 

Errors 

(years)

1.5

2.0

4.0

2.0

1.3

0.72.6C2.7

C0.7C

C

2.2CCCC2.5C

CCC2.50.7

C

4.0

CC

CC0.02.5CCC

CFC-12 

-l"CAge 

Errors (years)0.5

1.5

2.5

1.5

3.5

4.0

2.5C3.50.3

3.5CC3.03.32.30.02.53.03.6

3.22.7C2.04.04.6

2.50.73.0C3.1

1.3

2.0

1.7

0.7

3.2

CFC-1 13 Age 

(years)

12.313.7

C7.34.8

5.7

C4.8

5.7

5.3

3.7

M

C

8.28.88.3

C

CCC

CCC6.86.7C6.8

0.05.83.7C

M

5.85.23.75.7

CFC-1 13 

+ l°CAge 

Errors (years)0.50.5C0.5

2.52.0C2.52.03.03.7

CC3.06.53.0CCCC

CCC

1.0

3.0C0.5C

1.5

3.7

C

C

1.5

5.23.72.0

CFC-1 13 

-l"CAge 

Errors (years)0.00.5C0.5

1.5

1.5

C

1.51.51.0

3.0

3.7

C

1.5

1.01.0

CCCC

CCC

1.01.0

C

1.0

3.70.5

2.0C2.3

1.0

2.03.0

1.5
co

Table 8. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon-based apparent recharge dates, ages, and uncertainties Continued

SNPNo. Site ID Site NameSNP-184SNP-189SNP-193

SNP-198

SNP-204SNP-219SNP-225SNP-262SNP-268

SNP-273

SNP-021SNP-116SNP-234SNP-022

SNP-110

SNP-243

SNP-024

SNP-129SNP-130SNP-246

SNP-025

SNP-101SNP-026SNP-100SNP-027

SNP-133SNP-239

SNP-028SNP-115SNP-240

SNP-029

SNP-030SNP-032SNP-104SNP-242

SNP-034

SNP-109SNP-127SNP-138SNP-183SNP-188

SNP-194

10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring

10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring

10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring1 0 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring10 Browiitowii Valle\ Overlook Spring10 Browiitowii Valley Overlook Spring1 1 Camp Hoover Spring #21 1 Camp Hoover Spring #21 1 Camp Hoover Spring #212 Davids Spring

1 2 Davids Spring

12 Davids Spring13 Dickeys Ridge Spring13 Dickeys Ridge Spring13 Dickeys Ridge Spring13 Dickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)14 Gravel Spring NE14 Gravel Spring NE15 Pass Mountain Overlook Spring1 5 Pass Mountain Overlook Spring16 Swift Run Gap Spring #27

16 Swift Run Gap Spring #27

16 Swift Run Gap Spring #27

1 7 Dean Mountain/South River Spring

17 Dean Mountain/South River Spring

17 Dean Mountain/South River Spring1 8 Baldface Mountain Spring19 Hazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

20 Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring20 Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring20 Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

21 ByrdsNest#3 Spring

21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring

W/S DateS

SSS

SSS

SS

SSS

SS

SS

SSSS

S

S

S

SS

SSS

SS

S

SSSS

S

SSSSSS

3/3/19994/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/19998/12/19999/7/19999/10/1999

9/22/19994/8/1996

9/9/19978/17/19994/8/1996

9/4/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/12/19979/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/16/19978/19/19994/11/19969/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/1996

4/11/19964/12/19969/3/1997

8/20/1999

4/12/1996

9/4/19979/11/19979/18/19973/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/28/1999

Time

10:0015:00

10:30

9:05

11:55

14:35

9:20

16:30

8:25

15:45

14:30

14:0014:35

17:15

18:0011:05

11:3010:00

9:45

17:00

14:30

11:00

17:50

16:00

10:0010:30

13:4512:0014:00

15:4014:0018:30

9:40

12:00

8:45

15:20

8:30

14:3011:0016:50

12:50

17:25

Model CFC-11 Rech. Date

1987.51988.51988.51999.41995.5

Contam.

1999.61985.0

1985.5

1985.5

1987.5

1997.71989.01987.5

1989.51999.61989.01993.5

1988.01988.5

1989.01987.51991.0

1997.71990.0

1989.01988.01987.01988.5

1987.5

1989.0

1990.51989.5

1988.0

1988.51988.01988.01989.0

1990.5

1988.5

1999.3

1988.5

Model 

CFC-12 

Rech. Date

1994.0

Contain.

1999.31997.0

1997.01997.0

1997.01991.01997.01997.0

1992.5

C

1999.61992.0

CContain.

1997.01997.71997.71999.61992.01992.51994.01997.71994.0

C

1997.01990.01996.51997.0

1991.5

1996.51992.51997.0

1999.6

1994.51994.0

1997.01997.7

1996.01999.31997.0

Model CFC-113 Rech. Date

1990.5

1998.01994.0

Contam.

Contam.

Contam.Contam.Contam.ContamContam.

1989.51997.7

Contam.

1994.0

CContam.

1990.0

1994.01991.5

Contam.

1989.5

1997.7

1990.5

1997.7

1990.51994.0

Contam.

1989.5

1992.0

Contam.

1989.51992.5

1990.01991.5

Contam.

1991.01990.51992.5

1994.01998.01989.5

1998.0

CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-12 CFC-113 CFC-113 

CFC-11 +l°CAge -TCAge CFC-12 -H°CAge -PC Age CFC-113 +l°CAge -l°CAge 

Age Errors Errors Age Errors Errors Age Errors Errors (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years)

11.710.810.8

M

4.0

C

M

14.714.214.2

8.8M

10.6

8.8

8.2

M

7.34.2

9.7

11.1

7.3

10.2

5.3M

6.3

8.7

11.6

9.39.2

12.1

7.3

5.8

6.8

9.7

11.1

8.3

9.7

8.7

7.2

10.7

M10.8

1.5

8.09.00.0

4.0

CC

1.5

1.51.01.0

0.06.5

1.5

8.20.04.54.2

1.5

9.0

3.0

1.5

5.3C6.33.0

1.5

1.0

3.0

1.0

4.5

5.8

4.0

1.5

9.0

1.51.5

4.57.2

9.0C

9.0

1.0

1.01.5

9.96.5C

2.1

1.0

1.0

1.5

1.0

8.2

1.51.0

1.5

10.11.5

4.5

1.01.0

1.5

1.0

2.56.7

2.0

.5

.0.5.0.0.5

2.52.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

1.01.5

2.5

1.0

3.8

1.0

5.2

C

M2.4

2.52.5

2.68.7

2.7

2.73.8

C

M

4.3

C

CC

MMM

4.3

5.22.3M2.3

C

2.6

6.3

1.2

2.6

4.8

0.0

3.8

0.7

M

1.8

3.70.7M

3.2M2.3

3.0

CC

2.4

2.52.5

2.62.52.7

2.74.0

CC

4.0C

CCC

CC

4.0

3.53.0

0.03.0

C

2.6

2.5

1.2

2.6

2.5

0.0

4.00.70.0

2.53.0

0.70.0

3.2C

2.3

2.5C2.33.53.0

4.0

4.0

2.0

4.0

3.5

2.5

C

3.6

2.0CC3.50.7

0.73.62.02.5

2.5

2.7

2.5

C3.0

1.5

4.0

4.02.04.0

2.53.5

5.13.02.5

3.5

3.2

3.53.3

3.5

8.7

1.3

5.3C

CC

CCC

C6.8

MC

2.3

CC6.3

3.76.2

C6.8

0.0

5.8M

5.8

3.7

C6.8

5.7C

6.8

3.8

6.36.2C5.37.25.23.7

1.2

9.8

1.3

5.5C

5.3

CCCCC

C

C0.5C

C0.0

C

C

1.0

C

2.5

C

1.0

C

1.5

C

5.5

3.7C

1.5

2.0C

0.53.8

1.5

2.5C

3.0

1.5

5.23.7C

1.0

C

1.0

8.0

-4.0

CCCCC

C

C

1.0

3.7C

2.5

CC

1.0

2.0

1.5

C0.53.7

1.0

3.7

1.0

3.0

C0.5

1.5

C

1.0

2.0

1.0

1.5

C

1.01.0

2.03.0

8.0

1.0

8.0
Table 8. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon-based apparent recharge dates, ages, and uncertainties Continued

SNPNo. Site ID Site NameSNP-199SNP-203SNP-218

SNP-226SNP-261SNP-267

SNP-272SNP-035SNP-096SNP-036

SNP-092SNP-233SNP-038

SNP-039SNP-086SNP-228SNP-041SNP-043SNP-105SNP-048

SNP-084

SNP-230SNP-050SNP-051SNP-052SNP-lllSNP-053SNP-083SNP-037SNP-087SNP-007SNP-088SNP-005SNP-091

SNP-019SNP-102SNP-031SNP-054SNP-118SNP-015SNP-121

SNP-016

21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring

2 1 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring

21 Byrds Nest #3 Spring22 Big Meadows #9 Well22 Big Meadows #9 Well23 Big Meadows #14 Well

23 Big Meadows #14 Well23 Big Meadows #14 Well24 Hogback Spring #5

25 Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)25 Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)25 Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)26 Hightop Hut Spring27 Pass Mountain Hut Spring27 Pass Mountain Hut Spruig31 Dickeys Ridge Well (W-l 346)

31 Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)31 Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

33 Domestic well #134 Domestic well #235 White Oak Cabin Spring35 White Oak Cabin Spring36 Big Meadows #1 Well(W-1701)

36 Big Meadows #1 Well(W-1701)37 HQW2 Well(W-851)37 HQ#2 Well(W-851)38 Skyland#538 Skyland #539 Pinnacles Well (W-3288)39 Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

40 Mathews Arm Spring40 Mathews Arm Spring41 Lewis Mountain Spring #25-242 Old Rag Shelter Spring42 Old Rag Shelter Spring43 Loft Mountain Overlook Spring43 Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

44 Loft Mountain Spring

W/SSS

S

S

SS

S

W

W

W

WWS

WWWSSSWWWWW

SS

W

WWWWWWW

SSSSSSS

S

Date

5/27/19996/24/19997/14/19998/12/1999

9/7/19999/9/1999

9/22/19994/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/19968/28/19978/17/1999

4/16/1996

4/16/1996

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/17/19964/18/19969/3/19974/19/1996

8/26/199"8/16/1999

4/24/19964/24/19964/25/19969/4/1997

4/25/1996

9/17/1997

4/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/19974/5/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/19964/26/19969/9/19974/4/1996

9/10/19974/4/1996

Time

11:22

9:05

11:34

12:0014:2014:30

13:4511:2013:3014:0011:3012:5011:45

16:00

18:3011:45

15:15

9:15

14:1014:40

10:5016:15

9:50

14:55

10:35

15:5516:3016:30

9:45

10:30

16:00

17:1012:00

12:45

14:3513:30

16:30

14:30

18:0015:30

17:0017:30

Model 

CFC-11 Rech. 

Date

1987.51987.01987.51989.0

Contam.

1987.5

1988.01987.51991.51990.0

1989.01986.0

1988.0

1987.01988.01986.5

1988.51987.0

1987.5

1974.0

1974.0

1975.01978.0

1975.0

1988.01989.0

1989.5

1988.0

1984.5

1978.5

C

1997.71991.01990.5

1986.01988.51991.01996.31997.71991.01991.0

1987.0

Model 

CFC-12 

Rech. 

Date

1996.01994.0

1996.5

1997.0

1997.01997.0

Contam.

1991.51997.71993.01991.51991.01993.51992.01992.51993.5

1997.0

1991.01993.01974.0

1973.51975.5

1985.5

1987.51995.0

CC

CC

1988.5

C

1997.71996.3

C

1991.0

1993.5

1996.0

1997.0

1997.7

M

1997.7

1992.5

Model 

CFC-113 

Rech. 

Date

Contam.Contam.Contam.Contam.

ContarrContam.

Contam.

1990.01994.01989.01990.0

Contam.

1991.01989.51990.5

Contam.

1992.51989.51990.51979.0

1980.01985.01985.01982.5

1990.5

C

1985.0

1986.51989.51988.5

C

1994.01996.3

C

1989.01991.01991.51994.01997.71990.51997.7

1989.5

CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-12 CFC-113 CFC-113 

CFC-11 +l°CAge -l°CAge CFC-12 +l°CAge -l°CAge CFC-113 + l°CAge -l°CAge 

Age Errors Errors Age Errors Errors Age Errors Errors 

(years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years)

11.9

12.512.010.6

C

12.2

11.7

8.86.2

6.3

8.7

13.6

8.39.39.7

13.1

7.89.3

10.2

22.3

23.7

24.6

18.3

21.3

8.38.7

6.8

9.7

11.819.2

C

0.0

5.37.2

10.3

9.25.3MM

5.3

6.7

9.3

1.51.51.5

7.0

C

1.0

10.51.5

6.26.3

4.5

1.0

2.50.5

1.51.0

3.5

1.01.0

0.5

0.50.50.50.0

1.5

4.5

6.8

2.5

1.0

1.0

C

C

5.3

7.2

1.0

2.5

5.3

C0.0

5.3

6.7

1.0

1.01.01.01.5

C

1.5

1.01.0

3.0

2.0

1.51.01.01.51.01.01.01.01.0

0.5

0.50.5

1.5

0.5

1.01.51.5

1.01.01.0

C

2.22.52.5

1.01.5

2.55.38.23.02.5

1.0

3.45.53.0

2.6

2.7

2.7

C

4.8

M

3.36.28.62.8

4.35.2

6.1C

5.34.722.3

24.224.1

10.8

8.8

1.3

CC

CC9.2C

MM

C

5.3

4.20.3C

M

C

M

3.8

3.43.03.0

2.62.72.7

C

3.0

C4.03.03.03.54.0

3.5

3.5C

3.0

4.00.5

0.50.5

1.01.01.3

C

C

CC

1.5

CCCC

3.03.50.3

CCC

C

3.5

3.52.5

4.0

3.0

3.5

3.5C

2.0

0.72.52.02.02.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

4.0

1.5

3.0

0.5

0.5

1.01.51.0

3.5

C

CCC

1.5

C

1.2

CC

2.0

2.53.53.50.7C0.7

2.5

C

C

C

CCC

C6.3

3.77.37.7

C

5.36.8

7.2

C3.86.8

7.2

17.3

17.7

14.611.313.8

5.8

C

11.3

11.2

6.89.2C3.70.0C

7.3

6.74.82.3

M5.8M6.8

C

CCCCC

C

1.0

3.7

1.0

1.0

C3.0

1.01.5

C3.80.5

1.5

0.5

0.50.50.50.52.0C0.5

0.50.50.5C0.0CC

0.53.0

2.5

2.3C2.5C

0.5

CCCCCC

C

1.0

2.00.5

1.0

C

1.0

1.0

1.0

C2.0

1.01.0

0.5

0.50.50.5

1.01.0

C0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5C2.52.3C

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.03.7

1.0

3.7

1.0

CO
Table 8. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon-based apparent recharge dates, ages, and uncertainties Continued

SNPNo. Site ID Site NameSNP-122

SNP-013SNP-099SNP-137SNP-248SNP-042SNP-095SNP-140SNP-170SNP-255SNP-046SNP-085SNP-229

SNP-01 1SNP-098SNP-235SNP-010SNP-097SNP-236SNP-01 2SNP-119SNP-237

SNP-113SNP-241SNP-033SNP-106

SNP-244SNP-136SNP-247SNP-040SNP-117SNP-249SNP-023SNP-128SNP-251

SNP-252SNP-253

SNP-254

SNP-256SNP-257SNP-263SNP-134

44 Loft Mountain Spring45 Simmons Gap Well (W- 1704)45 Simmons Gap Well (W- 1704)46 Yeager's Spring (Luray)46 Yeager's Spring (Luray)47 Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)47 Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)47 Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)48 Bear Lithia Spring48 Bear Lithia Spring49 Mathews Arm Well (W-856)49 Matliews Arm Well (W-856)49 Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

50 Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)50 Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)

50 Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)51 Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

51 Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)5 1 Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)52 Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

52 Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

52 Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

53 Lewis Mountain Spring #25

53 Lewis Mountain Spring #25

54 Elkwallow Spring #854 Elkwallow Spring #854 Elkwallow Spring #855 Kite Spring (Luray)55 Kite Spring (Luray)56 HQ Spring #14-156 HQ Spring #14-1

56 HQ Spring #14-1

57 Indian Run Shelter Spring57 Indian Run Shelter Spring57 Indian Run Shelter Spring

58 Town of Elkton Spring

59 Town of Elkton well

60 Town of Grottoes #261 Blue Ridge School #562 Town of Washington #363 Mountain side Market

64 Hudson Spring (Luray)

W/SSWWSS

W

WW

SS

W

WWWWW

WW

W

S

SS

SSSSSSS

SSSSSS

S

WWWWW

S

Date9/10/1997

4/4/1996

8/29/19979/17/19978/23/19994/17/1996

8/28/1997

9/19/19979/8/19979/2/1999

4/19/19968/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/19978/17/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/19978/18/19994/3/19969/10/1997

8/18/1999

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/12/19969/3/1997

8/20/19999/17/19978/23/19994/17/19969/9/1997

8/23/1999

4/9/1996

9/12/19978/23/19999/1/19999/1/19999/1/19999/2/19999/2/1999

9/8/19999/17/1997

Time

15:00

9:30

10:0013:1011:2018:2015:45

9:30

17:15

10:20

10:4015:05

13:1015:45

14:00

18:15

14:3012:30

8:35

18:00

12:0010:20

9:30

18:05

12:30

9:00

13:50

11:40

8:569:159:10

14:1013:0013:3018:15

10:2511:15

15:00

12:30

15:45

9:009:45

Model 

CFC-11 Rech. 

Date

1993.0

CCCCon tarn.

1989.01991.01987.51974.01972.51988.01986.01984.5

1979.51977.5

1978.0

1983.01982.0

1982.51982.01987.01987.0

1988.01988.51996.3

1989.0

1988.01974.01973.5

1983.51984.01982.01989.51990.01987.51966.5

Contain.

1966.01961.0

1957.5

1974.01971.0

Model 

CFC-12 

Rech. 

DateCCCCContain.

1993.5

C

1997.01974.5

1972.51993.01990.51993.01982.01980.0

1980.01987.51988.01979.5

1984.5

1993.0

1994.01995.01999.61997.01997.01997.01980.51976.0

1988.01987.51985.5

1996.3

1997.7

1997.0

1966.0

Con tarn.

1968.51984.51982.51981.01971.0

Model 

CFC-113 Rech. DateC

1985.51985.0

CCon tarn.

1991.0

C

1990.5

CCon tarn.

1989.51989.0

Contam.

1984.0

1983.0

1986.5

CCContam.

1986.01992.0

Contam.

1991.5

Contam.

1994.0

1994.0

Contam.

1986.5

1990.51988.51988.01991.0

1991.0

1994.0

Contam.

1979.5

Contam.

1982.01990.01975.51986.01972.0

CFC-11 Age (years)4.7CCCC

7.36.7

10.2

24.027.2

8.3

11.715.116.8

20.221.6

13.3

15.717.114.310.7

12.6

9.7

11.1

M8.7

11.6

23.726.1

12.8

13.7

17.6

6.8

7.7

12.1

33.2C33.7

38.7

42.2

25.726.7

CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-12 CFC-113 CFC-113 

+ l°CAge -TCAge CFC-12 +l°CAge -PCAge CFC-113 +l°CAge -l°CAge 

Errors Errors Age Errors Errors Age Errors Errors (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years) (years)4.7CCCC

3.0

6.7

1.5

ND

0.52.5

1.0

1.51.51.0

1.5

1.5

1.01.0

1.0

1.01.01.5

8.5

C4.5

1.5

0.0

0.5

1.5

1.01.0

6.87.72.00.0C0.0

0.50.50.50.5

3.5CCCC

1.5

2.5

1.0

ND

0.5

1.01.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

1.01.5

1.5

1.51.01.51.01.0

5.3

1.51.0

0.50.5

1.01.51.5

1.5

2.00.5

0.5C0.50.00.50.50.5

CCCC

C2.8C0.724.027.23.3

7.26.6

14.3

17.719.6

8.89.720.1

11.8

4.75.6

2.7

M

C0.7

2.6

17.2

23.6

8.3

10.214.1

MM2.633.7C

31.2

15.217.218.7

26.7

CCCCC

3.5

C

0.7ND0.54.02.54.0

1.0

1.01.01.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

4.03.0

2.7CC0.7

2.6

1.0

0.5

1.51.51.0

C

C2.60.0C0.0

1.01.0

1.0

0.5

CCCCC

2.5C

4.5

ND0.52.52.0

3.0

1.0

1.51.01.01.01.0

1.0

2.52.5

3.5

3.62.53.03.5

1.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

1.01.3

0.74.0

0.5C0.5

1.0

1.01.0

0.0

C

10.812.7

CC5.3C

7.2NDC6.8

8.7C

12.3

14.713.1

C

CC

10.3

5.7C

6.2

C2.33.7C

11.2

9.1

7.8

9.78.6

5.33.7

C

20.2

C

17.7

9.724.2

13.7

25.7

C0.50.5CC

3.0

C

1.5

NDC

1.0

1.0

C0.50.50.5C

CC0.5

2.0C

2.5C2.33.7C

0.56.50.50.5

3.03.03.7C0.5C

1.0

8.00.50.50.5

C0.50.5CC

1.0

C

1.0

NDC0.5

0.5C0.50.50.5

CCC0.5

1.5

C

1.5

C2.53.0C

0.5

1.0

0.50.5

1.0

1.0

2.0C0.5C0.5

1.0

0.50.50.5
Table 8. Summary of chlorofluorocarbon-based apparent recharge dates, ages, and uncertainties Continued

SNPNoSNP-180SNP-185SNP-190

SNP-195

SNP-200SNP-217SNP-222SNP-258SNP-264SNP-269SNP-020SNP-093

SNP-124SNP-126SNP-135

SNP-181SNP-186SNP-191SNP-196SNP-201

SNP-220SNP-223SNP-259SNP-265

SNP-270

VR-01

VR-02

VR-03VR-04VR-06VR-07

VR-08VR-09

VR-10VR-11

Site ID Site Name

64 Hudson Spring (Luray)

64 Hudson Spring (Luray)64 Hudson Spring (Luray)

64 Hudson Spring (Luray)64 Hudson Spring (Luray)

64 Hudson Spring (Luray)64 Hudson Spring (Luray)64 Hudson Spring (Luray)64 Hudson Spring (Luray)64 Hudson Spring (Luray)65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring

65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring

65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring

65 Lewis Spring65 Lewis Spring

66 Town of Stanley #367 Town of Shenandoah # 568 Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 169 Coyner Spring

7 1 Town of Shenandoah # 272 Town of Shenandoah #373 Town of Stanley # 674 Town of Stanley** 5

75 Town of Stanley #476 Town of Stanley #2

W/SSS

S

S

SS

S

SSSS

S

S

SSSSSSSSSS

S

S

ww

wSw

www

w

w

Date3/2/1999

4/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/14/1999

8/11/19999/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999

4/8/1996

8/28/19979/11/1997

9/11/19979/17/19973/2/19994/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/19997/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

7/6/19997/6/19997/7/19997/7/19997/S/19997/8/19997/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/19997/9/1999

Time

10:10

8:40

9:40

10:00

9:309:309:159:309:059:00

10:3017:05

9:35

10:5016:0012:30

10:10

13:0012:5511:50

9:25

11:3511:0010:4010:4012:3016:1510:3514:0016:2018:2010:1513:00

15:0016:45

Model CFC-11 Rech. Date

1969.51969.51970.01975.01969.01970.01970.01970.01972.01971.01991.01997.71997.71997.7

1997.71989.0

1989.01998.0

1999.41999.5

1995.5

1999.61999.71999.71999.71950.71969.01975.01973.01971.31967.01962.11966.5

1971.31949.0

Model CFC-12 Rech. Date

1971.01971.01972.51975.01971.01971.0

1971.0

1971.01975.01972.0

CCC

C

C

1999.2

Contam

Con tarnContam.Contam.Contam.Contam.Contam.

Contam.Contam.

1940.0

1967.7

1978.21972.81977.81972.31968.11969.3

1974.31947.0

Model CFC-113 Rech 

Date

1972.51971.51974.5

1988.5

Contam.Contam.

1983.0

1984.0

Contam.

1983.51993.01992.51994.0

1994.01993.01990.01991.01998.0

Contam.Contam.Contam.Contam.Contam.

Contam.Contam.

1961.1

1973.2

CCCC

1988.5

1975.31973.5

1967.3

CFC-11 Age (years)29.729.829.3

24.430.5

29.5

29.6

29.727.7

28.7

5.3MM

M

M

10.2

10.3

1.3

M

M4.0MM

MM

48.830.524.526.528.232.5

37.4

33.0

28.250.5

CFC-11 

+1° C Age 

Errors (years)0.50.00.5

0.50.0

0.00.00.00.50.0

5.3

C0.0

C0.06.56.5

1.3

CC

4.00.0

CCCND

ND

NDND

ND

NDNDND

NDND

CFC-11 

-l°CAge 

Errors (years)

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.50.50.50.50.50.50.52.54.28.2

6.78.2

1.51.510.0

0.0

2.5

ft.5

10.1

1.7

0.03.2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

NDND

CFC-12 Age (years)28.228.326.8

24.428.528.528.628.724.727.7CCC

CC

M

CCCCCCC

CC59.531.821.326.721.727.231.430.3

25.2

52.5

CFC-12 

+ l°CAge 

Errors (years)0.50.50.5

0.50.50.50.50.50.50.5CCC

C

CCCCCCCC

CCCNDNDND

ND

NDNDNDND

NDND

CFC-12 

-l°CAge 

Errors 

(years)0.50.50.5

1.0

0.50.50.00.00.50.5CC

r

rr2.2CCCC

C

rc

crND

NDNDNDNDND

NDND

NDND

CFC-113 Age (years)26.727.824.8

10.9

CC

16.6

15.7

C

16.2

3.3

5.23.7

3.7

4.7

9.28.3

1.3

CCCCC

CC38.426.3CCCC

11.0

24.3

26.0

32.2

CFC-113 

+1" C Age 

Errors (years)0.50.50.5

0.5CC0.50.5

C0.5

1.01.5

3.7

3.74.7

1.0

3.0CCCCcc

ccNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

NDND

CFC-113 

-l"CAge 

Errors (years)0.50.50.5

0.5CC0.50.5C0.5

2.52.03.0

3.02.5

1.01.0

8.0CCCCc

cc

NDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

NDND

Dates and ages are based on the N.A. data of Table 9.

W CO
Table 9. Concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and 

sulfur hexafluoride in North American (N.A.) air

[W, well; S, spring; CFC-11, (trichlorofluoromethane, CFC13 ); CFC-12, 

(dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2C12); CFC-113, (trichlorotrifluoroethane, 

C2F3C13 ); SF6, sulfur hexafluoride; pptv, parts per trillion by volume]

Year

1930.0

1930.5

1931.0

1931.5

1932.0

1932.5

1933.0

1933.5

1934.0

1934.5

1935.0

1935.5

1936.0

1936.5

1937.0

1937.5

1938.0

1938.5

1939.0

1939.5

1940.0

1940.5

1941.0

1941.5

1942.0

1942.5

1943.0

1943.5

1944.0

1944.5

1945.0

1945.5

1946.0

1946.5

1947.0

1947.5

1948.0

1948.5

1949.0

1949.5

1950.0

1950.5

1951.0

1951.5

1952.0

1952.5

1953.0

1953.5

1954.0

1954.5

1955.0

1955.5

1956.0

1956.5

1957.0

1957.5

1958.0

1958.5

1959.0

CFC-12

pptv

0.000

0.000

0.003

0.005

0.008

0.011

0.014

0.016

0.022

0.027

0.035

0.043

0.057

0.070

0.092

0.114

0.146

0.178

0.224

0.270

0.332

0.394

0.474

0.554

0.653

0.752

0.872

0.992

1.155

1.318

1.531

1.745

2.118

2.491

3.063

3.636

4.299

4.963

5.670

6.377

7.157

7.937

8.790

9.643

10.524

11.406

12.394

13.383

14.499

15.616

16.869

18.121

19.579

2). 036

22.692

24.348

26.075

27.801

29.729

CFC-11

pptv

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.002

0.005

0.007

0.010

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.019

0.021

0.023

0.028

0.032

0.037

0.041

0.048

0.055

0.069

0.082

0.113

0.143

0.197

0.251

0.339

0.428

0.556

0.684

0.859

1.035

1.288

1.542

1.887

2.231

2.655

3.079

3.601

4.122

4.767

5.412

6.131

6.850

7.506

8.162

8.822

CFC-1 13

pptv

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.007

0.013

0.028

0.043

0.059

0.075

0.093

0.110

0.131

0.152

0.174

0.196

0.222

0.249

0.279

0.308

0.343

0.377

0.415

0.454

0.497

0.540

0.591

0.641

0.699

0.758

0.823

0.889

0.964

1.038

1.125

1.212

SF6

pptv

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.054

0.055

0.055

0.055

0.056

0.056

0.057

0.058

0.059

0.060

0.061

0.062

40
Table 9. Concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and 

sulfur hexafluoride in N.A. air Continued

Year

1959.5

1960.0

1960.5

1961.0

1961.5

1962.0

1962.5

1963.0

1963.5

1964.0

1964.5

1965.0

1965.5

1966.0

1966.5

1967.0

1967.5

1968.0

1968.5

1969.0

1969.5

1970.0

1970.5

1971.0

1971.5

1972.0

1972.5

1973.0

1973.5

1974.0

1974.5

1975.0

1975.5

1976.0

1976.5

1977.0

1977.5

1978.0

1978.5

1979.0

1979.5

1980.0

1980.5

1981.0

1981.5

1982.0

1982.5

1983.0

1983.5

1984.0

1984.5

1985.0

1985.5

1986.0

1986.5

1987.0

1987.5

1988.0

1988.5

1989.0

1989.5

1990.0

1990.5

1991.0

CFC-12

pptv

31.657

33.960

36.263

38.836

41.409

44.365

47.321

50.783

54.245

58.268

62.291

66.825

71.358

76.389

81.420

87.089

92.758

99.106

105.454

112.509

119.564

127.258

134.952

143.160

151.368

160.293

169.219

179.091

188.964

199.607

210.251

220.405

230.560

240.250

249.941

259.020

268.100

277 850

288.133

293.282

296.325

306.192

312.300

317.525

328.408

338.058

347.025

355.758

366.225

372.478

380.000

389.000

396.750

407.933

416.633

426.591

442.064

452.058

461.517

468.975

476.217

484.967

491.517

495.592

CFC 11

pptv

9.482

10.360

11.237

12.375

13.513

14.948

16.382

18.138

19.895

21.976

24.057

26.416

28.775

31.398

34.022

36.984

39.946

43.310

46.674

50.573

54.472

58.886

63.300

68.113

72.926

78.336

83.746

89.927

96.107

102.860

109.613

115.310

122.891

129.753

136.000

143.000

147.650

150.927

157.509

160.825

163.692

169.667

173.918

177.127

180.892

185.033

189.558

194.542

199.292

203.242

207.350

212.592

218.658

224,417

229.383

234.967

242.600

250.250

255.600

259.100

263.667

267.642

269.042

270.592

CFC-113

pptv

1.311

1.409

1.522

1.634

1.761

1.888

2.035

2.182

2.350

2.518

2.709

2.901

3.120

3.339

3.590

3.840

4.127

4.414

4.742

5.071

5.448

5.825

6.256

6.687

7.183

7.680

8.246

8.813

9.462

10.112

10.856

11.600

12.453

13.306

14.283

15.261

16.380

17.499

18.781

20.063

21.531

22.999

24.594

26.189

27.838

29.488

31.316

33.144

35.429

37.713

40.415

43.118

46.002

48.887

52.061

55.235

58.787

62.339

66.052

69.765

72.819

75.874

78.034

80.194

SF6 

PPtv

0.064

0.066

0.069

0.072

0.076

0.079

0.084

0.088

0.095

0.101

0.110

0.118

0.129

0.139

0.151

0.162

0.175

0.187

0.200

0.212

0.222

0.233

0.245

0.255

0.267

0.281

0.298

0.317

0.338

0.362

0.388

0.416

0.446

0.479

0.515

0.552

0.592

0.634

0.678

0.725

0.774

0.825

0.879

0.935

0.993

1.054

1.117

1.182

1.250

1.320

1.392

1.466

1.543

1.622

1.704

1.788

1.874

1.962

2.053

2.146

2.241

2.339

2.439

2.541

41
Table 9. Concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and 

sulfur hexafluoride in N.A. air Continued

Year

1991.5

1992.0

1992.5

1993.0

1993.5

1994.0

1994.5

1995.0

1995.5

1996.0

1996.5

1997.0

1997.5

1998.0

1998.5

1999.0

1999.5

2000.0

CFC-12 

pptv

501.133

510.517

512.500

517.000

521.300

526.300

531.100

533.500

535.300

537.300

541.000

543.000

543.500

544.000

544.500

544.800

545.000

545.000

CFC-1 1

pptv

272.775

273.500

274.800

275.100

275.150

275.100

274.100

274.080

273.900

273.000

272.000

271.000

270.000

269.000

268.000

267.000

266.000

265.000

CFC-1 13

pptv

81.749

83.100

84.500

85.000

85.300

85.400

85.300

85.200

84.800

84.500

84.200

83.700

83.000

82.700

82.000

81.700

81.300

81.000

SF6

pptv

2.646

2.752

2.862

2.973

3.087

3.203

3.322

3.442

3.566

3.691

3.819

3.949

4.081

4.216

4.353

4.492

4.634

4.778

42
Table 10. Summary of sulfur hexafluoride data in water samples from wells and springs

[W, well; S, spring; SF6 , sulfur hexafluoride; fg/L, femtograms per liter; pptv, parts per trillion by volume; ND, not determined; 

C, contaminated, SF6 concentration higher than that of water in equilibrium with modern air; M, modern]

SNPNo.SNP-001SNP-090SNP-227SNP-002SNP-003SNP-108SNP-231

SNP-004SNP-112SNP-006SNP-089SNP-125SNP-169SNP-182SNP-187SNP-192

SNP-197SNP-202SNP-221

SNP-224SNP-260SNP-266

SNP-271SNP-008

SNP-094SNP-232SNP-009SNP-120SNP-014SNP-131SNP-238SNP-017SNP-01 8SNP-103

SNP-123SNP-139SNP-184SNP-189SNP-193SNP-198SNP-204SNP-219SNP-225SNP-262SNP-268

Site ID

1

1

1

233

3

44

55555555555555666

77

888

9

101010101010101010

10

10

10

10

Site Name

HQ#1 Well(W-855)HQ#1 Well(W-855)HQ#1 Well(W-855)HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1Hemlock SpringHemlock SpringHemlock Spring

Pinnacles Spring #16Pinnacles Spring #16Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W-1033)Skyland #2 (W-1033)Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Dundo Spring #29Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13 -3Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

W/SW

W

W

SSSS

SSSSSSSSS

SSSSSSS

WWW

SSSSSSSSSS

SSSSSSSSS

Date

4/1/1996

8/27/19978/16/1999

4/1/19964/1/19969/4/1 997

8/17/1999

4/2/1996

9/4/19974/2/1996

8/27/1997

9/11/19979/18/1997

3/2/19994/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999A/2/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/3/19969/10/19974/4/1996

9/16/1997

8/18/1999

4/5/19964/5/1996

9/2/19979/11/19979/18/19973/3/19994/2/19994/28/1999

5/27/19996/24/19997/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/19999/10/1999

Time

10:30

8:40

9:00

13:0015:0012:00

9:45

9.30

10:0014:3018:3512:25

9:15

14:3511:2014:4014:5013:4011:4513:3012:4512:3012:09

17:30

9:45

11:25

12:1510:3012:40

13:0010:45

9:00

12:40

9:30

16:3013:3010:0015:0010:30

9:05

11:55

14:35

9:20

16:30

8:25

SF6 

Concentration in Water (ft/L)

115.3116.4

220.2

156.4

175.7

219.2254.1

176.6

232.5

168.5

230.7252.5200.5262.4272.3264.3247.9271.1279.7246.8

269.3261.3258.0

166.5

238.9

251.6

176.4

188.8154.9

250.7247.0

167.1

232.8259.7256.4278.6278.3299.8290.4280.6283.9

27C.5263.1

310.1

300.4

Recharge 

Temp

9.0

8.98.78.6

7.9

8.48.2

9.7

10.2

7.07.39.0

8.7

7.5

7.27.9

8.3

7.77.7

8.38.78.38.3

7.09.59.87.4

12.1

9.09.7

9.7

10.2

4.27.3

8.87.66.87.07.27.37.57.67.77.47.7

SF6 

Partial Pressure (pptv) 1

1.941.95

3.65

2.643.06

3.914.49

3.334.482.82

3.92

4.623.62

4.504.604.614.404.684.834.384.864.644.58

2.80

4.494.782.953.852.714.544.473.113.36

4.334.544.70

4.53

4.934.814.674.774.574.46

5.195.09

Excess 

Air 

(cc/L)

4.9

6.6

4.7

0.10.00.0

0.00.20.00.10.00.10.00.00.00.1

0.10.00.20.10.10.00.10.10.9

1.4

0.1

0.2

0.0

0.00.00.4

1.5

0.207

0.30.10.9

0.7

0.50.70.60.62.12.1

Model SF6 Partial Pressure 

Remove Ex Air (pptv)J

1.251.05

2.412.613.063.91

4.493.25

4.48

2.803.924.56

3.62

4.504.604.56

4.35

4.684.734.334.814.644.53

2.77

4.044.08

2.92

3.75

2.72

4.544.47

2.97

2.94

4.234.224.554.484.504.484.434.434.284.18

4.22

4.13

Model SF6 

Recharge Date (years)"

1983.01981.31989.51990.51992.51996.01998.0

1993.51997.8

1991.5

1995.81998.01995.0

1998.01998.51998.31997.51998.71998.8

1997.31999.01998.51998.0

1991.01996.31996.5

1992.0

1995.51991.01998.0

1998.0

1992.01992.0

1997.01997.01998.01998.0

1998.01998.0

1997.8

1997.8

1997.3

1996.8199701996.5

Model SF6 Age (years)J

13.3

16.410.1

5.83.8

1.71.6

2.8-0.14.8

1.9

-0.34.2

1.2

0.8

1.0

1.9

0.80.8

2.40.7

1.21.7

5.3

1.4

3.1

4.32.25.3-0.3

1.6

4.34.30.70.7

-0.3

1.2

1.31.31.6

1.6

2.3

2.92.73.2

Model SF6 Age Error 

(years)'0.50.40.50.50.50.60.80.80.80.50.80.80.50.80.80.8

0.8

0.8

0.90.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.50.80.60.80.80.50.50.8

0.80.80.80-80.80.80.80.80.80.60.8

CO
Table 10. Summary of sulfur hexafluoride data in water samples from wells and springs Continued

SNPNo.SNP-273SNP-021

SNP-116

SNP-234SNP-022SNP-110SNP-243SNP-024SNP-129

SNP-246SNP-025

SNP-101SNP-026SNP-100

SNP-027

SNP-133SNP-239SNP-028

SNP-115

SNP-240SNP-029

SNP-030

SNP-104SNP-242SNP-034SNP-109

SNP-127

SNP-138SNP-183

SNP-188

SNP-194

SNP-199

SNP-203SNP-218

SNP-226

SNP-261SNP-267SNP-272SNP-035

SNP-096

SNP-036SNP-092SNP-233SNP-038

SNP-039

SNP-086SNP-228SNP-041

Site ID

10

11

11

11

12

121213

131314

14

15

151616161717171819

20

20

2121212121

21

21

2121

21

21

21

21212222

23

2323

24

25

25

2526

Site NameBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2Davids SpringDavids Spring

Davids SpringDickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)

Gravel Spring NEGravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Dean Mountain/South River SpringDean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Baldface Mountain Spring

Hazeltop Ridge Overlook SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #14 WellBig Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 WellHogback Spring #5

Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)

Elkwallow Well (W- 1703)Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)

Hightop Hut Spring

W/S

ss

ss

ss

s

ssssss

s

sssssss

s

s

s

s

ss

sss

s

ss

sssss

WWWWW

sW

WW

s

Date

9/22/19994/8/1996

9/9/1997

8/17/1999

4/8/19969/4/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/19969/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/19969/2/19974/10/19969/2/19974/11/19969/16/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/19969/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/19964/11/1996

9/3/1997

8/20/1999

4/12/19969/4/1997

9/11/19979/18/19973/2/1999

4/2/19994/28/1999

5/27/19996/24/19997/14/19998/12/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/19994/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/16/1996

4/16/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/17/1996

Time

15:4514:30

14:0014:3517:1518:0011:05

11:30

10:0017:0014:30

1 1 :00

1 7:50

16:0010:00

10:3013:45

12:00

14:0015:4014:0018:3012:00

8:45

15:20

8:30

14:3011:00

16:50

12:50

17:2511:22

9:05

11:3412:0014:2014:3013:4511:20

13:30

14:0011:3012:50

11:4516:00

18:3011:45

15:15

SF«, 

Concentration in Water (ft'L)326.8

183.9

250.9239.4

149.2

228.2

235.8

187.2

263.4251.1

167.0

241.6

173.2

227.2

168.3

250.9218.4

183.2

218.8209.6

172.4

178.9

246.3238.2

174.4

243.6

190.0

224.4253.5

252.6

250.9

251.8

254.3238.9

250.2

263.6257.8

249.6

105.5

206.8

111.1

197.4

319.3

172.5

228.6279.4233.1

158.3

Recharge 

Temp ("C)

7.2

8.9

11.310.1

7.6

8.6

8.5

9.0

10.610.1

8.78.28.5

11.5

9.5

10.4

10.4

6.0

9.6

9.46.0

8.3

9.3

10.2

9.09.09.8

10.0

9.49.69.49.2

8.8

9.09.4

9.69.29.4

7.89.88.7

8.4

7.2

8.68.3

9.1

9.0

8.2

SF6 

Partial Pressure 

(pptv) 1

5.42

3.25

4.904.45

2.584.104.22

3.30

5.074.632.914.12

3.00

4.47

3.05

4.734.12

2.90

4.063.852.77

3.164.364.383.14

4.39

3.544.214.644.664.604.494.54

4.304.58

4.864.674.56

1.83

3.92

2.013.53

5.41

3.08

3.83

4.95

4.14

2.76

Excess 

Air

(cc/L)2.5

.0

.1

0.9

.4.8

.3

0.00.30.10.20.0

0.3

0.0

1.0

0.50.4

0.1

0.70.5

0.00.00.00.00.0

1.4

0.6

1.3

0.70.60.70.70.7

0.9

0.90.90.8

1.0

0.10.1

2.90.1

6.50.06.7

4.6

0.00.8

Model SF6 

Partial Pressure 

Remove Ex Air 

(pptv)J4.27

2.91

4,294,01

2.223.383,663.30

4.794.58

2.854.122.91

4.47

2.734.463.92

2.87

3.743.64

2.773.16

4.36

4.383.143.763.303.644.29

4.35

4.244.22420

3,91

4.14

4,404.274.10

1.82

3.87

1.50

3.49

2.95

3.082.023.22

4.13

2.53

Model SF6 

Recharge Date 

(years)"'

1997.01992.0

1997.3

1996.31988.51994.0

1995.01993.5

1999.01998.31991.5

1996.71992.0

1997.8

1991.01998.01996.01991.51995 31995.01991.31993.0

1997.51997.8

1993.0

1995.5

1993.5

1995.01997.3

1997.5

1 997.01997.01997.0

1995.8

1996.81997.7

1997.31996.81986.51995.81984.51994.31992.01992.51987.7

1993.01996.8

1990.0

Model SFB 

Age (years)'2.74.30.4

3.4

7.8

3.74.62.8

-1.3

1.4

4.8

1.0

4.3-0.2

5.3

-0.3

3.74.8

2.44.6

5.03.30.2

1.9

3.32.24.2

2.7

1.8

1.8

2.3

2.4

2.5

3.82.92.02.4

3.09.8

1.911.8

3.4

7.6

3.8

8.6

4.72.9

6.3

Model SF6 Age Error (years)''

0.80.5

0.8

0.80.50.8

0.60.5

0.80.8

0.50.80.8

0.7

0.50.80.6

0.8

0.50.80.5

0.50.80.8

0.8

0.80.50.80.80.80.80.8

0.80.8

0.80.8

0.80.80.50.80.50.50.80.5

0.5

0.80.60.5
Table 10. Summary of sulfur hexafluoride data in water samples from wells and springs Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-132

SNP-043SNP-105SNP-048SNP-084SNP-230SNP-051SNP-052

SNP-111SNP-053SNP-083

SNP-037SNP-087SNP-007SNP-088SNP-005SNP-091

SNP-I02SNP-031SNP-054SNP-118SNP-01 5SNP-12ISNP-01 6SNP-122SNP-01 3SNP-099SNP-137SNP-248SNP-042SNP-095SNP-140SNP-276SNP-255

SNP-046SNP-085SNP-229SNP-01 1SNP-098SNP-235SNP-01 0SNP-097

SNP-236SNP-01 2SNP-119SNP-237SNP-113SNP-241

Site ID2627273131313435

3536

363737383839394041424243434444

45454646474747

4848

494949

50

505051

51

5152

52525353

Site NameHightop Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut SpringDickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Richards Steve (Domestic well)White Oak Cabin Spring

White Oak Cabin Spring

Big Meadows #1 Well(W-1701)Big Meadows #1 Well (W-l 701)

HQ#2 Well(W-851)HQ#2 Well(W-851)Skyland #5Skyland #5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)Pinnacles Well (W-3288)Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2Old Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter SpringLoft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain SpringLoft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W-l 704)Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Bear Lithia SpringBear Lithia SpringMathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter SpringIvy Creek Shelter SpringLewis Mountain Spring #25Lewis Mountain Spring #25

W/S

SSS

W

W

W

W

S

S

WWWW

W

WWW

SSSSSSSSWW

SS

WWWSS

W

W

W

W

W

W

WW

W

SSSSS

Date9/16/19974/18/19969/3/1997

4/19/1996

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/24/19964/25/1996

9/4/19974/25/19969/17/19974/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/19979/2/19974/11/19964/26/19969/9/19974/4/19969/10/19974/4/19969/10/1997

4/4/1996

8/29/1997

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

8/28/1997

9/19/19979/18/19969/2/19994/19/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/3/1 996

8/29/19978/1 7/1 999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

8/1 8/1 999

4/3/19969/10/1997

8/18/1999

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

Time

15:45

9:15

14:1014:40

10:50

16:1514:5510:35

15:5516:3016:30

9:45

10:30

16:0017:10

12:0012:45

13:3016:3014:3018:0015:3017:0017:3015:00

9:30

10:0013:10

11:20

18:2015:45

9:30

14:15

10:20

10:40

15:05

13:1015:4514:00

18:1514:30

12:308:35

18:0012:00

10:20

9:30

18:05

Concentration in Water (ft/L)

244.3

186.7

240.155.775.7

125.4152.0177.4

203.8

114.3

87.7

216.2

189.2

275.7201.3

180.8

463.9

238.7

174.4

175.3

180.2175.2

236.0

157.4

236.0

121. 1

167.6

352.0423.7

177.5

606.4

215.7

87.7

317.8

164.4

282.3333.6

66.3

94.8

105.0

205.3328.7

287.7

177.7

240.2

239.0

257.6

241.1

Recharge Temp ("C)

9.0

8.7

9.0

9.1

8.28.0

9.9

8.5

13.1

6.78.0

11.210.7

6.48.9

10.3

9.0

9.6

8.4

9.8

14.8

8,3

13.1

8.3

12.3

10.5

10.2

12.8

11.9

8.49.0

8.4

10.8

9.0

9.48.37.67.1

8.78.1

5.35.9

7.75.19.0

8.9

9.39.5

SFG 

Partial Pressure 

(pptv) 1

4.42

3.28

4.280.96

1.26

2.072.633.17

4.39

1.891.53

3.983.244.513.703.538.444.24

3.053.143.943.00

4.87

2.75

4.87

2.253.087.787.923.16

11.08

4.72

1.58

5.29

3.00

4.82

5.57

1.091.671.80

3.095.094.84

2.68

4.374.27

4.194.42

Excess 

Air (cc/L)

0.0

1.01.1

3.74.0

4.5

11.7

0.0

0.03.8

3.97.7

2.7

7.9

0.10.6

0.8

0.60.0

0.00.20.40.0

0.00.1

3.3

2.0

2.62.4

0.6

1.11.0

2.53.1

1.6

3.95.22.63.23.23.02.8

4.00.13.40.50.00.4

Model SF6 

Partial Pressure Remove Ex Air (pptv)''

4.422.943.780.68

0.88

1.39

2.633.17

4.39

1.34

1.06

0.972.59

1.81

3.653.237.874.09

3.053.153.832.87

4.92

2.75

4.80

1.61

2.495.19

6.25

2.95

10.35

3.44

1.22

3.962.50

3.383.53

0.85

1.221.33

2.393.96

3.362.653.084.044.684.22

Model SF6 

Recharge Date 

(years)"

1997.81992.01995.21978.0

1980.0

1983.81990.51993.0

1997.51983.51981.51980.51990.51986.51994.81993.0

C

1996.51992.51993.01995.51991.8

1999.51991.0

1999.0

1985.01990.0

C

C

1992.0

C

1994.01982.51996.0

1990.01994.01994.3

1979.5

1982.81983.5

1989.51996.31993.51990.5

1992.51996.51998.51997.0

Model SF6 

Age (years)"

-0.14.3

2.5

18.317.715.9

5.8

3.3

0.2

12.816.215.8

7.29.82.93.3C

1.2

3.83.32.24.5-1.8

5.3

-1.3

11.3

7.7

CC4.3C3.7

14.2

3.7

6.3

3.7

5.4

16.8

14.9

16.1

6.8

1.4

6.15.85.23.1-0.82.6

Model SF6 

Age Error 

(years)"'

0.30.50.80.50.30.40.50.5

0.80.50.50.50.50.50.60.8C

0,80.50.50.80.50.80.50.8

0.50.6CC0.5C0.50.50.8

0.50.80.80.40.40.40.50.8

0.80.80.50.8

0.80.8

UI
Table 10. Summary of sulfur hexafluoride data in water samples from wells and springs Continued

SNPNo.SNP-033SNP-106SNP-244SNP-136SNP-247SNP-040SNP-117

SNP-023

SNP-128SNP-251SNP-252SNP-253SNP-254

SNP-256SNP-257SNP-263

SNP-134SNP-180SNP-185SNP-190SNP-195SNP-200SNP-217SNP-222SNP-258SNP-264SNP-269SNP-020SNP-093SNP-124

SNP-126SNP-135SNP-181

SNP-186SNP-191SNP-196SNP-201SNP-220SNP-223SNP-259

SNP-265SNP-270

VR-01VR-02VR-03VR-04VR-06

Site ID

54545455555656575757585960

616263

646464646464646464

64

646565

65656565

656565

65656565656566676869

71

Site NameElkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

Hite Spring (Luray)Hite Spring (Luray)

HQ Spring #14-1

HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter SpringIndian Run Shelter SpringIndian Run Shelter Spring

Town of Elkton Spring

Town of Elkton wellTown of Grottoes #2

Blue Ridge School #5

Town of Washington #3

Mountain side Market

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpnngLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spnng

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Town of Stanley #3

Town of Shenandoah # 5Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 1

Coyner Spring

Town of Shenandoah # 2

W/S

SS

SSSSSSSSSww

www

SSSSSSS

SSSSSSSSSS

SS

SSSSSSS

w

w

w

S

w

Date4/12/19969/3/1997

8/20/1999

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/19969/9/19974/9/19969/12/1997

8/23/1999

9/1/19999/1/1999

9/1/1999

9/2/19999/2/19999/8/19999/17/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1 9994/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/1999

7/14/19998/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/19994/8/1996

8/28/1997

9/11/1997

9/11/19979/17/19973/2/1999

4/2/19994/27/19995/26/1999

6/23/19997/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/19999/22/19997/6/19997/6/19997/7/1999

7/7/19997/8/1999

Time

12:30

9:00

13:50

11:40

8:56

9:159:10

13:0013:3018:1510:25

11:15

15:00

12:3015:45

9:00

9:45

10:10

8:40

9:40

10:00

9:309:309:15

9:309:059:00

10:3017:05

9:35

10:5016:00

12:30

10:1013:00

12:55

11:50

9:25

11:3511:0010:4010:4012:3016:1510:35

14:00

16:20

SF6 

Concentration in Water (fg/L)

175.6

231.9246.0

559.1

496.8

164.0

272.7224.3262.4263.3

703.5

414.8417.3

3725.5

498.1

332.4385.4398.7

412.1

390.7372.9388.6343.6382.2387.9

375.2

381.7

175.7143.9

224.6223.5241.1256.1

272.0

257.4243.8253.9269.7230.1254.7

258.3251.2

195.3

352.3968.0

536.6545.8

Recharge 

Temp ("C)

10.2

9.79.6

11.6

9.75.79.0

10.010.6

9.69.69.0

7.8

10.8

12.511.010.210.110.0

9.89.89.8

9.9

10.7

10.4

10.0

9.9

8.5

9.5

10.210.1

9.8

8.7

8.58.9

9.2

8.88.7

9.39.2

9.49.37.89.89.5

8.7

8.4

SF6 

Partial 

Pressure (pptv) 13.274.224.46

10.07

8.512.41

4.644.104.904.74

12.23

6.926.67

66.559.49

6.007.276.93

7.13

6.706.40

6.675.926.816.826.496.583.132.684.29

4.26

4.544.61

4.854.67

4.484.594.854.254.684.794.63

3.126.13

16.76

8.97

8.92

Excess Air 

(cc/L)0.00.7

0.82.52.90.00.00.50.50.3

2.9

0.04.8

0.9

4.2

2.9

1.31.51.61.7

1.51.7

1.61.71.71.61.6

0.40.00.00.00.00.0

0.10.2

0.00.20.00.00.2

0.30.26.6

1.5

4.24.4

6.8

Model SF6 

Partial Pressure Remove Ex Air (pptv)J3.273.904.08

8.636.662.41

4.64

3.89

4.654.58

10.25

6.924.4865.956.51

4.51

5.885.966.105.675.535.655.035.735.715.555.642.992.684.304.264.544.61

4.79

4.564.484.484.85

4.254.574.624.53

1.76

5.25

14.05

6.235.16

Model SF6 Recharge Date (years)J

1993.51995.81996.5

CC

1989.51998.51996.01998.51998.3

CC

1998.0

CC

1998.0

CCCCCC

1999.8

CCCC

1992.01990.81997.5

1997.01998.0

1998.3

1999.01998.3

1997.81998.01999.31997.31998.5

1998.51998.01986.5

M

CCM

Model SF6 

Age 

(years)J

2.8

1.8

3.1

C

C6.8-0.80.3-0.8

1.4

C

C

1.7

CC

1.7

C

CCCCC

-0.2

C

CCC4.3

6.9

0.2

0.70.70.8

0.3

1.1

1.7

1.5

0.32.4

1.21.21.7

13.0

0.0CC0.0

Model SF6 Age Error (years)'

0.8

0.80.8CC0.50.8

0.80.80.8CC0.8CC0.8CCC

CCC0.4CC

CC0.80.50.80.8

0.80.8

0.80.80.80.80.8

0.80.80.80.8

ND

NDNDNDND
Table 10. Summary of sulfur hexafluoride data in water samples from wells and springs Continued

SF6 SF6 

Concentration Recharge Partial

SNPNo.

VR-07VR-08

VR-09VR-10VR-11

Site ID72

73

7475

76

Site Name

Town of Shenandoah # 3

Town of Stanley #6Town of Stanley #5Town of Stanley #4Town of Stanley #2

W/S Date

W 7/8/1999W 7/9/1999W 7/9/1999W 7/9/1999W 7/9/1999

Time

18:2010:1513:0015:0016:45

in Water(fg/L)435.8314.5363.7335.3

134.6

Temp ("C)

7.2

94

9.6

9.59.1

Pressure(pptv)'

6.755.366.245.742.27

ExcessAir(cc/L)4.8

2.02.9

1.4

4.2

Model SF6 Partial Pressure Model SF6 Model SF6

Remove Ex Air Recharge Date Age(PPtv)"

4.56

4.394.72

4.97

1.55

(years)'

1999.01998.51999.5

2000.0

1985.5

(years)J

0.5

1.0

0.0-0.5

14.0

Model SF6Age Error(years)*ND

NDNDNDND

Partial pressure of SF6 in the sample calculated from the measured concentration at the given recharge temperature and site elevation (Tables 1 and 2).

2 Modeled partial pressure of SF6 , modeled recharge date, and modeled age for the sample, after subtraction of SF6 in excess air.

The composition of the excess air corresponds to the modeled recharge year and assumes a 5% local enrichment over North American (N.A.) air (Table 9) forair in Shenandoah National Park.3 Uncertainty in modeled SF6-based age due to uncertainty of ± 5% in local Shenandoah National Park air.

Local Shenandoah National Park air is defined as N.A. air (Table 9) plus 5%. Therefore, SF6 age minus age error corresponds to age based on N.A. air

(Table 9), and SF6 age plus age error corresponds to age based on N.A. air enriched by 10%.
Table 11. Summary of tritium, dissolved helium, and dissolved neon data

[W, well; S, spring; 3H, tritium; TU, Tritium Unit, 1 TU=latom of 3H in 1018 atoms of H; 1 a, 1 standard deviation; 

cc STP/g, cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure per gram; He, helium, Ne, neon, A4He (%), percent 

of''He over solubility equilibrium concentration; S3He=((Rsample/Rair)-l)xlOO; R is the ratio 3He/4He; Rair=1.384xlO~6; 

ANe (%), percent of Ne over solubility equilibrium concentration; Terr., terrigenic]

SNPNo.

SNP-001

SNP-090

SNP-002

SNP-003

SNP-004

SNP-112

SNP-006

SNP-089

SNP-125

SNP-169

SNP-008

SNP-094

SNP-009

SNP-120

SNP-014

SNP-131

SNP-017

SNP-018

SNP-103

SNP-123

SNP-139

SNP-021

SNP-116

SNP-022

SNP-110

SNP-024

SNP-129

SNP-025

SNP-101

SNP-026

SNP-100

SNP-027

SNP-133

SNP-028

SNP-115

SNP-029

SNP-030

SNP-032

SNP-104

SNP-034

SNP-109

SNP-127

SNP-138

SNP-035

SNP-096

SNP-036

SNP-092

SNP-038

SNP-039

SNP-086

SNP-041

SNP-043

SNP-105

SNP-048

SNP-084

SNP-050

SNP-052

SNP-111

SNP-053

SNP-083

SNP-037

SNP-087

SNP-007

SNP-088

SNP-005

SNP-091

Site ID

1

1

2

3

4

4

5

5

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

10

10

10

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

18

19

20

20

21

21

21

21

22

22

23

23

24

25

25

26

27

27

31

31

33

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

Site Name

HQ#1 Well(W-855)

HQ#1 Well(W-855)

HQ Spnng #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1

Hemlock Spring

Pinnacles Spring #16

Pinnacles Spring #16

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Dundo Spring #29

Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13-3

Browntowii Valley Overlook Spring

Browntowii Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Davids Spring

Davids Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Gravel Spring NE

Gravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Baldface Mountain Spring

Hazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Hogback Spring #5

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

ilkwallov. Well (W-1703)

Hightop Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Domestic well # 1

White Oak Cabin Spring

White Oak Cabin Spring

Big Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)

Big Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)

HQ#2Well(W-851)

HQ #2 Well(W-851)

Skyland #5

Skyland #5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

W/S

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

W

W

S

W

W

S

S

S

W

W

W

S

S

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Date

4/1/1996

8/27/1997

4/1/1996

4/1/1996

4/2/1996

9/4/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

4/2/1996

8/28/1997

4/3/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/16/1997

4/5/1996

4/5/1996

9/2/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

4/8/1996

9/9/1997

4/8/1996

9/4/1997

4/10/1996

9/12/1997

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/16/1997

4/11/1996

9/5/1997

4/11/1996

4/11/1996

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

4/12/1996

9/4/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/16/1996

4/16/1996

8/26/1997

4/17/1996

4/18/1996

9/3/1997

4/19/1996

8/26/1997

4/24/1996

4/25/1996

9/4/1997

4/25/1996

9/17/1997

4/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

Time

10:30

8:40

13:00

15:00

9:30

10:00

14:30

18:35

12:25

9:15

17:30

9:45

12:15

10:30

12:40

13:00

9:00

12:40

9:30

16:30

13:30

14:30

14:00

17:15

18:00

11:30

10:00

14:30

11:00

17:50

16:00

10:00

10:30

12:00

14:00

14:00

18:30

9:40

12:00

15:20

8:30

14:30

11:00

11:20

13:30

14:00

11:30

11:45

16:00

18:30

15:15

9:15

14:10

14:40

10:50

9:50

10:35

15:55

16:30

16:30

9:45

10:30

16:00

17:10

12:00

12:45

'H

(TU)

18.0

15.41

11.4

7.6

8.4

6.62

9.5

8.36

9.19

8.50

10.0

9.59

8.3

12.46

8.3

7.82

12.3

9.2

8.41

9.76

8.84

10.2

9.95

10.74

9.91

11.2

10.03

11.54

10.65

8.89

7.45

10.93

9.50

9.43

6.36

8.2

9.2

10.83

10.70

8.7

8.44

8.37

7.77

10.5

10.48

13.4

12.58

8.2

12.1

4.31

9.7

10.0

9.45

11.6

9.47

9.9

8.3

7.50

13.4

10.51

13.3

11.47

10.1

8.42

8.0

6.86

3H error 

lo

(TU)

0.7

0.31

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.16

0.50

0.17

0.22

0.17

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.25

0.4

0.19

0.5

0.4

0.19

0.23

0.21

0.2

0.44

0.21

0.21

0.2

0.20

0.23

0.21

0.18

0.19

0.22

0.19

0.19

0.13

0.4

0.5

0.22

0.21

0.4

0.22

0.17

0.29

0.3

0.21

0.06

0.25

0.4

0.5

0.11

0.05

0.5

0.21

0.5

0.19

0.5

0.4

0.21

0.5

0.21

0.5

0.23

0.5

0.28

0.5

0.14

4He 

xlO" 

(ccSTP/g)

6.837

7.675

4.587

30.463

4.261

4.204

4.236

4.240

4.250

4.258

4.716

4.660

4.439

4.264

4.302

4.434

4.302

5.223

4.583

4.579

4.569

5.117

4.765

4.322

4.653

4.428

4.384

4.432

4.942

4.304

4.275

4.635

4.596

4.311

4.269

4.219

4.250

2.870

4.394

4.671

4.576

4.544

4.570

4.078

4.265

5.623

4.437

4.327

7.672

7.018

4.511

4.615

4.383

7.579

7.380

7.290

4.439

4.251

6.051

6.059

8.091

5.880

8.193

4.306

4.482

16.642

A "He 

(%)

52.6

71.3

4.6

636.4

4.0

2.9

1.9

2.2

3.2

4.0

14.0

14.0

4.9

2.9

0.4

3.9

1.8

21.4

8.3

8.9

8.1

20.4

13.3

4.2

12.9

3.1

3.3

3.9

15.6

1.1

1.8

9.6

9.2

2.0

2.8

1.5

2.4

-33.7

2.2

11.2

9.1

9.0

9.8

-1.5

4.1

36.8

7.8

4.2

80.0

65.2

7.9

9.0

7.4

73.8

68.5

60.2

7.3

4.9

45.7

46.8

82.5

31.6

98.1

5.5

8.9

302.0

8 JHe 

(%)

58.92

64.62

2.72

-90.68

-1.80

-2.15

-2.04

-1.05

-1.85

-1.20

1.05

3.39

-1.11

-1.50

-1.69

-0.69

-0.85

-1.72

-0.04

-0.15

-1.81

-0.13

0.33

5.20

9.58

 1.87

-1.82

-0.23

-1.49

-1.21

-1.16

4.28

5.55

-0.90

-0.67

-2.07

-1.52

-2.26

-1.05

1.47

3.21

2.99

2.11

0.15

-0.89

8.62

1.79

-1.32

4.18

6.27

0.78

0.68

-1.38

9.40

9.62

5.18

-6.75

-0.71

65.54

67.16

7.34

3.62

1.80

-1.30

-0.98

-0.31

Ne 

xlO" 

(ccSTP/g)

28.459

31.378

19.404

72.863

18.842

18.181

18.484

18.746

18.520

18.601

19.961

19.868

19.604

18.387

18708

19.156

18.719

22.945

20.019

19.857

20.147

21.798

20.467

19.230

20.081

19.377

19.143

19.393

20.284

18.790

18.439

20.083

20.027

19.107

18.653

18.545

18.697

12.934

19.130

20.143

19.473

19.279

19.834

18.324

18.572

23.749

19.145

18.836

30.796

28.221

19.582

20.079

19.094

28.824

28.086

30.142

18.164

17.859

25.278

25.518

32.930

24.284

33.665

18.667

19.363

61.588

ANe

(%)

45.5

60.3

1.2

301.1

5.7

2.5

0.8

2.5

3.0

4.7

9.4

11.6

5.2

3.2

0.0

3.2

2.1

19.1

7.4

8.0

8.4

17.5

12.9

5.5

11.6

2.8

4.2

4.0

8.2

0.9

1.9

9.1

9.7

1.9

3.2

0.5

2.8

-31.9

2.1

9.2

6.7

6.4

9.7

0.7

4.3

32.1

6.2

3.7

64.9

52.2

6.9

8.5

12.1

51.5

46.3

50.7

0.3

3.0

37.8

40.8

72.1

24.7

83.8

4.7

8.5

240.8

Terr. 

He 

(%)

-3.1

-2.7

3.0

34.7

-3.1

-0.3

0.9

-1.0

-0.6

-1.8

1.8

-0.5

-1.6

-1.0

0.4

-0.1

-0.8

-2.6

-1.0

-1.1

-2.3

-1.3

-2.3

-2.6

-1.5

-0.4

-1.8

-1.1

4.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.6

-2.8

-0.4

-1.2

0.8

-1.1

10.0

-0.4

-0.4

1.0

0.9

-2.2

-2.4

-1.2

-2.7

0.0

-0.4

-1.1

-0.3

-0.7

-1.5

-6.7

5.2

6.0

-2.5

6.4

1.1

-1.6

-3.3

-3.9

0.4

-4.5

-0.4

-1.6

-0.2

48
Table 11. Summary of tritium, dissolved helium, and dissolved neon data Continued

SNP No.

SNP-019

SNP-102

SNP-03 1

SNP-054

SNP-118

SNP-015

SNP-121

SNP-016

SNP- 122

SNP-013

SNP-099

SNP-137

SNP-042

SNP-095

SNP-046

SNP-085

SNP-011

SNP-098

SNP-010

SNP-097

SNP-012

SNP- 11 9

SNP-113

SNP-033

SNP- 106

SNP-040

SNP-117

SNP-023

SNP- 128

SNP- 134

SNP-020

SNP-093

SNP- 124

SNP- 135

VR-01

VR-02

VR-03

VR-04

VR-06

VR-07

VR-08

VR-09

VR-10

VR-11

Site ID

40

40

41

42

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

47

47

49

49

50

50

51

51

52

52

53

54

54

56

56

57

57

64

65

65

65

65

66

67

68

69

71

72

73

74

75

76

Site Name

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Old Rag Shelter Spring

Old Rag Shelter Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Yeager"s Spring (Luray)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well # 1 ( W-7 1 5)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Elkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

HQ Spring #14-1

HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Town of Stanley #3

Town of Shenandoah #5

Waynesboro Jefferson Ave # 1

Coyner Spring

Town of Shenandoah #2

Town of Shenandoah #3

Town of Stanley #6

Town of Stanley #5

Town of Stanley #4

Town of Stanley ff 2

w/s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

w

w

s

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

w

w

w

s

w

w

W

w

w

w

Date

4/5/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/1996

4/26/1996

9/9/1997

4/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

8/29/1997

9/17/1997

4/17/1996

8/28/1997

4/19/1996

8/26/1997

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

4/3/1996

9/10/1997

9/5/1997

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

4/17/1996

9/9/1997

4/9 1996

9/12/1997

9/17/1997

4/8/1996

8/28/1997

9/11/1997

9/17/1997

7/6/1999

7/6/1999

7/7/1999

7/7/1999

7/8/1999

7/8/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

Time

14:35

13:30

16:30

14:30

18:00

15:30

17:00

17:30

15:00

9:30

10:00

13:10

18:20

15:45

10:40

15:05

15:45

14:00

14:30

12:30

18:00

12:00

9:30

12:30

9:00

9:15

9:10

13:00

13:30

9:45

10:30

17:05

9:35

16:00

12:30

16:15

10:35

14:00

16:20

18:20

10:15

13:00

15:00

16:45

'H 

(TU)

9.5

8.3

8.15

9.0

8.64

8.1

8.83

9.2

10.63

9.1

6.92

8.11

8.3

9.13

12.6

10.96

15.3

12.24

10.0

9.13

8.1

9.48

6.75

9.2

10.57

10.4

13.48

10.17

8.35

2.76

11.4

9.85

9.64

10.35

0.02

4.54

4.71

3.78

4.66

3.72

0.80

5.20

3.73

0.58

!H error

1 0

(TU)

0.5

0.17

0.16

0.4

0.17

0.4

0.20

0.5

0.22

0.4

0.14

0.16

0.4

0.18

0.5

0.22

0.6

0.24

05

0.18

0.4

0.21

0.16

0.4

0.21

0.5

0.75

0.20

0.18

0.14

0.5

0.20

0.19

0.22

0.04

0.09

0.10

0.08

0.09

0.07

0.04

0.10

0.08

0.07

4He 

xlO" 

(ccSTP/g)

4.506

4.317

4.244

4.426

5.311

4.266

4.255

4.159

4.321

5.946

5.509

17.382

4.753

33.412

5.360

6.235

5.796

5.878

5.878

13.940

4.637

4.435

4.384

4.626

4.635

4.831

8.190

4.484

4.513

11.319

4.295

4.221

4.399

4.249

8.550

5.250

7.480

34.110

7.980

7.450

16.990

15.970

10.660

7.050

A "He 

(%)

5.9

3.0

0.9

2.5

25.6

-0.3

1.5

-0.9

4.8

39.1

28.8

291.5

15.0

710.3

26.7

46.3

36.0

39.0

36.4

224.5

8.4

5.9

4.4

9.2

9.2

7.5

85.1

5.0

5.9

150.7

3.7

2.3

6.9

3.2

96.1

19.6

71.5

678.7

80.2

68.4

288.1

261.9

142.1

60.1

8 JHe 

(%)

-3.80

-1.75

-1.72

-2.00

-1.57

-1.84

-1.68

-1.20

-1.89

15.62

8.94

-0.20

-0.95

-85.15

21.96

20.15

129.53

114.51

2.41

3.61

-0.06

2.02

0.16

-0.77

2.34

-1.19

1.53

-0.98

-0.64

-39.18

-1.96

-1.98

-0.85

-1.85

-3.34

8.49

6.13

-5.32

8.45

14.02

-58.80

-43.89

-39.92

-1.97

Ne 

xlO8 

(ccSTP/g)

19.849

19.256

18.607

19.859

21.909

18.668

18.441

18.122

19.298

24.387

22.520

59.208

20.030

107.396

22.390

25.706

24.512

24.577

24.632

54.812

20.241

19.410

19.058

19.957

20.050

20.819

29.257

19.363

19.459

22.803

18.748

18.454

18.743

18.351

34.270

22.320

26.140

130.150

32.830

29.890

22.690

24.760

22.640

28.290

ANe 

(%)

5.3

5.4

1.0

5.7

22.2

-0.5

2.9

-1.4

9.1

31.6

21.3

213.5

10.6

496.6

21.6

37.6

30.5

32.9

28.4

187.5

6.2

6.3

3.9

8.6

8.6

4.2

51.5

4.3

5.4

16.3

3.4

2.8

5.0

2.5

85.9

19.1

40.2

593.7

72.4

57.3

22.6

32.0

20.7

50.1

Ten. 

He 

(%)

-0.8

-3.7

-0.4

-4.6

-1.2

0.2

-2.0

0.9

-6.1

-0.3

1.6

7.6

1.3

10.5

-0.4

-0.8

-2.0

-1-8

0.0

-4.7

0.5

-1.9

-0.4

-1.4

-1.5

1.9

11.0

-0.5

-0.8

52.0

-0.6

-1.1

0.7

0.0

-4.4

-3.2

12.8

-7.0

-5.3

-1.5

67.1

61.5

48.2

-1.1

49
CJI

o

Table 12. Summary of tritium/helium-3 ages[W, well; S, spring; Age uncorr., not corrected for terrigenic helium; Uncorr. Err., one standard deviation age error of unconnected age;

Age Corr., age corrected for terrigenic helium; Corr. Err., one standard deviation age error of age corrected for terrigenic helium; Terr. He, terrigenic helium;Y, yes, terrigenic helium correction needed; N, no, terrigenic helium correction not needed; ND, not determined]SNPNo.SNP-001SNP-090SNP-002SNP-004

SNP-112SNP-006

SNP-089SNP-125

SNP-169

SNP-008SNP-094

SNP-009

SNP-120SNP-014SNP-131SNP-017SNP-018SNP-103SNP-123SNP-139SNP-021

SNP-116

SNP-022SNP-110

SNP-024SNP-129

SNP-025

SNP-101SNP-026SNP-100SNP-027SNP-133SNP-028SNP-115SNP-029

SNP-030

SNP-032SNP-104

SNP-034SNP-109

SNP-127SNP-138SNP-035

SNP-096

SNP-036

Site ID

11

24

4

5

55

5

66

77

88

9

101010

10

111112121313

14

1415

15

1616171718

19

202021

21

2121

2222

23

Site NameHQ*1 Well(W 855)

HQ#1 Well(W-855)HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1Pinnacles Spring #16

Pinnacles Spring #16Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W-1033)Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Dundo Spring #29

Dundo Spring #29

Sinimons Gap SpringSimmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13-3Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2

Davids SpringDavids SpringDickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge Spring

Gravel Spring NEGravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Dean Mountain/South River SpringDean Mountain/South River SpringBaldface Mountain SpringHazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringBig Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

W/S

WW

SSSSSSS

WW

S

S

SSSSS

S

SS

S

SSS

S

SSSSSS

S

S

SS

S

SSS

S

S

WW

W

Date4/1/1996

8/27/1997

4/1/1996

4/2/1996

9/4/19974/2/1996

8/27/1997

9/11/19979/18/19974/2/1996

8/28/1997

4/3/19969/10/19974/4/1996

9/16/1997

4/5/19964/5/19969/2/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/19974/8/1996

9/9/19974/8/19969/4/19974/10/19969/12/1997

4/10/19969/2/19974/10/19969/2/19974/11/1996

9/16/19974/11/19969/5/19974/11/19964/11/19964/12/19969/3/19974/12/19969/4/19979/11/19979/18/19974/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

Time

10:30

8:40

13:00

9:30

10:0014:3018:3512:25

9:15

17:30

9:45

12:15

10:30

12:4013:00

9:00

12:40

9:30

16:30

13:30

14:3014:0017:1518:0011:3010:00

14:3011:0017:5016:0010:00

10:3012:00

14:00

14:0018:30

9:40

12:0015:20

8:30

14:30

11:00

11:20

13:30

14:00

Age uncorr (years)

14.7

18.61.7

-0.1-0.3-0.10.3-0.1

0.2

1.2

2.20.30.10.00.60.3-0.20.8

0.7

-0.10.7

0.9

2.64.6

-0.1-0.1

0.6

0.00.30.32.33.2

0.4

0.7-0.2

0.10.10.3

1.6

2.4

2.32.10.7

0.3

3.7

Uncorr Err 

(years)0.4

0.2

0.10.1

0.3

0.10.30.2

0.2

0.10.20.20.20.1

0.3

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.2

0.10.2

0.10.2

0.10.2

0.10.2

0.1

0.30.1

0.20.1

0.3

0.20.1

0.1

0.20.1

0.2

0.20.2

0.20.2

0.1

Age corr 

(years)

14.218.1

2.7-1.7

-0.5

0.3-0.2-03-072.0

2.0-0.6

-0.30.3

0.5

0.0

-1.70.30.2-1.30.0-0.2

1.6

4.0

-0.2-0.9

0.2

2.00.3

0.0

1.7

2.00.2-0.10.2

-0.4

2.50.1

1.3

2.9

2.80.9

-0.2-0.2

2.8

Corr Err (years)0.4

0.3

0.30.5

0.5

0.40.40.30.30.40.3

0.5

0.30.4

0.4

0.30.5

0.40.4

0.5

0.10.40.20.30.10.3

0.1

0.30.10.40.1

0.40.1

0.5

0.30.20.20.30.30.40.40.50.2

0.3

0.2

Terr He(Y/N)NNNNNNN

N

N

NNN

N

N

N

N

N

NNNNNNN

NN

N

Y

N

NNN

N

NN

N

Y

NNN

N

NNNN

Final Age (years) 1

14.718.61.7

-0.1

-0.3-0.10.3

-0.1

0.2

1.2

2.2

0.30.1

0.00.6

0.3

-0.20.8

07

-0.10.7

0.9

2.64.6

-0.1-0.1

0.6

2.00.3

0.3

2.33.20.40.7-0.2

0.1

2.50.3

1.6

2.4

2.3

2.10.70.33.7

Final Error (years)

0.4

0.2

0.10.1

0.30.1

0.30.2

0.2

0.10.2

0.2

0.20.10.30.10.10.2

0.2

0.20.1

0.2

0.1

0.20.10.20.10.30.10.30.1

0.20.1

0.3

0.20.1

0.2

0.20.10.2

0.2

0.20.2

0.2

0.1
Table 12. Summary of tritium/helium-3 ages-Continued

SNPNo.SNP-092SNP-038SNP-039SNP-086SNP-041

SNP-043

SNP-105

SNP-048

SNP-084SNP-050

SNP-052SNP-111SNP-053SNP-083SNP-037SNP-087SNP-007SNP-088SNP-005SNP-091SNP-019SNP-102SNP-031

SNP-054

SNP-118SNP-01 5

SNP-121

SNP-01 6

SNP-122

SNP-01 3SNP-099SNP-137

SNP-042SNP-095SNP-046SNP-085SNP-01 1SNP-098SNP-010SNP-097SNP-01 2SNP-119SNP-113SNP-033SNP-106SNP-040SNP-117SNP-023SNP-128SNP-134

Site ID

23

24

25

25

2627273131

33353536

36

373738

383939404041424243434444

45

45

4647474949

50505151

52

5253545456565757

64

Site Name

Big Meadows #14 Well

Hogback Spring #5Elkwallow Well (W-1703)Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Hightop Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut SpringDickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Domestic well #1

White Oak Cabin SpringWhite Oak Cabin SpringBig Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)Big Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)HQ#2Well(W-851)HQ#2Well(W-851)

Skyland #5

Skyland#5Pinnacles Well (W-3288)Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View CabinLewis Mountain Spring #25-2Old Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter SpringLoft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W-l 704)

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Ivy Creek Shelter SpringIvy Creek Shelter SpringLewis Mountain Spring #25Elkwallow Spring #8Elkwallow Spring #8HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Hudson Spring (Luray)

W/SW

s

w

w

sss

ww

w

ss

ww

ww

www

w

sssssssss

ww

s

w

w

www

www

ssssssssss

Date

8/28/1997

4/16/19964/16/19968/26/19974/17/1996

4/18/1996

9/3/1997

4/19/1996

8/26/19974/24/1 996

4/25/1996

9/4/1997

4/25/19969/17/19974/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/5/19969/2/19974/11/19964/26/1996

9/9/19974/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/19969/10/19974/4/19968/29/1997

9/17/19974/17/1996

8/28/1997

4/19/1996

8/26/1997

4/3/1996

8/29/19974/3/19968/29/19974/3/19969/10/19979/5/19974/12/19969/3/19974/17/19969/9/19974/9/19969/12/1997

9/17/1997

Time

11:3011:45

16:0018:30

15:15

9:15

14:1014:4010:50

9:50

10:3515:55

16:3016:30

9:45

10:3016:00

17:1012:0012:4514:35

13:30

16:3014:3018:0015:3017:00

17:30

15:00

9:30

10:0013:1018:2015:4510:4015:0515:4514:00

14:30

12:3018:0012:00

9:30

12:30

9:00

9:15

9:10

13:0013:30

9:45

Age uncorr 

(years)

1.2

0.23.09.1

1.11.0

0.15.86.84.1

-3.0

0.5

17.7

20.84.42.4

2.10.20.40.3-1.10.00.0-0.1-0.10.00.00.3-0.18.66.70.50.37

7.99.323.7

25.32.05.40.9

1.6

1.2

0.4

1.7

0.2

1.4

0.30.5

7

Uncorr Err 

(years)0.20.10.1

0.5

0.1

0.10.20.20.3

0.20.20.30.40.30.2

0.20.70.20.2

1.0

0.50.30.10.10.30.10.20.10.20.30.30.70.1

0.40.30.2

0.50.30.2

1.2

0.10.20.30.10.20.10.30.10.3

1.1

Age corr 

(years)

1.2

0.0

2.4

8.90.80.4-3.28.09.72.60.6

1.117.4

20.22.52.5

-1.50.0-0.5-0.3-1.5-2.0-0.2-2.5

-0.9

0.1

-1.0

0.7

-2.7

8.57.6

11.7

1.1

77.89.0

23.525.1

2.0-0.8

1.1

0.80.9

-0.3

1.11.0

6.7

0.10.1

24.4

Corr Err (years)0.20.40.20.80.40.4040.30.4

0.50.40.40.5

0.40.30.3

1.4

0.30.4

1.6

0.80.40.10.50.40.40.40.40.30.50.50.80.40.40.40.40.60.30.43.70.40.3

0.50.10.30.40.40.20.4

0.8

Terr He (Y/N)

NNNNNNN

YYN

Y

NNNNNN

N

N

NY

N

NNNN

NNNN

NY

N

Y

N

NNNN

N

N

NN

N

NN

YNN

Y

Final Age (years)'

1.2

0.23.09.1

1.11.0

0.18.09.7

4.10.60.5

17.7

20.84.42.42.10.20.4

0.3

-1.5

0.00.0-0.1-0.10.00.00.3-0.1

8.6

6.7

11.7

0.377.99.3

23.7

25.32.05.40.9

1.61.2

0.4

1.7

0.2

6.7

0.30.5

24.4

Final Error (years)0.20.10.10.50.10.10.20.30.4

0.20.40.30.4

0.30.20.20.70.20.2

1.0

0.80.30.10.10.30.10.20.10.20.30.30.80.10.40.30.20.5

0.30.2

1.2

0.10.20.30.10.20.10.40.10.3

0.8

Ul
Ol 

M

Table 12. Summary of tritium/helium-3 ages Continued

SNPNo.SNP-020SNP-093SNP-124

SNP-135VR-02VR-03VR-06VR-07VR-08VR-09VR-10

Site ID656565

6567687172

737475

Site NameLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringTown of Shenandoah #5

Waynesboro Jefferson Ave #1Town of Shenandoah #2

Town of Shenandoah #3Town of Stanley #6Town of Stanley #5Town of Stanley #4

W/S

SSS

S

W

WWWWWW

Date

4/8/1996

8/28/1997

9/11/1997

9/17/1997

7/6/19997/7/19997/8/19997/8/19997/9/19997/9/19997/9/1999

Time

10:3017:05

9:35

16:0016:1510:3516:2018:2010:1513:00

15:00

Age uncorr(years)

-0.1-0.10.4-0.1

9.2

8.8

11.718.2

NDNDND

Uncorr Err(years)0.10.20.2

0.20.30.30.3

1.1

NDNDND

Age corr(years)

-0.3-0.60.7-0.1

6.8

18.2

6.2

17.0

40.8

29.0

14.6

Corr Err(years)0.10.3

0.3

0.3

1.51.1

2.1

1.2

2.00.8

1.2

Terr He(Y/N)NNN

NN

YNNYY

Y

Final Age(years) 1-0.1-0.10.4

-0.1

9.2

18.2

11.717.0

40.829.0

14.6

Final Error(years)0.1

0.20.2

0.20.3

1.1

0.3

1.2

2.00.8

1.2

1 Final age is the corrected age if terrigenic helium is present, and otherwise, is the uncorrected age.
Table 13. Summary of hydrogen (52H, 3H), oxygen (518O), sulfur (3S S, 534S), and nitrogen (515N) isotopic

[W, well; S, spring; per mil, parts per thousand; TU, Tritium Unit, 1 TU=latom of 3H in 10 18 atoms of H; mg/L, milligrams per liter;

5=((RSampie/Rstandard) -l)xlOOO, where R is an isotope ratio; mBq/L, millibecquerel per liter; ND, not determined.

82H and 8 18O were determined on water samples at the U.S. Geological Survey Stable Isotope Laboratory, Reston. Virginia.The stable isotope results are reported in per mil relative to VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water; Coplen, 1996)and normalized (Coplen, 1988) on scales such that the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic values of SLAP (Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation)are-55.5 and -428 per mil, respectively. The 2 a precision of oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope results is 0.2 and 1.5 per mil, respectively.Water samples for the determination of 3H were enriched electrolytically and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting in the low-level 3H laboratoryof the U.S. Geological Survey, now located in Menlo Park, CA, following procedures modified from those described by Thatcher et al. (1977).834S was determined on sulfur in dissolved sulfate in per mil relative to VCDT (Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite), defined by assigning a value

of-0.3 per mil exactly to IAEA-S-1 silver sulfide (previously known as NZ1). The la uncertainty is ± 0.2 per mil. 8 1 N was determined onnitrogen in dissolved nitrate in per mil relative to air. Replicate samples differ by less than 0.2 per mil. S was determined by scintillation

counting on BaSO4 samples prepared by resin extraction of dissolved SO4 from approximately 20 liter samples].

data

SNP No.SNP-001SNP-090

SNP-002SNP-003SNP-108SNP-004SNP-112SNP-006SNP-089

SNP- 125

SNP-169SNP-182SNP-187SNP-192

SNP-197SNP-202

SNP-221SNP-224

SNP-260SNP-266SNP-271SNP-008SNP-094

SNP-232SNP-009SNP- 120SNP-014SNP-131SNP-238SNP-017

SNP- 107

Site ID

1

1

2

33

44

5

5

5

55

555

5

555

55

66

6

77

88

8

9

9

Site NameHQ#] Well(W-855)

HQ#1 Well(W-855)HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1Hemlock SpringHemlock SpringPinnacles Spring #16Pinnacles Spring #16Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W- 1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)Skyland#2(W-1033)Dundo Spring #29Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13-3Panorama Spring #13-3

W/SWW

SS

S

SSS

SS

S

SSSSSSSS

SSW

W

WS

SS

S

SSS

Date4/1/1996

8/27/19974/1/19964/1/1996

9/4/1997

4/2/1996

9/4/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/19979/11/19979/18/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/19997/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/1999

9/22/1999

4/2/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/3/1996

9/10/19974/4/19969/16/19978/18/19994/5/1996

9/3/1997

Time

10:30

8:40

13:0015:00

12:00

9:30

10:0014:30

18:3512-.25

9:15

14:3511:2014:4014:5013:4011:4513:3012:45

12:30

12:09

17:30

9:45

11:2512:1510:30

12:40

13:0010:45

9:00

17:00

52H (per mil)-52.0-497

-48.7

-50.6

-50.4

 52.3

-49.1-52.6-51.3

-50.0-52.3

-55.5-55.3-53.8

-53.7

-53.6

-52.8

-54.7-53.2-52.0-53.2-52.2-52.4-54.0

-46.5-34.8-46.0-47.4-48.3-48.7-50.1

5 180 

(per mil)-8.1

-8.1-8.1-8.7

-8.5

-8.6

-8.4-8.7

-8.6-8.3

-8.5

-8.9

-9.0-9.0-8.9-8.9

-8.9

-8.9-8.7-8.8

-8.8

-8.7

-8.7-8.7

-8.0-6.4-8.1

-8.0

-8.2-8.2

-8.1

3H{TU)

18.015.4

11.4

7.68.08.4

6.89.5

8.88.9

8.5ND

NDNDNDND

NDND

NDND

ND

10.010.0

ND

8.3

12.5

8.3

8.4ND

12.3

ND

3HErr (+/-TU)0.7

0.30.50.4

0.2

0.40.205

0.20.2

0.2NDNDND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

ND0.5

0.3

ND0.50.3

0.4

0.2ND

0.5ND

35S (mBq/L)NDNDND

NDND

NDND

ND

ND

ND

ND

NDND

0.50

1.10

-0.18

0.300.30

0.60

-0.10

0.40ND

ND

0.00ND

NDND

ND

0.40NDND

"SErr (+/- mBq/L)ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDNDND

ND0.500.40

0.22

0.200.30

0.250.300.50

NDND

0.40ND

NDNDND0.30NDND

534 S 

(per mil)

5.705.20

4.40

6.00

5.96

6.90

5.235.305.145.485.40

NDND

NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDND

6.30

4.72

ND6.003.82

5.50

5.27

ND

3.80ND

5"N (per mil)

4.39

ND2.45

0.07ND

NDND

1.68

NDNDNDNDNDNDND

ND

NDNDND

NDNDNDNDND

NDND

0.92

NDND

2.43ND

Ol

W
Table 13. Summary of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen isotopic data Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-018SNP-103SNP-123

SNP-139SNP-184SNP-189SNP-193SNP-198SNP-204

SNP-219SNP-225

SNP-262

SNP-268

SNP-273SNP-021SNP-116SNP-234

SNP-022

SNP-110

SNP-243

SNP-024SNP-129SNP-130

SNP-246SNP-025

SNP-101

SNP-026SNP-IOOSNP-027

SNP-133

SNP-028SNP-115SNP-029SNP-030SNP-032

SNP-104

SNP-034

SNP-109SNP-127

SNP-138SNP-183

SNP-188SNP-194SNP-199

SNP-203

SNP-218SNP-226SNP-261

SNP-267

SNP-272

Site ID

10

10101010

10

10101010

1010

1010111111

12

121213

1313

1314

14151516

1617171819

20

20212121212121

2121

2121

21212121

Site Name

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringCamp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2Davids Spring

Davids Spring

Davids SpringDickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)

Gravel Spring NEGravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook SpringPass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27Dean Mountain/South River SpringDean Mountain/South River SpringBaldface Mountain SpringHazeltop Ridge Overlook SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

W/S

ss

ssss

s

sss

ss

s

ss

sss

s

sss

ssss

s

ssss

s

ssssss

sss

ss

ss

ss

s

s

s

Date4/5/19969/2/1997

9/11/19979/18/1997

3/3/1999

4/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/1999

9/10/19999/22/19994/8/19969/9/1997

8/17/1999

4/8/1996

9/4/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/12/1997

9/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/19969/2/19974/10/19969/2/19974/1 1/1996

9/16/19974/11/19969/5/19974/11/19964/11/1996

4/12/1996

9/3/19974/12/1996

9/4/19979/11/19979/18/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/19999/7/19999/9/1999

9/22/1999

Time

12:40

9:30

16:30

13:30

10:0015:00

10:30

9:05

11:55

14:35

9:20

16:30

8:25

15:4514:3014:00

14:3517:15

18:00

11:05

11:3010:00

9:45

17:0014:30

11:0017:50

16:0010:0010:3012:0014:0014:00

18-30

9:40

12:0015:20

8:30

14:3011:0016:50

12:5017:2511:22

9:05

11:3412-.00

14:20

14:3013:45

5:H (per mil)

-53.9-52.7

-49.3-51.0-55.3-54.9-55.8-55.4-53.3-53.6-53.2-46.4

-50.0-52.2-43.5

-46.2-47.0

-49.5-50.1-51.0-51.7-51.2-49.1

-50.4-48.7-49.9-51.2-51.2-44.9

-44.6

-47.6-47.4-46.6-48.9-50.1

-51.2

-51.2

-50.5-50.6-49.0-49.2

-50.3-49.2-48.9-48.9

-48.5

-50.6-48.5 45.6

-49.9

5I80 

(per mil)

-8.9

-8.6-8.3-8.4-9.1-9.3

-9.2-9.0-9.0

-8.9-9.0

-8.0

-8.5-8.7-7.8

-7.8

-7.9

-8.4

-8.6-8.6-8.7-8.3-8.2

-8.5-8.3-8.3-8.2-8.2-7.8

-7.7-8.1

-8.0

-8.4

-8.2

-8.4

-8.3-8.3

-8.2-8.3

-8.3

-8.3-8.3-8.3

-8.4-8.3-8.3

-8.3-8.3-8.3-8.4

3H (TU)

9.2

8.7

9.18.2

NDND

NDND

NDNDNDND

ND

ND

10.4

9.8ND

11.7

10.2

ND

11.210.0

ND

ND

11.8

10.6

9.77.9

11.0

9.3

9.96.48.28.4

10.8

11.1

8.78.48.48.1

ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

NDND

ND

3HErr (+/-TU)

0.4

0.20.20.2NDND

ND

NDND

ND

NDND

ND

ND0.50.3

ND

0.5

0.2ND0.50.2ND

ND0.50.20.5

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.50.10.40.5

0.5

0.2

0.40.20.2

0.2ND

NDND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

35S 

(mBq/L)

ND

ND

ND

NDNDND

-0.20-0.300.09

0.200.40

1.20

0.200.40ND

ND

-0.04

NDND

0.40NDNDND

ND

NDND

ND

NDND

ND

NDND

ND

NDND

ND

ND

NDNDNDND

ND

-0.400.000.08-0.50

-0.10

0.100.100.00

"SErr (+/- mBq/L)

ND

NDND

NDND

ND

0.400.300.270.200.30

0.30

0.30

0.30NDND

0.40ND

ND0.40NDND

ND

NDND

NDND

ND

ND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

NDNDNDND

ND

ND0.400.40

0.220.20

0.300.300.30

0.30

534 S (per mil)

5.305.485.15

5.45ND

ND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

ND

8.60

6.46

ND

5.20

NDND

4.403.35

ND

ND5.505.663.202.34

1.80

ND

5.80

6.236.50

5.10

6.20

-0.47

5.30

6.174.793.82

ND

NDNDNDNDND

NDNDNDND

515N (per mil)

1.64

ND

NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

NDND

ND

NDND3.79

4.01ND

1.421.00

ND

ND

1.49

NDNDND3.13

ND

1.37

NDND

1.48

2.11

ND

1.66

NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

ND

ND

ND
Table 13. Summary of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen isotopic data-Continued

SNP No.SNP-035SNP-096

SNP-036

SNP-092SNP-038SNP-039SNP-086SNP-228SNP-041SNP- 132SNP-043

SNP- 105SNP-044

SNP-045SNP-047SNP-048SNP-084

SNP-049

SNP- 171SNP-050SNP-OS1SNP-OS2SNP-111

SNP-053

SNP-083SNP-037SNP-087SNP-007

SNP-088

SNP-005SNP-091SNP-019SNP- 102

SNP-031SNP-114

SNP-OS4SNP-118SNP-015

SNP-121SNP-016

SNP- 122SNP-013SNP-099SNP-137

SNP-248SNP-042

SNP-095SNP- 140SNP- 170SNP-046

Site ID22

22

23232425

25

2526

26

2727

28

29

30

31

3132

3233

343535

36

3637373838

393940

4041414242434344

4445454646

47

47474849

Site NameBig Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 WellHogback Spring #5Elkwallow Well (W- 1703)

Elkwailow Well (W- 1703)

Elbvallow Well (W-1703)Hightop Hut SpringHightop Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut SpringSpring at mile 9 3 (D/0-18 3H only)

Spring at mile 9? (D/0-18 3H only)Mathews Ami Stream (D/0-18 3H only)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Sneads Farm Spring (D/0-18 3H only)Sneads Farm Spring (D/0-18 3H only)Domestic well#!Domestic well #2White Oak Cabin SpringWhite Oak Cabin SpringBig Meadows # 1 Well (W- 1 70 1 1Big Meadows #1 Well(W-1701)HQ#2Well(W-851)HQ#2 Well(W-851)Skyland #5Skyland #5Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Mathews Ann Spring Range View CabinMathews Ann Spring Range View CabinLewis Mountain Spring #25-2Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2Old Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter SpringLoft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W- 1704)

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Bear Lithia SpringMathews Ami Well (W-856)

W/S

WW

WWS

WW

W

S

SSSS

S

SW

W

S

SW

WS

S

W

W

W

WW

W

WWSSSSSSSSS

SW

W

SS

W

WWS

W

Date

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/16/19964/16/1996

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/17/1996

9/16/1997

4/18/19969/3/19974/18/1996

4/18/19964/19/19964/19/19968/26/1997

4/19/1996

ND

4/24/1996

4/24/19964/25/1996

9/4/1997

4/25/19969/17/1997

4/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/19968/27/19974/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/5/19969/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/5/19974/26/19969/9/19974/4/19969/10/19974/4/19969/10/1997

4/4/19968/29/19979/17/19978/23/1999

4/17/1996

8/28/1997

9/19/1997

9/8/1997

4/19/1996

Time

11:2013:30

14:0011:3011:45

16:0018:30

11:45

15:1515:45

9:15

14:1015:20

15:3010:00

14:4010:50

8:30ND

9:50

14:55

10:35

15:5516:30

16:30

9:45

10:3016:0017:10

12:0012:45

14:3513:3016:3011:00

14:30

18:0015:30

17:00

17:30

15:00

9:30

10:0013:1011:2018:20

15:45

9:30

17:1510:40

52H (per mil)-50.1-49.8

-51.5-50.4-51.0-49.6-53.1

-51.7

-47.6

-47.6

-50.3

-49.0-43.4

-45.2-51.9-51.7-53.4-55.7

-49.2-53.6-50.3-50.5

-50.1-53.4

-53.0-50.5-47.1-52.3-51.6

-51.5-49.4-49.7

-51.7-49.4

-49.0-43.9-44.9-45.7

-45.3

-44.9-37.5-48.8-48.4-47.0-50.8

-48.1-50.0-49.0-49.7-53.5

5"0 (per mil)

 8.4

-8.4

-8.6

-8.4-8.5-8.5-8.5

-8.6

-8.1-8.1-8.2-8.2-7.4-8.0-8.7-8.4-8.9-8.9-8.5-8.3

-7.9-8.7-8.5

-8.7

-8.6-7.9-7.6-8.6-8.7

-8.6-8.5

-8.5-8.3-8.4

-8.2-7.6

-7.6-8.0-7.6-7.8

-6.7-8.1-8.0-7.4-8.1

-8.3-8.2-8.1-7.9

-8.5

3 H (TU)

10.210.5

13.412.0

8.2

12.1

4.3

ND9.7

ND

10.0

9.1ND

NDND

12.6

9.6

11.6

ND9.9

ND

8.3

7.5

13.410.1

13.3

11.210.1

8.38.06.49.58.2

9.2ND

9.08.68.19.2

9.2

10.5

9.16.9

8.1

ND

8.3

8.87.4

5.!ND

3HErr 

(+/-TU)0.4

0.2

0.40.20.40.50.1ND

0.5

ND0.50.2ND

ND

ND

0.50.20.5ND

0.5

ND0.4

0.2

0.5

0.20.50.20.50.2

0.4

0.10.50.20.5

ND

0.4

0.20.4

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.40.1

0.2

ND0.4

0.20.20.3ND

35 S (mBq/L)NDND

ND

ND

NDNDND

0.30

NDNDND

ND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

NDND

ND

ND

NDND

NDND

NDNDND

NDNDNDND

NDND

NDNDNDNDND

NDNDNDND0.70ND

NDNDNDND

35SErr (+/- mBq/L)NDNDNDNDNDNDND

0.30NDNDND

NDND

NDNDNDNDND

NDNDNDNDNDND

NDND

ND

ND

ND

NDNDND

NDNDND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

ND

NDND0.40ND

NDNDNDND

534S (per mil)

5.00

4.276.00ND

6.505.60

5.27

ND5.605.56

5.20

1.27

NDNDND

5.10-0.41

0.00

ND4.70

2.505.205.31

5.70

3.566.00

5.525.805.254.902.784.90

5.265.20ND

3.70ND4.804.70

5.604.174.904.69

16.38

ND

6.00

5.79

5.41NDND

S' 5N (per mil)NDND

NDNDND

1.41

ND

ND

1.161.18

2.20NDND

NDND2.27NDND

ND

5.06

9.28ND

ND

NDND

2.71

NDND

ND

1.49

1.241.771.71

ND

ND

1.69

ND

1.20

ND

2.49ND2.06ND

7.02

NDND

NDND

ND

1.36

cn 01
01

Table 13. Summary of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen isotopic data-Continued

SNP No.SNP-085

SNP-011SNP-098SNP-010

SNP-097SNP-012SNP- 119

SNP- 113SNP-033SNP- 1 06

SNP-244

SNP- 13 6SNP-040SNP-117SNP-023SNP- 128SNP-2S1SNP-134SNP- 180SNP- 185SNP- 190SNP-195SNP-200SNP-217SNP-222SNP-258SNP-264

SNP-269SNP-020

SNP-093

SNP- 124SNP-126SNP-135SNP- 181

SNP- 186

SNP-191SNP-196SNP-201SNP-220

SNP-223

SNP-265

SNP-270

VR-01VR-02VR-03VR-04VR-06VR-07VR-08VR-09VR-10VR-11

Site ID49

50505151525253545454555656575757

646464646464646464646465656565656565656565656565

65666768697172

7374

75

76

Site NameMathews Ami Well (W-856)Loft Mountain Well* 1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well* 1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Ivy Creek Shelter SpringIvy Creek Shelter SpringLewis Mountain Spring #25Elkwallow Spring #8Elkwallow Spring #8Elkwallow Spring #8Hite Spring (Luray)HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1Indian Run Shelter SpringIndian Run Shelter SpringIndian Run Shelter SpringHudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Town of Stanley #3TownofShenandoah#5Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 1Coyner SpringTownofShenandoah#2Town of Shenandoah # 3

Town of Stanley # 6Town of Stanley #5

Town of Stanley #4Town of Stanley #2

W/Swwwwwssssssssssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

ss

ssssssss

s

ss

swwwswwwwww

Date8/26/1997

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

4/3/19969/10/19979/5/1997

4/12/1996

9/3/19978/20/19999/17/1997

4/17/1996

9/9/1997

4/9/1996

9/12/19978/23/19999/17/19973/2/1999

4/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/14/19998/11/19999/7/19999/9/1999

9/22/19994/8/1996

8/28/1997

9/11/19979/11/19979/17/19973/2/19994/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/19997/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

7/6/19997/6/1999

7/7/19997/7/19997/8/19997/8/1999

7/9/19997/9/1999

7/9/19997/9/1999

Time

15:05

15:4514:0014:3012:3018:0012:00

9:30

12:30

9. -00

13:5011:40

9:159:10

13:0013:3018:15

9:45

10:10

8:409:40

10:00

9:309:309:159:309:059:00

10:3017:05

9:35

10:5016:0012:3010:1013:0012:5511:50

9:25

11:3510:40

10:4012:3016:1510:3514:00

16:20

18:2010:1513:0015:00

16:45

6H (per mil)-51.6-49.4-48.4-47.8

-49.9-47.1-46.5-49.5

-50.3

-51.1-51.5

-49.6

-50.1-50.9-49.5-48.9-50.8-50.5

-51.6

-51.5-50.3-51.6-50.9-51.0-52.0-52.6

-51.2

-51.4-50.5

-50.5

-51.3-51.6-51.0-53.0-54.3-53.0-51.0-53.0-53.3-52.4-51.9

-53.2-53.9

-52.1

-47.2-50.2-51.7-51.8-51.1-52.2

-51.8

-52.9

8' 8O (per mil)

-8.5-8.3-8.3-8.1

 8.1 8.1 7.8-8.2-8.4-8.3-8.5-79

-8.1

 8.2

8.3

 8.2

-8.5-8 1-8.0-8-0-8.0

8.0

 8.0-8.1-8.1 8.0-8.0-8.1-8.5-8.5-8.4

8.4

 8.5-8.7-8.8-8.7

-8.7

 8.7-8.6-8.7 8.7

 8.7-8.3-8.2-7.8-7.9-8.1-8.1 8.1

-7.9

 8.1-8.1

3 H (TU)

11.015.312.2

10.0

8.78.1

9.56.99.2

10.2

ND4.4

10.4

13.510.3

8.7

ND2.9

ND

ND

ND

ND

NDND

NDNDNDND

11.4

9.69.6

ND

10.0

NDNDND

NDNDND

ND

ND

ND

0.04.54.7

3.8

4.7

3.7

0.8

5.23.7

0.6

3HErr IT/-TU)0.20.60.20.5

0.20.40.20.20.40.2ND0 105

0.8

0.50.2ND0.1NDNDND

ND

NDNDND

NDND

ND

0.50.20.2ND0.2

NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDND

ND

0.00.10.10.10.1

0.1

0.00.10.10.1

35 S 

(mBq/L)

NDNDNDND

ND

ND

NDNDNDND0.50NDNDNDNDND0.10NDNDNDND-0.200.35

-0.10

0.10

-0.20-0.30-0.30

NDND

ND

NDND

NDND0.100.600.110.00-0.700.00

0.00

ND

NDNDND

ND

ND

ND

0.800.60

-0.10

35 S Err 

(+/- mBq/L)

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

NDND

NDNDND0.30NDNDNDND

ND

0.40NDNDNDND0.400.240.200.400.30

0.30

0.30

ND

ND

NDND

ND

ND

ND

0.400.300.210.200.500.30

0.30ND

NDNDNDNDNDND

0.600.300.70

834S (per mil)4.83

14.9015.3211.60

15.67

4.604.644.834.604.78

ND

27.284.10

2.995.405.09ND24.39NDNDNDND

NDND

ND

NDNDND

4.70

4.624.72ND

4.47

NDNDNDNDNDNDND

ND

ND

ND

NDNDND

ND

NDND

NDND

ND

8' !N (per mil)

ND

2.44ND

ND

ND

1.681.51

ND

1.581.76

ND

7.33

2.39ND

1.43

NDND6.36NDNDNDND

ND

ND

ND

ND

NDND

1.90

2.33NDND2.42NDNDNDNDNDND

ND

ND

NDND

ND

NDND

ND

NDNDNDNDND
Table 14. Summary of field parameters and major-element chemistry

[W, well; S, spring; Temp., field water temperature; °C, degrees Celsius; O2 , dissolved oxygen; mg/L, milligrams per liter;

Sp. Cond., specific conductance in |iS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; Q, discharge in gpm, gallons per minute; Ca2+, calcium;Mg2+, magnesium, Na+, sodium; K+ , potassium; Cl', chloride; SO42', sulfate; HCO3 ', total titration alkalinity as bicarbonate; ND, not determined]

SNPNo.

SNP-001

SNP-090SNP-227SNP-002SNP-003

SNP-108

SNP-231SNP-004SNP-112SNP-006

SNP-089SNP-125

SNP-169SNP-182SNP-187

SNP-192SNP-19-'SNP-202SNP-221

SNP-224

SNP-260SNP-266SNP-271SNP-008SNP-094SNP-232SNP-009SNP-120SNP-014SNP-131

SNP-238SNP-017

SNP-107SNP-018

SNP-103SNP-123SNP-139SNP-184SNP-189

SNP-193SNP-198SNP-204SNP-219SNP-225

Site ID

1

11

23

33

44

5555555

5

555

5556667788

8

99

1010101010

10101010

10

10

Site Name

HQ #1 Well (W-855)HQ #1 Well (W-855)HQ#1 Well (W-855)HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1Hemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock SpringPinnacles Spring #16Pinnacles Spring #16Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Dundo Spring #29Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13-3Panorama Spring #13-3Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overtook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

W/S

W

WW

S

SS

S

S

SS

SSS

SS

S

S

SSS

SSS

WW

WSSSS

SSSSS

S

SSS

SSSSS

Date

4/1/1996

8/27/19978/16/19994/1/1996

4/1/1996

9/4/1997

8/17/1999

4/2/19969/4/19974/2/1996

8/27/1997

9/11/19979/18/19973/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/19997/15/19998/11/19999/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999

4/2/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/3/19969/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/16/1997

8/18/1999

4/5/19969/3/19974/5/1996

9/2/19979/11/19979/18/19973/3/19994/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/19997/14/1999

8/12/1999

Time

10:30

8:40

9:00

13:0015:0012:00

9:459:30

10:00

14:30

18:35

12:25

9:15

14:3511:2014:40

14:50

13:4011:4513:30

12:4512:3012:0917:30

9:45

11:2512:1510:3012:4013:00

10:45

9:00

17:00

12:40

9:30

16:30

13:3010:0015:00

10:30

9:05

11:5514:35

9:20

Temp

13.114.313.9

9.8

7.2

8.8

9.7

8.1

11.4

7.3

8.58.78.4

7.87.7

7.77.88.08.38.5

8.68.4

8.5

9.8

11.213.2

9.5

11.8

8.8

9.8

9.89.0

11.9

6.4

8.88.68.6

8.27.5

7.67.78.18.38.7

(mg/1)4.7

5.1

6.1

8.9

9.4

10.210.8

9.69.1

10.0

9.6

10.1

10.910.0

9.8

10.610.0

9.7

10.1

9.9

10.1

10.5

9.69.0

9.8

9.99.49.2

10.510.0

11.0

9.99.7

10.2

9.9

8.0

9.39.19.6

9.3

8.78.1

9.1

10.3

pH

6.83

6.537.11

6.12

6.46

6.71

6.285.646.146.25

6.35

6.286.205.655.87

5.706.566.656.77

6.63

6.34

5.99

5.78

6.096.18

6.30

5.90

6.006.166.336.156.086.35

5.97

5.865.925.99

NDND

5.33

6.22

5.86

6.376.10

Sp Cond 

(US/cm)

124.5

162.6

200.0

66.0

20.9

24.2

24.9

8.2

11.1

40.2

52.148.046.848.047.047.447.448.6

50.851.948.4

50.1

45.544.854.955.0

15.1

27.436.843.4

44.8

29.0

33.336.642.043.8

38.7

39.339.0

39.138.839.540.441.2

Q(gpm)ND

36

NDNDNDND

2.5NDNDNDND

175

NDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

150

120150

2832ND

100

NDND2.5

1

NDNDND

ND

ND

8

ND20

15

8

33

1.5

Ca 2 '(mg/L)9.50

10.512.3

4.85

1.37

1.74

2.00

0.47

0.39

3.684.584.15

4.404.304.11

4.154.574.614.754.72

4.434.643.864.445.91

6.20

0.70

1.91

2.38

3.11

3.102.112.312.753.10

3.073.023.052.99

2.86

3.17

3.193.263.14

Mg2+ (mg/L)9.909.7

12.6

2.430.650.75

0.870.130.09

1.21

1.46

1.301.37139

1.35

1.311.381.44

1.541.51

1.371.451.231.181.02

1.08

0.380.80

1.291.581.55

0.99

1.041.14

1.221.221.201.221.21

1.15

1.22

1.23

1.321.30

Na f 

(mg/L)5.75

5.157.01

2.780.75

0.860.880.880.88

1.35

1.551.36

1.421.42

.56

.43

.40.44.64

1.57

1.471.531.371.221.52

1.52

0.400.46

1.83

2.01

2.01

1.211.301.30

.38.35.36.34.42

.32

1.281.33

1.51

1.43

K'(mg/L)0.51

0.680.700.430.09

0.230.200.340.46

0.18

0.200.420.360.33

0.10

0.300.200.200.200.30

0.250.230.270.200.22

0.300.73

1.30

0.210.41

0.300.28

0.40

0.100.27

0.25

0.280.28<0.1

0.200.100.20

<0.1

0.10

cr(mg/L)

6.29

6.54

17.40

5.070.63

1.54

0.620.71

0.74

3.62

3.63

2.853.493.193.39

3.583.59370

3.883.91

3.023.47

2.694.004.01

4.790.780.93

0.89

1.04

0.960.68O.-'S0.79

0.800.790.780.830.87

0.70

0.730.740.800.75

S042' 

(mg/L)0.79

0.60

1.491.43

1.62

1.00

0.96

1.03

0.37

2.20

2.012.332.202.35

2.01

2.34

2.28

2.272.28

2.49

2.54

2.45

2.49

0.320.42

0.46

1.49

3.603.163.583.420.120.084.42

3.74

3.95

3.934.10

4.30

4.224.02

3.96

3.963.94

(mg/L)

78.7

81.988.7

22.6

5.4

7.89.2

2.52.7

10.2

14.3

13.213.713.312.3

12.813.413.514.414.4

14.014.412.714.117.2

17.5

3.45.5

10.6

15.1

15.410.011.5

7.7

10.310.610.0

9.1

8.1

8.9

9.5

9.7

10.110.5

Ul
Table 14. Summary of field parameters and major-element chemistry Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-262SNP-268

SNP-273SNP-021SNP-I16

SNP-234SNP-022

SNP-110SNP-243

SNP-024SNP-129SNP-130

SNP-246

SNP-025SNP-101

SNP-026SNP-100SNP-250SNP-027SNP-133

SNP-239

SNP-028SNP-115SNP-240

SNP-029SNP-030

SNP-032

SNP-104

SNP-242SNP-034

SNP-109SNP-127SNP-138

SNP-183SNP-188

SNP-194SNP-199

SNP-203SNP-218SNP-226SNP-261SNP-267SNP-272SNP-035SNP-096SNP-036SNP-092

SNP-233

SNP-038SNP-039

Site ID

1010

10

11

11

1112

1212

1313

1313

141415

1515

16

161617

17

17

1819

20

20202121

21

2121

21

21212121

212121212222

232323

24

25

Site Name

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringCamp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Davids SpringDavids Spring

Davids Spring

Dickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)Gravel Spring NEGravel Spring NEPass Mountain Overlook SpringPass Mountain Overlook Spring

Pass Mountain Overlook SpringSwift Run Gap Spring #27Swift Run Gap Spring #27Swift Run Gap Spring #27Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River SpringDean Mountain/South River Spring

Baldface Mountain SpringHazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringBig Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #14 WellBig Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Hogback Spring #5Elkwallow Well (W-l 703)

W,S

S

S

S

S

S

SSS

S

SS

SS

S

SS

S

S

SS

SS

SS

SS

SS

SSS

S

SSSSSS

S

SSSS

ww

w

w

wS

w

Date9/7/1999

9/10/19999/22/19994/8/1996

9/9/19978/17/1999

4/8/19969/4/1 997

8/20/1999

4/10/19969/12/19979/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/10/19969/2/1997

8/23/1999

4/11/1996

9/16/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/19969/5'1997

8/19/1999

4/11/19964/11/19964/12'19969/3/1997

8/20/1999

4/12/1996

9/4/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/19973/2/19994/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/19996/24/19997/14/19998/12/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

8/17/1999

4/16/19964/16/1996

Time

16:30

8:25

15:45

14:30

14:0014:3517:1518:00

11 -.05

11-3010:00

9:45

17:00

14:3011:0017:50

16:0015:30

10:00

10:3013:4512:0014:0015:4014:00

18:30

9:40

12:00

8:45

15:20

8:30

14:3011:0016:5012:5017:2511:22

9:05

11:3412:0014:2014:30

13:45

11:2013:3014:0011:3012:5011:4516:00

Temp ("C)

9.0

9.39.7

8.8

10.1

11.4

9.79.9

9.8

7.4

11.413.510.3

9.2

10.5

8.0

12.514.5

8.8

11.2

10.8

7.2

9.7

9.8

7.27.7

9.2

10.710.4

9.29.49.29.99.39.4

9.9

9.69.5

9.5

9.7

9.69.59.69.5

11.0

9.5

10.311.3

8.7

10.3

O2 

(mg/1)

10.2

9.3

8.98.89.5

10.6

8.58.5

8.4

9.9

8.8

8.5

10.8

9.39.09.1

8.7

9.38.8

8.4

9.49.9

9.3

10.010.610.4

10.6

9.8

10.210.1

9.79.29.79.79.5

9.3

9.59.5

9.6

10.3

9.9

10.2

9.38.7

10.1

8.9

9.3

12.1

10.2

9.4

pH

5.57

5.655.726.276.19

6.27

5.84

5.875.60

6.026.03

5.526.05

6.216.15

6.006.096.51

5.775.735.705.90

6.126.11

6.40

6.056.12

6.006.05

5.675.605.685.695.425.215.295.756.26

5.80

5.68

5.425.595.46

6.16

6.26

6.85

6.767.065.876.56

Sp Cond 

(US/cm)42.4

40.440.1

34.2

37.1

38.235.3

35.034.9

30.138.634.139.3

48.7

57.3

18.2

21.520.4

19.6

19.019.2

41.4

43.8

38.726.633.4

31.237.234.7

26.227.9

28.927.027.9

27.2

27.426.7

27.227.3

27.6

28.228.329.628.933.461.165.665.4

13.6

72.4

Q

(gpm)25

30

30

NDND

ND

NDND

5.6

NDND

ND

3

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.1ND

ND4ND

ND

1.5

ND

ND

ND

5

1.8

NDNDND24ND

20

24

2020

1410

22.5

17.5

27.5

ND

34

ND

84

NDNDND

Ca"" 

(mg/L)

3.35

3.182.942.523.01

2.903.072.853.10

1.87

2.81

2.413.00

4.10

5.07

1.14

1.55

ND

1.281.361.30

3.24

3.303.10

1.92

2.48

2.67

2.892.80

1.74

1.84

1.651.81

1.681.63

1.631.74

1.741.771.641.731.701.66

2.252.654.91

5.31

5.20

0.56

6.30

Mg-~ (mg/L)

1.31

.23.17.36.34.44

0.990.900.97

0.650.72

0.760.77

1.601.78

0.520.59ND0.340.33

0.31

1.33

1.281.20

0.710.95

1.061.07

1.17

0.520.54

0.51

0.520.530.53

0.50

0.520.52

0.54

0.520.53

0.520.50

0.930.96

3.193.05

3.22

0.212.99

Na' 

(mg/L)

1.381.30

1.301.381.47

1.49

1.431.221.28

1.76

2.21

1.80

2.35

1.77

1.94

0.79

0.94ND

1.081.021.031.56

1.67

1.601.42

1.13

1.391.341.43

1.231.20

1.141.23

1.191.30I 181.161.17

1.32

1.211.201.23

1.18

1.051.041.95

1.72

2.23

0.982.55

K* 

(mg/L)

0.150.170.21

0.210.32

0.30

0.270.380.30

0.38

0.580.520.600.260.380.11

0.12

ND0.330.45

0.400.31

0.29

0.200.180.140.280.420.300.66

0.77

0.790.71

0.820.70

0.80

0.700.70

0.60

0.700.730.73

0.74

0.260.290.22

0.310.400.260.25

cr

(mg/L)

0.910.860.74

0.67

1.04

1.87

2.75

1.69

1.73

1.191.27

1.151.34

1.091.14

0.87

0.95

ND0.56

0.660.56

1.08

1.06

1.00

0.750.69

1.00

0.990.92

0.860.89

0.900.90

0.980.91

0.90

0.900.930.900.900.900.92

0.89

207

1.91

2.392.48

1 84

0.75

1.26

so4-'(mg/L)

4.844.744.85

0.100.20

0.24

0.130.110.10

0.79

0.200.642.94

1.35

0.990.03

0.04

ND0.22

0.230.160.730.890.70

2.24

1.74

0.590.440.47

0.12

0.180.12

0.130.140.120.120.110.12

0.13

0.100.11

0.100.14

0.070.06

0.080.060.260.893.32

HCO,' (mg/L)

9.9

9.69.2

16.716.817.111.312.112.8

7.3

11.111.2

11.3

17.7

22.4

6.8

9.7ND4.54.9

5.0

12.1

13.0

12.6

7.95.6

13.8

15.215.1

3.84.2

3.84.1

3.94.13.93.93.8

3.9

3.93.9

3.94.1

11.112.5

32.033.3

35.6

3.030.4
Table 14. Summary of field parameters and major-element chemistry Continued

SNPNo.SNP-086SNP-228SNP-041SNP-132

SNP-043

SNP-105SNP-048SNP-084SNP-230SNP-050SNP-051SNP-052SNP-111SNP-053

SNP-083SNP-037SNP-087SNP-007SNP-088SNP-005SNP-091

SNP-019SNP-102SNP-031SNP-114

SNP-054SNP-118SNP-015SNP-121SNP-016SNP-122SNP-013SNP-099SNP-137SNP-248

SNP-042SNP-095

SNP-140SNP-170SNP-255SNP-046SNP-085SNP-229SNP-01 1SNP-098

SNP-235SNP-010SNP-097

SNP-236SNP-01 2

cn(O

Site ID

25252626

27273131313334353536

36373738

38393940404141

424243434444454546464747474848494949

50505051515152

Site NameElkwallow Well(W-1703)

ElkwallowWell(W-1703)

Hightop Hut SpringHightop Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut SpringPass Mountain Hut Spring

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)Domestic well #1Domestic well #2White Oak Cabin SpringWhite Oak Cabin SpringBig Meadows #1 Well (W-l 701 )

BigMeadowsSl Well(W-lTOl)

HQ#2Well(W-851)HQ#2Well(W-851)

Skyland #5

Skyland #5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Old Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain Overlook SpringLoft Mountain SpringLoft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W-l 704)Simmons Gap Well (W-l 704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)Lewis Mountain Well (W-l 072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-l 072)Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)Bear Lithia Spring

Bear Lithia Spring

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)Loft Mountain Well #\ (W-71 5)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

W/SWWSS

SSWWWWW

SS

W

WWWWWWW

SSSS

SSS

SSS

WW

SS

WWW

SS

WWWWWWWWW

S

Date

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/17/19969/16/1997

4/18/19969/3/19974/19/1996

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/24/19964/24/19964/25/19969/4/19974/25/1996

9/17/19974/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/5/19969/2/19974/11/19969/5/1997

4/26/1996

9/9/19974/4/19969/10/19974/4/19969/10/19974/4/1996

8/29/1997

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

8/28/1997

9/19/19979/8/19979/2/19994/19/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

8/17/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/19978/18/1999

4/3/1996

Time

18:3011:4515:15

15:45

9 15

14:1014:4010:5016:15

9:50

14:5510:3515:5516:30

16:30

9:45

10:30

16:0017:1012:0012:45

14:35

13:3016:3011:0014:3018:0015:3017:0017:3015:00

9:30

10:0013:1011:2018:2015:45

9:30

17:1510:2010:4015:05

13:1015:4514:00

18:1514:3012:30

8:35

18:00

Temp (°C)

10.911.4

9.9

10.2

8.6

11.312.913.414.213.214.8

8.9

13.7

9.6

10.2

13.1

16.3

8.3

9.69.4

10.1

7.9

12.5

8.0

10.1

9.9

15.2

8.3

13.7

9.0

11.112.012.114.4

12.8

9.6

10.7

9.9

12.212.110.8

10.813.010.610.9

11.810.710.6

11.4

8.7

O;(mg/1)9.79.1

8.88.5

8.2

9.2

5.9

6.7

7.45.45.2

9.7

8.8

8.1

8.1

1.9

4.3

9.2

8.68.8

9.1

10.0

8.3

7.5

8.8

9.85.8

10.3

6.8

10.0

9.2

6.68.05.6

5.6

9.3

12.0

9.7

ND

7.48.1

8.5

9.1

7.8

8.6

9.59.5

11.6

9.99.6

pH

6.406.626.06

6.235.77

6.08

8.318.188.18

7.10

7.17

6.136.816.21

6.206.12

6.016.345.855.715.786.056.036.076.385.928.706.026.026.145.857.347.137.287.56

5.726.30

5.94

ND7.94

6.396.35

6.377.186.82

7.146.496.307.476.27

Sp Cond 

(US/cm)

85.989.2

56.1

66.6

29.6

35.4

134.1144.1138.1

534.0530.036.936.634.5

35.2

156.4

164.2

57.275.447.351.152.651.1

19.2

23.1

27.029.2

65.5

81.9

50.151.4

119.5129.1

273.0

319.624.345.828.4

186.3193.6

79.9

86.080.063.670.8

68.134.951.374.450.4

Q(gpm)

10

ND

NDND

NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.5

ND710

ND

16

ND

715

30NDND

ND

ND

NDNDNDND3.3

2526

ND

2900

ND

1015

ND

NDND

28

NDND

168

NDNDNDNDND

Ca"* (mg/L)7.20

8.00

4.77

6.29

2.052.11

17.3018.0017.20

75.9

66.5

3.343.07

2.83

3.01

12.1

12.5

6.127.32

3.78

3.754.484.12

1.151.59

1.871.75

4.85

6.51

4.214.25

7.67

8.55

38.342.3

1.53

3.91

2.2920.420.6

5.956.305.905.416.29

6.103.145.13

8.90

3.66

Mg" 

(mg/L)3.173.70

1.75

2.15

0.960.894.173.993.9729.432.9

1.10

0.98

1.46

1.43

8.68.2

1.60

2.11

1.081.00

1.831.71

0.310.35

0.510.52

2.322.65

1.531.44

6.686.40

8.9

10.8

0.57

1.56

0.82

10.010.6

4.254.06

3.962.222.23

2.270.75

1.111.361.58

Na* 

(niK/L)

2.402.612.462.69

1.201.09

4.193.62

3.582.36

4.99

1.231.09

1.27

1.20

5.40

4.82

1.31

.43.62.38.55.63.05.18

.90

.78.74.98.80.41

6.025.63

3.834.280.77

1.22

0.87

1.441.23

3.092.66

2.92

3.503.39

3.32

1.01

1.58

2.97

2.10

K 

(mg/L)0.250.300.210.28

0.200.26

0.310.430.30

1.24

0.740.140.28

0.22

0.16

1.971.71

0.11

0.250.520.550.460.440.270.430.570.730.290.540.290.540.350.47

2.452.10

0.590.640.75

1.721.60

0.310.480.400.320.45

0.40

0.490.670.600.18

cr(mg/L)

1.271.15

0.78

0.97

0.970.91

1.41

1.30

0.98

5.18

17.6

3.442.470.79

0.85

7.71

4.24

1.611.91

0.940.910.97

1.101.46

2.18

1.161.13

0.69

1.21

0.910.912.012.025.637.69

0.760.97

0.90

1.601.671.281.241.45

0.830.91

0.900.820.86

0.79

0.84

SO/

(mg/L)3.583.36

2.09

1.53

0.050.052.872.780.12

7.78

16.7

2.23

1.98

0.09

0.043.843.11

1.331.80

0.160.150.870.38

2.662.11

2.35

1.89

6.996.73

0.883.463.15

2.67

10.09

11.07

3.882.973.39

3.283.12

1.541 65

1.68

0.680.61

0.64

2.614.053.464.66

HCO3 " (rns/L)34.141.0

18.6

25.78.38.6

73.678.777.3359.0301.0

8.58.8

16.9

17.5

79.3

80.5

25.433.7

7.2

7.0

.14.5

15.1

2.73.6

7.2

8.8

14.4

24.2

11.311.7

57.760.9

149.3171.0

4.7

18.3

8.3

113.7116.2

39.942.040.730.733.934.7

12.1

19.0

36.4

10.0
O) o 

Table

SNPNo.SNP-1I9SNP-23'SNP-113SNP-241SNP-033SNP-106SNP-244SNP-136SNP-247SNP-040SNP-117SNP-249SNP-023SNP-128

SNP-251SNP-252SNP-253SNP-254SNP-256SNP-257SNP-263SNP-134SNP-180

SNP-185SNP-190SNP-195SNP-200SNP-217SNP-222SNP-258SNP-264SNP-269

SNP-020SNP-093SNP-124SNP-126SNP-135

SNP-181SNP-186SNP-191SNP-196SNP-201SNP-220

SNP-223

SNP-259SNP-265SNP-270VR-01VR-02

VR-03

14. Summary of field parameters and major-element chemistry Continued

Site ID

5252

535354545455555656565757

5758596061626364

64646464646464646464

656565

656565656565656565656565

666768

Site NameIvy Creek Shelter SpringIvy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Elkwallow Spring #8Elkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

Kite Spring (Luray)

Kite Spring (Luray)

HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter SpringTown of Elkton SpringTown of Elkton wellTown of Grottoes #2Blue Ridge School #5Town of Washington #3Mountain side MarketHudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spnng (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)Hudson Spring (Luray)

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringLewis SpringTown of Stanley #3

Town of Shenandoah # 5Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 1

W/S

Sssssssss

sssss

ss

ww

w

w

w

ssssssss

sss

ssssss

sssssssss

w

ww

Date9/10/1997

8/18/1999

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/12/19969/3/1997

8/20/1999

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

9/9/19978/23/19994/9/19969/12/19978/23/1999

9/1/19999/1/1999

9/1/19999/2/19999/2/19999/8/19999/17/19973/2/19994/2/1999

4/27/19995/26/19996/23/19997/14/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999

4/8/19968/28/19979/11/19979/11/19979/17/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/19997/15/19998/11/19999/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999

7/6/1999

7/6/1 999

7/7/1999

Time

12:00

10:20

9:30

18:0512:30

9:00

13:5011:40

8:56

9:159:10

14.10

13:00

13:30

18:1510:2511:1515:00

12:3015:45

9:009:45

10:10

8:40

9:40

10:00

9:309:309:159:309:059:00

10-.3017:05

9:35

10:5016:0012:3010:10

13:0012:5511:50

9:25

11:35

11:0010:40

10:4012:3016:15

10:35

Temp CO9.29.29.59.79.39.8

10.113.013.2

8.1

14.116.0

9.09.7

10.513.5

14.313.916.714.717.314.2

14.114.214.214.3

14.214.214.2

14.214.214.1

8.5

9.59.69.89.69.0

8.9

9.29.09.19.29.49.69.6

9.6

15.313.413.2

(nig/1)9.9

10.2

9.8

10.4

9.4

8.3

9.76.1

7.7

10.2

9.59.59.89.5

10.0

8.07.2

8.9

4.6

0.22.47.26.8

6.56.96.96.86.86.76.97.06.6

9.9

10.1

8.9

10.0

9.99.69.99.8

10.2

9.89.7

10.410.810.1

9.9

7.7

7.46.9

pH

5.975.705.98

5.93

6.01

5.785.697.668.006.437.206.815.865.785.68

7.66

7.668.107.147.236.987.33

7.547.50

7.407.85

7.848.147.787.517.49

7.27

5.955.76

5.74

ND

5.875.955.525.17

5.73

6.306.866.275.56

5.58

5.437.807.507.80

Sp Cond 

(US/cm)

65.258.924.924.4

48.7

54.753.5238.5274.174.798.1

105.2

33.5

34.0

35.6214.6

288.0

215.2232.9

159.3116.5

294.4

292.2

293.8

292.6288.4290.7292.7294.8299.4299.1305.1

33.739.140.941.6

36.5

36.9

36.637.1

37.037.338.2

38.7

39.238.7

39.5241.0

343.0

132.0

Q(gpm)ND

2

8

6

NDND

6

NDNDND

67.2

NDND

1

30NDNDND

ND

NDNDNDNDND

NDND

NDNDNDNDND

ND

NDNDNDND

ND

ND

NDNDND

NDND

150

150165

25

150

800

(mg/L)

5.37

4.50

1.651.70

4.13

4.27

4.4028.428.45.237.948.402.182.40

2.60

22.9

41.2

26.2

30.5

18.2

10.4

44.243.641.3

42.341.742.742.041.541.641.6

42.0

2.642.863.003.072.87

2.78

2.752.80

3.023.043.052.893.083.062.8326.542.4

14.6

(mg/L)2.15

1.88

0.370.37

1.351.38

1.4411.412.4

3.603.76

4.220.740.740.78

12.1

9.6

10.2

2.5

3.63.5

9.59.79.3

9.49.49.69.99.5

9.59.59.6

1.11

1.21

1.241.271.211.191.201.191.22

1.221.301.25

1.271.271.20

14.817.5

7.5

Na 

(mg/L)2.292.39

1.291.30

2.47

2.222.35

4.544.90

3.433.584.25

1.951.87

1.89

0.86

1.84

0.64

14.90

6.955.753.303.63

3.34

3.343.273.363.71

3.493.373.433.54

1.20

1.231.24

1.28

1.23

1.19

1.331.18

1.171.231.371.261.261.231.22

0.75

1.271.26

K* (mg/L)0.270.200.33

0.300.400.390.402.592.400.280.510.600.71

0.82

0.802.40

1.50

2.300.90

3.50

1.50

2.562.642.70

2.602.502.602.702.502.502.502.64

0.210.36

0.390.33

0.35

0.420.100.400.200.300.200.300.290.28

0.31

1.68

2.62

1.27

cr

(mg/L)0.870.742.07

1.92

0.99

1.12

1.11

6.067.17

1.19

7.83

12.15

1.031.22

1.141.24

5.55

1.05

4.254.39

2.075.29

4.99

6.27

5.615.605.615.605-165.715.785-83

3.802.752.69

2.722.732.512.542.763.152.832.822.722.702.672.57

0.892.022.05

S<V'

3.84

3.482.142.373.13

2.22

2.25

16.2617.32

5.55

0.430.540.48

0.54

0.49

1.62

3.635.785.256.713.30

5.555.43

4.97

5.925.895.895.835.645.95

5.715.89

0.270.240.29

0.270.220.290.300.270.270.300.29

0.270.380.480.480.522.00

3.39

HCCV (mg/L)

13.813.7

4.04.4

14.0

15.4

15.7132.0134.7

35.239.4

37.9

8.9

10.4

9.8

135.2

158.6130.3131.8

85.2

61.1

173.6

173.0

173.7174.6172.6172.7173.3

173.0173.6174.0175.6

8.1

9.79.9

10.3

9.99.2

8.7

9.59.79.89.9

10.0

9.69.89.4

159.6

219.977.2
Table 14. Summary of field parameters and major-element chemistry Continued

SNPNo.

VR-04VR-06VR-07VR-08VR-09VR-10VR-11

Site ID69717273747576

Site Name

Coyner SpringTown of Shenandoah # 2Town of Shenandoah # 3Town of Stanley #6Town of Stanley #5Town of Stanley #4Town of Stanley #2

W/S

s

wwwwww

Date

7/7/19997/8/19997/8/19997/9/1999

7/9/19997/9/1999

7/9/1999

Time

14:0016:2018:2010:15

13:0015:0016:45

Temp PC)

12.712.012.3

15.414.113.712.9

O2 (mg/1)

7.47.36.35.77.06.17.4

pH

7.697.33

7.417.547.757.637.68

Sp Cond (nS/cm)

186.0

302.0294.0285.0249.0

313.0

2350

Q(gpm)

ND

95

128

400

32

100

25

Ca" (mg/L)

21.8

48.5

39.7

37.433.9

41.0

29.5

MgJ * 

(mg/L)

10.410.615.911.1

8.6

11.2

12.6

Na* 

(mg/L)

1.19

1.04

0.924.793.84

5.92

0.81

K+ (mg/L)

1.81

2.232.292.992.712.442.36

cr

(mg/L)

1.711.661.48

7.356.64

11.89

0.91

scy(mg/L)

10.3

1.98

2.40

8.75

6.08

8.43

0.57

HCO3 " (mg/L)

105.4

206.6203.0

162.9137.4164.6157.7
Table 15. Summary of minor-element chemistry

[W, well; S, spring; Sr, strontium, SiO2, silica; Fe, iron; NO3 as N, dissolved nitrate as nitrogen; 

Mn, manganese; mg/L, milligrams per liter; ND not determined]

SNPNo.

SNP-001

SNP-090

SNP-227

SNP-002

SNP-003

SNP-108

SNP-231

SNP-004

SNP-112

SNP-006

SNP-089

SNP-12S

SNP-169

SNP-182

SNP-187

SNP-192

SNP-197

SNP-202

SNP-221

SNP-224

SNP-260

SNP-266

SNP-271

SNP-008

SNP-094

SNP-232

SNP-009

SNP-120

SNP-014

SNP-131

SNP-238

SNP-017

SNP-107

SNP-018

SNP-103

SNP-123

SNP-139

SNP-184

SNP-189

SNP-193

SNP-198

SNP-204

SNP-219

SNP-22S

SNP-262

SNP-268

SNP-273

SNP-021

SNP-116

SNP-234

SNP-022

SNP-110

SNP-243

SNP-024

SNP-129

SNP-130

SNP-246

SNP-025

SNP-101

SNP-026

SNP-100

SNP-027

SNP-133

SNP-239

SNP-028

SNP-11S

SNP-240

Site ID

1

1

1

2

3

3

3

4

4

S

S

5

S

S

S

S

5

S

5

S

5

S

S

6

6

6

7

7

8

8

8

9

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

11

11

11

12

12

12

13

13

13

13

14

14

IS

IS

16

16

16

17

17

17

Site Name

HQ #1 Well (W-855)

HQ #1 Well (W-855)

HQ #1 Well (W-855)

HQ Spring #14-3 - above HQ on Rt 21 1

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Pinnacles Spring #16

Pinnacles Spring #16

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W- 1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W- 1033)

Dundo Spring #29

Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap Spring

Simmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #13-3

Panorama Spring #13-3

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browmown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browmown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook Spring

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Davids Spring

Davids Spring

Davids Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)

Gravel Spring NE

Gravel Spring NE

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Pass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Swift Run Gap Spring #27

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River Spring

W/S

W

W

W

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

W

W

W

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

Date

4/1/1996

8/27/1997

8/16/1999

4/1/1996

4/1/1996

9/4/1997

8/17/1999

4/2/1996

94 1997

4 2 1996

8/27/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

4/2/1996

8/28/1997

8/17/1999

4/3/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/16/1997

8/18/1999

4/5/1996

9/3/1997

4/5/1996

9/2/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

3/3/1999

4/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/1999

9/10/1999

9/22/1999

4/8/1996

9/9/1997

8/17/1999

4/8/1996

9/4/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/12/1997

9/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/10/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/16/1997

8/19/1999

4/11/1996

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

Time

10:30

8:40

9:00

13:00

15:00

12:00

9:45

9:30

10:00

14:30

18:35

12:25

9:15

14:35

11:20

14:40

14:50

13:40

11:45

13:30

12:45

12:30

12:09

17.30

9:45

11:25

12:15

10:30

12:40

13:00

10:45

9:00

17:00

12:40

9:30

16:30

13:30

10:00

15:00

10:30

9:05

11:55

14:35

9:20

16:30

8:25

15:45

14:30

14:00

14:35

17:15

18:00

11:05

11:30

10:00

9:45

17:00

14:30

11:00

17:50

16:00

10:00

10:30

13:45

12:00

14:00

15:40

Sr 

(mg/L)

0.023

0.024

0.028

0.022

0.004

0.004

0.005

0.003

0.003

0.009

0.010

0.009

0.010

0.010

0.011

0.011

0.010

0.009

0.011

0.011

0.010

0.010

0.007

0.010

0.013

0.013

0.003

0.008

0.009

0.010

0.011

0.011

0.010

0.010

0.010

0.009

0.009

0.010

0.010

0.010

0.010

0.009

0.011

0.011

0.010

0.009

0.007

0.010

0.010

0.011

0.014

0.012

0.014

0.012

0.014

0.013

0.016

0.020

0.021

0.009

0.011

0.010

0.010

0.010

0.016

0.016

0.014

SiO, 

(mg/L)

23.2

27.2

26.1

14.8

5.2

7.3

7.6

5.2

6.1

7.0

8.7

7.9

8.0

8.2

8.0

8.1

8.3

8.4

8.7

8.8

8.1

8.3

7.9

6.3

8.3

7.9

2.8

2.5

10.9

13.2

13.9

9.3

11.2

8.4

10.9

10.5

10.4

10.3

10.1

10.2

10.4

11.0

11.4

11.8

10.0

9.8

9.9

10.9

13.2

13.2

7.1

8.2

8.6

9.9

14.2

12.6

14.4

11.7

15.0

6.4

8.5

7.2

8.7

8.4

8.8

10.7

104

Fe

(mg/L)

0.020

0.015

0.02

0.010

O.008

O.007

<0.02

O.008

<0.007

O.008

O.007

O.007

O.007

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.008

0.007

<0.02

0.011

0.035

O.008

<0.007

<0.02

0.010

O.007

0.016

O.007

<0.007

<0.007

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

O.008

<0.007

<0.02

O.008

O.007

<0.02

0.020

<0.007

0.023

<0.02

0.010

O.007

O.008

O.007

O.008

O.007

<0.02

0.013

<0.007

<0.02

Mn 

(mg/L)

O.004

<0.003

0.001

O.004

O.004

<0.003

<0.001

O.004

<0.003

O.004

O.003

O.003

<0.003

O.001

O.001

<0.001

O.001

0.002

0.005

O.001

O.001

<0.001

O.001

O.004

O.003

<0.001

O.004

<0.003

O.004

O.003

O.001

<0.004

0.003

<0.004

<0.003

<0.003

<0.003

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.003

0.004

<0.001

O.001

<0.001

0.001

<0.004

<0.003

O.001

<0.004

O.003

O.001

0.005

<0.003

-0.003

<0.001

<0.004

O.003

O.004

0.004

<0.004

<0.003

O.001

O.004

O.003

O.001

NO3 as N 

(mg/L)

1.26

1.20

1.18

0.60

0.32

0.35

0.29

0.07

<0.10

0.52

0.60

0.55

0.56

0.50

0.51

0.50

0.50

0.49

0.56

0.58

0.51

0.49

0.44

0.60

0.70

0.70

<0.10

0.14

0.57

0.56

0.46

0.89

0.81

0.84

0.87

0.80

0.83

0.81

0.81

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.83

0.85

0.64

0.60

0.55

0.23

0.45

0.19

0.72

0.50

0.51

0.88

1.39

0.74

0.81

1.29

1.21

0.08

0.16

0.83

0.68

0.64

1.62

1.36

1.09

62
Table 15. Summary of minor-element chemistry Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-029

SNP-030

SNP-032

SNP-104

SNP-242

SNP-034

SNP-109

SNP-127

SNP-138

SNP-183

SNP-188

SNP-1 94

SNP-199

SNP-203

SNP-218

SNP-226

SNP-261

SNP-267

SNP-272

SNP-035

SNP-096

SNP-036

SNP-092

SNP-233

SNP-038

SNP-039

SNP-086

SNP-228

SNP-041

SNP-132

SNP-043

SNP-105

SNP-048

SNP-084

SNP-230

SNP-050

SNP-051

SNP-052

SNP-1 1 1

SNP-053

SNP-083

SNP-037

SNP-087

SNP-007

SNP-088

SNP-005

SNP-091

SNP-019

SNP-1 02

SNP-031

SNP-1 14

SNP-054

SNP-1 18

SNP-015

SNP-121

SNP-016

SNP-1 22

SNP-013

SNP-099

SNP-137

SNP-248

SNP-042

SNP-095

SNP-1 40

SNP-1 70

SNP-255

SNP-046

SNP-085

SNP-229

SNP-01 1

SNP-098

Site ID

18

19

20

20

20

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

22

22

23

23

23

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

27

31

31

31

33

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

41

42

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

47

48

48

49

49

49

50

50

Site Name

Baldface Mountain Spring

Hazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spnng

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #9 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Hogback Spring #5

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Hightop Hut Spring

Hightop Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Domestic well #1

Domestic well #2

White Oak Cabin Spring

White Oak Cabin Spring

Big Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)

Big Meadows #1 Well (W-1701)

HQ#2 WeU(W-851)

HQ#2Well(W-851)

Skyland #5

Skyland #5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Mathews Arm Spnng Range View Cabin

Mathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2

Old Rag Shelter Spring

Old Rag Shelter Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Bear Lithia Spring

Bear Lithia Spring

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-71 5)

W/S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

w

w

w

w

w

S

w

w

w

S

S

S

S

w

w

w

w

w

S

S

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

w

w

S

S

w

w

w

S

S

w

w

w

w

w

Date

4/11/1996

4/11/1996

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

8/20/1999

4/12/1996

9/4/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/1999

6/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

8/17/1999

4/16/1996

4/16/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/17/1996

9/16/1997

4/18/1996

9/3/1997

4/19/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/24/1996

4/24/1996

4/25/1996

9/4/1997

4/25/1996

9/17/1997

4/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/5/1996

9/2/1997

4/11/1996

9/5/1997

4/26/1996

9/9/1997

4/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

9/10/1997

4/4/1996

8/29/1997

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

8/28/1997

9/19/1997

8/6/1997

9/2/1999

4/19/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

Time

14:00

18:30

9:40

12:00

8:45

15:20

8:30

14:30

11:00

16:50

12:50

17:25

11:22

9:05

11:34

12:00

14:20

14:30

13:45

11:20

13:30

14:00

11:30

12:50

11:45

16:00

18:30

11:45

15:15

15:45

9:15

14:10

14:40

10:50

16:15

9:50

14:55

10:35

15:55

16:30

16:30

9:45

10:30

16:00

17:10

12:00

12:45

14:35

13:30

16:30

11:00

14:30

18:00

15:30

17:00

17:30

15:00

9:30

10:00

13:10

11:20

18:20

15:45

9:30

17:15

10:20

10:40

15:05

13:10

15:45

14:00

Sr

(mg/L)

0.008

0.010

0.014

0.012

0.014

0.011

0.012

0.010

0.012

0.011

0.012

0.012

0.011

0.010

0.012

0.012

0.011

0.011

0.009

0.011

0.011

0.015

0.014

0.016

0.004

0.019

0.020

0.022

0.019

0.022

0.014

0.013

0.079

0.070

0.073

0.061

0.043

0.009

0.006

0.014

0.014

0.029

0.025

0.018

0.018

0.019

0.018

0.020

0.017

0.007

0.008

0.010

0.009

0.015

0.017

0.013

0.013

0.017

0.016

0.234

0.295

0.008

0.009

0.009

0.046

0.052

0.018

0.016

0.017

0.020

0.021

SiO2 

(mg/L)

8.2

6.0

10.6

12.7

13.3

6.0

7.0

6.8

7.2

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.3

7.3

7.5

7.6

7.2

7.2

7.2

8.5

11.6

12.7

14.5

15.2

5.7

13.0

15.4

16.7

12.6

16.6

7.5

9.2

16.2

17.3

17.6

6.2

6.4

6.1

7.0

10.1

11.9

21.5

23.7

10.8

12.5

6.9

7.8

8.6

10.6

4.4

5.8

9.6

11.3

13.9

16.9

7.4

7.6

21.6

22.2

11.0

10.9

4.2

8.5

5.5

11.1

H.O

17.1

18.3

18.5

15.6

18.3

Fe

(mg/L)

<0.008

O.008

O.008

O.007

<0.02

<0.008

O.007

<0.007

<0.007

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.008

<0.007

O.008

0.014

<0.02

<0.008

0.040

0.090

<0.02

O.008

<0.007

0.013

O.007

0.010

0.018

<0.02

0.077

0.067

0.014

<0.007

0.017

0.018

0.287

0.135

0.029

0.087

0.008

<0.007

0.010

<0.007

<0.008

<0.007

0.015

<0.007

0.010

0.030

<0.008

0.009

0.013

0.011

0.033

0.03

0.149

0.035

0.016

0.014

0.02

0.015

0.013

<0.02

0.013

<0.007

Mn 

(mg/L)

<0.004

O.004

O.004

<0.003

0.001

<0.004

O.003

<0.003

O.003

0.007

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.003

0.005

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.002

<0.004

O.003

<0.004

<0.003

;o.ooi

<0.004

<0.004

0.008

0.002

<0.004

<0.003

0.007

O.003

<0.004

<0.003

<0.001

0.008

0.006

<0.005

<0.003

0.010

0.005

0.011

0.017

0.007

0.013

<0.004

<0.003

<0.004

<0.003

<0.004

<0.003

<0.005

0.008

<0.004

0.004

<0.004

0.013

0.013

^0.003

0.005

0.004

0.009

O.003

O.003

<0.003

<0.001

<0.004

O.003

O.001

<0.004

<0.003

NO3 as N 

(mg/L)

0.35

1.64

0.37

0.42

0.41

1.64

1.55

1.52

1.55

1.47

1.47

1.47

1.51

1.51

1.53

1.54

1.52

1.59

1.54

0.18

0.28

0.19

0.22

0.19

0.16

1.52

1.35

1.32

1.74

2.04

1.18

1.02

0.76

0.79

0.45

1.53

9.80

0.56

0.51

0.31

0.34

1.09

1.19

0.66

0.63

3.64

3.35

2.42

2.08

0.09

0.11

0.28

0.30

1.95

1.83

2.67

1.68

2.26

2.05

1.56

1.81

0.10

0.13

<0.10

0.36

0.38

1.17

0.74

0.73

0.90

0.90

63
Table 15. Summary of minor-element chemistry Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-235

SNP-010

SNP-097

SNP-236

SNP-012

SNP-119

SNP-237

SNP-113

SNP-241

SNP-033

SNP-106

SNP-244

SNP-136

SNP-247

SNP-040

SNP-117

SNP-249

SNP-023

SNP-128

SNP-251

SNP-252

SNP-253

SNP-254

SNP-256

SNP-257

SNP-263

SNP-134

SNP-180

SNP-185

SNP-190

SNP-195

SNP-200

SNP-217

SNP-222

SNP-258

SNP-264

SNP-269

SNP-020

SNP-093

SNP-124

SNP-126

SNP-135

SNP-181

SNP-186

SNP-191

SNP-196

SNP-201

SNP-220

SNP-223

SNP-259

SNP-265

SNP-270

VR-01

VR-02

VR-03

VR-04

VR-06

VR-07

VR-08

VR-09

VR-10

VR-11

Site ID

50

51

51

51

52

52

52

53

53

54

54

54

55

55

56

56

56

57

57

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

66

67

68

69

71

72

73

74

75

76

Site Name

Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Lewis Mountain Spring #25

Elkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

Elkwallow Spring #8

Hite Spring (Luray)

Hite Spring (Luray)

HQ Spring #14-1

HQ Spring #14-1

HQ Spring #14-1

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Indian Run Shelter Spring

Town of Elkton Spring

Town of Elkton well

Town of Grottoes #2

Blue Ridge School #5

Town of Washington #3

Mountain side Market

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Hudson Spring (Luray)

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Lewis Spring

Town of Stanley #3

Town of Shenandoah # 5

Wanyesboro Jefferson Rd # 1

Coyner Spring

Town of Shenandoah # 2

Town of Shenandoah # 3

Town of Stanley #6

Town of Stanley #5

Town of Stanley #4

Town of Stanley #2

W/S

W

W

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

W

W

W

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

W

W

W

S

W

W

W

W

W

W

Date

8/17/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

8/18/1999

4/3/1996

9/10/1997

8/18/1999

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

8/20/1999

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

9/9/1997

8/23/1999

4/9/1996

9/12/1997

8/23/1999

9/1/1999

9/1/1999

9/1/1999

9/2/1999

9/2/1999

9/8/1999

9/17/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/14/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

4/8/1996

8/28/1997

9/11/1997

9/11/1997

9/17/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/1999

4/27/1999

5/26/1999

6/23/1999

7/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/1999

9/9/1999

9/22/1999

7/6/1999

7/6/1999

7/7/1999

7/7/1999

7/8/1999

7/8/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

7/9/1999

Time

18:15

14:30

12:30

8:35

18:00

12:00

10:20

9:30

18:05

12:30

9:00

13:50

11:40

8:56

9:15

9:10

14:10

13:00

13:30

18:15

10:25

11:15

15:00

12:30

15:45

9:00

9:45

10:10

8:40

9:40

10:00

9:30

9:30

9:15

9:30

9:05

9:00

10:30

17:05

9:35

10:50

16:00

12:30

10:10

13:00

12:55

11:50

9:25

11:35

11:00

10:40

10:40

12:30

16:15

10:35

14:00

16:20

18:20

10:15

13:00

15:00

16:45

Sr 

(mg/L)

0.022

0.014

0.020

0.046

0.008

0.010

0.009

0.009

0.009

0.016

0.016

0.018

0331

0.333

0.021

0.030

0.034

0.015

0.014

0.017

0.020

0.087

0.137

0.223

0.067

0.095

0.234

0.230

0.239

0.238

0.235

0.221

0.248

0.229

0.227

0.231

0.232

0.011

0.012

0.012

0.013

0.012

0.012

0.013

0.013

0.012

0.011

0.013

0.013

0.012

0.012

0.010

0.016

0.046

0.019

0.091

0.116

0.055

0.178

0.169

0.108

0.016

SiO2 

(mg/L)

18.0

6.5

9.5

12.5

9.3

13.5

13.6

6.1

6.0

12.5

14.8

15.0

12.4

12.3

23.2

26.7

23.6

10.9

12.5

12.8

12.4

9.7

10.9

27.8

28.0

25.2

12.3

13.0

12.2

12.1

12.1

12.4

12.6

12.5

12.2

12.4

12.6

6.3

7.6

7.6

8.0

7.7

7.4

7.6

7.6

7.7

7.9

8.0

8.1

7.7

7.8

7.6

11.5

12.0

7.6

9.4

10.2

10.6

13.6

14.2

11.5

13.0

Fe

(mg/L)

<0.02

O.008

0.009

<0.02

<0.008

0.011

<0.02

O.007

<0.02

O.008

<0.007

<0.02

0.025

0.03

0.069

<0.007

<0.02

O.008

0.009

<0.02

<0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.22

<0.02

0.036

<0.01

0.018

<0.01

0.021

0.019

0.027

<0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

<0.008

<0.007

<0.007

0.008

<0.007

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.03

<0.02

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

<0.02

Mn 

(mg/L)

O.001

O.004

<0.003

<0.001

O.004

<0.003

O.001

<0.003

O.001

O.004

<0.003

<0.001

0.004

0.002

O.004

O.003

O.001

O.004

<0.003

O.001

<0.001

0.004

O.001

0.193

0.113

O.001

0004

<0.001

O.001

O.001

O.001

0.006

0.008

<0.001

0.002

0.003

0.002

O.004

O.003

O.003

O.003

<0.003

0.001

O.001

O.001

O.001

<0.001

0.005

<0.001

0000

0.000

0.003

0.001

0.003

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.005

0.002

0.003

0.002

NO3 as N 

(mg/L)

0.97

0.13

0.28

0.34

1.92

2.86

2.44

0.14

0.12

1.95

1.56

1.68

0.86

0.85

0.35

0.47

0.45

1.24

1.07

1.26

0.13

2.64

0.14

0.00

0.00

0.29

0.61

0.59

0.60

0.61

0.59

0.60

0.59

0.59

0.58

0.57

0.60

0.52

0.91

1.03

1.04

0.93

0.90

0.97

0.92

0.94

0.94

0.94

0.96

1.09

1.02

1.09

0.05

0.76

0.47

0.59

022

0.23

0.27

1.68

1.73

0.05

64
Table 16. Summary of trace-element chemistry

[W, well; S, spring; Al, aluminum; B, boron; Ba, barium; Li, lithium; Zn, zinc; Pb, lead; Cu, copper; Ni, nickel; Rb, rubidium; V, vanadium; 

mg/L, milligrams per liter; mg/L, micrograms per liter; ND, not determined]SNPNo.

SNP-001

SNP-090SNP-227SNP-002SNP-003SNP-108

SNP-23 1SNP-004SNP-112SNP-006SNP-089SNP-125SNP-169SNP-1 82SNP-1 87SNP-1 92SNP-197SNP-202SNP-221SNP-224SNP-260SNP-266SNP-271SNP-008

SNP-094SNP-232SNP-009SNP-1 20SNP-014SNP-1 31SNP-23 8SNP-017SNP-1 07SNP-01 8SNP-1 03SNP-1 23SNP-139

SNP-1 84SNP-1 89SNP-1 93SNP-1 98SNP-204SNP-219SNP-225

SNP-262

SNP-268SNP-273

O>cn

Site ID

1

11

2333

44

5555555555555

5666778

8899

10

10

101010

101010101010

10

1010

Site Name

HQ #1 Well (W-855)

HQ #1 Well (W-855)

HQ #1 Well (W-855)HQ Spring # 1 4-3 - above HQ on Rt 2 1 1Hemlock SpringHemlock Spring

Hemlock Spring

Pinnacles Spring #1 6Pinnacles Spring #16Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Sk-land

Furnace Spring at Sk land

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Furnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at SkylandFurnace Spring at Skyland

Skyland #2 (W-1033)Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Skyland #2 (W-1033)

Dundo Spring #29Dundo Spring #29

Simmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap SpringSimmons Gap Spring

Panorama Spring #1 3-3

Panorama Spring #13-3Browntown Valley Overtook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

Browntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook SpringBrowntown Valley Overlook Spring

W/SWWW

S

S

SSSSSSS

S

SSS

SSSSSSS

W

WW

SS

SSSSSSSSS

SSSSSSSSSS

Date4/1/1996

8/27/19978/16/1999

4/1/19964/1/19969/4/1997

8/17/1999

4/2/19969/4/19974/2/1996

8/27/1997

9/11/19979/18/1997

3/2/1999

4/2/19994/27/1999

5/26/19996/23/19997/15/1999

8/11/1999

9/7/19999/9/19999/22/19994/2/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/3/19969/10/19974/4/19969/16/1997

8/18/1999

4/5/1996

9/3/19974/5/19969/2/19979/11/19979/18/1997

3/3/1999

4/2/19994/28/1999

5/27/19996/24/1999

7/14/19998/12/1999

9/7/19999/10/19999/22/1999

Time

10:30

8:40

9:00

13:0015:0012:00

9:459:30

10:0014:3018:3512:25

9:15

14:3511:2014:4014:50

13:40

11:4513:3012:45

12:3012:0917. JO

9:45

11:2512:1510:3012:4013:0010:45

9:00

17:0012:40

9:30

16:3013:30

10:0015:0010:30

9:05

11:5514:35

9:20

16:30

8:25

15:45

Al (mg/L)0.0050.008O.OOI0.009<0.005

0.002

<0.0010.008

0.006

<0.005

0.0030.0060.0050.0010.007<0.001O.OOIO.OOI<0.001

0.001

<0.001<0.001<0.001

0.0050.0030.0010.0200.0560.0060.0040.001<0.0050.0030007

0006

0.005

0.0050.0010.008<0.0010.001<0.001<0.001

0.0010.0020.0020.002

B

(mg/L)0.0150.0120.020.0060.0060.008O.02

0.007

0.0070.0080.0050.0060.005O.010.02<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02

O.02O.02<0.02<0.020.0050.006<0.020.011

0.0080.0060.007

<0.02

0.0070.0070.0070.0080.0080.006O.01<0.02<0.02

0.020.020.020.02O.02O.02O.02

Ba 

(mg/L)ND

0.0010.001

NDND

0.0040.005

ND

0.004

ND

0.0070.0070.0080.006

0.0070.0070.0060.0060.0060.006

0.0070.0070.007ND0.0080.008ND0031ND

0.0120.011

ND

0.018

ND

0.0050.0050.0050.005

0.0050.0040.0050.0050.0050.0050.0060.006

0.006

Li (mg/L)

0.0210.0010.0020.0260.0200.0010.0010.020

0.0010.0200.0010.001O.001O.001O.001O.001

O.001O.0010.0010.0010.001O.001O.001O.020O.0010.0010.020O.001

O.020O.001O.001

O.020

0.001O.020O.001O.001O.001

O.001O.001O.001O.001O.001O.001O.0010.0010.001<0.001

Zn (Hg/L)

ND

22686

NDND

<1<1ND

1

ND

2

11

2

<1<1

1

<1

<1<1<1<1<1

ND

16

10

ND

2

ND

<1<1ND

2

ND

1

11

2

1

<12<1

1

3

11

1

Pb 

(ug/L)ND

1.00

0.43NDNDO.I0.07ND

0.1

ND

0.10.10.1O.05O.05O.050.070.060.050.060.050.05O.05ND

0.200.98ND

0.20

ND

0.10

O.05NDO.IND

O.I0.1<0.10.05

0.120.050.060.050.09O.05O.050.050.05

Cu (ug/L)ND

5.1

2.7NDND0.3

0.3

ND

2.9

ND

0.10.10.30.10.70.70.10.2

0.20.20.60.2

0.1ND

7.5

10.9

ND

0.7

ND

0.20.2

ND

8.7

ND0.8

0.9

1.01.11.71.1

0.9

0.8

1.1

0.6

2.0

1.31.1

Ni 

(ug/L)NDO.IO.INDNDO.I<0.1

ND

0.1

ND

0.20.2

0.2

0.30.30.3O.I0.20.2

0.20.30.30.3

ND

0.30.2ND

0.2

ND

0.10.1ND0.1ND

0.30.30.30.40.4

0.4

0.2

0.30.30.30.40.4

0.4

Rb

(Mg/L)

ND

0.3

0.4

NDND

0.10.1

ND

1.4

ND

0.2

0.20.2

0.2

0.20.20.20.2

3.5

0.20.20.20.2ND

0.20.2

ND

0.7

ND

0.20.1

ND

0.3ND

0.1

0.1

0.10.10.20.10.1

0.10.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

V (HB/L)ND

1.31.7

NDND0.40.3ND

O.I

ND

0.20.20.20.20.2030.3

020.30.20.20.20.2NDO.IO.IND

0.1

ND0.6

0.6ND0.5

ND

0.3

0.30.2

0.2

0.20.30.30.30.40.30.2

0.20.2
m

Table 16. Summary of trace-element chemistry Continued

SNPNo.SNP-021

SNP-116

SNP-234

SNP-022SNP-110

SNP-243SNP-024SNP-129

SNP-130SNP-246

SNP-025

SNP-101SNP-026SNP-100

SNP-027SNP-133SNP-239SNP-028

SNP-115

SNP-240SNP-029SNP-030

SNP-032

SNP-104SNP-242SNP-034

SNP-109

SNP-127SNP-138

SNP-183SNP-188SNP-194SNP-199

SNP-203SNP-218

SNP-226

SNP-261

SNP-267SNP-272

SNP-035SNP-096

SNP-036

SNP-092SNP-233SNP-038SNP-039

SNP-086

SNP-228SNP-041SNP-132

Site ID

111111121212

13

13

131314

14

1515

16

161617

17

1718

19

20

20

20

21

21

21

21

2121

21

212121

21

212121

22

22

232323

2425

25

252626

Site Name

Camp Hoover Spring #2

Camp Hoover Spring #2Camp Hoover Spring #2

Davids Spring

Davids SpringDavids SpringDickeys Ridge Spring

Dickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge SpringDickeys Ridge Spring (pipe 2)Gravel Spring NEGravel Spring NEPass Mountain Overlook SpringPass Mountain Overlook Spring

Swift Run Gap Spring #27Swift Run Gap Spring #27Swift Run Gap Spring #27Dean Mountain/South River SpringDean Mountain/South River Spring

Dean Mountain/South River SpringBaldface Mountain Spring

Hazeltop Ridge Overlook Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap SpringByrds Nest #4/Beahms Gap Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest ("'3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Byrds Nest #3 SpringByrds Nest #3 Spring

Big Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #9 WellBig Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Big Meadows #14 Well

Hogback Spring #5Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Elkwallow Well (W-1703)

Hightop Hut Spring

Hightop Hut Spring

W/S

Ss

s

ssssssssssss

s

s

s

ss

ss

ss

sss

s

sss

s

sss

s

sss

WWWW

W

s

WWW

ss

Date

4/8/1996

9/9/1997

8/17/1999

4/8/1996

9/4/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/19969/12/19979/12/1997

8/20/1999

4/10/19969/2/19974/10/1996

9/2/19974/11/19969/16/19978/19/19994/11/1996

9/5/1997

8/19/19994/11/19964/11/1996

4/12/1996

9/3/1997

8/20/19994/12/1996

9/4/1997

9/11/1997

9/18/19973/2/19994/2/1999

4/28/1999

5/27/19996/24/1999

7/14/1999

8/12/19999/7/19999/9/19999/22/1999

4/15/1996

8/28/1997

4/15/1996

8/28/19978/17/1999

4/16/19964/16/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/19994/17/19969/16/1997

Time

14:3014:0014:35

17:1518:0011:0511:30

10:00

9:45

17:0014:30

11:00

17:5016:0010:0010:3013:45

12:0014:00

15:4014:00

18:30

9:40

12:00

8:45

15:20

8:30

14:30

11:0016:5012:50

17:25

11:22

9:05

11:34

12:0014:20

14:3013:45

11:20

13:3014:0011:3012:5011:4516:0018:30

11:45

15:1515:45

Al

(mg/L)

<0.005

0.002<0.001

<0.0050.005

<0.0010.031

0.0040.014<0.001

0.007

0.004<0.005

0.0020.005

0.007

<0.0010.006

0.003

<0.001

<0.005<0.005

0.005

0.005<0.0010.008

0.003

0.0040.002

0.0030.009

0.0030.003

0.0030.003

0.004

0.0020.0020.002

<0.005

0.001<0.0050.003

<0.001<0.005

<0.0050.004

<0.001

0.0050.003

B

(mg/L)0.0070.005<0.020.0090.004<0.020.0070.0050.005<0.020.008

0.003

0.0050.0030.0080.006<0.020.009

0.006

<0.020.005<0.005

0.005

0.005<0.020.009

0.006

0.0070.004

<0.01<0.02

<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02

<0.020.0070.0090.0060.007

<0.02

0.0080.0080.005

<0.02

0.0080.006

Ba

(mg/L)ND

0.0060.006

ND

0.0260.025

ND

0.0110.0090.011ND0.014

ND

0.010ND0.0140.013ND

0.019

0.015

ND

NDND0.0160.016ND

0.017

0.017

0.0170.0160.016

0.0160.016

0.0160.016

0.0160.016

0.0160.016

ND

0.002

ND

0.015

0.001

ND

ND

0.009

0.006

ND

0.010

Li 

(mg/L)0.0200.001

O.001

O.020O.001O.001

<0.020

<0.001O.001O.001

O.020

O.0010.020O.0010.020

O.001<0.001<0.020O.001

O.001

<0.020

O.020

0.020

O.001<0.001

<0.020<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001

<0.001

<0.001<0.001<0.001

<0.001

O.001O.OO]

<0.001

<0.020

O.0010.0210.00 1

O.001O.020

<0.020<0.001

0.001

0.0200.001

Zn

ND

1

<1

ND

3

1

ND

1

2<1ND2ND

683

ND

1

<1

ND3

<1NDND

ND

155

2ND

2

222

1

11

<1<1

1

<1<1<1

ND

128

ND

181

33

ND

ND

860

653

ND

2

PbND

O.I

0.09

ND

O.I0.05NDO.I0.70O.05ND0.20ND

0.20

NDO.I

0.06

ND

O.I0.05

ND

ND

ND

0.10O.05ND

<0.1

O.IO.I0.050.050.050.180.130.060.070.05

O.050.05

ND

1.40

ND0.830.42

NDND

<0.10.23

ND<0.1

Cu

ND

3.70.3

ND

0.4

0.6

ND0.50.8

0.4

ND0.4ND

15.5

ND0.2O.I

ND

0.2

0.3NDNDND

19.0

0.3ND0.30.40.30.30.70.70.50.40.30.80.40.3

0.4

ND

1.2

ND

1.0

0.8

NDND

2.0

1.5

ND

4.9

Ni (ug/L)ND0.2O.I

ND

0.1<0.1ND

O.I

0.1O.IND0.2

ND

0.2ND

O.I

1.2

ND

0.2

0.1NDND

ND

O.IO.IND

0.1

O.IO.I

0.20.1

0.1

O.I0.10.1O.IO.IO.I

0.1ND<0.1NDO.I

O.I

ND

ND

0.40.2

ND

0.1

Rb

ND0.20.1ND0.30.3ND0.20.40.2ND0.2

ND

O.IND0.40.3ND

0.2

0.2ND

NDND0.30.3

ND

2.32.32.3

2.12.3

2.3

2.32.22.2

2.3

2.22.32,3

ND

O.IND0.2O.I

ND

ND

0.2

0.2

ND

0.1

V 

(us/1.)ND

0.50.6

ND

0.50.5

ND0.1

0.10.1

ND0.8

ND0.1

ND

0.20.2

ND

0.1

0.1

NDNDND

0708ND

0.1

O.IO.I

O.I0.1

0.1

0.2O.I0.1

O.I

<0.1O.IO.I

ND

0.9

ND

0.8

1.3

ND

ND

0.7

1.6

ND

1.0
Table 16. Summary of trace-element chemistry Continued

SNPNo.

SNP-043

SNP-105SNP-048SNP-084SNP-230SNP-050SNP-051SNP-052SNP-111SNP-053SNP-083SNP-037SNP-087SNP-007SNP-088SNP-005SNP-091SNP-019SNP-102SNP-031SNP-114SNP-054SNP-118SNP-015SNP-121SNP-016SNP-122SNP-013

SNP-099

SNP-137SNP-248SNP-042SNP-095

SNP-140

SNP-170

SNP-255

SNP-046SNP-085SNP-229SNP-011SNP-098SNP-235SNP-010SNP-097SNP-236SNP-012SNP-119SNP-237

SNP-113

SNP-241

O) -J

Site ID27273131

31

33

34

35

35

36

36

37

3738

38

393940

40

4141

42

42434344444545

46

464747

47

48484949

495050

50

51

5151

52

52525353

Site Name

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Pass Mountain Hut Spring

Dickeys Ridge Well (W- 1346)Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Dickeys Ridge Well (W-1346)

Domestic well #1

Domestic well #2

White Oak Cabin Spring

White Oak Cabin Spring

Big Meadows #1 Well(W-1701)

Big Meadows #1 Well (W- 1 701)

HQ#2Well(W-851)

HQ#2Well(W-851)

Skyland #5

Skyland#5

Pinnacles Well (W-3288)

Pinnacles Well (W-328 8)

Mathews Arm Spring Range View CabinMathews Arm Spring Range View Cabin

Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2Lewis Mountain Spring #25-2Old Rag Shelter SpringOld Rag Shelter SpringLoft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Overlook Spring

Loft Mountain Spring

Loft Mountain SpringSimmons Gap Well (W-1704)Simmons Gap Well (W-1704)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)

Yeager's Spring (Luray)Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Lewis Mountain Well (W-1072)

Bear Lithia Spring

Bear Lithia SpringMathews Arm Well (W-856)Mathews Arm Well (W-856)

Mathews Arm Well (W-856)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)Loft Mountain Well #1 (W-715)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)

Loft Mountain Well #2 (W-754)Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Ivy Creek Shelter Spring

Lewis Mountain Spring #25Lewis Mountain Spring #25

W/S

S

s

W

WWWW

ss

WWWWW

W

WW

ss

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

W

W

s

sW

WW

ss

W

W

WWW

WW

W

Wsss

s

s

Date4/18/19969/3/19974/19/1996

8/26/1997

8/16/1999

4/24/19964/24/1996

4/25/1996

9/4/19974/25/1996

9/17/1997

4/16/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/1997

4/2/1996

8/27/19974/5/1996

9/2/1 997

4/11/1996

9/5/19974/26/19969/9/19974/4/1996

9/10/19974/4/1 9969/10/19974/4/1996

8/29/1997

9/17/1997

8/23/1999

4/17/1996

8/28/19979/19/1997

9/8/19979/2/19994/19/1996

8/26/19978/16/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

8/17/1999

4/3/1996

8/29/1997

8/18/1999

4/3/19969/10/1997

8/18/1999

9/5/1997

8/19/1999

Time9:15

14:1014:40

10:50

16:15

9:50

14:5510:3515:55

16:30

16:30

9:45

10:3016:00

17:10

12:0012:45

14:35

13:30

16:30

11:0014:3018:0015:3017:00

17:30

15:00

9:30

10:00

13:10

11:2018:20

15:45

9:30

17:1510:20

10-40

15:05

13:1015:4514:00

18:15

14:30

12:30

8:35

18:00

12:0010:20

9:30

18:05

Al (mg/L)<0.0050.000

<0.005

0.014

<0.001

0.035

0.017

0.008

0.0050.006

0.001

0.013

0.008

<0.005

0.0070.025

0.005

0.006

0.016

0.0080.0030.0120.0050.0060.007

<0.005

0.031

<0.0050.008

0.004

<0.001<0.0050.0010.0040.0020.001<0.005

0.009<0.001<0.0050.007<0.001

<0.005

0.004<0.001

0.005

0.005

<0.001

0.0030.001

B(mg/L)

0.005

0.007

0.010

0.006

<0.02

0.0140.011

0.009

0.0060.0070.0110.0130.0130.006

0.005

0.0050.008

0.012

0.002

0.0090.008

0.013

0.0060.0070.0120.005

0.010

0.0080.006

0.009

<0.02

0.010

0.0090.0070.010

<0.02

0.021

0.013<0.02

0.0080.006

<0.02

0.005

0.007

<0.020.007

0.001

<0.02

0.008

<0.02

Ba 

(mg/L)

ND

0.021ND0.004

0.003

ND

ND

ND0.006

ND

0.008

ND

0.007

ND

<0.001

ND

0.021n.d.0.012ND0.018

ND

0.006

n.d.

0.015

ND

0.056

ND

0.0040.043

0.044ND

0.009

0.010

0.033

0.032ND

0.0060.005

ND

0.044

0.043

ND

0.020

0.043

ND

0.0160.0140.0180.018

Li (mg/L)<0.020<0.001<0.0200.0010.0010.3040.268<0.020<0.001

<0.020

<0.001

<0.020

0.001<0.020

0.001

<0.020<0.001

<0.020

<0.001

<0.020

<0.001

<0.020<0.001<0.020<0.001<0.020

<0.001

<0.020

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.022

0.001

<0.0010.004

0.004

<0.020<0.001<0.001<0.020

<0.001

0.001

<0.020<0.001<0.001

<0.020

<0.001<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Zn

(Ug/L)ND

14

ND

78

41

ND

ND

ND

1

ND

2

ND

1330

ND

2500

ND

1020ND

4

ND

2

ND

143

ND

3

ND

25

ND

57

<1<1ND

51

25

2

2ND

53349

ND

2585

ND

150

40

ND

2

<1

1

<1

Pb(Ug/L)ND

<0.1ND

1.401.10

ND

NDND

0.20

ND

<0.1

ND

<0.1ND

<0.1

ND

2.60ND0.20

ND

<0.1ND

0.20

ND

<0.1

ND

<0.1ND0.300.40

<0.05

ND

<0.1

0.10<0.1

<0.05

ND0.30

0.42

ND

0.20

0.21

ND

0.60

0.24ND<0.1

0.080.300.31

Cu(Ug/L)ND2.6ND

1.3

0.5ND

NDND

3.3

ND0.6

ND

1.3

ND

0.3

ND

4.0

ND

5.6

ND

0.9

ND

6.4

ND

0.7

ND

4.4

ND<0.1

3.1

0.3ND

1.71.7

0.20.9ND

5.3

2.6

ND

0.8

1.3

ND

0.50.2

ND

<0.10.3

0.4

0.7

Ni 

(Ug/L)ND<0.1ND<0.1

<0.1

ND

ND

ND0.1

ND

<0.1

ND

3.1

ND

0.7

ND

<0.1

ND

0.3ND<0.1

ND

0.1

ND

0.1

ND

0.1

ND<0.1

0.1<0.1ND0.10.2<0.1<0.1ND

0.4

0.8

ND<0.1

<0.1ND

<0.1

<0.1ND

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1<0.1

Rb

ND0.3

ND

0.6

0.5NDNDND

0.2

ND

0.2

ND

0.2

ND

<0.1

ND

1.0

ND0.3

ND0.3

ND

0.3

ND

0.2

ND

0.3

ND0.2

2.12.3

ND

0.30.3

1.9

2.2ND0.3

0.2

ND

0.10.1

ND

C.2

0.1

ND

0.1

0.1

0.30.3

V 

(ug/L)ND0.2

ND3.23.3ND

ND

ND0.2

ND

0.7ND

0.4

ND<0.1ND<0.1ND

0.3ND<0.1

ND

0.1

ND

1.2

ND

0.6

ND4.0

0.30.2ND0.2<0.10.20.3

ND

1.1

1.3

ND

0.3

0.2

ND

0.2

0.5

ND

1

1.3

<0.10.1
Table 17. Summary of isotopic data

[per mil, parts per thousand; TU, Tritium Unit, 

centimeter at 25" Celsius; 5=((Rsamp|e/Rstandard)

>j -to -5

(8 H, 8 O, H) for surface-water samples

1 TU=latom of 3H in 1018 atoms of H; us/cm, microsiemens 

l)xlOOO, where R is an isotope ratio; ND, not determined]

per

SNPNo.

SNP-065

SNP-151

SNP-066

SNP-152

SNP-067

SNP-153

SNP-068

SNP-154

SNP-069

SNP-155

SNP-070

SNP-156

SNP-071

SNP-157

SNP-072

SNP-158

SNP-073

SNP-159

SNP-074

SNP-160

SNP-055

SNP-141

SNP-056

SNP-142

SNP-057

SNP-143

SNP-058

SNP-144

SNP-059

SNP-145

SNP-060

SNP-146

SNP-061

SNP-147

SNP-062

SNP-148

SNP-063

SNP-149

SNP-064

SNP-150

SNP-075

SNP-161

SNP-076

SNP-162

SNP-077

SNP-163

SNP-078

SNP-164

SNP-079

SNP-165

SNP-080

SNP-166

SNP-081

SNP-167

SNP-082

SNP-168

Site ID

80

80

81

81

82

83

84

84

85

85

86

86

87

87

88

88

89

89

90

90

91

91

92

92

93

94

95

95

96

97

98

98

99

99

100

100

101

101

102

102

103

103

104

105

106

106

107

107

108

108

109

109

110

110

111

111

Site Name

(C01) Tributary of East Hawksbill Creek

(C01) Tributary of East Hawksbill Creek

(C02) East Hawksbill Creek (Hollow Run)

(C02) East Hawksbill Creek (Hollow Run)

(C03) Hawksbill Creek

(C03b) Hawksbill Creek @ Rt 737

(C04) Naked Creek

(C04) Naked Creek

(COS) South Branch Naked Run

(COS) South Branch Naked Run

(C06) Elk Run

(C06) Elk Run

(COT) Conway River

(C07) Conway River

(COS) Rapidan River

(COS) Rapidan River

(C09) Robinson River

(C09) Robinson River

(CIO) Hughes River

(CIO) Hughes River

(N01) Jeremys Run

(NOl)JeremysRun

(N02) Overall Run

(N02) Overall Run

(N03) Flint Run

(N03b) Flint Run

(N04) Greasy Run

(N04) Greasy Run

(N05) Broad Run

(NOSb) Broad Run

(N06)DryRun

(N06) Dry Run

(NOT) Kittles Mill Stream

(N07) Kittles Mill Stream

(N08) Rush River

(N08) Rush River

(N09)Piney River

(N09) Pine> River

(N10) Thornton River

(N10) Thornton River

(SOI) Hawksbill Creek 340 Bridge

(SOI) Hawksbill Creek 340 Bridge

(S02) Big Run

(S02b) Madison Run

(S03) Mine Branch

(S03) Mine Branch

(S04) Sawmill Run

(S04) Sawmill Run

(SOS) Lickinghole Creek

(SOS) Lickinghole Creek

(S06) Doyles River

(S06) Doyles River

(S07) Buck Mountain Creek

(S07) Buck Mountain Creek

(SOS) Haneytown Creek

(SOS) Haneytown Creek

Date

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/9/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

4/15/1996

9/8/1997

Time

16:26

12:15

16:33

12:38

16:52

13:30

17:34

14:30

17:43

14:45

18:03

15:10

18:35

12:50

19:03

12:00

19:47

13:15

20:08

10:40

16:30

11:40

16:44

11:15

16:53

10:53

17:21

10:20

17:38

9:50

17:49

9:08

18:43

9:00

19-10

9:25

19:30

9:50

19:45

10:05

15:37

15:40

15:46

16:30

16:00

15:45

16:45

15:20

17:20

14:50

17:56

14:15

18:18

13:55

18:35

13:25

Elev

(ft)

1060

1060

1250

1250

1600

1264

1085

1085

1195

1195

1055

1055

585

585

795

795

690

690

780

780

635

635

585

585

710

695

1130

1130

970

1043

935

935

640

640

770

770

780

780

955

955

970

970

1020

1371

1515

1515

1520

1520

895

895

940

940

570

570

630

630

Temp

(°C)

ND

17.9

ND

17.0

ND

18.5

ND

23.9

ND

20.6

ND

21.8

ND

23.8

ND

22.1

ND

20.2

ND

18.9

ND

19.9

ND

18.2

ND

19.1

ND

17.9

ND

17.5

ND

17.6

ND

18.5

ND

18.5

ND

17.9

ND

17.5

ND

19.9

ND

18.3

ND

17.T

ND

16.2

ND

19.7

ND

19.9

ND

21.T

ND

21.8

Sp Cond 

1996

(us/cm)

ND

98.5

99.0

65.5

180.9

106.3

ND

181.2

ND

50.5

ND

113.3

144.T

T0.2

80.1

29.0

T3.8

52.2

149.4

31.9

ND

25T.5

ND

192.1

ND

226.4

ND

123.0

ND

15T.8

ND

100.T

ND

124.1

125.4

200.2

ND

86.T

131.7

78.0

ND

100.8

ND

34.2

ND

18.5

ND

23.0

ND

98.8

ND

61.1

ND

59.8

113.0

90.0

Sp Cond 

1997

(uS/cm)

98.5

ND

65.5

ND

106.3

ND

181.2

ND

50.5

ND

113.3

ND

70.2

ND

29.0

ND

52.2

ND

31.9

ND

257.5

ND

192.1

ND

226.4

ND

123.0

ND

157.8

ND

100.7

ND

124.1

ND

200.2

ND

86.7

ND

78.0

ND

100.8

ND

34.2

ND

18.5

ND

23.0

ND

98.8

ND

61.1

ND

59.8

ND

90.0

ND

JH 

(TU)

9.4

10.7

8.6

9.3

9.4

9.1

10.2

10.2

8.6

9.4

8.6

9.8

9.9

10.7

9.8

10.2

9.3

10.7

8.5

10.0

10.9

7.4

8.3

2.4

8.7

9.5

9.1

11.0

10.2

10.0

10.0

9.4

9.7

11.9

11.4

11.5

10.2

12.0

10.0

10.7

9.4

9.0

8.2

9.3

8.1

8.2

8.5

8.8

9.4

11.4

9.7

12.4

10.1

12.3

9.2

10.4

JH Error 

(+/-TU)

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

04

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

8JH 

(per mil)

-52.4

-48.5

-52.9

-48.4

-50.9

-47.7

-49.2

-42.7

-49.5

-45.2

-48.7

-45.0

-45.6

-38.7

-45.7

-43.2

-48.6

-43.1

-49.0

-44.5

-53.6

-48.1

-53.6

-52.6

-54.8

-43.0

-53.1

-48.5

-52.5

-48.1

-54.8

-49.5

-50.9

-40.1

-47.8

-41.8

-48.5

-43.1

-46.8

-45.7

-48.2

-44.8

-48.7

-45.8

-49.9

-49.0

-47.8

-49.2

-41.8

-40.6

-44.9

-41.3

-40.2

-37.1

-44.5

-38.3

&"0 

(per mil)

-8.5

-8.0

-8.5

-7.9

-8.6

-8.2

-8.4

-6.6

-8.3

-7.2

-8.1

-7.1

-7.7

-6.7

-7.8

-7.4

-8.0

-7.2

-8.1

-7.5

-8.8

-7.6

-8.8

-8.2

-8.9

-6.4

-8.7

-8.0

-8.6

-8.0

-9.0

-8.1

-8.2

-6.7

-8.1

-7.0

-8.0

-7.3

-7.9

-7.7

-7.9

-7.2

-8.0

-7.3

-8.1

-7.8

-7.8

-8.1

-7.2

-6.9

-7.5

-7.1

-7.1

-6.2

-7.4

-6.6

70