U S C E N S U S B U R E A U

Helping You Make Informed Decisions

Demographic Programs

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Health Insurance Coverage in 

the United States: 2002

Consumer Income

Issued September 2003

Current

Population

Reports

By 

Robert J. Mills

and

Shailesh Bhandari

P60-223

Highlights

• The share of the population without

health insurance rose in 2002, the

second consecutive annual increase.

An estimated 15.2 percent of the population or 43.6 million people were

without health insurance coverage

during the entire year in 2002, up

from 14.6 percent in 2001, an

increase of 2.4 million people. 

• The number and percentage of people

covered by employment-based health

insurance dropped in 2002, from 

62.6 percent to 61.3 percent, driving

the overall decrease in health insurance coverage.

• The number and percentage of people

covered by government health insurance programs rose in 2002, from 

25.3 percent to 25.7 percent, largely

from an increase in the number and

percentage of people covered by medicaid (from 11.2 percent to 

11.6 percent). 

• The proportion of children who were

uninsured did not change, remaining

at 11.6 percent of all children, or 

8.5 million, in 2002. 

• Although medicaid insured 14.0 million

people in poverty, 10.5 million other

people in poverty had no health insurance in 2002; the latter group represented 30.4 percent of the poverty

population, unchanged from 2001. 

• Hispanics (67.6 percent) were less

likely to be covered by health insurance than non-Hispanic Whites who

reported a single race (89.3 percent),

Blacks who reported a single race

(79.8 percent), and Asians who reported a single race (81.6 percent).1

1 Because Hispanics may be of any race, data in

this report for Hispanics overlap with data for racial

groups. Among householders who reported a single

race, Hispanic origin was reported by 11.4 percent

of Whites; 3.5 percent of Blacks; 27.3 percent of

American Indians or Alaska Natives; 1.4 percent of

Asians; and 19.0 percent of Native Hawaiians and

Other Pacific Islanders. Data users should exercise

caution when interpreting aggregate results for

these groups because they consist of many distinct

subgroups that differ in socio-economic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. Data were

first collected for Hispanics in 1972 and Asians and

Pacific Islanders in 1987. 

Source of Estimates; 

Statistical Accuracy 

The estimates in this report are

based on data collected by the 2003

Current Population Survey (CPS)

Annual Social and Economic

Supplement (ASEC was formerly

called the Annual Demographic

Supplement or the March Supplement) conducted by the U.S. Census

Bureau. As with all surveys, the estimates may differ from the actual values because of sampling variation or

other factors. All statements in this

report have undergone statistical

testing, and all comparisons are significant at the 90-percent confidence

level unless otherwise noted. For further information about the source

and accuracy of the estimates, go to

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps

/cps-main.html.
2 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 1.

People Without Health Insurance for the Entire Year by Selected Characteristics: 2001

and 2002

(Numbers in thousands. For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ on the Census Bureau’s Current

Population Survey Web site at www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads/2003/ssrcacc.htm)

2001 2002 Change 2002 less 20011

Uninsured Uninsured Uninsured

Percent Percent Percent

Characteristic 90-per- 90-per- 90-percent cent cent

confi- confi- confidence dence dence

interval interval interval

Total Number Percent1 (±) Total Number Percent1 (±) Number Percent (±)

People

Total ............ 282,082 41,207 14.6 0.2 285,933 43,574 15.2 0.2 *2,367 *0.6 0.2

Sex

Male ................ 137,871 21,722 15.8 0.3 139,876 23,327 16.7 0.3 *1,606 *0.9 0.3

Female. ............. 144,211 19,485 13.5 0.2 146,057 20,246 13.9 0.2 *761 *0.4 0.3

Age

Under 18 years ...... 72,628 8,509 11.7 0.3 73,312 8,531 11.6 0.3 22 –0.1 0.4

18 to 24 years ....... 27,312 7,673 28.1 0.7 27,438 8,128 29.6 0.7 *456 *1.5 0.9

25 to 34 years ....... 38,670 9,051 23.4 0.7 39,243 9,769 24.9 0.7 *718 *1.5 0.7

35 to 44 years ....... 44,284 7,131 16.1 0.5 44,074 7,781 17.7 0.5 *650 *1.6 0.6

45 to 64 years ....... 65,419 8,571 13.1 0.3 67,633 9,106 13.5 0.3 *535 0.4 0.4

65 years and over . . . . 33,769 272 0.8 0.2 34,234 258 0.8 0.2 –14 –0.1 0.2

Nativity

Native. . ............. 249,629 30,364 12.2 0.2 252,463 32,388 12.8 0.2 *2,023 *0.7 0.2

Foreign born......... 32,453 10,843 33.4 0.8 33,471 11,186 33.4 0.8 343 - 0.9

Naturalized citizen. . 11,962 2,060 17.2 1.0 12,837 2,251 17.5 1.0 *191 0.3 1.2

Not a citizen . . ..... 20,491 8,782 42.9 1.0 20,634 8,935 43.3 1.0 153 0.4 1.2

Region

Northeast............ 53,300 6,399 12.0 0.3 54,139 7,057 13.0 0.3 *658 *1.0 0.4

Midwest ............. 63,779 6,840 10.7 0.3 64,581 7,533 11.7 0.3 *694 *0.9 0.4

South ............... 100,652 16,712 16.6 0.3 101,800 17,773 17.5 0.3 *1,061 *0.9 0.4

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,351 11,257 17.5 0.5 65,413 11,210 17.1 0.5 –46 –0.4 0.5

Household Income

Less than $25,000.... 62,209 14,474 23.3 0.5 62,979 14,776 23.5 0.5 302 0.2 0.5

$25,000 to $49,999. . . 76,226 13,516 17.7 0.3 75,927 14,638 19.3 0.3 *1,122 *1.5 0.4

$50,000 to $74,999. . . 58,114 6,595 11.3 0.3 58,622 6,904 11.8 0.3 *309 *0.4 0.4

$75,000 or more ..... 85,532 6,623 7.7 0.2 88,406 7,256 8.2 0.3 *633 *0.5 0.3

Education

(18 years and older)

Total ................ 209,454 32,698 15.6 0.2 212,622 35,042 16.5 0.2 *2,344 *0.9 0.3

No high school

diploma ............ 35,423 9,776 27.6 0.7 34,829 9,768 28.0 0.7 –8 0.4 0.8

High school graduate

only ............... 66,682 11,618 17.4 0.3 67,512 12,671 18.8 0.3 *1,053 *1.3 0.5

Some college, no

degree . . . .......... 40,282 5,815 14.4 0.5 41,319 6,214 15.0 0.5 *398 *0.6 0.6

Associate degree .... 16,183 1,754 10.8 0.7 16,350 1,981 12.1 0.7 *226 *1.3 0.8

Bachelor’s degree or

higher. ............. 50,884 3,734 7.3 0.3 52,612 4,408 8.4 0.3 *674 *1.0 0.4

Work Experience

(18 to 64 years old)

Total ................ 175,685 32,426 18.5 0.3 178,388 34,785 19.5 0.3 *2,359 *1.0 0.3

Worked during year. . . 142,474 24,230 17.0 0.3 142,918 25,679 18.0 0.3 *1,449 *1.0 0.3

Worked full-time.... 118,776 19,014 16.0 0.3 118,411 19,911 16.8 0.3 *897 *0.8 0.3

Worked part-time . . . 23,698 5,216 22.0 0.7 24,506 5,767 23.5 0.7 *552 *1.5 0.9

Did not work ......... 33,211 8,197 24.7 0.7 35,470 9,106 25.7 0.7 *909 *1.0 0.7

- Represents zero or rounds to zero. *Statistically different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
• Among the entire population 18

to 64 years old, workers were

more likely to have health insurance (82.0 percent) than nonworkers (74.3 percent). Among

those in poverty, workers were

less likely to be covered 

(52.6 percent) than nonworkers

(61.9 percent).

• Compared with 2001, the proportion who had employmentbased policies in their own

name decreased from 56.3 percent to 55.2 percent in 2002.

• Young adults (18 to 24 years

old) were less likely than other

age groups to have health insurance coverage — 70.4 percent

in 2002, compared with 

82.0 percent of those 25 to 64

and, reflecting widespread

medicare coverage, 99.2 percent

of those 65 and over.

• Spells without health insurance,

measured on a monthly basis,

tend to be short in duration —

about three-quarters (74.7 percent) were over within 1 year.

U.S. Census Bureau 3

Figure 1.

Type of Health Insurance and Coverage 

Status: 2001 and 2002 

*Change is statistically different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. 

1

Military health care includes: CHAMPUS (Comprehensive Health and Medical Plan for Uniformed 

Services)/Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans 

Affairs), as well as care provided by the Veterans Administration and the military. 

Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered 

by more than one type of health insurance during the year. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplements. 

Private Insurance

Government insurance

No insurance

2002

2001

Not covered

Military

health care1

Medicaid

Medicare

Any government

plan

Directpurchase

Employmentbased

Any private

plan

(In percent)

14.6

69.6*

70.9

61.3* 

62.6

9.3 

9.2

25.7* 

25.3

13.4 

13.5

11.6* 

11.2

3.5* 

3.4

15.2* 

For the first time in 2003, CPS respondents could

identify themselves in more than one racial group;

previously they had to choose one.2 This may complicate year-to-year comparisons. 

We do not know how people who reported more

than one race in 2003 previously reported their

race; there is no single way to compare changes in

health insurance coverage by race. This report

compares 2001 single-race data with two different

sets of race data for 2002: one comparison based

on those who reported only one race, and another

comparison based on those who reported more

than one race. For example, this report compares

the 2001 income figures for Blacks with 2002

income figures for two groups:

1) those who reported Black and did not report any

other race (alone) and

2) those who reported Black and did not report any

other race or Black who reported some other

race (alone or in combination).

This report provides year-to-year comparisons for

each racial group except American Indians and

Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and other

Pacific Islanders, because the sample was not

sufficiently large.

2 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) establishes the

guidelines for the collection and classification of data for race

(including the option for respondents to mark more than one race)

and Hispanic origin. Race and Hispanic origin are treated as separate and distinct concepts in accordance with OMB guidelines. For

further information, see www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ombdir15.html.

Racial Group Comparisons in the 2003 Current Population Survey
More people did not have

health insurance in 2002 

than in 2001.

The number of people without

health insurance coverage rose to

43.6 million (15.2 percent of the

population) in 2002, up 2.4 million

from the previous year, when 

14.6 percent of the population

lacked coverage (see Table 1).

However, the number of people covered by health insurance also

increased in 2002, up 1.5 million to

242.4 million (84.8 percent of the

population). Both increases can be

attributed largely to an overall population growth from 2001 to 2002. 

A decline in employmentbased insurance prompted the

decrease in insurance

coverage rates.3

Most people (61.3 percent) were

covered by a health insurance plan

related to employment for some or

all of 2002, a decline of 1.3 percentage points from the previous

year. This decline essentially

explains the drop in total private

health insurance coverage, to 

69.6 percent in 2002 (see Figure 1). 

Health insurance coverage provided by the government increased

between 2001 and 2002, but not

enough to offset the decline in private coverage. Medicaid coverage

rose by 0.4 percentage points to

11.6 percent in 2002. Among the

entire population, 25.7 percent had

government insurance, including

medicare (13.4 percent), medicaid

(11.6 percent), and military health

care (3.5 percent). Many people

carried coverage from more than

one plan during the year; for

example, 7.4 percent of people

were covered by both private

health insurance and medicare.

4 U.S. Census Bureau

3 Employment-based health insurance is

coverage offered through one’s own employment or a relative’s. 

The uninsured rates for

people in or close to poverty

did not change between 

2001 and 2002. 

Despite the medicaid program, 

10.5 million poor people, or 

30.4 percent of people in poverty,

had no health insurance of any kind

during 2002. This percentage —

double the rate for the total population — did not change from the

previous year. About 24.1 percent

of all uninsured people were in

poverty (see Table 2).

Medicaid was the most widespread

type of health insurance among

people in poverty, with 40.5 percent

(14.0 million) of them covered by

medicaid for some or all of 2002.

This percentage did not change

from the previous year.4

Among the near poor (whose family incomes were at least 100 percent, but less than 125 percent, of

their poverty thresholds), 27.9 percent (3.5 million people) lacked

health insurance in 2002,

unchanged from 2001. 

Key demographic factors

affect health insurance

coverage.

Age — People 18 to 24 years old

were less likely than other age

groups to have health insurance

coverage, with 70.4 percent covered for some or all of 2002.

Because of medicare, almost all

people 65 and over (99.2 percent)

had health insurance in 2002. For

other age groups, health insurance

coverage ranged from 75.1 percent

to 88.4 percent (see Figure 2).

Among people in poverty, those 

18 to 64 years old had a markedly

lower health insurance coverage

rate (57.6 percent) in 2002 than

people under 18 (79.9 percent) or

65 and over (98.1 percent). 

4 Changes in year-to-year medicaid estimates should be viewed with caution. For

more information, see the Technical Note on

page 12. 

Race and Hispanic origin — The

uninsured rate for non-Hispanic

Whites who reported only one race

was 10.7 percent in 2002 — higher

than the uninsured rate of 

10.0 percent for non-Hispanic

Whites in 2001 (see Table 3).

Similarly, the uninsured rate for

Blacks who reported a single race

was 20.2 percent in 2002 and it

was 19.9 percent for Blacks who

reported one or more races in

2002 –- both higher than the uninsured rate of 19.0 percent for

Blacks in 2001. The uninsured rate

for people who reported Asian

and/or Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander ranged from 

18.1 percent to 18.7 percent in

2002, not statistically different

from the rate for Asians and Pacific

Islanders in 2001(18.2 percent).5,6

The uninsured rate among

Hispanics (32.4 percent in 2002)

did not change from 2001 to 2002

and was higher than any other

racial or ethnic group.

Nativity — In 2002, the proportion

of the foreign-born population

without health insurance (33.4 percent) was more than double that of

the native population (12.8 percent).7 Among the foreign born,

noncitizens were much more likely

than naturalized citizens to lack

coverage — 43.3 percent compared with 17.5 percent.

Educational attainment — Among

all adults, the likelihood of being

insured increases as the level of

education rises. Compared with the

5 The health insurance coverage rates of

Blacks and Asians and Pacific Islanders were

not different in 2001. 6 The health insurance coverage rates of

people who reported Asians and/or Native

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders were not

different. 7 Natives are people born in the United

States, Puerto Rico, or an outlying area of the

United States, such as Guam or the U.S. Virgin

Islands, and people who were born in a foreign country but who had at least one parent

who was a U.S. citizen. All other people born

outside the United States are foreign born.
U.S. Census Bureau 5

Table 2.

People in Poverty Without Health Insurance for the Entire Year by Selected

Characteristics: 2001 and 2002

(Numbers in thousands. For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ on the Census Bureau’s Current

Population Survey Web site at www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads/2003/ssrcacc.htm)

2001 2002 Change 2002 less 20011

Uninsured Uninsured Uninsured

Characteristic

Total Number Percent1

Percent

90-percent

confidence

interval

(±) Total Number Percent1

Percent

90-percent

confidence

interval

(±) Number Percent

Percent

90-percent

confidence

interval

(±)

People

Total ...............

Sex

32,907 10,093 30.7 1.0 34,570 10,492 30.4 1.0 *399 –0.3 1.0

Male ................... 14,327 4,854 33.9 1.5 15,162 5,042 33.3 1.5 188 –0.6 1.5

Female.................

Age

18,580 5,239 28.2 1.3 19,408 5,450 28.1 1.2 211 –0.1 1.3

Under 18 years ......... 11,733 2,497 21.3 1.3 12,133 2,434 20.1 1.2 –62 –1.2 1.3

18 to 24 years .......... 4,449 2,025 45.5 1.8 4,536 1,991 43.9 1.6 –34 –1.6 1.8

25 to 34 years .......... 4,255 2,108 49.5 1.8 4,674 2,273 48.6 1.6 *165 –0.9 1.8

35 to 44 years .......... 3,822 1,703 44.6 1.8 4,087 1,882 46.0 1.8 *178 1.5 1.9

45 to 64 years .......... 5,234 1,669 31.9 1.5 5,564 1,844 33.1 1.5 *175 1.2 1.6

65 years and over . . . ....

Nativity

3,414 91 2.7 0.7 3,576 67 1.9 0.5 *-23 *-0.8 0.6

Native. . ................ 27,698 7,223 26.1 1.0 29,012 7,418 25.6 1.0 196 –0.5 1.0

Foreign born............ 5,209 2,870 55.1 3.0 5,558 3,074 55.3 2.8 204 0.2 3.1

Naturalized citizen..... 1,186 377 31.8 5.8 1,285 449 35.0 5.8 72 3.2 6.1

Not a citizen . . ........

Region

4,023 2,493 62.0 3.3 4,273 2,625 61.4 3.3 132 –0.5 3.4

Northeast............... 5,687 1,504 26.4 2.1 5,871 1,394 23.7 2.0 –110 *-2.7 2.1

Midwest ................ 5,966 1,546 25.9 2.0 6,616 1,798 27.2 2.0 *252 1.3 2.1

South .................. 13,515 4,366 32.3 1.6 14,019 4,617 32.9 1.6 252 0.6 1.7

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Education

(18 years and older)

7,739 2,677 34.6 2.3 8,064 2,682 33.3 2.1 5 –1.3 2.3

Total ................... 21,174 7,596 35.9 1.3 22,437 8,058 35.9 1.2 *461 - 1.3

No high school diploma . .

High school graduate

8,033 2,992 37.2 2.0 8,221 3,113 37.9 2.0 122 0.6 2.1

only .................. 7,029 2,523 35.9 2.1 7,487 2,728 36.4 2.1 *205 0.5 2.2

Some college, no degree. 3,392 1,194 35.2 3.1 3,678 1,231 33.5 3.0 37 –1.7 3.2

Associate degree .......

Bachelor’s degree or

886 314 35.4 6.1 929 301 32.3 5.8 –13 –3.1 6.2

higher. ................

Work Experience

(18 to 64 years old)

1,832 574 31.3 4.1 2,122 684 32.3 3.8 *110 0.9 4.2

Total ................... 17,760 7,506 42.3 1.5 18,861 7,990 42.4 1.3 *485 0.1 1.4

Worked during year. . .... 8,172 3,978 48.7 2.1 8,608 4,080 47.4 2.0 102 –1.3 2.2

Worked full-time. . . . . . 5,121 2,575 50.3 2.6 5,277 2,603 49.3 2.6 28 –1.0 2.7

Worked part-time..... 3,051 1,403 46.0 3.5 3,331 1,477 44.4 3.3 74 –1.6 3.5

Did not work ............ 9,588 3,528 36.8 1.8 10,253 3,910 38.1 1.8 *382 1.3 1.9

- Represents zero or rounds to zero.

1

Details may not sum to totals because

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current

*Statistically different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

of rounding.

Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
6 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 2.

People Without Health Insurance for the Entire Year by Selected Characteristics: 2002

(In percent)

ALL People IN POVERTY

15.2 Total 30.4

Sex

16.7 Male 33.3

13.9 Female 28.1

Age

11.6 Under 18 years 20.1

29.6 18 to 24 years 43.9

24.9 25 to 34 years 48.6

17.7 35 to 44 years 46.0

13.5 45 to 64 years 33.1

0.8 65 years and over 1.9

Race and ethnicity

14.2 White alone or in combination 31.2

14.2 White alone1 31.4

10.7 White alone, not Hispanic 25.4

19.9 Black alone or in combination 26.1

20.2 Black alone2 26.4

18.0 Asian alone or in combination 37.9

18.4 Asian alone3 38.7

32.4 Hispanic (of any race) 42.8

Nativity

12.8 Native 25.6

33.4 Foreign born 55.3

17.5 Naturalized citizen 35.0

43.3 Not a citizen 61.4

Household income

23.5 Less than $25,000 (Not applicable)

19.3 $25,000 to $49,999 (Not applicable)

11.8 $50,000 to $74,999 (Not applicable)

8.2 $75,000 or more (Not applicable)

Education (18 years and older) 

28.0 No high school diploma 37.9

18.8 High school graduate only 36.4

15.0 Some college, no degree 33.5

12.1 Associate degree 32.3

8.4 Bachelor's degree or higher 32.3

Work experience (18 to 64 years old)

18.0 Worked during year 47.4

16.8 Worked full-time 49.3

23.5 Worked part-time 44.4

25.7 Did not work 38.1

 1 The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White Alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of 

this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on 

people who reported more than one race, such as "White and American Indian and Alaska Native" or "Asian and Black or African American," is available from Census 2000 

through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in 2000.

 2

 Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race category. 

 3

 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category. 

 Note: For discussion of statistically significant differences between groups, see text. 

 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 
previous year, coverage rates incomes less than $25,000, wheredecreased both for those who were as rates dropped for those in each

high school graduates only and for higher category of household

those with more education. income. For those with household

Coverage rates did not change for incomes of $25,000 to $50,000,

adults with no high school diploma. the coverage rate decreased 

1.5 percentage points to 

Economic status affects health 80.7 percent, while for those with

insurance coverage. incomes of $50,000 to $75,000, it

Income — The likelihood of being dropped by 0.4 percentage points

covered by health insurance rises to 88.2 percent, and for housewith income. Among households holds with incomes of $75,000 or

with annual incomes of less than more, it decreased by 0.5 percent-

$25,000, 76.5 percent had health age points to 91.8 percent.

insurance; the level rises to Work experience — Of those 18 to 91.8 percent for those with incomes 64 years old in 2002, full-time of $75,000 or more (see Figure 2). workers were more likely to be covCompared with the previous year, ered by health insurance 

the coverage rate remained the (83.2 percent) than part-time worksame for those with household ers (76.5 percent), who in turn were

more likely to be insured than nonworkers (74.3 percent).8 However,

among people in poverty, nonworkers (61.9 percent) were more likely

to be insured than part-time workers (55.6 percent), who were more

likely to be insured than full-time

workers (50.7 percent). 

Firm size — Of the 142.9 million

workers in the United States who

were 18 to 64 years old, 55.2 percent had employment-based health

insurance policies in their own

name (see Figure 3). The proportion increased with the size of the

employing firm from 30.8 percent

U.S. Census Bureau 7

8 Workers were classified as part time if

they worked fewer than 35 hours per week

in the majority of the weeks they worked 

in 2002.

Table 3.

People Without Health Insurance Coverage for the Entire Year by Race and Ethnicity:

2001 and 2002

(Numbers in thousands. For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ on the Census Bureau’s Current

Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplement Web site at www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads/2003/ssrcacc.htm)

Race and Hispanic origin

2001

Race and Hispanic origin

2002

Percent

change

in

uninsured

(2001 to

2002)

90-percent

confidence

interval

of

percent

change

(±)

NumberPercent

Percent

90-percent

confidence

interval

(±)

NumberPercent

Percent

90-percent

confidence

interval

(±)

All races ................

White ......................

White, not Hispanic .........

Black.......................

Asian and Pacific Islander ......

Hispanic origin (of any race) ....

41,207

31,193

19,409

6,833

2,278

12,417

14.6

13.6

10.0

19.0

18.2

33.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.7

1.1

0.8

All races.. .................

White alone or in combination .....

White alone1.................

White alone, not Hispanic ....

Black alone or in combination .....

Black alone2 .................

Asian alone or in combination .....

Asian alone3 .................

Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander, either alone

or in combination ..............

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian

and Other Pacific Islander4 ....

Hispanic (of any race) ...........

43,574

33,320

32,706

20,782

7,429

7,228

2,248

2,132

2,447

2,313

12,756

15.2

14.2

14.2

10.7

19.9

20.2

18.0

18.4

18.1

18.7

32.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.7

0.7

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.1

0.8

*0.6

*0.6

*0.6

*0.7

*0.9

*1.2

–0.2

0.2

–0.1

0.5

–0.8

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.8

0.8

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

0.8

* Statistically different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report

any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing

data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as ‘‘White and

American Indian and Alaska Native’’ or ‘‘Asian and Black or African American,’’ is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder.

About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in 2000. 2

Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race category.

3

Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.

4

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander refers to people who reported either or both of these categories, but did not

report any other category.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
for firms with fewer than 25

employees to 68.7 percent for

firms with 1,000 or more employees. (These estimates do not

reflect the fact that some workers

were covered by another family

member’s employment-based

policy). Compared with the previous year, the proportion of workers

who had employment-based policies in their own name in 2002

decreased from 56.3 percent to

55.2 percent.

The uninsured rate for

children did not change

between 2001 and 2002.

The number and percentage of

children (people under 18 years

old) without health insurance did

not change in 2002 (see Table 1),

remaining at 8.5 million or 

11.6 percent. A decline in employment-based health insurance coverage of children was offset by an

increase in coverage by medicaid

or the State Children’s Health

Insurance Program. 

Among children in poverty, 

20.1 percent (2.4 million children)

had no health insurance during

2002, unchanged from the previous year (see Table 2). For this

group, government health insurance coverage increased from 

63.3 percent to 64.8 percent in

2002, while employment-based

coverage (17.4 percent) did not

change. Children in poverty made

up 28.5 percent of all uninsured

children in 2002.

Among near-poor children (those in

families whose incomes were at

least 100 percent, but less than

125 percent, of their poverty

thresholds), 22.2 percent 

(0.9 million children) were without

health insurance in 2002,

unchanged from 2001.9 For this

8 U.S. Census Bureau

9 The health insurance coverage rates of

children in poverty and near-poor children

were not different.

Figure 3.

Workers Age 18 to 64 Covered by Their Own 

Employment-Based Health Insurance 

by Firm Size: 2002 

Note: For discussion of statistically significant differences between groups, see text. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement.

(In percent)

55.2

30.8

54.4

64.9

69.2

68.7 1,000 or more

employees

500 to 999

employees

100 to 499

employees

25 to 99

employees

Less than

25 employees

Total

Figure 4.

Uninsured Children by Race, Ethnicity, and Age: 2002 

 1 The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who 

reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does 

not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a 

variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as "White and

American Indian and Alaska Native" or "Asian and Black or African American," is available from Census 

2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in 2000.

 2

 Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any 

other race category. 

 3

 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category. 

 Note: For discussion of statistically significant differences between groups, see text. 

 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement.

(In percent)

Race and ethnicity

Age

11.6

20.1

10.9

11.0

12.9

11.0

11.1

7.8

13.4

13.9

10.7

11.5

Hispanic (of any race) 22.7

Asian alone3

Asian alone or in combination

Black alone2

Black alone or in combination

White alone, not Hispanic

White alone1

White alone or in combination

12 to 17 years

6 to 11 years

Under 6 years

Children in poverty

All children
group, neither private health insur- Black children, and 11.5 percent

ance coverage nor government for Asian children.

health insurance coverage changed • Most children (67.5 percent) from the previous year. were covered by an employmentbased or privately purchased The likelihood of health

insurance coverage varies health insurance plan in 2002,

among children. but nearly 1 in 4 (23.9 percent)

was covered by medicaid. • Children 12 to 17 years old

were more likely to be unin- • Black children with no other race

sured than those under 12 — reported had a higher rate of

12.9 percent compared with medicaid coverage in 2002 than

11.0 percent. children of any other racial or

ethnic group examined here — • Whereas 22.7 percent of Hispanic 41.2 percent, compared with children did not have any kind of 37.3 percent of Hispanic chil- health insurance in 2002, the dren, 18.1 percent of Asian chil- comparable rates among children dren with no other race reported, reporting a single race were and 15.5 percent of non-Hispanic 7.8 percent for non-Hispanic White children with no other race

White children, 13.9 percent for reported (see Figure 5).

• Children living in single-parent

families in 2002 were less likely

to be insured than children living in married-couple families —

84.7 percent compared with

90.3 percent. 

Uninsured rates vary 

among the states. 

The proportion of people without

health insurance ranged from 

8.0 percent in Minnesota to 

24.1 percent in Texas, based on 

3-year averages for 2000, 2001,

and 2002 (see Table 4). Although

the data may appear to suggest

that Minnesota had the lowest

uninsured rate, its rate was not

statistically different from the rates

for Rhode Island, Wisconsin, 

and Iowa.

Comparisons of 2-year moving

averages (2000-2001 to 2001-

2002) show that the proportion of

people without coverage rose in

eighteen states: Colorado, Idaho,

Indiana, Maryland, Michigan,

Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New

Hampshire, New Jersey, North

Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania,

Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont,

Virginia, and Wisconsin. The proportion of people without coverage

fell in only one state, New Mexico

(see Figure 6).

Spells Without 

Health Insurance

The CPS ASEC provides good estimates of the net change in the

number of uninsured people from

one year to the next, but it does

not show how long a given person

remains uninsured, what percentage of the uninsured population

remains uninsured in the following

year, how many people obtain coverage, or any changes in a person’s

coverage within a given year.

These more dynamic measures of

health insurance coverage are

U.S. Census Bureau 9

Figure 5.

Children Covered by Medicaid by Race 

and Ethnicity: 2002 

 1 The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who 

reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does 

not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a 

variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as "White and

American Indian and Alaska Native" or "Asian and Black or African American," is available from Census 

2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in 2000.

 2

 Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any 

other race category. 

 3

 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category. 

 Note: For discussion of statistically significant differences between groups, see text. 

 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement.

(In percent)

23.9

20.5

20.1

15.5

41.3

41.2

17.8

18.1

Hispanic (of any race) 37.3

Asian alone3

Asian alone or in combination

Black alone2

Black alone or in combination

White alone, not Hispanic

White alone1

White alone or in combination

All children
10 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 4.

Percent of People Without Health Insurance Coverage for the Entire Year by State (3-Year

Average): 2000 to 2002

(For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ on the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey Annual

Demographic Supplement Web site at www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads/2003/ssrcacc.htm)

3-year average 2-year average 2-year average Change (2001-2002

(2000-2002) (2000-2001) (2001-2002) less 2000-2001)1

State 90-percent 90-percent 90-percent 90-percent

confidence confidence confidence confidence

Percent interval (±) Percent interval (±) Percent interval (±) Percent interval (±)

United States . . ................ 14.7 0.1 14.4 0.1 14.9 0.1 *0.5 0.1

Alabama. . . ....................... 13.0 0.9 13.2 1.0 12.9 1.0 –0.3 0.9

Alaska............................ 17.8 0.9 17.3 1.1 17.3 1.1 - 1.0

Arizona ........................... 17.1 1.0 17.3 1.2 17.4 1.2 0.1 1.1

Arkansas ......................... 15.6 1.0 15.2 1.1 16.2 1.2 1.0 1.0

California ......................... 18.7 0.5 19.0 0.6 18.8 0.6 –0.2 0.5

Colorado ......................... 15.3 0.8 14.9 0.9 15.8 1.0 *0.9 0.8

Connecticut ....................... 10.2 0.7 10.0 0.8 10.4 0.8 0.4 0.7

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 0.8 9.2 0.9 9.6 0.9 0.3 0.8

District of Columbia ................ 13.2 0.9 13.4 1.1 12.8 1.1 –0.6 1.0

Florida ........................... 17.5 0.6 17.6 0.7 17.4 0.7 –0.2 0.6

Georgia .......................... 15.7 0.9 15.5 1.1 16.3 1.1 0.9 1.0

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 0.7 9.5 0.8 9.8 0.9 0.3 0.8

Idaho............................. 16.4 1.0 15.7 1.2 16.9 1.2 *1.2 1.1

Illinois ............................ 13.9 0.6 13.7 0.7 13.9 0.7 0.1 0.6

Indiana . . ......................... 12.0 0.7 11.5 0.8 12.4 0.9 *0.9 0.8

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 0.7 8.2 0.7 8.5 0.8 0.3 0.7

Kansas ........................... 10.9 0.7 11.1 0.9 10.9 0.9 –0.2 0.8

Kentucky . . ....................... 13.2 0.8 13.0 1.0 12.9 1.0 - 0.9

Louisiana ......................... 18.6 1.1 18.7 1.2 18.8 1.3 0.2 1.1

Maine ............................ 10.8 0.7 10.6 0.8 10.8 0.8 0.2 0.7

Maryland ......................... 12.0 0.7 11.3 0.8 12.8 0.9 *1.5 0.8

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 0.6 8.5 0.7 9.1 0.7 0.6 0.7

Michigan.......................... 10.4 0.6 9.8 0.6 11.0 0.7 *1.3 0.6

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 0.6 8.1 0.7 7.9 0.7 –0.1 0.7

Mississippi ........................ 15.6 1.0 15.0 1.2 16.5 1.3 *1.6 1.1

Missouri .......................... 10.4 0.7 9.9 0.8 10.9 0.9 *1.0 0.8

Montana .......................... 15.2 1.0 15.2 1.2 14.5 1.2 –0.7 1.1

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 0.7 9.3 0.8 9.9 0.9 0.5 0.8

Nevada........................... 17.5 0.9 16.5 1.0 17.9 1.1 *1.5 1.0

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 0.7 8.9 0.7 9.7 0.8 *0.8 0.7

New Jersey ....................... 13.1 0.6 12.6 0.7 13.5 0.8 *0.9 0.7

New Mexico. . ..................... 22.0 1.3 22.4 1.5 20.9 1.5 *–1.5 1.3

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 0.5 15.9 0.6 15.6 0.6 –0.2 0.5

North Carolina. . ................... 14.9 0.7 14.0 0.8 15.6 0.9 *1.6 0.8

North Dakota...................... 10.7 0.8 10.5 0.9 10.3 0.9 –0.2 0.8

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 0.6 11.2 0.6 11.5 0.7 0.4 0.6

Oklahoma ........................ 18.2 1.0 18.6 1.2 17.8 1.2 –0.8 1.0

Oregon ........................... 13.3 0.8 12.7 1.0 13.7 1.0 *0.9 0.9

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 0.5 9.0 0.5 10.3 0.6 *1.3 0.5

Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 0.6 7.6 0.7 8.8 0.8 *1.2 0.7

South Carolina .................... 12.3 0.8 12.2 0.9 12.4 1.0 0.2 0.9

South Dakota . . ................... 10.6 0.7 10.2 0.8 10.4 0.9 0.2 0.8

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 0.8 11.1 1.0 11.0 1.0 - 0.9

Texas . . .......................... 24.1 0.6 23.2 0.8 24.7 0.8 *1.4 0.7

Utah ............................. 13.6 0.9 13.7 1.0 14.1 1.1 0.4 0.9

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 0.7 9.1 0.8 10.1 0.9 *1.0 0.8

Virginia ........................... 12.0 0.8 11.3 0.9 12.2 1.0 *0.9 0.8

Washington ....................... 13.6 0.8 13.3 1.0 13.7 1.0 0.3 0.9

West Virginia. ..................... 14.0 0.8 13.6 0.9 13.9 1.0 0.2 0.9

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 0.6 7.6 0.7 8.7 0.8 *1.1 0.7

Wyoming ......................... 16.4 0.9 15.8 1.1 16.8 1.2 1.0 1.0

-Represents zero. *Statistically different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2001, 2002, and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
available from the Survey of

Income and Program Participation

(SIPP). Unlike the CPS ASEC, which

is not designed to follow the same

respondents in consecutive years,

the SIPP is a longitudinal survey

which interviews the same

respondents three times a year

over the course of 3 to 4 years.

The latest longitudinal data available from the SIPP come from the

1996 panel, which covered January

1996 to December 1999.10 Figure 7

U.S. Census Bureau 11

10 The 2001 panel began collecting data

in February 2001, and is scheduled to collect

data until January 2004.

displays the distribution of spells

without health insurance by their

duration. A spell without insurance

is the number of consecutive

months a person is not covered. To

be considered in a spell, the person

must be uninsured for at least 2

months. To avoid potential bias,

Figure 7 does not show spells without insurance that were already

underway before the first interview

month.

Spells without health insurance

tend to be short in duration —

about three-quarters (74.7 percent)

were over within 1 year and only

2.5 percent lasted more than 

36 months. Some people, such as

full-time workers and non-Hispanic

Whites, regained health insurance

sooner than others after losing it.

Although some people had only

one spell without insurance, others

had several during the 4-year

period. The median duration of

spells was 5.6 months for all people who experienced at least one,

excluding spells underway during

the first month of the SIPP survey.11

11 For further information, see Shailesh

Bhandari and Robert Mills, “Dynamics of

Economic Well-Being: Health Insurance 1996-

1999,” (P70-92) available at www.census.gov

/prod/2003pubs/p70-92.pdf.

TX

+1.4

NM

-1.5

WA

NV

+1.5

MI

+1.3

IL

MO

+1.0

MT

WY

ID

+1.2

UT

CO

+0.9

HI

NE

AK

KS

OK

WI

+1.1

IA

LA

ME

VT

+1.0

IN

+0.9

KY

TN

AL GA

OH

WV

NC

+1.6

SC

NJ +0.9

MD +1.5

CT

RI +1.2

MA 

DE

SD

VA

+0.9

AR

CA

AZ

NY

DC

OR

+0.9

PA

+1.3

ND

MN

MS

+1.6

FL

NH

+0.8

No change

Increase

Decrease

Percentage Point Change

Figure 6. 

States With Significant Changes in 2-Year Average 

Uninsured Rates: 2001-2002 Less 2000-2001 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2001, 2002, and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 
Technical Notes

National Surveys and Health

Insurance Coverage — Health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported on the ASEC. While under

reporting affects most, if not all,

surveys, under reporting of health

insurance coverage on the CPS

appears to be a larger problem than

in other national surveys that ask

about insurance. Some reasons for

the disparity may include the fact

that income, not health insurance,

is the main focus of the ASEC

questionnaire. In addition, we collect health insurance information in

the ASEC by asking about the previous year’s coverage in FebruaryApril of the subsequent year.

Asking annual retrospective questions appears not to be a problem

when collecting income data (possibly because our interview period is

close to when people pay their

taxes), but is probably less than

ideal when asking about health

insurance coverage. For a comparison between health insurance coverage rates from the major federal

surveys that ask about coverage,

see a recent Congressional Budget

Office paper entitled How Many

People Lack Insurance and for How

Long? (Congressional Budget Office, 

May 2003).

Reporting of coverage through

major federal health insurance

programs — The ASEC underreports medicare and medicaid coverage compared with enrollment

and participation data from the

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid

Services (CMS), formerly the Health

Care Financing Administration.12 A

major reason for the lower ASEC

estimates is that it is not designed

primarily to collect health

12 U.S. Census Bureau

12 CMS is the federal agency primarily

responsible for administering the medicare

and medicaid programs at the national level.

insurance data. Because it is large- assistance payments, that make

ly a labor force survey, interview- them eligible for medicaid). Since

ers receive less training on health the number of people receiving

insurance concepts. Additionally, public assistance has been dropmany people may not be aware ping, the relationship between

that they or their children are medicaid and public assistance has

covered by a health insurance pro- changed, so that the imputation

gram if they have not used cov- process has introduced a downered services recently, and there- ward bias in the most recent medifore, they would fail to report caid estimates.

coverage. CMS data, on the other

hand, represent the actual number After consulting with health insurof people who have enrolled or ance experts, the Census Bureau

participated in these programs and modified the definition of the popare a more accurate source of ulation without health insurance in

coverage levels. the Supplement to the March 1998

Current Population Survey, which

Changes in medicaid coverage esti- collected data about coverage in

mates from one year to the next 1997. Previously, people with no

should be viewed with caution. coverage other than access to the

Because many people who are cov- Indian Health Service were counted

ered by medicaid do not report as part of the insured population.

that coverage, the Census Bureau Subsequently, the Census Bureau

assigns coverage to those who are has counted these people as uningenerally regarded as “categorical- sured. The effect of this change

ly eligible” (those who received on the overall estimates of health

some other benefits, usually public insurance coverage was negligible.

Figure 7.

Duration of Spells Without Health Insurance: 

January 1996 to December 1999 

Note: 3.3 percent of people were without health insurance all 48 months; they are not 

included in the above distribution.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation.

(Percent of uninsured spells. Excludes spells underway during the 

first interview month)

More than 36 months

25 to 36 months

21 to 24 months

17 to 20 months

13 to 16 months

9 to 12 months

5 to 8 months

2 to 4 months

2.5

44.1

19.9

10.7

7.1

5.5

3.6

6.6
CPS Data Collection age, race, sex, and Hispanic origin, User Comments

and to state population estimates The information in this report was The Census Bureau welcomes the by age. The CPS excludes armed collected in the 50 states and the comments and advice of users of forces personnel living on military District of Columbia and does not data and reports. If you have any bases and people living in institu- include residents of Puerto Rico suggestions or comments, please tions. For further documentation and outlying areas. The estimates call 301-763-3242. about the CPS Annual Social and in this report are controlled to Economic Supplement, see national population estimates by www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads

/adsmain.htm

U.S. Census Bureau 13
14 U.S. Census Bureau

APPENDIX TABLES

Table A-1.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: 1987 to 2002

(Numbers in thousands. People’s demographic characteristics identified in the following year’s ASEC)

Year

Total

people

Covered by private or government health insurance

Not

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment

based

Directpurchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military

health1 care

ALL RACES

Numbers

2002 ....................... 285,933 242,360 198,973 175,296 26,639 73,624 33,246 38,448 10,063 43,574

2001 ....................... 282,082 240,875 199,860 176,551 26,057 71,295 31,601 38,043 9,552 41,207

200010...................... 279,517 239,714 201,060 177,848 26,524 69,037 29,533 37,740 9,099 39,804

20009 ...................... 276,540 237,857 200,249 177,286 25,836 66,935 28,613 37,028 8,334 38,683

19998 ...................... 276,804 236,576 198,841 175,101 27,415 67,683 28,506 36,923 8,648 40,228

19997 ...................... 274,087 234,807 197,523 174,093 26,990 66,582 28,221 36,109 8,564 39,280

1999 ....................... 274,087 231,533 194,599 172,023 26,179 66,176 27,890 36,066 8,530 42,554

1998 ....................... 271,743 227,462 190,861 168,576 25,948 66,087 27,854 35,887 8,747 44,281

19976 ...................... 269,094 225,646 188,532 165,091 27,158 66,685 28,956 35,590 8,527 43,448

1996 ....................... 266,792 225,077 187,395 163,221 28,335 69,000 31,451 35,227 8,712 41,716

1995 ....................... 264,314 223,733 185,881 161,453 30,188 69,776 31,877 34,655 9,375 40,582

19945 ...................... 262,105 222,387 184,318 159,634 31,349 70,163 31,645 33,901 11,165 39,718

19934 ...................... 259,753 220,040 182,351 148,318 (NA) 68,554 31,749 33,097 9,560 39,713

19923 ...................... 256,830 218,189 181,466 148,796 (NA) 66,244 29,416 33,230 9,510 38,641

1991 ....................... 251,447 216,003 181,375 150,077 (NA) 63,882 26,880 32,907 9,820 35,445

1990 ....................... 248,886 214,167 182,135 150,215 (NA) 60,965 24,261 32,260 9,922 34,719

1989 ....................... 246,191 212,807 183,610 151,644 (NA) 57,382 21,185 31,495 9,870 33,385

1988 ....................... 243,685 211,005 182,019 150,940 (NA) 56,850 20,728 30,925 10,105 32,680

19872 ...................... 241,187 210,161 182,160 149,739 (NA) 56,282 20,211 30,458 10,542 31,026

Percents

2002 ....................... 100.0 84.8 69.6 61.3 9.3 25.7 11.6 13.4 3.5 15.2

2001 ....................... 100.0 85.4 70.9 62.6 9.2 25.3 11.2 13.5 3.4 14.6

200010...................... 100.0 85.8 71.9 63.6 9.5 24.7 10.6 13.5 3.3 14.2

20009 ...................... 100.0 86.0 72.4 64.1 9.3 24.2 10.3 13.4 3.0 14.0

19998 ...................... 100.0 85.5 71.8 63.3 9.9 24.5 10.3 13.3 3.1 14.5

19997 ...................... 100.0 85.7 72.1 63.5 9.8 24.3 10.3 13.2 3.1 14.3

1999 ....................... 100.0 84.5 71.0 62.8 9.6 24.1 10.2 13.2 3.1 15.5

1998 ....................... 100.0 83.7 70.2 62.0 9.5 24.3 10.3 13.2 3.2 16.3

19976 ...................... 100.0 83.9 70.1 61.4 10.1 24.8 10.8 13.2 3.2 16.1

1996 ....................... 100.0 84.4 70.2 61.2 10.6 25.9 11.8 13.2 3.3 15.6

1995 ....................... 100.0 84.6 70.3 61.1 11.4 26.4 12.1 13.1 3.5 15.4

19945 ...................... 100.0 84.8 70.3 60.9 12.0 26.8 12.1 12.9 4.3 15.2

19934 ...................... 100.0 84.7 70.2 57.1 (NA) 26.4 12.2 12.7 3.7 15.3

19923 ...................... 100.0 85.0 70.7 57.9 (NA) 25.8 11.5 12.9 3.7 15.0

1991 ....................... 100.0 85.9 72.1 59.7 (NA) 25.4 10.7 13.1 3.9 14.1

1990 ....................... 100.0 86.1 73.2 60.4 (NA) 24.5 9.7 13.0 4.0 13.9

1989 ....................... 100.0 86.4 74.6 61.6 (NA) 23.3 8.6 12.8 4.0 13.6

1988 ....................... 100.0 86.6 74.7 61.9 (NA) 23.3 8.5 12.7 4.1 13.4

19872 ...................... 100.0 87.1 75.5 62.1 (NA) 23.3 8.4 12.6 4.4 12.9

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 15

Table A-1.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: 1987 to 2002—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People’s demographic characteristics identified in the following year’s ASEC)

Year

Total

people

Covered by private or government health insurance

Not

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment

based

Directpurchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military

health1 care

WHITE ALONE11

Numbers

2002 .......................

Percents

230,809 198,103 167,151 146,210 23,511 57,072 22,171 33,135 8,065 32,706

2002 .......................

WHITE12

Numbers

100.0 85.8 72.4 63.3 10.2 24.7 9.6 14.4 3.5 14.2

2001 ....................... 230,071 198,878 169,180 148,371 23,110 56,200 21,535 33,006 7,788 31,193

200010...................... 228,208 198,133 170,071 149,364 23,474 54,287 19,889 32,695 7,158 30,075

20009 ...................... 226,401 197,153 169,752 149,313 22,864 52,790 19,448 32,048 6,540 29,248

19998 ...................... 225,794 195,929 168,730 147,583 24,213 53,175 18,977 32,144 6,902 29,865

19997 ...................... 224,806 195,421 168,415 147,460 23,922 52,433 18,910 31,450 6,877 29,385

1999 ....................... 224,806 192,943 166,191 145,878 23,315 52,139 18,676 31,416 6,848 31,863

1998 ....................... 223,294 189,706 163,690 143,705 23,201 51,690 18,247 31,174 7,140 33,588

19976 ...................... 221,650 188,409 161,682 140,601 24,347 52,975 19,652 31,108 6,994 33,241

1996 ....................... 220,070 188,341 161,806 139,913 25,519 54,004 20,856 30,919 6,981 31,729

1995 ....................... 218,442 187,337 161,303 139,151 27,337 54,141 20,528 30,580 7,656 31,105

19945 ...................... 216,751 186,447 160,414 137,966 28,287 54,288 20,464 29,978 8,845 30,305

19934 ...................... 215,221 184,732 158,586 128,855 (NA) 53,222 20,642 29,297 7,689 30,489

19923 ...................... 213,198 183,479 158,612 129,685 (NA) 51,195 18,659 29,341 7,556 29,719

1991 ....................... 210,257 183,130 159,628 131,646 (NA) 49,699 17,058 28,940 7,867 27,127

1990 ....................... 208,754 181,795 160,146 131,836 (NA) 47,589 15,078 28,530 8,022 26,959

1989 ....................... 206,983 181,126 161,363 132,882 (NA) 44,868 12,779 27,859 8,116 25,857

1988 ....................... 205,333 180,122 160,753 133,050 (NA) 44,477 12,504 27,293 8,305 25,211

19872 ......................

Percents

203,745 179,845 161,338 132,264 (NA) 44,028 12,163 27,044 8,482 23,900

2001 ....................... 100.0 86.4 73.5 64.5 10.0 24.4 9.4 14.3 3.4 13.6

200010...................... 100.0 86.8 74.5 65.5 10.3 23.8 8.7 14.3 3.1 13.2

20009 ...................... 100.0 87.1 75.0 66.0 10.1 23.3 8.6 14.2 2.9 12.9

19998 ...................... 100.0 86.8 74.7 65.4 10.7 23.6 8.4 14.2 3.1 13.2

19997 ...................... 100.0 86.9 74.9 65.6 10.6 23.3 8.4 14.0 3.1 13.1

1999 ....................... 100.0 85.8 73.9 64.9 10.4 23.2 8.3 14.0 3.0 14.2

1998 ....................... 100.0 85.0 73.3 64.4 10.4 23.1 8.2 14.0 3.2 15.0

19976 ...................... 100.0 85.0 72.9 63.4 11.0 23.9 8.9 14.0 3.2 15.0

1996 ....................... 100.0 85.6 73.5 63.6 11.6 24.5 9.5 14.0 3.2 14.4

1995 ....................... 100.0 85.8 73.8 63.7 12.5 24.8 9.4 14.0 3.5 14.2

19945 ...................... 100.0 86.0 74.0 63.7 13.1 25.0 9.4 13.8 4.1 14.0

19934 ...................... 100.0 85.8 73.7 59.9 (NA) 24.7 9.6 13.6 3.6 14.2

19923 ...................... 100.0 86.1 74.4 60.8 (NA) 24.0 8.8 13.8 3.5 13.9

1991 ....................... 100.0 87.1 75.9 62.6 (NA) 23.6 8.1 13.8 3.7 12.9

1990 ....................... 100.0 87.1 76.7 63.2 (NA) 22.8 7.2 13.7 3.8 12.9

1989 ....................... 100.0 87.5 78.0 64.2 (NA) 21.7 6.2 13.5 3.9 12.5

1988 ....................... 100.0 87.7 78.3 64.8 (NA) 21.7 6.1 13.3 4.0 12.3

19872 ......................

See footnotes at end of table.

100.0 88.3 79.2 64.9 (NA) 21.6 6.0 13.3 4.2 11.7
16 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-1.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: 1987 to 2002—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People’s demographic characteristics identified in the following year’s ASEC)

Year

Total

people

Covered by private or government health insurance

Not

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment

based

Directpurchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military

health1 care

WHITE ALONE, NOT

HISPANIC

Numbers

2002 .......................

Percents

194,421 173,639 150,422 130,801 22,128 47,736 14,984 30,718 7,465 20,782

2002 .......................

WHITE, NOT HISPANIC

Numbers

100.0 89.3 77.4 67.3 11.4 24.6 7.7 15.8 3.8 10.7

2001 ....................... 194,822 175,412 152,821 133,295 21,796 47,661 15,035 30,811 7,144 19,409

200010...................... 193,931 175,247 153,816 134,253 22,242 46,297 13,788 30,642 6,564 18,683

20009 ...................... 194,196 175,319 154,272 134,903 21,719 45,117 13,591 29,938 6,075 18,877

19998 ...................... 192,858 173,958 152,984 133,123 22,882 45,540 13,157 30,256 6,326 18,901

19997 ...................... 193,633 174,396 153,440 133,718 22,641 45,001 13,325 29,484 6,329 19,237

1999 ....................... 193,633 172,271 151,539 132,381 22,104 44,749 13,120 29,457 6,306 21,363

1998 ....................... 193,074 170,184 149,910 130,956 22,110 44,699 12,985 29,222 6,675 22,890

19976 ...................... 192,178 169,043 148,426 128,280 23,349 45,691 14,046 29,213 6,504 23,135

1996 ....................... 191,791 169,699 149,262 128,355 24,456 46,772 15,082 29,211 6,537 22,092

1995 ....................... 191,271 169,272 149,686 128,378 26,363 46,501 14,381 28,918 7,163 21,999

19945 ...................... 192,771 170,541 150,181 128,633 27,205 47,475 15,052 28,467 8,318 22,230

19934 ...................... 191,087 168,306 147,729 119,861 (NA) 46,158 14,980 27,795 7,243 22,781

19923 ...................... 189,113 167,394 147,967 120,482 (NA) 44,649 13,390 27,853 7,104 21,719

1991 ....................... 189,216 168,810 149,798 123,109 (NA) 44,228 12,750 27,695 7,402 20,406

1990 ....................... 188,240 168,015 150,306 123,261 (NA) 42,732 11,423 27,313 7,528 20,224

1989 ....................... 187,078 167,889 151,424 124,311 (NA) 40,624 9,759 26,738 7,567 19,188

1988 ....................... 186,047 167,048 151,009 124,622 (NA) 40,259 9,522 26,224 7,743 19,000

19872 ......................

Percents

185,044 166,922 151,817 124,068 (NA) 39,792 9,143 26,054 7,883 18,122

2001 ....................... 100.0 90.0 78.4 68.4 11.2 24.5 7.7 15.8 3.7 10.0

200010...................... 100.0 90.4 79.3 69.2 11.5 23.9 7.1 15.8 3.4 9.6

20009 ...................... 100.0 90.3 79.4 69.5 11.2 23.2 7.0 15.4 3.1 9.7

19998 ...................... 100.0 90.2 79.3 69.0 11.9 23.6 6.8 15.7 3.3 9.8

19997 ...................... 100.0 90.1 79.2 69.1 11.7 23.2 6.9 15.2 3.3 9.9

1999 ....................... 100.0 89.0 78.3 68.4 11.4 23.1 6.8 15.2 3.3 11.0

1998 ....................... 100.0 88.1 77.6 67.8 11.5 23.2 6.7 15.1 3.5 11.9

19976 ...................... 100.0 88.0 77.2 66.8 12.1 23.8 7.3 15.2 3.4 12.0

1996 ....................... 100.0 88.5 77.8 66.9 12.8 24.4 7.9 15.2 3.4 11.5

1995 ....................... 100.0 88.5 78.3 67.1 13.8 24.3 7.5 15.1 3.7 11.5

19945 ...................... 100.0 88.5 77.9 66.7 14.1 24.6 7.8 14.8 4.3 11.5

19934 ...................... 100.0 88.1 77.3 62.7 (NA) 24.2 7.8 14.5 3.8 11.9

19923 ...................... 100.0 88.5 78.2 63.7 (NA) 23.6 7.1 14.7 3.8 11.5

1991 ....................... 100.0 89.2 79.2 65.1 (NA) 23.4 6.7 14.6 3.9 10.8

1990 ....................... 100.0 89.3 79.8 65.5 (NA) 22.7 6.1 14.5 4.0 10.7

1989 ....................... 100.0 89.7 80.9 66.4 (NA) 21.7 5.2 14.3 4.0 10.3

1988 ....................... 100.0 89.8 81.2 67.0 (NA) 21.6 5.1 14.1 4.2 10.2

19872 ......................

See footnotes at end of table.

100.0 90.2 82.0 67.0 (NA) 21.5 4.9 14.1 4.3 9.8
U.S. Census Bureau 17

Table A-1.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: 1987 to 2002—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People’s demographic characteristics identified in the following year’s ASEC)

Year

Total

people

Covered by private or government health insurance

Not

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment

based

Directpurchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military

health1 care

BLACK ALONE OR IN

COMBINATION

Numbers

2002 .......................

Percents

37,350 29,921 20,231 18,837 1,621 12,624 8,744 3,851 1,342 7,429

2002 .......................

BLACK ALONE13

Numbers

100.0 80.1 54.2 50.4 4.3 33.8 23.4 10.3 3.6 19.9

2002 .......................

Percents

35,806 28,578 19,347 18,002 1,571 12,058 8,289 3,776 1,268 7,228

2002 .......................

BLACK12

Numbers

100.0 79.8 54.0 50.3 4.4 33.7 23.1 10.5 3.5 20.2

2001 ....................... 36,023 29,190 20,363 18,975 1,696 11,616 7,994 3,783 1,192 6,833

200010...................... 35,597 28,915 20,485 18,922 1,893 11,579 7,735 3,871 1,372 6,683

20009 ...................... 35,919 29,295 21,182 19,562 1,936 11,116 7,250 3,808 1,380 6,623

19998 ...................... 35,893 28,775 20,442 18,854 2,065 11,361 7,652 3,615 1,216 7,119

19997 ...................... 35,509 28,546 20,304 18,730 2,042 11,251 7,570 3,594 1,203 6,963

1999 ....................... 35,509 27,973 19,805 18,363 1,912 11,165 7,495 3,588 1,198 7,536

1998 ....................... 35,070 27,274 18,663 17,132 1,782 11,524 7,903 3,703 1,111 7,797

19976 ...................... 34,598 27,166 18,544 17,077 1,841 11,157 7,750 3,573 1,100 7,432

1996 ....................... 34,218 26,799 17,718 16,358 1,745 12,074 8,572 3,393 1,357 7,419

1995 ....................... 33,889 26,781 17,106 15,683 1,815 12,465 9,184 3,316 1,171 7,108

19945 ...................... 33,531 26,928 17,147 15,607 2,147 12,693 9,007 3,167 1,683 6,603

19934 ...................... 33,040 26,279 16,590 13,693 (NA) 12,588 9,283 3,072 1,331 6,761

19923 ...................... 32,535 25,967 15,994 13,545 (NA) 12,464 9,122 3,154 1,459 6,567

1991 ....................... 31,439 24,932 15,466 13,297 (NA) 11,776 8,352 3,248 1,482 6,507

1990 ....................... 30,895 24,802 15,957 13,560 (NA) 11,150 7,809 3,106 1,402 6,093

1989 ....................... 30,392 24,550 16,520 14,187 (NA) 10,443 7,123 3,043 1,340 5,843

1988 ....................... 29,904 24,029 15,818 13,418 (NA) 10,415 7,049 3,064 1,385 5,875

19872 ......................

Percents

29,417 23,555 15,358 13,055 (NA) 10,380 7,046 2,918 1,497 5,862

2001 ....................... 100.0 81.0 56.5 52.7 4.7 32.2 22.2 10.5 3.3 19.0

200010...................... 100.0 81.2 57.5 53.2 5.3 32.5 21.7 10.9 3.9 18.8

20009 ...................... 100.0 81.6 59.0 54.5 5.4 30.9 20.2 10.6 3.8 18.4

19998 ...................... 100.0 80.2 57.0 52.5 5.8 31.7 21.3 10.1 3.4 19.8

19997 ...................... 100.0 80.4 57.2 52.7 5.7 31.7 21.3 10.1 3.4 19.6

1999 ....................... 100.0 78.8 55.8 51.7 5.4 31.4 21.1 10.1 3.4 21.2

1998 ....................... 100.0 77.8 53.2 48.9 5.1 32.9 22.5 10.6 3.2 22.2

19976 ...................... 100.0 78.5 53.6 49.4 5.3 32.2 22.4 10.3 3.2 21.5

1996 ....................... 100.0 78.3 51.8 47.8 5.1 35.3 25.1 9.9 4.0 21.7

1995 ....................... 100.0 79.0 50.5 46.3 5.4 36.8 27.1 9.8 3.5 21.0

19945 ...................... 100.0 80.3 51.1 46.5 6.4 37.9 26.9 9.4 5.0 19.7

19934 ...................... 100.0 79.5 50.2 41.4 (NA) 38.1 28.1 9.3 4.0 20.5

19923 ...................... 100.0 79.8 49.2 41.6 (NA) 38.3 28.0 9.7 4.5 20.2

1991 ....................... 100.0 79.3 49.2 42.3 (NA) 37.5 26.6 10.3 4.7 20.7

1990 ....................... 100.0 80.3 51.6 43.9 (NA) 36.1 25.3 10.1 4.5 19.7

1989 ....................... 100.0 80.8 54.4 46.7 (NA) 34.4 23.4 10.0 4.4 19.2

1988 ....................... 100.0 80.4 52.9 44.9 (NA) 34.8 23.6 10.2 4.6 19.6

19872 ......................

See footnotes at end of table.

100.0 80.1 52.2 44.4 (NA) 35.3 24.0 9.9 5.1 19.9
18 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-1.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: 1987 to 2002—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People’s demographic characteristics identified in the following year’s ASEC)

Year

Total

people

Covered by private or government health insurance

Not

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment

based

Directpurchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military

health1 care

ASIAN ALONE OR IN

COMBINATION

Numbers

2002 .......................

Percents

12,504 10,256 8,639 7,576 1,194 2,341 1,322 1,008 347 2,248

2002 .......................

ASIAN ALONE14

Numbers

100.0 82.0 69.1 60.6 9.5 18.7 10.6 8.1 2.8 18.0

2002 .......................

Percents

11,558 9,426 7,939 6,932 1,137 2,132 1,202 988 270 2,132

2002 .......................

ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER12

Numbers

100.0 81.6 68.7 60.0 9.8 18.4 10.4 8.5 2.3 18.4

2001 ....................... 12,500 10,222 8,643 7,684 1,088 2,312 1,257 949 414 2,278

200010...................... 12,693 10,405 8,916 8,104 994 2,249 1,288 886 443 2,287

20009 ...................... 11,332 9,295 7,909 7,114 901 2,093 1,301 856 290 2,037

19998 ...................... 11,964 9,673 8,189 7,331 964 2,204 1,179 897 450 2,292

19997 ...................... 10,925 8,845 7,467 6,692 873 2,038 1,097 829 412 2,080

1999 ....................... 10,925 8,653 7,285 6,588 805 2,023 1,087 825 412 2,272

1998 ....................... 10,897 8,596 7,202 6,511 857 2,113 1,201 819 351 2,301

19976 ...................... 10,492 8,320 7,100 6,290 848 1,877 1,093 700 334 2,173

1996 ....................... 10,071 7,946 6,718 5,888 962 1,768 1,071 667 275 2,125

1995 ....................... 9,653 7,671 6,347 5,576 963 2,075 1,272 586 424 1,982

19945 ...................... 6,656 5,312 4,267 3,774 698 1,551 883 501 426 1,344

19934 ...................... 7,444 5,927 5,026 3,970 (NA) 1,408 802 474 345 1,517

19923 ...................... 7,782 6,230 5,202 4,207 (NA) 1,460 823 507 314 1,552

1991 ....................... 7,193 5,886 4,917 3,995 (NA) 1,451 727 560 347 1,307

1990 ....................... 7,023 5,832 4,887 3,883 (NA) 1,410 771 463 364 1,191

1989 ....................... 6,679 5,532 4,615 3,661 (NA) 1,414 792 444 322 1,147

1988 ....................... 6,447 5,329 4,392 3,599 (NA) 1,353 763 401 322 1,118

19872 ......................

Percents

6,326 5,440 4,468 3,691 (NA) 1,394 702 357 475 886

2001 ....................... 100.0 81.8 69.1 61.5 8.7 18.5 10.1 7.6 3.3 18.2

200010...................... 100.0 82.0 70.2 63.8 7.8 17.7 10.1 7.0 3.5 18.0

20009 ...................... 100.0 82.0 69.8 62.8 8.0 18.5 11.5 7.6 2.6 18.0

19998 ...................... 100.0 80.8 68.4 61.3 8.1 18.4 9.9 7.5 3.8 19.2

19997 ...................... 100.0 81.0 68.3 61.3 8.0 18.7 10.0 7.6 3.8 19.0

1999 ....................... 100.0 79.2 66.7 60.3 7.4 18.5 9.9 7.5 3.8 20.8

1998 ....................... 100.0 78.9 66.1 59.8 7.9 19.4 11.0 7.5 3.2 21.1

19976 ...................... 100.0 79.3 67.7 60.0 8.1 17.9 10.4 6.7 3.2 20.7

1996 ....................... 100.0 78.9 66.7 58.5 9.5 17.6 10.6 6.6 2.7 21.1

1995 ....................... 100.0 79.5 65.8 57.8 10.0 21.5 13.2 6.1 4.4 20.5

19945 ...................... 100.0 79.8 64.1 56.7 10.5 23.3 13.3 7.5 6.4 20.2

19934 ...................... 100.0 79.6 67.5 53.3 (NA) 18.9 10.8 6.4 4.6 20.4

19923 ...................... 100.0 80.1 66.8 54.1 (NA) 18.8 10.6 6.5 4.0 19.9

1991 ....................... 100.0 81.8 68.4 55.5 (NA) 20.2 10.1 7.8 4.8 18.2

1990 ....................... 100.0 83.0 69.6 55.3 (NA) 20.1 11.0 6.6 5.2 17.0

1989 ....................... 100.0 82.8 69.1 54.8 (NA) 21.2 11.9 6.6 4.8 17.2

1988 ....................... 100.0 82.7 68.1 55.8 (NA) 21.0 11.8 6.2 5.0 17.3

19872 ......................

See footnotes at end of table.

100.0 86.0 70.6 58.3 (NA) 22.0 11.1 5.6 7.5 14.0
U.S. Census Bureau 19

Table A-1.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: 1987 to 2002—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People’s demographic characteristics identified in the following year’s ASEC)

Covered by private or government health insurance

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Year

Employ- Military

Total ment Direct- health Not 1 people Total Total based purchase Total Medicaid Medicare care covered

HISPANIC (of any race)

Numbers

2002 ....................... 39,384 26,627 18,108 16,714 1,469 10,280 7,946 2,535 724 12,756

2001 ....................... 37,438 25,021 17,322 15,965 1,390 9,227 7,074 2,295 704 12,417

200010...................... 36,093 24,210 17,114 15,893 1,337 8,566 6,552 2,141 682 11,883

20009 ...................... 33,862 23,035 16,257 15,128 1,213 8,215 6,273 2,192 543 10,827

19998 ...................... 34,773 23,311 16,634 15,275 1,398 8,168 6,253 1,979 626 11,462

19997 ...................... 32,804 22,238 15,775 14,481 1,340 7,919 5,978 2,054 594 10,566

1999 ....................... 32,804 21,853 15,424 14,214 1,264 7,875 5,946 2,047 589 10,951

1998 ....................... 31,689 20,493 14,377 13,310 1,133 7,401 5,585 2,026 503 11,196

19976 ...................... 30,773 20,239 13,751 12,790 1,028 7,718 5,970 1,974 526 10,534

1996 ....................... 29,703 19,730 13,151 12,140 1,105 7,784 6,255 1,806 474 9,974

1995 ....................... 28,438 18,964 12,187 11,309 1,011 8,027 6,478 1,732 516 9,474

19945 ...................... 27,521 18,244 11,743 10,729 1,208 7,829 6,226 1,677 630 9,277

19934 ...................... 26,646 18,235 12,021 9,981 (NA) 7,873 6,328 1,613 530 8,411

19923 ...................... 25,682 17,242 11,330 9,786 (NA) 7,099 5,703 1,578 523 8,441

1991 ....................... 22,096 15,128 10,336 8,972 (NA) 5,845 4,597 1,309 522 6,968

1990 ....................... 21,437 14,479 10,281 8,948 (NA) 5,169 3,912 1,269 519 6,958

1989 ....................... 20,779 13,846 10,348 8,914 (NA) 4,526 3,221 1,180 595 6,932

1988 ....................... 20,076 13,684 10,188 8,831 (NA) 4,414 3,125 1,114 594 6,391

19872 ...................... 19,428 13,456 9,845 8,490 (NA) 4,482 3,214 1,029 631 5,972

Percents

2002 ....................... 100.0 67.6 46.0 42.4 3.7 26.1 20.2 6.4 1.8 32.4

2001 ....................... 100.0 66.8 46.3 42.6 3.7 24.6 18.9 6.1 1.9 33.2

200010...................... 100.0 67.1 47.4 44.0 3.7 23.7 18.2 5.9 1.9 32.9

20009 ...................... 100.0 68.0 48.0 44.7 3.6 24.3 18.5 6.5 1.6 32.0

19998 ...................... 100.0 67.0 47.8 43.9 4.0 23.5 18.0 5.7 1.8 33.0

19997 ...................... 100.0 67.8 48.1 44.1 4.1 24.1 18.2 6.3 1.8 32.2

1999 ....................... 100.0 66.6 47.0 43.3 3.9 24.0 18.1 6.2 1.8 33.4

1998 ....................... 100.0 64.7 45.4 42.0 3.6 23.4 17.6 6.4 1.6 35.3

19976 ...................... 100.0 65.8 44.7 41.6 3.3 25.1 19.4 6.4 1.7 34.2

1996 ....................... 100.0 66.4 44.3 40.9 3.7 26.2 21.1 6.1 1.6 33.6

1995 ....................... 100.0 66.7 42.9 39.8 3.6 28.2 22.8 6.1 1.8 33.3

19945 ...................... 100.0 66.3 42.7 39.0 4.4 28.4 22.6 6.1 2.3 33.7

19934 ...................... 100.0 68.4 45.1 37.5 (NA) 29.5 23.7 6.1 2.0 31.6

19923 ...................... 100.0 67.1 44.1 38.1 (NA) 27.6 22.2 6.1 2.0 32.9

1991 ....................... 100.0 68.5 46.8 40.6 (NA) 26.5 20.8 5.9 2.4 31.5

1990 ....................... 100.0 67.5 48.0 41.7 (NA) 24.1 18.2 5.9 2.4 32.5

1989 ....................... 100.0 66.6 49.8 42.9 (NA) 21.8 15.5 5.7 2.9 33.4

1988 ....................... 100.0 68.2 50.7 44.0 (NA) 22.0 15.6 5.5 3.0 31.8

19872 ...................... 100.0 69.3 50.7 43.7 (NA) 23.1 16.5 5.3 3.2 30.7

NA Not available. Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions about direct-purchase coverage before the March 1995 Current

Population Survey (CPS).

1

Military health care includes: CHAMPUS (Comprehensive Health and Medical Plan for Uniformed Services)/Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and

Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Veterans Administration and the military. 2

Implementation of a new

March CPS processing system. 3

Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 4Data collection method changed from paper-and-pencil to computerassisted interviewing. 5

Health insurance questions were redesigned. Increases in estimates of employment-based and military health care coverage may be

partially due to questionnaire changes. Overall coverage estimates were not affected. 6

Beginning with the March 1998 CPS, people with no coverage other

than access to Indian Health Service are no longer considered covered by health insurance; instead, they are considered to be uninsured. The effect of this

change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage is negligible; however, the decrease in the number of people covered by medicaid may be

partially due to this change. 7

Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions. 8Implementation of Census 2000 based population controls. 9

Based on a November 2001 weighting correction and Census 1990 population controls. 10Sample expanded by 28,000 households. 11The 2003 CPS

asked respondents to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this

single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.

Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is

available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in 2000. 12The 2001 CPS and earlier

years asked respondents to report only one race. The reference groups for these years are: White; White, not Hispanic; Black; and Asian and Pacific Islander. 13Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race category. 14Asian alone refers to people who

reported Asian and did not report any other race category.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
20 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-2.

Health Insurance Coverage for the Entire Year and Type of Coverage by Selected

Characteristics: 2002

(Numbers in thousands)

Covered by private or government health insurance

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Characteristic

Employ- Direct- Military

Total ment pur- Medi- health Not 1 people Total Total based chase Total Medicaid care care covered

NUMBERS

People

Total ...................... 285,933 242,360 198,973 175,296 26,639 73,624 33,246 38,448 10,063 43,574

Sex

Male . ....................... 139,876 116,549 97,364 87,036 12,098 33,079 14,668 16,647 5,363 23,327

Female...................... 146,057 125,811 101,609 88,260 14,541 40,545 18,578 21,801 4,699 20,246

Race and Ethnicity

White alone or in combination . 235,036 201,715 169,833 148,656 23,775 58,369 23,073 33,404 8,305 33,320

White alone2 ............... 230,809 198,103 167,151 146,210 23,511 57,072 22,171 33,135 8,065 32,706

White alone, not Hispanic . 194,421 173,639 150,422 130,801 22,128 47,736 14,984 30,718 7,465 20,782

Black alone or in combination. . 37,350 29,921 20,231 18,837 1,621 12,624 8,744 3,851 1,342 7,429

Black alone3 ............... 35,806 28,578 19,347 18,002 1,571 12,058 8,289 3,776 1,268 7,228

Asian alone or in combination. . 12,504 10,256 8,639 7,576 1,194 2,341 1,322 1,008 347 2,248

Asian alone4 ............... 11,558 9,426 7,939 6,932 1,137 2,132 1,202 988 270 2,132

Hispanic (of any race) ........ 39,384 26,627 18,108 16,714 1,469 10,280 7,946 2,535 724 12,756

Age

Under 18 years .............. 73,312 64,781 49,473 46,182 3,864 19,662 17,526 524 2,148 8,531

18 to 24 years ............... 27,438 19,310 16,562 13,429 1,566 3,738 2,909 183 779 8,128

25 to 34 years ............... 39,243 29,474 26,492 24,800 2,098 3,944 2,801 455 922 9,769

35 to 44 years ............... 44,074 36,292 33,240 31,180 2,817 4,240 2,728 881 1,121 7,781

45 to 64 years ............... 67,633 58,527 52,520 48,122 6,158 9,227 3,999 3,775 2,833 9,106

65 years and over ............ 34,234 33,976 20,685 11,583 10,135 32,813 3,283 32,631 2,259 258

Nativity

Native....................... 252,463 220,075 181,503 159,900 24,269 66,951 29,741 34,651 9,564 32,388

Foreign born . . ............... 33,471 22,285 17,470 15,396 2,369 6,672 3,505 3,798 499 11,186

Naturalized citizen .......... 12,837 10,586 8,319 7,227 1,254 3,548 1,263 2,658 317 2,251

Not a citizen ............... 20,634 11,699 9,151 8,169 1,115 3,124 2,242 1,139 181 8,935

Region

Northeast.................... 54,139 47,083 38,805 34,693 4,568 14,077 6,582 7,964 974 7,057

Midwest ..................... 64,581 57,048 49,316 43,499 6,470 15,030 6,272 8,578 1,387 7,533

South ....................... 101,800 84,027 67,098 58,994 9,303 27,892 12,023 14,303 5,019 17,773

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,413 54,203 43,753 38,109 6,298 16,624 8,370 7,604 2,683 11,210

PERCENTS

People

Total . . . ................. 100.0 84.8 69.6 61.3 9.3 25.7 11.6 13.4 3.5 15.2

Sex

Male . ....................... 100.0 83.3 69.6 62.2 8.6 23.6 10.5 11.9 3.8 16.7

Female...................... 100.0 86.1 69.6 60.4 10.0 27.8 12.7 14.9 3.2 13.9

Race and Ethnicity

White alone or in combination . 100.0 85.8 72.3 63.2 10.1 24.8 9.8 14.2 3.5 14.2

White alone2 ............... 100.0 85.8 72.4 63.3 10.2 24.7 9.6 14.4 3.5 14.2

White alone, not Hispanic . 100.0 89.3 77.4 67.3 11.4 24.6 7.7 15.8 3.8 10.7

Black alone or in combination. . 100.0 80.1 54.2 50.4 4.3 33.8 23.4 10.3 3.6 19.9

Black alone3 ............... 100.0 79.8 54.0 50.3 4.4 33.7 23.1 10.5 3.5 20.2

Asian alone or in combination. . 100.0 82.0 69.1 60.6 9.5 18.7 10.6 8.1 2.8 18.0

Asian alone4 ............... 100.0 81.6 68.7 60.0 9.8 18.4 10.4 8.5 2.3 18.4

Hispanic (of any race) ........ 100.0 67.6 46.0 42.4 3.7 26.1 20.2 6.4 1.8 32.4

Age

Under 18 years . . . ........... 100.0 88.4 67.5 63.0 5.3 26.8 23.9 0.7 2.9 11.6

18 to 24 years ............... 100.0 70.4 60.4 48.9 5.7 13.6 10.6 0.7 2.8 29.6

25 to 34 years ............... 100.0 75.1 67.5 63.2 5.3 10.1 7.1 1.2 2.3 24.9

35 to 44 years ............... 100.0 82.3 75.4 70.7 6.4 9.6 6.2 2.0 2.5 17.7

45 to 64 years ............... 100.0 86.5 77.7 71.2 9.1 13.6 5.9 5.6 4.2 13.5

65 years and over ............ 100.0 99.2 60.4 33.8 29.6 95.8 9.6 95.3 6.6 0.8

Nativity

Native....................... 100.0 87.2 71.9 63.3 9.6 26.5 11.8 13.7 3.8 12.8

Foreign born . . ............... 100.0 66.6 52.2 46.0 7.1 19.9 10.5 11.3 1.5 33.4

Naturalized citizen .......... 100.0 82.5 64.8 56.3 9.8 27.6 9.8 20.7 2.5 17.5

Not a citizen ............... 100.0 56.7 44.4 39.6 5.4 15.1 10.9 5.5 0.9 43.3

Region

Northeast.................... 100.0 87.0 71.7 64.1 8.4 26.0 12.2 14.7 1.8 13.0

Midwest ..................... 100.0 88.3 76.4 67.4 10.0 23.3 9.7 13.3 2.1 11.7

South ....................... 100.0 82.5 65.9 58.0 9.1 27.4 11.8 14.1 4.9 17.5

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.9 66.9 58.3 9.6 25.4 12.8 11.6 4.1 17.1

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 21

Table A-2.

Health Insurance Coverage for the Entire Year and Type of Coverage by Selected

Characteristics: 2002—Con.

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Total

people

Covered by private or government health insurance

Not

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment

based

Directpurchase Total Medicaid

Medicare

Military

health1 care

NUMBERS

Household Income

Less than $25,000............ 62,979 48,203 23,725 15,332 7,837 34,308 18,656 18,036 2,058 14,776

$25,000 to $49,999 ........... 75,927 61,289 49,791 43,038 7,234 21,708 9,234 11,533 2,949 14,638

$50,000 to $74,999 ........... 58,622 51,718 47,671 44,007 4,633 8,913 3,033 4,529 2,200 6,904

$75,000 or more .............

Education

(18 years and older)

88,406 81,150 77,786 72,918 6,935 8,694 2,323 4,350 2,855 7,256

Total ........................ 212,622 177,579 149,500 129,114 22,775 53,961 15,720 37,924 7,914 35,042

No high school diploma ....... 34,829 25,060 15,022 11,598 3,558 14,981 6,063 10,951 723 9,768

High school graduate only ..... 67,512 54,841 44,917 38,340 7,376 19,466 5,442 13,838 2,571 12,671

Some college, no degree...... 41,319 35,105 31,066 26,545 4,274 8,334 2,359 5,145 1,959 6,214

Associate degree . . . ......... 16,350 14,369 13,020 11,727 1,597 2,995 702 1,872 805 1,981

Bachelor’s degree or higher . . .

Work Experience

(18 to 64 years old)

52,612 48,204 45,476 40,903 5,970 8,184 1,153 6,119 1,857 4,408

Total ........................ 178,388 143,603 128,815 117,531 12,640 21,149 12,437 5,294 5,656 34,785

Worked during year........... 142,918 117,239 111,533 103,228 9,862 9,799 5,277 781 4,105 25,679

Worked full-time............ 118,411 98,500 94,893 89,353 7,607 6,862 3,292 378 3,370 19,911

Worked part-time ........... 24,506 18,739 16,640 13,875 2,255 2,937 1,986 403 735 5,767

Did not work . . ...............

PERCENTS

Household Income

35,470 26,364 17,281 14,303 2,778 11,350 7,160 4,513 1,551 9,106

Less than $25,000............ 100.0 76.5 37.7 24.3 12.4 54.5 29.6 28.6 3.3 23.5

$25,000 to $49,999 ........... 100.0 80.7 65.6 56.7 9.5 28.6 12.2 15.2 3.9 19.3

$50,000 to $74,999 ........... 100.0 88.2 81.3 75.1 7.9 15.2 5.2 7.7 3.8 11.8

$75,000 or more .............

Education

(18 years and older)

100.0 91.8 88.0 82.5 7.8 9.8 2.6 4.9 3.2 8.2

Total ........................ 100.0 83.5 70.3 60.7 10.7 25.4 7.4 17.8 3.7 16.5

No high school diploma ....... 100.0 72.0 43.1 33.3 10.2 43.0 17.4 31.4 2.1 28.0

High school graduate only ..... 100.0 81.2 66.5 56.8 10.9 28.8 8.1 20.5 3.8 18.8

Some college, no degree...... 100.0 85.0 75.2 64.2 10.3 20.2 5.7 12.5 4.7 15.0

Associate degree . . . ......... 100.0 87.9 79.6 71.7 9.8 18.3 4.3 11.4 4.9 12.1

Bachelor’s degree or higher . . .

Work Experience

(18 to 64 years old)

100.0 91.6 86.4 77.7 11.3 15.6 2.2 11.6 3.5 8.4

Total ........................ 100.0 80.5 72.2 65.9 7.1 11.9 7.0 3.0 3.2 19.5

Worked during year........... 100.0 82.0 78.0 72.2 6.9 6.9 3.7 0.5 2.9 18.0

Worked full-time............ 100.0 83.2 80.1 75.5 6.4 5.8 2.8 0.3 2.8 16.8

Worked part-time ........... 100.0 76.5 67.9 56.6 9.2 12.0 8.1 1.6 3.0 23.5

Did not work . . ............... 100.0 74.3 48.7 40.3 7.8 32.0 20.2 12.7 4.4 25.7

1

Military health care includes: CHAMPUS (Comprehensive Health and Medical Plan for Uniformed Services)/Tricare and CHAMPVA

(Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Veterans Administration and

the military. 2

The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White Alone refers to people who reported White and did not report

any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing

data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as ‘‘White and

American Indian and Alaska Native’’ or ‘‘Asian and Black or African American,’’ is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder.

About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in 2000. 3

Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race category.

4

Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
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