J-A13001-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.A.W., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: K.A.W., A MINOR

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 973 MDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered June 2, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-22-JV-0000375-2020

BEFORE: BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: NOVEMBER 14, 2023

K.A.W., a minor, appeals from the dispositional order providing for his 

discharge after completing fingerprint and photograph requirements and the 

paying of court costs, following his delinquency adjudication for indecent 

assault.

1

 We vacate the dispositional order and reverse the adjudication of 

delinquency. 

The certified record reveals the following background information. E.M., 

aged six at the time in question, is the half-sister of then-aged-thirteen 

Appellant. They also have a number of additional siblings of various ages and 

relations. E.M. resided with her father and stepmother, while Appellant 

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 We note that one judge presided over the fact-finding aspect of Appellant’s 

adjudication, and another judge entered the adjudication of delinquency and 

the and disposition. 
J-A13001-23

- 2 -

resided with their mother. See N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 10/03/2021, at 6-

7. On one of E.M.’s regular visits to her mother’s home, several of the siblings 

were in the bedroom that three of the boys shared, where the home’s only 

video game system was located. While they were playing games, fully 

clothed, Appellant “popped up behind” E.M. from behind and touched her

stomach, legs, back, arms, and “pee area” with his hand. Id. at 8. See also

Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1 (CRC video). When E.M. informed Appellant that 

she would tell their mother, Appellant ceased the touching. E.M. nonetheless 

informed her mother of the incident, which caused Appellant to be put in a 

time out. Id. at 8-9; Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1. Appellant did not say 

anything throughout the course of this incident, and there was no indication 

that Appellant engaged in other incidents of this nature before or after this 

occasion. Id. at 10; Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1. 

On August 3, 2020, the Commonwealth filed a juvenile delinquency 

petition alleging one count of indecent assault. At a subsequent adjudication 

hearing, E.M. was the sole witness. Based upon E.M.’s testimony and E.M.’s 

forensic interview about the incident, the juvenile court found that Appellant 

had committed acts that establish the crime of indecent assault. At a later

hearing, Appellant was adjudicated delinquent, but the court determined that 

his treatment and rehabilitation needs had been met such that no supervision 

was ordered after he underwent the standard processing.
J-A13001-23

- 3 -

On July 7, 2022, Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal. Appellant filed 

a concise statement of matters complained of upon appeal pursuant to 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) and the juvenile court filed an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(a).

2

 Appellant raises the following issue for our consideration:

Did the juvenile court err in finding the Commonwealth to have 

met its burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt that 

[Appellant] committed the offense of indecent assault when the 

record has no evidence that it was done for the purpose of sexual 

gratification in either [Appellant] or E.M., thereby defeating the 

mens rea requirement and failing to establish indecent contact? 

Appellant’s brief at 5 (cleaned up). 

We consider Appellant’s sufficiency challenge within the following legal 

parameters:

When a juvenile is charged with an act that would constitute a 

crime if committed by an adult, the Commonwealth must establish 

the elements of the crime by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. 

When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

following an adjudication of delinquency, we must review the 

entire record and view the evidence in the light most favorable to 

the Commonwealth. In determining whether the Commonwealth 

presented sufficient evidence to meet its burden of proof, the test 

to be applied is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth and drawing all reasonable 

inferences therefrom, there is sufficient evidence to find every 

element of the crime charged. The Commonwealth may sustain 

its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt by wholly circumstantial evidence.

The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth 

need not be absolutely incompatible with a defendant’s innocence. 

Questions of doubt are for the hearing judge, unless the evidence 

is so weak that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can be 

____________________________________________

2 The judge who found that Appellant committed the delinquent acts authored 

the Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.
J-A13001-23

- 4 -

drawn from the combined circumstances established by the 

Commonwealth. The finder of fact is free to believe some, all, or 

none of the evidence presented.

In Interest of P.S., 158 A.3d 643, 650 (Pa. Super. 2017) (cleaned up). 

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for the charge of 

indecent assault. The Crimes Code defines that crime as follows in pertinent 

part:

A person is guilty of indecent assault if the person has indecent 

contact with the complainant, causes the complainant to have 

indecent contact with the person or intentionally causes the 

complainant to come into contact with seminal fluid, urine or feces 

for the purpose of arousing sexual desire in the person or the 

complainant and:

(1) the person does so without the complainant’s consent[.]

18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a). Our Supreme Court has highlighted that, in addition 

to the lack of consent, this crime requires proof of two elements: “first, the 

touching of a sexual or other intimate part of the person, and, second, such 

touching being for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire.” 

Commonwealth v. Gamby, 283 A.3d 298, 314 n.17 (Pa. 2022). 

Here, Appellant does not contest that the Commonwealth proved that 

he touched EM.’s sexual or intimate part without her consent. See Appellant’s 

brief at 11, 13. Instead, he asserts that the evidence was insufficient to 

establish that he did so with an intent to arouse sexual desire in either himself 

or E.M. In this vein, “the manner and circumstances of the touching go to the 

. . . element of whether the touching was for sexual gratification or desire.” 

Gamby, supra at 314 n.17. As our High Court expounded:
J-A13001-23

- 5 -

Thus, whether a part of the body was kissed, stroked, slapped, or 

poked . . . speak[s] to whether the touching was for sexual 

gratification. An example sharpens the point: if someone were 

to flick a bee off of a woman’s breast, he would have touched what 

is reasonably considered to be an intimate part of her body, but 

the manner and purpose — a flicking done to prevent the person 

from being stung — goes to whether the touching was for sexual 

gratification.

Id. at 315.

For instance, we have found the evidence sufficient to support a finding 

of intent to arouse sexual desire in circumstances where: (1) the defendant 

grabbed a woman from behind and kissed her on the neck before she ran 

away and the defendant took off his clothes and pressed his naked body 

against her car, Gamby, supra at 301-02; (2) the defendant engaged in a 

regular pattern of sexual abuse in which he groped the victims’ breasts and 

buttocks and moaned during the touching, Commonwealth v. Leatherby, 

116 A.3d 73, 81-82 (Pa.Super. 2015); (3) the defendant had the victim 

straddle his lap and exchanged “passionate kisses,” Commonwealth v. 

Provenzano, 50 A.3d 148, 153 (Pa.Super. 2012); and (4) the defendant said 

“that the victim was sexy and he would like to do some things to her” before 

wrapping his arms around her and inserting his tongue into her mouth, 

Commonwealth v. Evans, 901 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa.Super. 2006). 

In the case sub judice, Appellant’s argument is that the Commonwealth 

offered no evidence to support even an inference that his touching of E.M. was 

done for anyone’s sexual arousal. He contends that proof of a single touch of 

E.M.’s fully-clothed crotch area, absent any proof of context or circumstances, 
J-A13001-23

- 6 -

was insufficient to justify the finding that the action was done with the 

requisite mens rea to constitute the offense. See Appellant’s brief at 9.

The juvenile court in its opinion, and the Commonwealth in its initial 

brief, offered no direct counter to Appellant’s argument. Instead, they merely 

cited E.M.’s testimony that Appellant grabbed the area of her genitals and 

deemed that sufficient evidence to support his adjudication. See Juvenile 

Court Opinion, 9/6/22, at unnumbered 3-4; Commonwealth’s brief at 5. 

The Commonwealth filed a supplemental brief after this Court asked at 

oral argument for case law supporting the contention that the fact that the 

touching of E.M.’s genital area in and of itself permitted the inference that the 

purpose was sexual arousal. Therein, the Commonwealth reiterated its 

position that “[g]rabbing another’s genitals does not occur in the absence of 

intent to arousing [sic] sexual desire in the person or the complainant.” 

Commonwealth’s supplemental brief at 2. It further asserted that “the 

evidence sufficiently eliminated any other responsible cause[.]” Id. Citing 

Evans, supra, the Commonwealth maintained that the evidence before the 

juvenile court sustained “the inference that [A]ppellant intended to arouse 

sexual desire.”3 Id. The only authority that the Commonwealth proffered for 

____________________________________________

3 Specifically, the Commonwealth stated that the Court in Commonwealth 

v. Evans, 901 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa.Super. 2006), held that “touching of an 

intimate part of another person ‘does not occur outside of the of context of a 

sexual or intimate situation.’” Commonwealth’s supplemental brief at 2. That 

is not a fair representation of Evans’s holding. More fully, what we said there 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
J-A13001-23

- 7 -

the proposition that genital touching itself is indicative of an intent to arouse 

sexual desire was a 1974 decision by our Supreme Court in a civil case 

discussing § 328D of the Restatement (Second) of Torts regarding application 

of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to satisfy the causation element in 

negligence cases. Id. at 1-2 (citing Gilbert v. Korvette, Inc., 327 A.2d 94, 

100 (Pa. 1974)). 

Appellant’s reply argues that the Commonwealth’s position sweeps too 

broadly and ignores the guidance from our Supreme Court in Gamby, supra. 

See Appellant’s reply brief at 2-4. Citing In Interest of J.L., 475 A.2d 156, 

157 (Pa.Super. 1984), Appellant observes that an act does not constitute a 

crime unless done with criminal intent. See Appellant’s reply brief at 5. He

maintains that the Commonwealth offered no evidence to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that Appellant had a sexual intent when he touched his sister 

such that it is mere speculation to infer that intent “as opposed to sibling-onsibling harassment.” Id. 

Upon careful review of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable 

to the Commonwealth, we are constrained to agree with Appellant that proof 

of his intent was insufficient. Certainly, the Commonwealth is correct that,

____________________________________________

was: “[T]he act of wrapping one’s arms around another person and inserting 

one’s tongue into another's mouth clearly involves the touching of an intimate 

part of that person. We agree with the Commonwealth that such an act does 

not occur outside of the context of a sexual or intimate situation.” Evans, 

supra at 533. Hence, Evans relied on precisely the type of evidence of the 

manner and circumstances of touching that Appellant alleges is absent herein.
J-A13001-23

- 8 -

“[l]ike other elements of a crime, intent can generally be inferred from the 

surrounding circumstances.” In re A.C., 763 A.2d 889, 891 (Pa.Super. 2000). 

For example, in the context of a homicide prosecution, “it is axiomatic that 

specific intent to kill may be inferred from the use of a deadly weapon on a 

vital part of the victim’s body.” Commonwealth v. Predmore, 199 A.3d 

925, 931 (Pa.Super. 2018) (en banc) (cleaned up). However, it does not 

follow that the fact of contact being directed at a person’s genitals ipso facto

gives rise to an inference that there was a sexual intent. 

The Commonwealth’s proposed res ipsa rule is plainly at odds with the 

above-cited discussion in Gamby about the manner and circumstances of 

contact with an intimate body part being critical to the assessment of intent. 

Furthermore, it ignores the reality of intra-family dynamics. For example, in 

Interest of J.L., supra, the sixteen-year-old juvenile was alleged to have 

committed the delinquent act of simple assault when she elbowed her twoyear-old nephew who was sitting next to her on the couch. On appeal, we 

held that the mere act of pushing was insufficient to allow an inference of 

intent to inflict bodily injury on the young child. Id. at 158. In so doing, we 

observed:

Within the confines of the family, it is difficult to attach 

criminality to the pushing, shoving, slapping, elbowing, hairpulling, perhaps even punching and kicking, that not infrequently 

occur between siblings or other members of the same family. 

Altercations between juvenile members of the same family, even 

when they become less than civil, are usually too trivial to be a 

target of the Crimes Code. In the absence of a criminal or 
J-A13001-23

- 9 -

malicious intent, such intra-family spats will not support criminal 

prosecution. . . .

The Commonwealth argues that a criminal intent can be 

inferred from the fact that [the juvenile’s] act was committed 

during a time of anger. That appellant acted in anger is probably 

true. Most intra-family altercations do involve momentary anger. 

Anger, however, cannot alone translate into an intent to commit 

bodily injury or substantial pain upon [the juvenile’s] two year old 

nephew. Although [her] act may have been inconsiderate, the 

intent necessary to sustain a conviction for assault was not proved

and cannot reasonably be inferred from [her] use of her elbow to 

push a young nephew forcefully from her while she was eating 

candy.

Id. at 157–58.

We find this reasoning to be more pertinent to the instant case than the 

logic behind the inference of intent to kill discussed in Predmore, supra. In 

that latter type of cases the manner and circumstances of the defendant’s 

action are included within the applicable rule itself: the defendant used a 

deadly weapon on a vital part of the body, logically suggesting that the 

defendant sought to inflict a moral wound. Otherwise, the defendant would 

have employed a different method or circumstances, such as using a nonlethal weapon or targeting a non-vital part of the body. It is not that intent is 

divined from the mere use of any kind of weapon on any part of the victim, 

but that the particular manner and circumstances of the use that suggest an 

intent to kill. 

The fact of contact with an intimate body part, without more, simply 

does not itself include the same level of contextual clues, even when it is 

genitals that were touched. An inference of a sexual intent unquestionably 
J-A13001-23

- 10 -

could be inferred by certain methods of such touching, such as stroking, 

massaging, or fondling, and in certain circumstances, such as when one or 

both of the parties is nude, sexually suggestive comments are made, or there 

was a history of sexual contact or abuse between the parties. However, the 

Commonwealth proffered no evidence of any such context in this case. 

Rather, the evidence established that six-year-old E.M. was in the 

bedroom of her siblings while they were playing games, all fully clothed. E.M.

related that her thirteen-year-old brother, Appellant, “popped up” and used 

one hand to touch E.M. on her stomach, back, legs, arms, and “pocketbook,” 

i.e., the area of her body that she wipes when she goes to the bathroom. 

When asked how long Appellant touched her pocketbook, E.M. answered: “He 

only just touched it. And once I said I was gonna tell, he stopped.” N.T. 

Hearing, 10/13/21, at 8. E.M. indicated that Appellant said nothing at all

when this happened. 

Thus, we have very little information about the circumstances of the 

contact, just that it was done in a bedroom with multiple siblings playing a 

game. There is no indication what type of game they were playing, what the 

other siblings were doing, or whether anyone was talking about anything. We 

have a similar paucity of evidence of the method of touching. We know that 

it was done with one hand, over E.W.’s clothing, while Appellant’s other hand 

was on her leg, for the duration of time it took for E.M. to threaten to tell, and 

that she was itchy afterwards. The manner of contact also was not identified 
J-A13001-23

- 11 -

in any way, let alone described as rubbing or tickling or any type of sensual 

contact. E.M. further expressed that Appellant never touched her that way on 

any other occasion, presenting no pattern of past abuse to inform the 

inference. Cf. Leatherby, supra at 81-82.

Therefore, we must conclude there is simply no evidence of context in 

this case to allow an inference, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Appellant 

acted with any particular intent. “The difference between an inference and a 

speculation is that an inference is a reasoned deduction from the evidence, a 

speculation is a guess.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 67 WDA 2022, 2023 

WL 3848375, at *8 (Pa.Super. June 6, 2023) (non-precedential decision) 

(cleaned up). Even viewing the evidence of the circumstances in the light 

most favorable to the Commonwealth, it is just as plausible that the touching 

was undertaken with the intent to annoy or harass E.M., as Appellant suggests

in his brief, as it is that Appellant acted to sexually arouse himself or E.M., as 

the Commonwealth contends. Consequently, the adjudication was based 

upon improper speculation rather than sufficient evidence and it must be 

reversed. 

Dispositional order vacated. Adjudication of delinquency reversed. 

Judge Lazarus joins this Memorandum.

P.J.E. Stevens files a Dissenting Statement.
J-A13001-23

- 12 -

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/14/2023