# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 3- 10 35

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Kev in Don ne ll W hi te , als o k no wn as Ju gh ead , als o k no wn as Ju g, al so kn own as Pu ff, al so kn own as P . Did dy

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __

App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t
fo r th e Eas te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - St . Lou is

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Sep te m

be r 27 , 20 13

Fil ed : No ve m

be r 5, 2 01 3

__ __ __ __ __ __

Befo re MUR PHY, MELLOY, an d S HEPHERD, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

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MELLOY, Circu it Ju dg e.

Defen da nt Kev in W hi te pl ead ed gu il ty to la un de rin g m on ey in vi ol at io n of 18

U.S.C. § 19 56 (a)( 1) (A)(I)

, (B)( I), an d 19 56 (h ), an d co ns pi rin g t o d i s tri bu te an d

po ss es s wit h in t e n t t o d is tri bu te co cai ne , he ro in

, an d m ari juan a, in vi ol at io n of 21

U.S.C. §§ 84 1 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) a nd 84 6. W hi te arg ue s on ap pe al th at : (1 ) he was gi ve nin ad eq ua te ti m e to rev ie w th e te rm s of a pl ea ag reem en t pr io r to en te rin g a gu il ty pl ea

an d, as su ch

, he di d no t mak e h i s p le a kn owi ng ly an d vo lu nt ari ly; (2 ) hi s co un se l

la bo red un de r an act ua l co nf li ct of in te res t; an d (3 ) hi s co un se l was ot h e r w is e

in effe ct iv e. W e do no t ad dr es s W hi te 's f i n a l a rg um en t as it rel ie s up on ev id en ce

ou ts id e th e reco rd of co nv ic ti on an d sh ou ld be rai se d th ro ug h co ll at eral pr oc eed in gs

rat he r t h a n on di rect ap pe al

. Reg ard in g hi s fir st an d se co nd arg um en ts , we fin d no

erro r in th e di st ric t co ur t's acce pt an ce o f Wh i t e ' s pl ea or in it s de te rm in at io n th at

W hi te 's c ou ns el di d n ot lab or un de r a co nf li ct of i nt eres t. Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm

.

I. Back gr ou nd

In ve sti gato rs di sc ov ered W hi te 's pa rti ci pa ti on in a dr ug di st rib ut io n co nspi ra cy

aft er rece iv in g in fo rm at io n th at he an d an ot h e r m an were at te m pt in g to pu rch as e

ve hi cl e s t o b e ret ro fit te d wit h hi dd en co m pa rtments

. The in ve st ig at io n ev en tu al ly

rev eal ed tha

t, be tw ee n earl y 20 09 an d m id -2 01 1, W hi te an d se ve ral ot he r co ns pi rat or s

pu rch as ed dr ug s in Ph oe ni x, Ariz on a, an d di st rib ut ed t h o s e dr ug s in St

. Lou is

, Mi ss ou ri. In ve st ig at or s ob ta in ed wire ta ps a n d reco rd ed se ve ral in cri m in at in g

co nv ers at io ns be twee n m em be rs of th e co ns pi racy, in cl ud in g W hi te

. In ad di ti on , in ve st ig at or s co ll ect ed a gr eat de al of ev id en ce in cl ud in g dr ug pa rap he rn al ia an d

$3 60 ,00 0 c as h d ur in g e xe cu ti on of a sea rch warran t at W hi te 's ho m e. Offic ers als o

st op pe d two ve hi cl es be li ev ed to be us ed by th e co ns pi rat or s, se arch ed th e ve hi cl es ,

an d di sc ov ered co cai ne an d m ari juan a in bo th ve hi cl es

. Fi na ll y , of fic ers di sc ov ered

m ari juan a, he ro in

, an d dru g p arap he rn al ia at a sec on d h ou se be li ev ed to be us ed by

th e co ns pi rat or s.

W hi te ha d p rio r co nv ic ti on s fo r fel on y dru g o ffen se s in 19 95 an d 19 97 . Th e

go ve rn m en t fil ed an in fo rm at io n pu rs ua nt to 21 U.S.C. § 85 1 ( a ) i n t h e pr es en t

pr oc eed in gs se ek in g a m an da to ry st at ut or y pe na lt y of li fe im pr is on m en t pu rs ua nt to

21 U.S.C. § 84 1( b) (1 )(A) bas ed up on th e p rio r co nv ic ti on s. Tri al was s ch ed ul ed to

be gi n on a Mo nd ay . On th e Fri da y be fo re t ria l, t he go ve rn m en t reac he d a te nt at iv e

-2

-pl ea ag reem en t wit h W hi te th at co nt ai ne d an ap pe al waiv er an d el im in at ed th e

§ 8 41 (b ) en ha nc em en t.

At a ch an ge of pl ea he a r i n g , th e di st ric t co ur t ex pl or ed whe th er W hi te was 1

en te rin g in to th e pl ea ag reem en t an d ch an gi ng hi s p l e a k n o win gl y an d vo lu nt ari ly.

The c o u r t al so ex pl or ed W hi te 's sa ti sf act io n wit h co un se l. The co ll oq uy be twee n

W hi te an d th e di st ric t cou rt is pe rti ne nt to th e is su es on ap pe al , and we pr es en t i t in

de ta il be lo w.

The co ur t fir st ad dr es se d whet he r W hi te was cu rren tl y un de r th e in flu en ce of

dr ug s or al co ho l an d whe th er he ha d an op po rtu ni ty to rev ie w th e ch arg es ag ai ns t

hi m

. W hi te res po nd ed th at he was no t un de r th e in flu en ce of an y su bs ta nc es an d th at

he un de rs to od th e ch arg es ag ai ns t hi m

. The co ur t th en as ke d W hi te if he was

"s at is fie d wit h th e rep res en ta ti on y ou 've rece iv ed in th i s c a s e

. . . ? " W hi te

res po nd ed , "So m ewh at ." The fol lo win g e xc ha ng e th en to ok pl ace:

Q. W el l, ca n you tel l m e a l it tl e b it m or e th an th at ?

A. I'm ke ep in g t ha t co nf

id en ti al . I'm

so rry , You r Hon or

. Q. W el l, we can cl ear th e co ur tro om be cau se I wan t to be su re y ou feel y ou 've ha d g oo d re pr es en ta ti on in th is m at te r. A. W el l, I — Q. So if you wan t to go in to de ta il , I 'll cl ear th e co ur tro om be cau se I do n't want y ou to vi ol at e an y att or ne y /c li en t p riv il eg e. A. W el l, I m ean I jus t wan t t o k e e p it co nf id en ti al fo r rig ht no w. I

m ean — Q. Oka y

. Do y ou ha ve an y sp eci fic co m pl ai nt s ag ai ns t hi m wit ho ut

go in g i nt o a ny det ai l?

A. I as ke d h im

to do cert ai n t hi ng s, an d i t was n't do ne

. Q. W el l, I t hi nk m ay

be we be tt er cl ear t he co ur tro om

.

The Hon or ab le Je an C. Ham il to n, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e East ern 1

Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.

-3

-A. No. Mr. Pl eb an is a gr eat at to rn ey

. I m ean he 's a gr eat at to rn ey , bu t — Q. W el l, do y ou feel th at y ou 're in a po si ti on an d y ou 've di sc us se d al l

th e ev id en ce an d al l th e m at te rs rel at ed to th es e ch arg es wit h Mr.

Pl eb an so th at y ou sh ou ld go th ro ug h th is he ari ng as op po se d to

, y ou kn ow, g oi ng to tri al whi ch we're g oi ng to st art on Mo nd ay ?

A. Cert ai n th in gs was sa id to m e to m is le ad m e, an d I be li ev e th os e th in gs , y ou kn ow. So no w I'm in to a pl ea ag reem en t, so I'm go in g

to tak e m y pl ea ag reem en t an d d eal wit h t ha t. Q. Oka y

. So y ou feel th at y ou 've ha d en ou gh ti m e an d y ou

un de rs ta nd en ou gh to pr oc eed wit h th is pl ea of gu il ty. I s th at

co rrec t?

A. Yes

. Q. And do y ou ha ve — Do y ou feel th at y ou 've ha d eno ug h ti m e to

go ov er al l of th is an d ha ve al l th e di sc us si on s y ou ne ed wit h Mr.

Pl eb an ab ou t th e pl ea ag reem en t ve rs us go in g to tri al an d ho w to
ha nd le th is cas e?

A. To be ho ne st wit h y ou , You r Hon or , we ha ve n't ha d en ou gh ti m e. I was pre se nt ed wit h i t yeste rd ay

. Q. To l oo k a t t he pl ea ag reem en t you m ean ?

A. Yes . I was —

It was gi ve n t o m e y es te rd ay

. Q. W el l, wh y

do n't y ou — A. I jus t re vi ewed it . I m ean — Q. W el l, w h y do n't we ta ke a few m in ut es an d ha ve y ou an d Mr.

Pl eb an go ov er t hi s. A. I m ean I do n't want to wast e th e Co ur t's ti m e. Q. You 're n ot wast in g m y ti m e. A. Oka y

. Q. I wan t — Thi s is ve ry im po rta nt th at y ou kn ow wha t y ou 're do in g.
I do n't wan t y ou to ag ree to so m et hi ng th at y ou do n't feel y ou 've

ha d en ou gh ti m e to th in k ab ou t an d ta lk to Mr. Pl eb an an d co ns ul t

y ou r at to rn ey

. W hy do n't y ou an d Mr. Pl eb an go ov er th ere. W e'l l

ta ke a few m in ut es or ho wev er lo ng y ou w a n t t o g o ov er th is

be cau se y ou ha ve rev ie wed i t bu t th ere m ay be so m e pr ov is io ns

y ou want to tal k t o h im

ab ou t. Is th at co rrec t?

-4

-(Mr . W hi te co ns ul ti ng wit h h is att or ne y )

ATTORNEY: Can I ha ve jus t a s eco nd ?

THE COURT: Su re.

(Mr . Ple ba n c on su lt in g wi th hi s cl ie nt )

ATTORNEY: I th in k we'r e rea dy, Y ou r Hon or

. THE COURT: Oka y

.

Q. Mr. W hi te

, ha ve y ou ha d a f e w m om en ts no w to ta lk wit h Mr.

Pl eb an ?

A. Yes

. Q. A n d do y ou feel th at y ou 've ha d su ffi ci en t ti m e to ta lk wit h hi m ab ou t th e pr ov is io ns of th is do cu m en t? W e're go in g to ta lk

— I'm

go in g t o t al k a bo ut it wit h you , to o, i n t he ne xt few m in ut es

. A. Oka y , th an ks

. Q. Bu t if y ou ha ve an y qu es ti on s th at y ou wan t t o co ns ul t y ou r la wy er ab ou t, th en I wan t — I wan t y ou to kn ow th at y ou can do

th at . Okay?

A. Oka y

.

The co ur t th en rev ie wed th e writ te n pl ea ag reem en t wit h W hi te

, co nf irmed th at

W hi te un de rs to od an d ag reed wit h it s co nt en ts

, co nf irmed th at W hi te un de rs to od th e rig ht s he was gi vi ng up by pl ead in g gu il ty, an d co nf irmed th at W hi te ha d rece iv ed no

pr om is es or as su ran ces ou ts id e th e pl ea ag reem en t to cau se hi m to ch an ge hi s p le a.

Fi na ll y , th e co ur t he ard a reci ta ti on of th e fact s fro m th e go ve rn m en t in su pp or t of th e

gu il ty pl ea, an d W hi te co nf irmed th at he ag reed wit h th e fact ua l ba si s of th e pl ea. At

no po in t in th e tra ns cri pt of th e ch an ge of pl ea hear in g is th ere a su gg es ti on th at th e

co ur t do ub te d W hi te 's m en ta l cap aci ty, h is ab il it y to un de rs ta nd th e pr oc eed in gs or

th e ag reem en t, o r th e v ol un ta rin es s o f W hi te 's c ha ng e o f pl ea.

Afte r th e co ur t acce pt ed W hi te 's pl ea, bu t be fo re se nt en ci ng , W hi te m ov ed to

wit hd raw hi s pl ea, arg ui ng th at hi s co un se l ha d la bo red un de r a n act ua l co nf li ct of

-5

-in te res t. W hi te as se rte d th at co un se l pr ev io us ly ha d rep res en te d a po li ce in ve st ig at or

who ha d be en co nv i c t e d o f f e de ral cri m es an d who ha d be en in vo lv ed in earl ie r

in ve st ig at io ns th at le d to W hi te 's pr io r fel on y dr ug co n v i c t i o n s. Co un se l's

rep res en ta ti on of t h e o f

f i c e r ha d en de d pr io r to W hi te 's co m m is si on of th e pr es en t

of fen se an d pr io r to th e in ve st ig at io n in to th e pr es en t of fen se

. The re is no al le ga ti on

th at th e of

fic er was in vo lv ed in th e pr es en t in ve st ig at io n. The di st ric t cou rt hel d an

ex pe di te d h eari ng an d fo un d n o c on fli ct of i nt eres t.

The pl ea ag reem en t i n d i c a te d th at th e pa rti es ag reed th e to ta l of fen se le ve l

pu rs ua nt to th e ad vi so ry se nt en ci ng gu id el in es wou ld be 32 if W hi te were to rece iv e

a two -le ve l do wnwar d ad jus tm en t fo r acce pt an ce of res po ns ib i l i t y. The ag reem en t

a l s o st at ed th at an ad

jus tm en t fo r acce pt an ce of res po ns ib il it y was de pe nd e n t u p o n

ev id en ce cu rren tl y

kn own an d t ha t i f:

th e go ve rn m en t recei ve s new ev id en ce of st at em en ts or co nd uc t by th e de fen da nt whi ch it be li ev es are in co ns is te nt wit h de fen da nt 's el ig ib il it y fo r th is de du ct io n, th e go ve rn m en t m ay pr es en t sa id ev id e n ce to th e

co ur t, and arg ue th at th e d efen da nt sh ou ld no t recei ve al l or part of th e de du ct io n . . . wit ho ut vi ol at in g t he pl ea ag reem en t.

The pr es en te nc e rep or t as se rte d th at W hi te 's at te mp t t o w i t hd raw hi s pl ea in vo lv ed

an as se rti on of fact s in co n s i s t e n t w i t h hi s pl ea an d se rv ed as st at em en ts or co nd uc t

in co ns is te nt wit h accep ta nc e of res po ns ib il it y

. Acco rd in gl y , th e pr es en te nc e rep or t

reco m m en de d a to ta l of

fen se le ve l of 34

. The di st ric t co ur t ad op te d th is to ta l of fen se

le ve l, res ul ti ng in an ad vi so ry ran ge of 18 8– 23 5 m on th s, an d im po se d a se nt en ce of

18 8 m on th s.

II. Dis cu ss io n

A de fen da nt m ay wit hd raw a gu il ty pl ea pr io r to se nt en ci ng if th e de fen da nt

pr es en ts a fai r an d jus t reas on to wit h d r a w

. Fed

. R. Cri m

. P. 11 (d )(2 )(B) ; Uni te d

-6

-St at es v. Alv arad o, 61 5 F.3 d 91 6, 92 0 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ). W e rev ie w a di st ric t co ur t's

de ni al of a m ot io n t o wi th dr aw a g ui lt y pl ea fo r ab us e of di sc ret io n. Al va rad o, 6 15

F.3 d at 92 0. Here, W hi te ap pe ars to ch al le ng e th e de ni al of hi s m ot io n to wit hd raw

on two gr ou nd s: (1 ) an in it ia l al le ge d fai lu re by th e di st ric t co ur t to en su re th at W hi te

m ad e hi s pl ea kn owi ng ly an d v o l u n t ari ly; an d (2 ) th e la te r de ni al of hi s m ot io n to

wit hd raw o n t he gro un ds th at co un se l l ab or ed un de r an act ua l co nf li ct of i nt eres t.

Reg ard in g th e fir st ch al le ng e, we fin d no ab us e of di sc ret io n. Thro ug h th e pl ea

co ll oq uy, as de sc rib ed an d qu ot ed at le ng th ab ov e, th e di st ric t cou rt qu es ti on ed an d

pe rs o n al ly ob se rv ed W hi te an d co nf irmed th e vo lu nt ary an d kn owi ng na tu re of hi s pl ea. Whit e co nf

es se d h is gu il t to th e cri m e an d adm it te d to th e un de rlyin g fact s as

de sc rib ed by th e go ve rn m en t an d as de sc rib ed in th e pl ea ag reem en t. W e do no t

li gh tl y ig no re th e im

pa ct of th es e act io ns whe n re vie win g th e un de rlyin g pr oc eed in gs

. See, e. g ., Uni te d St at es v. Green

, 52 1 F.3 d 92 9, 93 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 08 ) ("Th ere is no

ri gh t to wit hd raw; 'th e pl ea of gu il ty is a so le m n act no t to be di sr eg ard ed be cau se of

be la te d m is gi vi ng s ab o u t it s wis do m .'" (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Fi tz hu gh , 7 8 F.3 d

13 26 , 13 28 (8t h C ir. 1 99 6) )).

To th e ex te nt W hi te arg ue s hi s pl ea was in vo lu nt ary be cau se he was affo rd ed

in ad eq ua te ti m e to rev ie w hi s pl ea ag reem en t o r th at he was no t ad eq ua te ly

qu es ti on ed aft er ex pr es si ng in co n c l u si ve an d le ss -th an -co m pl et e sa ti sf

act io n wit h

co un se l, th e tra ns cri pt ad eq ua te ly de m on st rat es th e pr op r ie ty of th e di st ric t co ur t's

act io ns

. W he n W hi te su gg es te d he was no t fu ll y sa t i s f i e d w it h co un se l, th e co ur t

fo ll owe d- up rep eat ed ly an d W hi te co nf irmed hi s sa ti sf

act io n wit h co un se l. W he n he

su gg es te d he ne ed ed ad di ti on al ti m e, th e di st ric t co ur t ga ve hi m ad d i t i o n a l ti m e.

Alt ho ug h W hi te em

ph as iz es th e la ng ua ge "t a k e a few m in ut es ," th is em ph as is is

un fai r. The co ur t su sp en de d pr oc eed in gs an d in st ru ct ed W hi te to ta ke "h owe ve r lo ng

y ou wan t." W hi te th en , in fact

, co ns ul te d wit h co un se l an d co nf irmed to th e di st ric t

co ur t t ha t h e n eed ed no ad di ti on al ti m e.

-7

-Fu rth er, if W hi te 's ti m e-re la te d ch al le ng e to th e co ur t's vo lu nt ari ne ss

de te rm in at io n is pr em is ed on th e ge ne ral pr ox im it y of th e F r i d a y he ari ng to th e

pe nd in g Mo nd ay tri al da te

, we ha ve rep eat ed ly reject ed si m il ar arg um en ts

. See, e.g ., Uni te d St at es v. Pach eco , 64 1 F.3 d 97 0, 97 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) ("Th e st res s ari si ng fro m

an im m in en t tri al an d th e p o t e n t ia l of a le ng th y lo ss of li be rty na tu ral ly crea te s

pr es su re ev en in th e m os t co m pe te nt pe rs on ."); Uni te d St at es v. Swic k, 26 2 F.3 d 68 4,

68 6– 87 (8 th Ci r. 20 01 ) ("Al l de fen da nt s in pl ea ne go ti at io ns st ru gg le wit h th e is su e

of whe th er to p l e a d g u i l t y or to ta ke th ei r ch an ces at tri al

. The re is no th in g in th e

reco rd to in di cat e [th e] si tu at io n was th at di ffer en t fro m an y ot he r or di na ry de fen da nt

,

or th at he was un de r an y gr eat er pr es su re th an an y ot he r de fen da nt who is weig hi ng

th e op ti on o f pl ead in g gu il ty or go in g to tri al ."). Si m pl y pu t, th e fact of a pe nd in g

tri al do es no t s erv e to m ak e an ev e-o f-t ria l p le a in vo lu nt ary.

Reg ard in g th e se co nd ch al le ng e, th e di st ric t co ur t he ld an ex pe di te d he ari ng on

W hi te 's cl ai m th at co un se l la bo red un de r an act ua l c o n f l i c t

. The di st ric t pr op erl y

fo un d no co nf

li ct be cau se no act iv e d u al rep res en ta ti on of co nf li ct in g in te res ts

oc cu rred

. Co un se l's pr io r cl ie nt was no t al le ge d to ha ve be en in vo lv ed in th e pr es en t

in ve st ig at io n, an d rep res en ta ti on of th at cl ie nt en de d pr io r to th e pr es en t of fen se an d

in ve st ig at io n. In th e ab se nc e of co nf li ct in g an d act iv e du al rep res en ta ti on , pr ejud ic e

is no t pr es um ed

. Uni te d St at es v. Fl y nn , 87 F.3 d 99 6, 10 01 (8 th Ci r. 19 96 ). Fu rth er,

ev en if c ou ns el 's p rio r cl ie nt ha d b een off ered as a wit ne ss ag ai ns t Whi te , cou ns el 's

pr io r rep res en ta ti on of a go ve rn m en t wit ne ss do es no t gi ve ris e to a pr es um pt io n of

pr ejud ic e. See id

. ("Th e m ere f a c t t h a t a tri al la wy er ha d pr ev io us ly rep res en te d a

pr os ecu ti on wit ne ss do es no t en ti tl e a de fen da nt to rel ie f. The de fen da nt m us t sh ow

th at th is su cces si ve rep res en ta ti on ha d so m e act ua l an d de m on st rab le ad ve rs e effe ct

on th e cas e, no t m erel y an ab st ract or th eo ret ic al on e.") (in te rn al ci ta ti on om it te d)

. And he re, co un se l's pri or cli en t was no t ev en a wit ne ss ag ai ns t Whi te

.

To th e ex te nt W hi te arg ue s pr ejud ic e ex is te d, hi s arg um en ts are wit ho ut m eri t.

Alt ho ug h cou ns el 's pri or cl ie nt was in vo lv ed in un rel at ed earl ie r in ve st ig at io ns th at

-8

-le d to W hi te 's earl ie r co nv ic ti on s, an y su ch rep res en ta ti on was im m at eri al to th e

pr es en t cas e. The va li di ty of th e pr io r co nv ic ti on s was no t an is su e be fo re th e di st ric t

co ur t. In de ed

, ev en if W hi te ha d go ne to tri al an d e v e n i f th e en ha nc em en ts ha d

rem ai ne d in th e cas e, W hi te wou ld ha ve be en pr ecl ud ed by st at ut e fro m ch al le ng in g

th e va li di ty of hi s co nv ic ti on s be cau se th ey "o ccu rred m or e th an fiv e y ears be fo re th e

da te of t he in fo rm at io n a ll eg in g s uc h p rio r co nv ic ti on ." 2 1 U.S.C. § 85 1( e).

Fi na ll y , we no te th at th e di st ri c t c o u r t gr an te d a m ot io n fo r th e al le ge dl y

co nf li ct ed co un se l to wit hd raw, an d a di ffer en t at to rn ey rep res en te d W hi te at

se nt en ci ng

. As su ch

, he can no t arg ue th at th e al le ge dl y co nf li ct ed co un se l so m eh ow

affe ct ed hi s ab il it y to ad dr es s th e pr io r co nv ic ti on s as rel ev an t to hi s cri m in al hi st or y

de te rm in at io n.

W e aff irm th e jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t. 2

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

W e m ak e no co m

m en t up on th e va li di ty or ap pl ic ab il it y of th e ap pe al waiv er 2

co nt ai ne d in th e pl ea a gr eem en t in th is cas e. See Uni te d St at es v. Dace, 66 0 F.3 d

10 11

, 10 14 n.2 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (rejec ti ng a cri m in al de fen d a n t's su bs ta nt iv e

arg um en ts on ap pe al in li eu of de ci di ng th e va li di ty an d a p p l i c a bi li ty of an ap pe al

waiv er). We den y

as m oo t t he go ve rn m en t's pe nd in g m ot io n t o d is m is s.

-9

-