1 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov The Parker Ranch installation in Hawaii 

# BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM

Distribution Transformers

Energy Conservation Program LBNL Staff on behalf of

U.S. Department of Energy

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy



## November 29, 20112 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Draft **Life**

**- Cycle Cost, Payback Period and National Impacts Analysis** 

**Results for Medium Voltage Liquid**

**- Immersed Transformers** 

Prepared for the Medium Voltage Distribution Transformers Negotiated

Rulemaking Working Group

November 29, 2011

**Contents**

• Engineering Results for Design Lines 1

- 5

• Life

- Cycle Cost Results for Design Lines 1

– 5

• Payback Period Results for Design Lines 1

– 5

• National Impacts Results by TSL for Equipment Classes 1 & 2 

# Contents3 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 1: Engineering Results

$

- $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 $3,000 $3,500 $4,000 $4,500 $5,000

99.00% 99.10% 99.20% 99.30% 99.40% 99.50% 99.60%Manufacturer Selling Price ($)

Efficiency at 50% Load, Temperature Corrected M5_CuAl_dgw_sh

M3_AlAl_dgw_sh

M3_CuAl_dgw_sh

M2_AlAl_dgw_sh

M2_CuAl_dgw_sh

ZDMH_AlAl_dgw_sh

ZDMH_CuCu_dgw_sh

SA1_AlAl_dgw_sh

SA1_CuCu_dgw_sh

CSLs CSL 0

2007 FR CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 64 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 2: Engineering Results

$500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 $3,000

98.80% 98.90% 99.00% 99.10% 99.20% 99.30% 99.40% 99.50% 99.60%Manufacturer Selling Price ($)

Efficiency at 50% Load, Temperature Corrected M5_CuAl_dgw_sh

M4_AlAl_dgw_sh

M4_CuAl_dgw_sh

M3_AlAl_dgw_sh

M3_CuAl_dgw_sh

M2_AlAl_dgw_sh

M2_CuAl_dgw_sh

ZDMH_AlAl_dgw_sh

ZDMH_CuCu_dgw_sh

SA1_AlAl_dgw_co

SA1_CuCu_dgw_co

CSLs CSL 0

2007 FR CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 75 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 3: Engineering Results

$

- $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000

99.40% 99.45% 99.50% 99.55% 99.60% 99.65% 99.70% 99.75% 99.80%Manufacturer Selling Price ($)

Efficiency at 50% Load, Temperature Corrected M5_CuAl_dgw_sh

M4_AlAl_dgw_sh

M4_CuAl_dgw_sh

M3_AlAl_dgw_sh

M3_CuAl_dgw_sh

M2_AlAl_dgw_sh

M2_CuAl_dgw_sh

ZDMH_AlAl_dgw_sh

ZDMH_CuCu_dgw_sh

SA1_AlAl_dgw_co

SA1_CuCu_dgw_sh

SA1_CuCu_dgw_co

CSLs CSL 0

2007 FR CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 76 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 4: Engineering Results

$

- $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000

99.00% 99.10% 99.20% 99.30% 99.40% 99.50% 99.60% 99.70%Manufacturer Selling Price ($)

Efficiency at 50% Load, Temperature Corrected M5_CuAl_dgw_5leg

M3_AlAl_dgw_5leg

M3_CuAl_dgw_5leg

M2_AlAl_dgw_5leg

M2_CuAl_dgw_5leg

ZDMH_AlAl_dgw_5leg

ZDMH_CuCu_dgw_5leg

SA1_AlAl_dgw_5leg

SA1_CuCu_dgw_5leg

CSLs CSL 0

2007 FR CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 77 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 5: Engineering Results

$

- $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000

99.40% 99.45% 99.50% 99.55% 99.60% 99.65% 99.70% 99.75%Manufacturer Selling Price ($)

Efficiency at 50% Load, Temperature Corrected M4_CuAl_dgw_5leg

M3_AlAl_dgw_5leg

M3_CuAl_dgw_5leg

M2_AlAl_dgw_5leg

M2_CuAl_dgw_5leg

ZDMH_AlAl_dgw_5leg

ZDMH_CuCu_dgw_5leg

SA1_AlAl_dgw_5leg

SA1_CuCu_dgw_5leg

CSLs CSL 0

2007 FR CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 68 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 1 LCC Results

**Efficiency Level**

1 2 3 4 5 6

Efficiency (%) 99.16% 99.22% 99.25% 99.31% 99.42% 99.50%

Transformers with Net Increase in LCC (%) 54.40% 5.89% 5.89% 9.77% 14.88% 54.58%

Transformers with No Impact on LCC (%) 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Transformers with Net LCC Savings (%) 45.52% 94.03% 94.03% 90.23% 85.12% 45.42%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 56 566 566 472 610 78

Median LCC Savings ($)

- 33 572 572 474 539

- 86

- 1500 - 1000

- 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 1 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average9 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 2 LCC Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Efficiency (%) 99.00% 99.07% 99.11% 99.18% 99.31% 99.41% 99.46%

Transformers with Net LCC Cost (%) 22.77% 26.45% 32.45% 36.52% 60.09% 78.97% 87.65%

Transformers with No Change in LCC (%) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Transformers with Net LCC Benefit (%) 77.23% 73.55% 67.55% 63.48% 39.91% 21.03% 12.35%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 166

- 46

- 238

- 294

- 463

- 712

- 952

Median LCC Savings ($) 245 232 173 130

- 102

- 397

- 659

- 4000 - 3500 - 3000 - 2500 - 2000 - 1500 - 1000

- 500 0 500 1000

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6 EL 7Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 2 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average10 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 3 LCC Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Efficiency (%) 99.48% 99.51% 99.54% 99.57% 99.61% 99.69% 99.73%

Transformers with Net Increase in LCC (%) 20.10% 15.60% 6.80% 4.90% 4.00% 7.80% 27.80%

Transformers with No Impact on LCC (%) 1.20% 1.10% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Transformers with Net LCC Savings (%) 78.70% 83.30% 93.20% 95.10% 96.00% 92.20% 72.20%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 1196 2713 4713 5084 6035 6327 3756

Median LCC Savings ($) 994 2159 4787 5054 5998 6100 2989

- 4000 - 2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6 EL 7Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 3 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average11 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 4 LCC Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Efficiency (%) 99.16% 99.22% 99.25% 99.31% 99.42% 99.50% 99.60%

Transformers with Net LCC Cost (%) 10.83% 2.84% 2.84% 2.76% 2.40% 5.53% 31.22%

Transformers with No Change in LCC (%) 0.72% 0.72% 0.72% 0.72% 0.25% 0.00% 0.00%

Transformers with Net LCC Benefit (%) 88.45% 96.44% 96.44% 96.52% 97.35% 94.47% 63.51%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 624 3092.4 3092.4 3100.6 3207.2 3214 1464

Median LCC Savings ($) 397 3153.6 3153.6 3160.3 3266.9 3019 1051

- 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6 EL 7Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 4 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average12 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 5 LCC Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6

Efficiency (%) 99.48% 99.51% 99.54% 99.57% 99.61% 99.69%

Transformers with Net Increase in LCC (%) 24.97% 34.57% 60.75% 43.45% 54.14% 63.71%

Transformers with No Impact on LCC (%) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Transformers with Net LCC Savings (%) 75.03% 65.43% 39.25% 56.55% 45.86% 36.29%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 2733 3313

- 836 1176

- 907

- 3631

Median LCC Savings ($) 2402 2222

- 2443 1336

- 839

- 4062

- 30000 - 25000 - 20000 - 15000 - 10000

- 5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 5 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average13 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 1 PBP Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6

Mean Payback (Years) 30.1 9.3 9.3 11.3 12.4 19.7

Median Payback (Years) 18.6 9.0 9.0 10.9 12.0 19.0

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 86.34% 99.92% 99.92% 99.98% 99.99% 99.97%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 13.66% 0.08% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% 0.03%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 2,111 2,406 2,406 2,505 2,754 3,268

Mean Installation Costs ($) 2,230 2,272 2,272 2,344 2,415 2,606

Mean Operating Costs ($) 216 162 162 159 136 129

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) 308 645 645 816 1,135 1,841

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 18 71 71 75 98 104

Payback of Average Transformer 17.4 9.0 9.0 10.9 11.6 17.6

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6Average Payback Period (years)

Efficiency Level Design Line1 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average14 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 2 PBP Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mean Payback (Years) 13.7 18.6 22.8 23.8 26.9 30.9 34.2

Median Payback (Years) 8.5 10.0 11.8 13.5 19.0 24.1 28.1

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 97.62% 99.87% 99.84% 99.91% 99.85% 99.88% 99.92%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 2.38% 0.13% 0.16% 0.09% 0.15% 0.12% 0.08%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 1,410 1,454 1,501 1,569 1,812 2,016 2,544

Mean Installation Costs ($) 1795 2086 2281 2369 2525 2678 2474

Mean Operating Costs ($) 108 101 99 94 83 77 73

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) 370 705 948 1,103 1,501 1,858 2,183

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 34 40 42 47 59 64 68

Payback of Average Transformer 11.0 17.6 22.4 23.3 25.6 29.0 31.9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6 EL 7Average Payback Period (years)

Efficiency Level Design Line 2 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average15 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 3 PBP Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mean Payback (Years) 14.2 10.1 6.6 6.3 6.6 9.9 15.6

Median Payback (Years) 9.8 7.3 5.5 5.6 6.1 8.7 13.8

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 95.80% 97.40% 99.90% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 99.90%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 4.20% 2.60% 0.10% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.10%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 8,101 8,757 9,362 9,503 10,090 12,248 15,583

Mean Installation Costs ($) 4,419 4,369 4,370 4,402 4,523 4,996 5,679

Mean Operating Costs ($) 1,272 1,126 965 938 856 714 650

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) 1,219 1,825 2,432 2,604 3,312 5,943 9,960

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 129 274 436 463 545 687 751

Payback of Average Transformer 9.5 6.7 5.6 5.6 6.1 8.6 13.3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6 EL 7Average Payback Period (years)

Efficiency Level Design Line 3 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average16 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 4 PBP Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mean Payback (Years) 10.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.5 8.9 15.6

Median Payback (Years) 10.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.2 8.5 15.2

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 99.22% 99.07% 99.07% 99.18% 99.74% 99.95% 94.73%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 0.78% 0.93% 0.93% 0.82% 0.26% 0.05% 0.00%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 5,760 6,332 6,332 6,340 6,425 7,485 10,458

Mean Installation Costs ($) 4,140 4,183 4,183 4,182 4,224 4,583 4,710

Mean Operating Costs ($) 668 483 483 483 471 401 334

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) 686 1,301 1,301 1,308 1,435 2,853 5,954

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 76 261 261 262 273 343 414

Payback of Average Transformer 9.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.2 8.3 14.4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6 EL 7Average Payback Period (years)

Efficiency Level Design Line 4 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average17 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 5 PBP Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6

Mean Payback (Years) 15.9 18.4 26.3 18.3 19.3 21.2

Median Payback (Years) 12.1 15.1 21.9 15.9 18.4 20.4

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 98.90% 99.43% 99.72% 99.74% 100.00% 100.00%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 1.10% 0.57% 0.28% 0.26% 0.00% 0.00%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 28,643 32,669 40,548 43,711 48,848 63,076

Mean Installation Costs ($) 8,268 8,118 8,528 8,769 9,419 9,835

Mean Operating Costs ($) 3,800 3,583 3,345 2,934 2,769 2,185

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) 4,794 8,670 16,959 20,364 26,150 40,795

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 387 603 841 1,252 1,417 2,001

Payback of Average Transformer 12.4 14.4 20.2 16.3 18.4 20.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

EL 1 EL 2 EL 3 EL 4 EL 5 EL 6Average Payback Period (years)

Efficiency Level Design Line 5 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average18 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

### Equipment Class (EC) 1 **EC 2**

**DL1 DL2**  **DL3 DL4**  **DL5**

**TSL1** EL 5 EL 1 EL 6 EL 6 EL 2

**TSL2** EL 6 EL 1 EL 7 EL 7 EL 4

**TSL3** EL 3 EL 3 EL 3 EL 3 EL 4

**TSL4** EL 3 EL 1 EL 3 EL 2 EL 2

**TSL5** EL 4 EL 3 EL 4 EL 3 EL 4

**TSL6** EL 6 EL 7 EL 7 EL 7 EL 6 

# Proposed Trial Standard Levels

and Mapping of TSLs to ELs

The following draft Trial Standard Levels are presented for discussion.

Draft Trial Standard Levels (TSLs) Description

1. Minimum LCC / Max NPV

2. Max Energy Savings with positive (or near zero) NPV at 3% discount rate

3. 30% Reduction in Operating Costs

4. Materials constraint (greatest LCC Savings with M3 steel available as a

design option)

5. Materials constraint plus (gap

- fill between TSL 4 and TSL 6)

6. Maximum Technology19 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# National Impacts Results for MV Liquid

Immersed, by Trial Standard Level

Summary Results by TSL for Liquid

- Immersed Transformers



# Draft Trial Standard Levels (TSLs) Description

1. Minimum LCC / Max NPV

2. Max Energy Savings with positive (or near zero) NPV at 3% discount

rate

3. 30% Reduction in Operating Costs

4. Materials constraint (greatest LCC Savings with M3 steel available as

a design option)

5. Materials constraint plus (gap

- fill between TSL 4 and TSL 6)

6. Maximum Technology Trial Standard Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 1.95 1.94 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.93 1.91

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 60.91

- 12.76

- 21.33

- 19.31

- 9.77

- 19.83

- 45.93

Operating Cost Savings ($Billions) 78.50 21.95 26.72 23.55 18.53 23.79 39.35

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 1.50 1.78 1.51 1.21 1.53 2.80

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 9.19 5.39 4.23 8.76 3.96

- 6.58

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 0.36

- 2.47

- 2.33 0.90

- 2.53

- 11.3620 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Summary Results by TSL for Equipment Class 1 

# National Impacts Results for MV Liquid

Immersed, by Trial Standard Level

Summary Results by TSL for Equipment Class 2 Trial Standard Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.78

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 42.38

- 7.48

- 9.72

- 11.86

- 5.89

- 12.38

- 28.20

Operating Cost Savings ($Billions) 39.49 12.08 12.61 12.26 10.28 12.51 20.47

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 0.78 0.84 0.79 0.63 0.82 1.47

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 4.61 2.89 0.40 4.39 0.13

- 7.74

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 0.03

- 0.99

- 2.16 0.32

- 2.36

- 8.16

Trial Standard Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.12

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 18.53

- 5.28

- 11.61

- 7.45

- 3.88

- 7.45

- 17.73

Operating Cost Savings ($Billions) 39.01 9.87 14.12 11.29 8.25 11.29 18.88

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 0.72 0.94 0.71 0.58 0.71 1.33

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 4.58 2.50 3.83 4.38 3.83 1.16

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 0.33

- 1.48

- 0.18 0.58

- 0.18

- 3.21