IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 94-10987

INTERNATIONAL MEAT TRADERS, INC., ETC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-Appellee,

versus

H&M FOOD SYSTEMS, ETC., ET AL.,

Defendants-Appellees,

H&M FOOD SYSTEMS CO., INC.,

Defendant-Appellee-Cross-Appellant.

H&M FOOD SYSTEMS CO., INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,

versus

CKS, INC., d/b/a INTERTRADE, ET AL.,

Defendants,

INTERNATIONAL MEAT TRADERS, INC., d/b/a INTERTRADE,

Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Texas

December 5, 1995

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, WISDOM, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

STEWART, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff International Meat Traders, Inc., (“Intertrade”) appeals the district court’s final

judgment on its breach of contract claim against defendant H&M Food Systems. It also appeals the

order granting partial summary judgment on behalf of H&M, as well as costs and fees assessed by

the court. H&M cross-appeals the denial of its motion for judgment as a matter of law and that part

of the final judgment not granting relief on its counterclaims. For the following reasons we find no

error by the district court and affirm its final judgment.

BACKGROUND
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Intertrade is a large wholesale supplier and trader of meats. During 1991, Intertrade sold

meat productsto H&M Food Systems and the other defendant companies. H&M processed the meat

products to make, inter alia, pepperoni and sausage for resale.

Prior to the instant dispute, Intertrade and H&M dealt with each other by phone. Steve Dial,

H&M’s purchasing agent, would submit orders for the meat products to Jerry Knoepfler of

Intertrade. Knoepfler would then forward a written confirmation of the order to Dial. Sometimes

Dial would sign the confirmations and return them to Knoepfler. Other times he would send

Intertrade purchase orders stamped “confirmation of phone orders.” At still other times he would

remit nothing.

In late 1990, H&M was looking for a less expensive replacement for the domestic lean pork

used in its pepperoni manufacture. To that end, he placed initial written orders with Knoepfler for

imported Danish pork skirt and diaphragm meat. In February of 1991, based on his satisfaction with

the initial deliveries and Knoepfler’s representations about the dramatically increasing demand for

Danish pork skirt and diaphragm meat, Dial placed large written ordersfor the substitute ingredients

for delivery. Intertrade says Dial was trying to take advantage of current prices before the rise he

expected for later that year. Instead of inflating, however, prices in the industry fell in the summer

of 1991.

Around this time H&M was also having problems with its pepperoni production and had to

reformulate its recipes. The problem was oxidative rancidity, which affected the taste and color of

the pepperoni but did not affect its fitness for human consumption. After investigation, H&M

concluded that Intertrade had delivered pork “diaphragms” instead of the agreed “Danish pork skirt

and diaphragm meat,” and that this difference contributed to its rancidity problems. Consequently,

H&M informed Intertrade and Knoepfler that it would not accept delivery of anymore imported pork

skirt and diaphragm meat after June 1, 1991. In a conversation around May 2, 1991, Knoepfler

agreed to substitute 60% of H&M’s then outstanding orders for imported Danish pork skirt and
1There is a dispute as to whether this 60% figure should have applied to all orders or just those

which had not been eliminated by the district court’s grant of partialsummary judgment. H&M took

the position at trial that it met the 60% agreement as to the remaining orders and thus breached no

contracts with Intertrade. H&M also argued that the substitutions which Intertrade made upon

H&M’s request would not be honored by H&M. This discrepancy does not affect our decision.

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diaphragm meat with domestic lean pork.1 Therefore, as of May 2, 1991, approximately 40% of the

then outstanding Intertrade confirmations for pork skirt and diaphragm meat did not allow

replacement or substitution, and approximately 60% had language allowing substitution of “equal or

better.”

Intertrade allegesthat H&M began to refuse both to accept meat ordered from Intertrade and

to pay on the purchase contracts on product to be delivered from October 1991 through January

1992. Intertrade also alleges that a substantial portion of the orders Dial placed from February

through April 1991, included commitments to purchase diaphragm meat.

Intertrade sued H&M for breach of contract in federal court in New Jersey. About a month

later, H&M countersued in Texas state court based on breach of express warranty and breach of

implied warranty of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Both cases were removed

and consolidated in federal district court in Fort Worth, with H&M’ssuit included as a counterclaim.

H&M filed a motion for partial summary judgment against Intertrade claiming that the

Intertrade confirmations which had not been signed and returned by H&M did not conform to the

Texas Statute of Frauds. The trial court granted H&M’s motion, holding that the 100 or so

confirmations which were unsigned and not returned to Intertrade constituted merely unsigned,

unenforceable offers. The case proceeded to a jury trial for breach of the confirmations that H&M

did sign and return to Intertrade. The jury found against Intertrade on those written contracts.

Intertrade argues on appeal that the Merchants’ Exception to the Statute of Frauds rendered

the confirmations enforceable oral contracts. Intertrade also asserts that H&M admitted that the

orders constituted “commitments made.” Intertrade argues that the district court’s error in granting

partialsummary judgment prejudiced its case before the jury, making reversal and remand necessary.

Intertrade moved for judgment on the counterclaim of H&M on the basis that the cause of
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action, if any, was no longer the property of H&M - Texas and had not been transferred to H&M -

Delaware. The trial court’s denial of the motion, Intertrade asserts, prejudiced its case and requires

reversal and remand.

Finally, Intertrade claims that the jury verdict form was unclear on the question of liability.

Intertrade contends that the jury verdict was actually in its favor and that the district court

misinterpreted it, requiring remand for a calculation of damages.

H&M cross appeals the district court’s ruling on the written contracts only if we reverse and

remand on the issue of the course of dealing between the parties as to the written contracts.

DISCUSSION

Partial Summary Judgment

We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Weyant v. Acceptance

Ins. Co., 917 F.2d 209, 212 (5th Cir.1990). We consider all the facts contained in the summary

judgment record and the inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the

non-moving party. Id.

As noted above, the district court granted H&M’s motion for partial summary judgment,

finding that the “verbal orders” were unenforceable because the only documentation to support them

were Intertrade’s confirmations, which H&M never signed and returned. Intertrade disagrees,

claiming that these orders are the very agreements the Merchants Exception to the Texas Statute of

Frauds contemplates.

The Texas Statute of Frauds provides:

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section a contract for the sale of goods for

the price of $500 or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there

is some writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between

the parties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his

authorized agent or broker. A writing is not insufficient because it omits or

incorrectly states a term agreed upon by the contract is not enforceable under this

paragraph beyond the quantity of goods shown in such writing.

(b) Between merchants, if within a reasonable time a writing in confirmation of the

contract and sufficient against the sender is received and the party receiving it has

reason to know its contents, it satisfies the requirements of Subsection (a) against

such party unless written notice of objection to its contents is given within ten days
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after it is received.

(c) A contract which does not satisfy Subsection (a) but which is valid in other

respectsis enforceable . . . (2) ifthe party against whomenforcement issought admits

in his pleading, testimony, or otherwise in court that a contract for sale was made but

the contract is not enforceable under this provision beyond the quality of goods

admitted; or . . . .

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.201 (West 1968).

It is undisputed that the value of each of the alleged verbal orders was greater than $500 and that

H&M neither signed the confirmations at issue nor issued purchase orders of its own.

Intertrade arguesthat the Texaslegislature designed the MerchantsException,subsection (b)

above, to address situations like the one before us, where a buyer may enforce an agreement against

a seller but the seller may not do likewise because the only writing in existence is the written

confirmation by the seller. Intertrade reads the statute to eliminate the buyer’s ability to gamble upon

the market by obliging the buyer to the contract unlessthe buyer communicated his objections within

ten days after receipt of the confirmation.

H&M counters that the Merchants Exception does not apply when a seller’s confirmation

contains a provision requiring the buyer to sign and remit. The Intertrade confirmation contained the

following language:

REMARKS: Any change in this contract must be confirmed by the seller in writing.

Please sign and return the duplicate of this contract.

Read and agreed by buyer Intertrade

By By/s/ Jerry Knoepfler

Intertrade argues that the confirmation only sought the buyer’s acknowledgment of the law,

that effecting any change requires confirmation in writing. Hence, the signature line does not render

any Intertrade sales confirmation unenforceable or beyond the scope of the Merchants Exception to

the Statute of Frauds. H&M maintains that the parties are not bound until the buyer actually signs

and returns the confirmation, or submits his own written purchase order.

All parties and the district court rely on a prior case from this circuit as controlling. In Great

Western Sugar Company v. Lone Star Donut Company, 721 F.2d 510 (5thCir. 1983), we considered
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an alleged confirmation of an oral agreement which read:

[T]his letter is a written confirmation of our agreement. Please sign and return to me

the enclosed counterpart of this letter signaling your acceptance of the above

agreement.

Id. We supported the trial court’s conclusion that as master of its offer the sender, Great Western,

“had the power to require written acceptance as a prerequisite to the formation of a contract.” Id.

at 501-11. Intertrade contends that the signature request only concerned acknowledgment of that

“remarks” section. On the contrary, the language asks for the remittance of a signature and a

duplicate of the contract. It is not evident that Intertrade only sought acknowledgment of the

conditions for making changes in the contract. The language required that H&M take further steps

if it agreed to be bound by the terms stated in the contract. Each of these “confirmations” reads as

an offer requesting written acceptance to be binding and that is how we treat them.

Intertrade also faults the district court for not finding that the history of dealings between

Intertrade and H&M with respect to the oral contractsraised a fact issue, making summary judgment

improper. However, as we also held in Great Western, “[t]his overlooks the circumstance that no

enforceable agreement had been entered,” and “[f]or one to have been, a written confirmation was

required at the least.” As the district court correctly concluded, “whether an unenforceable oral

agreement existed is not a relevant issue of fact which can defeat summary judgment in this case.”

The Merchants Exception does not protect the alleged oral agreementsfrom the statute of frauds, so

we uphold the district court’s grant of partial summary judgment.

Real Party in Interest

At the close of the evidence, Intertrade moved for judgment as a matter of law as to H&M’s

counterclaim, which was originally filed in state court in Texas. H&M - Texas had originally brought

the counterclaim; but it dissolved and transferred certain assets to HMFS Acquisition, Inc., which

later became H&M - Delaware. Intertrade contends that the counterclaim was not transferred by

H&M - Texas prior to dissolution and that the counterclaim was not modified to designate H&M -

Delaware.
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Rule 17(a) of the FederalRules of Civil Procedure says “[n]o action shall be dismissed on the

ground that it is not prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest until a reasonable time has

been allowed after objection for ratification of commencement of the action by, or joinder or

substitution of, the real party in interest . . . .” Raising this defense for the first time on a motion for

judgment as a matter of law, at the close of all evidence, offends the Rule where it is not to be used

as a trial-by-ambush tactic. See Gogolin & Stelter v. Karn’s Auto Imports, Inc., 886 F.2d 100, 102

(5th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1031, 110 S. Ct. 1480, 108 L. Ed. 2d 617 (1990). The issue

has been waived effectively because of its tardiness.

Jury Verdict Form 

Finally, Intertrade contends that the first question in the jury verdict form was confusing and

contained a “double negative.” The form asked:

Do you find from a preponderance of the evidence that H&M breached its agreement

with Intertrade for the purchase of meat, and such breach was not excused?

The jury answered “No.”

Do you find from a preponderance of the evidence Intertrade breached the implied

warranty of merchantability?

The jury answered “No.”

Do you find from a preponderance of the evidence Intertrade breached its implied

warranty of fitness for a particular purpose?

The jury answered “No.”

By its construction, according to Intertrade, a “no” response to the first question is truly a “yes.”

An erroneous jury instruction without objection will warrant reversal if plain error has been

demonstrated. Highlands Ins. v. National Union Fire Ins., 27 F.3d 1027, 1032 (5th Cir. 1994), cert.

denied, 115 S. Ct. 903, 130 L. Ed. 2d 786 (1995). Reviewing for plain error means determining

whether "the deficient charge was likely responsible for an incorrect verdict which in itself creates

a substantial injustice" or resulted in a " 'plain error' so fundamental as to result in a miscarriage of

justice." Kelly v. Boeing Petroleum Services, Inc., 61 F.3d 350, 362 (5th Cir. 1995); Rodrigue v.

Dixilyn Corp., 620 F.2d 537, 540 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1113, 101 S. Ct. 923, 66
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L. Ed. 2d 842 (1981).

We find no plain error. The record amply supports the jury’s finding regarding liability. See

Overseas Private Inv. Corp. v. Metropolitan Dade County, 47 F.3d 1111, 1116 (11th Cir. 1995).

Intertrade greatly overstates any ambiguity in the first question. It is simply a conjunctive question

asking whether there was a breach and whether such breach was not excused. If both clauses are

true, the answer should be “yes.” If either is not, then the answer should be “no.” There is no merit

to Intertrade’s claim that a jury could not understand how to respond appropriately.

Furthermore, Intertrade did not object to the wording at any time before the jury retired to

deliberate, thereby not preserving the issue for appeal. We have long held that a party must object

to a jury instruction before the jury retires to consider its verdict, “stating distinctly the matter

objected to and the grounds of the objection . . .” Kelly, 61 F.3d at 361. By failing to challenge the

jury verdict form at the appropriate time, Intertrade effectively has waived its right to raise the issue

on appeal.

AFFIRMED.