DOT/FAAJAM-96/S 

Office of A~ Medicine 

\Vashiupn. D.C. 20591 

~9960305 031 - -- ------ ---

Crashes of Instructional 

Flights: Analysis of Cases 

and Re•nedial App108Ches 

SusaaP.Iabr 

Marplet \V. Lamb 

GuWw&Li 

Rabtrt s. DoeLl 

Tbtjobu Hopkiu School of Public Hakh 

Cmtel for lajuq Raeudt aDd Niq 

Balcimorc. ~ 21205 

This cloaammt is awilablr u. the public 

mroup dae Naaoa.l T....t.nical lafon.tinl 

Semcr:. Spriaa&clcl. v~ 22t6t. 

0 

u.s. Department of Transportat!On 

FldertiiAwlatioft 

Adm,nlatmlon tm!: QlJ.Alm nwBCC§!' 1 
NOTICE 

This cloc:umeDt is d" "'; ......... UDkr the sponsorship of 

the u.s. Department oflimsponation in the intereSt of 

infOrmation ezdwsge. 1he UDital SlllleS Gouetnmmt 

a••"MS no liability fOr the contaats or use thaeo£ 
~cflii--D~CIIIIIIII lall~ 

1. Ill- I& 

DO'I'JPANAM-9613 

~ II. 

Crllbes olllutauctk•' fliPis: ADIJysis olO!ses- Jemec!jtl Februlry 1996 

Apptiides .. 1. .. &asaP. a.br, Mlrplet W. 1.1mb.~ Li. ...S Robelt S.Dodd 

9. 'IC. 

'Die JaiiDs Rnptins Sdloal oiPUblic Heald! 

Ct!!ltrtw a Policy II. 

.. _ 

........... ,.. 

Ill IS. '-ell 

Oftke of A:rilliaD Jie fq iDI 

Fedenl A¥illica MminiSIIMiuo fiuiRepon 

IDO"Mt•"dl e A 'ft.. S.W. 

w.,.;: · 11 .. DC 20591 'K. - IS. 

T!lis wd: 111$ pedicnwd under a ll'IWll fmalile Jl1aa Resources 111 I ell Di11isa of' the FAA's Civil 

Aaalll dir'Jbljl+ ill ()iN 111 !I City, <ltWMMDR, as part of liSt AM-A-94-IIRRSCM. Dr. Tam NndlhS s=rvecl as 

[FAA.!! 

.... 

• ................. ----Cillllllls It __ ......,.._ ..... _lllildof..a.-..<'IO!IW!w • cb-

•• 7 ., illllllif1llilll of cnllllsaad' k fiii:WI Rlllldlllpillla..Uiad._.6t a:i: I 

MB'IliODS:N'I'SIIdllll...,._ ~filrcndiiiiGiiiiJIII.ltndollla:ol:cda-.pilerarafliallllr' ran· I'Fi GeeS. 

IIESULTS:II:nc ... 1992.1221P • 7 I 's' _.,:ol..,illCftllles,: ... illl250deadlo ... l21 .... .,....:Midoir n ,_...._.._._,...,.. •• , : .... I I {2S)..S• n.SIIr21111'ol•..._s-pilillia~ 

::nl'a -= IDIDIIiiJSII;ac 'llllliiJ_,.... ___ , . ,.._.._illcfkrcnlllc$caiii1D. Dr!ei':1l'C'ri:wof 

cnt?lll .... ltelllll 1991 ;;; I 'dlllllluof-.la ...... P•r lwl227 Gfille 6liCAIIIas, • ,._ Qua • • , J 

IDa.ofalaB& 'ft!IMS111115-ISSotlk_....r.fftotalbd--._ aldelllllllaa-5141of'llle.-ia; ~lofllleli!O 

......... I cdclleiDIIIuof-.1 • IIDIIiltarlllllaft. T t .. .,1 I • llr221lofd ___ .._ 

A-.lllr:ll4 c:lllla- Cll ,..._26(31~)-dleto.....,Giioflrll.111iai;S fllll(405)oflllellllillllli!wllltallllrllca 

Q- , ...... _ .... ,... ..... nucaq .. pilall,.,_.wi!ll.......,.__....,_,_ ___ I 

• .. iallofllle 25CIIUADclle1Dwl •liciq. .................... --......... -jllllld-~ofcnllahlasllill 

•13:S ot CA111e1 ftla filii&• sF • S' II da I • ,...,. fni49CIIIka. neNI'SB e 7

""1illla!sftllllell.,tllt--. c 7 , iD- IIi J or diD-. M!11J ' '$ OnpiiiDIIIDASIIS .......... li:li!KIIi)ac:a*s.IW I kill 

llaadllllbaet,al:aaltiii-.Jiir II o 

t I 

1 ar--c"' .... ~ I lrom:aljolllllldllya.-....:.allllldaod-c ''lc ... 

s s.CIONCU'SIONS:~•if11Ms!s6iri:la~lllillilllllllllk10a.,.._ ..... •• ;l?llla..rllid:irv" I as, 

aw£ s•..s ·~ 7 f ... cl'*-lf ........ llill&4) . 

II Jliar•tola •cl .... (nailll b& ., aaslla lladl11Rcl17llillilll ... 5 Wtiua -.-~.llliaelpllillniD a ..., ..... ildrardel!lsllld=-e,lle ···~ el 2 clafe..Spw' ............ , 7 I M1ed ill Ibis..., ....... . 1Dftipl7 inl dldr Bd:i nlliaa. 

iw• ..... ,. . far lldr bitlllillta II e. ID!il!IIIIICUi 7 .. of illsiDaDillbc:sDG. 

le-I 

FJi&lll 'J'oair!q .wawa;wwt f1i111s J)nQ• 7 is ...... .,* pulltic ..... * 

Ailaaft Crarlles Cldif'llld ftiPt IIISI!iidiui! N ..... TO' hoi at lara• otire Senice 

N'l'SB Accidea• Dllab1n ASRS lDc 'kill Dllabm 22161 

cu. ·- 21.1--._.. 22-

56 

PcamDOif ""' page~ 

i 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

We thank Robert E. Bluc:laard. Ph.D. and Thomas E. Nmhus, Ph.D. ofdae Fedeta.l Aviatioa 

Admiaistratioa for &cilitatiagali :aspects of me study ud pro'ridiJls nlvable aclYice ud feedback 

oa our reports and Staaley Smith of the Natioul Transponation Safety Board for providing the 

data for this i111vutiptioa. 
TABLE OF CONTEN'I'S 

A. Dtscription ofCruha oflllituottio.W Flipu ----------------1 m~~----------------------------------1 

~--------------------------------------1 Raults 2 

DUctasRoo 17 

C.oacluioa 18 

a DcaU ofbdivicla Cruba-------------------ta 

FaaiSalls 18 

Simulated Ewg w:ia 20 

Loa ofCoatml in Airpon s.n.c ,.... 22 

T~'s 2l 

Fuel Sanmoo 23 

fliPt mstrUClOr PertOmwacc 24 

Sludcat Pilot CanJinc .,_., 25 

Miclait- Collisiou 25 

c. DisselllilwionofSNdy Ra.ks------------------28 

Hicfiliahu ofCruUt~pons 28 

lasuuc:tot DJkirnc:ia 29 

CFI l ....... laco SaadenrlleliaYior 29 

c- aad c...__ - 30 

Coa•~ dJe lafonaaaoa co Ri&Jar laau-rs 33 

Rec:IORIIIIC!!Chrjops 35 

D. ASRSDala ------------------------·--------------35 

---------·--------------------------------~ 

v 
I 

USTOPTABLES 

Cnalaesoflr.oaactiaaal Rialats. 1989-1992 

Ta11le P-ac 

1. IDjury Sc.uity 2 

2. State ofOccwre!ICIC 3 

Cradles of._w 'liaaal PJiPg. 1919 _. lt91 

3.. PhaseoEfliPt brT)'lleofFii&bt-----------------5 

4, Cruhes of IWaaft Pnaici!1a Toach-ud-Go LaadiDp - 6 

5. CirauDstaDca ofen.hes by Type of Flight 7 

6.. Ci~CUJ~~St~DCeS aad Oaa:omc oE Crubes la'IOhinc Stalls 8 

7. Mcdwaical Pailuza 8 

8.. M"whpclled &.agc:ucies 9 

9. Cruhes Raaltiaa F-Silllalaled ~cis 9 

10. Winds in Relatiaa -. CircumstaDccs 10 

11. N-ller ofc.uhes by W'111d Speed &lld Aaclc willa Ruaway HcadiDa II 

12.. Aac ofStvdcaa IDII lllamactor$ 11 

13. Principal Prof 'a a ofPiloa ia Crashes 12 

14. Airp1ue Ralillp ofl'ilou I) 

IS. Toal Aipr T'amc 13 

16.. T)'lle of Solo flislu by lic:cuc 13 

17. Pib Pcrfor.ance Faaors by Type ol f1i&lat 14 

II. PiJDr EmNs 1ndinc ro z- oECoaaol oa Tlholf or l.andiac 15 

19. fliPt lnaruaor ~ cmd br NTSB IS 

20. Injury Sevaicy by Cimi•••accs ofCruh 16 

21. Faaon Related to Pilot Surma! 17 

22.. Eumpla oEHaay Aaioas by Srodcat Piloa A,ias with IDI1niCIOft Resulrinc ia Crashes 30 

A'Wiacioa s.&=cy ltcponiac st- Dlla 

23. Anomeh ial64 ASRS Rcpoca 36 

24. PhaseofFii&bti11164ASitSR.qDm l7 

25. Flisbt Iuuucror Faaon iD 164 ASltS Repons 37 

26.. Pilot~ F.:ron ill 164 ASRS Jlepore 38 

UST OP JIIGUltES 

Fipre hac 

1. Pen:ent Dimibatioll ofTUDC of Ccuh. AI Cnsbes- Midair Calliaicms. 1989-1992 " 

2. Proponioa oler.bes ia Each PhueofFJicht(Bued oa PlweofFJiPt, 1989 aad 1991) 6 
K u~ LIT lipt uusport (l.f,SOl-30,000 lb) 

AC FM.actnsorycimalar M1M make ancl model 

apt airpon ....... c . . . _ .. ,_, __ aan: IDIOat' QIUIUUil 

ASRS A.ation Safety Rcponins SJSlCID mil miliwy 

ATC air trafiic cocaol msl altitude a~ man sea lc:vd 

ATP aidiae uaaspott pilot Ddb llOQ dn=onal beacon 

BFR. bitiuaialfliabt aewicw NMAC raeu-mid•ir collision 

CFI Ript inmuaor NTSB - Natiooal TranspormioD Safety Board 

CfAF- common uaflic adftsory frequeac:y PIC pilot-in-command 

cog ellJine PTS Paformanee Test Standuds 

FAA FcdcnlA~.AdmUUmacion rwy nmway 

FBO 6ad base opctatw sim simulated 

fpm feet per minute SMA &mall ain:rafi (<SOOllb) 

hood 'Yision-restriailll dmee for SMT --smzll traDSfOrt (SOOl-l.f.SOO lb) 

iamumCDt trainiraa T&G toudl-ud-p 

lAP iDicial app..ch point tK uaflk 

IFR. instn~mCilt 8ipt rules TO takeoff 

n.s Wti'UIIlCilt Iandin& SJOUftl 1T tow &ipt time 

IMC - imtrument JDCt!<Orolop:al CODditions turb turbulence 

IP inmuc:tor pilot nrr-----------rower 

m b~ VFR. ... ftjght rules 

lAX Loa AnacJcs airport me----------crossing LOC -loss of conuol 
~•lfl ra:r~ t~t~IL~1rs~~t1Gtitf]1i~2tl·~~ 1-0a.li!. _llld "' --~~~~ I! ftiZ:c ... i~&ol~r>llll_,. _1 :;~1!., i1 en 

r!ftii l~~~~ i[=tr~~J~ri~tt~!l'ltJlt~~~r ! ~~. . _ 1 r c~· ~ L s ~ f ; . = t 1 ' J ;· =· l . ~< 

I r t f.i . t: i: t i. J_j t! I i l :! l i 1 ~ t1 ! ~ J. B· ft· ~ ~:; I ~ ~ &. ' 1~" ~ ,. ~ l t I ~ Lr; ~~. I S 1 r c;. v. &J ~ ' r ~t "'~ R' [1 j ~fJf!·:rJI" rr "'1 'i:l~2-t 

r tl f ~. 1 f I. , a t ·I ~ 11· ·1 f f _ _ . _ _ _ _ 

H .. Hat· [1 f a ~ng tfl i :~~: ... ~. -.:1 

if a !:$ a t ~ ~ t i: i ~ ~ ( tlJ- r} ta· J. 1 . ~- I t ~ ~ l r r ' 
I laS ') 

a. mnau:e 

Y.ol-a.IO!aiw'i"'Cwuthe~c:ommoa 

type of Clllh, I lri"B ill 2l7 crashes (36,.). ~ 

of tht cnala ~ while acaatillc a p •INDII 

&.llowiucuauK r .. hmmpttolmd. T~ 

oa:t.aneli in CDillleCtii:NI with a aim.s-1 .......... oq. 

c.o-illckwerc ia-.ohedia 109a~Sof'los:s of'CDaual 

oa laMinc (41'ft} mel tailwiads ia 21 ~). 

SWI-the priawy CV"CDt ia 94 cases (15911). AA 

insmactor 1fliS oa board wlaca half of the salle oec:anecl. Moat staL- tabo~Dclepamue (39 cues) 

or~ to 1.....!;111 (21) staL. or dtc" staL oa 

taboft'#clepamare, 23 OCC1IlNCi M ~ 17 

ia~ e.-iads-8, tailwiads. Tbirtcal siaaalatechmapacicucmlud ia stalls. The 31 l'atal sWla 

-ted*""' of aD faal alllhes. 

PM!Itlrftlioe resulted ia 74 crashes (1~). 29o£ 

wbich-oa UOIKOUilt!ysdos. All iasuuctorwu 

pn:seat ia 24 cases, indudiac 10 of the 14 8ipa OD 

which llbt filel•elcclOt- Rt oa u cmpcy aak. 

N'lllCUal cr b rs OCICUinCI whca tud wu adet 1 .e, 

bat die piloa IDisudemooddle fUel '7lteiD ot Rt the 

Ncl.Ieaor fOr dae cmpcy ~ b 51 -the t.el 

- cdsa1Ulell ......... me pilot(s) m!ijuclpd me 

awailablefUel; Camaairaafl,ia wlaic:Jubr:faisb winp 

make Y:a•"ir:arioaof'dle fUd IIIIIICcliffiadt. -- iOr~afdlatcaes. -~ofall~cmbrsia 

dsumdy. 

M1 hnjcel &ilue wu die primary cause o£ 80 

aulaes(l3,.}. ThemajotpaobleaaswcrnncsplaiDed 

loa of pgwu{3le&ICI) aad failure of me laadiaazear 

(13). Nine iiliauao.'lmislwlclled dw:raultiasemcrpncy. Ot CWCD compouded it with 8ll improper 

ICipODie 

Vobi•lllliojews Damilered 15 {3,.) aadia~ 

18illlauaiaalla11e cu.ofwlicbiOwaccblulltliK!Iioo 

arc:b l «Jial& (Pudcb:rle dsc3!hnidllircnlljmm 

dwina dltaniR __,_period.) 

Caallftw iciaadowaed 25 &iJhn (4,.), 10 with 

innraaon oa boml, 3 ia CIOIUieCt.ioa vida riaaulated 

ixu:dlsndinp,aad6oall1lllcatcroa CIIIUAU,.Sipts. 

Thineca of cbc aut- - causecl by c:arlnuctor 

iciac cluriaa c:ruDc. a pllase ofBipt wt.ca carlluretor 

iciac u aot uually aariripeted. 

Wire saibs o<:cuned ia II ilutaDces (2911), 5 of 

which ia~ a .U.ulatecl emapncy during dual 

IJaSUGaiOD • • 01' a atel L ~~-• 

Sialliated IZI i :ill led to 49 cruha (S..), 

pmloJDiDuady loa fJi c:oatrol OA laMing aad rtaiJs. 

lnmiliClOn sometimes killed the mgiac with the miaturc at idJe.aamfF or by shutii:a oH tbe fuclaapply, 

theA 'WCtC unable~- tbr: eqiDc. 

'W'_..aulacairpon-uapparcntl'aaoriD232 

cradaes (~}. Crosnriads-ia"VVved ia 2ft of 

.u cruha aad ~ ia 6~ 

... 

The median total ftaglu time was 43 boun fOr 

~ aad 1552 boun lOr iastnaaors. Eleten in-

.. .__ W less than 10 houn rime ia t)'IIC. 

me- pilots with maclcat licuscs had lftOie tban 

200 houn tatal time, sugestiac tbat maay oE dae.c 

•mte~aaa• wac aot .all D,iDs UDclcr u ia.smactw's 

mpcrvisioa. 

The primary cirnraucaDOCS of the 84 crulacs 011 

aoSKOUaU)' solos wae Net nanario111 {33~) aDd 

loa oE coatrol oa laading (SJ,.). Eiabt of the stodcna crasbcd af1cr becoming lott. 

T-1J-duee pilots flyiag with INdent 1icaucs 

WCie illeplly carryiD(I ODC ot IIIOtC puscDFIS. 

PiiMpaM ace 

Poor~concc:tillli-~ppMCDtin 79aulacs. 

abomced laadiRc ia 48. raddcr .ua-: ia 42. aad poor 

h•Mii• ofsw'= wiad or cwbulmcc iD 40. 

11Urty-four of dae 84 uai-'Who cnshcd oa solo 

CIUSS-COIIIIU)' aips ( .fGIJ!.) b:.d Dot &led Bi&ht plas; 6 

of the 34 were loa at the tiiOc v( me crash. 

1'hinr:ca smdata wac PDFif'hially lost whca 

tbq cruhed; 8 had ND out of fiad. 

Jua n r pu&or-aa-. 

CPII.tributolf iasuuaoHCiatcd factors cited by 

the NTS8 inclnW ~ supenisioA 07 caa), 

delaJ'Id rcmecfiel aaioa GQ, mishandled &'-lated 

nvzs "l' (20), IIIII b f-cwt alllapm {IS). 

T__,.._ percent c£ me 101os tdlcaecl iaad- •• ',:L.,• L'of • . .I. f:lliua!Cttal~prurt&tu.yUlft"!!n'P"CD au::waw 

ud ~ (69 caRl), UM!dt-UICI-p ludiap (48), 
and rec:G'ftr)' from bouoced laocliop (35). Fiftr-faur 

iDmucton let dte mldeor pt so far iato ao opaatioDal problem dw dte iamucto~ coulcl110t cecowcr 

We airaaf't. Nineteen cnslacs occuncd because dte 

CPI did oor mticipue a student's hasty aaioo. Tm 

crashcscccuneclaficr me a:Js&uluat fon:edlaodiap iD ;ucu dw did aor afl"onl sak laocliDJ pJ.ccs 

whcndlesimalatedaDUguaciatumediacorcalona. 

Ally' • c• a 1 tlnlw 

Twift-coainc pluia cxampritcd ouJr '" ol dae 

series. but 1~ oldte crashes fOIJowiDs simlllated 

cmcrpcies mel 13'11 of mccbaoical failwes. 

Tllilwhed.ua.ft (61) -rcio'fOhecl in ooly~ol 

all crasha. b.t iD li"MM of _. and 794!1. of 

pvuoclloops. 

Ai2cnft with rcuaaable laodiag pr (&6) coasd· 

mml ODiy ., .. of aD aircraft, bat 2691. of the crasha 

due to meclwaical failure. 

en.~a .......... At least oac fouality oc:currecf iD II .. of crashes. 

The crashes lharwcrc moalikdyto be r-1 wac VFR. 

iam JMC (71" r-1), aUcbir collilioos {<44 .. ), uacl 

..us (33'11.). 

The pilot--likely to be Uledi£ the weather 

- IMC. postaash 6rc omarmi. dae aill:faft was a 

rwiD-eqiac. or the pilot wu not nsuainecl with a 

lheuJcler hamm 

NiDc pcRmt of traiaccs aocl 16"- of iosuucton 

bowll to hne a shoulder leSaaint available wac DOt 

wcarmcit. 

m. ASRSDATA 

The ASRS clara deaibc ill cd IWS dwcVd DOl n:sult 

iaaasbcs. burtbercKcr insip Wll dll!d:auuznca. 

• pmwided iD abe pilots' GWD _. ID pacuJ. dlq 

- CIOn • Lit with dae s..-., Sam die ady Q/ 

a.lu:s Of p!lniaaJar ialaaf wae dtc 34 _..micl.air 

mlt•inns (NMACs), which~ 11" of the rcporu. Simjler co me 30 miclair coltosinns, me, illrm :led 

3 c:aa ill wllicb a n dmt- wader allooci. ud twO 

cue~bnohiashr!ieap11e1S. Ad ipticnoftbe ~'MACs 

il ptuwOdcd ill Seainn D. 

E 'wS '0" 

Alaousb ASRS ia a volunta.oy rcponin& systcn1 

nd. tbeseliMc,not repmcnutiw of aD illcicbsau. il is 

norcwonhy that mmroftbecin:umsunces de=ibed 

in the ASR.S rcpons uc similar co thoJc ill die m.sbcs. 

This sagau dw it 'IIIOUlcl be of potential achanrage 

co make peaa:r a1e of this data base for idt:atifyiag 

p!Oblcm areas aocl tbci: causes. 

UC:OMMENDA'nONS 

Sp1ci1l _._ .h..W lie pwn CD cniJ"ria• 

ani+ ca lhria& ~ 8ipts ia 1lae tnlic pat· 

a:ra, wbcrc midair collisions i~ insttoaioml 

Sicbts typically- (Del.acercla 1988). A-.oidancc 

of midair adlilions ia VFR Sipt priJDarilJ depends 

~&poll pilots to •eccand a¥Did" odlcraircnft.arequirementwidlrecosnizcdlimitacions(NTSBl985,1988). 

Pilot bra f em of posicioa and illtcDtiosl clo -

relieve the pilot oi the obliprioll to~ scm 

the uca for odtcr aircnft. Piloa wackin& with ATC 

lllut be alert to die positions ol adler ailcrUt bela; 

c:mmollecl by ATC. Hclicnpor'!So which do not 8y a 

stllldud (*ter&. aocl bi-wift& acrobatic aiJpimcs, ia 

which the pilot's visul &dd is lim.ia:ci, wac each 

iawhed in 2 oi the 30 l!llidair coiJilioas, despite the 

fact that daqtepr :1 m toolya'ftr)'-Il paattnp of 

ai!cnfr at Ntp.u wlicrc madeQrs unclerp tflillina. 

Pilots oi drae aircra.ft acl mlilleau wbo share their 

naf& eravUorunalt shoald take capizuacc of the 

iiiCI :rdrilk. 

Tile .wlit)' to cope-. idl a-ce· .. tin avca _. 

pb m, siacedaisappeared to Ma &aor ill-than 

-barth of .u auLa. Satdears mar nquiRclvl iDittuaioB w:dcr chaDmpn1 croawind COIII:Iicioas.Ahhoaptbeuul~iscoaelectansnway 

with ideal wiad ciUcctioa. it uoftr:a poaible cochooK 

a ramny where the wiacb hue a subsraatial aosswiocl COIIIpOilalt. Greater ~ mar oa:u if u 

iasuumlr picb nm-orarswith lea RIOiablcwiocls for 

luciiac peacrice. uaril the aaderar is pro&iear iil 

aosnrilld Judinp ancl compcteDt a am ina safe 

aosswiad lmdU., criteria. 

... Ill'' ' ,I • • D'N!!a~ • '"'"-!- 41-~- .. .. p ll f&e.--Kt&41AJ• .uu:~practic:e. CO"tlllOO to almoot -r..IUI:h ofthecaashcs, baa 

me ad-naup of ll"~lllizinc me number oflancimp 
a, 

ft·lJitt·t!t~t:t~~lfl!fllilt~trtJJflttJr J 

PI f !ii I! Q 2.- . 1 t .. . "'ii IL Ill' :P. I ;r J ii· - ~ a. .,. il.. ~ 1 iJ g 

!l' te-~1·~. 1"' .. , se:l-tK-1'1-fi.e. §·si.o.Jr I 

r t Do i·l i· r il. ; " e. i s· 

; . , •. . t lr~~IIIJi~'lrl~iff;irl•~i•lf~F te~ [~Hll ~~F~hh ·inU(UhJ• ttffiH 

L ~ h ~ r t 11 • r~·1· ·, :. J. ~ 

1

1 r1:J· tl i ~ J.l t 1 1 ~ ;, ! .I l l.~a fiH1 .. s •. s 

-- I J· r . a.ll fl .. ~ o t r l I l· I J. t ~· ... ~ f ~ ~ ~ t . J. ~ ~ I f f l ~ p e t f l t t i ' ! [ fj~: I ... "' l ~ 11 a, I li' r II- t l ~ ~ = J 9 • :..; t f 1 l -1 " . f a· tl 

~fti~rtJ~tr •t~ r~l·tlJ.'fJffr[ 11 

tlrtl rs' "'" r. J;"f r a.trt It Q t sIt! lr: = t 
CRASHES OP INSTR.UCDONAL FLIGHTS 

ANALYSIS OF CASES AND REMEDIAL APPROACHES 

A. DESCRIPTION OF CRASHES 

OF INSTllUcriONAL FUGHTS 

INTR.ODUCTION 

Cnsha of instructional flicbts, avcraJlnc more 

diu 300 each ,car. c:ompriR 14~ of all aenenl 

aviation crulaes. Their OCC1lp&Dts acc:ount for 7" 

of all fatalud serious injuria that occur ill ametal 

aviatica. Durias 1987-J9!P2, insuuctioaai Ripcs 

were i.A'I'Ohed in 36~ of all midaircollisioas (NTSB 

1987-1993). 

Despite dae siu of the problem, there bas bcellllo 

pablis!w:.J reseudl oa tbc cimulaswlca of crubes of 

iasuucciODa1 a;pa aDd the cbancminics of the 

pilots invot-l. The content of 8ipt traiuiD& •o&m 

is bawcl upon tndiriOD and upon iastn!cmrs' j ... 

menu ancl Wl~que aperiences ratbu thaa apoa 

detailecl. $)'StCIIl&tiC analyses of pilotil!ll tasks• 

(Caro. 1 988)" 

Reearch was~ uaclcm.ba to pro'lidc iafonraatioa daat can I.e aaed in the cleftlopmeot of 

relcftateclucacioMI awcriab. The ob;ectiws were ro 

dctemUae die c:in:1uutancles aackr wbidJ crufau or 

iasuuctioaal fiisbea ocau, identify faaon ilmiMd 

ill Aehaasbea. andaaa!p.e the nlationships bawwn 

dae ciKU-of tile uubcs &lid tile c:hanaeriaaa or the instnacrors and their bllWS 

METHODS 

TbcNIIlioaaiTnmponaions.felyBoard(NTSB) 

repora aD cruhes of DOil-pvetWDmt aircnft that 

tHI&It in dcMh. rerioua injary. or subsrantial damage 

to the aircraft. NTSBcorDpUtertapes lOr iNtNaiollal 

crubesofbxcd-wiasairplaMsia 1989 thnMaJb 1992 

(the mosc rCCCDt yean anilab!e) were aulyzed. A 

fouc-yar period-selected roobain aJarse a11.mbcc 

of mwir collisiom for malysis and to make the 

raulu peralizable. Selec:tioa of cues wu baed 

1 

Uf'OI' wh:ther 1) tile purpose oft:M fliabtwas coded 

by~e NTSB uiastnmioaal (this inclucWcbecbicles 

ancl&ieaaial&iprrevieas(BFIU)udl«l}thepiloc· 

in..command was 1aw'mt, aiaoe pilon f!Jinl oa 

maclefi;; :ic:eases are requincl to be uds the sapemaoa .;I an iasmletor. Cnsbes of helicopters and 

ultraJitP or bomdluilt ain:nft were exduded. 

their 

c.-

initial 

included 

rraiJ1ias 

DOt 

but 

OJtlrsmdeat 

abo pilon 

piloa 

holclias ~ private. 

commercial, otcwat ATP liceascawlao were aacluFiD& o.dvaaced uainiq. c:bedtouu, 01' air carrier qallifiati<lllllpro&cieaq tnining llldUoa of rhae Cilia 

was buec!. ill pan. 1ipOII the lligb crash ma oi pilcu 

of .ir wUs aacl small COIIUD1lter aircraft (Baku aDd 

Lamb. 1992: Blbreul..l99~). 

To obtain-details a--m $e Cllded data. 

the NTSB's twO-pace brie& dacriiNJic all IDidm 

c:ol1isiftM m 1919-1992, ... an crashes in 1989 aDd 

1991 werelad.Tiaesecrashes'WCtecarqocixdum 

their drcamftNICICS aacl COilrributiJas fa::am, indudins pilot peJormance, eaon coatribatiJic ro loss of 

coauol, emeageac:y bandlina. trainin& de6c:iencies. 

aDd poordecisions.1'11aese imerpmatioaswerec:ocbf 

ud comb.iaed wida Wimaatioo on the at. rapes lor 

thepurpo~eof~malriple-~t_.,__ 

The renlu of the CUllS fnm this poniOD of the 

aulysis. 4lescriW wader RESUJ. TS: Part n, CODRi· 

bite the -.jor part of the sady fiadinp 

Rmi•cuadmdiacthe~desc:ribedill 

the brief& of ell of the crashes was u atre111e1r timeCO!lS1aiDiag pRICICII; ._. .... of time and hdaet cocsrminu. the briefs were studied ad ...ty.d oaly for 

n-o~ Buedoa ..W,.S of the NTSB-cccled data 

Co: the,_. 1989-1992, the,_. 1989 uad 1991 

- represatatiw of the -..,_ period with reprd toc:ircumsc&Dc:aofthecnsl.es (e.s-. wiadspeed). 

ebarac:teristic of pilou. ancl GUW The NTS8 

in~ of 1992 crashes had - ,_. COIIIp'-d at the iDitiatioa or chis project; therefore, tile 

1992 cues- oM chosen ~r fC'!icw of dae bridS. 
De-iftatOt data Oil the DUI'I\ber ofinmuctiocal 

~liFts- aoc amiable, makiaa calaalaUoll of races 

imp ossihle. ID~m~al c:omparisolls. bowe;u, permitted klani&cuioa of u1aciMiov bctwcea cimammmcrs of the cruba uad characteristics of the pilots 

udailcnft. 

Put L NI'D o. .. 1919-Im 

Duriac me four reus 1919-1992, am ialmlctioctal airplanes were ia~ in 1218 cnahes. The 

cmhs in"fOhed coDisioas widt tm'lia.-. rt:nca, 

ecc.. or with aaother aircnli, plus oae fauJ propdler 

injury \0 oa-pound penonnel. 

The casualties iDducled 250 deaths. 128 mious 

iDjuries. ucll70 millor iajuries (Tdlle 1). Tweat}'-

oae of the &alities were OCX1Ipllllts of other aircnft 

iavolved iD midair mlisioas with iDitnaaioJI&I airplanes. Of rhc 1226 pilots-m-e-mud of the iasmxriollal airplues. f%6 (fmi}-tiffecf. 

Tbcswcs with dtelupDWIIbenofcmhes were 

CalifDnaia(l SO), Florida (108), Teas (97),MichipD 

(S5). Arimaa (54). aDd Colorado (54) ffable 2). 

While dte Jarac awa&en oE aubeo ia CaliimUa aDd 

Taasptokbl7 coouap oadto the luw: popaluicmscf 

daose smes, as well as~ popularity of pDCnl matioa, dac •aay cues ia FJorida ud ArUona may 

.oeftea the pKSCDCC in these S'4leS o£ WJe ftipE 

uaift~ ttbools Alasb. ""'- ,_ of all petal 

aviation aasbcs occur (NTSB 1993), bad only -47 

cnshes or iratnw:tio.W rupn. .,., of dtc toal. 

MicWr coD' daM 

Thirty midair coUi9ou iaYolml1 38 cmliaa inmuctiooal airplaoa OCQllftd duiuc tile iOar yan. 

THr IICCOllllted fof l.S,., of all the crashes ofinstnactioaal Ripn ed fw ~ of all cicaths (501250). 

£iPt oE me midain - coDisiou beta Ul two 

ci'filiaa iumlaioQJ airplucs. l!t a lli11th cue, a 

Jnilitary airplaDC (not OGC of the &i.-aaft ia the study 

~Cries) stl'llCk a civillaa uaincr, ia both aircraft, the 

ttaiaees wcre1lftdaaoia& dul iAstnaction.. 

TweDty-two of me 38 tniaccs ia\IOhed ia aUc!air 

coUisioasweRwith aa illlSUua.v.md 16wereoasolo 

A;,ln The 16 uaiaee:; oa solo Siprs were pcrally 

m01e apcrienced dwl minces DOt iD mickir collisioas: 75CM. w-so hocus tocaiSicht tim& .aplied with 41191. of pilotS ia othe:r crasbcs OD 80lo. Of 

me 16 solo pilots ill midairs, 7 (~~} w piwau 

lkcnsc:s, comparcci lri!U,. of do mdecs ill adler 

lJ1ICS of aches. Al!boup -re ~ dxy 

were ,....,F· The •edias "F of these 16 pilou24 ,_.,-M tWomer .m-. ~~ iOr fov c:ases, the mid•ir c:ollisioas occunediaot aearmlisporr uaf&patena. Oneofrhc 

6Mu acocpbou iuwclnd twO private piloa iD aaiaiag 

ar the - ftipt $Chool who 'iiJiett !lyiDs aossTlillle1 • ...,11l» .. i

Cfashes ci lnst.ructiontll Fill Ill. 1&-1SWIQ 

OCCUPAII1'8 01! I ISIRUCliUIW. TOTAL NUIIIilB' 

lWJURY AII'IPUHI!II OFP!UD118" 

• ~ • ~ 

Fat 22e 12-1 2!50 12.8 

s.noua 123 8.5 128 8.5 

Minor at 1S.7 270 13.7 

Hen lJII .JLI lB ..lt2 

TOTAL 1181 100.0 1978 100.0 

~~oll'a'ka.,llal!lld~llrpllnu 

IIMihad l!ll'llldlilir c 7 ': IL 

2 
HhHtfh[J .. [f I i t~f.t.h JS· ~· I ttP t' ;;~ [ r 5 8 J r p: r P·H .. ,.. ~ ·.r ~ .. •. -tll.!t*p· f Jflflllllllllfllf~ t: ~~ tHHJ .tJH -.s 

l ! l 0 ~! f . • ar ; • f ;· I ·~·I&·N~iN~~i~~~~. I ifd ruu~i( ~;. !S' 

"f"l t•(sg IJ I 

:. ttl ll

1Rl· 5- l f t t- ?.t .. i2. I ... I ~f.j-~"Jlli'~uu rftf J ~·I· ~~~~~w~.~--a~~-.~ f . a.t··}' l N~ -~ N • W Ne •• "I .. a.f-2. ... ""~- • [ J. [lt i.)l··lti;f J ... ~- ·l.. . .. r-i I ~JI'fflii(IUJffi~ ' 'h·llt n~~ l! i f ·! Ill . I .=ttl}lthU.u ~t ll 

lf ! . I . I ' I I I • ~b~-~~~~~~-~w~~~~ 

~~·r.lJ l!tu h ~ • 

··•lrttl. te tq n t 

••t ' r .. f 1 .. a.s ~~Jit P.t= tt rf t 
0 ' .,,_, • "'~ 

iasuuctor, ..._hi. eeau tn wa bit in the npt 

side by a military T38 pi~ 530 knots duriaa dual 

iumacticNa. 

In at least OM midair collision, mommeDCiecl 

radio proceducs-llOt followed. Ia ar last 6. me 

pilotc ofbothaircnfr made radio calb. but did-1ee 

&Dd awid one uotber's aircraft. Ia S odlct llliclairs, 

ATC{airttaftice.lauol)did aotpnmclcaparatioa to 

2 aUcrJt mat collided. altt..o.·aL both-ia -*' 

wida ATC; ia I cae. A'!'C was conaollinc 1 IFR 

aimUt. but'ftl appamady uaaware d'a VFil.m:n& 

ill the area befOre the two collideJ. 

Each of the lllidair collisions is SWIIIIIarized in 

Seaioa I. 

Put IL Nl'SB Dal8l l)ecella efCrnha ia 1919 

...tl99l 

Durin& 1989 aad 1"1, 635 aasbes oc:cw:ml. 

irlw!Yiaa63S i~oul airplmes. The fiadinpia 

mit seaion relate to the deaiW micw of the aaahes 

of tbae 638ftp D.:s dpdwe summaries of maar 

ofdlecuesiR to be fOuDd ia ScctiOil B. 

Fifrroac paunt ofdae &ipts wen: sob of pilots 

wida studeatcertifkates; an additioul5" wae so1oa 

of priftte pi1oa who~ wodiDC unmd a commercial license (Table 3). Thiny-Diae paceat of crashes 

OCC1UteCl iacoucaion wkhdul iasmacrion, ud 5'16 

on checbrat flipa or bienaislfticht RVicws. 

.. .... 1 

~ Diatrlbutlona of Time of Crash 

All Ctilltila vs Midliir ColaiJI'l8. 1• -1992 

OAJI Crashes •Midair Collstons 

25 

20 

15 ~ -

c: 

D 

e 

l. 

10 

5 
Tllble ~ ntr1 1 of NgM a., T)Pt of Plfllll 

Cr111M8flllnltruc:tlonal ~ 1981 8WJ1991 

Talaaff 21 

Clililbout 12 

~ 52 

D1 eet 7 

DownliNI or 7 

...... 

FniiiiPftii!Ch 8 

lAidllQ • 

Go«Gund 26 

Tui 4 

Not In moibl 0 

Touch-clcl-gc 71 

PMI:ticiiG _..I. 1 

TII!M 4 

Olwr 8 

TOTALI :tZ1 

TOTAL., 51.3 

1 21 

0 ss 

5 • 

4 9 

I 4 

2 17 

7 so 

2 25 

1 3 

1 i 

8 30 

0 3 

0 6 

3 14 

33 241 

5.2 39.0 

IIPROR 

Clll!~· 

RIJE 

1 

1 

3 

0 

1 

5 

t 

3 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

2 

2t 

4.5 

44 1.9 

• 7.5 

88 13.5 

20 3.1 

13 2.0 

32 5.0 

185 25.t 

58 8.1 

8 1.2 

7 1.1 

118 18.5 

4 o.a 

10 us 

%7 4..3 

898 100.0 

100.0 

• Eri daa7- ~ ..... 0..... folliFCOUIIIIJ, '-tit Rico, 01tlllla awn. 

.... ., .... , 

PhueofiJiahtwac clctermiDed by "C&diaa dle nrro-

~ brie&; it did nouiwll)'lcoincidewida the NTSBcodecl•p~aue• becaiiSe it-baed upoa dle period 

when du: p!Wlan-.. 

The lllOft com moo pbaes'Wel' .. ;andinc {26'WI) and 

to~~Ch-and-p's (19'6) (Table 3 aad F'JgUK 2). Althoap the lqtb gf e:pc111m 1D ada phase of iasuuaioaal flight il DOC kuowu, his obvious that 

cenaiaplwesateowez repmaneclamqrJ..:craalaa 

in relation 10 C3pOS1IR. For aampJe. aJmouah dlere 

are asmauyabof& aslandiap. auha wue almon 

4 times u ~em llfidinc u oa takeoff. 

In macb-ud-go i-'inp. the lirplane does not 

C'OIIIetoa~scop bcfOreatioaolfapio; tbae 

118 cruha iodudcd 84 soloaand 34with an ilasuucmr(Table4j. ThciOUdl-aad-to'soauoloconaituted 

s 

23t& of aD a.t.es Oil tolo tJichu. nree of the four 

iuchenaat sear teaaaioDI occuned •• a clual 

f1i&ht (i.e., with all msu-r .boud) - about 10 

maR I IOUCh-and-p landiBJ. 

Cnslla oa ~ alllllbeml56, of wbicia 27 

(4.,.) ia~ staiJs. Fift airp1aaes smrrck wira on 

p-arounds. fifu:ea crasbn on ao--uacl occumd 

darinc simaJaral anerpcia. 

QrnmJU ca 

On the buis ofiammuotioD iadudecl ill the NTSB 

twO-JIIF de.aiption of the crash, each caw - usiped m 1 of 14 cacqories (I' aWt S). 

l.ea of OIIUI'O!GD la·611i1WU the lllost COIIImOil 

9JIC of cnda, ~ .iD ll7 cnabes, or 36t& of the 

earire saies. .Aithou&h com.~a. ~hey rarely rewlled 
.... ... ..... ... 

• I I ..... • .._ I 7 -p 

:-:- • • I I - - I 

- I .. 

I I 

I 

-

I 

-

I t ' . I 

I 

t 

I 

• 

' I I I 

I I • I I I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

i 

I 

I 

,. • • • • • .,. • 

cu. 1 lt•PU I laiQ IIIII 

Tlllle4. a IIIII~Mu.AullchgTauah..OOh 6rae 

lnB1Iucllonll fiWiil, 1-and 1891 

Tlbolf,IW'I eft side 13 4 17 

Olblr IIIIa C'l cadfd on llkeoff 5 1 IS 

IMdiC.Nn allide 18 3 21 

LlftciiiOJNndfend 3 2 5 

UncllnQo M II D'Mr I 3 12 

L81di10J ,_, 7 1 8 

Olhlr IIIIa af CIIMOI on •ICing 7 1 8 

Fila! lllar; Jlc.n 5 2 7 

Mdlir•c=11m 1 1 2 

tllcllailicllfdn 5 5 10 

11..-.-11 per Ntla:tioaa 0 3 3 

oe.. ..a _J ...§ 

TOTAL 84 34 118 

"lllcblll8 ,...., .... Be lnlll 

........ 3 ct11 I a It ll!gi'eJ and 1i:lllrdlill t~rr• nMN. 

6 

I 

-

• 

.. 

; 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

• -
TableS. ~ofCI ainnbyTpofFigld 

II"'Stnnctionnl FIUIIa. 1989 and 1&;1 

I.Daof .... T.._. 

l.aaaf carCJal ........ ,. •

Fualdlr Jl I 43 

WRNDIMC 5 

..... 5. Ui 

,. ...... 1118 ' 3 

'lut . ...... 21 

........ 2 

Gear up Ia .. 0 

~Icing 12 

..... • Ol'lt 4 

Ul I · ed:wcl ...2 

TOTAL m 

ill ••. ~ injlll'1 and ODiy 1 proved fatal. \\"'nhin shU 

c:uqory. dae larp Sllbpoaps - nil off- of 

nmway (69 cases), -.er (52), had !andia; (37}, 

utd na off end of nanway (19). 

£ish-of me crashes occarJed while eRCUtiDc a 

ac-nc1 followiJiaaa 11nn• • nNiatm'Apt to Jaad. 

Twenl)"''O!Coccarm! iD COilacaioa with asi!Dulad 

e.UUJmcy. CroawiDck wae iD-.olwcl iD 109 caser of 

loss of COilaol 011 laadiaa (4Mb) ud aihriads ia 21 

(,.). 

J... of cooaol - 'P1 I ft' reqalud iD 55 czuhes. 

~ of the series. Most commoaly, pilou no off the 

side of the nmway (43) or off the ead (8). As ia me 

cue of loa of COilaoiOD LutodiDa. croawiDds were a 

major £actor. 

Seal was the priDwy nat ia 94 cues (IS,.). An 

iaamxmr - on iMwd whett llllf of the mils occurred (Table 6). Moat stalls were W:eofflcieparnare 

(39catCS)orapproach to landi"8{28)acah Oftbd9 

atallson..bo&Idoepamue.23occunedOD~ 

17 iDYOived cwwwiads, aacl 8, 'Pihriods. Thineea 

.uJk tflS'ICd Jiom dJnufated emetpnci.s. 

1M 

2 15 3 55 a.e 

10 Sl 12 '12.1 au 

7 20 4 74 1t.8 

0 2 0 7 1.1 

2 • 1 18 u 

2 • 0 11 1.7 

0 55 4 eo 1U 

0 2 0 4 0.1 

0 G 1 7 1.1 

3 10 0 25 u 

0 4 t 11 1.7 

2 15 0 21 u 

..1 ..2 ~ ,j ..u 

3S 

- 29 

- 100.0 

Tbc 31 fa'PI mils KCIOWltc:d for 46" of Ill fatal 

crasbcs aadoccumd uder a Yarietyolci~C~~D~St~~~oC:a 

(Table6). Aa ilumlaor-present Olll 9 Richa that 

mmillalell io f'anl nalls. Denib of the 31 fatal $tall 

C8RS ue psaentcd ia Scctioo B. 

hel......a-2 renhecl ia 74crasbcs (l2,.),29of 

...!lidlwereoaaoa =unl'f1doa.Aa imuiKUWpraeoton24ofthe74fiiaha,iadacliDJ3iaamlment 

uainiag fli&bcs &ad 10 of die 14 fticlaa oa wiUdl the 

fiael ~-set oa aa Clllpcf 'P!Ik. N'metcCD 

crubcs OCCIIIftd wbm fiad - a' ~·-. but the 

pilocs misuaclemood the Cud &)'SII:W or au dae fuel 

sel1 c1or tor dte empty ..U.. Four anlles aubseqamt 

to 6rd nhnaiom tenniJwed ill fatal aa11s. These 

wae danificd ill dUa catepry. radaer dwa u •...n.• 

bcausetheladtoffiaelwasdlcprecipitatiacpsohlaa. 

m 51 cateS. rhe filel - ~ becaue the 

piloc(a) IDisjwlaed rhe .,;laNe fuel; Q:ssu airaaft. 

ia wlliciltbchi&h wiap mabvismMuion of the fuel 

cljflim~ accoutcd .fOr "" of meae cases. - 6MI.ofal!otberC!Ubcsiarhestvdy. £i&lareea perc=m 

o( me fuel ezlaaustioo- occurred ia Tau. which 

had only~ oE all the auba. 

a JW!w I ioa in :' hr hcUaeht . •• ia wlaicti die aam i:-affatl. :acl edoer .... ;_ caa:illc ;..,lj. 'mt f .. ho mda dlt 

epc. 

7 
,...... .. Clroun'lltace .. ndO.Ltn•z ofCt 11tzelnuohlngS' 'z 

lnatn.ldionlll fiiGI*, 1& tnd Ull1 

~-,-"'10iir-l 

Ptid:iro llillllorlpN o 

T~ .... 20 

Approar:t\ ti) ... .. 12 

,..,....,. .J 

"' I ~111llt allllllgllt..-.. ""li ca :1111 ct ul I' 1 

0 

15 

12 

_t 

1 

2 

3 

.J 

2 

2 

1 

!! 

Tillie 7. M at.: I c II Flilllna 

CI-.Clf 1riaWc:1oM1 RVa. 1888 am 1ee1 

UM4' I .. pcMWiaea 

a.r .... Sluckorfdld....,. 

c.tluNiar 

T1wi llanu.._weoc ..... ...,1 

al:nldbfMber ule I door 

.,... .... -*'i' ,lllgitllug 

Flan 

Hlllll .. COI""iiNI-Iciollt 

Full 

CUIItlln6 itiNt Au'n·· Clllnl ..... 

Ol•rfl!!lllcln 

01 car•MIIIIioll 

QaillziiMtlli~t..ad 

• 

1 

m 

15 

.J 

31 

13 

8 

5 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

..11 

._, auMI .... llilblllld pNiilltly ID I'IIICiwlll:llllllln and In 22 Cllhlf 

caM ............... ,. 

2 

17 

13 

l§ 
I 

fD 

~ fiJI 

Itt 

I 

\0 If llJ J if If J I -i 

I II• I - I II. 01 ,,,.,.! GJ C4 au• ,i w at • • i 

-~~~ 

el .. lui .. • • 

" 10 " I iiJ 

I 18 ,. ;;: 

C4 " .. II ~ !; !.i I 

0..~. ILl.. ~·t 'ttl r ~c~· ~ lllf! ~hH i J 'u ·~hiH t~! tH~t 

•tdf!;•.lh"f~. i Jl "it t: s 1 :::::.; ... lJ· 

... :;r • [~ :;. r i:L r " " ·- a- :· [ R J r " C: q •. I ~ Q ~ .: li' H 

~'0 rti.t~ieil a. I i·l c: t 1 : t r ~ 1· t f J s 

fl 

.. I 11 II ... 

! 

-~~[Jli!lii~tl J(i ~~itl[•l !l·f 

s ·a.l§.o ..... rr .. · r. A g Jl ., 

I t l ~J. ~ ~ [ . --. a: i J: f 8 ~: J·l i ~ [ l J 

J: I ... - •. ll. - t. ~ 1 1P. [ B. 4.[ • •• 

a a r r !!I 9,i :. ~ f t 

, 

1

. rr 1.!0 .~= J r s- ! s· r 

J

. g: • 

-

5. 8 11 l• a "'· ;: :J:~ 7 _. 

· e t ~Ji' t 9: i ~ ;· :.1 l 
-

0 

ll~i!! 

I n ~~~ I •P 

j SiiisBI i I 

I' 

I J(b~Ms~lii 

.. 

IIlii-S• 

I. I I ... 

(i•·i~ 

~f~!tr~ll~JJflllt1;rf lllJI~J(~t~l I [•l!t~llftt~ tJff~tl ~~i~l~liJ11f ~~ t!Hi ~ rrht_Hifl Hn .H •t . 

•B ·J L tJ~f~ i uth •tU. ~! • i. ~ •· ... 111 r ""~ . ~~ iL ~ 1 ~l .. "l ~ B ~ :0 •J & I j • .. . J ... ~ o{ •. Jl f I. ~ ~- !f. !-a. &:Ll a.li~.trc [ll"' ~ 

t ~'. I I ~ t r ;· ~ i aJ· ! r11 j • l I ~ [ t ,; r. 

I!Jfl~f ~f!rffiJfJt!rlllllitlt!fl~ ~f!,[Jil loG. i5 r;.l!l~~~~~~t!t~-lfrrif.i1.,~flt lr 01 no•r .. !. .... j a CW-8-:z~a- e: 

'"""' ,.. .,.-,raMiit dlllh• 

u· tlti! rt~1~i; if~!i.'tlltl~i~!~ :..-5=! i fli ... llil lrl~:gJ Et= A .. _ll :s -ml= 

~ri~~~ all(~J·I ~~J[[tlt!f~ifi~r~~~ ,. I I i • ~ rj·l rt . ft t. . It I' ;, .a D i I Q. t r ~I 8 

~ ' 2. ' a t a · " ~ 2 2. ~ .. f s· 1- ~· I I 1- a.1 t t t Ci J 
private license, owned the aiKnft ia wlaich he was 

nceivillciluuuaioa, OfWUIUiderJoiDC a dtccb.at 

Of lliellllia! Si&ht ft'riew. 

Tht medi•• IF was 33 fOr iasuucton ud 35 for 

pilots with Si1ldent Iicea-. Ei&ht pem:at of stu-

~~~~ -re)'OWIICr daaa 20: 5~ of the mulena aad 

~ ofcbe iannlctot5-. 60otoldc:t (Table 12). 

FaCer-- pacmt of the maclmt pibs aad 58 of 

cbe ialtnaetors were be:rweea 20 am! 34 ,an old. 

Felftales wnaitidled 15~ of the uai'"" aad 5" of 

the iuaDaDrt. 'l1lele- 110 IFPIRDt rl · aolt• be- -pilot• or·scsmd dle~ofdleaasb. 

Til* 11. Numllw af Ci 1h11 br Wind Spa ad and Wind Angle witt RunRy lis s tlng 

lnStNdlcnal Alai*. 1989 n 1991 

0 

zo•. 2 11 4 1 2 

so•. 0 tO 11 1 1 

40"· 0 10 I 1 1 

so•- 0 8 e 3 2 

eo·- 0 8 • .. 1 

70"· 1 9 5 2 0 

ao•- 2 7 5 0 0 

10"- 3 4 8 2 0 

100"- 0 8 2 1 0 

110"- 0 2 0 1 1 

120"+ .Jl .a .i .Jl .Jl 

TOTAL 8 81 58 18 8 

Tllallt12. ApoiStuds • lftdlwtli...,. 

c.-.. of lnltrucllcnal Flfgldt. 1189 and 1981 

20 

23 

18 

17 

11 

17 

14 

15 

11 

4 

..! 

174 

_.----,.- :T""'iWri! 

4 

20- 53 18.7 52 21.3 15 120 

25- • 11.3 52 21.3 10 18 

30- 42 13.0 S1 15.1 5 14 

35- 51 15.8 23 1.4 4 78 

40- • 12.2 17 7.0 10 

45- 30 9.4 18 7.4 • 3 51 

50- 15 4.7 18 7.4 1 34 

55- 12 s.s 5 2.1 ' 23 

80+ ..1§ .A&! .a& ....ll.Q ....J .n 

TOTAL 320 100.0 244 11:10.0 81 825 

"E1a:ludle 13 pbs whoea.- unlcnown. 

"Excludes trainee8 wllh priv Ill lctri I I l,lnclltdld In -other .• 

n 
The principal pfession of8~ ofdae iasttucton 

- "piiot• (T.WC 1~). The pro(aaoa cocW toraaiaees ..,. either "bv•ir as• (~) or "lt1lCicac• 

(33 .. ). 

or the 386 miaees fOr whom pilot mfimamon - ,_acw. ,. .. almMir lwl private pilot liceases; 

5 aboWmal~ miap.asW84,..ofthe 

~(Tallie 14}. 

Tbemedintotal Sipttilllcofthe~­

JSSZ houu (_ .. 3124 h) (Table lS). Sia instnactonW te_.thaftlOhousli&lltlimeia the90dqs 

prior to the crash. Elnea iasuuctan Ud las dwt 10 

houri eape.ieDCe in the tJPC of aircraft &o- at the 

timeofdaec:nsh rcime iD CJPCi• 4ofdlac 11 ai!craft 

salted. 

The aediaaoumbttoffli&hthoursasuiAstruaor 

- 781 houn (lllelll•l384 h), me i.r.miiCIDn hid 

las dwt S hours of prnioas iAstnlctionU time. Loss 

of a.aaol em laadiaa occumd ~n:iouccly 

-. inmuaorsvith fewer than 300 bolUS' aperiCDCe as =a illllmaacr. 

The mrdiu toad mpc amc of the traiucaWilS 43 

hous(IIM8D•l08h),u.l l,..hldlessdwa2Sbouts' 

total flishc timewheo daeycradled (Table 15). Elefta 

pilots with SCDdCDt lioenrs had more than 200 hours' 

total Ome, I 4£ oj"' dw may of mae •madeaa• 

were DOC sdllftyias uncler an iwuw's~apcnision. 

Of the 317 cnahaoftniecawithmodeatlicea-. 

39 (1~) were known to aaw CI«UU''ed on the fbu, 

secoad.ordWd dofti&lat(TaWe 16), CJPic:allydueto 

loa of awroi OD faadiac. 

Ahriaost oae-fourtll of dac macleet IOio ~ CKc:wm! OD CIOIS<OVDUJ Sipc:s. The moR COlWilOil 

circumsraacescfrhe84mdlesoaCIOIS-counaysolos 

1ll'eJe fiJel aummon (~} ud Joss of COAuol Oil 

landinc (31"). 

Pilocs &,iDa ..mh miideot licentes may aot 1ep11y 

cany P' • p.ss. ~ 23 crashes ira dac series occurred 

when student piloa were call)i:• 1 or more pasm· 

aen. Tcaofcbcsc23cnsha{43"'}werefaw (4 times 

dae -ul fatality me GVr tbe series) ud 12 (Sl'Mo) 

inwulw:d salls. 1'h!ee of met! wile stribs ialhe series 

iawulve4 stwlaats who-&,iDs wilh PI •am1'Mie11. PlkclpiiPUIIIIImofPikMiftCI lhll 

lnltructionll fiW*, 1989 and 1891 

Bulillll 43 39.8 7 1.1 

Student sa 3S.3 1 1.0 

Doctao'Denlilt 6 s.s 0 

Police 4 3.7 0 

T.-. 1 1.0 3 u 

Enginnr 3 2.8 0 

Odwr ~ .u ..ii ..&.1 

TOTAL 108 100.0 112 100.0 

Tillie....,.. 418 p~o~a fcrwt~~m pc r I 

• Clf ln:aWI:9Dr -- W18Wli1Wt. 

ll 
,..._14. Alrp't•RIItllllp 

Clashllfi ~...._.. 1889cnd 19&1 

SinglaqM 

lllnd 

Singta llld ...... 

... lind 

& 

50-

100. 

2tJO. 

300-

500-

1000. 

2000-

5000-

10000+ 

TOTAL 

123 

131 

Sl6 

32 

13 

14 

8 

2 

1 

1 

.J 

379 

31.9 40 18.3 

S7 

25.3 

8.4 

3.4 2 o.a 

3.7 N u 

2.1 ri1 23.6 

D.5 62 25.8 

u 56 22.3 

o.3 28 1o.8 

..A.Q ~ ..l.R 

100.0 242 100.0 

Fri""'17c:-. ........... ,.tlllructar ... liialOM't. 

···NIIC4i PAw 

TOTAL 

S I C IIUd or tird IOfo 15 4.8 0 15 4.2 

Sc*» \:1 C II CO\ftry 77 23.6 7 21.2 84 23.S 

OlMI' or u....-.••d IOio au ~ I§ ..zu m .JU 

TOTAL 3fl'l 100.0 33 100.0 380 100.0 

13 
Not,..--

Spea&e pilo~ performaace factors were infermi fOr 86~ of auba (Tible 17). The JllCISt 

COIIUilOD piloc ~. ~ cooao!.,. ccted in half of 

the crashes. is demiled in Table 18. Poor crosswind 

coaeaioa VIS appareat in 79 aasba. a bowated 

ludina m48. r.dder JllisliSe in 42.1!ld pooc lwulling 

of sur&.:e wiml or t1llbuleace in 40. 

'I'hineea .aadma aabed wbea tbq were lost; 8 

wbo - lost w IWl - of fiael. Siz: of the !oat 

mtdeau had not filed ftiabt plaDS. 

Altiacqh itiaa:aadud md ICCODitlleDdcd practice 

to rue a fliahtplaa pric« lD a trip. 34 oftbe 14 tniaecs 

who cruhecl on solo ~try aips (40,_) had 

aotdonesc. 

le I wtGr pafarauace 

Ia one-third of the c:nes, the NTSB iavatipor 

cited iJmruaor.rdated factors u coatributory to the 

crash. Ttte--7 cUed tieton- iadequacesupenision(77cues),dell7Cdremcdi.laction 

{34}, mishandled simalateei ~ (20}. and ia-

•aw sulllspia (IS) (Table 19). 

Oa the basis of rniew of die mo-pace NTSB 

briefs. it appeared dw IIWl}' of the aob reBecteei 

iudcqaate tninins. pri!llarily ill evduatioD of cmsswinda IIDd watber (69 ClllleS). IOIICh-and-ao landiap 

(48), mdreca~raJ ioaa bounmlhadinp(3S).In S4 

ClllleS,Ihc iasuaaor let the stude:at p so far illtn ae 

opemioaal pnlblcm tha d1e in.smlaor CiC!Uid aot 

lec:ovet, oz-COIIlpowlcled lhe problem N"metee~~. 

Tllllle 17. Plat ~e~t Pactor.aa., Type of Flgld 

Q llllh&e of lf1lltructlciMI Fligllll. 1888 and 1891 

PILCn' S1'UDIEIIT PI.DI' DUAL TOfAL 

• 

Puarpc 'ljt..., 2 1 3 0 8 cut ..... .,.,., pct.IIQtt 7 0 12 3 22 s.s 

I' J edgld llllliiiiQ 2 0 1 0 3 o.s u.to-r,.....allpl 0 0 2 0 2 0.3 

Did not .. Jhrpcap 0 0 3 0 3 o.5 ,. "•ldi•UIIPs 4 0 3 0 7 1.1 ._. nd'natta 0 1 5 ! 7 1.1 

'll)....,fuelam?..., 28 4 6 0 • 8.0 

ws;.....,w,;nn 0 0 1 0 1 G.2 

Fuel11'1 ED Ill urang 3 1 7 2 13 2.0 

"s9dged• ... 11 2 8 0 22 3.5 

Poor Mndi!IQ el dlnlly 1 0 1 0 2 u 

...... 

Gat kilt 11 1 0 0 12 u 

sa.ntm. en C016ult 0 0 2 0 2 0.3 

Alcctlol 2 0 0 0 2 0.3 

Faluleti:»SIIill MMI•wki 8 3 12 2 23 s.e 

lnUficilnt lllllluda 3 0 5 0 e 1.3 

PITI••dtnln 5 0 1 0 6 1.0 

Did not .-C81b Mat 11 2 8 0 21 3.3 

LOit COIIIRF 200 15 82 14 321 50.2 

Olllr 8 2 15 1 Z1 u 

at.clor .J2 _t .§1 ..1 .. ..1!.0 

327 33 249 29 138 100.0 

•SM Tillie t1 for dltaie. 

14 
TIIIICo 11. Plot Errora Luling to U.S af CU*oll on TIIIUIGI or Larodlnij 

Clasi11!1S of lnllltructionll 1989 lftd 1981 

DUAL 10TAL 

4 

Porpalllld 11 0 0 c 11 

BcuiCid 40 1 7 1 48 

BIIIIDO"'ICC 5 0 1 0 6 

I.Alloectill*d too fest 8 0 2 0 10 

~..-ctmslow 5 0 1 0 6 

FIIINd tao NJh 12 0 7 0 19 

lllfldpd llldng swa. 6 2 5 0 13 

Ruddwtoo a. orrcisused 31 1 10 1 43 

Poor CRIJI%Jind CXIIfKtic!n &4 4 10 4 82 

tlljilllgld IIIPft*h pdla 17 2 16 5 40 

!T'wded...-~ 19 s 18 2 45 

ll1llandled winO 1lp vcnc • s 3 1 1 0 s ,. Jrts ~ lhodlranuw ~ 4 0 3 0 7 

..... dlld hUiudoul NniiiiiY 7 2 5 0 14 

oardlb• 

"SJU d bu•• 2 0 3 0 5 

UII•Tiillrwil'l aiaaft 0 0 5 2 7 

Olher .m .Jl ~ ~ ~ 

TOTAL' 248 19 99 1e S84 

"'f 321 pllatll1llilh ...... _ -·. -ld --~b83, 

Ctllhll ollnelnl:tir.IMI 118181111811 

NC'ICR • ~ 

....... ......... t 71 35.8 

o • ....-•• ~e~~~~dcn 34 1S.S 

lll'•dlclllriURIIcl ~ 20 1.3 

1Mdtieltll1t 7'S''Ipln 15 7.0 

Dileclollllc:ulbol not mei.l ~lid 9 4.2 

Poor pidgtt pllmiroo a 3.7 

ki ........ Hlill ftililog 6 2.8 

~ 7 ptillliglt I 5 2.3 

Did nat ... C*b hllll 5 2.3 

A' !Ill u ~ not maid • led 4 1..9 

u.d ... MndlrJ farftlps 2 u 

Olhlr ~ ..llil 

TOTAL 215 tOO.O 

15 
:J)O 

::J 

""' <) 

.. ) 

::o 

"" 

,() 

··-) 

-II\ 

~ if(f(f(~IJlJ!i!l 

.- . Ill II JJI . . - &b••!~N t=~o$ § II 

Bbw••o~ ~o-N~ ~ ·~ 

$b~·~oo ~oNo• ~ o• 

~~-NOO• •o•m• ~ -~ 

~~~=m~~ s=•~~ ~ m1 

... ~!!c· .~ ~·f~t ~ ~e -~--------~--------~ --------------

I 

II I 

! 

~ 

• 

~ ~ ~ 

i • f 

j J 

... 

i 

1 

... 

~ 

.. 

I 

S.B· II'I!BtiSS.:!j' f 151QBS p 

. t l ;.f. J t :.l tll f s·t;: ~ t t 

.. Hnr!H~hh Uul 1 "l~ .. 1lpeq:n• iJH~ , 

8; a.. I 1 : ~l - = g t 

B i i~§ 1: tJ t · tf~irttf~t~LJ tit. 

tlflr[JU~fJri :t~lt ,,l~lrl!~~L~I J!t~l ji 5lo t :. ,~ ·I t ( . ~~~t,J~!liJ·i fR·~~~ i : t. ! II t i a· .. s r i. tl 

1 t i. .. li' ar ~ r: t I r II r ~ Iii' 

·ssf~~rL~ [ ~ ~~'l •lt~~ l~~J~~~ ~12.1 

s t i B ; l s tl ~ ~ J ~1~ ~ rr.fJI r~Q@~· a i 8 ra. 

t ,. a. r :~ • ; t- 1 r ~: r '·, L 
llillf~[)(J Bilil. i ~~~ 

!J~'rph -~ ul.• r· !l'w f " ' 

I : t ··I· : :' j I' ~ H ~ i. ~ i i lr i 

fl h _L hr a lil J tl f i ~ LlJ[f~' q J h : : J ti' i I 

s .• ·t l_a.ll.J J; • 1' A h""ll 

j· t 2: u 1 11 ~ J ); i i ~ ~ ~ 1 u .. .. ~s ,it 1 .. 1!. t t r =· a fC f f ; ~ t. , 1 ..., 

• .ll r ~ s . H rt ~~~ • ~i H ·e;l j il 

·• • grg," . te.!" ll 

_ • c:e ~e ~e ce 1;! I 

- ~" 1. J ~.. t '· · " 11 • ;. ~ r f r 1 · !_I~ e.141JB ~ ·=·=·lw 1 J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t • I H ~'1 r I r H H HJ ~! I !I II g 9 ~ 

Jtl1fJtfJ[ tJtrfrt =I t 
The ia'VOhoemeat of flisht instructors in ccnaiD 

qpesof~fliPt cruba was swprisia&. Direct 

Ktioas by flight insuuctors indudecl reuactiDg the 

landina aear prior to • touch-and-go !aDding. ud 

illitiadag amulaced em~ at low altitude. Of:. 

-· mereWISmdence dlat dac i~utnactorbaclallowed the amdear to clcwlop a problem put dac poiat wbcrc 

reco¥CI7- possible, which occwml in many cues 

of loss of CIOBuel Oil laD&&· t..dt of iftsuuctot 

awaraacss of u i•pendiac prolllem was ........ptiW 

by the fUel sta.rYatioD crashes due to failue to -nor 

the fUel supplywbile in fli;ht. or &ihueto raliu dm 

the fi&d seleaor- set to aa empty taDk.. 

Iamemajorityofflichudw~tt~~~inaledin~ 

mlljsjo• or m.l stalls. u iaRruc:tor was in the 

airplue. These 2 catepries of crashes comprised the 

majority of .n &tal cnshes. The iaYOhement of 

i-rs in crashes wim such scriouscooscqllalCCS 

(to theauehcs. their stllllieats, and people in ctbcr 

ailcnft) unclencores dae aeed to ensure mat insauctoJS are ttaiaed u to the impoi'Wl« of ibeir unique 

respoosiDilities. Ftipt iiiSUIICtollS are callccl upon to 

split their aueatioa bttwWllthe ~ imaionin dae difficult miliea of a llOUy wckpit - and the 

safety flaoaioa. The latter drm•nhlaigb -. 

ia tam~ of ocbcr air traffk. ATC coralllliDicatioas. 

and &irport surface ads, .Ioq wida an awaraaas 

tbM the uaiDee may respond in a auprisiiiJ and 

huanloasway. TherefOR, a pater £ocus on training 

inouiiCll!IS and iropnmac dae quality and results of 

daeir insuuaioa mq be an~ CMliCCIDC of 

dais research. Specific recDJIIIOeadatiOJI$ for diaemiJWillstbe~tsofcbcraearda.especiellytoinmuctors. are set forth in Section c. 

CONCLUSION 

For =*at pilots. their edr manoa bowJcci&e 

and jadp....,n skills are a product of boda the flicht 

tnininc propam aocl their iasuuctors' .::ills and 

taehiaa ability. The skiDs and bowledp met Silldents • •-Y &om this miniAa are what they build 

on u tbeyCODtinllC to aa:nac tlyiaguperieace. 11tas, 

a p!lot'a buic fliBht ttaiai&J iaftuences the lllfery of 

his orbereatift &,iascaRU.Impm\Oallelltsin flight 

insaaaioa, tbererore, should DOt oaly reduce crashes 

of ~ fliahu. but also enhance the safety of 

liceued pilots. 

B. DETAILS OF INDMDUAL 

CRASHES 

Tbt CoiJowing lllllliiWia are baed upon the aar• 

tatift and odact wormatioa in dle 2·pqe NTSB 

briefs. 

Topics wae ~elm~ becaue tof dleir apparent 

importmce. eua-c:hoRn 10 be illw:uatiYcofdae 

major pmlllems mcolllltleml in iDstruaioael ensiles. 

The desaiptioas prmde t:DZDples, rather dwt 

memprioa tD describe e¥ef1 cue. wich 2 aeepUona: 

ll«aue of their imponancc. ell fatal stalls aocl al 

mideir c:ollisi0111 are clcxribcd. 

M"acbir collilioas from all 4 years. 1989-1992, are 

included. tUber rbaa bei.as lliaiucl to cbc years 1989 

ancll991, u ill cbc cue of dle C!dar,r c:augoUu. T1ais 

- doae a» oiMain aa adeqaate nambtt of col1iaioos 

of this imponuac type. 

FATAL STALLS 

(31 cases fiom 1989 Mid 19'31 imacoaioarl eruha) 

1·21-89 13tfl 33-boarsa.lmr pikxc:anyios 2paw111FftiD C-172Ji&:d oirl320-footc:ow-p2SQIRsuipLclow 

aall sp=l; 2 killed md l saiollif7 injured. 

3-22-89 1131 36-bour student pilot pn:airi"S saCs aionc ill C-150; made £u;;l desa:at into sat>W'<Ovm:d 

l1mliu. 

3-24-89 #902 50-boarstildmtpilotcmyiagp• r ;~<~in PA-38-1128)-ioglowover mer, puDc:d up sharply. 

Both OCCt.lpiiiU killed wfaea riJht wing sraDed and ai:aaft dnied iato riftr. 

18 
3-28-89 #2082 46-houtstudcat pilot 11111o iD C·l SO ill p~~tan awclt ftiabt ptdt erraric ill altitude ucl airspeed; 

ailaaCt IIOied CP'er ud coUidrd wida la'l'lin. Pilat kiiW. 

4-15-89 '1S7 33-llourstudcatiaClS2lrilledill~ ... wlille-princS-mmsb,...,. 

behind modr.cr Wadi. 

S-4-89 #1&98 Both 110-bo•lllllleatudpr'"Tpiaknll!ca J1ACkiWia ~ataJificr low puts-.- arip. 

9+89 #21$7 9$-Aow..C x, t!llows WM, tilediDM·SBaaloat~tiDiltum Oil cWrdaaempt 

lD luad in 18-boc aaawiacl. 

9-19-89 #1770 34 Jaourm..._pilotwida t6MIMcioma........_......., •• u.c150wi1hp• sa . ..WIIIII 

a.bed 011 .....-p..e. bodt tilled. 

10-14-89 #2040 30-llourstudcatoa &nuupenised _. iD CIS2 left pll'lli.'IIIN eecood hndiaa. Ailed i11cD 

6elcl.r- cia~ house mel O,U.Iow-aolf courc. 

5-5-91 #18S6 91-hour .....lenr pilot with 71 boun MIM ((PA-38-112) Jallecl irual .. NTSB cha""' ret ··..t sal 

u intli.'Drional 

5-~91 #1,. 30-llouruwlcatwith23bo.raPA-28-t40.buzeclhishorae.rolledinYe~&ed&-aeep'-lr:faal 

cnab. 

7-5-91 #1330 228 lular ~t pilot. with 129 llaun in IU Oampion 7AC. c:&nJiag P' F• JUde 

iwhu-t sail ixo Iaraia. 

o.u 

~ #1303 ISO(J.6ourCH &M»aduaf iaC-lSO toaCFI "'pcut.. W"KDI """ _,airaafi pdchupand dam 

- dowa. ~ pibs fliUr:d.. 

4-12-89 #2103 1592-hDur CFI, boun M1M 1lllbowD. sMz!1 ......... tniaias ia labIA 4-200 10 •""'Cher 

pilaf. Bada CleW ldiW ia a. ..... 5-9-89 #1304 4800-bourCFI. 680 MIM.amas ClftPCOOidiaMioa traiDiac ia PA-44-180 10 two odlu piloa; 

ndlr dMaiacli I ! aal/spia iato RL 

5-22-89 HOl Putl3Smhi'labf4000-haurATPwilb30MIN.iaDC3. Twopiloam:IOilltf 1 •killed 

ill aallllpia.. 

6-25-89 #2369 Ptime pilot pnairi!!a ia C 1 S2 salecl iB -loPJ' nce aod wjorlslwr ill the aaf& petli5JIO piSeK 

ucl F "''~' kiW. 

7·2-89 #2101 Ecpa" miCfllloiaatondt-ari-p'nridumdmtiaC150 .. OadaWIIDilhaillualyiDjlued 

ill stall/ apia in fiat pt. 

8-is-89 #217S 1024-DourCR&-~eagillefiilweiaC1S2;_..t....&cieJrpalled-upiDIOsaiL 

l>uriDc ZCIQ')Ilel) aircnft hit ---lalaia.. Srndeet killecl; CFI&&tiowiJ iltjluecL 

l·l-91 #141 2517-llour CH wim 420 6oan WM ailed llta1lptina ~ ill Cl7l fiom -W'f· 

1500-iOot ..-., .. 'I1uee Oll<boud; ..... I • tilled. 

2·2·91 #!957 130-bour pri~ pilot wicb 13 boun MIN atar&ed cabofr,.._ of~ wirb 400 iet 

nunray,.....ipj"" 3 kiled ia .......... _ ... C-112.. 

2-25-91 #432 j34-bollf a:IU!Cht.dear B,ms C!S211i1W in~ L.cfi-. ..U. oa&aal appcowJL 

3-27·91 1981 Afterpurdaale ofBeecb SliP, O'WDll.'r-pi1ot .... CFI willa 1000 boarsMIM CD S,wilblliaa ..m 

cnmer pur::- ieut. Bocb llilcd ia spia illcc t:m8ia.. 

5-18-91 #17US 2401-baarCFI..mat boarMIMPinsaaininstowileofGW~roerofPA·24-1SO .. Bocbldlledia 

w• I IRed aal.. 

!9 
!' ~, ~ ~ ! ~ ~ !ff ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [ f ~i ~ ~ ~ f 

- \0 ~ ~ - ~ \0 - ~·· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f - t ~ \0 - ~ ~ ~ J t ~~ ; : ~ ~ ~ ~ i ; ; ; ~ ! ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ 

~ :t lfi~1~~.f~f!lilf ~ l tt-!Jfi~fjflflflf & t 

I· l! B ~~ ·p~}.~~~·tf9 ~ e~ I ~~ .. tl&9 glg~ ~ 8 

1 a· f ~ 11 :11 S:i ~ l ~ ~ =' CJ !:: fi ~ Iii II !: &· g: I f ~ - ;!> l l.r .r J ~ ~ r a. 5r- ~ ~ r s· P •! tt ~ r:a 1 ~ t ~! t ..... 

I L R· li ~ s:: r: . a. - ~ r g • [ ~ ~ o r ~=:u- ~ · 

t ~~ ll ~lti~ !t ~~ ft~l~t~z-: 1~!-- t 1 ~ rH tr!l~ l1 i~ hit rbH~ Hli I 

~ 

[ 

J. 

. ~ J.li-Jll .. l .. ,. r £ [ 8 . s_ i . It' ~ J ..,1 J ...lf:'"· II" • J iL ~ §. i • t t ~ r~t · t . l ! 

,r n J. ~- i· r . t g_ J. • ll 1 . 1· ! a· ~ 

l i •. g. l iJ . rl- l J t. a t 

a· J t l f • · t r. r t • [ i· ;. ~ 
~f ;I ~~ &i ~ ~~~ i ;r ~r ~ r ~ $ -l ' ~ ~ J - ~ _, - l 

g ~, ~. i[ ~ i ! a sl at i 

!::l 

air r~l ~~ gr ll•ttl ~~r~ ~~ II tt~ c~:a ~ • ~ lt s; J·'tt J ~r ~ J.~ It 

!tt jlf ~r l~ t' '{!a ··~ t ft r !.J t I I I ~ I . ~ r •. r I' § ij i. [ ~ .1. t 511 J~, 'lr ~ fj ~ljt!~ •f r 1 f ~~ r i· l1 [ t a. VI' g I ~· li' I ill. i a &. l.. i I•· --

l ~ :. ;. ~[ ~ t ' i ~ i ~· i ~ 1. L 1- at t e f J g ~· ~ ~ ! _ l. ~ I 8 if U. ~J h hU~; •1 t n Ell 

• 

1

' 'l ft i ~- 1t ~ tl l~ i· i·1 t i t ! t ~ 1: I i l •. , 

l 

t 
o..-lf(Jz& I' ,,...... 

en. .... 

LOSS OP CONTROL IN AIRPORT SUP ..FACE WINDS 

(Enmples from l3l insu~acUN!al cnab. &om 1989 and 1"1) 

03-24-89 1231 llOO:bour CFI piac ciwaJ in a C172. Died to alb coaaol of ailaaft m smdent drifad off 

ceatedine in Qoawincl. $nedent -.aulcl DDt RliDquish CIOIIIIQI; aituafi colliclecl wida a baapr. 

04-19-89 m5 ~- rpiioc&JiaiC-150.aJiai1DIIIldOil..-ayll,winds270atlOboa.ll!lelllpcecl 

puowad in Cl'OISINil d, sealed OlliD ftlll'Ml)' and B & hanpr. 

GS-26-89 fl92 20-llour stDCieat ill CIS2. aD dWd sale. wercd o&lelt licle of ruawar 3l and bit a lip Wmds 

260u9boa. 

07·29-89 #1806 30-laour madeat wida 17 bows MIM on short &nal iw ftlllWa127 ia C172 ..,._be DCJCiad a 

~ (190. 13 baa). Tqia; ID cope witll ClOSftriad.INdeat Ia hish --cleftlop; 

liraaft hit ••wheel fUR_. porpoUed. 

02-26-91 #26 27-hourmK tcioiac111111Ch-uci-p'soa&...do,llliaanmway27. Wmds230at6a-. Oft 

dUal IJdaeoW pouad toll, aircraft :pawed left. w.ereci off ruaway, aa Ill ~ a deuway and ~Df'F Ed 

ia a plocuecl &eld.. 

11-~91 #17Sl 22-hour...._t_pcinJ•' •iaC1520Druaway7,willds030ar8boa.s-lestlost 

CDRilOI. r...ad ~ IDisuled Neider aacllnbs. ran ofF l"'llnft7ialo dia:b and DOKd owr. 

Tailwl .. 

07.07.$ #tW1 37-Jaour studeat doias ~·s GDIIIDW8134 in ClSO; wind 180 at 5 boa aacl clauicy 

lltitucle 6500 li:ct auL Student =-ed ailcn& aot di;iuc propcdy aor piO\'idiaafal power; 

................ ~ .. ..... 08-27-89 11361 39-ltov _.... .... 2 boun iD Cl72 doiaa~'soa IUilWI.)' 17, winds 340 

• 4 boa. AiRnft boUDeecl cbm mawq, JIOIII a ·11 ~ .d 'feeftd of£ 

12.03-89 11616 28 ba~~riCUdmtlendincoarwnta)' 22, windl360at15boa.Ailaafi:bowwd, driltecl 

olE IUDWIIf• hover diiCb, ..W aacl JIIIIICd-. 

03-15-91 191 56-hour wd r wida 27 J...s MIM.Iudecl C-152 aD .NRWI)' 2. winds 210 at 6 boa. Pilot 

JuacW~, hut p.aed ba CID,... IJid airaafi: Wn C Red, potpt"•IE i, aad mil ped 1101e 

..... 08-21-91 #2143 34-hoar"'"""-m C152armed mo uoa6nai1D 1111nn.18. winds300atSboa. Stu.1u1t tried 

ID ateDd flue ID dissipetp aia+"' i aiaaaft boiW:ed ad Jaaded Jwd. 

TOUCH-AND GO'S 

(Enmpla fivm 118 inemactioacrasbca ia 1~ wi 1"1) 

16-bour sradatr ill PA·28-110 Wr c:oaaal CID abo&' pbuc. ayiDc to mna die Sap.. 

Cl50 ud Ci72 bodl doiac IOUCh-ecl-p's 111tllllaiRI1711 i airpon. ClSO lmcled Olli!Dp of 

C-172. 

Jluriac!andi .. piwe,Jcftb&Wioc:bdfor4!-hourSNCimt&yiacPA·~lll.Aittnfi:wem!off 

n&llWII1 aacl Dille Uld ri&ht p cnhprd 

.fO.boar ...... "t iR Beech CMR.made WI)' bard ...... ""' mllaprd all dm:e !.n:li .. pr. 
4-22-89 m2 

7-3-89 11599 

S..l7-89 •t361 

3-31-91 •• ,., 

a-24-91 ••sa• 

0 Ill .,,., _,. •..,_.,.,. Jllil'a 

18-bow swcieat iD ClSO landed short. bcM!!I!1"f!d OMD rwaway,ll-t -· 

12-bou Sllllleat pnttirina iD ctso '--*· pouacllaopcd. 

39:bour smdeonrida 2 hou11 iD C-172 houc:ed .,_me ..-ayar•e• piDJI.wwlj"' iD sli&bt 

cailwiDd. Afiet 3rc!INI"M._, pn!p hit NUway ..J aircnCt '1I'CCI'elloi£ 

27-bouncleuCIIlfiatdo--WtadFnmwii!''D 011pudmlollhim11kd W'JDds230 

a06. 

19sllotu R11C1t.J oa IUCiiDd do ia CJ7l.-led ........... psaiODIId. 

1s-llouraucleatfltiDICJSObtcoa.uoiCIIlludiaco aieda--aciwidar.ltlapsudcarbhcat 

oa. 

10.28-91 11790 17-bousmdtntCIIlfiatdoiaCI52.-pcincb'fi ... WJooned,..Wiaeobmilpdjn& 

o.L 

1-7-89 1226 CFI poiacclual in C-172; siipttailwiad aad _, rwaway. Aircraft clri&ed leftoffnunrayand 

aosedowria-. 

1-29-89 198 PriYae pib ftletiqdual ia Commucler 1 i2TC btahd Reeply 10 Wad oa nanwayaualiae; 

bit a wia&dP ucl bent wia&-

2-8-89 Ill 2215-hwr Cflwkb 165 haulS MIN sm. raatal cb= :II c anD prifttt pilot in PA-15-150. Oro 

aRoffpbaae. at CIOUiciDOCcoma swene10 Ide. 

7·27-89 12167 Fo1JDwins pellipt ia!!f~«~ioa. audeot lOid Cfldtetlilaaft n r 1ft!~ &.1; a:l ........... aot.IDII 

litcnCt liD Gilt of .. doiac 1011Ch ....... 's. 

8-8-91 m4 2000-hourCFJwida Ua~rMIMPialdalinPA-31·3SO. lta-.:ardpriuttadof&aps. 

12·23-91 #2119 Studellnecei¥ingchaalinC1SllandcdliNI&ODf'Md aad p.!llloffnmwaytlldt!Jiai»SIOp. 

FUEL STAitVADON 

{Eumples tiom 74 iasauctiollll craslacs from 1989 ancl1991) 

,..... 

1·14-89 #309 268-haar studan CIIJ7illl I' I" iD PA-24-180 aaok offwilh fDel ' 1 w CJUIIIJIIT DDk. 

Ailaafi ooDidecl wi1h powlli Clll I""""P' 1D aun back 1D ailpoct. Pilcx ltille:i. 

7-23-89 12109 103:hour audmc ia Beech 77 dcina-salo crou CIIUIIIIJ" ihuldaat eagiM biDe JIDWU· PiiDt 

MM'D' ~panic:-aricba.Aircaftaasbalimo poad; pilldilled. LcltwiDJWap._anr.s-.d 

llllllyir.c Clll wiaa iD 8iebl: fird siphoe .... aut. 

7-24:89 1100 36--howw otpr.,irinctar.la ,.d-p'siDClS2entt!eCiaep.pnlincdac:entllfiertaboW 

IDil aas!.ed No ..a.le Nelle& in tula;; pilat kilW.. 

9:il-91 12199 »Jaour ••w11 pnc:r¥ ins~·~ in PA-38-112 clnw iD1D pRal aarempriac 10 111m 

back 1D Ill .... after qiDc quit. Gilt aEfud. rib tiled. 

Nu"tela 

5-12-89 1596 502-haarCFI wida 20 NIN Fftal priwu: piloi r:lac :I: u in cn10; efttr aa iau oE u-tr, 

capac qsir. fac:l I d1 tiD' Oil empty tenlt. AilaJt C! \ d Ua bceci Jandj"' Cfl diclDOC -a 

daat pilnl clid - swiub tub. 

7-8-89 41604 52.-haut smdent carl)'inJ parRIIF' iD ClSO na-aENe!,lmded iD buJq Scld. 
hel~ (coadaallli) 

7-27-89 #2167 followincptdlipt in•f. tioa, maclerit 1IDid Cfi that ailaaft H Ncl; a=! tbolllJht DOt uad 

ailaldi rail out ofps cloUrc ~·s. 

8-lS-89 11001 zo.Jaour stdmt in PA-38-112 11ft OUI of fll' CIG fiDII approiila doias tiDIIdl-aacf.tp's. Jmded 

sbon. En&int W run 4.6 haan without aefuelin& 

9-2-89 #18~ 47-hour adeat withl9 bows MJM, lyinsC-iSO. pt lost tier •turllias w airport wida ndio 

JII'D» "" aod not .-.., bebe RUiDt out .... Ma:r 4.1 boun. eDJiae quit due w fUel 

aMuatioa. 

11-14-89 #1327 30-ho.r INllecr oa IIIIo C&all$ oouaay in C-150 p lolt; -.tally- picled br FSS back w 

depanme lirport. bat -Gilt of ps uad laaclcd ill aft oil &eW pipe yud. 

1+91 1219 4900-laour en wilD 4300 htNn c.1so. anemp3lld ~ fliPt in e-1so 'With cmpcy 

tanb. Ailal& cnshed 114 .ae hm ad ofah,&' Cllll'll'a1· 

6-18-91 11024 44 ho.r lt1ldanwida30t-DMIM ll'lllloutofpa-.~'a in C-lSO;oadilllbout 

tu out of fuel ud enftftlf I!ICIZienmsiiiiiJ Oil m,f,d. 10 runwq. 

FUGHT JNSTltUCTOil PBUOltMANCE 

(Enmplca 6ont 271 dual iDRnaaiOGal aashes from 1989 and 1991) 

IAI: pnHw ••II•• .. filn 

7-9-89 IS93 91Cl0-boa CFI with 10 M1M pw lhldeat aim...a-:1 eapae ~ iA PA-38-112. Smdeftt 

,......._ :m or• r:t prac:edurabut _, -¥ m Jilllla> bud on na\wq. a:J lhalloolr 

CICIGtiOIIDCI..W die ailuaft •'•4"i"' 1R0'Nr 5tiO • .. te b1DL 

8-22-J9 #1988 645-ilaur a:l with 100 MIN did Me coma S. apprOICil in 8 llanc:a IKCAB. TniMe aaw 

power &.a Oil abortW -tailed ~~ase;hiah sink~a~:d:teloptdacllilcnfr hit a perhdtruck 

sbonofdle mnway. a:l aid he did noupply power be •••of•.ua.& pitch-., aerd ..,.· 

9-29-89 #1319 T-a:tsamnciurucdon a>ea odleriethort &eldlaNiap. ill C.182. OneCFI DNiced lhat 

iaipe-tt raet.ddee lapedansladia.l. ddacherCFia>apply,_-. FlyincpilotdidMC 

Jtif !Mid acllin:n&luidedharel. PICCFilllidllecouldluete~Dft'atedG'IIhifMiwi -c1e1 r«< 

akinc aaioe. 

8-12-91 '929 103SI-hour a:J wilb 374 boun MIM daina • •- rl-p'a in PA-38-lll wi1h "Whm in 

10-l.t lefi: -..oim d Oa aDo&; eitaa& dri&ecllei; CFI -*1 ......._ to apply ri&hr rudder, 

bet lei clrifi oomiaued. 01 .......... ..wer but airaa& piiiiiBI CllltD p.. 

9-1-91 #ll4l l062-llcurCRwishl450MIMporiii&WinC·IS2.StwleM'-Ied'-lmdalrcn&bounud 

about 20 .-in10 air. CFJ Clll!llld ---iiom the bounae IIebe the ailaaft -w 

9-20-91 t870 Sl75-lloarCFlwidl2000MIMJ!Iftl-llauratueleac. "hedfiiRedhDdmciDC-l72.CFJW 

acbt -.tecDKij IS0-2100fiaAGLIDii • d ., • ..W thellirad; CFI CIDIIIdnotRCU-. 

ll-7-91 f913 1940-llaura:Jwida6M/MpwaradlelllinPA-1S .. i ....,la ...... onllllsaip;30 '"ce 

Ctol1wir>d ., 14 knoa.lcfon: CFl CIIMIId -.lilaa!t "RCleel off IWlWay mel no.t -· 

ll-28-91 12121 Niaht comiDIRtl' trai•inco Beedl 1900. ~ pib dis.Wect anitude iMiiooor. thea in 

dliaoa, on ptoczdeue WID, un.!ated eape fiilme. Capain uainee rdt disoriented. atbd IP 

to tab ewer c:ontrol; IP dia1 e ~: loa 'Ill CDilaoliaa>-. Three hal. 

DilaetMJL'IIIe-..Oflrll.-y ....... a.,.lta.llltl 

'-ll-89 1263 518-llaur .,m. piiDc wida S7 hews MIM aeceMes inacNctioa iD PA-34-llOT. inldwulli:!Ddy 

maaaed par while Lwliq 
o-l.fl/f =: ·~ 

.... t ........ ....._{CIIIIde-.1) 

+-2-89 1120 591-laourCFhrith 55 MIM ...Waa ia PA-311-112. 4-bour rwlent __. d aft' roll •ichWt 

ailema iato 13-bot Wr CI1WIIIwiud. but ae!aecl ailesoa ,_.e. Wlaaa ai cold saadaat 10 

Wia 1 Wrlileloa.awr.b.t tpplied leftnllldcraadbnb;ain:rmswved.lcftudCPlcould ftOir 

•• ().89 1436 559-boarCFI wilh94MIM -'Dnalow8ft11CIIIdlwilbai M iaCl52. a:Iiusauaedaucleat 

lOacidpowertop-.d.l......r. d!eaudcatniaedd!eaimaft-ucldaenprwiacdmfFtclo 

m :aiU.C iu uraD. 

,_.,.,. 1429 315-laoural witltHMIM reaaadaat ia ClSO a si-had ap.cfiihue brr*aatluocdc ., idle. Sladeat l'llf'*' o~e& ., J11111ia1 aimue ., i6 oaft which a:1 dill cot ooace umil 

stUdeat IP(IIied .... to pllOCIDd. Forcecllaraclin& 

STUDINT PILOT CAB.IING PASSBNGD. 

(Enmpla fiom 2S iruavdoul craha fiom lflt ucl 1991) 

1-14-19 ,. 268 boar.-..., ia PA-24-180 took off wit\ w I IDI Oil empc)' .... p 1 .. ___, 

illjwell pPM .... 

2-12-89 .,sa 26:11aura!llltmf¥aiCtSOwidap p(wDochimcd~&be.-,)llllde"-lheci'.,..C. 

W. lllliiDe. Pib lint aiel he bit a 1liado lar aaicllle hit apencluuist. RDaly lie said ailaai hit .. , ....... 3-S:89 1400 23-t-rltllllcat IJia& PA-21 wirll pa 1 auhM ialoa.s J.r i:p•ciD&aiJporc ia "so 

cldale at 0400 hn. P• 1 r .._.pilot W Wood lkl)l! • el .015 ... 

5+89 1204 61-hlara.-'CM~29MIM.&,ieawidlmnh r I diiClSO.IIIIW«*oa&.l. 

9-19-89 11710 3411our--' tpibtwithlU.iiM.W.. .... 'HncLp··•c•so..a.. 1 •• .-..11111 

cr t ioocl Fpa-.lladltiiW. 

9-29-91 #1610 137-bour.-...tpilociakr 5 7ECIIIII-mushwbilehoftiJrcpdl ..... ., 

7·31·91 12253 Studemwidlp •daClSOiucWbmala,.W.ainaip.P -~c:becl;•i rdoa 

-..loo•h Fiali&fac--..llllla hi. 

MIDAIR COLLISIONS 

(30 ~ 38 iMa«tiliGtl aiJCaaft.1919-1992 

Pllllllr 

1-29-19 #1846 Pti-pibinC152RICII:iWt& ...... ._.iD_aollal.UtFUatiiiiiMdid ia180:800fpaoa ... -.IICIJialwidaU.J35cru' 'ra'IMI•JeiOOfeec..!oot facdiaecdt 

iaiOaua. flalto &tv. 

9-3-89 12230 30-bollf•~":ctiDr-ca•cloiaauP-I....eecl.p•aiaCt52uaabaeltgbJWkoJ!t ..r...t.;nc 

--~~ w •i"'ua:llbjllorpiai.Ailpon-.Wc&o..r46--.adier: ,;.s...,ain:nft ... a.:.d .... aaf&c ..tw'il k• 'lllaee iliW. 

9-24-19 11661 27267-lioualaM"'.._tiptbaliaC172.a800faasl.bluplcaaa lch....,_ 

litam~UptCftlllillcCt?28iPtpadl. RanriJII~PUolCl72&ilediafliPt. TueliiMkffta 

odlll'.ua.fi &.w.iOil C-172-wiag~~ap: Twucm?kiiW iaC.tnc:rR.. OtMr aiauAa CISZ 

Of en1 d by a 24 llaw•nd c, _..,.., tD llilplft. h* ·llidheCDIIW lillC ...a biaiac•)'tllin& 
Q I h ., .. j' __ ,...,,""" 

Midair CoiiWou (c:eada..t) 

11·5-89 #1997 1600-bou a:t wRb 200 MIM doirlc UMKil.....t-ao's "''im student in C-172 • uncoauollcd 

aizpon. raaway 18. W&Rdl: 19011)5 kls. A Beech C90 Iowa by 2 ATPs was clepanins ruiiW'If 6 

oaaiFil&ipt plm, Bodl crews lllllllc ndio caL but aiRDCt ccUicW ower lUilW&)'IT.ftch 4 pc.oplc 

ldllcd. 

2-3-90 m5 147-laaur ptitae pilot wida 49 hours MIM ~ CIQD couay ia PA-28-161, made left 

be& WhilePA·l8oafiAiii,M-lAcurinsicleoac:lolele&bae.---Aaalm,tmr.aad p10p 

adu wherlbiusloiPA-28.1cMhaiaa.&~"'po;itioa: tA-28pilcdilled,aadMlApilotcoUI-Mal--oi~ 

2+90 #1629 4300-hour CFl am.c~u~~ ia Beeda 9S.SS. cluUas ax:h-lflll.p's wfth rip nffic iOr IUGWaf 

31R.Beechtwill_.30 !lrpettlt'l•""'tamwidtllOrolioatdbt;"'oucfiwDaoawiDdaacl 

tllmi"C cfuwwiacl. C-Ull, wlaic:h W ;ep med NY ~ snd heeD ciwed tO ea~a ldi 

clowawild. .. ro~oc~~a a of airpact...t,.. .a.oc~ara~tarriptdowmrind; • 2 aiiUift 

alliclecl2mi!esaonhofailpon;5kiled.C-112ciiiiDOtemerc!owuwiadab-.rwawaraUdpoint 

IIMI C-112 pilot_. puiitiwe biBirijaaDL 

3-90-90 ATC ....... tnlicoa..dl..taoadu•ur•)'&oal&acutndio&ecr mcies 1135-houra:I 

cmaa dull iD CIS2. plumed 111Uda-~r~cl-p's 011 ..rhlilllwq, ~ 2 otbct Cenma~Jadrial*"" •a Allaaaercowiec&ilcninlllioe&IO&..mfiequmqaacl-deueclm lies •IH 

dauP .-••11 fiR llllaaacbap. ATC ia1_, • .,._ aiaaUt oiC ,. oa do:u-iDd. ucl 

- ...... or dle &.mer r.ilaSft. ,.._ dte C-152 auaecl clownwmcL it ucl the-...... toWiac 

airc:nft c:nJiicfed 3liral. 

7·1·90 1982 Two aew!ylircnsedpriwlepilocawilb H8laudUM -~PA-38-I 12'sontbeS?IIlCiCIQSS 

-ay tGUie. Miera inM ·.fwe SIDIIpOCft, * 2 tkw~ dae mjf"''lai;mfi fiit die 

!eedj. aircrJr while --miaz. Bolla pilols .... 

7-23-90 #la6 a:I pviac iDtuulcacduai ia fAo28 -dilr:llliasCM~Coa C~DW~eof282 dep«s. a 80 lams. A 

PA-60-a ·narat2100iet•ht165boa.G~W~e251d; 11 11l:PA.Q)a.ata; don 

daePA-28&-dleriaM-. daePA-28-«;; load.ePA.(iO&-ialo.erlei"'wardaaa. 

'I1Ie lliR:nftcollideclat 2100 teet Wld.U 3 p~og._ Idled. NeitherairaaftWohnineclATC/ 

...tar ass!mDC". 

8-19-90 ;f2190 271-bour CFI with 114 hours MIM Jivinidul iD C-172. wlaic:h-&,ins a-,_1111cl oo 

a PA-28RT-2Gl, ~ wa CXI!Ir'l' cd wllow fliabc with par aad laps dDwa. C a &yias 

,.._. ucl bit Piper widt kft wilt;. a•uia& ..... DW ponioa of'Pipet ... wiJts. Bomliaaaft 

&,:agto-d-. c.lisioe 1diW 4. (NoA'IC~ 

'-8-90 #1992 T.,Juw.CdlowabyiCJO.baw .. wL wpilotmiHeLihealf.oawidl-llherain:nlt.Bacbpilou 

a.MciGnlr:,.Nari>uiP.It&JaatSOOieftAGLdwdifiiODfiie.bathun«iascamP' Bodapilacs 

killed. 

2-3-91 n94 Cama 112 dinaJUs- widt 4 a,&-s ccllVGplla~ wid& zpp ""'""' iDsauaioaal 

PA-28-I.fO allcm l.S miles li.l airpn. A.iKnft 11a&'::d Uld aasbed; 7 people lrilled. 

2-13-91 1905 17,300-boara:Ipm,chalia PiasS-2Ac:J..W wicbhelicop:e~ wbidabad!iicdo&'aplillnunrar IIDII CIJnlled to deplllt 0\'er aaae ruaway. Pills crew l:iUcd. 

12-7-91 #2111 1147-hou CFi wish 561 .MIM Piac .imcnuDeM cluB iD C-l?l; a he• VMC iD COittiOIIed 

ainpate.ATCa-Cl7l•i lll8ft"'rh ' JMOttoallitudeollCOO&et. 'WbaaSm.ilcsol airport. C·l12 imahed. ia IDiclair •2.200 r-with VFR aUa.ft auisiusoo VFil t1ipt p1aD 

udDOC iD amnc• widaATC. T-ia Ct721ci1W. 
lG' ·, 0:'' Zlss(a.1ilt :"i) 

6-1-92 ~ 1430-boarCfl &irial dull in C-172 l«<lllliD& to llllCOIRftlllcd.upon c 2500 Ceer msl; a Cll2 

- allo ialloMcl to lirport alSOO Ceer. a:l in Cl72 tald Cl82 hewaulclcirdc IIIIIW..WC 

182; Cl82 pilot - Cl72; laer loolle.l 01a rifF ..w- aad - C·i72 awciCigiDs in 

dCifadinarilbttuaLI.eiwiasofCl7llaitliJhtlideofCIU. T-killecliaC-172. 

7·7-91 121?0 560-J.our a:l 'With 3C10 MIM dDia& ti!Ud---d p"s willa llllllaat ia C-172. AaiMher Ctn 

nponediahoudfiamWIOIIIdireaioa:ATCdidMtW iftOIIlradlriCiiCODaOIIer.iDI!ridi"' 

~~~pie. ec.cfillaocpoilltoarilllloaaciCli'l.w6idl-••paua:d•dowawWariwu.....r. 

1Mat did ftPOR t11ft1ias t-. Seroncl ctn ms aKkiJ1c iuirle 8iFr p.dt of cbl ctn. aDd 

aiaaJt CCft.,...tiiiC! cratbtd. Faar peaple tiiW. 

8-27-92 flfi19 1300-hou Cfl wi1h 1500 M1M dDia& 101 ............ willa aud n ie Cl50. .,_,.. ni"' 

illlen1iou oal22.9. the ClllflliK CTAF. C-182111111111: apr adle fOr---.y IIDII tliiiiCda 

hislt &a.!. C-150 clp .... C-150 • Cl7l turMII Wlb.e • fiul. C-182 pilot ldlecL 

......... 

1·10-89 411640 20.700-llaur Gl am-& dull iD BelhDca 7GC8C llcant·~ patimo CNl hal; Piaa pilot 

••"'''IDCeel pGiiDoa -----Piaa ooenoolt aad ....._. GD B I a OD.Iaort &a.l. 

1-29-89 #537 17-hour&ft f «l,iasC150iaDcledODIIIIpan-tiltaC17lciiDCanualehiapo&Wtpiloa 

.Wthqhrand ••inrn•i •s;a i he•-..eofodta'atce.iM Bathaiaua&wea:cloiasiOachIIIMf..p'a. 

2-3-89 ffl7 ATC t 5 a! -a hiP willa C a busy.upc. mid' ;w lk CISllowa by a 

S:J.houl'l'wh•pilouadpwitadauuaeeoiMcl.je hack :II _,_ • ......_.C • 

n.tClS2 ..taC-150 5' d.._.Z.30feetAGLOD6De1 

9-21-89 ~ Cl12iawhich....,._rCflptiasiuaw wniaiaa....!lisW ... iipt•wbiJe•-.-

q wiG a aaiJ1iiaa ClSl. C-152 ~"'""'"'a llumc anpon; Cin m.1e iDn:d II•*• 

7-22-90 11012 C150beiDaao..obyl7-bnrllalllear-oa &uladukwbaair-WtOD appera-t1'rad 

ript willa - aaea b7 lowwiJta liKn& daa W t1IIIICd a &.al. tltiJ:•r pilot- ueber. (No 

iDIOrm •':noarUiDP*' J m) 

8-7-90 82236 32!2..._. Cfldoiasairwodl: in C-172 .ida .......... , Wider hood: rip lideofemp.ehit.., 

.llliliwy T-31 oalii:alppiMiirr, T-31was heiec ..:sored fix IW,. AFB U.S. piaa e- 330 

boa. C-172 did-.._ Mode c. 

10.20-!10 11038 T-C1521flcoa bya213-hov.CIIIGUD40al"' pilutaada67-taourpavae piloccaliilcll ill 1 

aw-td.ool aalk panem ••-ll'liiW MpuROil ada&-clay. Therewere71iraai-indle 

pMKrn1111hadiofia( .,--aa...-d Oocain:rJtid 1ulaiDdaep • ,cbtodlcrOD 

•• ----PiloaJoc ............. wKh eadacGcr. 

4-16-91 #l2J T-Bipr GooJ PA-21J.J6l._ GF ad.,,;-,.., m 88 _, 7S ._ • p ridy, 

mlitW wlrilt appm*in; airport l!lldet pcairioe cou:na1. PtoJ D • ollllit 1loaom ofodler'a 

mhiJrer. 8Ddt .ua.f'r dill aw• * Tnd-p'a ~ iR cideM. 

4-23-91 1255 50-ilourr•l M pilociaPA-21-15! W;.ai"'rleddaoomwllcu&a-rlf1lllattpibiRa 

11·20-91 1481 7200-hoar 

Cl50willa 

a:! 

I .._ 

wiah 

MIM 

SIOO 

landed 

,_. 

oa~~~p. 

MIM rms 

(Apfwemt, 

pnaice 

chellilpo.-l-

~~eo 

~ 

m :ill 

pi&Dc. aaderahood.in Wi-ofCaawir600.Ackc dcp_eal._.•c "u-CDmfllinaad&c 

UlldeiApC~.-......d' rdae-:bl9acrocame811!11•or.,._2400feer.Ailaai:-w 1 ~ 

anclcmllided.aier J!l,pilatcricdanaidc-vair.ATCW-->&e.~adicr.ucnltofodler's 

polilioa. 

21 
11·22·91 #1893 16S7-hou CFI amas dual in C-lSO. millie dose-in ba.ules; C-JSO left wills bit die~ 

Rlhiliw:r oE a C-1'72 that bid cataal die J*ICIIl on clowawiDcl.10d was mekin1 a Ions fiAIL 

3-31·92 #1910 61-bolar madcat pilot 1Jiaa C-tn phnninala..":11iaa • ~-a._. aUpM; deaaed 10 land 

U..aftabtdownWlcl. 1600-boura:lwim 100MIMrmsclualtDUda·-l-.-/sinuodacrCln IOSW ~ I'll; on Wtdawawind. CFI and. a SCIIIIcat miPdaari&cd lin:ra&ATCAideo fu&w, 

!IDdocflnal~ he• Woneolllldeat'niamlt.. SmcleotlucledJeiyonrwrwwr. Cfl 

made b-t IIDdiaaia -ab ccnaiL 

11·11-92 19762 3.SGO-bourCFhritlalSOOMIMrurcdulliDC·l82;medeimpmpcrua&Epaaenaemryand 

coltideclwida C·lSOtbm by 590-laaurCFI wida OhovnWN/, PiD&Siptc:ha. C-ISOmlio& eMit of Qlll em. climb to clownillcl; left at plat ... die Clll app1• h•nc fiom 

Lchindud111 the terr. ,.W IIIOieap slwply. Clll _.-. 11 ae :a1ened 182 cmr, wiUch 

llllde 

~ 

shup left tum. (No iDfilanatioa in iepon oe ..,muiminns; airport ~~ 

Nate~ Mtae efdwl IIi+'• ..au '•• • c caa aN • aJalat. 

C. DISSEMINA110N OP STUDY 

ltESUJ!I'S 

Raulb or mc mwstiption oE cruba « w.uuctionalfiPa ue clcsc:riW ill dcmil ia odaer -crions 

oEtlais 1ep0tt eo dtc PcclcnlAviatioa~ 

This accUOil Jill I ph miNe details Oil some of me 

sped6c prolaleras idetttified ud filcwes on how die 

results cu. lied; •i•l'M bot dae FAA10the 1viatioa 

-unicy, etp"ri•U, flialat iumac:lOn. 

H!GBUGHTS OF 1'IIB CRASH JtEPORTS 

0., ..,.. oE 638 crashea ia 1989 and 1991 

iA~ iastnaaioealfliaha lw bn~Q~ht to up 1 

nlllllhu of &as dlat piOblbly are not wei b-. 

ew:a 10 illiiiiiK:IOIL ~~~~ dae IIDPrisina &adinp 

wc.re me Jarae awaben of crashes dllt occurml in 2 

,aniUldcr me foUuwiac cimuaaanns: 

•aoawiacls a dae airpon (120 cn.abca oo solo, 57 

daal), 

•10liChoaad-p landinp (84 on solo, 34 claal), 

•lad starvation, dliCIOcidacr inadequate p•nninaf 

prc!iabr or mi"'lllkkill andias the Ncl ,_. (SO 

em !l'Jio, 2.f dui), 

• p-arouacf& (28 OG solo, 28 dual), uad 

•aawlwd emapdes (IOIIIICtima a 1 low altiNde or mer in •acm< sh11t clowa eapte) (I on 

do,41dul). 

The allow tnlileJN:ocaamd ia die course ofdaal 

iasaiiC•ic" • -o • on m1o a;pn 

Additioul prohle.s or 4M6cteri" nored in conMaion witb crashes ~r madeac solos illcludecl: 

• Rtllleca caJ17ing pm £liS (2J crashes), 

• pnina lost (Jl), ud 

• &ilwe 10 file f!ipt pJw Oil CI'OIS COUDU)' solos 

(34) - akhoaah - dae Cilia of the cram. mae 

cases sugesc poor owrsi&fac by dK ilastructH. 

las COIIIIDOD pftlbkmr, of lpCCial iAlelCSt because 

they IR- wiclely I"'CC&"imL iadllCW: 

• cart.amcr icina while iD crui.sc pbaR (13) and 

• midair collisions with helicoptm or aaolmic: 

airplana- 2 t)'pa of ain:nft in wbicb the fliabt 

panems may be anuual - or the pilou' visual 

&elcl lNif M finldcd (4 cue& UDODg the 30 llliclair 

a>llisiom in me +year series). 
tll 

ft~ ~~~; liolf~~~'lJ:llE~~~~~~]J>J i liJfll - = · a·s 2..· ~ ll ~rl:t-1 de! 

s r . '· •· t L r •. . r $;' a r 

J ti II r;· 1r a. · I 1'!1 t .. "· - - 1 t • =t ""I ., ..... I -

· -t ~ I r.z ~r~~ l!~:~&l~!lltll t~s~~-

~r~=~ r! J 1J ~~~i l~tettJlt't~t~ tlt!l7 

I t i· ~ i ll ~ j. 

.!BI·if::'K f.l. iPitl'l tL.•] "s:.t}l[il J: sft 1' 

... tr.J: ;! I u Q!a ifl.a ~ Lo, I.~ H JH t l'fl 

• . 1:. i· - .. e t . ;i rr •. ·;· - r t t, i 

a·qa Jft ~ ,. ... t ri. 1 stB '"'f1i 6 ........ 

tl ·1 i ~ :S I a· ~ 1• t e: - Ill [ . r f IJ' r I' i til~· ~ i ' ~ ~ ' t i ' 8 . t t 

• 

1 

t 
tt 

1 1

• u u , r r t'l 1 1 11 , ~ · -1:_ llff!s! - -- - -.,..- -

n• u;rt UiHi u I

I 

5h

1f 1 tJfll•l .. f 

1 IP- I • o:l I 

lfl! fli' 

fl nn ! hfJrlfl 

I il' I i IIi I 

I If . llr-J i 

' s . I 

l]. '1-J '" t ~ f I' t~ l ;t B R"I 

_ 1 §· r e· oo A !.. .. 1 ~., lt!.. _ 

rtlg·BJ~t~j~itsiJ~Jf JtltJittf~ • !J•~. 

~~!f:rr· t• ~~~~ i·rtlt t 

; r s- -· .. s- ~· 11 s ~ · fl ! ililJ! fflt1!~ It• ~ • g I J 9 .. l t { rr ,. 8 ;· t t 

tt--:lt r .irga•l.e 8 li' t t if .. f t ~a. • ~ [ t t l I ,.,~s 0\" IJ-Bs- .. ,.. ~-~ 

t f ~ l i. J '! I s· t ~ i: oe· ~· i l itEtJ,t~J~ t ilt .f 

! "" t-· g.s·l .If e . 

·t ~l t : 1· a ·1. I ]I· l a.cBi>fiti"f~ ~ . t~![ l.rtJ~ilr~ i~l; l ~ t t ~.] s. ~· J ~ r • t~~~i& r~~ t ~~ ti~~~fll. ;;. ; r 1· ~r ttt ]ll~ o· r r.., r.f •. H e~~r 
a-ot-•-•lrrell-~ 

Case 592. 5-26-89. A 19-,ar old madeat with 20 

housfligllttim~-t~Jinccotabof£il'la0sm; 152 

oa naaway 52. '38 his third solo. The wiacls wael60 

IH 9 ~Mta rowioa and duiDa iftitial climb. the 

airaaft 'V'Ceftd O'ftt me ldi sick M tbr niD.waf aad 

muck a ruaway loeuor sip. Upon impact, the 

IW Zfi:W collapsed, ript wheeJ brckc oft and npt 

wiD& bit 1he potmd. 

Co·reaa:btbiscuc,madcatiaapcricacxiCCDUi 

co be a major factor. The cue raises the queaion of 

bow co improw the responsible fli&ht iD&tnactot's 

~~- This sequence of C'ftAU appears co be a 

cypical cue of OCK properly asinc the flicht coauols 

(initi.J le& aii!:IOD, npr n&ddcr) ia rapciliiC co tbc 

CIOISWiad aDd in aespcnsc co d.: cbclopinc icft-

•nlias tcDdency followina .-don aad lilcof£ 1M 

smdeat necclcclco applyncn more ri&bt ruclc:ler witb 

IOtabOD aDd liftoiF. 

nc crux of the problem 'Wrilh cmsswind laacliap 

aad raholfs mq he iasmlctioiW cmphais oaflisbt 

mnttol COO!CiiaaUoa. Obftously, it is imponam co 

cruise md tum in a coordinated fubion, but there 

mar lie - much emphasis upoa ~ flicbt 

dw the acecl for iadcpcacleat ue of CIDiluols in 

hancDi•c erocnrillcls is ipored. or pc:rhapa clisciplincd away. Foa--studmu. waraiap lpiDst the 

dreaded- :mud .. - chclzee/&.1 tum ..., 

haft pndnded usins rudder aad llilcloc iMcp I liendy 

in sinlllimls wlaae that DID obvious NqllimaCiK. 

In the cndKs ressJtiac &om loss of maaol. O'ftt 

aad OWl' ~pis, it U nidcat dJat piiou ale IIOt uAaa 

enoagllndclea. FJiaN iamacronmiiRcmf• "•e ue 

oftbc rudderm-Poat tbtcntirc~oftnini"'' 

Snaclema JIIUII be uupt that mddcr aad ailcJDD Clll1 

bcUICdiDir.armony,uwhcnillitiMi•caaun.llattbat 

it ia pa{ec:dy namnl ta use daae c:camtls in opposition: That upoa uboft", - cu J.old the !.lpWillcl 

wi.aJ c!owra by holdiq ailaoa up iDeo the 1lrilld O!t 

chat side. aad still bcp dec aift:nft moviaa acnipt 

ahad by uiaa apr rllllder. 

Balie 110 all cl chc smdenr tolo CJOSNind loss-ofmoaal crulta is the CFI's iaitiel dccisioc co pcnait 

aoJo flicbr Wldet cho.e wwi>'ld coadirioJV~ In this 

aad ocher cues. 111 icanaaor ~Bowed aa illafCiiaaccd madcot ta solo with a sublnatiai aoaswillct 

31 

While the aoawiad loss-okonttol a.V...S ill tbis 

series~ did DOt cause ll:rious injury or dada, 

the larse awabet of CIOISWiad aachcs iacticaul that 

remedial ~MUWU ue •ceded. 'l'bc FAA miaht amsidct rvom.......di"& that Ript insaiiCCOls ~-~eo 

1ect ~ nm'tl'aJS fOr daal uai•ias 

a-oiClllaSNI-L.Mi'II-Tr•dt nd 10 

Cue 234,1-22-19. A 16-hour m.Aeet piloc ftyiac 

a <llerobe 180ar Show Low, AZ(~ 6412 ft., 

nul), had coapleud llcr acoad ~ lllldiDJmcl-beci•ni"'berchinl taboJFO!ll nmwq 2-4; 

willcls 180 at 8 bou. The stadut •cuw::ahcftd that 

cbc Raps wae aOJJ lUll dowa. added powertocoatiauc 

the takeofF. and lost dircaioaal QO!ilttol when rcada· 

iacduwa 10 ICbaa -· Tllcain:nlr--left mel ml!jd..fwitlaadirt '-k. nc adaat __ _, haw 

~tcppedon left Nllder •* aW to~-SapG. 

e-m !!D'III: This is u aample oE a situlioa tequiriac carcfid mchi"' of dae ~ of toudl11111-&o's. "fhcn- a 60-tJcpec &dt tiOI&WiDd at 8 

lmota: the midnt-IIIiAs a 7S-iDM wide nmway. 

Ia addition codacdtancinatooa pmsaiarequiml 

oa landiac: ud ro~S~Mac. aDd chca oa acklina power co 

ab oiF. die Stlldeat ..... be WUIICd ofcbc pomuial 

uoublc -..kiaa from ,_., .. for chc Rap b& 

(espccially in 11m aUcnft. wbich hu a _.,aninllyJiabcll!aphaaA-oa rhc 8corbctweea me-). Tbe 

iMmactormisbtdilpm tbefliPc!»DU''!-t ,_ 

lri.......,;., for -..: &aal .,proada. a-. IIMlCh. 

down, rolloat. Sap I~~ IQus. I M oft'. diebom, ftC. 

(Coom:ol.ud JIGWel'VIIIC' m· m.,.. c.&-awwiud 

lcftorripl.1ftilwilld Wtornp.uddeasUJ* t ). 

lnwatin&{y. PailaWc FAA traWna nwcriala do 

aot contain iafOrmllcion oa J:.ow 10 pafinm or tadt 

tol!eb-ud-p's. AC 60-1<6. A'Wiatioa !aRtaaot'a 

H-.lboclt(I9m, """'&rioutlom;~'aill 

clallcstoc plaDS 1 ud 8; ,.....,.._.,. 5 ""boifr mel 

3 fiaiJ-.I!Op laMillp Oil &nt • ud &a 5a.tar. 10. 

'"II Its iOr 1bc RllOIId npcnisccldo. 3 taa......fti, 2 

coecb-al'ld-so's. Mel I full-a:ap luc:lina- The flisbt 

hutnxtor PraaiaJ Tat StaiiCbnls (PTS) apparcady 

CDDtaill no dacripcion of, or inltruaioas b. tachiJ!stolloCIHad-F's. Beautoftbt!aip i11eW:aceof 

cmhcs oa toseh-ucl-ao'a. dae FMihouldamead me 

m to indade t'Olldl-anli-p criteria. 
Q I Ill fl/'- :H ~~ 

hel-.10111 

ease 1327. 11·1~-89. At 6:oop.m.. wirn darkness 

~a 30-bolar m&dcat pilot became bt em 

a do~ CIOWlay ill a Csn• 150. After uyiag m 

some time to locate himself. he called FSS fOr help; 

FSS was pidina the studcllt apinst headwinds bad!: 

to tbc dcpamue area when the aircraft rus out of gu; 

die pilot landed 1 mile nonh of the airport ill ID oil &cld 

pipcyud. Thcsmdcnt listed 1 bourof'iDanlnlmnirac. 

Cue 581, ~11-89. A 47.faour mwlear. lent oa a 

soJa aoa CIOWltry ill a Casoa 152, wulO!d that dae 

ailaaft had bcca 8o- 1.5 bows siDce heiaa topped 

off wida fuel. The student hccamc lostldisoricatcd; 

said he could aot Sad his destination airport due to 

ua Bootlina and a &.clcy MiG. and was ayina to 

relUrll todcpanureairponwhea the aircnfi:ahaamd 

fuel after 1 Jar SO mill. Studcat was able to lud oa a 

road. Aircraft actai!Jyhad beeR town 2.5 hoan prior 

to stueleftt depamue. Student liaced 1 bou WtrumcDttiaac. 

Om •• a: or the 51 fuel exhallllio• cases, 26 

were mulcntalo ClOG CDillltl')' fli&ha, ud 8 ofdaesc 

arudauswercloat. FJialuiA~truaornhouldpemore 

daoroup iii&UIICtion on how to haDcUc smi"'IOSL In 

additioa to buic radio oricntatioa procalarea, the 

ltlldcaulaouldbeawucdwpanicisacommoacffcct 

of pttinc loct. Flipt Traiaia& Handbook, AC 61-

21A Rc:v. 1980, wader dac: topic loaiac track of politico, says. --rile ere- hazard to a pilot &iliftc to 

aniw at a pYm chedpod1t at a particWu tirac, is 

puic:• {p. 1 n). Ia additicm. bcinc lolt is exucmdy 

~ .... stadcnt piloa should be rausht llOt ouly 

to "Sydaeailplane.but&totomliataiaawu , ofchc 

fuel aapply and plan a ludi111 prior toW ....,_urioft. 

A Dumber ol cases ia the crash sma ilaclatcd 

iuuffic:ialt preftiabt file! cbeo •• Pilou eidacrdid DOt 

look iA die fuel tanlrs, reliccl upon !IOMeOIIC else's 

c:stimate of fuel oa board. or, for other n:asoDS, Jlli$. 

judged dac fuel available. The FM aboukl ~a~uitc. as 

pan of nay pndlipt Urcraft in,_nu, that the 

pilot ac:taa8y measure the fud in dae taaks. At least l 

wdl-known pilot lbop aMniscs fuel ltic:b c:aliblad 

£or hip wills Cessna tanks. Ac:urrently~~DUufaaured 

EuropeuaaiDcr,dacCzcc:bZiin2-60,hasac:alibram! 

fuel dipstick ill each ps c:ap. 

~ •••raeacy ...atiaa • ..u 

Case2173,8-15-89.A22-JDI'cld,l024-hOW"CFl 

was illmaci"' a 5-hour prilllluy student to liJDg.. 

lated engine &ilare. 1\e CFl oelettecl an ara of 

mountainous terrain md reduced power to idle in the 

Cama 15:&. The ~ rapidly raised me nose 

t.e,oad stallattiwd.c. The inmacmr pushed die nose 

over, but the Cmaa collided with tcnaia durms 

rec:o'RI)' IS it - ec:himna I climb attimcie. The 

ltildentwukilicd. Thcwcatherwunotcdaa beiag3.0 

miles 'risibility, with eriline panially ob.cwed in foe. 

Co-m I II: n.ia sitnulatinn shouJcl Uvc bcCD 

anecl at a mach typcr a!titude. lamuc:tors. moreO'ftl', sbouJcl initiate simulaled emcrpncics ia aa ara 

whctc there is a pl.ce av:ibble to lmd. This case 

acmpli&csdlc&.a thatmideDacaa bccoualed upon 

to do samethiag sarprisinc. Ia this -. the sarprise 

pull-up aesulted ia aa uanticipated stall at aa altitude to0 low b r-IIUJ by cbc CFL The NTSB 

record. iadicates CFJ lipt tilDe of lfi1 hours iA dac 

Jut 90 day$. md 92 hoUD in ck last 30 dqa. This 

JOUI!Ifliclatinsa~~Ctormqhoebeatpeuhinclwdto 

baild hours-so fwd that he-dome llliDC1n'CIS 

with a primary stuclcat in aeaa-IMC. In aclcliti-. the 

sky comlitioas may have infii!CIIC2CI dae cboice of 

pac:tic:e area mel the smclcat's raaion. 

Siealrttdl 'I ey-Winlllrib 

Cue 1492, 4-8-91. A 23-year old, 311-hour CFI 

was smas a ckdo;ar to a pri'flre pilot in a PA-28-

1~. neat Carelfte, AZ. Aim doiftl m--, dae 

CFI rewded the thtonlc aad told the pilot to clo a 

simulaled lOiad '-'ina· o. fiaal to the tandmc 

area, tile pm.te pilot DOticcd power liou and bcpn 

to add powu to p aroud. The CFI told the private 

pilot to fly below the wires. took rbe controls and 

DOsed the aircraft down. The Chctolr:u 5UUdt dac 

powu lines aad crashed. 

c--a: The fllght IDsauctor PTS for emc:rpnq approac:h and ludiD3 sap aot to cootiaut a 

simula=d emcrgecc:y approach below 500 feet AGL, 

unlasovuaaua where a safelandiaacaa bcaccomp!ishccl. in c:ompliaac:c wi1h FAR 91.79. 'The aboYe 

repon docs Dot list the beizhtAGLofthcwila. Ills 

cua ia the aerie~, aircraft hit wires on simalaied 

forced ludings. One pRVCntM: measure is to comply 
~ 

~~~~~ r lffifr~lr~lil•ll~i~1[JJ~tr!JI~I II~~ t t Jl 1 t. .} : ;t [I J a. L i' f.f} ~ · « 1 f r r ~ ~- •· i i} &. i. ~ . 

tH~ 1 t. trr~:~~·fJ· ~ . u .; .. .. ~ . . g • . 

rr. .a.ga ~rll 

=-=··~ ] .• 1 t : i - ; ~· F) J' .: r;· ~ = !. t a 18 ! ~ ~~ ~ i & "' II s. t l' lr ! g. - 8 t t~ • :;g s: ~ · t · rr · a· .,. ~ a. e. t fi ra. E' $ .. .:· ~l~~ ~~ftff,r[;t! Jtll ltl ~;LL~Irr~t I t 

rat[lJ~~~~~~,rilt> as f[l~~drt&~ill~,1t~etrti 

a. a !91 lJ J. '"' · - s f. t .... qt. • ..c · ~,. JS. 

hlfHJ~iUl~rtu I ·hif.J=. tru u~~! 1~r~r~li~~~tl~lr ~ ~~i~t~ ~r1ttfll~i~r~t- J 

1 

t 
bow what dac problemareu are. uad will pia some 

illsi&ln ilno what mer can do to ptevellt crasbcs, SllCb 

as cbe ones described ia dais report. 

fDPt iuuWClW iaidal c:erti&.adoa 

Information sle-d &om dais rcsaxla ahould be 

iaatrpo~aud ia materials mat me iasmtaor b lequiml to awtel ia ordu t0 be a CFI. 11Us could be 

acmmplishcd tbloqta lnalll --· illducliac -l 

canicular maerials used at schools dw: traill iastracton. b) quadoas oa wiinen taU Cor CFis. uacl c) 

cliscussiondurinsCFI ftishnesubr FMftiglateu~~~· 

i-. 

Ript iuuil1l:&lil"aecea•IAndea 

fli&bt iastnacton llllllt renew dleir ceni&coos. eo--

err 2 J'IIUL nus pcovides a potesatially wluable oppomuaitr 101: iater&Ciioa bets: en the FM and CFis. 

OYer dac put 20 ,an. me FAA bas mowd &om 

direcdr coaclaaiea me ftiaht illln-r ae£cslw 

courses, tO complele pmatilation of CFI awcwa! 

CliWICSo dr.e curricula of 'Which ue ICVie-.1 1tr me 

FAA and ..--J. The conne conteat u developed 

by die CO!llniCtof, fOr eDIIlple the Aircraft Owner's 

and PilotsAssorWion or Jepp ~~~~• Saaclenoa. Co.ne 

CORtmtdoes notD« t 1 lilyrellect FAA bowledp of 

iumactioul aaabn, but coulcl be moclificd to do 10, 

fOr aampleduoup~opmentofa modale "-d 

on dae &ncli"'P of dais aucly. 

n.e.,.pc~ mcdaaclofreccni&cation is baed 11p00 

a fli&br inmuavr's record. i.e., lining SIJ! es1Fully 

uaiaed a ceraio lliiJIIber oE studeats. 

Neidlerofthe ahoft •edaor.b reqllila Ul in-depda 

encouater wimlmowledpWe &Del aperieDced FAA 

penlllllld. Ahhoup it ia pouibL: for a CFI t0 ceocw 

by aakiDc a cbeck ride wim aa FAA insp«lnt, dais 

medaod mar be waderutilbed. O.rinc the lime wltca 

dac FAA toaduacd the CFI macwal CIOWIIC at me 

Tcaiaia1Acadenarm Oldahoma City, flicbt iasuuttors oCtm upreaed a pciception dw dae per;oael 

coamctandCXIIIUDu•icarionwida FAApcnoaaelbca 6 i•l. We feel dw - zaala of the pracnt 

atucly augeot that ir may be ~ mr the 

FAA. oao: apia, to h&Yemoredirca penonalcoaraa 

with CFis dwins n:o:nificariOD. 

DiNa co-n··ic:erjo· wltlt flialat iuat:iidonfdslat U....iiCler. • .... 

Currently, the FAA scads flicht ilmnactors copies 

ofia flialtt n•miner lle'mletter. A separate. clmilecl 

publication specifically wpucl to iasmaaors -.!cl 

pro'ficlc a mtUIS of empbasirinc poteAtial ptoWems 

and solutions faced by SNcleaa and their iasuuetors. 

The FM could mail to eada ~ J.olding a 

cunent meclicaJ cenificate a qunedy fli&ht lnstnac· 

tor Pamphlet. pcrbaps desiped to be 4 pipS loua. 

dcscribinc a !lpific:aat iasuucticmal ptoblems, 1111· 

stri"'wa)'S in which~ iaauuctor coWd anticipate 

aDd ~cat dais pmhlem 

ForCUIIIple.ouratuclyidcatiflecll3casesofarburetor ic:iacincruise-sa:ic>useaoaah that dleairaaft 

cradled. The FAA could dcw-elop a pemph~ dacribiagthesecuauadoudiain&SJDI~sofc:ubumor 

ic:iDJ. such as a cltop in enpne RPMs (&secl pitch 

pn»p). clea w: in ...walcl pcaaurc {COilst&llt apcecl 

prup), cap.c IO'IP-, or uapl•incd hiP fuel 

CODSWDptioD. 

Pilots uc in~ u. aub tcpotts. If. in eac1a 

pamphlet. die FAA disannd scvaal iAsuuaional 

crashes dw iDust~a~e asipificant instructional~ 

lcm. aad outlined pl'e'fii:Dti'le -·dais Udoam.· 

ao. should be -n received. 

It--ad bcbelpfulbdle FMtoliat the: paniaalar 

nnnricipaud baay aaioas islenti&ed ia dais study, 

uatl toclewelopafliabt u.m-rpemphletclescribiac 

die cimamsuaca. -bow to buadlc them. 

For cnmple, a COIIIIIlOil fiibue is ~ the: 

ac:u iuu:a~:t otftapa. nc CFJ daoulcl ahra)'S tnc1t die 

mocions ofdae Rlldeat's baM. fiom duoale to flap 

lwlclle. Tniaiac atudaats always to say •&aps iclcati-

&ed; flap&.,. and not mraa flaps Wltil clear of me: 

rwnriiJ• may be &aiw. If tlaiag toucb-aacl-p's in 

a ~~,....Ne parailaaft. the CFI must moaitor pilot 

hand moboca, or -pad me: pr handle 

The FAA lw 110t 1evisecl its iDStftlaiona! uaininc 

book liAce pablicaaw of AC 61-21A. FJi&bt Tnining Haadbook.. ia 1980. The luest aaclmost specific 

tniniac iiiComwioa is coataiDcd in dae FJiaht IA· 

ouw Pnctical Tat Standatds, which c:oaJc1 be 

iDcocporated as reRrmce mawial ia dae sugcaed 

FM 9i&in iasmaaor pamplalm. 
~ 

;i. l ~d !i:Hha.Fo! t .. "; .·Ha;. t! la ~s-h~t. 

R S ~ en • ! ,.. t. ~ l:ll i I t " 110 • P 

~ 1t .. i . r · .r s· " . . • · 2. ~· 

~ t j1 rr . t.~l~· t ~ tf ~~~~ lti·;,J·~· t r.~t f !· . a: i ~ ~: ~ r. . ~ J ;· 1 . sJ s· f ~ ~ Q t! ~! 

Il~tr•J~l~tl~!Jif~rf~j_lt~r~ §; Jll~i~Jtf!~~ J~, ... 8 r .... B A·~-~ ~·a-·~~-- t; -21 t•!t I 

1 ' i. 1-J · · t: ii f ~o r f B lf~·· . ! ~I ltt; 

o ,.·~ ar~t~ .I.e~ •rl1. 

J 

~ 

i t~ p .. a.: .. rt: fj r I : .... ~ I !i-JI i I (;; II r ,.- .. I· §. t a i a, I ~ Iii !a. l • I J : ... i 1 fl .. 2 ~ o I .. s at a r ~ • d!ll ht. rhHh1 ·1 ,.:.ulu htu h~r- ' 
factors anociatecl 1rida dae eweat, fliPr uutructor 

facmn MSOCiued widl the evst, apcciJic clwaaerisaa of the e¥ellt ancla short aarmiw SJDapsis. 

collisiom, !"M'Cb-oical problems. uc! viol&Uoau of the 

Fcc!cral Air Repletions (PARs) (Table 23). 

Talalcs desctibia; daae ASRS repom are fOUowed 

by p•m-~es or dae near-miclair collisions. 

The moat COIDIIlOD phua ofB.igbt wlam the pmblcm ~-landing and final approach (Tabic 

24). 

Onawnee. dlerewere l.,anomalieameaticm«l in 

each ASRS repon. RefkctiDs the k.incls of eweats daat 

are lllOit Ublr to be drepom:d., pilots, m lllOit 

com-uaomalicswcrcsw:hroaflim•DC&NDidair 

Ita in daecue of me cruba ofinsttuctioaal ftigha. 

cbc molt~ fliclat inRru.ctor performaace facton wcrc iaaclequpe supcrtisioa uad ~ remedial aaioa (Tallie 25). 

,..._D. Anon I'll In 1M ASRS RlpPMa 

ANOIIALY 

COnllct ' 

CGAMIIWC 25 

a.• 'Mtloml ....... I 

~-..... 

14 

~crlicld 0 

U..blllegi.IMI*illlb• 2 

Wnlw 

VFRiniMC 4 

In light~ 12 

In--~ 1 

ala chelliclll 

Maiill equ~pnwn~ pt'Cibtllft'olliral 45 

Allallft equlpnwnl piobllm'llll .....,. 4 

DIN:..Iunl 

Agucf-rt IF diEII) IUia caillion 0 

Spaddai 1: .• 1 ~ allpolt trllllc 11 I m dew"! f>n 7 

Emlneoul l*'iltiilllrM or•or •..-e I 

Tra or hlldng dtvillliun 9 

Conlrol 

LOIS alc:oaltd 23 

COIIIIOI8d ftghl1D iUU terrain 12 

T1'81'Q II ' .. 

~(11 til I J&J.....,. 13 

5Uiwllrtra••; ll~lzadlllldlllg I 

~_.,.aaliDMIIIM 10 

.... 

At diNbllllhoat 

~ 

on clin'D or dll :.c 5 Alt~hms 'gred 9 

FAR V,c I da Ill 

NondMIIICIIO!el)al~ 30 

Non~-ftlqUiremenifpu procedure 21 

Ncn.,._.IC8ilgai~AR 35 

Nanldlelencalegll ~ .A 

TOTAL 310 
11 

25 

4 

0 

• 2 

21 

33 

5 

5 

NDt In niiDn 2 

T1!Udl...... 4 

......_._(lncUIMclimbMddJJ :vc 3 

......... it .. h 14 

............ 12 

01.- .A 

lOTAL 184 

FACial I 

an.lltt··~ 52 

DJia)ldl•ll*' ..... iiiiiiDUW 43 Poor;wllal•ptlw&~g 11 

'I 'w 11111 .. 1 ......... ~ 10 

Ill Nql I IAiiliiO In AlC CDIIIIUiicdon I 

...... blllilgln AlCMflj ?'in ....,.,._ bl ... 411n AlC OI*IJe acen 11 • 

Poor judgiwil11111 21 

Olllr .. 

10TAL 205 

37 
Q I .,,_, f: • .._.... 

FACtOR • Pl .... 

Pool pdi;J•t pill• ling 19 

llliiliMOPW p; •• 7 

" J · liged fuel "-'t .s or .-z I He 10 

Flnl ~miN :?I ' nclng 1 

tllj>ldgld n 1,_ 7 

Denlilf IIIIU!ttnar 0 

fo!t'r a a: Cll' llnlMn ictlg 1 

Ohrp:c~c--. 2 

n:. ........ incorlllCitt 0 

OIMr PEIIIUit 0 

MeliA Conr.ol 

t'-j•ldpdtali 4 

Ueed gar eonllol ihlSJid of lip wdlol 0 

UllldftJp W<trolln'nd of a- eonllol 0 

Di:? not flllwprap 0 

If lttdllldtllll5 1 OS a:?"'*"- 1 

Full • ···-.. WIOIIg 

1 

lnRurnlnllllllll :?orilllll.p l:? 1 

WlaogengJnell....-.orlllutdlllwn 0 

undinge--not ....... 7 

LDlt COitlul 11 

OINr lilaiiWilbol I 

t..adt.d 10 

Ph; 1• ,..IIIEI ..... ...._.F.:tors 

Sludlnt fiOIIe on ..... ..., 4 

... 2 

PoorOCIIMILri 111~1~ 18 

.... 28 

Dlnd:au 27 

C..lurwl fEIDr, .. It 

Air Tlllllr: Conll...,...sl;::: II •• 

lcll••lb»CC alrhll'.caonbol 13 

lllu.,.....ATC ....... 10 

Vlrl'I?J dTCA 1 

Wt?d--trailca. 2 ~, 7 d Glhst all8piillliJ 2 

Sle .... avoid ...... 12 

llliliWlll*tFR~ 8 

A 1 llllliaan_., 7 

Got?olt 4 

O...tmllc a 

0.. Al'C.ftru'"Ja'ioo ..:z. 

TOTAL Ml 
m·~zma.-.~muam-. .... .--.---------------------------------------------

The pilot pedOrmaace fac:tors pRftlltecl in Table 

26 provide insi&ht iacoaomeof the Ktiocs that leclto 

theprohlems 11lcmost~c:itec:l-distnclioa. areas. poot pn:fli&ht phaai•a. aad J100f com· 

IDI"OY ..... bet t Cft iaanac:lor aad ltUillmt. 

Ano«bcr aeu-midair m!lision ia che ASRS clam 

ilue fOr 1992, .Jchoagh DOC indudecl ia the pmpkcl 

c:ua. prcMdcs iaaiPr iDto the problem of CIDaflic:a 

with aaobasic: planes. Ia .dclicioa to die poniNe 

rearic:doa to Yiioa b«aue ofia bi-wiaJ coa&pratioa, the c:ue ill.,.._ 11ft llaObatic: plane (with DO 

radio) flJiaa a .boner pauem diu airc:raft froto a 

llflllby ftiaht Klaool, wbic:h CID"'moaly flew aloiiF'• 

willa panena. 

Addinouldetailsoa me 34 near-midaircoliaioas, 

liMlotla«eoaflias. uepmeatecl ia -111 form at 

the trid oftbis seaioa. It is ial'tftStiac da&t. u ill the 

c:ue of the 30 midair coWs5ou dns:ribcd ill Pact I of 

the saaclr results, 3 oftlw -cleat pilots were uder a 

hood u the tilDe or thccoaflia. Abo. as ill the micllir 

c:olliAoas, l c:onflic:u ia'WOhcd II cliCICIJ*Is. One Ript 

inmuaor RpOrtecl a aear-lfticlair eollisioo with a 

__ ,.anicarial helicopter, &t 1111 airpon where 

Jaclil:opcer tnffic: and airc:ra&: rz- a luse tniaiac 

f=cilirr •carbr oll'er ..-...a.~ potaWal rw midUrs. 

Ia eoadlliioD. me eftllts clesc:ribecl ia me ASRS 

reports. altho-ala 1bcy rudy ia'VC~he c:rashes. proricle 

iariPt illco the~ auno.Mi"l ·- lllisla• aacl, thacbe, may be valuable in the ptew~~· 

1ioa of .aual c:rulles. 

c..9iaa aaslNeu w,k c.mr' R' Jl;lfllllllsl •AS&S lwiiiCdoul fli&lata DIINc199J-199S 

ID: 

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ID: 

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COMMENTI: 

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ANOMALIES LIMITED TO CONFUCTINMAC 

l379SS 

INSlllUCTOR Wfl1f STDNT HAD NMACWI'IH SMA. 

SI'UDENT UNDER HOOD, 500FT a 1MB, MJSSED OPPOSITE SMA TRAFFIC. 

NO EVASIVE ACTION TAKEN. 

238636 

NMACWHENTWR.ISSUED RIGHT TURN OUT OF PATI'ERN INSTilUC'IlON TO 

AC 

THEFUGHTWASINTHEPATIE.RN.CONFUCfoc:::cuRRED.ATCISSUEDRIGHT 

nJRN our INSTRUCTION, NMAC ALMOST OCCURRED. 

201024 

NMAC 

CFIIWI1HSTDNTUNDER.HOODONAPPR.Of,HAD NMAC. NEVERSAWOlliER 

A C. 

WAS INFORMED BY PLTOF OTHERAC 

206189 

MULmLE llWY OP,INTRSC'ING llWYS. NMAC. SYS ERROR (CONTllOUD) 

CFIALMOST HITS SMALL TltANSPORT LANDING ON XING RWY. CONTROUER 

ERROR. 

"""'"" NMAC 

CFIONDOWNWINDNOllCEHEU ENT£1UNGDWIN EDAnCMANNER. HEU 

TURN 

TOWARDCFIWHOTOOKEVAS1VEACI10N.SOlOSTUDENTINHEU. 
() .. .., ...... ,,...._ 

COMMENTI: 

COMMENT2: 

ID: 

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COMMENTI: 

COMMENT2: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENT!: 

COMMENT2: 

m: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

COMMENTl: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENT I: 

COMMENT2: 

206773 

PLTEXECUTESliOONFJNALANDENCOUNTERSANOTHEitACONAPPROACH, 

NMAC 

NEW PILOT (2 DAYS) ON 1.5 MILE FINAL. lliOUGHTHE WAS APPROACHING 

'WR.ONG AIRPORT. DID 110 TO GO TO OTHER APT, ALMOST Hrr FOU.OWING 

TRAFRC 

207176 

NMACWITH SMT DEPAR'nNG FROM SAME AIRPORT 

at AND STDNT ALMOST CQi I IDE WITH SMT DEPARTING SAME AIRPORT 

DURING OJMBOUT. 

208170 

NEVI a:J GIVING BfR. TO OTHER CR HAD NMAC IN APT TFC AREA. B01H AC 

EVAS 

PATIERN WORK ON 2SL ASKED FOil FULL STOP ON 1SR. ATC a.RED AC FULL 

STOPON25LPLTFLYINGSETUPFORlSR.CROSSINFRONTOFACFINALON15 

208377 

NMACAFTERATCCAU:£DMULTIPLETARGETS.ACUNDERRADARADVISORlES 

TFCCALLEDBYAPPROI.STDNTRESPONDEDWITHnw:FICINSIGHT,WRONG 

TRFF 

a:I HAD TO TAKE CONmOL TO AVOID AIR CAIUUER. 

209199 

IN PATJ'ERN. CR HAD NMAC. ATC WAS NO HELP, DID NOT CALL TRAFFIC 

0:1 SA VI OTHER AC ABOUT 100 FEEr AWAY MANEUVERING TO LAND FOR 

OTHEllRWY 

CR TOOX EVASJVEAcnON. ATC DID NOT CALL OUT OTHER 'fiW:I:Ic. 

209491 

NMACAVOIDED AS CFl HAS TFC SIGHrED AND DIVES AS AC ]E:f aJMBS 

CFI HEARSHISACCAll.EDAS TRAFFIC'COAC}ET. STARTS LOOKING AND SEES 

DIVES TO AVOID NMAC. SEE AND AVOID WORXED BUT ATC SHOULD DO 

&EIIERJOB 

2107Sl 

2 VFRAC HAD NMACWHILE GIVING INS'IRucnON IN EXCEU..ENrVISIBilnY 

ON.APPROITONDB.SMAALMOSTHn'SANOniD.SMAONAPPilCHTOSAME 

NOB. 

LEFT AREA AND RErURNED AND ALMOST HIT SAMEAC AGAIN. 
COMMENT!: 

COMMENTl: 

II); 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENT I: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

COMMENT2: 

II); 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENT!: 

COMMENT2: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTJ.: 

COMMENT2: 

II); 

ASltSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

212253 

at EXP£Cl'ED OPnON ON APPR.CH. <1EARED TO LAND. ALMOST HIT AC ON 

aJMB 

CEWASGOINGTODOBALICEDUNDINGWITHSTDNT,'IW.CI.EAREDHIMTO 

LAND, 

EXPECTED omON, CONDUCTED omoN, ALMOST HIT NIL FIGm'ERS ON 

C1INB. 

214578 

NMACWinl.ANOTHER.ACWHILE PRACTICING SLOW FUGHTWITH PRIMARY 

STONT. 

NMAC Wl'llf ANO'n!EkAC WHILE CONDUCllNG SLOW FLITE WITH STDNT. 

11UED 

TO GEr O'I'HEllFLT SCHOOLS TO PARnCPATEIN REDUCING JUSK. NO GO. 

215216 

at AHS NMA.Cwri'H HELl IN TfC PA'ITERN AT UNCONDOJI m AmPOllT. 

VERY BUSY UNCONTROU.ED AlRPOllT Wl1H MUQi FLIGtfi' TIWNING. at 

COMPLAIN 

'J'HAT HEU TfC OfTEN aJT lHROUGH PATI'ERN ETC. CRASH WAITING TO 

HAPPEN, 

218498 

at AND STDNT HAVE NMACON FINALATUNCONTROUEDAmPORT. 

CFI KNO'WS OPOTHEllTitAFflCIN PA'ITERN.IT etm INSIDE'IH!M ON BASE. 

DOES NOT SEE rr UNTIL ON SHORT FINAL HAD TO GO AROUND. 

118911 

1 SNAS HAD NMAC IN IAXSPECW.. FLT llULESAREA. 

CR AND STDNT HAVE NMACWITH OJHE1l SMA AT SAMEAL1TI'UDE IN lAX 

SPECIAL JIUGHT llULESAREA. 

119!03 

LOST RADIO IN PA'MDN DOING T +G. HAD NMACWITH LlT. 

LOST RADIO IN PATI'ERN WH!LE DOING T+G. CONT1NUED TO FLY PATTERN 

ON FINAL. DID GO AllOUND WHEN OTHER TFCWAS SEI!N. 

220704 

CFIIN MULTI HAS NMAC IN PATTERN WITH SMT. 

a=I AND S111D£NTS IN MUL11, NMAC WITH SMT IN PA!TERN UNDER ATC 

CONTROL 

OTHER. PLT SPOKE VERY POOR ENGIJSH. 

41 
ID: 

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COMMENT2: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENT!: 

<X>MMENT2: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

COMMEN'Il: 

COMMENI'l: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

222164 

3AC IN A NIGHT TOUCH ANI> GO PA'ITERN. 2 HAD lii"MAC. 

STDNT DID Not SPACE WEll. IN PA'!'TERN, OVERTOOKAC IN FRONT. 01 

HAD TO TAICE CONTROL 

222<463 

2·Ac HAD NMAC IN MARGINAL CONDI'DONS DOING iFR TRADI.'ING. 

TWO 11WNING AC.ALMOST COLLIDE IN MARGINAL VAl CONDmONS CONDUCTING 

R. '1'RAJN BEFORE OBTAINING ATC CON'TtlOL 

223611 

ON FINAL APPR.OA.OI TAICES EVASIVE ACJlON TO AVOID SfCOND AC ON 

FINAL 

TWIN ALMOST R.UNS SINGLE OVER. ON TURN TO FINAL AT CONTR.OUED AP. 

22~S 

2 SMAS HAD NMAC IN PATTEltN 

NMAC DUE TO 01 I.EmNG STDNT HANDLE AIR.CltAFT TOO LONG. NEVEil 

ANY 

RISK Of COJJJSION. 

224747 

a:J wtni STUDENT HAS NMACWJTH TWIN WHICH 1HIN MAKES A SECOND 

PASS. 

AGGR.ESSIVE TWIN PLT GErS MAD .AF'IU NMAC AND NAKES SECOND PASS 

AFI'Ell 

SLOW ACROBAnCHIGH91NG. 

225674 

INSTRMTFUGHTHAD NMI..CWITHANO'IHE!lAC'IKOFFINOPJIOSJ lEDIR.ECnoN. 

ON PR.ACriCE INSTRUMENT APPllOAOI TO LAND. AC HAD NMAC WITH ANOTHER.AC 

a.EARED BY ATC 10 TAKEOFF OPPOSn'E DIRECTION. 
COMMEN'I'l: 

ID: 

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COMMENTI: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENT~: 

COMMENn: 

ASRSSYNO: 

COMMENTI: 

OOMMENT2: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

OOMMENTI: 

ID: 

ASRSSYNO: 

OOMMENTJ.: 

COMMENT2: 

204124 

INSTMT TIWNlNG Ft.T TAKES EVASIVE ACllON TO AVOID CONFUCl" ON 

APPROAOI 

ON CIRCLE TO LAND 'WI'IH SHORT FINAL, AC ALMOST HIT ANontEil AJR.. 

CRAFI"ON 

APPROAOI.STDNTUNDER.HOODUNilLSHORTFINAL,a:ISCANNOTGOOD. 

20M» 

SMA HAS ENCOUNTER WITH AIR CAR WAKE TUJBULENCE DURING INI'I1AL 

WMB 

Ql AND STDNT SHOC1l1NG T.G. COMMU'ID. DOING PRAC!lCE NDB APPROACiES lOoniER 

RUNWAY.ONTKOFF,THESMAENCOUNTEREDTHEWAKETUU.4SDEGROU 

+PITCH UP 

309522 

HOG TRACK DEVON lAP U.S API'lt.OAOI 

ON LONC FINAL ON I1S (10 MllfS) COl TURNED OfP LOCAUZEilOOE TO FAST 

TFCIEHJND. a:t TURNED BACICONTOOOURSE WHEN HEHEARDCl.RN fOR 

011WlAC 

216413 

ALTDEVBY MULTI-ENGINE TIWNEE 

STDNTWASWMBINGTOttSOOFT. TOIDTOLEVELFOillFCAT3500. 

MISUNDERSTOOD AND CONTlNUED TO QJMB INTO OPPOSITE TFC PATH. 

217116 

LOSS Of lADIO 1\ESUL TS JN POSS NMA~ SEVEIW.UNAUTH lANDINGS. 

RADIO VOLUME nJRNED DOWN WHILE IN PATTERN AT BUSY TWRAPT. CFl 

AND 

STDNTDID NOI' NOnCE UN1UIATElt 

218246 

CfliNI11ATES SIM ENG fAU.URE IJit ON BASE LEG AT NONTVIRAPT. 

QIINlllATES SIM ENG FAD. IN PATTERN TURNING I.EFTBIISE WHILE OTHER 

TFC fi.'YJNG RIGHT BASa. CUT OTHERS OFF IN PATtERN (AND AWARE OF 11). 

l22J73 

QIAND S1DNTINTFCPAT ACCUSEDOFUOSEPROXBYFMOFFa.INTWIN 

CFJ HASSV m BY FAA EXAMINER WHOC.AIMEDCAANDS!'UDENTGOTTOO 

a.osE IN PATJ'ERN. CR'S FBI AND FAA HAD BAD BLOOD OVER PAST EVENT. 

I 
Biker, s.P., Lamb. M.W., Li, G., Dodd, R.S. Hu.n 

facton ill aashcs of to~r~lll•tet airplaaes. AW. 

~EaR-. Ml..l993l64; 63-68. 

Biker, s.P., aacllamb, M. VI. H.,..JWws;,""""" tf<Mw-~ ~ • r-. A Rqort to dte 

Federal Aviation Admiaimation, Coatract 

IDTFAOl-90-C-00046. Nay 11, 1992. 

Balm. s.P., aacl Luab. M.VI. Hazards of Mouataia 

FIJinl: Clashes in die Caloado Rockies A~ 

~E--. Mtwi.60:6:S31-536.1989. 

Caro. P.VI. F!ipt Traiains 111111 SimulzrioL Ia E.L. 

'W'IeiiCt and D.C. Nap!(-.). H,_'*'-ill 

.4...,_ Silft9. San Diega, Cal'dOmil: hv' ric: 

Pms.l981. 

~ F.G. Sno lllt#IAM~t sao...- OK: Delta 

Avialion. 1988. 

FeduaJ A'YiatioD Adminismlcion. lfi:" 1-.-Pt«-

liot/TfSI r-r4r wlsfnAPJJ-Si.pEpllltll 

MJti E.,-. AFS-632. -4-9-1991. 

FedmiA'WiadonAdmillisaatioa.~.AMM FMP-87-40-2; AF0-800. (No dale.) 

U. G., aad &let, s.P. Crathes of CommUler Ailaaft 

aadAir Taia: What Daamiaa Pilot Swvivan J 

Occ!f rlitfllll Ml!fl. 3S:U44-1249, 1993. 

NaDooll TlalllpOitalioa Sd:tr Board.AimaP..ftriMt - M'' • ,., 8• • ,l'-._ -- A.!-1:__ ._,_.,.. - .a.. ' 'WtJ- • .,. •J ---,p wu. .APIIZWG 

BldC-~fNeBBU)ai4 dln:ihr.,R.ch•Wi 

On n 6r 112TC (Nli2SM) NMr Sa Lllis 

C»ap. ct. AJpst 24. 151Bl ~No. NTSB 

MR-IS-07. W~. D.C., 1985. 

Nllriorial TIUipOftatiao s.&:tJ Bod.Aim.ft.,t.• · 'm1 

RIJ-r: Mill.ir C.llisiea .f .$9•"" Alrli-. 

s. MiiiJ!X.V..ll. N16JS'r. .JM .. ,N20. 

NIUI5U. X.. Utilll..}tttcl "715. ~~ RqJon 

No.NTSBIMR-88103. Wllllaiapa.D.C.,l988. 

Nllioaal Tnn'f'aUaliOA s.ffty Boad. U.S. Geaenl 

AviiDaa. C,) der Yar 1990 (aim 1987, 1988. 

1989,1991,1992). Rcpolt No. N'l'SBIARG-911 

01. WIIIIUaa-. DC: Na1ioall TtaiiSpOftalion 

Satety Boud. 1993. 

-..awlllllllanrm••-·,--·•--•