FAA-S-8081-4D

U.S. Department 

of Transportation 

Federal Aviation 

Administration 

INSTRUMENT RATING 

Practical Test Standards 

for 

AIRPLANE 

HELICOPTER 

POWERED LIFT 

April 2004 

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE 

Washington, DC 20591 
INSTRUMENT RATING 

Practical Test Standards 

for 

Airplane 

Helicopter 

Powered Lift 

2004 

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE 

WASHINGTON, DC 20591
NOTE 

The publish date for FAA-S-8081-4D is April 2004, but the material will 

be effective October 1, 2004. All previous editions of the Instrument 

Rating Practical Test Standards will be obsolete as of this date. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 
The following major enhancements were made to FAA-S-8081-4D. 

• The reference section has been updated to current FAA 

publications in use. 

• An abbreviation section has been added. 

• The “plan of action” is more thoroughly explained to include the 

reference to use of scenarios. 

• Practical tests perquisite requirements have been updated to 

current rules. 

• The use of GPS for navigation and approaches has been 

clarified and the requirement for a GPS approach has been 

added. 

• Approach terminology has been updated to include Precision 

Approach (PA), Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV), and 

Nonprecision Approach (NPA). The requirements for their use 

have been clarified. 

• Testing in modern aircraft with electronic flight instrument 

displays has been addressed. 

• The use of autopilot and flight management during testing has 

been addressed. 

• The requirement for the use of a view-limiting device has been 

clarified. 

• The need for testing in Single-Pilot Resource Management has 

been addressed and clarified. 

• Reference to the metric system has been eliminated. 

• The body of the PTS has been updated to include electronic 

flight instrument displays, flight management systems, GPS, 

and autopilot usage. 

• The need for testing basic instrument flight maneuvers 

throughout the practical test instead of being treated as 

separate TASKs has been addressed in AREA OF 

OPERATION IV. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 
FOREWORD 

The Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards (PTSs) book is 

published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish 

the standards for instrument rating certification practical tests for the 

airplane, helicopter, and powered lift, category and classes. These 

practical test standards shall also be used for the instrument portion 

of the commercial pilot–airship practical test. FAA inspectors and 

designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in 

compliance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants 

should find these standards helpful during training and when 

preparing for practical tests. 

Joseph K. Tintera, Manager 

Regulatory Support Division, AFS-600 

Flight Standards Service 

FAA-S-8081-4D 
CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................1

 General Information .......................................................................1

Practical Test Standard Concept ...................................................2 

Practical Test Book Description.....................................................2 

 Abbreviations .................................................................................4 

Use of the Practical Test Standards ..............................................5 

Special Emphasis Areas................................................................6 

Practical Test Prerequisites: Instrument Rating.............................6 

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test.................7 

Use of FAA-Approved Flight Simulator or Flight Training 

 Device ......................................................................................8 

Flight Instructor Responsibility.......................................................9 

 Examiner Responsibility ..............................................................10 

 Satisfactory Performance ............................................................11 

 Unsatisfactory Performance ........................................................11 

Letter of Discontinuance ..............................................................12 

Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management ................12 

 Single-Pilot Resource Management ............................................13 

Applicant’s Use of Checklists.......................................................13 

Use of Distractions During Practical Tests ..................................13 

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls ...........................................14 

Emphasis on Attitude Instrument Flying and Emergency 

 Instrument Procedures ...........................................................14 

Rating Task Table........................................................................16 

 CONTENTS .................................................................................1-i 

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST ....................... 1-iii 

EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST .........................1-v

AREAS OF OPERATION: 

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION........................................1-1 

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES ........................................1-3 

III. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES AND 

PROCEDURES ...........................................................1-5 

IV. FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS............1-7 

V. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS ..............................................1-8 

VI. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES ...............1-9 

VII.EMERGENCY OPERATIONS.............................................1-14 

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES....................................1-17 

i FAA-S-8081-4D 
APPENDIX 1—TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT 

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT ................Appendix 1-1 

USE OF CHART .........................................................Appendix 1-1 

FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL......................Appendix 1-2 

FAA-S-8081-4D ii
INTRODUCTION 

General Information 

The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration 

(FAA) has developed this practical test as the standard that shall be 

used by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when 

conducting instrument rating—airplane, helicopter, and powered lift 

practical tests, and instrument proficiency checks for all aircraft. This 

practical test standard (PTS) shall also be used for the instrument 

portion of the commercial pilot—airship practical test. Instructors are 

expected to use this PTS when preparing applicants for practical tests. 

Applicants should be familiar with this PTS and refer to these standards 

during their training. 

This PTS sets forth the practical test requirements for the addition of an 

instrument rating to a pilot certificate in airplanes, helicopters, and 

powered-lift aircraft. 

Information considered directive in nature is described in this PTS book 

in terms, such as “shall” and “must,” indicating the actions are 

mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms, such as 

“should” and “may,” indicating the actions are desirable or permissive, 

but not mandatory. 

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by 

many industry participants who contributed their time and talent in 

assisting with the revision of these practical test standards. 

This PTS may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, 

U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, 

or from http://bookstore.gpo.gov. This PTS is also available for 

download, in pdf format, from the Flight Standards Service web site at 

http://av-info.faa.gov. 

This PTS is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, 

AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. Comments 

regarding this handbook should be sent, in e-mail form, to 

AFS630comments@faa.gov. 

1 FAA-S-8081-4D 
Practical Test Standard Concept 

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 specifies 

the areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the 

applicant before the issuance of an instrument rating. The CFRs 

provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test 

standards containing the AREAS OF OPERATION and specific TASKs 

in which pilot competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA will revise 

this PTS whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the 

interest of safety. Adherence to the provisions of the regulations 

and the practical test standards is mandatory for evaluation of 

instrument pilot applicants. 

Practical Test Book Description 

This test book contains the instrument rating practical test standards for 

airplane, helicopter, and powered lift. It also contains TASK 

requirements for the addition of airplane, helicopter, or powered lift, if an 

instrument rating is possessed by the applicant in at least one other 

aircraft category. Refer to the commercial pilot–airship practical test 

standard to determine the instrument TASKs required for that practical 

test. Required TASKs for instrument proficiency checks (PC) are also 

contained in these practical test standards. 

AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a 

logical sequence within each standard. They begin with preflight 

preparation and end with postflight procedures. The examiner may 

conduct the practical test in any sequence that results in a complete 

and efficient test; however, the ground portion of the practical test 

shall be accomplished before the flight portion. 

TASKs are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers 

appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION. 

The applicant who holds an airplane, helicopter, or powered lift 

instrument rating will not have to take the entire test when applying for 

an added rating. The TASKs required for each additional instrument 

rating are shown in the Rating Task Table on page 16. 

Applicants for an instrument proficiency check required by 14 CFR 

section 61.57 must perform to the standards of the TASKs listed in the 

guidance provided on page 16. 

NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the 

AREA OF OPERATION or TASK. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 2 
REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK. 

Descriptions of TASKs are not included in the standards because this 

information can be found in the current issue of the listed references. 

Publications other than those listed may be used for references if their 

content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced 

publications. 

These practical test standards are based on the following references. 

14 CFR part 61 

14 CFR part 91 

FAA-H-8083-3 

FAA-H-8083-15 

FAA-H-8083-21 

FAA-H-8083-25 

FAA-H-8261-1 

AC 00-6 

AC 00-45 

AC 60-22 

AC 60-28 

AC 61-134 

AC 61-84 

AC 90-48 

AC 90-94 

AC 120-51 

AIM 

DPs 

STARs 

AFD 

FDC NOTAMs 

IAP 

Others 

Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors 

General Operating and Flight Rules 

Airplane Flying Handbook 

Instrument Flying Handbook 

Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 

Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 

Instrument Procedures Handbook 

Aviation Weather 

Aviation Weather Services 

Aeronautical Decision Making 

English Language Skill Standards Required by 

14 CFR parts 61, 63, and 65 

General Aviation Controlled Flight into 

Terrain 

Awareness 

Role of Preflight Preparation 

Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance 

Guidelines for Using Global Positioning 

System Equipment for IFR En Route and 

Terminal Operations and for Nonprecision 

Instrument Approaches in the U.S. National 

Airspace System 

Crew Resource Management Training 

Aeronautical Information Manual 

Instrument Departure Procedures 

Standard Terminal Arrivals 

Airport Facility Directory 

National Flight Data Center Notices to Airmen 

Instrument Approach Procedures 

Pertinent Pilot’s Operating Handbooks 

FAA-Approved Flight Manuals 

En Route Low Altitude Charts 

3 FAA-S-8081-4D 
The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily 

performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective 

includes: 

1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do; 

2. the conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and 

3. the acceptable standards of performance. 

Abbreviations 

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations 

ADF Automatic Direction Finder 

ADM Aeronautical Decision Making 

 AIRMETS Airman’s Meteorological Information 

APV Approach with Vertical Guidance 

 ATC Air Traffic Control 

ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service 

ATS Air Traffic Service 

CDI Course Deviation Indicator 

CFIT Controlled Flight into Terrain 

CRM Cockpit Resource Management 

DA/DH Decision Altitude/Decision Height 

DH Decision Height 

DME Distance Measuring Equipment 

DP Departure Procedures 

 FAA Federal Aviation Administration 

FDC Flight Data Center 

 FMS Flight Management System 

FSDO Flight Standards District Office 

GLS GNSS Landing System 

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System 

GPO Government Printing Office 

GPS Global Positioning System 

GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System 

IAP Instrument Approach Procedures 

IFR Instrument Flight Rules 

ILS Instrument Landing System 

IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions 

LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operations 

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

 LDA Localizer-type Directional Aid 

LED Light Emitting Diode 

LOC ILS Localizer 

LORAN Long Range Navigation 

MAP Missed Approach Point 

MDA Minimum Descent Attitude 

MLS Microwave Landing System 

NAVAID Navigation Aid 

NDB Non-directional Beacon (Automatic Direction Finder) 

NOTAM Notice to Airmen 

NPA Nonprecision Approach 

NWS National Weather Service 

PA Precision Approach 

FAA-S-8081-4D 4 
 PC Proficiency Check 

 PTS Practical Test Standard 

RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring 

RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator 

RNAV Area Navigation 

SAS Stability Augmentation System 

SDF Simplified Directional Facility

 SIGMETS Significant Meteorological Advisory 

STAR Standard Terminal Arrival 

TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System 

VDP Visual Descent Point 

VHF Very High Frequency

 VNAV Vertical Navigation 

VOR Very High Frequency Ominidirectional Range 

Use of the Practical Test Standards 

The instrument rating practical test standards are designed to evaluate 

competency in both knowledge and skill. 

The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with 

the appropriate practical test standards and the policies set forth in the 

INTRODUCTION. Instrument rating applicants shall be evaluated in ALL 

TASKs included in the AREAS OF OPERATION of the appropriate 

practical test standard (unless noted otherwise). 

In preparation for each practical test, the examiner shall develop a written 

“plan of action” for each practical test. The “plan of action” is a tool, for the 

sole use of the examiner, to be used in evaluating the applicant. The plan 

of action need not be grammatically correct or in any formal format. The 

plan of action must contain all of the required AREAS OF OPERATION 

and TASKs and any optional TASKs selected by the examiner. The “plan 

of action” shall incorporate one or more scenarios that will be used during 

the practical test. The examiner should try to include as many of the 

TASKs into the scenario portion of the test as possible, but maintain the 

flexibility to change due to unexpected situations as they arise and still 

result in an efficient and valid test. Any TASK selected for evaluation 

during a practical test shall be evaluated in its entirety. 

The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the 

AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs appear in this book. The 

examiner may change the sequence or combine TASKs with similar 

Objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For 

example, holding procedures may be combined with an approach or 

missed approach procedures if a holding entry is part of the procedure. 

5 FAA-S-8081-4D 
The TASKs apply to airplanes, helicopters, powered lift, and airships. In 

certain instances, NOTEs describe differences in the performance of a 

TASK by an “airplane'' applicant, “helicopter” applicant, or “powered lift” 

applicant. When using the practical test standards, the examiner must 

evaluate the applicant's knowledge and skill in sufficient depth to 

determine that the standards of performance listed for all TASKs are 

met. 

All TASKs in these practical test standards are required for the issuance 

of an instrument rating in airplanes, helicopters, and powered lift. 

However, when a particular element is not appropriate to the aircraft, its 

equipment, or operational capability, that element may be omitted. 

Examples of these element exceptions would be high altitude weather 

phenomena for helicopters, integrated flight systems for aircraft not so 

equipped, or other situations where the aircraft or operation is not 

compatible with the requirement of the element. 

Special Emphasis Areas 

Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft 

operations considered critical to flight safety. Among these are: 

1. positive aircraft control; 

2. positive exchange of the flight controls procedure (who is flying 

the aircraft); 

3. stall/spin awareness; 

4. collision avoidance; 

5. wake turbulence avoidance; 

6. LAHSO; 

7. runway incursion avoidance; 

8. CFIT; 

9. ADM and risk management; 

10. checklist usage; and 

11. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical 

test. 

Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each 

TASK, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the 

practical test. 

Practical Test Prerequisites: Instrument Rating 

An applicant for an instrument rating practical test is required by 14 

CFR part 61 to: 

1. hold at least a current private pilot certificate with an aircraft 

rating appropriate to the instrument rating sought; 

2. pass the appropriate instrument rating knowledge test since 

the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which the 

practical test is taken; 

FAA-S-8081-4D 6 
3. obtain the applicable training and aeronautical experience 

prescribed for the instrument rating sought; 

4. be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 

language; and 

5. obtain a written statement from an authorized flight instructor 

certifying that the applicant has been given flight training in 

preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the 

date of application. The statement shall also state that the 

instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the practical 

test and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of the 

subject area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated by the 

Airman Knowledge Test Report. 

If there are questions concerning English language requirements, refer 

to AC 60-28, English Language Skill Standards Required by 14 CFR 

parts 61, 63, and 65, or your local FSDO. English language 

requirements should be determined to be met prior to beginning the 

practical test. 

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test 

The instrument rating applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61 to provide 

an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test. Its 

operating limitations must not prohibit the TASKs required on the 

practical test. Flight instruments are those required for controlling the 

aircraft without outside references. The required radio equipment is that 

which is necessary for communications with ATC, and for the 

performance of two of the following nonprecision approaches: VOR, 

NDB, GPS, LOC, LDA, SDF, or RNAV and one precision approach: 

ILS, GLS, or MLS. GPS equipment must be instrument certified and 

contain the current database. Note: APV approaches may be 

substituted only for nonprecision approaches in this standard. An APV 

approach shall not be used in lieu of the required precision approach. 

Modern technology has introduced into aviation a new method of 

displaying flight instruments, such as Electronic Flight Instrument 

Systems, Integrated Flight Deck displays, and others. For the purpose 

of the practical test standards, any flight instrument display that utilizes 

LCD or picture tube like displays will be referred to as “Electronic Flight 

Instrument Display.” Aircraft equipped with this technology may or may 

not have separate backup flight instruments installed. The abnormal or 

emergency procedure for loss of the electronic flight instrument display 

appropriate to the aircraft will be evaluated in the Loss of Primary 

Instruments TASK. The loss of the primary electronic flight instrument 

display must be tailored to failures that would normally be encountered 

in the aircraft. If the aircraft is capable, total failure of the electronic flight 

instrument display, or a supporting component, with access only to the 

standby flight instruments or backup display shall be evaluated. 

7 FAA-S-8081-4D 
The applicant is required to provide an appropriate view limiting device 

that is acceptable to the examiner. This device shall be used during all 

testing that requires testing “solely by reference to instruments.” This 

device must prevent the applicant from having visual reference outside 

the aircraft, but not prevent the examiner from having visual reference 

outside the aircraft. A procedure should be established between the 

applicant and the examiner as to when and how this device should be 

donned and removed and this procedure briefed before the flight. 

The applicant is expected to utilize an autopilot and/or flight 

management system (FMS), if properly installed, during the instrument 

practical test to assist in the management of the aircraft. The examiner 

is expected to test the applicant’s knowledge of the systems that are 

installed and operative during the oral and flight portions of the practical 

test. The applicant will be required to demonstrate the use of the 

autopilot and/or FMS during one of the nonprecision approaches. 

If the practical test is conducted in the aircraft, and the aircraft has an 

operable and properly installed GPS, the applicant must demonstrate 

GPS approach proficiency when asked. If the applicant has contracted 

for training in an approved course that includes GPS training in the 

system that is installed in the airplane/simulator/FTD and the 

airplane/simulator/FTD used for the checking/testing has the same 

system properly installed and operable, the applicant must demonstrate 

GPS approach proficiency. When a practical test is conducted for a 14 

CFR part 135 operator, the operator’s approved training program is the 

controlling authority. 

To obtain an instrument rating with multiengine privileges, an 

applicant must demonstrate competency in a multiengine airplane not 

limited to center thrust. The multiengine airplane that is used to obtain 

unlimited multiengine privileges must have a published VMC speed 

established by the manufacturer, and produce an asymmetrical thrust 

configuration with the loss of one or more engines. If an instrument 

flight test is conducted in a multiengine airplane limited to center thrust, 

a limitation shall be placed on the applicant’s certificate: INSTRUMENT 

RATING, AIRPLANE MULTIENGINE, LIMITED TO CENTER THRUST. 

Use of FAA-Approved Flight Simulator or Flight Training 

Device 

An airman applicant for instrument rating certification is authorized to 

use an FAA-qualified and approved flight simulator or flight training 

device, to complete certain flight TASK requirements listed in this 

practical test standard. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 8 
When flight TASKs are accomplished in an aircraft, certain TASK 

elements may be accomplished through “simulated” actions in the 

interest of safety and practicality, but when accomplished in a flight 

simulator or flight training device, these same actions would not be 

“simulated.” For example, when in an aircraft, a simulated engine fire 

may be addressed by retarding the throttle to idle, simulating the 

shutdown of the engine, simulating the discharge of the fire suppression 

agent, if applicable, simulating the disconnect of associated electrical, 

hydraulic, and pneumatics systems. However, when the same 

emergency condition is addressed in a flight simulator or flight training 

device, all TASK elements must be accomplished as would be expected 

under actual circumstances. 

Similarly, safety of flight precautions taken in the aircraft for the 

accomplishment of a specific maneuver or procedure (such as limiting 

altitude in an approach to stall or setting maximum airspeed for an 

engine failure expected to result in a rejected takeoff) need not be taken 

when a flight simulator or flight training device is used. 

It is important to understand that whether accomplished in an aircraft, 

flight simulator, or flight training device, all TASKs and elements for 

each maneuver or procedure shall have the same performance 

standards applied equally for determination of overall satisfactory 

performance. 

The applicant must demonstrate all of the instrument approach 

procedures required by 14 CFR part 61. At least one instrument 

approach procedure must be demonstrated in an airplane, helicopter, or 

powered lift as appropriate. One precision and one nonprecision 

approach not selected for actual flight demonstration may be performed 

in flight simulators or flight training devices that meet the requirements 

of appendix 1 of this practical test standard. 

Flight Instructor Responsibility 

An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the 

instrument rating pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject 

matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKs within 

the appropriate instrument rating practical test standard. 

Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, 

proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, 

skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students. 

Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant is able to 

perform safely as an instrument pilot and is competent to pass the required 

practical test. 

9 FAA-S-8081-4D 
Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for 

emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision 

avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures. These areas are 

covered, in part, in AC 90-48, Pilot's Role in Collision Avoidance; FAA-H8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot's Handbook of 

Aeronautical Knowledge; and the Aeronautical Information Manual. 

Examiner1 Responsibility 

The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for 

determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of 

knowledge and skill of each TASK within the appropriate practical test 

standard. Since there is no formal division between the “oral” and “skill” 

portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process 

throughout the test. To avoid unnecessary distractions, oral questioning 

should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight 

portion of the practical test. 

Examiners shall test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant’s 

correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts 

throughout the practical test. 

If the examiner determines that a TASK is incomplete, or the outcome 

uncertain, the examiner may require the applicant to repeat that TASK, 

or portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interest 

of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the 

repeating of an unsatisfactory TASK is permitted during the certification 

process. 

During the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall evaluate 

the applicant’s use of visual scanning, and collision avoidance 

procedures, when appropriate. Except for takeoff and landing, all 

TASKs shall be conducted solely by reference to instruments under 

actual or simulated instrument flight conditions. 

The examiner may not assist the applicant in the management of the 

aircraft, radio communications, navigational equipment, and 

navigational charts. In the event the test is conducted in an aircraft 

operation requiring a crew of two, the examiner may assume the duties 

of the second in command. Helicopters certified for IFR operations must 

be flown using two pilots or single pilot with an approved autopilot or a 

SAS. Therefore, when conducting practical tests in a helicopter (without 

autopilot, SAS, or copilot), examiners may act as an autopilot (e.g., hold 

heading and altitude), when requested, to allow applicants to tune 

radios, select charts, etc. 

The word “examiner” is used throughout the standard to denote either the FAA 

inspector or FAA designated pilot examiner who conducts an official practical test. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 10 

1 
Examiners may perform the same functions as an autopilot but should 

not act as a copilot performing more extensive duties. The examiner 

shall remain alert for other traffic at all times. The examiner shall use 

proper ATC terminology when simulating ATC clearances. 

Satisfactory Performance 

Satisfactory performance to meet the requirements for certification is 

based on the applicant’s ability to safely: 

1. perform the TASKs specified in the AREAS OF OPERATION for 

the certificate or rating sought within the approved standards; 

2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome of 

each TASK performed never seriously in doubt; 

3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the 

approved standards; 

4. demonstrate sound judgment and ADM; and 

5. demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type 

certificated for single-pilot operations. 

Unsatisfactory Performance 

The tolerances represent the performance expected in good flying 

conditions. If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not 

meet the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the 

associated AREA OF OPERATION is failed and therefore, the practical 

test is failed. 

Note: The tolerances stated in this standard are intended to be used as 

a measurement of the applicant’s ability to operate in the instrument 

environment. They provide guidance for examiners to use in judging the 

applicant’s qualifications. The regulations governing the tolerances for 

operation under Instrument Flight Rules are established in 14 CFR part 

91. 

The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when 

the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible 

for the certificate or rating sought. The test may be continued ONLY 

with the consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the 

applicant is entitled credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION and 

their associated TASKs satisfactorily performed. However, during the 

retest, and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be reevaluated, including those previously passed. 

11 FAA-S-8081-4D 
Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for 

disqualification are: 

1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires 

corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight. 

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques, 

when applicable, to clear the area before and while performing 

maneuvers. 

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives. 

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are 

exceeded. 

When a notice of disapproval is issued, the examiner shall record the 

applicant’s unsatisfactory performance in terms of the AREA OF 

OPERATION and specific TASK(s) not meeting the standard 

appropriate to the practical test conducted. The AREA(s) OF 

OPERATION/TASK(s) not tested and the number of practical test 

failures shall also be recorded. If the applicant fails the practical test 

because of a special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval shall 

indicate the associated TASK. For example, AREA OF OPERATION VI, 

TASK E, Landing From a Straight-in or Circling Approach, failure to 

avoid runway incursion. 

Letter of Discontinuance 

When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than 

unsatisfactory performance (i.e., equipment failure, weather, or illness) 

FAA Form 8700-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if 

applicable, the Airman Knowledge Test Report, shall be returned to the 

applicant. The examiner at that time shall prepare, sign, and issue a 

Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance 

should identify the AREAS OF OPERATION and their associated 

TASKs of the practical test that were successfully completed. The 

applicant shall be advised that the Letter of Discontinuance shall be 

presented to the examiner when the practical test is resumed, and 

made part of the certification file. 

Aeronautical Decision Making And Risk Management 

The examiner shall evaluate the applicant’s ability throughout the 

practical test to use good aeronautical decision making procedures 

in order to evaluate risks. The examiner shall accomplish this 

requirement by developing scenarios that incorporate as many 

TASKs as possible to evaluate the applicants risk management in 

making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the examiner 

may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and 

performance planning. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 12 
The applicant’s ability to utilize all the assets available in making a 

risk analysis to determine the safest course of action is essential for 

satisfactory performance. The scenarios should be realistic and 

within the capabilities of the aircraft used for the practical test. 

Single-Pilot Resource Management 

Single-Pilot Resource Management refers to the effective use of ALL 

available resources: human resources, hardware, and information. It is 

similar to Crew Resource Management (CRM) procedures that are 

being emphasized in multi-crewmember operations except that only one 

crewmember (the pilot) is involved. Human resources “...includes all 

other groups routinely working with the pilot who are involved in 

decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These groups 

include, but are not limited to: dispatchers, weather briefers, 

maintenance personnel, and air traffic controllers.” Pilot Resource 

Management is not a single TASK; it is a set of skill competencies that 

must be evident in all TASKs in this practical test standard as applied to 

single-pilot operation. 

Applicant's Use of Checklists 

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of 

an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific TASK 

being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the 

checklist, while accomplishing elements of an Objective, would be 

either unsafe or impracticable, especially in a single-pilot operation. In 

this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been 

accomplished would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper 

visual scanning should be considered when using a checklist. 

Use of Distractions During Practical Tests 

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when 

the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate 

the pilot's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing 

attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit, the examiner shall 

cause a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test 

to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining 

safe flight. 

13 FAA-S-8081-4D 
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls 

During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between 

pilots of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should 

be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight 

controls. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls 

between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly 

recommended. 

When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, he or 

she will say, “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot 

acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The 

first pilot again says “You have the flight controls.” When control is 

returned to the first pilot, follow the same procedure. A visual check is 

recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should 

never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft. 

Emphasis on Attitude Instrument Flying and Emergency 

Instrument Procedures 

The FAA is concerned about numerous fatal aircraft accidents involving 

spatial disorientation of instrument-rated pilots who have attempted to 

control and maneuver their aircraft in clouds with inoperative primary 

flight instruments (gyroscopic heading and/or attitude indicators) or loss 

of the primary electronic flight instruments display. 

AREA OF OPERATION IV requires the evaluation of basic instrument 

flight maneuvers under both full-panel and references to backup 

primary flight instruments/electronic flight instrument displays. These 

maneuvers are described in detail in FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying 

Handbook. Examiners should determine that the applicant 

demonstrates competency in either the PRIMARY and SUPPORTING 

or the CONTROL and PERFORMACE CONCEPT method of instrument 

flying. Either attitude instrument flying method is described in FAA-H8083-15 and is recommended by the FAA because it requires specific 

knowledge and interpretation of each individual instrument during 

training. 

The FAA has stressed that it is imperative for instrument pilots to 

acquire and maintain adequate instrument skills and that they be 

capable of performing instrument flight with the use of the backup 

systems installed in the aircraft. Many light aircraft operated in IMC are 

not equipped with dual, independent, gyroscopic heading and/or 

attitude indicators and in many cases are equipped with only a singlevacuum source. Technically advanced aircraft may be equipped with 

backup flight instruments or an additional electronic flight display that is 

not located directly in front of the pilot. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 14 
The instrument rating practical test standards place emphasis on and 

requires the demonstrations of a nonprecision instrument approach 

without the use of the primary flight instruments or electronic flight 

instrument display. A nonprecision approach without the use of the 

primary flight instruments/electronic flight instrument display is 

considered one of the most demanding situations that could be 

encountered. If applicants can master this situation, they can 

successfully complete a less difficult precision approach. If an actual 

approach in IMC becomes necessary without the aid of the primary 

flight instruments/ electronic flight instrument display, a less difficult 

precision approach should be requested, if available. Sound judgment 

would normally dictate such requests. However, the instrument practical 

test requires that a nonprecision approach be performed without the 

use of the primary flight instruments/electronic flight instrument display. 

Applicants may have an unfair advantage during performance of the 

TASK using the backup flight instruments during an instrument 

approach due to the location of the magnetic compass in some aircraft. 

When crosschecking the magnetic compass heading, a view of the 

runway or other visual clue may be sighted. It is the examiner’s 

responsibility to determine if the applicant is receiving visual clues from 

outside the cockpit. If an examiner feels that the applicant is receiving 

visual clues, the examiner may devise other options to limit the 

applicant’s view. By no means shall the examiner limit his or her view 

as the safety pilot. 

15 FAA-S-8081-4D 
RATING TASK TABLE 

ADDITIONAL INSTRUMENT RATING DESIRED 

AREA 

OF 

OPERATION 

Required TASKS are indicated by either the TASK letter(s) 

that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the TASKS 

must be tested. 

IA IH IPL IPC 

I NONE NONE NONE NONE 

II A, C A, C A, C NONE 

III NONE NONE NONE C 

IV ALL ALL ALL B 

V NONE NONE NONE ALL 

VI ALL ALL ALL ALL* 

VII ALL** ALL** ALL** B, C, D 

VIII ALL ALL ALL ALL 

LEGEND 

IA - Instrument airplane 

IH - Instrument helicopter 

IPL - Instrument powered lift 

IPC – Instrument Proficiency check 

NOTE: Except as noted, all TASKs are required for initial issuance of 

an instrument rating. 

* TASK D, Circling Approach, is applicable only to the airplane 

category. 

** TASKS B and C are applicable only to multiengine airplanes. 

Instrument Proficiency Check. 14 CFR part 61.57(d) sets forth the 

requirements for an instrument proficiency check. The person giving 

that check shall use the standards and procedures contained in this 

PTS when administering the check. A representative number of TASKs, 

as determined by the examiner/instructor, must be selected to assure 

the competence of the applicant to operate in the IFR environment. As 

a minimum, the applicant must demonstrate the ability to perform the 

TASKs as listed in the above chart. The person giving the check should 

develop scenarios to assess the pilot’s ADM and risk management 

skills during the IPC. 

16
CONTENTS 

CHECKLISTS: 

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist ............................................. 1-iii

 Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist............................................. .1-v 

AREAS OF OPERATION: 

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION.................................................. 1-1 

A. WEATHER INFORMATION................................................ 1-1 

B. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING ........................... 1-2 

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES................................................... 1-3 

A. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS RELATED TO IFR 

OPERATIONS .................................................................. 1-3 

B. AIRCRAFT FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS AND 

NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT ............................................. 1-3 

C. INSTRUMENT COCKPIT CHECK...................................... 1-4 

III. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES AND 

PROCEDURES ...................................................................... 1-5 

A. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES.......................... 1-5 

B. COMPLIANCE WITH DEPARTURE, EN ROUTE, AND 

ARRIVAL PROCEDURES AND CLEARANCES .............. 1-5 

C. HOLDING PROCEDURES ................................................. 1-6 

IV. FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS ...................... 1-7 

A. BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT MANEUVERS ................... 1-7 

B. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT 

ATTITUDES ...................................................................... 1-7 

V. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS......................................................... 1-8 

 A. INTERCEPTING AND TRACKING NAVIGATIONAL 

SYSTEMS AND DME ARCS ............................................ 1-8 

1-i FAA-S-8081-4D 
VI. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES ..........................1-9 

A. NONPRECISION APPROACH ...........................................1-9 

 B. PRECISION APPROACH (PA) ......................................... 1-11 

` C. MISSED APPROACH ....................................................... 1-12 

D. CIRCLING APPROACH.................................................... 1-13 

E. LANDING FROM A STRAIGHT-IN OR CIRCLING 

APPROACH.................................................................... 1-13 

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS................................................ 1-14 

A. LOSS OF COMMUNICATIONS........................................1-14 

B. ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE DURING 

 STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT AND TURNS 

(MULTIENGINE AIRPLANE) .......................................... 1-14 

 C. ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE—INSTRUMENT

APPROACH (MULTIENGINE AIRPLANE) ..................... 1-15 

D. APPROACH WITH LOSS OF PRIMARY FLIGHT

INSTRUMENT INDICATORS ......................................... 1-16 

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES .............................................. 1-17

A. CHECKING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT ............. 1-17 

APPENDIX 1—TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT 

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT ................ Appendix 1-1

USE OF CHART ......................................................... Appendix 1-1

FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL...................... Appendix 1-2 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-ii 
APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST 

APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER: 

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________ 

LOCATION ____________________________________ 

DATE/TIME ____________________________________ 

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT 

View-limiting device 

Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate 

Registration Certificate 

Rating Limitations 

Aircraft Maintenance Records: Airworthiness Inspections 

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT 

Current Aeronautical Charts 

Computer and Plotter 

Flight Plan Form 

Flight Logs 

Current AIM 

PERSONAL RECORDS 

Identification - Photo/Signature ID 

Pilot Certificate 

Medical Certificate 

Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Application for an Airman 

Certificate and/or Rating 

Airman Knowledge Test Report 

Logbook with Instructor's Endorsement 

Notice of Disapproval (if applicable) 

Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable) 

Examiner's Fee (if applicable) 

1-iii FAA-S-8081-4D 
EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST 

APPLICANT’S NAME_____________________________ 

LOCATION_____________________________________ 

DATE/TIME_____________________________________ 

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION 

A. Weather Information 

B. Cross-Country Flight Planning 

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES 

A. Aircraft Systems Related to IFR Operations 

B. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment 

C. Instrument Cockpit Check 

III. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES AND PROCEDURES 

A. Air Traffic Control Clearances 

B. Compliance with Departure, En Route, and Arrival Procedures 

and Clearances 

C. Holding Procedures 

IV. FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS 

A. Basic Instrument Flight Maneuvers 

B. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes 

V. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 

A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems and DME Arcs 

VI. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES 

A. Nonprecision Approach (NPA) 

B. Precision Approach (PA) 

C. Missed Approach 

D. Circling Approach 

E. Landing from a Straight-in or Circling Approach 

1-v FAA-S-8081-4D 
VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS 

A. Loss of Communications 

B. One Engine Inoperative During Straight-and-Level Flight and 

Turns (Multiengine Airplane) 

C. One Engine Inoperative—Instrument Approach 

(Multiengine Airplane) 

D. Loss of Primary Flight Instrument Indicators 

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES 

A. Checking Instruments and Equipment 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-vi 
I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION 

A. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 00-6, AC 00-45; AIM. 

NOTE: Where current weather reports, forecasts, or other 

pertinent information is not available, this information will be 

simulated by the examiner in a manner that will adequately measure 

the applicant's competence. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

aviation weather information by obtaining, reading, and 

analyzing the applicable items, such as— 

a. weather reports and forecasts. 

b. pilot and radar reports. 

c. surface analysis charts. 

d. radar summary charts. 

e. significant weather prognostics. 

f. winds and temperatures aloft. 

g. freezing level charts. 

h. stability charts. 

i. severe weather outlook charts. 

j. SIGMETs and AIRMETs. 

k. ATIS reports. 

2. Correctly analyzes the assembled weather information 

pertaining to the proposed route of flight and destination 

airport, and determines whether an alternate airport is 

required, and, if required, whether the selected alternate 

airport meets the regulatory requirement. 

1-1 FAA-S-8081-4D 
B. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H8083-25; AC 90-94; AFD; AIM. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements by 

presenting and explaining a preplanned cross-country 

flight, as previously assigned by the examiner (preplanning 

is at examiner’s discretion). It should be planned using real 

time weather and conform to the regulatory requirements 

for instrument flight rules within the airspace in which the 

flight will be conducted. 

2. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the aircraft's performance 

capabilities by calculating the estimated time en route and 

total fuel requirement based upon factors, such as— 

a. power settings. 

b. operating altitude or flight level. 

c. wind. 

d. fuel reserve requirements. 

3. Selects and correctly interprets the current and applicable 

en route charts, instrument departure procedures (DPs), 

RNAV, STAR, and Standard Instrument Approach 

Procedure Charts (IAP). 

4. Obtains and correctly interprets applicable NOTAM 

information. 

5. Determines the calculated performance is within the 

aircraft's capability and operating limitations. 

6. Completes and files a flight plan in a manner that 

accurately reflects the conditions of the proposed flight. 

(Does not have to be filed with ATC.) 

7. Demonstrates adequate knowledge of GPS and RAIM 

capability, when aircraft is so equipped. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-2 
II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES 

A. TASK: AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS RELATED TO IFR OPERATIONS 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; AC 61-84. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits adequate 

knowledge of the elements related to applicable aircraft 

anti-icing/deicing system(s) and their operating methods to include: 

1. Airframe. 

2. Propeller. 

3. Intake. 

4. Fuel. 

5. Pitot-static. 

B. TASK: AIRCRAFT FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS AND NAVIGATION 

EQUIPMENT 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AC 61-27, AC 61-84, 

AC 90-48. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

applicable aircraft flight instrument system(s) and their 

operating characteristics to include— 

a. pitot-static. 

b. altimeter. 

c. airspeed indicator. 

d. vertical speed indicator. 

e. attitude indicator. 

f. horizontal situation indicator. 

g. magnetic compass. 

h. turn-and-slip indicator/turn coordinator. 

i. heading indicator. 

j. electrical systems. 

k. vacuum systems. 

l. electronic flight instrument display. 

1-3 FAA-S-8081-4D 
2. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the applicable aircraft 

navigation system(s) and their operating characteristics to 

include— 

a. VOR. 

b. DME. 

c. ILS. 

d. marker beacon receiver/indicators. 

e. transponder/altitude encoding. 

f. ADF. 

g. GPS. 

h. FMS. 

C. TASK: INSTRUMENT COCKPIT CHECK 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

preflighting instruments, avionics, and navigation 

equipment cockpit check by explaining the reasons for the 

check and how to detect possible defects. 

2. Performs the preflight on instruments, avionics, and 

navigation equipment cockpit check by following the 

checklist appropriate to the aircraft flown. 

3. Determines that the aircraft is in condition for safe 

instrument flight including— 

a. communications equipment. 

b. navigation equipment, as appropriate to the aircraft 

flown. 

c. magnetic compass. 

d. heading indicator. 

e. attitude indicator. 

f. altimeter. 

g. turn-and-slip indicator/turn coordinator. 

h. vertical speed indicator. 

i. airspeed indicator. 

j. clock. 

k. power source for gyro-instruments. 

l. pitot heat. 

m. electronic flight instrument display 

n. traffic awareness/warning/avoidance system. 

o. terrain awareness/warning/alert system. 

p. FMS. 

q. auto pilot. 

4. Notes any discrepancies and determines whether the 

aircraft is safe for instrument flight or requires 

maintenance. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-4 
III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 

CLEARANCES AND PROCEDURES 

NOTE: The ATC clearance may be an actual or simulated ATC 

clearance based upon the flight plan. 

A. TASK: AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCES 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; AIM. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

ATC clearances and pilot/controller responsibilities to 

include tower en route control and clearance void times. 

2. Copies correctly, in a timely manner, the ATC clearance as 

issued. 

3. Determines that it is possible to comply with ATC 

clearance. 

4. Interprets correctly the ATC clearance received and, when 

necessary, requests clarification, verification, or change. 

5. Reads back correctly, in a timely manner, the ATC 

clearance in the sequence received. 

6. Uses standard phraseology when reading back clearance. 

7. Sets the appropriate communication and navigation 

systems and transponder codes in compliance with the 

ATC clearance. 

B. TASK: COMPLIANCE WITH DEPARTURE, EN ROUTE, 

AND ARRIVAL PROCEDURES AND CLEARANCES 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; DPs; En 

Route Low Altitude Charts; STARs. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

ATS routes, and related pilot/controller responsibilities. 

2. Uses the current and appropriate navigation publications 

for the proposed flight. 

3. Selects and uses the appropriate communication facilities; 

selects and identifies the navigation aids associated with 

the proposed flight. 

4. Performs the appropriate aircraft checklist items relative to 

the phase of flight. 

5. Establishes two-way communications with the proper 

controlling agency, using proper phraseology. 

6. Complies, in a timely manner, with all ATC instructions and 

airspace restrictions. 

1-5 FAA-S-8081-4D 
7. Exhibits adequate knowledge of communication failure 

procedures. 

8. Intercepts, in a timely manner, all courses, radials, and 

bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, or clearance. 

9. Maintains the applicable airspeed within +/-10 knots; 

headings within +/-10°; altitude within +/-100 feet; and 

tracks a course, radial or bearing within 3⁄4 scale deflection 

of the CDI. 

C. TASK: HOLDING PROCEDURES 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; AIM. 

NOTE: Any reference to DME will be disregarded if the aircraft is 

not so equipped. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

holding procedures. 

2. Changes to the holding airspeed appropriate for the 

altitude or aircraft when 3 minutes or less from, but prior to 

arriving at, the holding fix. 

3. Explains and uses an entry procedure that ensures the 

aircraft remains within the holding pattern airspace for a 

standard, nonstandard, published, or nonpublished holding 

pattern. 

4. Recognizes arrival at the holding fix and initiates prompt 

entry into the holding pattern. 

5. Complies with ATC reporting requirements. 

6. Uses the proper timing criteria, where applicable, as 

required by altitude or ATC instructions. 

7. Complies with pattern leg lengths when a DME distance is 

specified. 

8. Uses proper wind correction procedures to maintain the 

desired pattern and to arrive over the fix as close as 

possible to a specified time. 

9. Maintains the airspeed within +/-10 knots; altitude within 

+/-100 feet; headings within +/-10°; and tracks a selected 

course, radial or bearing within 3⁄4 scale deflection of the 

CDI. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-6 
IV. AREA OF OPERATION: FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO 

INSTRUMENTS 

A. TASK: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT MANEUVERS (IA, IH, PL, 

AA, HA, PLA, PC) 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-15. 

Objective. To determine the applicant can perform basic flight 

maneuvers. 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level, climbs, 

turns, and descents while conducting various instrument 

flight procedures. 

2. Maintains altitude within +/- 100 feet during level flight, 

headings within +/- 10°, airspeed within +/- 10 knots, and 

bank angles within +/- 5° during turns. 

3. Uses proper instrument crosscheck and interpretation, and 

apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, and trim 

corrections when applicable. 

B. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-15. 

NOTE: Any intervention by the examiner to prevent the aircraft 

from exceeding any operating limitations, or entering an unsafe flight 

condition, shall be disqualifying. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to 

attitude instrument flying during recovery from unusual 

flight attitudes (both nose-high and nose-low). 

2. Uses proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, 

and applies the appropriate pitch, bank, and power 

corrections in the correct sequence to return the aircraft to 

a stabilized level flight attitude. 

1-7 FAA-S-8081-4D 
V. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 

A. TASK: INTERCEPTING AND TRACKING NAVIGATIONAL 

SYSTEMS AND DME ARCS 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; AIM. 

NOTE: Any reference to DME arcs, ADF, or GPS shall be 

disregarded if the aircraft is not equipped with these specified 

navigational systems. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

intercepting and tracking navigational systems and DME 

arcs. 

2. Tunes and correctly identifies the navigation facility. 

3. Sets and correctly orients the course to be intercepted into 

the course selector or correctly identifies the course on the 

RMI. 

4. Intercepts the specified course at a predetermined angle, 

inbound or outbound from a navigational facility. 

5. Maintains the airspeed within +/-10 knots, altitude within 

+/-100 feet, and selected headings within +/-5°. 

6. Applies proper correction to maintain a course, allowing no 

more than three-quarter-scale deflection of the CDI or 

within +/-10° in case of an RMI. 

7. Determines the aircraft position relative to the navigational 

facility or from a waypoint in the case of GPS. 

8. Intercepts a DME arc and maintain that arc within 

+/-1 nautical mile. 

9. Recognizes navigational receiver or facility failure, and 

when required, reports the failure to ATC. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-8 
VI.AREA OF OPERATION: INSTRUMENT APPROACH 

PROCEDURES 

NOTE: TASK D, Circling Approach, is applicable only to the 

airplane category. 

NOTE: The requirements for conducting a GPS approach for the 

purpose of this test are explained on page 8 of the Introduction. 

A. TASK: NONPRECISION APPROACH (NPA) 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; IAP; AIM. 

NOTE: The applicant must accomplish at least two nonprecision 

approaches (one of which must include a procedure turn or, in the 

case of an RNAV approach, a Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) 

procedure) in simulated or actual weather conditions. At least one 

nonprecision approach must be flown without the use of autopilot 

and without the assistance of radar vectors. (The yaw damper and 

flight director are not considered parts of the autopilot for purpose of 

this part). The examiner will select nonprecision approaches that 

are representative of the type that the applicant is likely to use. The 

choices must utilize two different types of navigational aids. Some 

examples of navigational aids for the purpose of this part are: NDB, 

VOR, LOC, LDA, GPS, or RNAV. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to an 

instrument approach procedure. 

2. Selects and complies with the appropriate instrument 

approach procedure to be performed. 

3. Establishes two-way communications with ATC, as 

appropriate, to the phase of flight or approach segment, 

and uses proper communication phraseology and 

technique. 

4. Selects, tunes, identifies, and confirms the operational 

status of navigation equipment to be used for the approach 

procedure. 

5. Complies with all clearances issued by ATC or the 

examiner. 

6. Recognizes if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or 

inoperative, and takes appropriate action. 

7. Advises ATC or examiner anytime that the aircraft is 

unable to comply with a clearance. 

1-9 FAA-S-8081-4D 
8. Establishes the appropriate aircraft configuration and 

airspeed considering turbulence and wind shear, and 

completes the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the 

phase of the flight. 

9. Maintains, prior to beginning the final approach segment, 

altitude within +/-100 feet, heading within +/-10° and allows 

less than 3⁄4 scale deflection of the CDI or within +/-10° in 

the case of an RMI, and maintains airspeed within +/-10 

knots. 

10. Applies the necessary adjustments to the published MDA 

and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category 

when required, such as— 

a. NOTAMs. 

b. inoperative aircraft and ground navigation 

equipment. 

c. inoperative visual aids associated with the landing 

environment. 

d. NWS reporting factors and criteria. 

11. Establishes a rate of descent and track that will ensure 

arrival at the MDA prior to reaching the MAP with the 

aircraft continuously in a position from which descent to a 

landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal 

rate using normal maneuvers. 

12. Allows, while on the final approach segment, no more than 

a three-quarter-scale deflection of the CDI or within 10° in 

case of an RMI, and maintains airspeed within +/-10 knots 

of that desired. 

13. Maintains the MDA, when reached, within +100 feet, -0 

feet to the MAP. 

14. Executes the missed approach procedure when the 

required visual references for the intended runway are not 

distinctly visible and identifiable at the MAP. 

15. Executes a normal landing from a straight-in or circling 

approach when instructed by the examiner. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-10 
B. TASK: PRECISION APPROACH (PA) 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; IAP; AIM. 

NOTE: A precision approach, utilizing aircraft NAVAID equipment 

for centerline and vertical guidance, must be accomplished in 

simulated or actual instrument conditions to DA/DH. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the precision instrument 

approach procedures. 

2. Accomplishes the appropriate precision instrument 

approaches as selected by the examiner. 

3. Establishes two-way communications with ATC using the 

proper communications phraseology and techniques, as 

required for the phase of flight or approach segment. 

4. Complies, in a timely manner, with all clearances, 

instructions, and procedures. 

5. Advises ATC anytime that the applicant is unable to 

comply with a clearance. 

6. Establishes the appropriate airplane configuration and 

airspeed/V-speed considering turbulence, wind shear, 

microburst conditions, or other meteorological and 

operating conditions. 

7. Completes the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the 

phase of flight or approach segment, including engine out 

approach and landing checklists, if appropriate. 

8. Prior to beginning the final approach segment, maintains 

the desired altitude +/-100 feet, the desired airspeed within 

+/-10 knots, the desired heading within 

+/-10°; and accurately tracks radials, courses, and 

bearings. 

9. Selects, tunes, identifies, and monitors the operational 

status of ground and airplane navigation equipment used 

for the approach. 

10. Applies the necessary adjustments to the published DA/DH 

and visibility criteria for the airplane approach category as 

required, such as— 

a. NOTAMs 

b. inoperative airplane and ground navigation 

equipment. 

c. inoperative visual aids associated with the landing 

environment. 

d. NWS reporting factors and criteria. 

1-11 FAA-S-8081-4D 
11. Establishes a predetermined rate of descent at the point 

where the electronic glide slope begins, which 

approximates that required for the aircraft to follow the 

glide slope. 

12. Maintains a stabilized final approach, from the Final 

Approach Fix to DA/DH allowing no more than threequarter scale deflection of either the glide slope or localizer 

indications and maintains the desired airspeed within +/-10 

knots. 

13. A missed approach or transition to a landing shall be 

initiated at Decision Height. 

14. Initiates immediately the missed approach when at the 

DA/DH, and the required visual references for the runway 

are not unmistakably visible and identifiable. 

15. Transitions to a normal landing approach (missed 

approach for seaplanes) only when the aircraft is in a 

position from which a descent to a landing on the runway 

can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal 

maneuvering. 

16. Maintains localizer and glide slope within three-quarterscale deflection of the indicators during the visual descent 

from DA/DH to a point over the runway where glide slope 

must be abandoned to accomplish a normal landing. 

C. TASK: MISSED APPROACH 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; IAP; AIM. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

missed approach procedures associated with standard 

instrument approaches. 

2. Initiates the missed approach promptly by applying power, 

establishing a climb attitude, and reducing drag in 

accordance with the aircraft manufacturer's 

recommendations. 

3. Reports to ATC beginning the missed approach procedure. 

4. Complies with the published or alternate missed approach 

procedure. 

5. Advises ATC or examiner anytime that the aircraft is 

unable to comply with a clearance, restriction, or climb 

gradient. 

6. Follows the recommended checklist items appropriate to 

the go-around procedure. 

7. Requests, if appropriate, ATC clearance to the alternate 

airport, clearance limit, or as directed by the examiner. 

8. Maintains the recommended airspeed within +/-10 knots; 

heading, course, or bearing within +/-10°; and altitude(s) 

within +/-100 feet during the missed approach procedure. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-12 
D. TASK: CIRCLING APPROACH 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; IAP; AIM. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to a 

circling approach procedure. 

2. Selects and complies with the appropriate circling 

approach procedure considering turbulence and wind 

shear and considering the maneuvering capabilities of the 

aircraft. 

3. Confirms the direction of traffic and adheres to all 

restrictions and instructions issued by ATC and the 

examiner. 

4. Does not exceed the visibility criteria or descend below the 

appropriate circling altitude until in a position from which a 

descent to a normal landing can be made. 

5. Maneuvers the aircraft, after reaching the authorized MDA 

and maintains that altitude within +100 feet, -0 feet and a 

flight path that permits a normal landing on a runway. The 

runway selected must be such that it requires at least a 

90° change of direction, from the final approach course, to 

align the aircraft for landing. 

E. TASK: LANDING FROM A STRAIGHT-IN OR CIRCLING 

APPROACH 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-15; AIM. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to 

the pilot's responsibilities, and the environmental, 

operational, and meteorological factors, which affect a 

landing from a straight-in or a circling, approach. 

2. Transitions at the DA/DH, MDA, or VDP to a visual flight 

condition, allowing for safe visual maneuvering and a 

normal landing. 

3. Adheres to all ATC (or examiner) advisories, such as 

NOTAMs, wind shear, wake turbulence, runway surface, 

braking conditions, and other operational considerations. 

4. Completes appropriate checklist items for the pre-landing 

and landing phase. 

5. Maintains positive aircraft control throughout the complete 

landing maneuver. 

1-13 FAA-S-8081-4D 
VII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY 

OPERATIONS 

A. TASK: LOSS OF COMMUNICATIONS 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91; AIM. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits adequate 

knowledge of the elements related to applicable loss of 

communication procedures to include: 

1. Recognizing loss of communication. 

2. Continuing to destination according to the flight plan. 

3. When to deviate from the flight plan. 

4. Timing for beginning an approach at destination. 

B. TASK: ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE DURING 

STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT AND TURNS 

(MULTIENGINE AIRPLANE) 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the procedures used if 

engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns 

while on instruments. 

2. Recognizes engine failure simulated by the examiner during 

straight-and-level flight and turns. 

3. Sets all engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and 

verifies the inoperative engine. 

4. Establishes the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trims the 

aircraft. 

5. Verifies the accomplishment of prescribed checklist 

procedures for securing the inoperative engine. 

6. Establishes and maintains the recommended flight attitude, as 

necessary, for best performance during straight-and-level and 

turning flight. 

7. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine failure. 

8. Monitors all engine control functions and makes necessary 

adjustments. 

9. Maintains the specified altitude within +/-100 feet, (if within the 

aircraft's capability), airspeed within +/-10 knots, and the 

specified heading within +/-10°. 

10. Assesses the aircraft's performance capability and decides an 

appropriate action to ensure a safe landing. 

11. Avoids loss of aircraft control, or attempted flight contrary to 

the engine-inoperative operating limitations of the aircraft. 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-14 
C. TASK: ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE—INSTRUMENT 

APPROACH (MULTIENGINE AIRPLANE) 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; 

IAP. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements by explaining 

the procedures used during an instrument approach in a 

multiengine aircraft with one engine inoperative. 

2. Recognizes promptly, engine failure simulated by the 

examiner. 

3. Sets all engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and 

verifies the inoperative engine. 

4. Establishes the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trims the 

aircraft. 

5. Verifies the accomplishment of prescribed checklist 

procedures for securing the inoperative engine. 

6. Establishes and maintains the recommended flight attitude 

and configuration for the best performance for all maneuvering 

necessary for the instrument approach procedures. 

7. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine failure. 

8. Monitors all engine control functions and makes necessary 

adjustments. 

9. Requests and receives an actual or a simulated ATC 

clearance for an instrument approach. 

10. Follows the actual or a simulated ATC clearance for an 

instrument approach. 

11. Establishes a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the 

MDA/DH prior to reaching the MAP with the aircraft 

continuously in a position from which descent to a landing on 

the intended runway can be made straight-in or circling. 

12. Maintains, where applicable, the specified altitude within +/­

100 feet, the airspeed within +/-10 knots if within the aircraft's 

capability, and the heading within +/-10°. 

13. Sets the navigation and communication equipment used 

during the approach and uses the proper communications 

technique. 

14. Avoids loss of aircraft control, or attempted flight contrary to 

the engine-inoperative operating limitations of the aircraft. 

15. Complies with the published criteria for the aircraft approach 

category when circling. 

16. Allows, while on final approach segment, no more than 

three-quarter-scale deflection of either the localizer or glide 

slope or GPS indications, or within +/-10° or 3⁄4 scale 

deflection of the nonprecision final approach course. 

17. Completes a safe landing. 

1-15 FAA-S-8081-4D 
D. TASK: APPROACH WITH LOSS OF PRIMARY FLIGHT 

INSTRUMENT INDICATORS 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-15; IAP. 

Note: This approach shall count as one of the required 

nonprecision approaches. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to 

recognizing if primary flight instruments are inaccurate or 

inoperative, and advise ATC or the examiner. 

2. Advises ATC or examiner anytime that the aircraft is 

unable to comply with a clearance. 

3. Demonstrates a nonprecision instrument approach without 

the use of the primary flight instrument using the objectives 

of the nonprecision approach TASK (AREA OF 

OPERATION VI, TASK A). 

FAA-S-8081-4D 1-16 
VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT 

PROCEDURES 

A. TASK: CHECKING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT 

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61, 91. 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to all 

instrument and navigation equipment for proper operation. 

2. Notes all flight equipment for proper operation. 

3. Notes all equipment and/or aircraft malfunctions and 

makes appropriate documentation of improper operation or 

failure of such equipment. 

1-17 FAA-S-8081-4D 
APPENDIX 1

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CRE
Appendix 1—Levels of Simulation Dev

TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT 

Examiners conducting the instrument rating practical tests with flight simulation devices should co

that the device has been approved for training, testing, or checking. The documentation for eaactivities have occurred: 

 1. The device must be evaluated, determined to meet the appropriate standards, and by the National Simulator Program Manager. The device must continue to meet qualification sta

outlined in the appropriate advisory circular (AC). For airplane flight training devices (FTDs), 

Training Device Qualifications, will be used. For simulators, AC 120-40 (as amended), Airplane Si

 2. The FAA must approve the device for training, testing, and checking the specific flig 3. The device must continue to support the level of student or applicant performance rNOTE: Users of the following chart are cautioned that use of the chart alone is incomplete. The listed in the body of the practical test standard, including all NOTEs, must also be incorporated for 

USE OF CHART 

X Creditable. A Creditable if appropriate systems are installed and ope

NOTE: 1. Level 1 FTDs that have been issued a letter authorizing their use by the FAA Adm

those TASKs originally found acceptable. Use of Level 1, 2, or 3 FTDs may not be used for aircraf

 2. If a FTD or a simulator is used for the practical test, the instrument approach procare limited to one precision and one nonprecision approach procedure.  3. Postflight procedures means, closing flight plans, checking for discrepancies and 

maintenance form. 

Appendix 1-1 
FAA-S-8081-4D Appendix 1-2

APPENDIX 1 

FLIGHT TASK FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL Areas of Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A II. Preflight Procedures

C. Instrument Cockpit Check * __ A X A A X X X 

III. Air Traffic Control Clearances and Procedures

 A. Air Traffic Control Clearances * __ A X A A X X X 

 B. Departure, En Route and Arrival Clearances * __ __ X __ __ X X X 

 C. Holding Procedures __ __ X __ __ X X X 

IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

 A. Basic Instrument Flight Maneuvers __ __ X __ __ X X X  B. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes __ __ __ __ __ __ X X 

V. Navigation Systems 

 A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems 

and DME ARCS __ A X __ A X X X 

VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

 A. Nonprecision Approach (NPA __ __ X __ __ X X X 

 B. Precision Approach (PA) __ __ X __ __ X X X 

 C. Missed Approach __ __ X __ __ X X X 

 D. Circling Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X 

 E. Landing from a Straight-in or Circling Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _

VII. Emergency Operations **

 A. Loss of Communications __ X X __ __ X X X 

 B. One Engine Inoperative during Straight-and-Level 

 Flight and Turns (Multiengine Airplane) __ __ X __ __ X X X 

 C. One Engine Inoperative—Instrument Approach 

(Multiengine Airplane) __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X 

 D. Loss of Gyro Attitude and/or Heading Indicators __ __ __ __ __ X X X VIII. Postflight Procedures

 A. Checking Instruments and Equipment __ A X __ A X X X 

* Aircraft required for those items that cannot be checked using a flight training device or flight simulator. 

** Multiengine - Single Engine