108TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2d Session 108–690 

CODIFICATION OF TITLE 46, UNITED STATES CODE, 

‘‘SHIPPING’’, AS POSITIVE LAW 

SEPTEMBER 17, 2004.—Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed 

Mr. SENSENBRENNER, from the Committee on the Judiciary, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany H.R. 4319] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill 

(H.R. 4319) to complete the codification of title 46, United States 

Code, ‘‘Shipping’’, as positive law, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment in the nature of a substitute and recommends that the bill, as amended, do pass. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

The Amendment ...................................................................................................... 2 

Background .............................................................................................................. 2 

History of Title 46 Codification Efforts .................................................................. 2 

Conformity With Original Intent ........................................................................... 3 

Hearings ................................................................................................................... 3 

Committee Consideration ........................................................................................ 3 

Vote of the Committee ............................................................................................. 3 

Committee Oversight Findings ............................................................................... 4 

New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures ...................................................... 4 

Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate .......................................................... 4 

Performance Goals and Objectives ......................................................................... 5 

Constitutional Authority Statement ...................................................................... 5 

Review and Comments ............................................................................................ 5 

Disposition Tables .................................................................................................... 15 

Section-by-Section Analysis and Discussion .......................................................... 31 

Markup Transcript .................................................................................................. 187 

2 

THE AMENDMENT

The text of the amendment appears in italic type in the reported 

bill. 

BACKGROUND

This bill is a joint product of the Department of Transportation 

and the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives. On November 10, 2002, the Secretary of Transportation transmitted to Congress proposed legislation to complete the 

codification of title 46, United States Code. The Secretary’s transmittal was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House 

of Representatives. The Committee in turn requested the Office of 

the Law Revision Counsel, which has responsibility for preparing 

codification legislation pursuant to section 285b of title 2, United 

States Code, to review the Secretary’s proposed legislation and to 

work with the Department of Transportation in preparing a bill for 

introduction. This bill is the product of that cooperative effort. 

HISTORY OF TITLE 46 CODIFICATION EFFORTS

The codification of title 46 began with the enactment of subtitle 

II (‘‘Vessels and Seamen’’) by Public Law 98–89 in 1983. Section 

2(j) of that law provided that: 

‘‘Within 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the 

Federal Maritime Commission and the Secretary of Transportation each shall submit to Congress a proposed codification of 

the laws within their respective jurisdictions related to shipping and maritime matters.’’ 

In 1985, the Federal Maritime Commission and the Secretary of 

Transportation submitted drafts to Congress. Those drafts formed 

the basis of a bill which was introduced as H.R. 3106 in the 100th 

Congress in 1987. That bill would have codified the remainder of 

title 46 other than subtitle III (‘‘Maritime Liability’’). That bill was 

not enacted. 

Also in 1985, three related bills (H.R. 3156, H.R. 3157, and H.R. 

3158) were introduced. Each of those bills would have enacted certain chapters in subtitle III (‘‘Maritime Liability’’). Those bills were 

not enacted. 

In 1986, part C (‘‘Load Lines of Vessels’’) and part J (‘‘Measurement of Vessels’’) were added to subtitle II by Public Law 99–509. 

In 1988, subtitle III (‘‘Maritime Liability’’) was enacted by Public 

Law 100–710. However, only two chapters were included in that 

enactment. The remaining chapters of subtitle III were planned for 

subsequent enactment but were never enacted. 

In 1989, an updated version of H.R. 3106 (referred to above and 

introduced in 1987) was prepared and printed as a ‘‘Committee 

Print’’ of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. However, that draft bill was never introduced. 

In 2002, subtitle VI (‘‘Miscellaneous’’) containing only chapter 

701 (‘‘Port Security’’) was added by Public Law 107–295. 

In 2003, subtitle V (‘‘Merchant Marine’’) containing only chapter 

531 (‘‘Maritime Security Fleet’’) was added by Public Law 108–136. 

3 

These prior enactments have originated from different congressional committees, apparently without a single overall plan for the 

organization of the title. This history demonstrates the present 

need to complete the codification of title 46 in accordance with such 

a plan. 

CONFORMITY WITH ORIGINAL INTENT

The intent in this bill is to comply with the standard for codification legislation set forth in section 285b(1) of title 2, United States 

Code, which provides that the restatement of existing law shall 

conform to ‘‘the understood policy, intent, and purpose of the Congress in the original enactments, with such amendments and corrections as will remove ambiguities, contradictions, and other imperfections both of substance and of form’’. 

In restating existing law, this bill consolidates various provisions 

of law which have been enacted separately over a period of many 

years. To restate these various provisions of law as a cohesive unit, 

it is necessary to makes changes in organization, style, and terminology. These changes are not intended, however, to result in 

changes in substance, and therefore they should not impair the 

precedent value of earlier judicial decisions or other interpretations. The following authorities are relevant to an interpretation of 

the general intent of codification legislation: 

Finley v. United States, 490 U.S. 545, 553–555 (1989). 

Tidewater Oil Co. v. U.S., 409 U.S. 151, 161, 162 (1972). 

Fourco Glass Co. v. Transmirra Products Corp., 353 U.S. 222, 

227, 228 (1957). 

United States v. Sischo, 262 U.S. 165, 168 (1923). 

United States v. Ryder, 110 U.S. 729, 740 (1884). 

McDonald v. Hovey, 110 U.S. 619, 628–630 (1884). 

Smythe v. Fiske, 23 Wall. 374, 382 (1874). 

Stewart v. Kahn, 11 Wall. 493, 502 (1871). 

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. United States, 617 

F. 2d 485, 488–491 (7th Cir. 1980). 

Trailer Marine Transport Corp. v. Federal Maritime Commission, 

602 F. 2d 379, 383 nt. 18, 387–389 (D.C. Cir. 1979). 

Sutherland, Statutory Construction, §§ 28.10, 28.11 (6th ed. 

2002). 

HEARINGS

No hearings were held on H.R. 4319. 

COMMITTEE CONSIDERATION

On September 8, 2004, the Committee met in open session and 

ordered favorably reported the bill H.R. 4319, as amended, by a 

voice vote, a quorum being present. 

VOTE OF THE COMMITTEE

In compliance with clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the Committee notes that there were no 

recorded votes during the Committee consideration of H.R. 4319. 

4 

COMMITTEE OVERSIGHT FINDINGS

In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the Committee reports that the findings 

and recommendations of the Committee, based on oversight activities under clause 2(b)(1) of rule X of the Rules of the House of Representatives, are incorporated in the descriptive portions of this report. 

NEW BUDGET AUTHORITY AND TAX EXPENDITURES

Clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives is inapplicable because this legislation does not provide new 

budgetary authority or increased tax expenditures. 

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE COST ESTIMATE

In compliance with clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the Committee sets forth, with respect to 

the bill, H.R. 4319, the following estimate and comparison prepared 

by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office under section 

402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974: 

U.S. CONGRESS, 

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE, 

Washington, DC, September 10, 2004 

Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner Jr. 

Chairman 

Committee on the Judiciary 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Washington, DC 20515 

Dear Mr. Chairman: 

The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost 

estimate for H.R. 4319, the Title 46 Codification Act of 2004. 

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased 

to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Deborah Reis, who can 

be reached at 226-2860. 

Sincerely, 

DOUGLAS HOLTZ-EAKIN

Enclosure 

cc: Honorable John Conyers Jr. 

Ranking Member 

H.R. 4319—Title 46 Codification Act of 2004 

H.R. 4319 would codify portions of title 46, United States Code, 

concerning shipping, and make technical changes to various shipping laws enforced by the Maritime Administration, the U.S. Coast 

Guard, and other federal agencies. CBO estimates that enacting 

this bill would result in no cost to the federal government and 

would not affect direct spending or revenues. 

H.R. 4319 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would 

not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments. 

5 

The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Deborah Reis, who can 

be reached at 226-2860. This estimate was approved by Peter H. 

Fontaine, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis. 

PERFORMANCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives is inapplicable because H.R. 4319 does not authorize funding. 

CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY STATEMENT

Pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House 

of Representatives, the Committee finds the authority for this legislation in article I, section 8 of the Constitution. 

REVIEW AND COMMENTS

Upon introduction of the bill, Chairman Sensenbrenner inserted 

a statement in the Congressional Record inviting review and comment on the bill. In addition, he sent a letter inviting review and 

comment to various congressional committees, government agencies, and private organizations thought to be particularly interested 

in the bill. Comments were to be submitted to the Office of the Law 

Revision Counsel. 

Many comments were submitted. The Office of the Law Revision 

Counsel studied all of the comments and discussed them as necessary with those submitting the comments in order to achieve a 

satisfactory resolution. Many of the comments resulted in changes 

in the bill or in the accompanying section-by-section explanation of 

the bill. 

The following formal letters were submitted commenting on the 

bill: 

The Maritime Law Association of the United States 

June 21, 2004 

The Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Committee on the Judiciary 

2138 Rayburn House Office Building 

Washington, D.C. 20515–3951 

Re: Comments on H.R. 4319 

Dear Congressman Sensenbrenner: 

Attached are the comments of The Maritime Law Association of 

the United States (MLAUS) on H.R. 4319, to complete the codification of title 46, United States Code, ‘‘Shipping’’, as positive law. 

The MLAUS, since its founding in 1899, has been intimately concerned with federal law as it relates to the maritime industry. 

Through the cooperation of Mr. Thomas W. Herlihy, Assistant General Counsel for Legislation, U.S. Department of Transportation, 

we have been involved in this codification effort from its early 

stages. I wish to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Herlihy and 

Mr. Richard B. Simpson, Senior Counsel, Office of Law Revision 

6 

Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives, for the many kindnesses 

shown to the MLAUS throughout this long project. 

You are to be congratulated for taking on this long-overdue completion of the codification of Title 46, U.S. Code. The updating and 

reorganization of these important provisions will enhance understanding of and compliance with these important laws. 

Your bill as drafted has done an excellent job of converting disparate statutes enacted by various Congresses over the past 200 

years into a cohesive unit. Attached are some recommendations for 

relatively minor changes that we believe will further these efforts. 

Please feel free to contact me directly if you have any questions 

regarding our comments or if we can be of additional assistance. 

Sincerely, 

Thomas S. Rue, President 

The Maritime Law Association 

of the United States 

TSR:hs 

Enclosures 

bc: Dennis L. Bryant, Esq. w/encl. 

Donald C. Greenman, Esq. w/encl. 

Federal Maritime Commission 

Washington, D.C. 20573 

June 23, 2004 

The Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner, Chairman 

Committee on the Judiciary 

U.S. House of Representatives 

2138 Rayburn House Office Building 

Washington, D.C. 20515-6216 

Dear Chairman Sensenbrenner, 

This is in response to the invitation for comment on H.R. 4319, 

a bill to complete the codification of title 46, United States Code, 

‘‘Shipping’’, as positive law. On behalf of the Federal Maritime 

Commission, I offer my enthusiastic support for this legislation. 

As the administrators of the Shipping Act of 1984, as amended 

by the Ocean Shipping Reform Act, 46 U.S.C. app. § 1701 et seq., 

this agency greatly appreciates the codification of significant portions of U.S. maritime law into a cohesive and accessible format. 

While this bill makes no change in the substance of our existing 

statute, the revisions are certain to provide a level of clarity and 

organization that will be of great value to the shipping public. 

Thank you for the opportunity to comment. 

Sincerely, 

Steven R. Blust 

Chairman 

7 

The Secretary of Transportation 

Washington, D.C. 20590 

July 12, 2004 

The Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. 

Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Washington, DC 20515 

Dear Mr. Chairman: 

This responds to your recent letter of June 3 inviting the U.S. 

Department of Transportation to provide you with its views on 

H.R. 4319, a bill 

To complete the codification of title 46, United States 

Code, ‘‘Shipping’’, as positive law. 

The Department strongly supports H.R. 4319 and greatly appreciates the Committee’s efforts to advance this initiative. Title 46 of 

the United States Code has been partially codified and enacted by 

Congress into positive law. The partial revision, as it currently exists, was begun in 1983. Certain laws concerning marine safety and 

maritime liability were codified but overall revision of title 46 was 

not completed. The extensive portions of title 46 that have not been 

codified appear as an ‘‘Appendix’’ to the title. Much of the Appendix 

to title 46, which contains significant aspects of U.S. maritime law, 

consists of numerous public laws that have been enacted over the 

last century with little attention to the organization of maritime 

law as a single body of law. As a result, the current format of title 

46 is disjointed, confusing and often without apparent logic. Issues 

of coastwise trade, for example, are currently found in no fewer 

than three separate chapters within title 46. Revisions made under 

this bill would consolidate coastwise trade into one chapter with a 

logical progression of sections within the chapter. 

In addition, many of the laws that comprise the Appendix date 

back to the late 1800’s and early 1900’s and are written in language that is archaic and difficult to understand. There is also a 

significant amount of redundancy and obsolete material within the 

Appendix. This bill would eliminate redundancies, obsolete provisions and unnecessary archaic verbiage. 

Additionally, Government reorganizations, both recent and historic, have made agency references in title 46 inaccurate and misleading. Sporadic and inaccurate references to the Secretary of 

Commerce and the Department of Commerce have been revised to 

reflect the reality, since 1981, that the functions of the Maritime 

Administration reside with the Secretary of Transportation. Additionally, transfer of the Coast Guard and the former U.S. Customs 

Service, which were previously part of the Department of Transportation and the Department of the Treasury respectively, to the Department of Homeland Security, has necessitated numerous 

changes in reference to the appropriate Department. Overall, H.R. 

4319 makes significant improvements to the organization, accuracy 

and clarity of title 46. 

8 

Despite the broad revisions, it is important to note that section 

16(b) of the bill explicitly states that all restated language in the 

proposal is intended to conform to the understood policy, intent and 

purpose of the Congress in the original enactments. This provision 

is critical for the assured continuity of administration for the numerous maritime laws restated in H.R. 4319. 

Congress and the Administration are constantly striving to make 

Government programs that are available to the public, under the 

law, more accessible and easily understood. This proposal will 

make it far easier for anyone seeking information under title 46 to 

find it and make appropriate use of it. The Department of Transportation strongly supports H.R. 4319 and urges swift enactment 

of the bill. 

The Office of Management and Budget has advised that there is 

no objection, from the standpoint of the Administration’s program, 

to the submission of this letter to Congress. We appreciate the opportunity to comment on this legislation. 

Sincerely yours, 

Norman Y. Mineta 

Department of the Treasury 

Washington, D.C. 

August 2, 2004 

The Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. 

Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary 

United States House of Representatives 

Washington, D.C. 20515 

Dear Mr. Chairman: 

This responds to your letter to Secretary Snow requesting the 

views of the Department of the Treasury on H.R. 4319, ‘‘To complete the codification of title 46, United States Code, ‘Shipping’, as 

positive law.’’ 

The Department generally defers to the Department of Transportation and other Departments and agencies whose authorities arise 

out of the provisions of title 46. Nevertheless, the Department of 

the Treasury is concerned about a number of provisions in the bill. 

In working with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (OLRC), 

however, those concerns have been satisfactorily addressed and we 

have been assured that the agreements reached in addressing 

those concerns will be reflected in the amendments to be made 

when the bill is reported by committee. Specifically, our concerns 

were with proposed sections 53312, 53502, 53504, and 55304. 

Section 53312: 

In section 53312 the phrase ‘‘notwithstanding any other provision 

of law,’’ which generally signifies that Congress intends a particular Code provision to take precedence over other Code proviVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
9 

sions that may otherwise be construed as being in conflict with it, 

was deleted as ‘‘unnecessary.’’ The phrase is not unnecessary and 

OLRC had agreed to its reinsertion. 

Sections 53502 and 53504: 

We were concerned that while the Departments of Transportation and Commerce administer the Capital Construction Fund 

(CCF) program, sections 53502 and 53504 could undermine Treasury’s exclusive jurisdiction over tax issues arising under the CCF 

program. To address this concern OLRC will add to the section-bysection explanation for section 53501, which will appear in the 

committee report of the House Judiciary Committee, the following 

language: ‘‘The codification of laws in this chapter is not intended 

to alter the existing jurisdictional relationship of the Secretaries 

who administer those laws.’’ 

Section 55304: 

Section 55304 is a ‘‘sense of the Congress’’ statement whose 

source is Public Resolution 17 of March 26, 1934 (46 App. U.S.C. 

1241–1). While codification of the Resolution should not change the 

nature of the Resolution, a guide that does not have the force and 

effect of law, codification confuses the issue by placing it in the 

body of the Code. To address this concern OLRC will add to the 

section-by-section explanation for section 55304 in the committee 

report the following language: ‘‘This section codifies the Joint Resolution of March 26, 1934 (ch. 90, 48 Stat. 500) (also commonly 

known as Public Resolution 17). The codification of this provision 

is not intended to change its status as a ‘Sense of Congress’ provision in any way.’’ 

We note that in addition to the foregoing, reference to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation has been deleted from section 55304 

as obsolete. We do no have an issue with this deletion. 

Given that the Department’s concerns will be addressed, we have 

no objection to H.R. 4319. 

Thank you for the opportunity to comment. The Office of Management and Budget has advised that there is no objection to this 

letter from the standpoint of the Administration’s program. 

Sincerely, 

James W. Carroll, Jr. 

Acting General Counsel 

10 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Legislative Affairs 

June 30, 2004 

The Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. 

Chairman 

Committee on the Judiciary 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Washington, D.C. 20515–6216 

Dear Mr. Chairman: 

The Department of Justice has reviewed H.R. 4319, a bill to complete the codification of Title 46, United States Code, ‘‘Shipping’’, 

as positive law. We offer the following comments: 

First, 46 U.S.C. § 301 (General Organization) establishes the 

Federal Maritime Commission as an ‘‘independent establishment of 

the United States Government,’’ and provides: ‘‘The Commission is 

composed of 5 Commissioners appointed by the President by and 

with the advice and consent of the Senate. Not more than 3 Commissioners may be appointed from the same political party.’’ This 

Commission exercises ‘‘significant authority pursuant to the laws of 

the United States,’’ Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976), so the appointment of its members is subject to the requirements of the Appointments Clause. See U.S. Constitution, art. II, § 2, cl. 2. We believe political affiliation restrictions on the President’s constitutional authority to appoint officers of his own choosing and preferences are constitutionally inappropriate when applied to the kind 

of agency in question here. Although various statutes presently 

limit the members of any given political party that may be appointed to certain Federal commissions, such requirements are generally necessitated by the special character and responsibilities of 

the offices to which they apply. Political party restrictions may be 

relevant, for example, where political balance is required in a commission that regulates partisan political campaigns, where political 

affiliation is of paramount importance and relevance. See, e.g., 2 

U.S.C. § 437c(a)(1) (requiring political balance on the Federal Election Commission); see also 5 U.S.C. App. Section 3 (applying restriction to the appointment of inspectors general). In our view, the 

political party affiliation restriction here invalidly circumscribes 

the President’s power of appointment because the restriction is not 

germane to the duties of the Federal Maritime Commission and because of the exceptionally broad executive authority that would be 

exercised by that Commission. 

Second, 46 U.S.C. § 301(b)(3) would provide: ‘‘The President may 

remove a Commissioner for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.’’ By limiting the President’s power to remove the 

Commissioners, who collectively exercise substantial executive 

power, this provision would interfere with the President’s obligation to ‘‘take care that the laws be faithfully executed.’’ U.S. Const., 

art. II, § 3. To be sure, the Supreme Court has upheld a restriction 

on the President’s removal power in certain limited contexts. Humphrey’s Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935). But in HumVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
11 

phrey’s Executor, the Court employed a functional analysis that 

turned on its assessment of the nature of independent-agency adjudication: ‘‘The commission is to be nonpartisan; and it must, from 

the very nature of its duties, act with entire impartiality. It is 

charged with the enforcement of no policy except the policy of the 

law. Its duties are neither political nor executive, but predominantly quasi judicial and quasi legislative.’’ Id. at 624. Whatever 

the ongoing validity of this reasoning, it is not clear that the many 

substantial powers of the Federal Maritime Commission fit this description. To avoid raising this constitutional issue, we recommend 

that this removal restriction be deleted from the bill. 

Third, section 306(a) (Annual Report) would require the Commission to submit a report to Congress, which shall include, inter alia, 

‘‘any recommendations for legislation,’’ and section 306(b)(4), more 

specifically, requires the report to include ‘‘any recommendations 

for additional legislation to offset’’ certain conditions created by foreign law regarding shipping. To the extent that this provision could 

be construed to require recommendations for legislation, it would 

run afoul of the Recommendations Clause. Under Article II, section 

3 of the Constitution, the President may recommend for legislative 

consideration ‘‘such measures as he shall judge necessary and 

expedient . . .’’ This clause gives the President exclusive authority 

to decide whether and when the Executive branch should propose 

legislation. For this reason, we repeatedly have objected to any attempt by Congress to require the President or his subordinates to 

submit legislative proposals. While the word ‘‘any’’ in section 306 

might be construed to confer the necessary discretion, we nevertheless recommend that the words ‘‘that the President shall judge necessary and expedient’’ be added after the word ‘‘legislation’’ in sections 306(a) and 306(b)(4), to clarify that the provisions are consistent with the Recommendations Clause and to clarify that the 

decision to recommend legislation remains with the President. 

Fourth, 46 U.S.C. § 40705(b) (Presidential review of Commission 

orders) would authorize the President to stay certain orders of the 

Commission if he finds that the stay is required for reasons of national defense or foreign policy. It further provides: ‘‘During a stay, 

the President shall, whenever practicable, attempt to resolve the 

matter by negotiating with representatives of the applicable foreign 

governments.’’ Likewise, 46 U.S.C. § 41108(c)(2) would provide that 

‘‘[o]n receiving [a certain] notification, the Secretary of State shall 

promptly consult with the government of the nation within which 

[certain] information or documents are alleged to be located for the 

purpose of assisting the Commission in obtaining the information 

or documents.’’ These provisions are in serious tension with the 

Constitution, which commits to the President the primary responsibility for conducting the foreign relations of the United States, see, 

e.g., Department of Navy v. Egan, 484 U.S. 518, 529 (1988) (the Supreme Court has ‘‘recognized ‘the generally accepted view that foreign policy was the province and responsibility of the Executive’ ’’) 

(quoting Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280, 293–94 (1981)), and the exclusive responsibility for formulating the position of the United States 

in international fora and for conducting negotiations with foreign 

nations, see, e.g., United States v. Louisiana, 363 U.S. 1, 35 (1960) 

(the President is ‘‘the constitutional representative of the United 

12 

States in its dealings with foreign nations’’); United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp., 299 U.S. 304, 319 (1936) (‘‘[T]he President alone 

has the power to speak or listen as a representative of the nation 

. . . Into the field of negotiation the Senate cannot intrude; and 

Congress itself is powerless to invade it.’’). We recommend that 

these provisions be stricken from the bill or alternatively that the 

word ‘‘shall’’ be replaced with the word ‘‘may’’ in both provisions. 

Fifth, 46 U.S.C. § 40902(c) (Financial Responsibility) would require the Commission to issue regulations, which ‘‘shall provide 

that a [court] judgment for monetary damages may not be enforced 

except to the extent that the damages claimed arise from the transportation-related activities of the insured ocean transportation 

intermediary, as defined by the Commission.’’ While Congress has 

the power to create a rule of decision to this effect, or to delegate 

to the Commission the power to create such a rule, it is another 

matter to apply this rule by altering the effect of an Article III 

judgment. See Chicago & Southern Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S.S 

Corp., 333 U.S. 103, 113 (‘‘Judgments within the powers vested in 

courts by the Judiciary Article of the Constitution may not lawfully 

be revised, overturned or refused full faith and credit by another 

Department of Government.’’); see also United States v. O’Grady, 

22 Wall. 641, 647–48 (1875) (‘‘Judicial jurisdiction implies the 

power to hear and determine a cause, and . . . Congress cannot 

subject the judgments of the Supreme Court to the reexamination 

and revision of any other tribunal.’’); Hayburn’s Case, 2 Dall. 409, 

413 (1792) (opinion of Iredell, J., and Sitgreaves, D.J.) (‘‘[N]o decision of any court of the United States can, under any circumstances, . . . be liable to a revision, or even suspension, by the 

[l]egislature itself, in whom no judicial power of any kind appears 

to be vested.’’). We recommend that this provision be recast as a 

rule of decision by replacing the words ‘‘a judgment for monetary 

damages may not be enforced’’ with the words ‘‘monetary damages 

shall not be awarded.’’ 

Sixth, 46 U.S.C. § 41307(d) (Hearings and Orders) would provide: 

‘‘The Commission may represent itself in a proceeding under this 

section in—(1) a district court of the United States, on notice to the 

Attorney General; and (2) a court of appeals of the United States, 

with the approval of the Attorney General.’’ Because the Commissioners are not removable at will by the President, see 46 U.S.C. 

§ 301(b)(3), it is constitutionally problematic to vest the Federal 

Maritime Commission (FMC) with substantial litigating authority 

on behalf of the United States. Indeed, even if they were removable 

at will by the President, powerful policy considerations militate in 

favor of the centralization of Federal litigating authority in the Department of Justice, under the supervision of the Attorney General. 

See The Attorney General’s Role as Chief Litigator for the United 

States, 6 Op. OLC 47, 54–55 (1982). We recommend that the FMC 

not be granted independent litigating authority at all. At a minimum, we recommend that the approval of the Attorney General be 

required, both in district courts and circuit courts. 

Seventh, section 55305 (Eligible fund deposits) of Chapter 553 (in 

section 7 of H.R. 4319) requires that a set amount of certain cargo 

be transported on United States-flag commercial vessels. Paragraph (c) of section 55305 provides: ‘‘The President, the Secretary 

13 

of Defense, or Congress (by concurrent resolution or otherwise) may 

waive this section temporarily by–(1) declaring the existence of an 

emergency justifying a waiver; and (2) notifying the appropriate 

agencies of the waiver.’’ This provision purports to grant Congress 

authority to provide a waiver by concurrent resolution, which, although requiring passage by both Houses of Congress, is not presented to the President. Congressional action that has ‘‘the purpose 

and effect of altering the legal rights, duties, and relations of persons, including . . . Executive Branch officials’’ must comply with 

the Article I requirements of bicameralism and presentment. INS 

v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 952 (1986); see also Bowsher v. Synar, 

478 U.S. 714, 733–34 (1986) (‘‘[O]nce Congress makes its choice in 

enacting legislation, its participation ends. Congress can thereafter 

control the execution of its enactment only indirectly—by passing 

new legislation.’’) Because Congress lacks constitutional authority 

to grant such a waiver except by legislative action conforming with 

Article I, the reference to Congress should be deleted from section 

55305(c). 

Other Concerns 

In section 30904 (Exclusive Remedy), the words, ‘‘under any 

other law’’ should be deleted. This phrase was not part of the original section 745 which applies only to ‘‘any other action arising’’ out 

of the same matter for which there is a remedy provided by the 

‘‘Suits in Admiralty Act’’ only, and not also ‘‘under any other law’’. 

It is more than a cosmetic change since, with that addition, a claim 

for such things as a Title VII right of action, e.g., sexual harassment, which is separate from the Jones Act cause of action arising 

out of the same matter, would require the United States to be 

named as the party in lieu of the vessel operator. Title VII is ‘‘another law,’’ and is not ‘‘a remedy provided by this chapter.’’ Thus 

a substantive change is being made. Section 30904 should read: ‘‘If 

a remedy is provided by this chapter, an action arising out of the 

same subject matter may not be brought against an officer, employee, or agent of the United States Government or a federally 

owned corporation whose act or omission gave rise to the claim.’’ 

In sections 30909 (Exoneration and limitation) and 31106 (Arbitration, compromise, or settlement), the words, ‘‘under this chapter’’ should be deleted from each section. Neither 46 U.S.C. § 746 

or 46 App. U.S.C. § 789, the bases for these proposed sections, contained the limiting phrase ‘‘under this chapter.’’ This addition 

seems to imply, or could be interpreted to mean, that the United 

States only has the right to limit liability or claim exoneration in 

cases where it is first sued. Petitions for limitation or exoneration 

may be filed before the shipowner is sued. Thus, that right does not 

only exist for actions ‘‘under this chapter.’’ The United States has 

the right to petition for limitation of liability independent of these 

sections; therefore, if the phrase is included, that may obscure that 

right. The purpose of the rewrite is clarification and simplicity, and 

deleting that phrase achieves that. Sections 30909 and 31106 

should read: ‘‘In a civil action, the United States Government is entitled to the exemptions from and limitations of liability provided 

by law to an owner, charterer, operator, or agent of a vessel.’’ 

14 

Thank you for requesting our views on this legislation. If we can 

be of further assistance on this matter, please do not hesitate to 

contact us. The Office of Management and Budget has advised that 

there is no objection to the submission of this letter from the standpoint of the Administration’s program. 

Sincerely, 

William E. Moschella 

Assistant Attorney General 

cc: The Honorable John Conyers, Jr. 

Ranking Minority Member 

Federal Maritime Commission 

Washington, D.C. 20573 

July 2, 2004 

The Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. 

Chairman 

Committee on the Judiciary 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Washington, D.C. 20515–6216 

Dear Mr. Chairman: 

I would like to present the following response to the comments 

of the Department of Justice (DOJ) to H.R. 4319. As Chairman 

Sensenbrenner stated on May 10, 2004, this bill is intended solely 

as a codification, and ‘‘makes no change in the substance of existing law.’’ DOJ’s comments go well beyond that objective, and challenge several structural characteristics of the Commission that 

have been in place since its establishment in 1961. See Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961, §§ 102(a), (c) (limited Presidential removal 

power, and political affiliation restrictions on Commission membership.) 

At the core of DOJ’s comments is disagreement with the Commission’s status as an independent agency. Thus, DOJ objects to 

the bill’s continuation of the Commission’s authority to represent 

itself in certain proceedings before the district and circuit courts of 

the United States. See 46 U.S.C. 41207(d). The independent authority at issue here primarily involves the Commission’s power to 

seek injunctive relief against agreements it determines to be substantially anticompetitive. Such agreements, it must be noted, are 

immune from the antitrust laws. Nevertheless, DOJ’s proposed 

amendment to the bill would vest in the Department of Justice the 

authority to decide when to pursue a suit to enjoin an agreement 

that DOJ cannot otherwise regulate. This is contrary to Congress’s 

removal of oceanborne transportation agreements from antitrust 

oversight. It would be counterproductive because the interests of 

the Commission are not always aligned with those of the Department of Justice. See, e.g., United States v. Federal Maritime 

Comm’n, 694 F.2d 793, 804 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (‘‘Congress was aware 

15 

that the Justice Department on occasion had been and would be an 

adversary of the [Commission] - both as a co-respondent and as a 

petitioner - and yet evinced no intent to preclude the Department 

from assuming that role’’). This is particularly true when the interests of DOJ as the enforcer of the antitrust laws conflict with the 

interests of the Commission as the independent agency tasked with 

regulating antitrust-immune common carriage. See, e.g., United 

States v. Federal Maritime Comm’n, 503 F.2d 157 (D.C. Cir.) (DOJ 

challenged FMC’s determination to approve merger agreement, arguing that merger should not be immune from the antitrust laws), 

cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1070 (1974). In this context, Congress has 

been protective of the litigating authority of independent agencies 

like the Commission. See, e.g., Interstate Commerce Commission - 

Review, P.L. 93–584, H.R. Rep. No. 1569, 93rd Cong. (1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7025. Finally, although DOJ characterizes the Commission’s litigating authority as ‘‘constitutionally 

problematic,’’ the Supreme Court has already expressed approval 

for litigating authority held by an independent agency. See Federal 

Election Comm’n v. NRA, 513 U.S. 88, 96–97 (1994) (‘‘Congress 

could obviously choose, if it sought to do so, to sacrifice the policy 

favoring concentration of litigating authority before this Court in 

the Solicitor General in favor of allowing [an agency] to petition 

here on its own.’’ 

DOJ also disapproves of the bill’s continued requirement that the 

Commission file an annual report with Congress, including ‘‘any 

recommendations for legislation.’’ I believe that the opportunity to 

apprise Congress directly of specific legislative recommendations is 

crucial for the Commission in its role as an independent, expert 

agency. Indeed, this has been an important feature of the relationship between Congress and the Commission (and its predecessor 

agencies) for nearly 70 years. See Merchant Marine Act, 1936, § 208 

referenced in Reorganization Plan No. 21 of 1950, § 105(5), and incorporated in Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961, § 103(e). 

In sum, I would like to state my support for the codification as 

a simple restatement of positive law. 

Sincerely, 

Steven R. Blust 

Chairman 

DISPOSITION TABLES

The following tables show the disposition of existing provisions 

affected by the bill. These tables include provisions from titles 19, 

46, 46 Appendix, and 48 of the United States Code and provisions 

of certain Reorganization Plans. 

Title 19 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

128 ............................................................................................ 60502 

130 (1st sentence) ................................................................... 60501 

130 (last sentence related to 19:128) ..................................... 60502 

16 

Title 19—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

130 (last sentence related to 19:130) ..................................... 60501 

131 ............................................................................................ 60501 

Title 46 (Already Enacted as Positive Law) 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

2101(2) ..................................................................................... 102 

2101(3) ..................................................................................... 103 

2101(3a) ................................................................................... 104 

2101(6) ..................................................................................... 105 

2101(10) ................................................................................... 106 

2101(10a) ................................................................................. 107 

2101(12) ................................................................................... 110 

2101(17b) ................................................................................. 111 

2101(36) ................................................................................... 112 

2101(41) ................................................................................... 113 

2101(44) ................................................................................... 114 

2101(45) ................................................................................... 115 

2101(46) ................................................................................... 116 

2108 .......................................................................................... 504 

12101(a)(1) ............................................................................... 108 

12101(a)(2), (b) ........................................................................ 12101 

12101 note (Pub. L. 104–324, § 1117) ................................... 55113 

12102(a) (related to tonnage) .................................................. 12102 

12102(a) ................................................................................... 12103 

12102(b) ................................................................................... 12103 

12102(c) .................................................................................... 12113 

12102(d) ................................................................................... 12111 

12102 note (Pub. L. 105–277, § 203(b)–(e)) .......................... 12113 

12103(a) (less filing by owner) ................................................ 12105 

12103(a) (related to filing by owner) ...................................... 12104 

12103(b) ................................................................................... 12104 

12103(c), (d) ............................................................................. 12105 

12103(e) .................................................................................... 12133 

12103a ...................................................................................... 12105 

12104 ........................................................................................ 12134 

12105 ........................................................................................ 12111 

12106(a) ................................................................................... 12112 

12106(b) ................................................................................... 12102, 12112 

12106(c) .................................................................................... 12116 

12106(d) ................................................................................... 12117 

12106(e) .................................................................................... 12119 

12106 note (Pub. L. 105–383, §§ 502–504) ........................... 12121 

12108(a) ................................................................................... 12113 

12108(b) ................................................................................... 12102, 12113 

12108(c) .................................................................................... 12116 

12108(d) ................................................................................... 12113 

12109 ........................................................................................ 12114 

12110(a), (b) ............................................................................ 12102 

12110(c) .................................................................................... 12114 

12110(d) ................................................................................... 12131 

12111(a) ................................................................................... 12135 

12111(b)–(d) ............................................................................. 12136 

12112 ........................................................................................ 12115 

12117 ........................................................................................ 12137 

12119 ........................................................................................ 12138 

12119 note (Pub. L. 107–295, § 403) ..................................... 12138 

12120 ........................................................................................ 12139 

12122 ........................................................................................ 12151 

12123 ........................................................................................ 12152 

12124 ........................................................................................ 12106 

17 

Title 46 Appendix 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

3 note prec. (Act 12-27-1950, §§ 1, 2) ................................... 501 

3 ................................................................................................ Superseded. Provided that the Commissioner of Customs 

shall supervise the laws relating to the admeasurement 

of vessels and the assignment of signal letters and official numbers, and that the Commissioner’s decision relating to the interpretation of those laws and the collection and refund of tonnage taxes is final. These functions 

have been transferred to other officials. 

9(a), (b) .................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

9(c) ............................................................................................ Obsolete reporting requirement.

9(d) ........................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

14 (words before last proviso) ................................................. 12107 

14 (last proviso) ....................................................................... 12151 

42 .............................................................................................. 60103 

57 .............................................................................................. 60102 

59 .............................................................................................. Obsolete. Provides penalty for officials neglecting to perform 

acts required by title 48 of the Revised Statutes. 

91 .............................................................................................. 60105 

97 .............................................................................................. 60106 

98 .............................................................................................. 60109 

100 ............................................................................................ 60107 

104 ............................................................................................ 60504 

111 ............................................................................................ Omitted but not repealed. Provides that Great Lakes trade 

does not make vessel liable to entry and clearance fees. 

Same provision at 19 U.S.C. 288. 

121 (1st sentence) ................................................................... 60302 

121 (2d sentence) .................................................................... 60301 

121 (3d sentence related to distress) ..................................... 60305 

121 (3d sentence related to trade) .......................................... 60306 

121 (4th sentence words before proviso) ................................ 60302 

121 (4th sentence proviso) ...................................................... 60302 

121 (5th sentence words before semicolon) ............................ 60302 

121 (5th sentence words after semicolon) .............................. 60304 

121 (last sentence words before semicolon) ........................... 60312 

121 (last sentence words after semicolon) ............................. 60302 

122 ............................................................................................ 60307 

123 ............................................................................................ 60308 

124 ............................................................................................ 60309 

125 ............................................................................................ 60310 

128 (words before proviso) ....................................................... 60303 

128 (proviso) ............................................................................. 60303 

129 ............................................................................................ 60303 

132 ............................................................................................ 60301 

133, 134 ................................................................................... 60311 

135 ............................................................................................ 60312 

141 ............................................................................................ 60503 

142 ............................................................................................ 60505 

143 ............................................................................................ 60506 

144 (1st par.) ........................................................................... 60507 

144 (last par.) .......................................................................... 60507 

145 ............................................................................................ 60507 

146 ............................................................................................ 60502 

163 ............................................................................................ 60101 

181 ............................................................................................ 30503 

182 ............................................................................................ 30504 

183(a) ....................................................................................... 30505 

183(b) (1st sentence) ............................................................... 30506 

183(b) (last sentence) .............................................................. 30507 

183(c) ........................................................................................ 30506 

183(d) ....................................................................................... 30506 

183(e) ........................................................................................ 30506 

183(f) (related to 46 App.:183(b)–(e)) ..................................... 30506 

183(f) (related to 46 App.:183b) .............................................. 30508 

183(g) ....................................................................................... 30510 

183b .......................................................................................... 30508 

18 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

183c .......................................................................................... 30509 

184 ............................................................................................ 30507 

185 ............................................................................................ 30511 

186 ............................................................................................ 30501 

187 ............................................................................................ 30512 

188 ............................................................................................ 30502 

189 ............................................................................................ 30505 

190 ............................................................................................ 30704 

191 ............................................................................................ 30705 

192 ............................................................................................ 30706 

193 ............................................................................................ 30703 

194 ............................................................................................ 30707 

195 ............................................................................................ 30702 

196 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Provides that sections 190–196 shall not be 

held to modify or repeal certain other laws. Unnecessary 

because of the codification of the relevant laws. 

251, 251a ................................................................................. 55114 

251b .......................................................................................... Unnecessary. Authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to 

issue regulations for the enforcement of certain provisions. See 31 U.S.C. 321(b). 

262 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Provides that documented vessels shall not be 

employed in any trade whereby the revenue laws are defrauded. See 19 U.S.C. 1703. 

277 ............................................................................................ 12133 

289 ............................................................................................ 55103 

289a, 289b ............................................................................... 55103 note 

289c .......................................................................................... 55104 

290 ............................................................................................ Previously omitted from U.S. Code. Superseded by 46 App. 

U.S.C. 883. 

291 ............................................................................................ 55120 

292 ............................................................................................ 55109 

316(a), (b) ................................................................................ 55111 

316(c) ........................................................................................ 55118 

316(d), (e) ................................................................................. 80104 

316a .......................................................................................... 55112 

319 ............................................................................................ Transfer to 19 U.S.C. 1706a. 

320 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Provides for remission or mitigation of certain 

fines by the Commissioner of Customs. See section 504 

of the revised title. 

321 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Provides penalty for officials acting contrary to 

title 50 of the Revised Statutes in connection with documentation and measurement of vessels and collection of 

fees. 

322 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Provides penalty for officials neglecting to perform 

acts required by title 50 of the Revised Statutes. 

323 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Provides penalty for officials falsifying vessel 

documents under title 50 of the Revised Statutes. See 18 

U.S.C. 507 and 2197. 

324 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Provides penalty for persons who assault, resist, or obstruct officers in execution of vessel documentation laws and title 50 of the Revised Statutes. See 

18 U.S.C. 111. 

326 ............................................................................................ 502 

327 ............................................................................................ 503 

328 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Provides that penalties and forfeitures incurred 

under title 50 of the Revised Statutes may be recovered 

the same as those relating to the collection of duties. 

336 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Provides that canal boats and boats employed on 

the internal waters of a State (except those with sails or 

propelling machinery and those employed in trade with 

Canada) are not subject to the Act of Feb. 18, 1793, ch. 

8, 1 Stat. 305 (relating to the enrolling and licensing of 

vessels in the coastwise trade) and are exempt from the 

payment of customs and other fees. 

354, 355 ................................................................................... 60104 

19 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

441, 443, 444 ........................................................................... 50503 

446–446c .................................................................................. 50504 

466c .......................................................................................... Transfer to 7 U.S.C. 8304 note. 

491 (words before semicolon) .................................................. 30102 

491 (words after semicolon) .................................................... 30103 

688(a) ....................................................................................... 30104 

688(b) ....................................................................................... 30105 

721 ............................................................................................ 80101 

722 ............................................................................................ 80103 

723 ............................................................................................ 80103 

724 ............................................................................................ 80102 

725 ............................................................................................ 80105 

726 ............................................................................................ 80106 

727, 729, 730 ........................................................................... 80107 

731 ............................................................................................ 2304, 80107. See § 14(8) of bill.

738 ............................................................................................ 80301 

738a .......................................................................................... 80302 

738c .......................................................................................... 80303 

740 ............................................................................................ 30101 

741 (11th–26th words) ............................................................ 30902 

741 (less 11th–26th words) ..................................................... 30913 

741 note .................................................................................... 30901 

742 (1st sentence) ................................................................... 30903 

742 (2d sentence) .................................................................... 30906 

742 (3d sentence) .................................................................... 30903 

742 (last sentence) .................................................................. 30906 

743 (1st sentence) ................................................................... 30908 

743 (2d, 3d sentences) ............................................................ 30910 

743 (4th–6th sentences) .......................................................... 30908 

743 (last sentence) .................................................................. 30907 

743a .......................................................................................... Superseded. Prohibited interest on claims prior to filing of 

suit under 46 App. U.S.C. 745. Superseded by 1950 

amendment to 46 App. U.S.C. 745. 

744 ............................................................................................ 30914 

745 (words before 1st proviso) ................................................ 30905 

745 (1st proviso) ...................................................................... 30904 

745 (2d proviso) ....................................................................... Obsolete. Relates to suits under the Act of Mar. 9, 1920 

(popularly known as the Suits in Admiralty Act) brought 

no later than Dec. 13, 1951. 

745 (last proviso) ..................................................................... 30910 

746 ............................................................................................ 30909 

747 ............................................................................................ 30915 

748 ............................................................................................ 30912 

749 ............................................................................................ 30911 

750 ............................................................................................ 30916 

751 ............................................................................................ 30917 

752 ............................................................................................ 30918 

761(a) ....................................................................................... 30302 

761(b) ....................................................................................... 30307 

761 note .................................................................................... 30301 

762(a) ....................................................................................... 30303 

762(b) ....................................................................................... 30307 

763a .......................................................................................... 30106 

764 ............................................................................................ 30306 

765 ............................................................................................ 30305 

766 ............................................................................................ 30304 

767 ............................................................................................ 30308 

768 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Provides that the Act of Mar. 30, 1920 (popularly 

known as the Death on the High Seas Act) shall not affect any pending suits. 

781 ............................................................................................ 31102 

781 note .................................................................................... 31101 

782 (1st sentence) ................................................................... 31104 

782 (last sentence words before last comma) ........................ 31103 

782 (last sentence words after last comma) .......................... 31107 

20 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

783 (words before proviso) ....................................................... 31102 

783 (proviso) ............................................................................. 31105 

784 ............................................................................................ 31110 

785 ............................................................................................ 31111 

786 ............................................................................................ 31108 

787 ............................................................................................ 31109 

788 ............................................................................................ 31112 

789 ............................................................................................ 31106 

790 ............................................................................................ 31113 

801 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Defines terms for purposes of the Shipping 

Act, 1916. Some of the terms appeared only in sections 

which were previously repealed and others are redundant 

with title-wide definitions in chapter 1. 

802 ............................................................................................ 50501 

803 ............................................................................................ 50502 

804a .......................................................................................... Obsolete. Reorganized the U.S. Shipping Board which was 

subsequently abolished. 

808(a) ....................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

808(b) ....................................................................................... 57109 

808(c)–(f) .................................................................................. 56101 

808a .......................................................................................... 56101 

811 (1st sentence words before 1st comma) .......................... 50105 

811 (1st sentence words after 1st comma) ............................ 50106 

811 (2d sentence words before 2d comma) ............................ 50105 

811 (2d sentence words after 2d comma) .............................. 50107 

811 (3d sentence) .................................................................... 50106 

811 (4th sentence) ................................................................... 50109 

811 (last sentence) .................................................................. 50111 

817d(a) (1st–5th, 29th–last words) ........................................ 44103 

817d(a) (6th–28th words) ........................................................ 44101 

817d(b) ..................................................................................... 44103 

817d(c) ...................................................................................... 44104 

817d(d) ..................................................................................... 44106 

817d(e) ...................................................................................... 44105 

817e(a) (1st–14th, 37th–last words) ...................................... 44102 

817e(a) (15th–36th words) ...................................................... 44101 

817e(b) ...................................................................................... 44102 

817e(c) ...................................................................................... 44104 

817e(d) ...................................................................................... 44106 

817e(e) ...................................................................................... 44105 

833 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Contains a separability provision for the Shipping Act, 1916. 

834 ............................................................................................ 60108 

835 ............................................................................................ 56102 

836, 837 ................................................................................... 56105 

839 (1st par.) ........................................................................... 56103 

839 (last par.) .......................................................................... 56104 

842 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Provides short title for the Shipping Act, 1916. 

861 ............................................................................................ 50101 

864a .......................................................................................... Obsolete. Authorizes allowances to purchasers of vessels for 

cost of putting the vessels in class, without regard to 50 

App. U.S.C. 1736(d), which was subsequently repealed. 

Also impliedly repealed by 46 App. U.S.C. 1119 for other 

than title XI (1936 Act) foreclosures. 

864b .......................................................................................... 57108 

865 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Authorizes sale of vessels to aliens. Executed for 

1920 vessel inventory, superseded by Merchant Marine 

Act, 1936, and impliedly repealed by 1950 freeze. See 

§ 14 of Act of Mar. 8, 1946 (50 App. U.S.C. 1735 note). 

865a .......................................................................................... 53101 note (ODS) 

866 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Provides for determination of appropriate steamship lines and for sale or charter of vessels. Executed for 

1920 vessel inventory, superseded by Merchant Marine 

Act, 1936, and impliedly repealed by 1950 freeze. See 

§ 14 of Act of Mar. 8, 1946 (50 App. U.S.C. 1735 note). 

21 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

867 ............................................................................................ 50302 

868 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Requires insurance for risk of loss in installment sales contracts under Merchant Marine Act, 1920. 

Executed for 1920 vessel inventory and unnecessary because such insurance is now standard. 

869 ............................................................................................ Obsolete. Authorizes Secretary of Transportation to insure 

vessels and facilities under Merchant Marine Act, 1920. 

Impliedly repealed by 46 App. U.S.C. 1119. 

871 ............................................................................................ 57106 

872 ............................................................................................ 50304 

875 ............................................................................................ 50304 

876(a)(1) ................................................................................... Unnecessary. Authorizes the Secretary of Transportation to 

make rules and regulations to carry out the Merchant 

Marine Act, 1920. See 49 U.S.C. 322(a). 

876(a)(2) ................................................................................... 42101 

876(a)(3) ................................................................................... 42102 

876(b), (c) ................................................................................. 42102 

876(d) ....................................................................................... 42103 

876(e) ........................................................................................ 42101 

876(f), (g) ................................................................................. 42104 

876(h) ....................................................................................... 42105 

876(i) ........................................................................................ 42106 

876(j) ........................................................................................ 42107 

876(k) ........................................................................................ 42108 

876(l ) ........................................................................................ 42109 

877 ............................................................................................ 55101 

883 (words before 1st proviso) ................................................ 55102 

883 (1st proviso, 2d proviso less meaning of ‘‘rebuilt’’) ........ 12132 

883 (2d proviso related to meaning of ‘‘rebuilt’’) ................... 12101 

883 (3d proviso) ....................................................................... 55116 

883 (4th proviso) ...................................................................... 55119 

883 (5th proviso) ...................................................................... 55117 

883 (6th proviso) ...................................................................... 55107 

883 (7th proviso) ...................................................................... 55106 

883 (8th proviso) ...................................................................... Expired in 1984. Related to transportation of merchandise in 

coastwise trade. 

883 (2d–6th sentences, last sentence less provisos) ............. 55105 

883 (10th proviso) .................................................................... 55115 

883 (11th proviso) .................................................................... 55102 

883 (12th proviso) .................................................................... 55110 

883 (last proviso) ..................................................................... 55108 

883 note (Pub. L. 104–324, § 1120(f)) ................................... 12120 

883 note (Pub. L. 100–329, § 1(b)) ......................................... 55108 

883–1 ........................................................................................ 12118 

883a (1st sentence) ................................................................. 12139 

883a (2d, last sentences) ........................................................ 12151 

883b .......................................................................................... Unnecessary. Authorizes the Secretary of Transportation to 

prescribe regulations to carry out certain provisions. See 

49 U.S.C. 322(a). 

884 ............................................................................................ 58108 

885 ............................................................................................ Transfer to 15 U.S.C. 38. 

887 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Contains a separability provision for the Merchant Marine Act, 1920. 

888 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Incorporates definitions from 46 App. U.S.C. 

801–803 and defines ‘‘alien’’ for purposes of the Merchant Marine Act, 1920. See definitions in chapter 1 and 

section 50501 of the revised title. 

889 ............................................................................................ Unnecessary. Provides short title for the Merchant Marine 

Act, 1920. 

891 ............................................................................................ 50101 

891b .......................................................................................... 57106 

891c .......................................................................................... Obsolete and unnecessary. Recognizes the need for replacement vessels owned by the United States and directs the 

Secretary of Transportation to present recommendations 

to Congress for new vessels. 

22 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

891u .......................................................................................... Obsolete. Defines terms for purposes of the Merchant Marine 

Act, 1928. 

891v .......................................................................................... Obsolete. Reaffirms the policy of 46 App. 866. See disposition of that section in this table. 

891w ......................................................................................... Obsolete. Relates to the allocations of operations of ships 

under the Merchant Marine Act, 1928. Executed for 1928 

vessel inventory and impliedly repealed by 1950 freeze. 

See § 14 of Act of Mar. 8, 1946 (50 App. U.S.C. 1735 

note). 

891x .......................................................................................... Unnecessary. Provides short title for the Merchant Marine 

Act, 1928. 

1101 .......................................................................................... 50101 

1111(a), (b) .............................................................................. Previously repealed. 

1111(c) (related to seal) .......................................................... 301 

1111(c) (related to records) ..................................................... 303 

1111(c) (related to rules and regulations) .............................. 305 

1111(d) (related to Commission) ............................................. 307 

1111(d) (related to Secretary) .................................................. Unnecessary. Authorizes expenditures and appropriations 

under the Merchant Marine Act, 1936. 

1111(e) ...................................................................................... Unnecessary. Authorizes the Federal Maritime Commission 

and the Secretary of Transportation to employ personnel. 

See 5 U.S.C. 3101 and 49 U.S.C. 323. 

1111(f) (1st, last sentences) ................................................... Unnecessary. Provides for traveling and subsistence expenses. See 5 U.S.C. ch. 57. 

1111(f) (2d sentence related to Commission) ......................... Obsolete. Provides for additional pay of military officers detailed to Federal Maritime Commission. 

1111(f) (2d sentence related to Secretary) .............................. 49 U.S.C. 109. See § 11 of bill. 

1111 note (Pub. L. 89–56) ....................................................... 301 

1111 notes (Reorg. Plans) ........................................................ See disposition table for Reorg. Plans following this table. 

1111a ........................................................................................ Obsolete. Restricts expenditures for administrative expenses 

by the Federal Maritime Commission and the Secretary of 

Transportation. Presumably only intended to apply, as 

originally enacted, to the U.S. Maritime Commission, 

which has been abolished. 

1112 .......................................................................................... 50303 

1114 .......................................................................................... Obsolete. Provided that functions of the former U.S. Shipping Board under certain laws, which previously had been 

transferred to the Department of Commerce, were transferred to the Federal Maritime Commission and the Secretary of Transportation. Also originally provided the 

former United States Maritime Commission, and later the 

FMC and the Secretary, with authority to prescribe regulations. This grant of regulatory authority to the FMC and 

the Secretary is unnecessary because it is provided by 

other law. See section 305 of title 46 (as enacted by this 

bill) and section 322(a) of title 49. 

1115 .......................................................................................... 58107 

1116, 1116a ............................................................................. Obsolete. Provides for creation of a construction fund for 

use by the Department of Transportation. Impliedly repealed by 46 App. U.S.C. 1119. 

1117 (related to Commission) .................................................. Obsolete. Authorizes the Federal Maritime Commission to 

make contracts and disbursements under the Merchant 

Marine Act, 1936, and provides for auditing the Commission’s financial transactions. 

1117 (related to Secretary) ...................................................... 49 U.S.C. 109. See § 11 of bill. 

1118 (related to Commission) .................................................. 306 

1118 (related to Secretary) ...................................................... 50111 

1118 note (Pub. L. 106–398, [§ 3506]) ................................... 50111 

1119 .......................................................................................... 49 U.S.C. 109. See § 11 of bill. 

1120 .......................................................................................... 50102 

1121(a)–(c) ............................................................................... 50103 

1121(d) ..................................................................................... 50105 

1121(e) ...................................................................................... 50106 

1121(f) ...................................................................................... 50109 

1121(g) ..................................................................................... 50106 

23 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1121(h), (i) ............................................................................... 50109 

1121(j) (words before 1st semicolon) ...................................... 50105 

1121(j) (words between 1st and 2d semicolons) .................... 50110 

1121(j) (words after 2d semicolon) ......................................... 50109 

1121–1 ...................................................................................... 55301 

1121–2 ...................................................................................... 50110 

1122(a) ..................................................................................... 50104 

1122(b)(1) ................................................................................. 50108 

1122(b)(2) ................................................................................. 50105 

1122(c) ...................................................................................... 50105 

1122(d) ..................................................................................... 50110 

1122(e) ...................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

1122(f) ...................................................................................... 50108 

1122(g) ..................................................................................... 50111 

1122a ........................................................................................ 50113 

1122b ........................................................................................ 55501 

1123 .......................................................................................... 50109 

1124 .......................................................................................... 50306 

1125 .......................................................................................... 57105 

1125 note (Pub. L. 86–518, § 9) ............................................. 57105, 57506 

1125a ........................................................................................ 57107 

1126–1(a) (1st sentence) ......................................................... 51101 

1126–1(a) (last sentence), (b) ................................................. 51104 

1131 .......................................................................................... 53101 note 

1132 .......................................................................................... 52101 

1151–1157 ................................................................................ 53101 note (CDS) 

1158(a) ..................................................................................... 57102 

1158(b) ..................................................................................... 57103 

1159 .......................................................................................... 53101 note (CDS) 

1160(a) ..................................................................................... 57301 

1160(b) (1st sentence) ............................................................. 57302 

1160(b) (2d sentence) .............................................................. 57304 

1160(b) (3d sentence) .............................................................. 57305 

1160(b) (4th–7th sentences) ................................................... 57306 

1160(b) (last sentence) ............................................................ 57302 

1160(c) ...................................................................................... 57303 

1160(d) ..................................................................................... 57305 

1160(e) ...................................................................................... 57307 

1160(f) ...................................................................................... 50111 

1160(g) ..................................................................................... 57308 

1160(h) ..................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

1160(i) ...................................................................................... 57104 

1160(j) ...................................................................................... 57101 

1161(a) ..................................................................................... 53301 

1161(b) (1st sentence words before 6th comma) ................... 53302 

1161(b) (1st sentence words between 6th and 10th commas).53303 

1161(b) (1st sentence between 10th and 16th commas) ....... 53302 

1161(b) (1st sentence words after 16th comma) ................... 53305 

1161(b) (last sentence) ............................................................ 53302 

1161(c) ...................................................................................... 53306 

1161(d) ..................................................................................... 53307 

1161(e) ...................................................................................... 53308 

1161(f) ...................................................................................... 53309 

1161(g) (less (1)(B)) ................................................................ 53310 

1161(g)(1)(B) ............................................................................ 53310 

1161(h) ..................................................................................... 53310 

1161(i) ...................................................................................... 53311 

1161(j) ...................................................................................... 53312 

1161(k) ...................................................................................... Obsolete. Provides that 46 App. U.S.C. 1161 applies to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1939. 

1161(l) ...................................................................................... 53304 

1161(m) .................................................................................... 53301 

1161(n) ..................................................................................... 53301 

1161(o) ...................................................................................... 53301 

24 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1162 .......................................................................................... 53101 note (CDS) 

1171–1176 ................................................................................ 53101 note (ODS) 

1177(a) (1st sentence) ............................................................. 53503 

1177(a) (2d sentence related to purpose) ............................... 53503 

1177(a) (2d sentence related to deposits) .............................. 53504 

1177(a) (last sentence) ............................................................ 53504 

1177(b)(1), (2) .......................................................................... 53505 

1177(b)(3) ................................................................................. 53501 

1177(c) ...................................................................................... 53506 

1177(d) ..................................................................................... 53507 

1177(e) ...................................................................................... 53508 

1177(f) ...................................................................................... 53509 

1177(g) ..................................................................................... 53510 

1177(h) (less (2) (last sentence)) ............................................ 53511 

1177(h)(2) (last sentence) ....................................................... 53512 

1177(i) ...................................................................................... 53513 

1177(j) ...................................................................................... 53514 

1177(k)(1)–(3) .......................................................................... 53501 

1177(k)(4) ................................................................................. Unnecessary definition of ‘‘United States’’. See ch. 1 of the 

revised title. 

1177(k)(5)–(9) .......................................................................... 53501 

1177(l) (1st sentence) .............................................................. 53515 

1177(l) (2d sentence) ............................................................... 53502 

1177(l) (last sentence) ............................................................. 53516 

1177(m) .................................................................................... 53517 

1177–1 ...................................................................................... 53501 

1177a ........................................................................................ Unnecessary. There are no longer any recapture provisions in 

ODS contracts. 

1178–1185a .............................................................................. 53101 note (ODS) 

1187–1187e .............................................................................. 53101 note (MSF) 

1191 .......................................................................................... 57501 

1192 .......................................................................................... 57502 

1193(a) ..................................................................................... 57503 

1193(b) ..................................................................................... 57502 

1193(c) (related to construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning).57503 

1193(c) (related to chartering) ................................................ 57512 

1194 .......................................................................................... 57504 

1195 (1st, 2d sentences) ......................................................... 57505 

1195 (last sentence) ................................................................ 57506 

1196(a) (1st sentence) ............................................................. 57512 

1196(a) (last sentence), (b) (1st sentence related to announcement).57512 

1196(b) (1st sentence related to authority) ............................ 57515 

1196(b) (last sentence) ............................................................ 57513 

1197 .......................................................................................... 57515 

1198 .......................................................................................... 57516 

1199 .......................................................................................... 57517 

1200 .......................................................................................... 57518 

1201 .......................................................................................... 57511 

1202(a) ..................................................................................... 57519 

1202(b), (c) ............................................................................... 57520 

1202(d) ..................................................................................... 57521 

1203 .......................................................................................... 57514 

1204 .......................................................................................... 57531 

1205 .......................................................................................... 57532 

1211, 1212 ............................................................................... 53101 note 

1213(a) (less 3d sentence as related to 1121(a)) .................. 53101 note. See § 13(b) of bill. 

1213(a) (3d sentence related to 1121(a)) ............................... 50103 

1213(b) ..................................................................................... 49 U.S.C. 109. See § 11 of bill. 

1222 .......................................................................................... 58101 note. Repealed eff. Oct. 1, 2005, by Maritime Security 

Act of 2003. 

1223(a) ..................................................................................... 58101 

1223(b) ..................................................................................... 58102 

1223(c) ...................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

25 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1223(d) ..................................................................................... 58103 

1223(e) ...................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

1223(f) ...................................................................................... 58104 

1226 .......................................................................................... 58105 

1227 .......................................................................................... 58106 

1228 (1st, 2d pars.) ................................................................. 58107 

1228 (last par.) ........................................................................ 505 

1241(a) ..................................................................................... 55302 

1241(b) ..................................................................................... 55305 

1241(c) ...................................................................................... 55303 

1241–1 ...................................................................................... 55304 

1241a ........................................................................................ 50301 

1241b ........................................................................................ 50301 

1241b note ................................................................................ 50301 

1241c ........................................................................................ 50301 

1241d ........................................................................................ 55311 

1241e ........................................................................................ 55313 

1241f(a)–(d) ............................................................................. 55314 

1241f(e) .................................................................................... 55312 

1241g ........................................................................................ 55315 

1241h ........................................................................................ 55316 

1241h note (Pub. L. 100–202, [§ 501]) ................................... 55316 

1241i ......................................................................................... Unnecessary. Provides a general authorization of appropriations for 46 App. U.S.C. 1241e–1241o. 

1241j ......................................................................................... 55317 

1241k–1241n ............................................................................ Obsolete. Provided for a commission to study and report on 

agricultural export transportation policy. The commission’s 

work has been completed and the commission has been 

abolished. 

1241o ....................................................................................... 55314 

1241p ........................................................................................ 55318 

1241q ........................................................................................ 55333 

1241r ......................................................................................... 55332 

1241s ........................................................................................ 55334 

1241t(a), (c) ............................................................................. 55335 

1241t(b) .................................................................................... 55336 

1241u ........................................................................................ Obsolete reporting requirement. 

1241v ........................................................................................ 55331 

1242(a) (1st, 2d sentences) ..................................................... 56301 

1242(a) (3d sentence) .............................................................. 56303 

1242(a) (4th sentence) ............................................................. 56307 

1242(a) (last sentence) ............................................................ 56303 

1242(b) ..................................................................................... 56303 

1242(c) (1st sentence) ............................................................. 56302 

1242(c) (2d sentence) .............................................................. 56304 

1242(c) (last sentence) ............................................................ 56303 

1242(d) (1st par. words before 2d comma) ............................ 56303 

1242(d) (1st par. words after 2d comma) .............................. 56304 

1242(d) (last par.) .................................................................... 56305 

1242(e) ...................................................................................... 56306 

1242a(a) ................................................................................... 56501 

1242a(b) ................................................................................... 56502 

1242a(c) .................................................................................... 56503 

1242a(d) ................................................................................... 56504 

1242a(e) .................................................................................... 56502 

1244(a) ..................................................................................... 109 

1244(b) ..................................................................................... Unnecessary definition of ‘‘person’’. See 1 U.S.C. 1. 

1244(c) ...................................................................................... 50501 

1244(d) ..................................................................................... Unnecessary. Defines ‘‘construction’’ as including outfitting 

and equipping. 

1244(e) ...................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

1244(f) ...................................................................................... Unnecessary. Defines ‘‘Representative’’ and ‘‘Member of the 

Congress’’ as including Delegates to the House of Representatives from the District of Columbia, Guam, and 

the Virgin Islands, and the Resident Commissioner to the 

House of Representatives from Puerto Rico. 

26 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1244(g) ..................................................................................... 114 

1245 (1st sentence) ................................................................. Unnecessary. Contains a separability provision for the Merchant Marine Act, 1936. 

1245 (last sentence) ................................................................ 101 note 

1247 .......................................................................................... 50305 

1248 .......................................................................................... 53101 note (CDS and ODS) 

1271 .......................................................................................... 53701 

1272 .......................................................................................... 53717 

1273(a) ..................................................................................... 53702 

1273(b) ..................................................................................... 53711 

1273(c) ...................................................................................... 53709 

1273(d) ..................................................................................... 53705 

1273(e) (1st sentence) ............................................................. 53705 

1273(e) (last sentence) ............................................................ 53721, 53722 

1273(f) ...................................................................................... 53704 

1273(g) ..................................................................................... 53732 

1273(h) ..................................................................................... 53704 

1273(i), (j) ................................................................................ 57306 

1273a ........................................................................................ 53707 

1274(a) ..................................................................................... 53706 

1274(b)(1) ................................................................................. 53707 

1274(b)(2) ................................................................................. 53709 

1274(b)(3)–(7) .......................................................................... 53710 

1274(b) (last 2 sentences) ....................................................... 53709 

1274(c)(1) (1st sentence) ......................................................... 53711 

1274(c)(1) (last sentence) ........................................................ 53709 

1274(c)(2) ................................................................................. 53711 

1274(d)(1), (2) .......................................................................... 53708 

1274(d)(3) ................................................................................. 53732 

1274(d)(4) ................................................................................. 53707 

1274(d)(5) ................................................................................. Previously repealed. 

1274(e) ...................................................................................... 53714 

1274(f)(1) .................................................................................. 53713 

1274(f)(2), (3) ........................................................................... 53708 

1274(f)(4) .................................................................................. 53713 

1274(g) ..................................................................................... 53717 

1274(h) ..................................................................................... 53710 

1274(i) ...................................................................................... 53709 

1274(j) ...................................................................................... 53732 

1274(k) ...................................................................................... 53712 

1274(l) ...................................................................................... 53703 

1274(m) .................................................................................... 53712 

1274(n) ..................................................................................... 53703 

1274a ........................................................................................ 53734 

1275(a) ..................................................................................... 53721 

1275(b) ..................................................................................... 53722 

1275(c) ...................................................................................... 53724 

1275(d) ..................................................................................... 53723 

1275(e) ...................................................................................... 53725 

1275(f) ...................................................................................... 53722 

1279a ........................................................................................ 53715 

1279b ........................................................................................ 53716 

1279c ........................................................................................ 53731 

1279d ........................................................................................ 53732 

1279e ........................................................................................ 53733 

1279f ......................................................................................... 53735 

1279g ........................................................................................ 53702 

1280 .......................................................................................... 53717 

1280a ........................................................................................ 53733 

1280b ........................................................................................ 53718 

1281(a)–(c) ............................................................................... 53901 

1281(d) ..................................................................................... Unnecessary. Defines ‘‘citizen of the United States’’ for purposes of the war risk insurance program as including 

corporations, partnerships, and associations. See 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1244(c) and section 50501 of the revised title. 

27 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1281(e) ...................................................................................... Unnecessary definition of ‘‘Secretary’’. 

1282 .......................................................................................... 53902 

1283(a) (1st, 2d sentences) ..................................................... 53903 

1283(a) (last sentence) ............................................................ 53910 

1283(b) (1st sentence) ............................................................. 53903 

1283(b) (last sentence) ............................................................ 53901 

1283(c)–(f) ................................................................................ 53903 

1284 .......................................................................................... 53903 

1285 .......................................................................................... 53905 

1286 .......................................................................................... 53904 

1287 .......................................................................................... 53907 

1288 .......................................................................................... 53909 

1288a ........................................................................................ 53909 

1289(a)(1) ................................................................................. 53910 

1289(a)(2) ................................................................................. 53906 

1289(b)–(f) ............................................................................... 53910 

1290 .......................................................................................... Unnecessary. Provides that the war risk insurance program 

does not affect seamen’s rights under existing law. 

1291 .......................................................................................... 50111 

1292 .......................................................................................... 53911 

1293 .......................................................................................... 53908 

1294 .......................................................................................... 53912 

1295 (1st sentence) ................................................................. 51101 

1295 (last sentence cl. (1)) ..................................................... 51103 

1295 (last sentence cl. (2)) ..................................................... 51104 

1295a ........................................................................................ 51102 

1295b(a) ................................................................................... 51301 

1295b(b)(1)–(3)(C) ................................................................... 51302 

1295b(b)(3)(D) .......................................................................... 51303 

1295b(b)(3)(E) .......................................................................... 51305 

1295b(b)(3)(F) ........................................................................... 51311 

1295b(b)(3)(G) .......................................................................... Unnecessary. Defines ‘‘State’’ for purposes of 46 App. U.S.C. 

1295b(b)(3) as including the several States. 

1295b(b)(4) ............................................................................... Obsolete. The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands has been 

terminated. See 48 U.S.C. 1681 note prec. 

1295b(b)(5)–(7) ........................................................................ 51304 

1295b(b)(8) ............................................................................... 51309 

1295b(c) .................................................................................... 51311 

1295b(d) ................................................................................... 51308 

1295b(e)(1)–(4) ........................................................................ 51306 

1295b(e)(5) ............................................................................... 51310 

1295b(f) .................................................................................... 51307 

1295b(g) ................................................................................... 51309 

1295b(h) ................................................................................... 51312 

1295b(i) .................................................................................... 51313 

1295c(a) .................................................................................... 51501 

1295c(b) .................................................................................... 51503 

1295c(c)(1), (2) ........................................................................ 51504 

1295c(c)(3)(A) ........................................................................... 51507 

1295c(c)(3)(B) ........................................................................... 51508 

1295c(d)(1) ............................................................................... 51505 

1295c(d)(2) ............................................................................... 51501 

1295c(e) .................................................................................... 51502 

1295c(f) .................................................................................... 51506 

1295c(g)(1)–(5) ........................................................................ 51509 

1295c(g)(6) ............................................................................... 51510 

1295c(g)(7) ............................................................................... 51509 

1295c(h) .................................................................................... 51511 

1295c note (Pub. L. 101–115, § 4) ......................................... 51504 

1295c–1 .................................................................................... 49 U.S.C. 109. See § 11 of bill. 

1295d(a), (b) ............................................................................ 51703 

1295d(c) .................................................................................... 51704 

1295e ........................................................................................ 51701 

1295f ......................................................................................... 51702 

28 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1295g(a) ................................................................................... Unnecessary. Provides that the Secretary of Transportation 

shall establish such rules and regulations as may be 

necessary to carry out title XIII of the Merchant Marine 

Act, 1936, relating to maritime education and training. 

The Secretary has general regulatory authority under 49 

U.S.C. 322(a). 

1295g(b)–(d) ............................................................................. 51103 

1300–1315 ................................................................................ 30701 note 

1501 .......................................................................................... 80501 

1502(a) (related to application of Convention) ....................... 80502 

1502(a) (related to approval and examination) ...................... 80504 

1502(b) ..................................................................................... Previously repealed. 

1503(a)–(c)(1) .......................................................................... 80503 

1503(c)(2) ................................................................................. 80506 

1503(c)(3) ................................................................................. 80503 

1503(d) ..................................................................................... 80506 

1503(e) ...................................................................................... 80503 

1504 .......................................................................................... 80505 

1505 .......................................................................................... 80509 

1506 .......................................................................................... 80507 

1507 .......................................................................................... 80508 

1601–1603 ................................................................................ 49 U.S.C. 109. See § 11 of bill. 

1604–1608 ................................................................................ Executed and obsolete. Related to the transfer of the Maritime Administration from the Department of Commerce to 

the Department of Transportation. 

1609 .......................................................................................... 49 U.S.C. 109 note 

1610 .......................................................................................... Omitted but not repealed. Contains a separability provision 

for the Maritime Act of 1981. 

1701 .......................................................................................... 40101 

1702 .......................................................................................... 40102 

1703 .......................................................................................... 40301 

1704(a) ..................................................................................... 40302 

1704(b)–(d) ............................................................................... 40303 

1704(e) (less last sentence) .................................................... 40305 

1704(e) (last sentence) ............................................................ 40301 

1704(f) ...................................................................................... 40301 

1704(g) ..................................................................................... 40303 

1705(a)–(f) ............................................................................... 40304 

1705(g)–(i) ................................................................................ 41307 

1705(j) ...................................................................................... 40306 

1705(k) ...................................................................................... 41307 

1706 .......................................................................................... 40307 

1707(a), (b) .............................................................................. 40501 

1707(c) ...................................................................................... 40502 

1707(d) ..................................................................................... 40501 

1707(e) ...................................................................................... 40503 

1707(f), (g) ............................................................................... 40501 

1708(a) ..................................................................................... 40701 

1708(b) ..................................................................................... 40702 

1708(c) (1st sentence) ............................................................. 40703 

1708(c) (last sentence), (d) ..................................................... 40704 

1708(e) ...................................................................................... 40705 

1708(f) ...................................................................................... 40706 

1709(a) ..................................................................................... 41102 

1709(b)(1)–(12) ........................................................................ 41104 

1709(b)(13), (words after cl. (13)) .......................................... 41103 

1709(c) ...................................................................................... 41105 

1709(d)(1) ................................................................................. 41102 

1709(d)(2) ................................................................................. 41106 

1709(d)(3) (related to (b)(10)) ................................................. 41106 

1709(d)(3) (related to (b)(13)) ................................................. 41103 

1709(d)(4) ................................................................................. 41106 

1709(d)(5) ................................................................................. 41103 

1709(e) ...................................................................................... 41101 

1710(a), (b) .............................................................................. 41301 

29 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1710(c) (1st–3d sentences) ..................................................... 41302 

1710(c) (last sentence) ............................................................ 41307 

1710(d)–(f) ............................................................................... 41302 

1710(g) (related to time limit) ................................................. 41301 

1710(g) (less time limit) .......................................................... 41305 

1710(h)(1) ................................................................................. 41307 

1710(h)(2) ................................................................................. 41306 

1710a(a) ................................................................................... 42301 

1710a(b), (c) ............................................................................. 42302 

1710a(d) ................................................................................... 42303 

1710a(e)(1), (2) ........................................................................ 42304 

1710a(e)(3) ............................................................................... 42306 

1710a(f) .................................................................................... 42305 

1710a(g) ................................................................................... 306 

1710a(h) (related to 876(a)(1)) ............................................... 42101 

1710a(h) (related to 1712(b)(6)) ............................................. 41108 

1710a(i) .................................................................................... 42307 

1711 .......................................................................................... 41303 

1712(a) ..................................................................................... 41107 

1712(b) ..................................................................................... 41108 

1712(c)–(f) ................................................................................ 41109 

1713(a), (b) .............................................................................. 41304 

1713(c) ...................................................................................... 41308 

1713(d) ..................................................................................... 41309 

1713(e) ...................................................................................... 41308, 41309 

1714 .......................................................................................... 40104 

1715 .......................................................................................... 40103 

1716 .......................................................................................... 305 

1718(a) ..................................................................................... 40901 

1718(b) ..................................................................................... 40902 

1718(c) ...................................................................................... 40903 

1718(d) ..................................................................................... 40901 

1718(e) ...................................................................................... 40904 

1719(a)–(c) ............................................................................... Executed. Amended various provisions restated in the revised title, and repealed other provisions. 

1719(d) ..................................................................................... 40101 note 

1719(e) ...................................................................................... Unnecessary. Provided transitional and savings provisions 

relating to enactment of the Shipping Act of 1984 and 

amendments to that Act by the Ocean Shipping Reform 

Act of 1998. 

1801 .......................................................................................... 70302 

1802 .......................................................................................... 70306 

1803 .......................................................................................... 70303 

1804 .......................................................................................... 70304 

1805 .......................................................................................... 70305 

1806 .......................................................................................... Obsolete. Provided for presidential review of sanctions 

against terrorists who seize or attempt to seize vessels, 

and for a report to Congress by Aug. 27, 1987. 

1807 .......................................................................................... 70301 

1808 .......................................................................................... Expired. Authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1987 

through 1991. 

1809 .......................................................................................... 70306 

1901 .......................................................................................... Unnecessary. Provided a short title for the Maritime Drug 

Law Enforcement Act, which is restated in ch. 705 of the 

revised title. 

1902 .......................................................................................... 70501 

1903(a) ..................................................................................... 70503 

1903(b), (c) ............................................................................... 70502 

1903(d) ..................................................................................... 70505 

1903(e) ...................................................................................... 70503 

1903(f) ...................................................................................... 70504 

1903(g) ..................................................................................... 70506 

1903(h) ..................................................................................... 70503 

1903(i) ...................................................................................... 70502 

1903(j) ...................................................................................... 70506 

30 

Title 46 Appendix—Continued 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1904 .......................................................................................... 70507 

2001 .......................................................................................... 51901 

2002 .......................................................................................... 51901 

2003 .......................................................................................... 51902 

2004(a) ..................................................................................... 51903 

2004(b) ..................................................................................... 51904 

2004(c) ...................................................................................... 51907 

2004(d) ..................................................................................... 51901 

2005 .......................................................................................... 51905 

2006 .......................................................................................... 51906 

2007 .......................................................................................... 51908 

Title 48 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

1664 .......................................................................................... 55101 

Reorganization Plan No. 6 of 1949 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

................................................................................................... 301 

Reorganization Plan No. 21 of 1950 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

101–106 .................................................................................... Previously superseded. See section 305 of Reorg. Plan No. 7 

of 1961. 

201 ............................................................................................ 49 U.S.C. 109 

202 ............................................................................................ Previously superseded. See section 305 of Reorg. Plan No. 7 

of 1961. 

203, 204 ................................................................................... 49 U.S.C. 109 

302–307 .................................................................................... Previously superseded. See section 305 of Reorg. Plan No. 7 

of 1961. 

Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961 

Section Disposition (Title 46 unless otherwise specified) 

101 ............................................................................................ 301 

102(a)–(c) ................................................................................. 301 

102(d) ....................................................................................... 302 

103 ............................................................................................ Executed and obsolete. Transferred functions under certain 

provisions of law from the Federal Maritime Board to the 

Federal Maritime Commission. The provisions referred to 

either are restated in a way that reflects the transfer or 

have been previously repealed. 

104 ............................................................................................ 301 

105(a)–(c) ................................................................................. 304 

105(d) ....................................................................................... 301 

201 ............................................................................................ 49 U.S.C. 109 

301 ............................................................................................ Impliedly repealed. Provided that the last sentence of 46 

App. U.S.C. 1111(b), which pertained to conflicts of interest, shall apply to the Commissioners, officers, and employees of the Federal Maritime Commission. This provided, in substance, the same thing as 46 App. U.S.C. 

1111(b), which was subsequently repealed. 

302 ............................................................................................ Temporary and obsolete. Provided for interim appointments 

to the Federal Maritime Commission. 

31 

SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The following explains the amendments to title 46. For each new 

section being added to title 46, the following also lists the existing 

provisions on which it is based and explains any significant 

changes in language. 

SECTION 1—SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1 of the bill provides a short title and a table of contents 

for the Act. 

SECTION 2—TITLE ANALYSIS

Section 2 of the bill amends the title analysis at the beginning 

of title 46. 

SECTION 3—SUBTITLE I OF TITLE 46

Section 3 of the bill enacts provisions in subtitle I of title 46, explained as follows: 

Subtitle I—General 

Chapter Sec. 

1. Definitions ................................................................................................ 101 

3. Federal Maritime Commission ............................................................ 301 

5. Other General Provisions ..................................................................... 501 

CHAPTER 1—DEFINITIONS 

Sec. 

101. Agency. 

102. Barge. 

103. Boundary Line. 

104. Citizen of the United States. 

105. Consular officer. 

106. Documented vessel. 

107. Exclusive economic zone. 

108. Fisheries. 

109. Foreign commerce or trade. 

110. Foreign vessel. 

111. Numbered vessel. 

112. State. 

113. Undocumented. 

114. United States. 

115. Vessel. 

116. Vessel of the United States. 

SECTION 101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

101 ....................... (no source). 

A definition of ‘‘agency’’ is added to avoid having to repeat the 

substance of the definition at various places in the revised title. 

SECTION 102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

102 ....................... 46:2101(2). 

32 

SECTION 103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

103 ....................... 46:2101(3). 

SECTION 104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

104 ....................... 46:2101(3a). 

The words ‘‘when used in reference to a natural person’’ are 

added because of provisions in the title which treat entities as citizens. The words ‘‘or an individual citizen of the Trust Territory of 

the Pacific Islands who is exclusively domiciled in the Northern 

Mariana Islands within the meaning of section 1005(e) of the Covenant to establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America (48 

U.S.C. 1681 note)’’ are omitted because the Covenant referred to 

became effective November 4, 1986, making citizens of the Northern Mariana Islands citizens or non-citizen nationals of the United 

States. 

SECTION 105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

105 ....................... 46:2101(6). 

SECTION 106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

106 ....................... 46:2101(10). 

SECTION 107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

107 ....................... 46:2101(10a). 

SECTION 108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

108 ....................... 46:12101(a)(1). 

SECTION 109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

109 ....................... 46 App.:1244(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 905(a), 49 

Stat. 2016; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 39(a), 52 

Stat. 964; Pub. L. 91–469, § 28, Oct. 21, 1970, 

84 Stat. 1034; Pub. L. 92–402, § 2, Aug. 22, 

1972, 86 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(133)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘its Territories or possessions, or the 

District of Columbia’’ are omitted because of the definition of 

‘‘United States’’ in this chapter. 

33 

SECTION 110 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

110 ....................... 46:2101(12). 

SECTION 111 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

111 ....................... 46:2101(17b). 

SECTION 112 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

112 ....................... 46:2101(36). 

SECTION 113 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

113 ....................... 46:2101(41). 

The words ‘‘certificate of documentation’’ are substituted for ‘‘document’’ for consistency with chapter 121. 

SECTION 114 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

114 ....................... 46:2101(44). 

46 App.:1244(g). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 905(g), 49 

Stat. 2016; as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 3(b), 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2008. 

The language in 46 App. U.S.C. 1244(g) relating to the areas and 

installations in the Republic of Panama is omitted because those 

areas and installations were turned over to Panama by the end of 

1999. 

SECTION 115 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

115 ....................... 46:2101(45). 

SECTION 116 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

116 ....................... 46:2101(46). 

CHAPTER 3—FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION 

Sec. 

301. General organization. 

302. Quorum. 

303. Record of meetings and votes. 

304. Delegation of authority. 

305. Regulations. 

306. Annual report. 

307. Expenditures. 

34 

SECTION 301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

301(a) ................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, 

§ 101, 75 Stat. 840. 

301(b) ................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, 

§ 102(a), (c), 75 Stat. 840; Pub. L. 88–426, 

title III, § 305(19)(A), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 

425. 

46 App.:1111 note. Pub. L. 89–56, June 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 195. 

301(c) ................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 6 of 1949, eff. Aug. 20, 1949, 63 

Stat. 1069. 

46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, 

§§ 102(b), 104, 105(d), 75 Stat. 840, 841. 

301(d) ................... 46 App.:1111(c) (related 

to seal). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 201(c) (related 

to seal), 49 Stat. 1986. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘is an independent establishment’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘shall not be a part of any executive department 

or under the authority of the head of any executive department’’ for 

consistency with other titles of the United States Code and to 

eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘The term of each Commissioner 

is 5 years, with each term beginning one year apart’’ are substituted for the language about terms in section 102(c) of Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961 (46 App. U.S.C. 1111 note) and the Act 

of June 30, 1965 (Pub. L. 89–56, 79 Stat. 195), for clarity and to 

eliminate executed and obsolete language. 

In subsection (c), section 104 of Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 

1961 is omitted as executed. 

Subsection (c)(1) is based on section 102(b) of Reorganization 

Plan No. 7 of 1961. The words ‘‘from time to time’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary. 

Subsection (c)(2) is based on section 1 of Reorganization Plan No. 

6 of 1949. 

Subsection (c)(3) is based on section 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 

6 of 1949 and section 105(d) of Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961. 

Subsection (c)(4) is based on section 3 of Reorganization Plan No. 

6 of 1949. 

SECTION 302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

302 ....................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, 

§ 102(d), 75 Stat. 840; Pub. L. 105–258, title 

II, § 202, Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

SECTION 303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

303 ....................... 46 App.:1111(c) (related 

to records). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 201(c) (related 

to records), 49 Stat. 1986. 

The words ‘‘true’’ and ‘‘yea-and-nay’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

35 

SECTION 304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

304 ....................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, 

§ 105(a)–(c), 75 Stat. 841. 

SECTION 305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

305 ....................... 46 App.:1111(c) (related 

to rules and regulations). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 201(c) (related 

to rules and regulations), 49 Stat. 1986. 

46 App.:1716. Pub. L. 98–237, § 17, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 84. 

The words ‘‘to carry out its duties and powers’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘in regard to its procedure and the conduct of its business’’ in 

46 App. U.S.C. 1111(c) and ‘‘to carry out this chapter’’ in 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1716(a) for consistency in the revised title. The text of 46 

App. U.S.C. 1716(b) is omitted as executed and obsolete. 

SECTION 306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

306(a) ................... 46 App.:1118 (related to 

Commission). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 208 (related to 

Commission), 49 Stat. 1988; Pub. L. 94–273, 

§ 36, Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(65), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

306(b) ................... 46 App.:1710a(g). Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(g), Aug. 23, 

1988, 102 Stat. 1572. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘a statement of all receipts under 

this chapter’’ are omitted as inapplicable to the Commission. 

SECTION 307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

307 ....................... 46 App.:1111(d) (related 

to Commission). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 201(d) (related 

to Commission), 49 Stat. 1986; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(58)(B), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 158. 

The words ‘‘by this chapter’’, ‘‘after June 29, 1936’’, and ‘‘further’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary. 

CHAPTER 5—OTHER GENERAL PROVISIONS 

Sec. 

501. Waiver of navigation and vessel-inspection laws. 

502. Cargo exempt from forfeiture. 

503. Notice of seizure. 

504. Remission of fees and penalties. 

505. Penalty for violating regulation or order. 

SECTION 501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

501 ....................... 46 App.:3 note prec. Dec. 27, 1950, ch. 1155, §§ 1, 2, 64 Stat. 1120. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘When the head of an agency . . . 

considers it necessary’’ are substituted for ‘‘either upon his own iniVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
36 

tiative or upon the written recommendation of the head of any 

other Government agency, when he deems that such action is necessary’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

502 ....................... 46 App.:326. R.S. § 4378. 

SECTION 503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

503 ....................... 46 App.:327. R.S. § 4379. 

SECTION 504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

504 ....................... 46:2108. 

This section replaces 46 U.S.C. 2108, which was enacted as part 

of the codification of subtitle II of title 46 in 1983. That provision 

was based on section 26 of the Act of June 26, 1884, ch. 121, 23 

Stat. 59, which prior to the subtitle II codification appeared at 46 

U.S.C. 8 (1982 ed.). In the enactment of 46 U.S.C. 2108, the scope 

of the 1884 provision was narrowed, presumably inadvertently. 

This section restores the remissions authority to its prior scope. 

Note that 19 C.F.R. § 4.24 (2003) still refers to ‘‘the authority to 

make refunds in accordance with section 26 of the Act of June 26, 

1884 (46 U.S.C. 8)’’ as if that provision had not been replaced by 

46 U.S.C. 2108 in 1983. 

SECTION 505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

505 ....................... 46 App.:1228 (last par.). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 806(d); as 

added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 13, 53 Stat. 

1187; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(125), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 164. 

SECTION 4—SUBTITLE II OF TITLE 46

Section 4 of the bill amends chapter 121 of title 46 to improve 

the organization and to add provisions of existing law which relate 

to vessel documentation. These provisions are currently in title 46 

appendix and in statutory notes under sections in current chapter 

121. 

Throughout chapter 121, the word ‘‘Secretary’’ is substituted for 

‘‘Secretary of Transportation’’ and ‘‘Secretary of the department in 

which the Coast Guard is operating’’ to incorporate the definition 

of ‘‘Secretary’’ in section 2101 of title 46, which is amended by section 14(2)(D) of the bill to strike the exception to part H. The Coast 

Guard was transferred to the Department of Homeland Security, 

except when operating as part of the Navy. See section 1 of title 

14, as amended by section 1704(a) of the Homeland Security Act 

37 

of 2002 (Public Law 107–296, 116 Stat. 2314), and section 888(b) 

of that Act (116 Stat. 2249). 

CHAPTER 121—DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

Sec. 

12101. Definitions. 

12102. Vessels requiring documentation. 

12103. General eligibility requirements. 

12104. Applications for documentation. 

12105. Issuance of documentation. 

12106. Surrender of title and number. 

12107. Wrecked vessels. 

SUBCHAPTER II—ENDORSEMENTS AND SPECIAL DOCUMENTATION 

12111. Registry endorsement. 

12112. Coastwise endorsement. 

12113. Fishery endorsement. 

12114. Recreational endorsement. 

12115. Temporary endorsement for vessels procured outside the United States. 

12116. Limited endorsements for Guam, American Samoa, and Northern Mariana 

Islands. 

12117. Oil spill response vessels. 

12118. Owners engaged primarily in manufacturing or mineral industry. 

12119. Owners engaged primarily in leasing or financing transactions. 

12120. Liquified gas tankers. 

12121. Small passenger vessels and uninspected passenger vessels. 

SUBCHAPTER III—MISCELLANEOUS 

12131. Command of documented vessels. 

12132. Loss of coastwise trade privileges. 

12133. Duty to carry certificate on vessel and allow examination. 

12134. Evidentiary uses of documentation. 

12135. Invalidation of certificates of documentation. 

12136. Surrender of certificates of documentation. 

12137. Recording of vessels built in the United States. 

12138. List of documented vessels. 

12139. Reports. 

SUBCHAPTER IV—PENALTIES 

12151. Penalties. 

12152. Denial or revocation of endorsement for non-payment of civil penalty. 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

SECTION 12101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12101(a) ............... 46:12101(a)(2). 

46 App.:883 (2d proviso 

related to meaning of 

‘‘rebuilt’’). 

June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (2d proviso related to 

meaning of ‘‘rebuilt’’), 41 Stat. 999; July 2, 

1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; July 14, 1956, ch. 

600, § 1, 70 Stat. 544; Pub. L. 86–583, § 1, 

July 5, 1960, 74 Stat. 321; Pub. L. 100–239, 

§ 6(c)(1), Jan. 11, 1988, 101 Stat. 1782. 

12101(b) ............... 46:12101(b). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘its territories’’ and ‘‘or its possessions’’ are omitted because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in 

chapter 1 of the revised title. The words ‘‘(not including trust territories)’’ are omitted because the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands has terminated. See 48 U.S.C. 1681 note prec. 

38 

SECTION 12102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12102(a) ............... 46:12106(b). 

46:12108(b). 

46:12110(a). 

12102(b) ............... 46:12102(a) (related to 

tonnage). 

12102(c) ............... 46:12110(b). 

SECTION 12103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12103(a) ............... 46:12102(a) (less ownership), (b) (1st sentence). 

12103(b) ............... 46:12102(a) (related to 

ownership) 

12103(c) ............... 46:12102(b) (last sentence). 

SECTION 12104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12104(a) ............... 46:12103(a) (related to 

filing by owner), (b)(1). 

12104(b) ............... 46:12103(b)(2). 

SECTION 12105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12105(a) ............... 46:12103(a) (less filing 

by owner). 

12105(b) ............... 46:12103a. 

12105(c) ............... 46:12103(c). 

12105(d) ............... 46:12103(d). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘eligible under’’ are substituted for 

‘‘if the applicant for the certificate of documentation meets the requirements set out in’’ for consistency in the chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 12106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12106 ................... 46:12124 

SECTION 12107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12107 ................... 46 App.:14 (words before 

last proviso). 

R.S. § 4136 (words before last proviso); Feb. 24, 

1915, ch. 57, 38 Stat. 812; Pub. L. 103–182, 

title VI, § 686(a)(4), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 

2220. 

The words ‘‘The Secretary of Transportation may issue a certificate of documentation with a coastwise endorsement’’ and ‘‘when 

purchased by a citizen or citizens of the United States’’ are omitted 

39 

as unnecessary because section 12112, as revised by the bill, provides the requirements for a wrecked vessel to obtain a coastwise 

endorsement. 

In subsection (c)(1), the words ‘‘or her possessions’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SUBCHAPTER II—ENDORSEMENTS AND SPECIAL 

DOCUMENTATION 

SECTION 12111 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12111(a) ............... 46:12105(a). 

12111(b) ............... 46:12105(b). 

12111(c) ............... 46:12102(d). 

See section 12(b)(1) of the bill for an amendment to subsection 

(c)(3) of this section. 

SECTION 12112 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12112(a) ............... 46:12106(a). 

12112(b) ............... 46:12106(b). 

In subsection (b), the word ‘‘only’’ is omitted because section 

12102(a), as revised by the bill, contains a general requirement for 

appropriate documentation to engage in any trade. 

SECTION 12113 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12113(a) ............... 46:12108(a). 

12113(b)(1) ........... 46:12108(b). 

12113(b)(2) ........... 46:12102(c)(3). 

12113(c)(1) ........... 46:12102(c)(1). 

12113(c)(2) ........... 46:12102(c)(2). 

12113(c)(3) ........... 46:12102(c)(4). 

12113(d) ............... 46:12102(c)(5). 

12113(e) ............... 46:12102 note. Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title II, § 203(c), Oct. 

21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–619. 

12113(f) ................ 46:12102 note. Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title II, § 203(d), Oct. 

21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–619. 

12113(g) ............... 46:12108(d). 

12113(h) ............... 46:12102 note. Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title II, § 203(e), Oct. 

21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–619. 

12113(i) ................ 46:12102 note. Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title II, § 203(b), Oct. 

21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–619. 

In subsection (b)(1), the word ‘‘only’’ is omitted because section 

12102(a), as revised by the bill, contains a general requirement for 

appropriate documentation to engage in any trade. 

In subsection (c)(1), the word ‘‘entity’’ is substituted for ‘‘corporation, partnership, association, trust, joint venture, limited liability 

company, limited liability partnership, or any other entity’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (e)(3), the words ‘‘After October 1, 2001’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

40 

In subsection (i), the first two sentences of section 203(b) of Public Law 105–277 are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 12114 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12114(a) ............... 46:12109(a). 

12114(b) ............... 46:12109(c). 

46:12110(c). 

12114(c) ............... 46:12109(b). 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘Customs Service’’ because the functions of the Customs Service and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto 

were transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by section 

403(1) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 

Stat. 2178). 

SECTION 12115 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12115(a) ............... 46:12112(a). 

12115(b) ............... 46:12112(b) (1st sentence). 

12115(c) ............... 46:12112(c). 

12115(d) ............... 46:12112(b) (last sentence). 

SECTION 12116 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12116 ................... 46:12106(c). 

46:12108(c). 

SECTION 12117 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12117 ................... 46:12106(d). 

SECTION 12118 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12118(a)(1) ........... 46 App.:883–1 (1st par. 

words through cl. (e) 

less citizenship, 4th 

par. 1st sentence). 

June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27A, as added Pub. L. 

85–902, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1736; Pub. L. 

104–88, title III, § 321(2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 

Stat. 950; Pub. L. 104–324, title VII, § 706, 

Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3934. 

12118(a)(2), (3) .... 46 App.:883–1 (2d par., 

4th par. 2d sentence). 

12118(b) ............... 46 App.:883–1 (1st par. 

related to citizenship). 

12118(c) ............... 46 App.:883–1 (3d par. 

words before 5th 

comma). 

12118(d)(1) ........... 46 App.:883–1 (3d par. 

words after 5th 

comma). 

12118(d)(2) ........... 46 App.:883–1 (1st par. 

words after cl. (e)). 

12118(e) ............... 46 App.:883–1 (last par.). 

41 

SECTION 12118—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12118(f) ................ 46 App.:883–1 (4th par. 

3d–6th sentences). 

In this section, the word ‘‘Secretary’’ is substituted for ‘‘Secretary 

of the Treasury’’, thereby incorporating the definition of ‘‘Secretary’’ 

in section 2101 of title 46. The functions of the Secretary of the 

Treasury relating to the Coast Guard previously were transferred 

to the Secretary of Transportation by section 6(b) of the Department of Transportation Act (Pub. L. 89–670, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 

938). The Coast Guard and the functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating to the Coast Guard were again transferred to the 

Department of Homeland Security by section 888(b) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 

Stat. 2135). 

In subsection (a)(1), the words ‘‘seeking hereunder to document 

a vessel under the laws of the United States or to operate a vessel 

exempt from documentation under the laws of the United States’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary because of the reorganization of the 

section. 

Subsection (d)(1)(B) is substituted for ‘‘together with their owners 

or masters, shall be entitled to all the other benefits and privileges 

and shall be subject to the same requirements, penalties, and forfeitures as may be applicable in the case of vessels built in the 

United States and otherwise documented or exempt from documentation under the laws of the United States’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (d)(2), the words before clause (A) are substituted 

for ‘‘no vessel owned by any such corporation shall engage in the 

fisheries or in the transportation of merchandise or passengers for 

hire between points in the United States, including Territories, 

Districts, and possessions thereof, embraced within the coastwise 

laws, except’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. See the definition of 

‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 12119 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12119(a) ............... 46:12106(f)(4). 

12119(b) ............... 46:12106(e)(1). 

12119(c) ............... 46:12106(f)(1)–(3). 

12119(d) ............... 46:12106(e)(2). 

12119(e) ............... 46:12106(e)(3). 

12119(f) ................ 46:12106(e)(4). 

In subsection (b), in clause (1), the words ‘‘satisfies the requirements for a coastwise endorsement, except for the ownership requirement otherwise applicable without regard to this section’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘otherwise eligible for documentation under this 

section’’ in 46 U.S.C. 12106(e)(1)(E) for clarity. Clause (A) of 46 

U.S.C. 12106(e)(1) is omitted as redundant to the general requirements in revised section 12112 on coastwise endorsements. 

In subsection (c)(3), the words ‘‘documented with a coastwise endorsement’’ are substituted for ‘‘documented under this section’’ because former section 12106 is being divided into multiple sections. 

42 

Subsection (e) is substituted for ‘‘(3) Upon termination by a demise charterer required under paragraph (1)(C), the coastwise endorsement of the vessel may, in the sole discretion of the Secretary, 

be continued after the termination for default of the demise charter 

for a period not to exceed 6 months on such terms and conditions 

as the Secretary may prescribe’’ for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 12120 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12120 ................... 46 App.:883 note. Pub. L. 104–324, title VII, § 1120(f), Oct. 19, 

1996, 110 Stat. 3978. 

The words ‘‘Notwithstanding section 27 of the Merchant Marine 

Act, 1920 (46 App. U.S.C. 883), section 12106 of title 46, United 

States Code, section 506 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 

App. U.S.C. 1156)’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘the 

Commonwealth of’’ are omitted as unnecessary and for consistency 

in the revised title. 

SECTION 12121 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12121 ................... 46:12106 note. Pub. L. 105–383, title V, §§ 502–504, Nov. 13, 

1998, 112 Stat. 3445; Pub. L. 107–295, title 

II, § 207(c)(2), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2097. 

The definition of ‘‘Secretary’’ is omitted for consistency in the 

chapter. 

SUBCHAPTER III—MISCELLANEOUS 

SECTION 12131 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12131 ................... 46:12110(d). 

SECTION 12132 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12132 ................... 46 App.:883 (1st proviso, 

2d proviso less meaning of ‘‘rebuilt’’). 

June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (1st proviso, 2d proviso less meaning of ‘‘rebuilt’’), 41 Stat. 999; 

July 2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; July 14, 

1956, ch. 600, § 1, 70 Stat. 544; Pub. L. 86– 

583, § 1, July 5, 1960, 74 Stat. 321; Pub. L. 

100–239, § 6(c)(1), Jan. 11, 1988, 101 Stat. 

1782; Pub. L. 104–324, title XI, § 1120(e), Oct. 

19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3978. 

The definition of ‘‘rebuilt’’ in the second proviso is restated in section 12101. 

SECTION 12133 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12133 ................... 46:12103(e). 

43 

SECTION 12133—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

46 App.:277. R.S. § 4336; Aug. 5, 1935, ch. 438, title III, 

§ 312, 49 Stat. 528; Pub. L. 85–237, § 2, Aug. 

30, 1957, 71 Stat. 518; Pub. L. 103–182, title 

VI, § 686(a)(5), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2220. 

This section consolidates and clarifies the requirements contained in the source provisions. The specific civil penalties are 

omitted as unnecessary because of the general civil penalty in section 12151(a) of the revised title. See also 19 U.S.C. 1581. 

SECTION 12134 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12134 ................... 46:12104. 

SECTION 12135 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12135 ................... 46:12111(a). 

In clause (2), the words ‘‘except for a recreational endorsement’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary because a recreational endorsement 

does not permit a vessel to engage in a trade. 

SECTION 12136 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12136(a) ............... 46:12111(b). 

12136(b)(1) ........... 46:12111(d)(2). 

12136(b)(2) ........... 46:12111(c)(3). 

12136(b)(3) ........... 46:12111(d)(1). 

12136(c)(1) ........... 46:12111(c)(1). 

12136(c)(2) ........... 46:12111(c)(2). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘or a certificate with an invalid endorsement’’ are added for clarity. 

SECTION 12137 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12137 ................... 46:12117. 

SECTION 12138 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12138(a) ............... 46:12119. 

12138(b) ............... 46:12119 note. Pub. L. 107–295, title IV, § 403, Nov. 25, 2002, 

116 Stat. 2114. 

In subsection (b), the word ‘‘Secretary’’ is substituted for ‘‘Secretary of Transportation’’ for consistency in the chapter. 

44 

SECTION 12139 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12139(a) ............... 46:12120. 

12139(b) ............... 46 App.:883a (1st sentence). July 14, 1956, ch. 600, § 2 (1st sentence), 70 

Stat. 544; Pub. L. 86–583, § 2, July 5, 1960, 

74 Stat. 321; Pub. L. 104–324, title VII, § 707, 

Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3934. 

In subsection (b)(1), the word ‘‘Secretary’’ is substituted for ‘‘Secretary of the Treasury’’, thereby incorporating the definition of 

‘‘Secretary’’ in section 2101 of title 46. The functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating to the Coast Guard previously were 

transferred to the Secretary of Transportation by section 6(b) of the 

Department of Transportation Act (Pub. L. 89–670, Oct. 15, 1966, 

80 Stat. 938). The Coast Guard and the functions of the Secretary 

of Transportation relating to the Coast Guard were again transferred to the Department of Homeland Security by section 888(b) 

of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, Nov. 25, 

2002, 116 Stat. 2135). The words ‘‘rebuilt outside the United 

States’’ are substituted for ‘‘and any part of the rebuilding, including the construction of major components of the hull and superstructure of the vessel, is not effected within the United States, its 

Territories (not including trust territories) or its possessions’’ because of the definition of ‘‘rebuilt’’ in section 12101, and the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1, of the revised title. 

SUBTITLE IV—PENALTIES 

SECTION 12151 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12151(a) ............... 46:12122(a). 

12151(b) ............... 46:12122(b). 

46 App.:14 (last proviso). R.S. § 4136 (last proviso); Feb. 24, 1915, ch. 57, 

38 Stat. 812; Pub. L. 103–182, title VI, 

§ 686(a)(4), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2220. 

46 App.:883a (2d, last 

sentences). 

July 14, 1956, ch. 600, § 2 (2d, last sentences), 

70 Stat. 544; Pub. L. 86–583, § 2, July 5, 

1960, 74 Stat. 321. 

12151(c) ............... 46:12122(c). 

In subsection (b), in restating 46 App. U.S.C. 883a (2d, last sentences), the penalty of $200 for the owner and master of the vessel 

is omitted because subsection (a) provides a general civil penalty 

for violation of this chapter. The authority to remit or mitigate a 

penalty under section 2107(b) is omitted because section 2107(b) 

applies to subtitle II and this section is in subtitle II. 

SECTION 12152 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

12152 ................... 46:12123. 

SECTIONS 5 TO 10—SUBTITLES III TO VIII OF TITLE 46

Sections 5 to 10 of the bill enact provisions in subtitles III to VIII 

of title 46, explained as follows: 

45 

Subtitle III—Maritime Liability 

Chapter Sec. 

301. General Liability Provisions ................................................................ 30101 

303. Death on the High Seas ......................................................................... 30301 

305. Exoneration and Limitation of Liability .......................................... 30501 

307. Liability of Water Carriers ................................................................... 30701 

309. Suits in Admiralty Against United States Government ................ 30901 

311. Suits Involving Public Vessels ............................................................ 31101 

313. Commercial Instruments and Maritime Liens ................................ 31301 

CHAPTER 301—GENERAL LIABILITY PROVISIONS 

Sec. 

30101. Extension of jurisdiction to cases of damage or injury on land. 

30102. Liability to passengers. 

30103. Liability of master, mate, engineer, and pilot. 

30104. Personal injury to or death of seamen. 

30105. Restriction on recovery by non-citizens and non-resident aliens for incidents 

in waters of other countries. 

30106. Time limit on bringing action. 

SECTION 30101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30101 ................... 46 App.:740. June 19, 1948, ch. 526, 62 Stat. 496. 

In subsections (b) and (c), the words ‘‘civil action’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘suit’’ for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). 

In subsection (c)(1), the words ‘‘for all causes of action arising 

after June 19, 1948, and for all causes of action where suit has not 

been hitherto filed under the Federal Tort Claims Act’’ are omitted 

as obsolete. 

SECTION 30102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30102 ................... 46 App.:491 (words before semicolon). R.S. § 4493 (words before semicolon). 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘or either of them’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘are liable for personal injury to a passenger or damage to a passenger’s baggage’’ are substituted for ‘‘Whenever damage is sustained by any passenger or 

his baggage’’ and ‘‘shall be liable to each and every person so injured’’ for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words 

‘‘from explosion, fire, collision, or other cause’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘caused by’’ are substituted for ‘‘if it happens 

through’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words 

‘‘part B or F of subtitle II of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘title 52 

of the Revised Statutes’’ because of the prior codification of subtitle 

II of title 46. In clause (2), the word ‘‘imperfections’’ is omitted as 

included in ‘‘defect’’. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for ‘‘to the full amount of damage’’ 

for clarity. See Hines v. Butler, 278 F. 877, 880, 881 (4th Cir. 1921), 

cert. denied, 257 U.S. 659 (1922); The Annie Faxon, 75 F. 312, 317– 

319 (9th Cir. 1896). 

46 

SECTION 30103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30103 ................... 46 App.:491 (words after 

semicolon). 

R.S. § 4493 (words after semicolon). 

Before clause (1), the words ‘‘bring a civil action’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘sue’’ for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). In clause (1), the word ‘‘carelessness’’ 

is omitted as included in ‘‘negligence’’. 

SECTION 30104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30104(a) ............... 46 App.:688(a) (1st sentence). Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 153, § 20(a), 38 Stat. 1185; 

June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 33, 41 Stat. 1007; 

Pub. L. 97–389, title V, § 503(a)(1), Dec. 29, 

1982, 96 Stat. 1955. 

30104(b) ............... 46 App.:688(a) (last sentence). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘A seaman injured in the course of 

employment or, if the seaman dies from the injury, the personal 

representative of the seaman’’ are substituted for ‘‘Any seaman who 

shall suffer personal injury in the course of his employment’’ and 

‘‘in case of the death of any seaman as a result of any such personal injury the personal representative’’ to eliminate unnecessary 

words. The words ‘‘bring a civil action’’ are substituted for ‘‘maintain an action’’ for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words ‘‘for damages’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘against the employer’’ are 

added for clarity. The words ‘‘Laws of the United States regulating 

recovery for personal injury to, or death of, a railway employee’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘all statutes of the United States modifying or extending the common-law right or remedy in cases of personal injury 

to railway employees’’ and ‘‘all statutes of the United States conferring or regulating the right of action for death in the case of railway employees’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘An action under this section shall 

be brought’’ are substituted for ‘‘Jurisdiction in such actions shall 

be under’’ because 46 App. U.S.C. 688(a) (last sentence) provides 

for venue, not jurisdiction. Panama R.R. Co. v. Johnson, 264 U.S. 

375 (1924). As to the relationship between 46 App. U.S.C. 688(a) 

(last sentence) and 28 U.S.C. 1391(c), see Pure Oil Co. v. Suarez, 384 U.S. 202 (1966). 

SECTION 30105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30105(a) ............... 46 App.:688(b)(1) (last 

sentence). 

Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 153, § 20(b), as added Pub. L. 

97–389, title V, § 503(a)(2), Dec. 29, 1982, 96 

Stat. 1955. 

30105(b) ............... 46 App.:688(b)(1) (less 

last sentence). 

30105(c) ............... 46 App.:688(b)(2). 

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words ‘‘civil action’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘action’’ for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal 

47 

Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words ‘‘under subsection (a) of this section or under any other’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (2), the words ‘‘its territories, or possessions’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ 

in chapter 1 of the revised title. In clause (3), the word ‘‘person’’ 

is substituted for ‘‘enterprise’’ for consistency in the revised title. 

SECTION 30106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30106 ................... 46 App.:763a. Pub. L. 96–382, § 1, Oct. 6, 1980, 94 Stat. 1525. 

The words ‘‘civil action’’ are substituted for ‘‘suit’’ for consistency 

with rule 2 of the Federal Rules or Civil Procedure (28 App. 

U.S.C.). The words ‘‘or both’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The 

words ‘‘must be brought’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall not be maintained unless commenced’’ for clarity and consistency. The word 

‘‘arose’’ is substituted for ‘‘accrued’’ for consistency in the revised 

title. 

CHAPTER 303—DEATH ON THE HIGH SEAS 

Sec. 

30301. Short title. 

30302. Cause of action. 

30303. Amount and apportionment of recovery. 

30304. Contributory negligence. 

30305. Death of plaintiff in pending action. 

30306. Foreign cause of action. 

30307. Commercial aviation accidents. 

30308. Nonapplication. 

SECTION 30301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30301 ................... 46 App.:761 note. 

SECTION 30302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30302 ................... 46 App.:761(a). Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 111, § 1(a), 41 Stat. 537; Pub. 

L. 106–181, title IV, § 404(a)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 

114 Stat. 131. 

The words ‘‘Subject to subsection (b) of this section’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary. The words ‘‘United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘any 

State, or the District of Columbia, or the Territories or dependencies of the United States’’ because of the definition of ‘‘United 

States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. The words ‘‘bring a civil 

action’’ are substituted for ‘‘maintain a suit’’ for consistency with 

rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The 

words ‘‘for damages’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘in the 

district courts of the United States’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of 28 U.S.C. 1333. The words ‘‘person or vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘vessel, person, or corporation’’ because of 1 U.S.C. 1. 

The word ‘‘responsible’’ is substituted for ‘‘which would have been 

liable if death had not ensued’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

48 

SECTION 30303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30303 ................... 46 App.:762(a). Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 111, § 2(a), 41 Stat. 537; Pub. 

L. 106–181, title IV, § 404(b)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 

114 Stat. 131. 

The words ‘‘and just’’ are omitted as redundant to ‘‘fair’’. The 

words ‘‘each has sustained’’ are substituted for ‘‘they may severally 

have suffered by reason of the death of the person by whose representative the suit is brought’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30304 ................... 46 App.:766. Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 111, § 6, 41 Stat. 537. 

SECTION 30305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30305 ................... 46 App.:765. Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 111, § 5, 41 Stat. 537. 

The words ‘‘If a civil action in admiralty is pending in a court of 

the United States to recover for personal injury caused by wrongful 

act, neglect, or default described in section 30302 of this title, and 

the individual dies during the action as a result of the wrongful 

act, neglect, or default’’ are substituted for ‘‘If a person die [sic] as 

the result of such wrongful act, neglect, or default as is mentioned 

in section 761 of this Appendix during the pendency in a court of 

admiralty of the United States of a suit to recover damages for personal injuries in respect of such act, neglect, or default’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘the plaintiff’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘a party’’ to be more precise. 

SECTION 30306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30306 ................... 46 App.:764. Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 111, § 4, 41 Stat. 537. 

The words ‘‘a civil action in admiralty may be brought in a court 

of the United States based on the foreign cause of action’’ are substituted for ‘‘such right may be maintained in an appropriate action 

in admiralty in the courts of the United States’’ for clarity and consistency. The words ‘‘any statute of the United States to the contrary notwithstanding’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 30307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30307(a) ............... 46 App.:762(b)(2). Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 111, §§ 1(b), 2(b); as added 

Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, § 404(a)(2), (b)(2), 

Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 131. 

30307(b) ............... 46 App.:762(b)(1). 

30307(c) ............... 46 App.:761(b). 

In subsections (b) and (c), the words ‘‘the United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘any State, or the District of Columbia, or the TerriVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00048 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
49 

tories or dependencies of the United States’’ because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘of a decedent’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘if the death resulted from a commercial aviation accident occurring on the high seas’’ are substituted for ‘‘In the case of a commercial aviation accident, whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect, 

or default occurring on the high seas’’ for consistency with subsection (b) and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘and the 

rules applicable under Federal, State, and other appropriate law 

shall apply’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 30308 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30308 ................... 46 App.:767. Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 111, § 7, 41 Stat. 538. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘law of a State’’ are substituted for 

‘‘any State statute’’ for consistency in the revised title. The words 

‘‘regulating the right to recover for death’’ are substituted for ‘‘giving or regulating rights of action or remedies for death’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘Panama Canal’’ are substituted for 

‘‘Panama Canal Zone’’ because of 22 U.S.C. 3602. 

CHAPTER 305—EXONERATION AND LIMITATION OF 

LIABILITY 

Sec. 

30501. Definition. 

30502. Application. 

30503. Declaration of nature and value of goods. 

30504. Loss by fire. 

30505. General limit of liability. 

30506. Limit of liability for personal injury or death. 

30507. Apportionment of losses. 

30508. Provisions requiring notice of claim or limiting time for bringing action. 

30509. Provisions limiting liability for personal injury or death. 

30510. Vicarious liability for medical malpractice. 

30511. Action by owner for limitation. 

30512. Liability as master, officer, or seaman not affected. 

SECTION 30501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30501 ................... 46 App.:186. R.S. § 4286. 

The words ‘‘In this chapter’’ are substituted for ‘‘within the 

meaning of the provisions of title 48 of the Revised Statutes relating to the limitation of the liability of the owners of vessels’’ because of the codification of title 46, United States Code. The word 

‘‘supplies’’ is substituted for ‘‘victual’’ for clarity. The words ‘‘and 

such vessel, when so chartered, shall be liable in the same manner 

as if navigated by the owner thereof’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

50 

SECTION 30502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30502 ................... 46 App.:188. R.S. § 4289; Feb. 18, 1875, ch. 80, § 1 (related to 

R.S. § 4289), 18 Stat. 320; June 19, 1886, ch. 

421, § 4, 24 Stat. 80; June 5, 1936, ch. 521, 

§ 4, 49 Stat. 1481. 

SECTION 30503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30503 ................... 46 App.:181. R.S. § 4281. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘load’’ and ‘‘loading’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘lade’’ and ‘‘lading’’ to use more common terminology. The words 

‘‘person receiving the item’’ are substituted for ‘‘master, clerk, 

agent, or owner of such vessel receiving the same’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘thereof in any form or manner’’ and 

‘‘and according to the character thereof so notified and’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘precious metals’’ are substituted for 

‘‘platina, gold, gold dust, silver, . . . or other precious metals, . . . 

gold or silver in a manufactured or unmanufactured state’’, the 

words ‘‘precious stones’’ are substituted for ‘‘diamonds, or other precious stones’’, the words ‘‘watches, clocks’’ are substituted for 

‘‘watches, clocks, or timepieces of any description’’, the words 

‘‘coins, bills, securities’’ are substituted for ‘‘bullion, . . . coins, . . . 

bills of any bank or public body, . . . orders, notes, or securities for 

the payment of money’’, the word ‘‘papers’’ is substituted for 

‘‘writings, title deeds’’, and the word ‘‘silks’’ is substituted for ‘‘silks 

in a manufactured or unmanufactured state, and whether wrought 

up or not wrought up with any other material’’, to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘and similar items of high value and 

small size’’ are added to ensure that any of the items specifically 

named in the source but omitted in the revised section, or similar 

items, will be covered by this section. 

SECTION 30504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30504 ................... 46 App.:182. R.S. § 4282. 

The words ‘‘liable for’’ are substituted for ‘‘liable to answer for or 

make good to any person’’, the words ‘‘merchandise on the vessel’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘any merchandise whatsoever, which shall be 

shipped, taken in, or put on board any such vessel’’, and the words 

‘‘caused by a fire on the vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘by reason or 

by means of any fire happening to or on board the vessel’’, to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30505 ................... 46 App.:183(a). R.S. § 4283(a); Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 804, § 1, 49 

Stat. 960; June 5, 1936, ch. 521, § 1, 49 Stat. 

1479. 

51 

SECTION 30505—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

46 App.:189 June 26, 1884, ch. 121, § 18, 23 Stat. 57. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘Except as provided in section 30506 

of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘except in the cases provided for 

in subsection (b) of this section’’ because 46 App. U.S.C. 183(b) is 

restated in section 30506 of the revised title. The words ‘‘whether 

American or foreign’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of section 

30502 of the revised title. The words ‘‘any claim arising from any 

cause, on account of that ownership’’ are substituted for ‘‘any embezzlement, loss, or destruction by any person of any property, 

goods, or merchandise shipped or put on board of such vessel, or 

for any loss, damage, or injury by collision, or for any act, matter, 

or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture, done, occasioned, or incurred,’’ 

in 46 App. U.S.C. 183(a) and for ‘‘any or all debts and liabilities’’ 

in 46 App. U.S.C. 189 to eliminate unnecessary words. The words 

‘‘shall not exceed the value of the vessel and pending freight’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘shall not . . . exceed the amount or value of . . . 

such vessel, and her freight then pending’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 183(a) 

and for ‘‘the aggregate liabilities of all the owners of a vessel on 

account of the same shall not exceed the value of such vessels and 

freight pending’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 189 for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The last sentence is substituted for ‘‘the 

interest of such owner in’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 183(a) and for ‘‘The 

individual liability of a shipowner shall be limited to the proportion 

of any or all debts and liabilities that his individual share of the 

vessel bears to the whole’’ for clarity and consistency. The words 

‘‘Provided, That this provision shall not prevent any claimant from 

joining all the owners in one action’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 189 are 

omitted as unnecessary. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for ‘‘nor shall the same apply to 

wages due to persons employed by said shipowners’’ in 46 App. 

U.S.C. 189 because of the reorganization of the source provisions. 

SECTION 30506 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30506(a) ............... 46 App.:183(f) (related to 

46 App.:183(b)–(e)). 

30506(b) ............... 46 App.:183(b) (1st sentence). R.S. § 4283(b) (1st sentence); Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 

804, § 1, 49 Stat. 960; June 5, 1936, ch. 521, 

§ 1, 49 Stat. 1479; Pub. L. 98–498, title II, 

§ 213(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2306. 

30506(c) ............... 46 App.:183(c). R.S. § 4283(c)–(f) (related to R.S. § 4283(b)–(e)); 

Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 804, § 1, 49 Stat. 960; June 

5, 1936, ch. 521, § 1, 49 Stat. 1480. 

30506(d) ............... 46 App.:183(d). 

30506(e) ............... 46 App.:183(e). 

Subsection (a) is written as an application provision rather than 

as a definition to be more direct and to avoid having to repeat the 

word ‘‘seagoing’’ throughout the section. The words ‘‘fishing vessel, 

fish tender vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘fishing vessels or their 

tenders’’ for clarity. The words ‘‘nondescript vessel’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘nondescript self-propelled vessels’’ and ‘‘nondescript non-selfVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00051 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
52 

propelled vessels’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘selfpropelled lighters’’ are omitted as covered by ‘‘lighter’’. The words 

‘‘even though the same may be seagoing vessels within the meaning of such term as used in section 188 of this Appendix, as amended’’ are omitted as unnecessary. This provision is restated also at 

section 30508(a) of the revised title. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘is such that the portion available 

to pay claims for personal injury or death’’ are substituted for ‘‘is 

insufficient to pay all losses in full, and the portion of such amount 

applicable to the payment of losses in respect of loss of life or bodily injury’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘self-propelled vessel’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘steam or motor vessel’’, and the words ‘‘tonnage for documentation’’ are substituted for ‘‘registered tonnage’’, for consistency in the 

revised title. The words ‘‘space for the use of seamen’’ are substituted for ‘‘space occupied by seamen or apprentices and appropriated to their use’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘Separate limits of liability apply’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘The owner . . . shall be liable . . . to the same 

extent as if no other loss of life or bodily injury had arisen’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (e), the words ‘‘the privity or knowledge . . . is imputed to the owner’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall be deemed conclusively the privity or knowledge of the owner’’ for consistency and 

to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘or of the superintendent’’ are omitted for consistency. 

SECTION 30507 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30507 ................... 46 App.:183(b) (last sentence). R.S. § 4283(b) (last sentence); Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 

804, § 1, 49 Stat. 960; June 5, 1936, ch. 521, 

§ 1, 49 Stat. 1479; Pub. L. 98–498, title II, 

§ 213(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2306. 

46 App.:184. R.S. § 4284; Feb. 27, 1877, ch. 69, § 1 (related to 

R.S. § 4284), 19 Stat. 251. 

This section is substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 183(b) (last sentence) and 184 (words before semicolon) for clarity and consistency 

and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 184 

(words after semicolon) is omitted as unnecessary. See G. Gilmore 

& C. Black, The Law of Admiralty, § 10–8 (2d ed. 1975). 

SECTION 30508 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30508(a) ............... 46 App.:183(f) (related to 

46 App.:183b). 

R.S. § 4283(f) (related to R.S. § 4283A); Aug. 29, 

1935, ch. 804, § 1, 49 Stat. 960; June 5, 1936, 

ch. 521, § 1, 49 Stat. 1480. 

30508(b) ............... 46 App.:183b(a). R.S. § 4283A, as added Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 804, 

§ 3, 49 Stat. 960. 

30508(c) ............... 46 App.:183b(b). 

30508(d) ............... 46 App.:183b(c). 

For an explanation of subsection (a), see the revision notes for 

section 30506(a), where 46 App. U.S.C. 183(f) is also restated. 

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words ‘‘sea-going vessel 

(other than tugs, barges, fishing vessels and their tenders)’’ are 

53 

omitted because of subsection (a) of this section. The word ‘‘merchandise’’ is omitted as covered by ‘‘property’’. The words ‘‘between 

ports in the United States, or between a port in the United States 

and a port in a foreign country’’ are substituted for ‘‘from or between ports of the United States and foreign ports’’ for clarity and 

for consistency with section 30509(a)(1) of the revised title. See 

Burstein v. United States Lines Co., 43 F. Supp. 226 (S.D.N.Y. 

1942), rev’d on other grounds, 134 F.2d 89 (2d Cir. 1943). The word 

‘‘rule’’ is omitted as covered by ‘‘regulation’’. In clause (1), the words 

‘‘after the date of the injury or death’’ are added for clarity and consistency with clause (2). 

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words ‘‘When notice of a 

claim for personal injury or death is required by a contract, the 

failure to give the notice’’ are substituted for ‘‘Failure to give such 

notice, where lawfully prescribed in such contract’’ for clarity. In 

clause (1), the words ‘‘the court finds’’ are stated at the beginning 

rather than the middle to be more precise. The word ‘‘damage’’ is 

omitted as unnecessary. In clause (2), the words ‘‘the court finds 

there was a satisfactory reason’’ are substituted for ‘‘the court excuses such failure on the ground that for some satisfactory reason’’ 

to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the word ‘‘claimant’’ is substituted for ‘‘person who is entitled to recover on any such claim’’ 

to eliminate unnecessary words. The word ‘‘lawful’’ is omitted as 

unnecessary. The words ‘‘is tolled until’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall 

not be applicable so long as’’ and ‘‘but shall be applicable from’’ for 

clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30509 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30509 ................... 46 App.:183c. R.S. § 4283B, as added June 5, 1936, ch. 521, 

§ 2, 49 Stat. 1480; Oct. 19, 1996, Pub. L. 104– 

324, § 1129(b), 110 Stat. 3984. 

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words ‘‘may not’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘It shall be unlawful’’ for consistency in the revised 

title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words 

‘‘rule’’ and ‘‘agreement’’ are omitted as covered by ‘‘regulation’’ and 

‘‘contract’’, respectively. The words ‘‘a provision limiting’’ are substituted for ‘‘any provision or limitation (1) purporting . . . to relieve . . . , or (2) purporting . . . to lessen, weaken, or avoid’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words ‘‘the owner’s 

employees or agents’’ are substituted for ‘‘his servants’’ for consistency in the revised title. In clause (B), the words ‘‘by court of competent jurisdiction on the question of liability for such loss or injury, or the measure of damages therefor’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 183c (last sentence) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30510 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30510 ................... 46 App.:183(g). R.S. § 4283(g); Pub. L. 104–324, § 1129(a), Oct. 

19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3984. 

54 

The words ‘‘civil action’’ are substituted for ‘‘suit’’ for consistency 

in the revised title. The words ‘‘is entitled to rely on any statutory’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘shall be entitled to rely upon any and all statutory’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30511 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30511 ................... 46 App.:185. R.S. § 4285; June 5, 1936, ch. 521, § 3, 49 Stat. 

1480. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘bring a civil action . . . in a district 

court of the United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘petition a district 

court of the United States’’ for consistency in the revised title and 

with other titles of the United States Code. See rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words ‘‘of competent jurisdiction’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘at his option’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The word ‘‘pending’’ before ‘‘freight’’ is added for consistency 

in the chapter. The words ‘‘to carry out this chapter’’ are substituted for ‘‘to carry out the provisions of section 183 of this Appendix’’ because of the reorganization of the source provisions. 

SECTION 30512 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30512 ................... 46 App.:187. R.S. § 4287. 

This section is substituted for the source provision for consistency with the restatement of 46 App. U.S.C. 183(a) and 189 in section 30505 and to eliminate unnecessary words. The reference in 

the source to particular sections is extended to include the entire 

chapter to simplify the reference and to conform to the obvious 

original policy and intent of the source provision. 

CHAPTER 307—LIABILITY OF WATER CARRIERS 

Sec. 

30701. Definition. 

30702. Application. 

30703. Bills of lading. 

30704. Loading, stowage, custody, care, and delivery. 

30705. Seaworthiness. 

30706. Defenses. 

30707. Civil penalty. 

SECTION 30701 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30701 ................... (no source). 

This chapter codifies the Act of February 13, 1893 (ch. 105, 27 

Stat. 445) (commonly known as the Harter Act). Changes are made 

to simplify, clarify, and modernize the language and style, but the 

intent is that these changes should not result in changes in substance. 

A definition of ‘‘carrier’’ is added based on language appearing in 

various provisions of the Harter Act. The definition avoids the need 

55 

to repeat in various sections of this chapter the list of persons to 

whom the requirements and restrictions of this chapter apply, and 

it ensures that the list of persons is consistent in the chapter. 

SECTION 30702 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30702(a) ............... (no source). 

30702(b) ............... (no source). 

30702(c) ............... 46 App.:195. Feb. 13, 1893, ch. 105, § 7, 27 Stat. 446. 

Subsection (a) is added based on language appearing in various 

source provisions restated in this chapter. The word ‘‘carriage’’ is 

substituted for ‘‘transporting’’, and the word ‘‘goods’’ is substituted 

for ‘‘merchandise or property’’, to use the same terminology as in 

the Carriage of Goods By Sea Act (Apr. 16, 1936, ch. 229, 49 Stat. 

1207). The words ‘‘to or from any port in the United States’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘from or between ports of the United States and foreign ports’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 190 and 193, ‘‘from or between ports 

of the United States of America and foreign ports’’ in 46 App. 

U.S.C. 191, and ‘‘to or from any port in the United States of America’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 192, for clarity and consistency. See Knott 

v. Botany Mills, 179 U.S. 69 (1900). 

Subsection (b) is added to ensure that the relationship between 

this chapter, which codifies and replaces the Harter Act, is the 

same as the pre-codification relationship between the Harter Act 

and the Carriage of Goods By Sea Act. See also section 16(d) of the 

bill, which provides that ‘‘[f]or purposes of determining whether one 

provision of law supersedes another based on enactment later in 

time, the date of enactment of a provision codified by this Act is 

deemed to remain unchanged, continuing to be the date of enactment of the underlying provision that is codified’’. The Carriage of 

Goods By Sea Act is not being included in this codification bill to 

avoid any possible misperception by any other nation that the 

United States is revising that law, which is a concern in light of 

current international negotiations relating to the carriage of goods 

by sea. That Act will remain untouched by this bill and (following 

enactment of this bill) will be reprinted in the United States Code 

in its current statutory form as a note under the first section of 

this chapter. 

SECTION 30703 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30703 ................... 46 App.:193. Feb. 13, 1893, ch. 105, § 4, 27 Stat. 445. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘transporting merchandise or property from or between ports of the United States and foreign ports’’ 

are omitted because of section 30702(a) of the revised title. The 

word ‘‘lawful’’ (which modifies ‘‘merchandise’’) is omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘or weight’’ are added for consistency with the requirement to state whether it is the carrier’s or 

shipper’s weight. 

56 

In subsection (b)(3), the word ‘‘order’’ is omitted as redundant to 

‘‘condition’’. The words ‘‘delivered to and received by . . . for transportation’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 30704 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30704 ................... 46 App.:190. Feb. 13, 1893, ch. 105, § 1, 27 Stat. 445. 

The words ‘‘transporting merchandise or property from or between ports of the United States and foreign ports’’ are omitted because of section 30702(a) of the revised title. The words ‘‘may not’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘It shall not be lawful . . . to’’, the word ‘‘provision’’ is substituted for ‘‘clause, covenant, or agreement’’, and the 

word ‘‘improper’’ is substituted for ‘‘negligence, fault, or failure in 

proper’’, to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘any and all 

lawful’’ and ‘‘committed to its or their charge’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘Any such provision is void’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘Any and all words or clauses of such import inserted in bills 

of lading or shipping receipts shall be null and void and of no effect’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30705 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30705 ................... 46 App.:191. Feb. 13, 1893, ch. 105, § 2, 27 Stat. 445. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘transporting merchandise or property from or between ports of the United States of 

America and foreign ports’’ are omitted because of section 30702(a) 

of the revised title. The words ‘‘may not’’ are substituted for ‘‘It 

shall not be lawful . . . to’’, the word ‘‘provision’’ is substituted for 

‘‘covenant or agreement’’, and the words ‘‘lessening or avoiding its 

obligation’’ are substituted for ‘‘whereby the obligations . . . shall 

in any wise be lessened, weakened, or avoided’’, to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In clause (1), the words ‘‘and capable of performing her intended 

voyage’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In clause (2), the word ‘‘supply’’ is substituted for ‘‘provision, and 

outfit’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

The words ‘‘or whereby the obligations of the master, officers, 

agents, or servants to carefully handle and stow her cargo and to 

care for and properly deliver same’’ are omitted as covered by section 30704 of the revised title. 

Subsection (b) is added for clarity and for consistency with section 30704 of the revised title. 

SECTION 30706 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30706 ................... 46 App.:192. Feb. 13, 1893, ch. 105, § 3, 27 Stat. 445. 

This section is restated as two subsections to clarify that the exercise of due diligence in making the vessel seaworthy is a condition only to the defense of error in navigation or management restated in subsection (a). See May v. Hamburg-Amerikanische 

57 

Packetfahrt Aktiengesellschaft (The Isis), 290 U.S. 333, 353 (1933). 

The words ‘‘transporting merchandise or property to or from any 

port in the United States of America’’ are omitted because of section 30702(a) of the revised title. 

SECTION 30707 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30707 ................... 46 App.:194. Feb. 13, 1893, ch. 105, § 5, 27 Stat. 446. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘civil penalty’’ are substituted for 

‘‘penalty’’ for consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘and who 

refuses to issue on demand the bill of lading herein provided for’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘A civil action in rem to enforce the 

lien may be brought in the district court of the United States for 

any district in which the vessel is found’’ are substituted for ‘‘such 

vessel may be libeled therefor in any district court of the United 

States’’ for clarity and to modernize the language. 

CHAPTER 309—SUITS IN ADMIRALTY AGAINST UNITED 

STATES GOVERNMENT 

Sec. 

30901. Short title. 

30902. Definition. 

30903. Waiver of immunity. 

30904. Exclusive remedy. 

30905. Period for bringing action. 

30906. Venue. 

30907. Security. 

30908. Procedure for hearing and determination. 

30909. Exoneration and limitation. 

30910. Costs and interest. 

30911. Arbitration, compromise, or settlement. 

30912. Payment of judgment or settlement. 

30913. Exemption from arrest or seizure. 

30914. Release of privately owned vessel after seizure. 

30915. Seizures and other proceedings in foreign jurisdictions. 

30916. Recovery by United States Government for salvage services. 

30917. Disposition of amounts recovered by United States Government. 

30918. Reports. 

SECTION 30901 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30901 ................... 46 App.:741 note. 

SECTION 30902 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30902 ................... 46 App.:741 (11th–26th 

words). 

Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 1 (11th–26th words), 41 

Stat. 525. 

The term ‘‘federally-owned corporation’’ is defined in this section 

and used in this chapter to avoid repeating the substance of the 

definition in several sections in this chapter. The words ‘‘or its representatives’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

58 

SECTION 30903 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30903 ................... 46 App.:742 (1st, 3d sentences). Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 2 (1st, 3d sentences), 41 

Stat. 525; Pub. L. 86–770, § 3, Sept. 13, 1960, 

74 Stat. 912; Pub. L. 104–324, title XI, 

§ 1105, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3967. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘civil action’’ are substituted for ‘‘proceeding’’ and ‘‘libel’’ because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.) and for consistency in the chapter. The 

words ‘‘in rem or in personam in any district’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘admiralty claim’’ are substituted for ‘‘cross 

libel’’ for consistency in this chapter and with the various means 

of asserting a claim (such as by counterclaim or cross-claim) allowed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The words ‘‘with the 

same force and effect as if the libel had been filed by a private 

party’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for the word ‘‘nonjury’’ to clarify 

that the nonjury requirement applies to any claim against the Government or a federally-owned corporation under this section regardless of which party brings the action. 

SECTION 30904 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30904 ................... 46 App.:745 (1st proviso). Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 5 (1st proviso), 41 Stat. 

526; June 30, 1932, ch. 315, 47 Stat. 420; 

Dec. 13, 1950, ch. 1136, 64 Stat. 1112. 

The words ‘‘an officer, employee, or agent of the United States 

Government or a federally-owned corporation’’ are substituted for 

‘‘the agent or employee of the United States or of any incorporated 

or unincorporated agency thereof’’ for consistency in this chapter 

and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30905 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30905 ................... 46 App.:745 (words before 1st proviso). Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 5 (words before 1st proviso), 41 Stat. 526; June 30, 1932, ch. 315, 47 

Stat. 420; Dec. 13, 1950, ch. 1136, 64 Stat. 

1112. 

SECTION 30906 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30906(a) ............... 46 App.:742 (2d sentence). Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 2 (2d, last sentences), 41 

Stat. 526. 

30906(b) ............... 46 App.:742 (last sentence). 

In subsection (a)(1), the words ‘‘in the United States’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary. 

In subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘charged with liability’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

59 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘in the discretion of the court’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. For general change of venue provision, see 

28 U.S.C. 1404. 

SECTION 30907 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30907 ................... 46 App.:743 (last sentence). Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 3 (last sentence), 41 Stat. 

526; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(25)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 155. 

The words ‘‘civil action’’ are substituted for ‘‘proceeding’’ for consistency in this chapter and with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). 

SECTION 30908 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30908(a) ............... 46 App.:743 (1st, 4th 

sentences). 

Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 3 (1st, 4th–6th sentences), 41 Stat. 526. 

30908(b) ............... 46 App.:743 (5th, 6th 

sentences). 

In subsection (a), the text of 46 App. U.S.C. 743 (4th sentence) 

is omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words ‘‘plaintiff’’ and ‘‘complaint’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘libelant’’ and ‘‘libel’’, respectively, for consistency 

with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘in any proper case’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary. 

SECTION 30909 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30909 ................... 46 App.:746. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 6, 41 Stat. 527. 

SECTION 30910 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30910 ................... 46 App.:743 (2d, 3d sentences). Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 3 (2d, 3d sentences), 41 

Stat. 526. 

46 App.:745 (last proviso). Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 5 (last proviso), 41 Stat. 

526; June 30, 1932, ch. 315, 47 Stat. 420; 

Dec. 13, 1950, ch. 1136, 64 Stat. 1112. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘and when the decree is for a money 

judgment’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘except that interest is not allowable for the period before the action is filed’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘And provided further, That after June 30, 1932, no 

interest shall be allowed on any claim prior to the time when suit 

on such claim is brought as authorized by section 742 of this Appendix’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for ‘‘or at any higher rate which 

shall be stipulated in any contract upon which such decree shall be 

based’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 743 and ‘‘unless upon a contract expressly 

stipulating for the payment of interest’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 745 (last 

proviso) for clarity and consistency. 

60 

SECTION 30911 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30911 ................... 46 App.:749. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 9, 41 Stat. 527; Pub. L. 

92–417, § 3, Aug. 29, 1972, 86 Stat. 656; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(25)(C), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

155. 

The words ‘‘authorized by this chapter’’ are substituted for ‘‘in 

which suit will lie under the provisions of sections 742, 744, and 

750 of this Appendix’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30912 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30912 ................... 46 App.:748. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 8, 41 Stat. 527. 

SECTION 30913 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30913 ................... 46 App.:741 (less 11th– 

26th words). 

Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 1 (less 11th–26th words), 

41 Stat. 525; Sept. 26, 1950, ch. 1049, 

§ 2(a)(2), 64 Stat. 1038; Pub. L. 96–70, 

§ 3(b)(5), Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 455. 

The words ‘‘a federally-owned corporation’’ are substituted for 

‘‘any corporation in which the United States or its representatives 

shall own the entire outstanding capital stock’’ because of the definition of ‘‘federally-owned corporation’’ in section 30902 of the revised title. The words ‘‘after March 9, 1920’’ are omitted as obsolete. The words ‘‘in view of the provision herein made for a libel 

in personam’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘or its possessions’’ are omitted because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in 

chapter 1 of the revised title. The words ‘‘Provided, That this chapter shall not apply to the Panama Canal Commission’’ are omitted 

because the Commission has been dissolved. See 22 U.S.C. 3714a. 

SECTION 30914 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30914 ................... 46 App.:744. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 4, 41 Stat. 526. 

The words ‘‘on a statement’’ are substituted for ‘‘upon the suggestion’’ as more appropriate. 

SECTION 30915 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30915 ................... 46 App.:747. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 7, 41 Stat. 527; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(25)(B), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 155. 

In this section, references to the Maritime Administration are 

omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘or in connection 

with’’, ‘‘of the United States in his discretion’’, and ‘‘duly’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words ‘‘as by said court required’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

61 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘firm, or corporation’’ are omitted 

as included in ‘‘person’’ as defined in 1 U.S.C. 1. 

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for ‘‘to pledge the credit of the 

United States to the indemnification of such surety or stipulator as 

may be required to secure the execution of such bond or stipulation’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘may pay’’ are substituted for ‘‘presentation . . . shall be sufficient evidence . . . for the allowance and 

payment’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30916 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30916 ................... 46 App.:750. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 10, 41 Stat. 528; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(25)(D), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 155. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘may bring a civil action to recover’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘shall have the right to collect and sue’’ for consistency in this chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 30917 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30917 ................... 46 App.:751. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 11, 41 Stat. 528; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(25)(D), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 155. 

The words ‘‘or in connection with’’ and ‘‘with respect to which 

such cause of action arises’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 30918 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

30918 ................... 46 App.:752. Mar. 9, 1920, ch. 95, § 12, 41 Stat. 528; Aug. 30, 

1954, ch. 1076, § 1(26), 68 Stat. 968; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(25)(E), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 155. 

CHAPTER 311—SUITS INVOLVING PUBLIC VESSELS 

Sec. 

31101. Short title. 

31102. Waiver of immunity. 

31103. Applicable procedure. 

31104. Venue. 

31105. Security when counterclaim filed. 

31106. Exoneration and limitation. 

31107. Interest. 

31108. Arbitration, compromise, or settlement. 

31109. Payment of judgment or settlement. 

31110. Subpoenas to officers or members of crew. 

31111. Claims by nationals of foreign countries. 

31112. Lien not recognized or created. 

31113. Reports. 

SECTION 31101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31101 ................... 46 App.:781 note. 

62 

SECTION 31102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31102(a) ............... 46 App.:781. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 1, 43 Stat. 1112. 

31102(b) ............... 46 App.:783 (words before proviso). Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 3 (words before proviso), 

43 Stat. 1112. 

In this section, the words ‘‘civil action’’ are substituted for ‘‘libel’’ 

because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. 

U.S.C.). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘Provided, That the cause of action 

arose after the 6th day of April, 1920’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘in rem or in personam’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary. The words ‘‘file a counterclaim in personam, or 

claim a setoff’’ are substituted for ‘‘file a cross libel in personam or 

claim a set-off or counterclaim’’ to conform to the terminolgy in the 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and to eliminate unnecessary 

words. The words ‘‘for damages arising out of the same subject 

matter’’ are substituted for ‘‘in such suit for and on account of any 

damages arising out of the same subject matter or cause of action’’ 

to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 31103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31103 ................... 46 App.:782 (last sentence words before last 

comma). 

Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 2 (last sentence words 

before last comma), 43 Stat. 1112. 

SECTION 31104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31104 ................... 46 App.:782 (1st sentence). Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 2 (1st sentence), 43 

Stat. 1112. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘charged with creating the liability’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘in the United States’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary. 

SECTION 31105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31105 ................... 46 App.:783 (proviso). Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 3 (proviso), 43 Stat. 

1112. 

The word ‘‘counterclaim’’ is substituted for ‘‘cross-libel’’, and the 

words ‘‘original action’’ are substituted for ‘‘original libel’’, to conform to the terminolgy in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 

App. U.S.C.). 

SECTION 31106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31106 ................... 46 App.:789. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 9, 43 Stat. 1113. 

63 

SECTION 31107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31107 ................... 46 App.:782 (last sentence words after last 

comma). 

Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 2 (last sentence words 

after last comma), 43 Stat. 1112. 

SECTION 31108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31108 ................... 46 App.:786. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 6, 43 Stat. 1113. 

The words ‘‘authorized by this chapter’’ are substituted for ‘‘on 

which a libel or cross libel would lie under the provisions of this 

chapter’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 31109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31109 ................... 46 App.:787. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 7, 43 Stat. 1113. 

Reference to an arbitration award is added for consistency with 

sections 30912 and 31108 of the revised title. 

SECTION 31110 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31110 ................... 46 App.:784. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 4, 43 Stat. 1112. 

SECTION 31111 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31111 ................... 46 App.:785. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 5, 43 Stat. 1113. 

SECTION 31112 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31112 ................... 46 App.:788. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 8, 43 Stat. 1113. 

SECTION 31113 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

31113 ................... 46 App.:790. Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 428, § 10, 43 Stat. 1113; Aug. 

30, 1954, ch. 1076, § 1(26), 68 Stat. 968. 

CHAPTER 313—COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND 

MARITIME LIENS 

This chapter was enacted by Public Law 100–710, title I, § 102(c), 

Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4739. 

64 

Subtitle IV—Regulation of Ocean Shipping 

PART A—OCEAN SHIPPING

Chapter Sec. 

401. General ...................................................................................................... 40101 

403. Agreements ............................................................................................... 40301 

405. Tariffs, Service Contracts, Refunds, and Waivers .......................... 40501 

407. Controlled Carriers ................................................................................ 40701 

409. Ocean Transportation Intermediaries .............................................. 40901 

411. Prohibitions and Penalties ................................................................... 41101 

413. Enforcement ............................................................................................. 41301 

PART B—ACTIONS TO ADDRESS FOREIGN PRACTICES

421. Regulations Affecting Shipping in Foreign Trade ......................... 42101 

423. Foreign Shipping Practices ................................................................. 42301 

PART C—MISCELLANEOUS

441. Evidence of Financial Responsibility for Passenger Transportation ...................................................................................................... 44101 

PART A—OCEAN SHIPPING

CHAPTER 401—GENERAL 

Sec. 

40101. Purposes. 

40102. Definitions. 

40103. Administrative exemptions. 

40104. Reports filed with the Commission. 

SECTION 40101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40101 ................... 46 App.:1701. Pub. L. 98–237, § 2, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 67; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 101, Oct. 14, 1998, 

112 Stat. 1902. 

SECTION 40102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40102(1) ............... 46 App.:1702(1). Pub. L. 98–237, § 3, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 67; 

Pub. L. 99–307, § 11, May 19, 1986, 100 Stat. 

447; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 102, Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1902; Pub. L. 105–383, title 

IV, § 424(d), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3441. 

40102(2) ............... 46 App.:1702(2). 

40102(3) ............... 46 App.:1702(3). 

40102(4) ............... 46 App.:1702(4). 

40102(5) ............... 46 App.:1702(6) (last 

sentence). 

40102(6) ............... 46 App.:1702(6) (1st sentence). 

40102(7) ............... 46 App.:1702(7). 

40102(8) ............... 46 App.:1702(8). 

40102(9) ............... 46 App.:1702(9). 

40102(10) ............. 46 App.:1702(10). 

40102(11) ............. 46 App.:1702(11). 

40102(12) ............. 46 App.:1702(12). 

40102(13) ............. 46 App.:1702(13). 

40102(14) ............. 46 App.:1702(14). 

40102(15) ............. 46 App.:1702(15). 

65 

SECTION 40102—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40102(16) ............. 46 App.:1702(17)(B). 

40102(17) ............. 46 App.:1702(16). 

40102(18) ............. 46 App.:1702(17)(A). 

40102(19) ............. 46 App.:1702(17) (1st 

sentence). 

40102(20) ............. 46 App.:1702(19). 

40102(21) ............. 46 App.:1702(20). 

40102(22) ............. 46 App.:1702(21). 

40102(23) ............. 46 App.:1702(22). 

40102(24) ............. 46 App.:1702(23). 

40102(25) ............. 46 App.:1702(24). 

In the definition of ‘‘service contract’’, the words ‘‘The contract 

may also specify provisions in the event of nonperformance on the 

part of any party’’ are omitted as unnecessary and inappropriate 

for a definition. 

In the definition of ‘‘shipper’’, the words ‘‘non-vessel-operating 

common carrier’’ are substituted for ‘‘ocean transportation intermediary, as defined in paragraph (17)(B) of this section’’ because 

paragraph (17)(B) contains a definition of ‘‘non-vessel-operating 

common carrier’’ which is restated as a separate definition. 

The definition of ‘‘Commission’’ is omitted because the full name 

of the Federal Maritime Commission is used the first time the 

Commission is referred to in each section. The definition of ‘‘person’’ is omitted as unnecessary because of 1 U.S.C. 1. The definition 

of ‘‘United States’’ is omitted because the term is defined in chapter 

1 of the revised title for purposes of the title. 

SECTION 40103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40103 ................... 46 App.:1715. Pub. L. 98–237, § 16, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 84; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 114, Oct. 14, 1998, 

112 Stat. 1912. 

SECTION 40104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40104 ................... 46 App.:1714. Pub. L. 98–237, § 15, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 84; 

Pub. L. 98–595, § 3(b)(3), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 

Stat. 3133; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 113, 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1912. 

CHAPTER 403—AGREEMENTS 

Sec. 

40301. Application. 

40302. Filing requirements. 

40303. Content requirements. 

40304. Commission action. 

40305. Assessment agreements. 

40306. Nondisclosure of information. 

40307. Exemption from antitrust laws. 

66 

SECTION 40301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40301(a) ............... 46 App.:1703(a). Pub. L. 98–237, § 4, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 70; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 103, Oct. 14, 1998, 

112 Stat. 1904. 

40301(b) ............... 46 App.:1703(b). 

40301(c) ............... 46 App.:1703(c). 

40301(d) ............... 46 App.:1704(f). Pub. L. 98–237, § 5(e) (last sentence), (f), Mar. 

20, 1984, 98 Stat. 70; Pub. L. 104–88, title 

III, § 335(c)(2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 954; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 104(a)(2), (b), Oct. 

14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1904, 1905. 

40301(e) ............... 46 App.:1704(e) (last sentence). 

SECTION 40302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40302 ................... 46 App.:1704(a). Pub. L. 98–237, § 5(a), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

70; Pub. L. 98–595, § 3(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 

Stat. 3132. 

SECTION 40303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40303(a) ............... 46 App.:1704(c). Pub. L. 98–237, § 5(b)–(d), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 70; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 104(a), 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1904. 

40303(b) ............... 46 App.:1704(b). 

40303(c) ............... 46 App.:1704(d). 

40303(d) ............... 46 App.:1704(g). Pub. L. 98–237, § 5(g), Mar. 20, 1984; as added 

Pub. L. 105–383, title IV, § 424(a), Nov. 13, 

1998, 112 Stat. 3440. 

In subsection (c)(8), the word ‘‘calendar’’ is omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 40304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40304(a) ............... 46 App.:1705(a). Pub. L. 98–237, § 6(a)–(f), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 72. 

40304(b) ............... 46 App.:1705(b). 

40304(c) ............... 46 App.:1705(c) (1st sentence). 

40304(d) ............... 46 App.:1705(d). 

40304(e)(1) ........... 46 App.:1705(e). 

40304(e)(2) ........... 46 App.:1705(c) (last sentence). 

40304(f) ................ 46 App.:1705(f). 

SECTION 40305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40305 ................... 46 App.:1704(e) (less last 

sentence). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 5(e) (less last sentence), Mar. 

20, 1984, 98 Stat. 70; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, 

§ 104(a)(2), (b)(1), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 

1904, 1905. 

67 

SECTION 40306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40306 ................... 46 App.:1705(j). Pub. L. 98–237, § 6(j), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

73. 

The words ‘‘judicial proceeding’’ are substituted for ‘‘judicial action or proceeding’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 40307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40307 ................... 46 App.:1706. Pub. L. 98–237, § 7, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 73; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 105, Oct. 14, 1998, 

112 Stat. 1905. 

Subsection (a)(1) is substituted for ‘‘any agreement that has been 

filed under section 1704 of this Appendix and is effective under section 1704(d) [redesignated as (e)] or section 1705 of this Appendix’’ 

for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (a)(2) is substituted for ‘‘any agreement that . . . is 

exempt under section 1715 of this Appendix from any requirement 

of this chapter’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1706(a)(1) for clarity. 

In subsection (a)(7), the words ‘‘subject to section 1719(e)(2) of 

this Appendix’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

CHAPTER 405—TARIFFS, SERVICE CONTRACTS, 

REFUNDS, AND WAIVERS 

Sec. 

40501. General rate and tariff requirements. 

40502. Service contracts. 

40503. Refunds and waivers. 

SECTION 40501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40501(a) ............... 46 App.:1707(a)(1) (1st, 

2d sentences). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 8(a), (b), (d), (f), (g), Mar. 20, 

1984, 98 Stat. 74; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, 

§ 106(a), (c), (e), (f), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 

1905, 1907. 

40501(b) ............... 46 App.:1707(a)(1) (last 

sentence). 

40501(c) ............... 46 App.:1707(a)(2). 

40501(d) ............... 46 App.:1707(b). 

40501(e) ............... 46 App.:1707(d). 

40501(f) ................ 46 App.:1707(f). 

40501(g) ............... 46 App.:1707(g). 

In subsection (b)(3), the words ‘‘ocean freight forwarder’’ are substituted for ‘‘ocean transportation intermediary, as defined in section 1702(17)(A) of this Appendix’’ because the definition of ‘‘ocean 

transportation intermediary’’ in section 1702(17)(A) contains a definition of ‘‘ocean freight forwarder’’ which is restated as a separate 

definition. 

In subsection (e), the word ‘‘calendar’’ is omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (f)(1), the words ‘‘subject to section 1709(d) of this 

Appendix’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

68 

SECTION 40502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40502(a) ............... 46 App.:1707(c)(1) (1st 

sentence). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 8(c), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

75; restated Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 106(b), 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1905. 

40502(b) ............... 46 App.:1707(c)(2) (1st 

sentence). 

40502(c) ............... 46 App.:1707(c)(2) (last 

sentence). 

40502(d) ............... 46 App.:1707(c)(3). 

40502(e) ............... 46 App.:1707(c)(4). 

40502(f) ................ 46 App.:1707(c)(1) (2d, 

last sentences). 

In subsection (e)(5), the words ‘‘the National Labor Relations Act 

[29 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], the Taft-Hartley Act [29 U.S.C. 141 et seq.], 

the Federal Trade Commission Act [15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.], the antitrust laws’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the reference to 

‘‘any other Federal or State law’’. 

SECTION 40503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40503 ................... 46 App.:1707(e). Pub. L. 98–237, § 8(e), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

75; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 106(d), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1907. 

In clause (1), the words ‘‘an error in a tariff, a failure to publish 

a new tariff’’ are substituted for ‘‘an error in a, in failing to publish 

a new tariff’’ to correct an obvious error in the underlying statute. 

In clause (2), the words ‘‘or waive’’ are added for consistency with 

the reference to a waiver later in the clause. 

CHAPTER 407—CONTROLLED CARRIERS 

Sec. 

40701. Rates. 

40702. Rate standards. 

40703. Effective date of rates. 

40704. Commission review. 

40705. Presidential review of Commission orders. 

40706. Exceptions. 

SECTION 40701 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40701 ................... 46 App.:1708(a). Pub. L. 98–237, § 9(a), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

76; Pub. L. 102–100, § 5(a), Aug. 17, 1991, 

105 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, 

§ 108(1)–(4), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1908. 

SECTION 40702 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40702 ................... 46 App.:1708(b). Pub. L. 98–237, § 9(b), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

76; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 108(5)–(7), Oct. 

14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1908. 

69 

SECTION 40703 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40703 ................... 46 App.:1708(c) (1st sentence). Pub. L. 98–237, § 9(c) (1st sentence), Mar. 20, 

1984, 98 Stat. 76; Pub. L. 102–100, § 5(b), 

Aug. 17, 1991, 105 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 105– 

258, title I, § 108(8), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 

1908. 

SECTION 40704 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40704 ................... 46 App.:1708(c) (last sentence), (d). Pub. L. 98–237, § 9(c) (last sentence), (d), Mar. 

20, 1984, 98 Stat. 76; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, 

§ 108(9)–(15), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1908. 

In subsection (d)(1), the words ‘‘in a proceeding under subsection 

(c)’’ are substituted for ‘‘in such a proceeding’’ for clarity. 

SECTION 40705 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40705 ................... 46 App.:1708(e). Pub. L. 98–237, § 9(e), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

77; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 108(16), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1909. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding any other law’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 40706 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40706 ................... 46 App.:1708(f). Pub. L. 98–237, § 9(f), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

77; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 108(17)–(19), 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1909. 

In clause (1), the words ‘‘foreign country’’ are substituted for 

‘‘state’’ for clarity and consistency. 

CHAPTER 409—OCEAN TRANSPORTATION 

INTERMEDIARIES 

Sec. 

40901. License requirement. 

40902. Financial responsibility. 

40903. Suspension or revocation of license. 

40904. Compensation by common carriers. 

SECTION 40901 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40901(a) ............... 46 App.:1718(a). Pub. L. 98–237, § 19(a), (d), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 87, 88; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 116, 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1912. 

40901(b) ............... 46 App.:1718(d). 

70 

SECTION 40902 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40902 ................... 46 App.:1718(b). Pub. L. 98–237, § 19(b), Mar. 20, 1984; added 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 116(4), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1913. 

In subsection (b), in clauses (2) and (3), the words ‘‘described in 

section 1702(17) of this Appendix’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 40903 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40903 ................... 46 App.:1718(c). Pub. L. 98–237, § 19(c), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

88; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 116, Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1912. 

In subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘lawful’’ and ‘‘rule’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary. 

SECTION 40904 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

40904 ................... 46 App.:1718(e). Pub. L. 98–237, § 19(e), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

88; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 116, Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1912. 

In this section, the words ‘‘ocean freight forwarder’’ are substituted for ‘‘ocean transportation intermediary, as defined in section 1702(17)(A) of this Appendix’’ and ‘‘ocean transportation intermediary’’ because the definition of ‘‘ocean transportation intermediary’’ in section 1702(17)(A) contains a definition of ‘‘ocean 

freight forwarder’’ which is restated as a separate definition. 

In subsection (d)(1), the word ‘‘calendar’’ is omitted as unnecessary. 

CHAPTER 411—PROHIBITIONS AND PENALTIES 

Sec. 

41101. Joint ventures and consortiums. 

41102. General prohibitions. 

41103. Disclosure of information. 

41104. Common carriers. 

41105. Concerted action. 

41106. Marine terminal operators. 

41107. Monetary penalties. 

41108. Additional penalties. 

41109. Assessment of penalties. 

SECTION 41101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41101 ................... 46 App.:1709(e). Pub. L. 98–237, § 10(e), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

80. 

SECTION 41102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41102(a) ............... 46 App.:1709(a)(1). Pub. L. 98–237, § 10(a), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

77. 

71 

SECTION 41102—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41102(b) ............... 46 App.:1709(a)(2), (3). 

41102(c) ............... 46 App.:1709(d)(1). Pub. L. 98–237, § 10(d)(1), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 77; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 109(c)(2), 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1909. 

SECTION 41103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41103(a) ............... 46 App.:1709(b)(13), 

(d)(3) (related to 

(b)(13)), (5). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 10(b)(13), (words after cl. 

(13)), (d)(3) (related to (b)(13)), (5), Mar. 20, 

1984, 98 Stat. 79, 80; Pub. L. 101–595, title 

VII, § 710(c)(1), (2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 

2997; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 109(a)(10), 

(11), (16), (17), (c)(3), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 

1910, 1911. 

41103(b) ............... 46 App.:1709(b) (next– 

to–last sentence). 

41103(c) ............... 46 App.:1709(b) (last 

sentence). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘marine terminal operator, or ocean 

freight forwarder’’ are added because of 46 App. U.S.C. 1709(d)(3) 

and (5). The words ‘‘ocean freight forwarder’’ are substituted for 

‘‘ocean transportation intermediaries, as defined by section 

1702(17)(A) of this Appendix’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1709(d)(5) because 

the definition of ‘‘ocean transportation intermediary’’ in section 

1702(17)(A) contains a definition of ‘‘ocean freight forwarder’’ which 

is restated as a separate definition. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘does not prevent’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘Nothing . . . shall be construed to prevent’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c)(1), the words ‘‘may give information’’ are substituted for ‘‘Nor shall it be prohibited . . . to give information’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘firm, corporation’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary because firms and corporations are persons. 

In subsection (c)(2), the words ‘‘may not prevent’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘Nor shall it be prohibited . . . to prevent’’ to reflect the probable intent of Congress. The words ‘‘but the use of such information 

for any other purpose prohibited by this chapter or any other Act 

is prohibited’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 41104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41104 ................... 46 App.:1709(b)(1)–(12). Pub. L. 98–237, § 10(b)(1)–(12), Mar. 20, 1984, 

98 Stat. 77; Pub. L. 101–595, title VII, 

§ 710(c), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2997; Pub. 

L. 102–251, title II, § 201(b), Mar. 9, 1992, 

106 Stat. 60; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 109(a), 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1909; Pub. L. 105– 

383, title IV, § 424(b), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 

Stat. 3441. 

72 

SECTION 41105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41105 ................... 46 App.:1709(c). Pub. L. 98–237, § 10(c), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

77; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 109(b), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1910; Pub. L. 105–383, title 

IV, § 424(b), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3441. 

In clause (5), the words ‘‘ocean freight forwarder’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘ocean transportation intermediary, as defined by section 

1702(17)(A) of this Appendix’’ because the definition of ‘‘ocean 

transportation intermediary’’ in section 1702(17)(A) contains a definition of ‘‘ocean freight forwarder’’ which is restated as a separate 

definition. 

SECTION 41106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41106(1) ............... 46 App.:1709(d)(2). Pub. L. 98–237, § 10(d)(2), (3) (related to 

(b)(10)), (4), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 77; Pub. 

L. 105–258, title I, § 109(c), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 

Stat. 1910. 

41106(2) ............... 46 App.:1709(d)(4). 

41106(3) ............... 46 App.:1709(d)(3) (related to (b)(10)). 

SECTION 41107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41107 ................... 46 App.:1712(a). Pub. L. 98–237, § 13(a), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

82; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 112(a), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1911. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘is subject to an action in rem to enforce the lien’’ are substituted for ‘‘may be libeled therefore’’ to 

modernize the language. 

SECTION 41108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41108(a) ............... 46 App.:1712(b)(1). Pub. L. 98–237, § 13(b), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 

82; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 112(b), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1911. 

41108(b) ............... 46 App.:1712(b)(3). 

41108(c) ............... 46 App.:1712(b)(2), (4), 

(5). 

41108(d) ............... 46 App.:1712(b)(6). 

46 App.:1710a(h) (related 

to 1712(b)(6)). 

Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(h) (related to 

§ 13(b)(6)), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1572; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 111(7), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1911. 

41108(e) ............... 46 App.:1712(b)(7). 

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’ are substituted for ‘‘Secretary of the Treasury’’ because the 

functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating to the Customs 

Service were transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by 

section 403(1) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107– 

296, 116 Stat. 2178). 

73 

SECTION 41109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41109(a) ............... 46 App.:1712(c) (1st, last 

sentences). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 13(c)–(f), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 82; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 112(c), 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1912. 

41109(b) ............... 46 App.:1712(c) (2d sentence). 

41109(c) ............... 46 App.:1712(f)(1) (1st 

sentence). 

41109(d) ............... 46 App.:1712(f)(1) (last 

sentence). 

41109(e) ............... 46 App.:1712(f)(2). 

41109(f) ................ 46 App.:1712(d). 

41109(g) ............... 46 App.:1712(e). 

CHAPTER 413—ENFORCEMENT 

Sec. 

41301. Complaints. 

41302. Investigations. 

41303. Discovery and subpoenas. 

41304. Hearings and orders. 

41305. Award of reparations. 

41306. Injunctive relief sought by complainants. 

41307. Injunctive relief sought by the Commission. 

41308. Enforcement of subpoenas and orders. 

41309. Enforcement of reparation orders. 

SECTION 41301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41301(a) ............... 46 App.:1710(a), (g) (related to time limit). Pub. L. 98–237, § 11(a), (b), (g) (related to time 

limit), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 80; Pub. L. 98– 

595, § 3(b)(2), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3132; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 110, Oct. 14, 1998, 

112 Stat. 1911. 

41301(b) ............... 46 App.:1710(b) (1st sentence). 

41301(c) ............... 46 App.:1710(b) (last 

sentence). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘If the complaint is filed within 3 

years after the claim accrues’’ are substituted for ‘‘For any complaint filed within 3 years after the cause of action accrued’’ in 46 

App. U.S.C. 1710(g) to alert the reader to that time limitation. 

SECTION 41302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41302(a) ............... 46 App.:1710(c) (1st, 3d 

sentences). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 11(c)–(f), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 80. 

41302(b) ............... 46 App.:1710(c) (2d sentence). 

41302(c) ............... 46 App.:1710(d). 

41302(d) ............... 46 App.:1710(e). 

41302(e) ............... 46 App.:1710(f). 

SECTION 41303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41303 ................... 46 App.:1711. Pub. L. 98–237, § 12, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 81. 

74 

In subsection (a)(1), the words ‘‘may subpoena witnesses and evidence’’ are substituted for ‘‘may by subpena compel the attendance 

of witnesses and the production of books, papers, documents, and 

other evidence’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘shall conform to the Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.)’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall 

be in conformity with the rules applicable in civil proceedings in 

the district courts of the United States’’ for clarity. 

SECTION 41304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41304(a) ............... 46 App.:1713(a) (1st sentence). Pub. L. 98–237, § 14(a), (b), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 83. 

41304(b) ............... 46 App.:1713(b) (1st sentence 1st–12th words). 

41304(c) ............... 46 App.:1713(b) (1st sentence 13th–last words, 

last sentence). 

41304(d) ............... 46 App.:1713(a) (last 

sentence). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘upon sworn complaint or on its own 

motion’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 41305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41305 ................... 46 App.:1710(g) (less 

time limit). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 11(g) (less time limit), Mar. 

20, 1984, 98 Stat. 80; Pub. L. 98–595, 

§ 3(b)(2), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3132; Pub. L. 

105–258, title I, § 110, Oct. 14, 1998, 112 

Stat. 1911. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘within the period specified in section 41301(a) of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘within 3 years after 

the cause of action accrued’’ because the time limit is restated in 

section 41301(a) instead of in this section. The words ‘‘upon petition 

of the complainant’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘after 

notice and hearing’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of section 

41304(a) of the revised title. 

SECTION 41306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41306 ................... 46 App.:1710(h)(2). Pub. L. 98–237, § 11(h)(2), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 81. 

SECTION 41307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41307(a) ............... 46 App.:1710(h)(1). Pub. L. 98–237, § 11(c) (last sentence), (h)(1), 

Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 80, 81. 

41307(b)(1) ........... 46 App.:1705(g), (h) (1st 

sentence). 

Pub. L. 98–237, § 6(g)–(i), (k), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 72, 73. 

46 App.:1710(c) (last sentence). 

41307(b)(2) ........... 46 App.:1705(h) (2d sentence). 

75 

SECTION 41307—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41307(b)(3) ........... 46 App.:1705(h) (3d, last 

sentences). 

41307(c) ............... 46 App.:1705(i). 

41307(d) ............... 46 App.:1705(k). 

SECTION 41308 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41308(a) ............... 46 App.:1713(c). Pub. L. 98–237, § 14(c), (e), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 83, 84. 

41308(b) ............... 46 App.:1713(e). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘subpoena or’’ are added in the second sentence for consistency in the subsection. The words ‘‘by an 

appropriate injunction or other process, mandatory or otherwise’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘regularly made and duly 

issued’’ are substituted for ‘‘properly made and duly issued’’ for consistency in the subtitle. 

SECTION 41309 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

41309(a) ............... 46 App.:1713(d)(1). Pub. L. 98–237, § 14(d), (e), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 

Stat. 83, 84. 

41309(b) ............... 46 App.:1713(d)(3). 

41309(c) ............... 46 App.:1713(d)(2) (1st 

sentence 1st–23d 

words). 

41309(d) ............... 46 App.:1713(d)(2) (1st 

sentence 24th–last 

words, last sentence). 

41309(e) ............... 46 App.:1713(e). 

PART B—ACTIONS TO ADDRESS FOREIGN PRACTICES

CHAPTER 421—REGULATIONS AFFECTING SHIPPING IN 

FOREIGN TRADE 

Sec. 

42101. Regulations of the Commission. 

42102. Regulations of other agencies. 

42103. No preference to Government-owned vessels. 

42104. Information, witnesses, and evidence. 

42105. Disclosure to public. 

42106. Other actions to remedy unfavorable conditions. 

42107. Refusal of clearance and entry. 

42108. Penalty for operating under suspended tariff or service contract. 

42109. Consultation with other agencies. 

76 

SECTION 42101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42101(a) ............... 46 App.:876(a)(2). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(a)(2), (e), 41 Stat. 

995; Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 

1933; June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, 

title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(46), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 157; 

Pub. L. 101–595, title I, § 103, Nov. 16, 1990, 

104 Stat. 2979; Pub. L. 102–587, title VI, 

§ 6205(b), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5094; Pub. 

L. 105–258, title III, § 301, Oct. 14, 1998, 112 

Stat. 1915. 

46 App.:1710a(h) (related 

to 876(a)(2)). 

Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(h) (related to 

§ 19(b)(1)(b)), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1572; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title I, § 111(7), Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1911. 

42101(b) ............... 46 App.:876(e). 

In subsection (a), the word ‘‘shall’’ is substituted for ‘‘is authorized and directed’’, and the words ‘‘prescribe regulations’’ are substituted for ‘‘make rules and regulations’’, for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1710a(h), insofar as it relates to 46 App. U.S.C. 876(a)(2), 

is omitted as unnecessary because this chapter already provides for 

the same remedies as those authorized by the omitted provision. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘on the petition of any person, including another component of the United States Government’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘pursuant to a petition. Any person, including a 

common carrier, tramp operator, bulk operator, shipper, shippers’ 

association, ocean transportation intermediary, marine terminal 

operator, or any component of the Government of the United 

States, may file a petition for relief under subsection (a)(2) of this 

section.’’ for consistency with section 42302(b) of the revised title 

and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 42102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42102(a) ............... 46 App.:876(a)(3). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(a)(3), (b), (c), 41 Stat. 

995; Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 

1933; June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, 

title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(46), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 157; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title III, § 301, Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

42102(b) ............... 46 App.:876(b). 

42102(c) ............... 46 App.:876(c). 

In this section, the words ‘‘department, agency, or instrumentality’’ are substituted for ‘‘department, board, bureau, or agency’’ 

for consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘the inspection of 

vessels’’ are substituted for ‘‘the steamboat inspection service’’ because the Steamboat Inspection Service has been abolished and its 

functions are now carried out by the Coast Guard. 

In subsection (a), the word ‘‘shall’’ is substituted for ‘‘is authorized and directed’’ for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

77 

SECTION 42103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42103 ................... 46 App.:876(d). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(d), 41 Stat. 995; Ex. 

Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 1933; June 

29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, 

§ 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 105–258, 

title III, § 301, Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

SECTION 42104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42104(a) ............... 46 App.:876(f)(1)–(3). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(f), (g); as added Pub. 

L. 101–595, title I, § 103(2), Nov. 16, 1990, 

104 Stat. 2979; Pub. L. 102–587, title VI, 

§ 6205(b)(2), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5094; 

Pub. L. 105–258, title III, § 301, Oct. 14, 

1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

42104(b) ............... 46 App.:876(g)(1), (2). 

42104(c) ............... 46 App.:876(g)(3). 

42104(d) ............... 46 App.:876(f)(4), (g)(4). 

42104(e) ............... 46 App.:876(g)(5). 

In subsections (a) and (b), the words ‘‘In carrying out’’ are substituted for ‘‘In furtherance of the purposes of’’ and ‘‘In proceedings 

under’’ for clarity and consistency. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘subpoena witnesses and evidence’’ are substituted for ‘‘by subpoena compel the attendance of 

witnesses and the production of books, papers, documents, and 

other evidence’’ for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘conform to the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.)’’ are substituted for ‘‘are in conformity with the rules applicable in civil proceedings in the district 

courts of the United States’’ for clarity. 

In subsection (d)(2), the penalties from 46 App. U.S.C. 876(f)(4) 

and (g)(4)(B) are combined because they are redundant. 

In subsection (e), the words ‘‘by an appropriate injunction or 

other process, mandatory or otherwise’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 42105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42105 ................... 46 App.:876(h). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(h); as added Pub. L. 

101–595, title I, § 103(2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 

Stat. 2979; Pub. L. 105–258, title III, § 301, 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

SECTION 42106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42106 ................... 46 App.:876(i). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(i); as added Pub. L. 

101–595, title I, § 103(2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 

Stat. 2979; Pub. L. 105–258, title III, § 301, 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

78 

SECTION 42107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42107 ................... 46 App.:876(j). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(j); as added Pub. L. 

101–595, title I, § 103(2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 

Stat. 2979; Pub. L. 105–258, title III, § 301, 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

In clause (1), the words ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘collector of customs at the port or place of destination in the United States’’ because the functions of the Customs 

Service and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto were 

transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by section 403(1) 

of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 

2178). The functions of the collector of customs previously were 

vested in the Secretary of the Treasury by Reorganization Plan No. 

26 of 1950, and the office of collector of customs previously was 

abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1965. 

SECTION 42108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42108 ................... 46 App.:876(k). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(k); as added Pub. L. 

101–595, title I, § 103(2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 

Stat. 2979; Pub. L. 105–258, title III, § 301, 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

SECTION 42109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42109 ................... 46 App.:876(l). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 19(l); as added Pub. L. 

101–595, title I, § 103(2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 

Stat. 2979; Pub. L. 105–258, title III, § 301, 

Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1915. 

CHAPTER 423—FOREIGN SHIPPING PRACTICES 

Sec. 

42301. Definitions. 

42302. Investigations. 

42303. Information requests. 

42304. Action against foreign carriers. 

42305. Refusal of clearance and entry. 

42306. Submission of determinations to President. 

42307. Review of regulations and orders. 

SECTION 42301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42301 ................... 46 App.:1710a(a). Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(a), Aug. 23, 

1988, 102 Stat. 1570; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, 

§ 111(1)–(3), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1911. 

SECTION 42302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42302(a) ............... 46 App.:1710a(b). Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(b), (c), Aug. 

23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1570; Pub. L. 105–258, 

title I, § 111(4), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1911. 

79 

SECTION 42302—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42302(b) ............... 46 App.:1710a(c)(1). 

42302(c) ............... 46 App.:1710a(c)(2). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘including another component of the 

United States Government’’ are substituted for ‘‘including any common carrier, shipper, shippers’ association, ocean transportation 

intermediary, or marine terminal operator, or any branch, department, agency, or other component of the Government of the United 

States’’ for consistency with section 42101(b) of the revised title 

and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 42303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42303 ................... 46 App.:1710a(d) Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(d), Aug. 23, 

1988, 102 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 105–258, title I, 

§ 111(4), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1911. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘subpoena witnesses and evidence’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘issue subpoenas to compel the attendance and 

testimony of witnesses and the production of records or other evidence’’ for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘in its discretion’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 42304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42304(a) ............... 46 App.:1710a(e)(1). Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(e)(1), (2), Aug. 

23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 105–258, 

title I, § 111(5), (6), Oct. 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 

1911. 

42304(b) ............... 46 App.:1710a(e)(2). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘Subject to section 42306 of this 

title’’ are added to alert the reader to the application of that section. 

SECTION 42305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42305 ................... 46 App.:1710a(f). Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(f), Aug. 23, 

1988, 102 Stat. 1572. 

Before clause (1), the words ‘‘Subject to section 42306 of this 

title’’ are added to alert the reader to the application of that section. The word ‘‘determines’’ is substituted for ‘‘finds’’ for consistency with section 42306 of the revised title. 

In clause (1), the words ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘collector of customs at any port or place of destination in the United States’’ because the functions of the Customs 

Service and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto were 

transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by section 403(1) 

of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 

80 

2178). The functions of the collector of customs previously were 

vested in the Secretary of the Treasury by Reorganization Plan No. 

26 of 1950, and the office of collector of customs previously was 

abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1965. 

SECTION 42306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42306 ................... 46 App.:1710a(e)(3). Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(e)(3), Aug. 23, 

1988, 102 Stat. 1572. 

SECTION 42307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

42307 ................... 46 App.:1710a(i). Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10002(i), Aug. 23, 

1988, 102 Stat. 1572. 

PART C—MISCELLANEOUS

CHAPTER 441—EVIDENCE OF FINANCIAL 

RESPONSIBILITY FOR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION 

Sec. 

44101. Application. 

44102. Financial responsibility to indemnify passengers for nonperformance of 

transportation. 

44103. Financial responsibility to pay liability for death or injury. 

44104. Civil penalty. 

44105. Refusal of clearance. 

44106. Conduct of proceedings. 

SECTION 44101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

44101 ................... 46 App.:817d(a) (6th– 

28th words). 

Pub. L. 89-777, §§ 2(a) (6th–28th words), 3(a) 

(15th–36th words), Nov. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 

1356, 1357. 

46 App.:817e(a) (15th– 

36th words). 

SECTION 44102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

44102 ................... 46 App.:817e(a) (1st14th, 37th–last words), 

(b). 

Pub. L. 89-777, § 3(a) (1st–14th, 37th–last 

words), (b), Nov. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 1357; Pub. 

L. 103–206, title III, § 320, Dec. 20, 1993, 107 

Stat. 2427. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘or any State thereof, or the District 

of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands 

or any territory or possession of the United States’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 

1 of the revised title. 

81 

SECTION 44103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

44103 ................... 46 App.:817d(a) (1st–5th, 

29th–last words), (b). 

Pub. L. 89-777, § 2(a) (1st–5th, 29th–last 

words), (b), Nov. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 1356. 

In subsection (d)(2), the words ‘‘issued by a bonding company authorized to do business in the United States’’ are substituted for 46 

App. U.S.C. 817d(b) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘or 

any State thereof or the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth 

of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or any territory or possession of 

the United States’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 44104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

44104 ................... 46 App.:817d(c). Pub. L. 89-777, §§ 2(c), 3(c), Nov. 6, 1966, 80 

Stat. 1357. 

46 App.:817e(c). 

SECTION 44105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

44105 ................... 46 App.:817d(e). Pub. L. 89-777, §§ 2(e), 3(e), Nov. 6, 1966, 80 

Stat. 1357, 1358; Pub. L. 103–182, title VI, 

§ 689(c), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2222. 

46 App.:817e(e). 

The words ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’ are substituted for 

‘‘Customs Service’’ because the functions of the Customs Service 

and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto were transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by section 403(1) of 

the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 

2178). 

SECTION 44106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

44106 ................... 46 App.:817d(d). Pub. L. 89-777, §§ 2(d), 3(d), Nov. 6, 1966, 80 

Stat. 1357, 1358; Pub. L. 104–324, title VII, 

§ 746(c), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3943. 

46 App.:817e(d). 

The authority to prescribe regulations is omitted as unnecessary 

because it is already provided by section 305 of the revised title. 

Subtitle V—Merchant Marine 

PART A—GENERAL

Chapter Sec. 

501. Policy, Studies, and Reports ................................................................ 50101 

503. Administrative ......................................................................................... 50301 

505. Other General Provisions ..................................................................... 50501 

PART B—MERCHANT MARINE SERVICE

511. General ...................................................................................................... 51101 

82 

513. United States Merchant Marine Academy ....................................... 51301 

515. State Maritime Academy Support Program .................................... 51501 

517. Other Support for Merchant Marine Training ............................... 51701 

519. Merchant Marine Awards ..................................................................... 51901 

521. Miscellaneous ........................................................................................... 52101 

PART C—FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

531. Maritime Security Fleet ........................................................................ 53101 

533. Construction Reserve Funds ............................................................... 53301 

535. Capital Construction Funds ................................................................. 53501 

537. Loans and Guarantees ........................................................................... 53701 

539. War Risk Insurance ................................................................................ 53901 

PART D—PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMS

551. Coastwise Trade ...................................................................................... 55101 

553. Passenger and Cargo Preferences ...................................................... 55301 

555. Miscellaneous ........................................................................................... 55501 

PART E—CONTROL OF MERCHANT MARINE CAPABILITIES

561. Restrictions on Transfers ..................................................................... 56101 

563. Emergency Acquisition of Vessels ...................................................... 56301 

565. Essential Vessels Affected by Neutrality Act ................................... 56501 

PART F—GOVERNMENT-OWNED MERCHANT VESSELS

571. General Authority ................................................................................... 57101 

573. Vessel Trade-In Program ...................................................................... 57301 

575. Construction, Charter, and Sale of Vessels ..................................... 57501 

PART G—RESTRICTIONS AND PENALTIES

581. Restrictions and Penalties ................................................................... 58101 

PART A—GENERAL

CHAPTER 501—POLICY, STUDIES, AND REPORTS 

Sec. 

50101. Objectives and policy. 

50102. Survey of merchant marine. 

50103. Determinations of essential services. 

50104. Studies of general maritime problems. 

50105. Studies and cooperation relating to the construction of vessels. 

50106. Studies on the operation of vessels. 

50107. Studies on marine insurance. 

50108. Studies on cargo carriage and cargo containers. 

50109. Miscellaneous studies. 

50110. Securing preference to vessels of the United States. 

50111. Reports to Congress. 

50112. National Maritime Enhancement Institutes. 

50113. Use and performance reports by operators of vessels. 

SECTION 50101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50101 ................... 46 App.:861. June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 1, 41 Stat. 988; Exec. 

Order No. 6166, June 10, 1933, § 12; June 29, 

1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, § 904, 49 

Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(33), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 156. 

46 App.:891. May 22, 1928, ch. 675, § 1, 45 Stat. 689. 

83 

SECTION 50101—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

46 App.:1101. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title I, § 101, 49 Stat. 

1985; Pub. L. 91–469, § 1, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1018. 

This section consolidates the source provisions to eliminate repetition. 

SECTION 50102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50102 ................... 46 App.:1120. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 210, 49 Stat. 

1989; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 3, 35(a), Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1018, 1035; Pub.L. 97–31, 

§ 12(67) (related to § 210), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 159. 

SECTION 50103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50103(a)(1) ........... 46 App.:1121(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 211(a)–(c), 49 

Stat. 1989; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 4, 35(a), (b), 

Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1018, 1035; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(67), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

50103(a)(2) ........... 46 App.:1213(a) (3d sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 809(a) (3d 

sentence), as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XVI, 

§ 1604, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 751. 

50103(b) ............... 46 App.:1121(b). 

50103(c) ............... 46 App.:1121(c). 

SECTION 50104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50104 ................... 46 App.:1122(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(a), 49 Stat. 

1990; Aug. 6, 1981, Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(69), 

95 Stat. 159. 

SECTION 50105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50105(a)(1) ........... 46 App.:811 (1st sentence words before 1st 

comma). 

Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 12 (1st sentence words 

before 1st comma, 2d sentence words before 

2d comma), 39 Stat. 732; Ex. Ord. No. 6166, 

§ 12, eff. June 10, 1933; June 29, 1936, ch. 

858, title II, § 204, title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 

1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(27), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 155. 

46 App.:1121(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 211(d), (j) 

(words before 1st semicolon), 49 Stat. 1989; 

Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 4(2), 35(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 

84 Stat. 1018, 1035; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(67), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

50105(a)(2) ........... 46 App.:1121(j) (words 

before 1st semicolon). 

50105(b) ............... 46 App.:811 (2d sentence 

words before 2d 

comma). 

84 

SECTION 50105—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50105(c) ............... 46 App.:1122(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(b)(2), (c), 

49 Stat. 1990; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(69), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

50105(d) ............... 46 App.:1122(b)(2). 

SECTION 50106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50106(a) ............... 46 App.:811 (1st sentence words after 1st 

comma). 

Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 12 (1st sentence words 

after 1st comma, 3d sentence), 39 Stat. 732; 

Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 1933; 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, 

§ 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(27), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 155. 

46 App.:1121(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 211(e), (g), 49 

Stat. 1989; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 4(2), 5, 35(a), 

Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1018, 1035; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(67), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

50106(b) ............... 46 App.:1121(g). 

50106(c) ............... 46 App.:811 (3d sentence). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘existing on June 29, 1936, or thereafter built’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 50107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50107 ................... 46 App.:811 (2d sentence 

words after 2d 

comma). 

Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 12 (2d sentence words 

after 2d comma), 39 Stat. 732; Ex. Ord. No. 

6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 1933; June 29, 1936, 

ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 

1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(27), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 155. 

SECTION 50108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50108 ................... 46 App.:1122(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(f); as 

added Pub. L. 90–268, § 1, Mar. 16, 1968, 82 

Stat. 49; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(69), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 98–237, § 20(c), 

Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 90. 

SECTION 50109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50109(a) ............... 46 App.:1121(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 211(f), (h), (i), 

(j) (words after 2d semicolon), 49 Stat. 1989; 

Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 4(2), 35(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 

84 Stat. 1018, 1035; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(67), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

50109(b) ............... 46 App.:1121(h). 

50109(c) ............... 46 App.:1121(i). 

50109(d) ............... 46 App.:1121(j) (words 

after 2d semicolon). 

85 

SECTION 50109—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50109(e) ............... 46 App.:1123. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 213, 49 Stat. 

1991; Pub. L. 87–877, § 2(c), (d), Oct. 24, 

1962, 76 Stat. 1201; Pub. L. 94–273, § 27, 

Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(71), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 

105–85, div. C, title XXXVI, § 3602, Nov. 18, 

1997, 111 Stat. 2075. 

50109(f) ................ 46 App.:811 (4th sentence). Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 12 (4th sentence), 39 

Stat. 732; Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 

10, 1933; June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, 

§ 204, title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(27), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

155. 

SECTION 50110 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50110(a) ............... 46 App.:1121(j) (words 

between 1st and 2d 

semicolons). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 211(j) (words 

between 1st and 2d semicolons), 49 Stat. 

1989; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 4(2), 35(a), Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1018, 1035; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(67), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

50110(b) ............... 46 App.:1122(b)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(b)(1), (d), 

49 Stat. 1990; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(69), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 98–237, § 20(c), 

Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 90. 

50110(c) ............... 46 App.:1122(d). 

SECTION 50111 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50111(a) ............... 46 App.:811 (last sentence). Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 12 (last sentence), 39 

Stat. 732; Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 

10, 1933; June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, 

§ 204, title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(27), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

155. 

46 App.:1118 (related to 

Secretary). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 208 (related to 

Secretary), 49 Stat. 1988; Pub. L. 94–273, 

§ 36, Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(65), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

46 App.:1160(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(f), as 

added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 7, 53 Stat. 

1184; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91)(A)–(C), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 161. 

46 App.:1291. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1211, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 776; 

Pub. L. 89–348, § 1(7), Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 

1310. 

50111(b) ............... 46 App.:1118 note. Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [div. C, title XXXV, 

§ 3506], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A– 

494. 

50111(c) ............... 46 App.:1122(g). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(g), 49 Stat. 

1990; Pub. L. 90–268, § 1, Mar. 16, 1968, 82 

Stat. 49; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(69), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 98–237, § 20(c), 

Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 90. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘on or before the 1st day of December in each year’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 811 (last sentence) are omitted 

for consistency with the April 1 date in 46 App.:1118. The words 

86 

‘‘and of the operations of any corporation in which the United 

States is a stockholder, and the names and compensation of all persons employed by the Secretary of Transportation’’ in 46 App. 

U.S.C. 811 (last sentence) are omitted because the provision originally applied to the United States Shipping Board (which was abolished in 1933) and presumably is not intended to apply to the Secretary. 

SECTION 50112 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50112 ................... 46 App.:1121–2. Pub. L. 101–115, § 8, Oct. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 

694; Pub. L. 101–595, title VII, § 702, Nov. 

16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2994; Pub. L. 102–241, 

§ 47, Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2227; Pub. L. 

106–398, § 1 [div. C, title XXXV, § 3504], Oct. 

30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–493. 

SECTION 50113 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50113 ................... 46 App.:1122a. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(A), as 

added June 25, 1956, ch. 437, 70 Stat. 332; 

Aug. 6, 1981, Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(70), 95 Stat. 

159. 

CHAPTER 503—ADMINISTRATIVE 

Sec. 

50301. Vessel Operations Revolving Fund. 

50302. Port development. 

50303. Operating property and extending term of notes. 

50304. Sale and transfer of property. 

50305. Appointment of trustee or receiver and operation of vessels. 

50306. Requiring testimony and records in investigations. 

SECTION 50301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50301(a) ............... 46 App.:1241a (1st sentence). June 2, 1951, ch. 121 (pars. under heading 

‘‘Vessel Operations Revolving Fund’’), 65 Stat. 

59; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(128), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 165; Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 

2004, 118 Stat. 814. 

50301(b) ............... 46 App.:1241a (2d sentence words before 2d 

proviso). 

50301(c) ............... 46 App.:1241a (2d sentence 2d proviso). 

50301(d) ............... 46 App.:1241a (2d sentence last proviso). 

50301(e) ............... 46 App.:1241a (last sentence). 

50301(f) ................ 46 App.:1241b. June 20, 1956, ch. 415, title I, § 101 (4th complete par. on p. 319), 70 Stat. 319; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(129), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

46 App.:1241b note. 

50301(g) ............... 46 App.:1241c. Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 846, 70 Stat. 897; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(130), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘Director of the Office of Management and Budget’’ are substituted for ‘‘Bureau of the Budget’’ in 

87 

the Act of June 2, 1951 (ch. 121, 65 Stat. 59), because of sections 

101 and 102 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970 (5 App. U.S.C.) 

and 31 U.S.C. ch. 5. The words ‘‘for the purposes of that appropriation’’ are omitted for clarity and for consistency in the subsection. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘notwithstanding any other provisions of law’’ and ‘‘and consolidated with’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (e), in paragraph (1), the words ‘‘Comptroller General’’ are substituted for ‘‘Government Accountability Office’’ for 

consistency in the revised title. Paragraph (3) is substituted for 

‘‘(except in cases where section 1212 of this Appendix is applicable)’’ because section 1212 applies to all vessels under a construction-differential subsidy contract. 

In subsection (f), the words ‘‘On and after June 20, 1956’’, and 

the last proviso in the 4th complete par. at 70 Stat. 319 (46 App. 

U.S.C. 1241b note), are omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (g), the words ‘‘beginning July 1, 1956’’ and ‘‘after 

July 1, 1956’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 50302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50302(a) ............... 46 App.:867 (words before proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 8, 41 Stat. 992; Exec. 

Order No. 6166, June 10, 1933, § 12; June 29, 

1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, § 904, 49 

Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(40), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 156; Pub. L. 104–88, 

§ 321(1), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 949. 

50302(b) ............... 46 App.:867 (proviso). 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘Secretary of the 

Army’’ are substituted for ‘‘Secretary of War’’ in section 8 of the 

Merchant Marine Act, 1920 (ch. 250, 41 Stat. 992) because of section 205(a) of the National Security Act of 1947 (ch. 343, 61 Stat. 

501). See 10 U.S.C. 3011 et seq. In clause (3), the words ‘‘apparatus’’ and ‘‘appliances’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (4), 

the words ‘‘consult with’’ are substituted for ‘‘advise with’’ as being 

more grammatical. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘rates or practices’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘rates, charges, rules, or regulations’’ for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. 

SECTION 50303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50303 ................... 46 App.:1112. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 202, 49 Stat. 

1986; Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 822, § 1, 50 Stat. 839; 

June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 1, 52 Stat. 953; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(60), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 158. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of law’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the word 

‘‘lands’’ is omitted as included in ‘‘real property’’. In clause (2)(A), 

the word ‘‘promissory’’ is added for clarity. The words ‘‘hereby 

transferred’’, referring to the transfer under the first sentence of 

section 202 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (repealed by section 

12(60)(A) of Public Law 97–31), are omitted as obsolete. 

88 

Subsection (b) is substituted for ‘‘in accordance with good business methods and on such terms and conditions as he determines 

to effectuate the policy of this chapter’’ and ‘‘upon such terms and 

conditions as he may prescribe in accordance with sound business 

practice’’ for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 50304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50304(a) ............... 46 App.:872. June 5, 1920, ch. 250, §§ 13, 17, 41 Stat. 993, 

994; Exec. Order No. 6166, June 10, 1933, 

§ 12; June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, 

title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(44), (45), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

157. 

50304(b) ............... 46 App.:875 (1st par.). 

50304(c) ............... 46 App.:875 (last par.). 

In subsections (b) and (c), the words ‘‘property described in the 

second paragraph of section 17 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1920 

(ch. 250, 41 Stat. 994), as originally enacted’’ are substituted for 

‘‘such other docks, piers, warehouses, wharves and terminal equipment and facilities or parts thereof, including all leasehold easements, rights of way, riparian rights and other rights, estates or 

interests therein or appurtenant thereto which were acquired . . . 

for military or naval purposes during the war emergency’’, and the 

words ‘‘property described in section 17 of the Merchant Marine 

Act, 1920 (ch. 250, 41 Stat. 994), as originally enacted’’ are substituted for ‘‘property taken over by or transferred to . . . under 

this section’’, because the first paragraph of section 17 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1920, was repealed in 1981 and reference to that 

paragraph is necessary for a complete understanding of these provisions. The words ‘‘Secretary of a military department’’ are substituted for ‘‘War Department or the Navy Department’’ and ‘‘Department of the Army, Department of the Air Force, or Department 

of the Navy’’ for consistency with other titles of the United States 

Code. For redesignation of the Department of War to the Department of the Army, and for transfer of certain functions to newly established Department of the Air Force, see sections 205(a) and 

207(a) and (f) of the National Security Act of 1947 (ch. 343, 61 Stat. 

501, 502, 503). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘possessed and controlled by’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘acquired by’’ for clarity and for consistency in the 

section. The word ‘‘best’’ is omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 50305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50305 ................... 46 App.:1247. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 908, as added 

Pub. L. 95–598, title III, § 334, Nov. 6, 1978, 

92 Stat. 2680; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(134), Aug. 

6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of law’’ and ‘‘bankruptcy, equity, or 

admiralty’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

89 

In subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘but the Secretary may demand 

a hearing’’ are substituted for ‘‘unless the Secretary shall deem a 

hearing necessary’’ for clarity. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘subject to the orders of the court’’ 

and ‘‘comply with the terms imposed by the court’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘operating losses paid by the Secretary’’ are substituted for ‘‘the amount of such payments’’ for clarity. 

In subsection (b)(3), the words ‘‘vessel operated by the United 

States Government’’ are substituted for ‘‘vessel of the United 

States’’ for clarity and consistency with chapter 309. 

SECTION 50306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50306 ................... 46 App.:1124. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 214, 49 Stat. 

1991; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 3, 52 Stat. 

954; Pub. L. 91–452, title II, § 241, Oct. 15, 

1970, 84 Stat. 930; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(72), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 98–237, 

§ 20(a), Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 89; Pub. L. 

98–595, § 2, Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3132. 

In subsection (a), the word ‘‘affirmations’’ is omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘oath’’ in 1 U.S.C. 1. The words 

‘‘or any territory, district, or possession thereof’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 

of the revised title. 

Subsection (c) is substituted for the source provision to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

CHAPTER 505—OTHER GENERAL PROVISIONS 

Sec. 

50501. Entities deemed citizens of the United States. 

50502. Applicability to receivers, trustees, successors, and assigns. 

50503. Oceanographic research vessels. 

50504. Sailing school vessels. 

SECTION 50501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50501(a) ............... 46 App.:802(a) (words before 3d comma and 

after 11th comma). 

Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 2(a)–(c), 39 Stat. 729; 

July 15, 1918, ch. 152, § 2, 40 Stat. 900; June 

5, 1920, ch. 250, § 38, 41 Stat. 1008; Pub. L. 

86–327, § 3, Sept. 21, 1959, 73 Stat. 597; Pub. 

L. 105–383, title IV, § 421, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 

Stat. 3439. 

46 App.:1244(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 905(c), 49 

Stat. 2016; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 39(b), 52 

Stat. 964; Pub. L. 86–327, § 4, Sept. 21, 1959, 

73 Stat. 597. 

50501(b) ............... 46 App.:802(a) (words between 3d and 11th 

commas). 

50501(c) ............... 46 App.:802(b). 

50501(d) ............... 46 App.:802(c). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘and with respect to a corporation 

under subchapter VI of this chapter, all directors of the corporation 

90 

are citizens of the United States’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1244(c) are 

omitted because part A of subchapter VI contains the operating-differential subsidy program which, under 46 App. U.S.C. 1185a, is 

being phased out, and part B of subchapter VI contains the Maritime Security Fleet program which is being repealed (effective October 1, 2005) and replaced by chapter 531 of title 46 as enacted 

by the Maritime Security Act of 2003. Thus, subchapter VI is being 

omitted from the revised title and will instead appear as a note 

under section 53101. The words ‘‘and, in the case of a corporation, 

partnership, or association operating a vessel on the Great Lakes, 

or on bays, sounds, rivers, harbors, or inland lakes of the United 

States the amount of interest required to be owned by a citizen of 

the United States shall be not less than 75 per centum’’ in 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1244(c) are omitted as covered by the 75 percent ownership 

requirement for operation in the coastwise trade. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘Territory, District, or possession 

thereof’’ are omitted because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 

1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 50502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50502 ................... 46 App.:803. Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 2(d), 39 Stat. 729; June 

5, 1920, ch. 250, § 38, 41 Stat. 1008. 

SECTION 50503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50503 ................... 46 App.:441. Pub. L. 89–99, §§ 1, 3, 4, July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 

424. 

46 App.:443. 

46 App.:444. 

The definitions of ‘‘oceanographic research vessel’’ and ‘‘scientific 

personnel’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 441 are omitted because substantially 

the same definitions are already in 46 U.S.C. 2101. 

The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 444 is omitted because section 

10101(3) of title 46, which defines ‘‘seaman’’ for purposes of part G 

of subtitle II of title 46, already contains an exception for scientific 

personnel. Title 53 of the Revised Statutes, referred to 46 App. 

U.S.C. 444, was previously codified principally in part G of subtitle 

II of title 46. 

SECTION 50504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

50504(a) ............... 46 App.:446c. Pub. L. 97–322, title II, §§ 204, 205, 207, Oct. 

15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1589. 

50504(b) ............... 46 App.:446. 

50504(c) ............... 46 App.:446b. Pub. L. 97–322, title II, § 206, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 

Stat. 1590; Pub. L. 98–557, § 34(b), Oct. 30, 

1984, 98 Stat. 2876. 

50504(d) ............... 46 App.:446a. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘parts B, F, and G of subtitle II 

of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘the provisions of titles 52 and 53 

of the Revised Statutes of the United States and any Act amendVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00090 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
91 

atory thereof or supplementary thereto’’ because the relevant provisions of titles 52 and 53 of the Revised Statutes were previously 

codified in parts B, F, and G of subtitle II of title 46. 

In subsection (c), references to 46 App. U.S.C. 291 and 883 are 

omitted for consistency with section 50503 of the revised title. 

PART B—MERCHANT MARINE SERVICE

CHAPTER 511—GENERAL 

Sec. 

51101. Policy. 

51102. Definitions. 

51103. General authority of Secretary of Transportation. 

51104. General authority of Secretary of the Navy. 

SECTION 51101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51101 ................... 46 App.:1126–1(a) (1st 

sentence). 

Pub. L. 94–361, title VI, § 603(a) (1st sentence), 

July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 929. 

46 App.:1295 (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1301 (1st 

sentence), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 

15, 1980, 94 Stat. 1997. 

SECTION 51102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51102 ................... 46 App.:1295a. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1302, as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 1997; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(143), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 104–324, title VII, 

§ 708, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3934; Pub. L. 

108–136, title XXXV, § 3515(a), Nov. 24, 2003, 

117 Stat. 1792. 

The definition of ‘‘Secretary’’ is omitted as unnecessary because 

the full title is used the first time the term appears in each section. 

In the definition of ‘‘merchant marine office’’, the words ‘‘documented vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘vessel . . . which is documented under the laws of the United States’’ because of the definition of ‘‘documented vessel’’ in 46 U.S.C. 2101, which is being 

moved to chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In the definition of ‘‘State maritime academy’’, the words ‘‘or territory of the United States’’ and ‘‘or territories of the United States’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in 

chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 51103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51103(a) ............... 46 App.:1295 (last sentence cl. (1)). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1301 (last 

sentence cl. (1)), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 1997; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(142)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

51103(b) ............... 46 App.:1295g(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1308(b)–(d), 

as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 

94 Stat. 2007. 

51103(c) ............... 46 App.:1295g(c). 

92 

SECTION 51103—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51103(d) ............... 46 App.:1295g(d). 

In subsection (c), the word ‘‘department’’ is omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘agency’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 51104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51104 ................... 46 App.:1126–1(a) (last 

sentence), (b). 

Pub. L. 94–361, title VI, § 603(a) (last sentence), 

(b), July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 929; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(76), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 160. 

46 App.:1295 (last sentence cl. (2)). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1301 (last 

sentence cl. (2)), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 1997; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(142)(B), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

CHAPTER 513—UNITED STATES MERCHANT MARINE 

ACADEMY 

Sec. 

51301. Maintenance of the Academy. 

51302. Nomination and competitive appointment of cadets. 

51303. Non-competitive appointments. 

51304. Additional appointments from particular areas. 

51305. Prohibited basis for appointment. 

51306. Cadet commitment agreements. 

51307. Places of training. 

51308. Uniforms, textbooks, and transportation allowances. 

51309. Academic degree. 

51310. Deferment of service obligation under cadet commitment agreements. 

51311. Midshipman status in the Naval Reserve. 

51312. Board of Visitors. 

51313. Advisory Board. 

SECTION 51301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51301 ................... 46 App.:1295b(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(a), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 1998. 

SECTION 51302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51302(a) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(1)(A). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(b)(1)– 

(3)(A), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 

1980, 94 Stat. 1998; Pub. L. 101–595, title 

VII, § 708(1), (2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 

2995. 

46 App.:1295b(b)(2)(A) 

(related to nominations). 

51302(b) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(1) (less 

cl. (A)). 

46 App.:1295b(b)(3)(A)(ii) 

(related to who may be 

nominated). 

93 

SECTION 51302—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51302(c) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(3)(A) 

(less (ii) (related to 

who may be nominated)). 

51302(d) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(2)(A) 

(related to selection), 

(B), (3)(B), (C). 

In subsection (b)(6)(A), the words ‘‘residents, or sons or daughters 

of residents, of an area or installation’’ are substituted for ‘‘a resident of the area or installation’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1295b(b)(1)(B) 

and ‘‘sons or daughters of residents of any area or installation’’ in 

46 App. U.S.C. 1295b(b)(3)(A)(ii) to resolve an inconsistency in the 

source law and to conform to the probable intent of Congress. Although 46 App. U.S.C. 1295b(b)(1)(B) provides that a nominee must 

be a resident, 46 App. U.S.C. 1295b(b)(3)(A)(ii) allocates positions 

only for sons or daughters of residents. 

SECTION 51303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51303 ................... 46 App.:1295b(b)(3)(D). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, 

§ 1303(b)(3)(D), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 1999. 

SECTION 51304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51304(a) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(5)(A), 

(B). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(b)(5)– 

(7), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 

1980, 94 Stat. 1999; Pub. L. 99–368, § 5, Aug. 

1, 1986, 100 Stat. 776; Pub. L. 101–595, title 

VII, § 708(3), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2995. 

51304(b) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(6)(A)– 

(C). 

51304(c) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(7)(A), 

(B). 

51304(d) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(5)(C), 

(6)(D), (7)(C). 

The word ‘‘appoint’’ is substituted for ‘‘designate’’ and ‘‘permit’’ 

for consistency in the chapter. 

SECTION 51305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51305 ................... 46 App.:1295b(b)(3)(E). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, 

§ 1303(b)(3)(E), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 1999. 

94 

SECTION 51306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51306(a) ............... 46 App.:1295b(e)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(e)(1)– 

(4), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 

1980, 94 Stat. 2000; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(144)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. 

L. 101–595, title VII, § 707(a), Nov. 16, 1990, 

104 Stat. 2995; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, 

§ 3515(b), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1792. 

51306(b) ............... 46 App.:1295b(e)(2). 

51306(c) ............... 46 App.:1295b(e)(3). 

51306(d) ............... 46 App.:1295b(e)(4). 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘after the date occurring 6 months after October 1, 1981’’ are omitted as obsolete. In 

clause (2), the words ‘‘before graduating’’ are substituted for ‘‘on or 

before the date of graduation’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. In 

clause (5)(A), the words ‘‘or territories’’ are omitted as unnecessary 

because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘bring a civil action’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘begin court proceedings’’ for consistency in the revised title and 

with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. 

U.S.C.). 

SECTION 51307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51307 ................... 46 App.:1295b(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(f), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2002. 

In clause (2), the words ‘‘with the permission of the owner’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘if the owner . . . cooperates in such use’’ for clarity. 

SECTION 51308 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51308 ................... 46 App.:1295b(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(d), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2000. 

SECTION 51309 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51309(a) ............... 46 App.:1295b(g)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(g), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2002; restated Pub. L. 108–136, title 

XXXV, § 3515(c), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 

1794. 

51309(b) ............... 46 App.:1295b(g)(2). 

51309(c) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(8). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(b)(8), 

as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 

94 Stat. 1997; Pub. L. 99–368, § 5, Aug. 1, 

1986, 100 Stat. 776. 

95 

SECTION 51310 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51310 ................... 46 App.:1295b(e)(5). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(e)(5), 

as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 

94 Stat. 2001; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(144)(B), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 108–136, 

title XXXV, § 3515(b)(6), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 

Stat. 1793. 

SECTION 51311 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51311(a) ............... 46 App.:1295b(b)(3)(F). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, 

§ 1303(b)(3)(F), (c), as added Pub. L. 96–453, 

§ 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 1999, 2000; Pub. 

L. 105–261, div. A, title V, § 568, Oct. 17, 

1998, 112 Stat. 2031; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, 

title X, § 1066(b)(5), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 

772. 

51311(b) ............... 46 App.:1295b(c). 

SECTION 51312 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51312 ................... 46 App.:1295b(h). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(h), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2002; Pub. L. 97–35, title XVI, § 1607, 

Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 752; Pub. L. 101–595, 

title VII, § 703, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2994. 

The words ‘‘Committee on Armed Services’’ are substituted for 

‘‘Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries’’ to reflect changes 

in committee structure made by the 104th Congress. 

SECTION 51313 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51313 ................... 46 App.:1295b(i). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1303(i), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2002; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(144)(C), Aug. 

6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

CHAPTER 515—STATE MARITIME ACADEMY SUPPORT 

PROGRAM 

Sec. 

51501. General support program. 

51502. Detailing of personnel. 

51503. Regional maritime academies. 

51504. Use of training vessels. 

51505. Annual payments for maintenance and support. 

51506. Conditions to receiving payments and use of vessels. 

51507. Places of training. 

51508. Allowances for students. 

51509. Student incentive payment agreements. 

51510. Deferment of service obligation under student incentive payment agreements. 

51511. Midshipman status in the Naval Reserve. 

96 

SECTION 51501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51501(a) ............... 46 App.:1295c(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(a), 

(d)(2), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 

1980, 94 Stat. 2003, 2004. 

51501(b) ............... 46 App.:1295c(d)(2). 

SECTION 51502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51502 ................... 46 App.:1295c(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(e), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2004. 

The reference to territories is omitted as unnecessary because of 

the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 51503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51503 ................... 46 App.:1295c(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(b), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2003. 

The reference to territories is omitted as unnecessary because of 

the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 51504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51504(a) ............... 46 App.:1295c(c)(1)(A)(ii), 

(v). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(c)(1), 

(2), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 

1980, 94 Stat. 2003. 

51504(b) ............... 46 App.:1295c(c)(1)(A) 

(1st sentence words before ‘‘meeting the requirements’’). 

51504(c)(1) ........... 46 App.:1295c(c)(1)(A)(ii). 

51504(c)(2) ........... 46 App.:1295c(c)(1)(A) 

(1st sentence words beginning with ‘‘meeting 

the requirements’’). 

51504(c)(3) ........... 46 

App.:1295c(c)(1)(A)(iii). 

51504(d)(1) ........... 46 App.:1295c(c)(1)(A)(i). 

51504(d)(2) ........... 46 

App.:1295c(c)(1)(A)(iv). 

51504(e) ............... 46 App.:1295c(c)(1)(B). 

51504(f) ................ 46 App.:1295c(c)(2). 

51504(g) ............... 46 App.:1295c note. Pub. L. 101–115, § 4, Oct. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 

692; Pub. L. 101–595, title VII, § 705, Nov. 

16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2994. 

In subsection (a), the reference to territories is omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the word ‘‘agency’’ is substituted for ‘‘department or agency of the United States’’ because 

of the definition of ‘‘agency’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

97 

In subsection (g), the 1st–3d sentences of section 4 of Public Law 

101–115 are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 51505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51505 ................... 46 App.:1295c(d)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(d)(1), 

as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 

94 Stat. 2004; Pub. L. 101–115, § 5, Oct. 13, 

1989, 103 Stat. 693. 

In subsection (b)(1), the reference to territories is omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of the 

revised title. 

SECTION 51506 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51506 ................... 46 App.:1295c(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(f), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2004; Pub. L. 101–115, § 3(a), Oct. 13, 

1989, 103 Stat. 692. 

In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘administered by the Coast 

Guard’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 51507 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51507 ................... 46 App.:1295c(c)(3)(A). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, 

§ 1304(c)(3)(A), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2003. 

In clause (2), the words ‘‘with the permission of the owner’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘if the owner . . . cooperates in such use’’ for clarity. 

SECTION 51508 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51508 ................... 46 App.:1295c(c)(3)(B). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, 

§ 1304(c)(3)(B), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2004. 

SECTION 51509 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51509(a) ............... 46 App.:1295c(g)(1) 

(words before 5th 

comma, cl. (A)), (8). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(g)(1)– 

(5), (8), as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 

1980, 94 Stat. 2004, 2006; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(145)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. 

L. 101–115, § 2(a)–(d), Oct. 13, 1989, 103 

Stat. 691; Pub. L. 102–587, title VI, 

§ 6201(a)(1), (b), (c), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 

5093; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3515(d), 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1794. 

51509(b) ............... 46 App.:1295c(g)(1) 

(words between 5th 

comma and dash, cls. 

(B), (C)). 

98 

SECTION 51509—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51509(c) ............... 46 App.:1295c(g)(2) 

51509(d) ............... 46 App.:1295c(g)(3) 

51509(e) ............... 46 App.:1295c(g)(4) 

51509(f) ................ 46 App.:1295c(g)(5) 

51509(g) ............... 46 App.:1295c(g)(6) 

In subsection (a), the text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1295c(g)(8) is omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (g), the words ‘‘bring a civil action’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘begin court proceedings’’ for consistency in the revised title and 

with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. 

U.S.C.). 

SECTION 51510 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51510 ................... 46 App.:1295c(g)(7). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(g)(7), 

as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 

94 Stat. 2006; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(145)(B), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 108–136, 

title XXXV, § 3515(d)(7), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 

Stat. 1795. 

The words ‘‘affected military department’’ are substituted for 

‘‘military department . . . which has jurisdiction over such service’’ 

for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 51511 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51511 ................... 46 App.:1295c(h). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1304(h), as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2006. 

CHAPTER 517—OTHER SUPPORT FOR MERCHANT 

MARINE TRAINING 

Sec. 

51701. United States Maritime Service. 

51702. Civilian nautical schools. 

51703. Additional training. 

51704. Training for maritime oil pollution prevention, response, and clean-up. 

SECTION 51701 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51701 ................... 46 App.:1295e. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1306, as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2006; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, 

§ 3515(e), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1795; Pub. 

L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3515(e), Nov. 24, 

2003, 117 Stat. 1795. 

99 

SECTION 51702 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51702 ................... 46 App.:1295f. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1307, as 

added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 2007; Pub. L. 98–89, § 4(b), Aug. 26, 

1983, 97 Stat. 603. 

The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1295f(d) is omitted because it apparently was intended to apply to former 46 App. U.S.C. 1295f(c), 

which was repealed in 1983. 

SECTION 51703 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51703 ................... 46 App.:1295d(a), (b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1305(a), (b), 

as added Pub. L. 96–453, § 2, Oct. 15, 1980, 

94 Stat. 2006. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘as the Secretary 

deems necessary’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘with any person, partnership, firm, 

association, or corporation’’ and ‘‘the performance of’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary. 

SECTION 51704 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51704(a) ............... 46 App.:1295d(c)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XIII, § 1305(c), as 

added Pub. L. 101–595, title VII, § 712, Nov. 

16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2998. 

51704(b) ............... 46 App.:1295d(c)(2)(A), 

(4). 

51704(c) ............... 46 App.:1295d(c)(2)(B), 

(3). 

In subsection (c)(5), the words ‘‘or titled under the law of a State’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘documented under the laws of . . . any State’’ 

for consistency with the terminology in 46 U.S.C. 2101(46) (which 

is being moved to chapter 1 of the revised title) and 46 U.S.C. ch. 

125. 

CHAPTER 519—MERCHANT MARINE AWARDS 

Sec. 

51901. Awards for individual acts or service. 

51902. Gallant Ship Award. 

51903. Multiple awards. 

51904. Presentation to representatives. 

51905. Flags and grave markers. 

51906. Special certificates for civilian service to armed forces. 

51907. Manufacture and sale of awards and replacements. 

51908. Prohibition against unauthorized manufacture, sale, possession, or display 

of awards. 

SECTION 51901 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51901(a) ............... 46 App.:2001. Pub. L. 100–324, §§ 2, 3, 5(d), May 30, 1988, 

102 Stat. 576, 577. 

46 App.:2004(d). 

100 

SECTION 51901—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51901(b) ............... 46 App.:2002. 

SECTION 51902 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51902 ................... 46 App.:2003. Pub. L. 100–324, § 4, May 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 

576. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘a vessel (including a foreign vessel)’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘a United States vessel or to a foreign-flag vessel’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 51903 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51903 ................... 46 App.:2004(a). Pub. L. 100–324, § 5(a), May 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 

576. 

SECTION 51904 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51904 ................... 46 App.:2004(b). Pub. L. 100–324, § 5(b), May 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 

577. 

SECTION 51905 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51905 ................... 46 App.:2005. Pub. L. 100–324, § 6, May 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 

577. 

SECTION 51906 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51906 ................... 46 App.:2006. Pub. L. 100–324, § 7, May 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 

577. 

SECTION 51907 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51907 ................... 46 App.:2004(c). Pub. L. 100–324, § 5(c), May 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 

577. 

The Secretary’s authority to provide decorations and medals at 

cost, or to authorize the sale of decorations and medals at reasonable prices, is restated to apply only to replacement awards because Congress probably did not intend that recipients being honored would pay for their decorations and medals. 

101 

SECTION 51908 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

51908 ................... 46 App.:2007. Pub. L. 100–324, § 8, May 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 

577. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘not more than’’ are added for clarity 

and for consistency in the revised title. 

CHAPTER 521—MISCELLANEOUS 

Sec. 

52101. Reemployment rights for certain merchant seamen. 

SECTION 52101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

52101 ................... 46 App.:1132. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title III, § 302, as added 

Pub. L. 104–239, § 10(a), Oct. 8, 1996, 110 

Stat. 3133. 

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words ‘‘(as applicable)’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘certificate described in section 9(a) 

of the Military Selective Service Act (50 App. U.S.C. 459(a))’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘certificate referred to in paragraph (1) of section 

4301(a) of title 38’’ because section 4301 of title 38 was amended 

generally by section 2(a) of Public Law 103–353, and before the 

amendment section 4301(a)(1) referred to a certificate described in 

section 9(a) of the Military Selective Service Act (50 App. U.S.C. 

459(a)). 

PART C—FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

CHAPTER 531—MARITIME SECURITY FLEET 

This chapter was enacted by Public Law 108–136, title XXXV, 

§ 3531(a), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1803. 

CHAPTER 533—CONSTRUCTION RESERVE FUNDS 

Sec. 

53301. Definitions. 

53302. Authority for construction reserve funds. 

53303. Persons eligible to establish funds. 

53304. Vessel ownership. 

53305. Eligible fund deposits. 

53306. Recognition of gain for tax purposes. 

53307. Basis for determining gain or loss and for depreciating new vessels. 

53308. Order and proportions of deposits and withdrawals. 

53309. Accumulation of deposits. 

53310. Obligation of deposits and period for construction of certain vessels. 

53311. Taxation of deposits on failure of conditions. 

53312. Assessment and collection of deficiency tax. 

102 

SECTION 53301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53301(a)(1) ........... 46 App.:1161(n). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(n), as 

added Dec. 23, 1944, ch. 714, § 2, 58 Stat. 

920; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(92)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 161. 

53301(a)(2)(A) ...... 46 App.:1161(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(a), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1106; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(92)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 161. 

53301(a)(2)(B) ...... 46 App.:1161(o). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(o), as 

added July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 14, 66 Stat. 

764; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(92)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 161. 

53301(b) ............... 46 App.:1161(m). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(m), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1108. 

In subsection (a)(2)(A)(i), the words ‘‘constructed with a construction-differential subsidy under title V of the Merchant Marine Act, 

1936, or constructed with financing or a financing guarantee under 

chapter 537 or 575 of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘the construction of which has been financed under subchapters V or VII of this 

chapter, or the construction of which has been aided by a mortgage 

insured under subchapter XI of this chapter’’ because of the reorganization of the material and the omission from the revised title of 

the provisions relating to the construction-differential subsidy program. 

Subsection (a)(2)(B) is substituted for the source provision to 

state more directly that a vessel described in the source provision 

is a new vessel for purposes of this chapter. 

SECTION 53302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53302(a) ............... 46 App.:1161(b) (1st sentence words before 6th 

comma and between 

10th and 16th commas). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(b) (1st sentence words before 6th comma and between 

10th and 16th commas, last sentence), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1106; 

June 17, 1943, ch. 130, subdiv. (a), 57 Stat. 

157; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 9, 66 Stat. 762; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(92)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 161. 

53302(b) ............... 46 App.:1161(b) (last 

sentence). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘necessary to carrying out the policy 

set forth in section 1101 of this Appendix’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 53303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53303 ................... 46 App.:1161(b) (1st sentence words between 

6th and 10th commas). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(b) (1st sentence words between 6th and 10th commas), 

as added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 

1106; June 17, 1943, ch. 130, subdiv. (a), 57 

Stat. 157; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 9, 66 Stat. 

762. 

103 

SECTION 53304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53304 ................... 46 App.:1161(l). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(l), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1108. 

SECTION 53305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53305 ................... 46 App.:1161(b) (1st sentence words after 16th 

comma). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(b) (1st sentence words after 16th comma), as added Oct. 

10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1106; June 17, 

1943, ch. 130, subdiv. (a), 57 Stat. 157; July 

17, 1952, ch. 939, § 9, 66 Stat. 762. 

In clause (3), the words ‘‘documented vessel’’ are substituted for 

‘‘vessels documented under the laws of the United States’’ because 

of the definition of ‘‘documented vessel’’ in chapter 1 of the revised 

title. 

In clause (4), the words ‘‘interest or other amounts accrued on 

deposits in the fund’’ are substituted for ‘‘receipts, in the form of 

interest or otherwise, with respect to amounts previously deposited’’ for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 53306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53306 ................... 46 App.:1161(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(c), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1106; 

June 17, 1943, ch. 130, subdiv. (b), 57 Stat. 

157; Dec. 23, 1944, ch. 714, § 1, 58 Stat. 920; 

July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 10, 66 Stat. 762. 

In subsection (c)(2), the words ‘‘in any taxable year beginning 

after December 31, 1939’’ are omitted as obsolete. The words ‘‘prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury’’ are substituted for ‘‘prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue with the approval 

of the Secretary of the Treasury’’ for consistency in the revised title 

and with other titles of the United States Code. See 26 U.S.C. 

7805. 

SECTION 53307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53307 ................... 46 App.:1161(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(d), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1106; 

July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 11, 66 Stat. 763. 

SECTION 53308 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53308 ................... 46 App.:1161(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(e), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1107. 

104 

SECTION 53309 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53309 ................... 46 App.:1161(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(f), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1107. 

The words ‘‘are deemed to have been retained for the reasonable 

needs of the business within the meaning of section 537(a) of the 

Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 537(a))’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘shall not constitute an accumulation of earnings or profits 

within the meaning of section 102 of the Internal Revenue Code’’ 

because section 102 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 has been 

superseded by part 1 of subchapter G of chapter 1 of the Internal 

Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 531 et seq.). See also 46 C.F.R. 

§ 287.16 (2003). 

SECTION 53310 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53310(a) ............... 46 App.:1161(g) (less 

(1)(B)). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(g), (h), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1107; 

June 17, 1943, ch. 130, subdivs. (c), (d), 57 

Stat. 158; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 12, 13(a), 

66 Stat. 763; Pub. L. 86–237, § 1, Sept. 8, 

1959, 73 Stat. 471; Pub. L. 87–303, § 3, Sept. 

26, 1961, 75 Stat. 661; Pub. L. 87–782, § 1, 

Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 88–227, 

§ 1, Dec. 23, 1963, 77 Stat. 470; Pub. L. 88– 

595, § 1, Sept. 12, 1964, 78 Stat. 943; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(92), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 161. 

53310(b) ............... 46 App.:1161(g)(1)(B). 

53310(c) ............... 46 App.:1161(h). 

In this section, the language about joint regulations in 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1161(g) and (h) is omitted as unnecessary because of section 

53302(b) of the revised title. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘(i) two years from the date of deposit or the date of any extension thereof which may be granted by 

the Secretary of Transportation pursuant to the provisions of subsection (h) of this section, in the case of deposits made prior to the 

date on which these amendatory provisions become effective, or’’ in 

46 App. U.S.C. 1161(g)(1) and (2) are omitted as obsolete. In clause 

(1)(A), the words ‘‘or, with the approval of the Secretary of Transportation, for a part interest in a new vessel or for the reconstruction or reconditioning of a new vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘(or in 

the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation, for a part interest 

therein), or, with the approval of the Secretary of Transportation, 

for the reconstruction or reconditioning of a new vessel or vessels’’ 

to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c), the proviso in 46 App. U.S.C. 1161(h) is omitted 

as obsolete. 

105 

SECTION 53311 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53311 ................... 46 App.:1161(i). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(i), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1107; 

July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 13(b), 66 Stat. 764; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(92)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 161. 

The last sentence of 46 App. U.S.C. 1161(i) is omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 53312 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53312 ................... 46 App.:1161(j). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 511(j), as 

added Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 849, 54 Stat. 1108. 

CHAPTER 535—CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION FUNDS 

Sec. 

53501. Definitions. 

53502. Regulations. 

53503. Establishing a capital construction fund. 

53504. Deposits and withdrawals. 

53505. Ceiling on deposits. 

53506. Investment and fiduciary requirements. 

53507. Nontaxation of deposits. 

53508. Separate accounts within a fund. 

53509. Qualified withdrawals. 

53510. Tax treatment of qualified withdrawals and basis of property. 

53511. Tax treatment of nonqualified withdrawals. 

53512. FIFO and LIFO withdrawals. 

53513. Corporate reorganizations and partnership changes. 

53514. Relationship of old fund to new fund. 

53515. Records and reports. 

53516. Termination of agreement after change in regulations. 

53517. Reports. 

SECTION 53501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53501(1) ............... 46 App.:1177(b)(3), (k)(3). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(b)(3), 

(k)(1)–(3), (5)–(9), 49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 

1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 

1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 

1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 

85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 

86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. 

L. 87–45, § 6, May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. 

L. 87–271, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 

84 Stat. 1027, 1031, 1032; Pub. L. 93–116, 

Oct. 1, 1973, 87 Stat. 421; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(97), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 162. 

53501(2) ............... 46 App.:1177(k)(1). 

46 App.:1177–1. Pub. L. 94–455, title VIII, § 807, Oct. 4, 1976, 

90 Stat. 1606. 

53501(3) ............... 46 App.:1177(k)(6). 

53501(4) ............... 46 App.:1177(k)(8). 

53501(5) ............... 46 App.:1177(k)(1) (last 

sentence), (2). 

46 App.:1177–1. 

53501(6) ............... 46 App.:1177(k)(9). 

53501(7) ............... 46 App.:1177(k)(5). 

106 

SECTION 53501—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53501(8) ............... 46 App.:1177(k)(7). 

The codification of the laws in this chapter is not intended to 

alter the existing jurisdictional relationship of the Secretaries who 

administer those laws. 

In clause (2)(A)(iii), the word ‘‘trade’’ is substituted for ‘‘commerce’’ for consistency in the chapter. 

SECTION 53502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53502 ................... 46 App.:1177(l) (2d sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(l) (2d sentence), 49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, 

§§ 23–28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, 

§ 10, 53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, 

§§ 17–19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 

14, 1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, 

June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, 

§ 6, May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87– 

271, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1032; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 162. 

Subsection (a) is added for clarity because various provisions of 

the source language for this chapter imply that the Secretary is to 

prescribe regulations individually (except for regulations affecting 

a determination of tax liability). See, e.g., 46 App. U.S.C. 1177(a) 

(last sentence), (f)(1) (last sentence), and (l) (last sentence). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘not inconsistent with the foregoing 

provisions of this section, as may be necessary or appropriate’’ are 

omitted as surplus. 

SECTION 53503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53503(a) ............... 46 App.:1177(a) (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(a) (1st 

sentence), (2d sentence related to purpose), 

49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23– 

28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 

53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17– 

19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 

1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 

12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, 

May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, 

Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 

91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1026; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 162. 

53503(b) ............... 46 App.:1177(a) (2d sentence related to purpose). 

107 

SECTION 53504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53504(a) ............... 46 App.:1177(a) (2d sentence related to deposits). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(a) (2d 

sentence related to deposits), (last sentence), 

49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23– 

28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 

53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17– 

19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 

1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 

12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, 

May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, 

Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 

91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1026; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 162. 

53504(b) ............... 46 App.:1177(a) (last 

sentence). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘agreed to be appropriate’’ are substituted for ‘‘agreed upon as necessary or appropriate’’ to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

SECTION 53505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53505 ................... 46 App.:1177(b)(1), (2). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(b)(1), (2), 

49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23– 

28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 

53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17– 

19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 

1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 

12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, 

May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, 

Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 

91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1027. 

In subsection (a)(1), the word ‘‘trade’’ is substituted for ‘‘commerce’’ for consistency in the chapter. 

SECTION 53506 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53506 ................... 46 App.:1177(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(c), 49 

Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 

52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 

Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 

66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 

72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, May 

27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, Sept. 

21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91– 

469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1027; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

162. 

In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words ‘‘prudent investor’’ are substituted for ‘‘prudent men of discretion and intelligence in such 

matters’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

108 

SECTION 53507 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53507 ................... 46 App.:1177(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(d), 49 

Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 

52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 

Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 

66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 

72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, May 

27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, Sept. 

21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91– 

469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1028; Pub. 

L. 99–514, title II, § 261(e)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 

1986, 100 Stat. 2215. 

SECTION 53508 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53508 ................... 46 App.:1177(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(e), 49 

Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 

52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 

Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 

66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 

72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, May 

27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, Sept. 

21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91– 

469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1028; Pub. 

L. 99–514, title II, § 261(e)(3), (4), Oct. 22, 

1986, 100 Stat. 2215. 

SECTION 53509 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53509 ................... 46 App.:1177(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(f), 49 

Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 

52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 

Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 

66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 

72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, May 

27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, Sept. 

21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91– 

469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1029; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

162. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘any amount in the fund’’ are substituted for ‘‘the entire fund or any portion thereof’’ to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

109 

SECTION 53510 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53510 ................... 46 App.:1177(g). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(g); 49 

Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 

52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 

Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 

66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 

72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, May 

27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, Sept. 

21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91– 

469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1029; Pub. 

L. 99–514, title II, § 261(e)(5), Oct. 22, 1986, 

100 Stat. 2215. 

SECTION 53511 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53511 ................... 46 App.:1177(h) (less (2) 

(last sentence)). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(h) (less 

(2) (last sentence)), 49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 

1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 

1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 

1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 

85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 

86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. 

L. 87–45, § 6, May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. 

L. 87–271, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 

84 Stat. 1030; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 162; Pub. L. 99–514, 

title II, § 261(e)(6), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 

2215; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1002(m)(2), 

Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3382; Pub. L. 101– 

508, title XI, § 11101(d)(7)(B), Nov. 5, 1990, 

104 Stat. 1388–405; Pub. L. 105–34, title III, 

§ 311(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 835; Pub. 

L. 108–27, title III, § 301(a)(2)(E), May 28, 

2003, 117 Stat. 758. 

In subsection (c)(3)(C), the words ‘‘or in the case of any nonqualified withdrawal arising from the application of the recapture 

provision of section 1176(5) of this Appendix as in effect on December 31, 1969’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘made in a taxable year beginning 

in 1970 or 1971 is 8 percent’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 53512 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53512 ................... 46 App.:1177(h)(2) (last 

sentence). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(h)(2) (last 

sentence), 49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 

600, §§ 23–28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 

417, § 10, 53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 

939, §§ 17–19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, 

Aug. 14, 1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, 

§ 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87– 

45, § 6, May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87– 

271, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1030. 

110 

SECTION 53513 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53513 ................... 46 App.:1177(i). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(i), 49 

Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 

52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 

Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 

66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 

72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, May 

27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, Sept. 

21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91– 

469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1031. 

SECTION 53514 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53514 ................... 46 App.:1177(j). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(j), 49 

Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 23–28, 

52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 10, 53 

Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, §§ 17–19, 

66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, Aug. 14, 1958, 

72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–45, § 6, May 

27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87–271, Sept. 

21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated Pub. L. 91– 

469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1031. 

SECTION 53515 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53515 ................... 46 App.:1177(l) (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(l) (1st 

sentence), 49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 

600, §§ 23–28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 

417, § 10, 53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 

939, §§ 17–19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, 

Aug. 14, 1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, 

§ 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87– 

45, § 6, May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87– 

271, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1032; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 162. 

SECTION 53516 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53516 ................... 46 App.:1177(l) (last sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(l) (last 

sentence), 49 Stat. 2005; June 23, 1938, ch. 

600, §§ 23–28, 52 Stat. 960; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 

417, § 10, 53 Stat. 1185; July 17, 1952, ch. 

939, §§ 17–19, 66 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 85–637, 

Aug. 14, 1958, 72 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–518, 

§ 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87– 

45, § 6, May 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 87– 

271, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 570; restated 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 21(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1032; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(97)(A), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 162. 

111 

SECTION 53517 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53517 ................... 46 App.:1177(m). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VI, § 607(m), as 

added Pub. L. 99–514, § 261(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 

100 Stat. 2214. 

CHAPTER 537—LOANS AND GUARANTEES 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

Sec. 

53701. Definitions. 

53702. General authority. 

53703. Application procedures. 

53704. Funding limits. 

53705. Pledge of United States Government. 

53706. Eligible purposes of obligations. 

53707. Findings related to obligors and operators. 

53708. Findings related to economic soundness. 

53709. Amount of obligations. 

53710. Contents of obligations. 

53711. Security interest. 

53712. Monitoring financial condition and operations of obligor. 

53713. Administrative fees. 

53714. Guarantee fees. 

53715. Escrow fund. 

53716. Deposit fund. 

53717. Management of funds in the Treasury. 

53718. Annual report to Congress. 

SUBCHAPTER II—DEFAULT PROVISIONS 

53721. Rights of obligee. 

53722. Actions by Secretary. 

53723. Payments by Secretary and issuance of obligations. 

53724. Rights to secured property. 

53725. Actions against obligor. 

SUBCHAPTER III—PARTICULAR PROJECTS 

53731. Commercial demonstration ocean thermal energy conversion facilities and 

plantships. 

53732. Eligible export vessels. 

53733. Shipyard modernization and improvement. 

53734. Replacement of vessels because of changes in operating standards. 

53735. Fisheries financing and capacity reduction. 

112 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

SECTION 53701 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53701(1) ............... 46 App.:1271(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1101, as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

969; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 1, 68 Stat. 

1267; Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1026, § 1(a), (b), 70 

Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 86–127, § 1(1), July 31, 

1959, 73 Stat. 272; Pub. L. 86–685, § 1, Sept. 

2, 1960, 74 Stat. 733; Pub. L. 87–303, § 2, 

Sept. 26, 1961, 75 Stat. 661; Pub. L. 91–469, 

§ 29, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; Pub. L. 92– 

507, § 1, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 909; Pub. L. 

96–320, title II, § 202(a), Aug. 3, 1980, 94 

Stat. 992; Pub. L. 96–561, title II, § 220(1), 

Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3291; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(135), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165; Pub. L. 

100–710, title I, § 104(d), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 

Stat. 4750; Pub. L. 102–567, title III, § 304, 

Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4283; Pub. L. 103– 

160, title XIII, § 1356(1), 1357(b), Nov. 30, 

1993, 107 Stat. 1812, 1815; Pub. L. 104–208, 

title I, § 101 [title II, § 211(b)], Sept. 30, 1996, 

110 Stat. 3009–41; Pub. L. 104–239, § 11(1), 

Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 3134; Pub. L. 108–136, 

title XXXV, § 3521(b), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 

Stat. 1799. 

53701(2) ............... 46 App.:1271(h). 

53701(3) ............... 46 App.:1271(g). 

53701(4) ............... 46 App.:1271(o). 

53701(5) ............... 46 App.:1271(j), (k), (m). 

53701(6) ............... 46 App.:1271(l). 

53701(7) ............... 46 App.:1271(a). 

53701(8) ............... 46 App.:1271(c). 

53701(9) ............... 46 App.:1271(e). 

53701(10) ............. 46 App.:1271(d). 

53701(11) ............. 46 App.:1271(i). 

53701(12) ............. 46 App.:1271(n). 

53701(13) ............. 46 App.:1271(b). 

In paragraph (2), the words ‘‘but shall not be limited to’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. 

In paragraph (4)(B), the words ‘‘become or remain’’ are substituted for ‘‘be placed under or continued to be’’ for clarity. 

In paragraph (5)(B)(i), the words ‘‘individual who is a citizen of 

the United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘individual who is a citizen 

or national of the United States or a citizen of the Northern Mariana Islands’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1271(k) because of the definition 

of ‘‘citizen of the United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

Citizens of the Northern Mariana Islands became citizens or noncitizen nationals of the United States (either of which is a ‘‘citizen 

of the United States’’ as defined in chapter 1 of the revised title) 

when the Covenant establishing the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands became effective on November 4, 1986. 

In paragraph (5)(B)(ii), the words ‘‘corporation, partnership, association, or other’’ are omitted as suplus. The words ‘‘the term ‘State’ 

as used therein includes any State, the District of Columbia, the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands of the United States, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, 

or any other Commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United 

113 

States’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1271(k) are omitted as unnecessary because of the definitions of ‘‘State’’ and ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 

1 of the revised title. The definition of ‘‘United States’’ in 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1271(m) is omitted as unnecessary because of the definition 

of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1. The words ‘‘and nationals of the 

United States or citizens of the Northern Mariana Islands shall be 

treated as citizens of the United States in meeting such ownership 

requirement’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition 

of ‘‘citizen of the United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In paragraph (8), before clause (A), the words ‘‘instrument of indebtedness’’ are substituted for ‘‘note, bond, debenture, or other evidence of indebtedness’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause 

(B), the reference to section 53717 is substituted for the reference 

to 46 App. U.S.C. 1272 because the accounts under section 53717 

replace the Federal Ship Financing Fund. See the explanation for 

section 53717. 

SECTION 53702 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53702(a) ............... 46 App.:1273(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(a), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

969; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 1, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 3, 68 Stat. 1268; 

June 25, 1956, ch. 438, 70 Stat. 332; Aug. 7, 

1956, ch. 1026, § 1(a), (c), (d), 70 Stat. 1087; 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 30, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 

1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 99–509, 

title V, § 5002, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1912; 

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XIII, § 1356(5), 

Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1814. 

53702(b) ............... 46 App.:1279g. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1112, as 

added Pub. L. 104–297, title III, § 303(a), Oct. 

11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3616. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘on terms the Secretary may prescribe’’ are added based on language in 46 App. U.S.C. 1274(a) (before cl. (1)). The words ‘‘the unpaid balance of’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 53703 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53703(a) ............... 46 App.:1274(n). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(l), (n), 

as added Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, 

§§ 3523(b), 3525, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 

1800, 1801. 

53703(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(l). 

114 

SECTION 53704 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53704(a) ............... 46 App.:1273(f) (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(f), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

969; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 1, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 3, 68 Stat. 1268; 

June 25, 1956, ch. 438, 70 Stat. 332; Aug. 7, 

1956, ch. 1026, § 1(a), (c), (d), 70 Stat. 1087; 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 30, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 

1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 93–70, § 3, July 

10, 1973, 87 Stat. 168; Pub. L. 94–127, § 5, 

Nov. 13, 1975, 89 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 95–298, 

§ 5, June 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 340; Pub. L. 96– 

320, title II, § 203(b)(1), Aug. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 

994; Pub. L. 96–561, title II, § 220(2), Dec. 22, 

1980, 94 Stat. 3292; Pub. L. 97–35, title XVI, 

§ 1606(a), (b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 752; 

Pub. L. 97–424, title IV, § 425, Jan. 6, 1983, 

96 Stat. 2167; Pub. L. 103–160, title XIII, 

§ 1356(2)(A), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1812; 

Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3528(b), Nov. 

24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1802. 

53704(b) ............... 46 App.:1273(f) (2d, last 

sentences). 

53704(c) ............... 46 App.:1273(h). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(h), as 

added Pub. L. 104–239, § 13(a), Oct. 8, 1996, 

110 Stat. 3134; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, 

§ 3528(b), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1802. 

SECTION 53705 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53705(a) ............... 46 App.:1273(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(d), (e) 

(1st sentence), as added June 23, 1938, ch. 

600, § 46, 52 Stat. 969; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, 

§ 1, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 3, 

68 Stat. 1268; June 25, 1956, ch. 438, 70 

Stat. 332; Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1026, § 1(a), (c), 

(d), 70 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 91–469, § 30, Oct. 

21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92– 

507, § 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; 

Pub. L. 98–595, § 1(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 

3130. 

53705(b) ............... 46 App.:1273(e) (1st sentence). 

115 

SECTION 53706 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53706(a) ............... 46 App.:1274(a) (less last 

sentence). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(a) 

[§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added June 23, 

1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 1939, 

ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; Sept. 28, 1950, 

ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 

513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, 

§ 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 86–123, §§ 1(3), 2, 

July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 271; Pub. L. 86– 

127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 273; 

Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 

216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 

Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, June 15, 1968, 82 

Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, 

§ 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 96– 

320, title II, § 202(b), Aug. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 

992; Pub. L. 96–561, title II, § 220(3)(A), Dec. 

22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3292; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 

98–595, § 1(2)–(5), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 

3130; § 1104 renumbered as § 1104A, Pub. L. 

101–380, title IV, § 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 

104 Stat. 521; Pub. L. 103–160, title XIII, 

§ 1356(3)(A), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1813; 

Pub. L. 104–208, title I, § 101 [title II, 

§ 211(b)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–41; 

Pub. L. 104–297, title III, § 302(a)(1)–(4), Oct. 

11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3615. 

53706(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(a) (last 

sentence). 

53706(c) ............... 46 App.:1273(i), (j). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(i), (j), as 

added Pub. L. 108–136, title X, § 1014(a), title 

XXXV, § 3544, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1591, 

1822. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘To be eligible for 

a guarantee under this chapter, an obligation must aid in any of 

the following’’ are substituted for ‘‘Pursuant to the authority granted under section 1273(a) of this Appendix, the Secretary, upon such 

terms as he shall prescribe, may guarantee or make a commitment 

to guarantee, payment of the principal of and interest on an obligation which aids in’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘citizens of the United States’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘citizens or nationals of the United States or citizens of the Northern Mariana Islands’’ because of the definition of 

‘‘citizen of the United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. Citizens of the Northern Mariana Islands became citizens or non-citizen nationals of the United States (either of which is a ‘‘citizen of 

the United States’’ as defined in chapter 1 of the revised title) 

when the Covenant establishing the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands became effective November 4, 1986. 

116 

SECTION 53707 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53707(a) ............... 46 App.:1274(b)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(b)(1) 

[§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added June 23, 

1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 1939, 

ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; Sept. 28, 1950, 

ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 

513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, 

§ 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 86–123, §§ 1(3), 2, 

July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 271; Pub. L. 86– 

127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 273; 

Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 

216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 

Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, June 15, 1968, 82 

Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, 

§ 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 911; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; 

§ 1104 renumbered as § 1104A, Pub. L. 101– 

380, title IV, § 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 104 

Stat. 521. 

53707(b) ............... 46 App.:1273a(a). Pub. L. 105–258, title IV, § 401, Oct. 14, 1998, 

112 Stat. 1916. 

53707(c) ............... 46 App.:1273a(b). 

53707(d) ............... 46 App.:1274(d)(4). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(d)(4), 

as added Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3522, 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1800. 

SECTION 53708 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53708(a) ............... 46 App.:1274(d)(1)(A). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(d)(1), 

(2) [§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added June 

23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 

1939, ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; Sept. 28, 

1950, ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; Aug. 15, 

1953, ch. 513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, 

ch. 1265, § 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 86–123, 

§§ 1(3), 2, July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 271; 

Pub. L. 86–127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 73 

Stat. 273; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 

74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 

1960, 74 Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, June 15, 

1968, 82 Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, 

Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 

92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. 

L. 96–561, title II, § 220(3)(C), Dec. 22, 1980, 

94 Stat. 3293; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 

6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 97–35, title 

XVI, § 1606(c), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 752; 

Pub. L. 98–595, § 1(6), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 

3130; § 1104 renumbered as § 1104A, Pub. L. 

101–380, title IV, § 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 

104 Stat. 521. 

53708(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(d)(1)(B). 

53708(c) ............... 46 App.:1274(d)(2). 

53708(d) ............... 46 App.:1274(f)(2). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(f)(2), 

(3), as added Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, 

§ 3526(2)(C), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1801. 

53708(e) ............... 46 App.:1274(f)(3). 

117 

SECTION 53709 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53709(a) ............... 46 App.:1273(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(c), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

969; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 1, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 3, 68 Stat. 1268; 

June 25, 1956, ch. 438, 70 Stat. 332; Aug. 7, 

1956, ch. 1026, § 1(a), (c), (d), 70 Stat. 1087; 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 30, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 

1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

53709(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(b)(2). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(b)(2), 

(last 2 sentences), (c)(1) (last sentence) 

[§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added June 23, 

1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 1939, 

ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; Sept. 28, 1950, 

ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 

513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, 

§ 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 86–123, §§ 1(3), 2, 

July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 271; Pub. L. 86– 

127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 273; 

Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 

216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 

Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, June 15, 1968, 82 

Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, 

§ 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 95– 

257, Apr. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 194; Pub. L. 96– 

320, title II, § 202(c), Aug. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 

992; Pub. L. 96–561, title II, § 220(3)(B), Dec. 

22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3293; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 

99–509, title V, § 5003, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 

Stat. 1912; § 1104 renumbered as § 1104A, 

Pub. L. 101–380, title IV, § 4115(f)(1), Aug. 

18, 1990, 104 Stat. 521; Pub. L. 103–160, div. 

A, title XIII, § 1356(3)(B), (C), Nov. 30, 1993, 

107 Stat. 1813; Pub. L. 104–297, title III, 

§ 302(a)(5), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3615. 

53709(c) ............... 46 App.:1274(c)(1) (last 

sentence). 

53709(d) ............... 46 App.:1274(i). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(i), as 

added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XIII, 

§ 1356(3)(E), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1814. 

53709(e) ............... 46 App.:1274(b) (last 2 

sentences). 

Subsections (a) and (d) are substituted for the source provisions 

for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

118 

SECTION 53710 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53710(a)(1) ........... 46 App.:1274(b)(4). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(b)(3)– 

(7), (h) [§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added 

June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; 

Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; 

Sept. 28, 1950, ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; 

Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 

3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 

86–123, §§ 1(3), 2, July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 

271; Pub. L. 86–127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 

73 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, 

Sept. 2, 1960, 74 Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, 

June 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, 

§§ 31, 32, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 

Stat. 911, 914; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 

6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 98–595, § 1(7), 

Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3131; § 1104 renumbered as § 1104A, Pub. L. 101–380, title IV, 

§ 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 104 Stat. 521; 

Pub. L. 103–160, title XIII, § 1356(3)(C), Nov. 

30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1813. 

53710(a)(2) ........... 46 App.:1274(b)(5). 

53710(a)(3) ........... 46 App.:1274(b)(3). 

53710(a)(4) ........... 46 App.:1274(b)(6). 

53710(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(b)(7). 

53710(c) ............... 46 App.:1274(h). 

During review of this bill, the American Bureau of Shipping, 

through counsel, explained that it disagrees with an existing interpretation by the Maritime Administration of language restated in 

subsection (a)(4)(A) of this section, and requested the Committee to 

clarify that this codification should not be construed as a ratification of that regulatory interpretation. The Committee therefore 

states that this codification should not be construed as an expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning any such administrative 

interpretation. 

In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘subject to the provisions of paragraph (2) of subsection (c) of this section’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (a)(4)(B), the words ‘‘well equipped, in good repair, 

and in every respect seaworthy and fit for service’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘tight, stanch, strong, and well and sufficiently tackled, appareled, furnished, and equipped, and in every respect seaworthy and 

in good running condition and repair, and in all respects fit for 

service’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b)(1), the reference to section 503 of the Merchant 

Marine Act, 1936, is substituted for the reference to ‘‘subchapter V 

of this chapter’’ because the relevant characteristics referred to in 

the text are contained in that section and because that section is 

part of the construction-differential subsidy program, which is not 

being restated. 

119 

SECTION 53711 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53711(a) ............... 46 App.:1273(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(b), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

969; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 1, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 3, 68 Stat. 1268; 

June 25, 1956, ch. 438, 70 Stat. 332; Aug. 7, 

1956, ch. 1026, § 1(a), (c), (d), 70 Stat. 1087; 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 30, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 

1972, 86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

53711(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(c)(1) (1st 

sentence), (2). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(c)(1) 

(1st sentence), (2) [§ 1104A formerly § 1104], 

as added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 

Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 

1187; Sept. 28, 1950, ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 

1078; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 4, 68 Stat. 1269; 

Pub. L. 86–123, §§ 1(3), 2, July 31, 1959, 73 

Stat. 269, 271; Pub. L. 86–127, § 1(3), (4), 

July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 86–518, 

§ 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86– 

685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 Stat. 733; Pub. 

L. 90–341, June 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 180; Pub. 

L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 

1972, 86 Stat. 912; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; § 1104 renumbered 

as § 1104A, Pub. L. 101–380, title IV, 

§ 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 104 Stat. 521. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘a security interest the Secretary 

considers necessary’’ are substituted for ‘‘such security interest, 

which may include a mortgage or mortgages on a vessel or vessels, 

as the Secretary may reasonably require’’ to eliminate unnecessary 

words. 

SECTION 53712 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53712(a) ............... 46 App.:1274(k). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(k), (m), 

as added Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3523, 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1800. 

53712(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(m). 

120 

SECTION 53713 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53713(a) ............... 46 App.:1274(f)(1) (words 

before proviso). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(f)(1), 

(4) [§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added June 

23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 

1939, ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; Sept. 28, 

1950, ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; Aug. 15, 

1953, ch. 513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, 

ch. 1265, § 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 86–123, 

§§ 1(3), 2, July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 271; 

Pub. L. 86–127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 73 

Stat. 273; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 

74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 

1960, 74 Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, June 15, 

1968, 82 Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, 

Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 

92–507, § 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 913; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

166; § 1104 renumbered as § 1104A, Pub. L. 

101–380, title IV, § 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 

104 Stat. 521; Pub. L. 107–314, title XXXV, 

§ 3503(2), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2754; Pub. 

L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3526(2), Nov. 24, 

2003, 117 Stat. 1801. 

53713(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(f)(1) (proviso). 

53713(c) ............... 46 App.:1274(f)(4). 

SECTION 53714 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53714(a) ............... 46 App.:1274(e)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(e) 

[§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added June 23, 

1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 1939, 

ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; Sept. 28, 1950, 

ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 

513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, 

§ 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 86–123, §§ 1(3), 2, 

July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 271; Pub. L. 86– 

127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 273; 

Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 

216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 

Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, June 15, 1968, 82 

Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, 

§ 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 913; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. 

L. 98–595, § 1(12), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 

3131; § 1104 renumbered as § 1104A, Pub. L. 

101–380, title IV, § 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 

104 Stat. 521; Pub. L. 104–239, § 13(c), Oct. 8, 

1996, 110 Stat. 3136. 

53714(b) ............... 46 App.:1274(e)(2). 

53714(c) ............... 46 App.:1274(e)(3). 

53714(d) ............... 46 App.:1274(e)(5). 

53714(e) ............... 46 App.:1274(e)(4). 

121 

SECTION 53715 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53715(a) ............... 46 App.:1279a(a) (less 

proviso). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1108, formerly 

§ 1111, as added Pub. L. 86–127, § 1(2), July 

31, 1959, 73 Stat. 272; renumbered Pub. L. 

92–507, § 5, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 916; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

166; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3521(a), 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1799. 

53715(b) ............... 46 App.:1279a(a) (proviso). 

53715(c) ............... 46 App.:1279a(b). 

53715(d) ............... 46 App.:1279a(g). 

53715(e) ............... 46 App.:1279a(c). 

53715(f) ................ 46 App.:1279a(d), (e). 

53715(g) ............... 46 App.:1279a(f). 

SECTION 53716 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53716 ................... 46 App.:1279b. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1109, as 

added Pub. L. 107–107, title XXXV, § 3503, 

Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1392. 

In subsection (a), the word ‘‘established’’ is omitted for consistency with other codified titles of the United States Code. 

SECTION 53717 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53717 ................... 46 App.:1272. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1102, as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

969; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 2, 68 Stat. 

1268; Pub. L. 86–123, § 1(2), July 31, 1959, 73 

Stat. 269; Pub. L. 92–507, § 2, Oct. 19, 1972, 

86 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

46 App.:1274(g). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(g) 

[§ 1104A formerly § 1104], as added June 23, 

1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 970; Aug. 4, 1939, 

ch. 417, § 14, 53 Stat. 1187; Sept. 28, 1950, 

ch. 1093, § 4, 64 Stat. 1078; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 

513, § 2, 67 Stat. 626; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, 

§ 4, 68 Stat. 1269; Pub. L. 86–123, §§ 1(3), 2, 

July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 269, 271; Pub. L. 86– 

127, § 1(3), (4), July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 273; 

Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 

216; Pub. L. 86–685, §§ 2, 3, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 

Stat. 733; Pub. L. 90–341, June 15, 1968, 82 

Stat. 180; Pub. L. 91–469, §§ 31, 32, Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, 

§ 3, Oct. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 96– 

561, title II, § 220(3)(D), Dec. 22, 1980, 94 

Stat. 3294; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 97–35, title XVI, 

§ 1606(d), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 752; § 1104 

renumbered as § 1104A, Pub. L. 101–380, 

title IV, § 4115(f)(1), Aug. 18, 1990, 104 Stat. 

521. 

46 App.:1280. Pub. L. 85–469, title I, § 101 (par. under heading ‘‘Federal Ship Mortgage Insurance 

Fund’’), June 25, 1958, 72 Stat. 231; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(137), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

122 

The Federal Ship Financing Fund which had been created by 46 

App. U.S.C. 1272 is obsolete as a result of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 661 et seq.). This section codifies the 

current requirements and practices for the management of funds 

under this chapter, based on the requirements of that Act. 

SECTION 53718 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53718 ................... 46 App.:1280b. Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3527, Nov. 24, 

2003, 117 Stat. 1802. 

SUBCHAPTER II—DEFAULT PROVISIONS 

SECTION 53721 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53721(a) ............... 46 App.:1275(a) (1st sentence less parenthetical). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1105(a), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

971; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 3, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 5, 68 Stat. 1272; 

Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1026, § 1(e)–(g), 70 Stat. 

1087; Pub. L. 85–520, July 15, 1958, 72 Stat. 

358; Pub. L. 91–469, § 33, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 

19, 1972, 86 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 

98–595, § 1(8), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3131. 

53721(b)(1) ........... 46 App.:1275(a) (last 

sentence less proviso). 

53721(b)(2) ........... 46 App.:1275(a) (last 

sentence proviso). 

53721(c) ............... 46 App.:1273(e) (last sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(e) (last 

sentence), as added Pub. L. 98–595, § 1(1), 

Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3130. 

46 App.:1275(a) (1st sentence parenthetical). 

SECTION 53722 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53722(a), (b) ........ 46 App.:1275(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1105(b), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

971; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 3, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 5, 68 Stat. 1272; 

Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1026, § 1(e)–(g), 70 Stat. 

1087; Pub. L. 85–520, July 15, 1958, 72 Stat. 

358; Pub. L. 91–469, § 33, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 

19, 1972, 86 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 

98–595, § 1(9), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3131. 

53722(c) ............... 46 App.:1273(e) (last sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(e) (last 

sentence), as added Pub. L. 98–595, § 1(1), 

Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3130. 

53722(d) ............... 46 App.:1275(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1105(f), as 

added Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3524, 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1801. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘an obligation or 

related agreement’’ are substituted for ‘‘a mortgage, loan agreeVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00122 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
123 

ment, or other security agreement’’ for consistency in the revised 

chapter. 

SECTION 53723 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53723 ................... 46 App.:1275(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1105(d), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

972; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 3, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 5, 68 Stat. 1272; 

Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1026, § 1(e)–(g), 70 Stat. 

1087; Pub. L. 85–520, July 15, 1958, 72 Stat. 

358; Pub. L. 91–469, § 33, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 

19, 1972, 86 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 96–561, title 

II, § 220(4), Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3294; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

166; Pub. L. 97–35, title XVI, § 1606(e), Aug. 

13, 1981, 95 Stat. 752. 

In subsections (b) and (d), the words ‘‘appropriate account under 

section 53717 of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘Federal Ship Financing Fund’’ because the accounts under section 53717 replace 

the Federal Ship Financing Fund. See the explanation for section 

53717. 

SECTION 53724 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53724 ................... 46 App.:1275(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1105(c), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

971; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 3, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 5, 68 Stat. 1272; 

Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1026, § 1(e)–(g), 70 Stat. 

1087; Pub. L. 85–520, July 15, 1958, 72 Stat. 

358; Pub. L. 91–469, § 33, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 

19, 1972, 86 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 

98–595, § 1(10), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3131. 

SECTION 53725 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53725 ................... 46 App.:1275(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1105(e), as 

added June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 46, 52 Stat. 

971; Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 513, § 3, 67 Stat. 626; 

Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1265, § 5, 68 Stat. 1272; 

Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1026, § 1(e)–(g), 70 Stat. 

1087; Pub. L. 85–520, July 15, 1958, 72 Stat. 

358; Pub. L. 91–469, § 33, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1035; restated Pub. L. 92–507, § 3, Oct. 

19, 1972, 86 Stat. 915; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 

98–595, § 1(11), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3131. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘may take any action’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall take such action . . . that, in his discretion, may 

be required’’ for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

124 

SUBCHAPTER III—PARTICULAR PROJECTS 

SECTION 53731 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53731(a) ............... 46 App.:1279c(a) (1st 

sentence), (1), (4). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1110, as 

added Pub. L. 96–320, title II, § 203(a), Aug. 

3, 1980, 94 Stat. 992; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(136), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 166; Pub. L. 

97–35, title XVI, § 1606(f), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 

Stat. 752; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 

100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 104–239, § 11(3), Oct. 

8, 1996, 110 Stat. 3134. 

53731(b) ............... 46 App.:1279c(a) (2d sentence words before (1)). 

53731(c) ............... 46 App.:1279c(a)(2). 

53731(d) ............... 46 App.:1279c(b). 

53731(e) ............... 46 App.:1279c(a)(3). 

53731(f) ................ 46 App.:1279c(c). 

53731(g) ............... 46 App.:1279c(d). 

53731(h) ............... 46 App.:1279c(e). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘upon such terms as he shall prescribe’’ are omitted as unnecessary because section 53702(a) of the 

revised title provides the Secretary authority to prescribe the 

terms. The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1279c(a)(1) is omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (f)(1), the words ‘‘account established under section 

53717(b)(1) of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘Federal Ship Financing Fund’’ because the accounts under section 53717 replace the 

Federal Ship Financing Fund. See the explanation for section 

53717. 

In subsection (f)(2)(B), the word ‘‘conversion’’ is substituted for 

‘‘conversional’’ to correct an apparent error. 

SECTION 53732 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53732(a) ............... 46 App.:1279d(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1111, as 

added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XIII, 

§ 1355(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1811. 

53732(b) ............... 46 App.:1279d(b). 

53732(c)(1) ........... 46 App.:1274(d)(3)(A). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104A(d)(3), 

as added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XIII, 

§ 1356(3)(D), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1813. 

53732(c)(2) ........... 46 App.:1273(g)(1). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1103(g), as 

added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XIII, 

§ 1356(2)(B), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1812. 

53732(d) ............... 46 App.:1274(d)(3)(B). 

53732(e) ............... 46 App.:1274(j). 

53732(f) ................ 46 App.:1273(g)(2). 

In subsection (f), the source provides that the authority to issue 

commitments to guarantee obligations for eligible export vessels expires after the later of three events. The first event, which is ‘‘(A) 

the 5th anniversary of the date on which the Secretary publishes 

final regulations setting forth the application procedures for the 

issuance of commitments to guarantee obligations for eligible export vessels’’, is omitted because the final regulations were published on September 16, 1994. See 59 Fed. Reg. 47548. The second 

event, which is ‘‘(B) the last day of any 5-year period in which 

funding and guarantee authority for obligations for eligible export 

125 

vessels have been continuously available’’, is omitted because that 

date was November 11, 1998, five years after enactment of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1994 (Pub. L. 103–139, 

Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1418). 

SECTION 53733 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53733(a) ............... 46 App.:1279e(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1112, as 

added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XIII, 

§ 1357(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1814. 

53733(b) ............... 46 App.:1279e(a). 

46 App.:1280a. Pub. L. 103–160, title XIII, § 1358, Nov. 30, 

1993, 107 Stat. 1816. 

53733(c) ............... 46 App.:1279e(b) (words 

before ‘‘except’’). 

53733(d) ............... 46 App.:1279e(b) (words 

beginning with ‘‘except’’). 

53733(e) ............... 46 App.:1279e(c). 

In subsection (a)(2)(A)(i), the words ‘‘(as defined in title 1)’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary because chapter 1 of the revised title contains a title-wide definition of ‘‘vessel’’ that incorporates the definition in title 1, United States Code. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘and subject to the terms the Secretary shall be prescribe’’ are omitted as unnecessary because section 53702(a) of the revised title provides the Secretary authority 

to prescribe the terms. The words ‘‘Only a private shipyard is eligible to receive a guarantee’’ are substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 

1280a to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 53734 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53734(a) ............... 46 App.:1274a(a), (b)(3). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1104B, as 

added Pub. L. 101–380, title IV, § 4115(f)(2), 

Aug. 18, 1990, 104 Stat. 521; amended Pub. 

L. 102–587, title VI, § 6204, Nov. 4, 1992, 106 

Stat. 5094; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XIII, 

§ 1356(4), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1814; Pub. 

L. 104–239, § 11(2), Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 

3134. 

53734(b) ............... 46 App.:1274a(b) (less 

(3)). 

53734(c) ............... 46 App.:1274a(d). 

53734(d) ............... 46 App.:1274a(c)(1) (1st 

sentence). 

53734(e) ............... 46 App.:1274a(c)(1) (2d 

sentence), (2). 

In subsection (a), in clause (1), the words ‘‘as defined in section 

1244 of this Appendix’’ are omitted because the definition of ‘‘foreign commerce or trade’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title applies 

without having to say so specifically. Clause (6) is substituted for 

46 App. U.S.C. 1274a(b)(3) to improve the organization of the 

source provisions. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘by rule, regulation, or procedure’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary and for consistency with section 

53709(d) of the revised title. 

126 

In subsections (c) and (e), the language concerning the Vessel Replacement Guarantee Fund and the Federal Ship Financing Fund 

is omitted as obsolete. See the explanation for section 53717. 

SECTION 53735 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53735(a) ............... 46 App.:1279f(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XI, § 1111, as 

added Pub. L. 104–297, title III, § 303, Oct. 

11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3616; Pub. L. 104–208, 

title I, § 101 [title II, § 211(b)], Sept. 30, 1996, 

110 Stat. 3009–41. 

53735(b) ............... 46 App.:1279f(a). 

53735(c) ............... 46 App.:1279f(b). 

53735(d) ............... 46 App.:1279f(c). 

53735(e) ............... 46 App.:1279f(d). 

CHAPTER 539—WAR RISK INSURANCE 

Sec. 

53901. Definitions. 

53902. Authority to provide insurance. 

53903. Insurable interests. 

53904. Liability insurance for persons involved in war or defense efforts. 

53905. Agency insurance. 

53906. Hull insurance valuation. 

53907. Reinsurance. 

53908. Additional insurance privately obtained. 

53909. War risk insurance revolving fund. 

53910. Administrative. 

53911. Civil actions for losses. 

53912. Expiration date. 

SECTION 53901 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53901(1) ............... 46 App.:1281(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, §§ 1201(a), (b), 

as added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 773. 

53901(2) ............... 46 App.:1283(b) (last 

sentence). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1203(b) (last 

sentence), as added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 

Stat. 774; Pub. L. 94–523, § 2, Oct. 17, 1976, 

90 Stat. 2474. 

53901(3) ............... 46 App.:1281(b). 

53901(4) ............... 46 App.:1281(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1201(c), as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 773; restated Pub. L. 107–107, title XXXV, § 3502, 

Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1392. 

In clause (1)(A), the words ‘‘a documented vessel with a registry 

or coastwise endorsement under chapter 121 of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘any vessel registered, enrolled, or licensed under the 

laws of the United States’’ because of 46 U.S.C. 12101(b). 

In clause (1)(B). the words ‘‘or any department or agency thereof’’ 

are omitted as surplus. 

In clause (1)(C), the word ‘‘fisheries’’ is substituted for ‘‘fishing 

trade or industry’’ because of the definition of ‘‘fisheries’’ in chapter 

1 of the revised title. 

127 

SECTION 53902 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53902 ................... 46 App.:1282. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1202, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 773; 

Pub. L. 101–115, § 7(a), Oct. 13, 1989, 103 

Stat. 694. 

SECTION 53903 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53903(a) ............... 46 App.:1283(a) (1st sentence), (b) (1st sentence), (c)–(f). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1203(a) (1st, 

2d sentences), (b) (1st sentence), (c)–(f), as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 773, 

774; Pub. L. 94–523, §§ 1–3, Oct. 17, 1976, 90 

Stat. 2474. 

53903(b) ............... 46 App.:1283(a) (2d sentence). 

53903(c) ............... 46 App.:1284. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1204, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 774. 

In subsections (a)(2) and (b), the words ‘‘foreign vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘foreign-flag vessels’’ because of the definition of ‘‘foreign vessel’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In clause (3), references to the territories and possessions of the 

United States are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition 

of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In clause (5), the words ‘‘individual on a vessel insurable under 

this section’’ are substituted for ‘‘masters, officers, and crews of 

such vessels, and of other persons transported on such vessels’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. 

In clause (6), the words ‘‘individual on a vessel insurable under 

this section’’ are substituted for ‘‘Masters, officers, members of the 

crews of such vessels and other persons employed or transported 

thereon’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 53904 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53904 ................... 46 App.:1286. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1206, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 774; 

Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 929, § 5, 70 Stat. 986. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘a vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘any 

American- or foreign-flag vessel, public or private’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 53905 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53905 ................... 46 App.:1285. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1205, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 774; 

Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, § 1071(a), 

Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2137. 

128 

SECTION 53906 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53906 ................... 46 App.:1289(a)(2). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1209(a)(2), as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 775; 

Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 929, § 1, 70 Stat. 984; Pub. 

L. 88–478, § 1, Aug. 22, 1964, 78 Stat. 587. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘Provided, That in the event of an 

election by the insured to reject the stated valuation fixed by the 

Secretary and to sue in the courts, the amount of the judgment will 

be payable without regard to the limitations contained in section 

1242–1 of this Appendix, although the excess of any amounts advanced on account of just compensation over the amount of the 

court judgment will be required to be refunded’’ are omitted as obsolete because the section referred to, which was from the Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 1959 

(Pub. L. 85–469, 72 Stat. 231), has been omitted from the United 

States Code as obsolete. 

SECTION 53907 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53907 ................... 46 App.:1287. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1207, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 775. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘insurance under this chapter’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘marine, war risk, and liability insurance’’ for consistency in this chapter. The words ‘‘in whole or in part’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘obtain reinsurance from’’ are substituted for ‘‘reinsure with, or cede or retrocede to’’ for clarity and 

to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 53908 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53908 ................... 46 App.:1293. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1213, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 777; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(141), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 166. 

SECTION 53909 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53909 ................... 46 App.:1288. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1208, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 775; 

Pub. L. 87–743, Oct. 3, 1962, 76 Stat. 740; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(139), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 166. 

46 App.:1288a. Nov. 1, 1951, ch. 664, par. under heading 

‘‘War–Risk Insurance Revolving Fund’’, 65 

Stat. 746; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(140), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 166. 

In subsection (c), the reference to the Fiscal Service [previously 

Division of Disbursement] in the Treasury Department is omitted 

as unnecessary. 

129 

The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1288(b) is omitted as unnecessary because enactment of a law authorizing certain governmental functions is itself an authorization of appropriations to carry out those 

functions. The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1288a is omitted as executed 

and impliedly repealed by 46 App. U.S.C. 1119. 

SECTION 53910 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53910(a) ............... 46 App.:1289(c) (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1209(a)(1), 

(b)–(f), as added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 

Stat. 775; Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 929, § 1, 70 Stat. 

984; Pub. L. 94–523, § 4, Oct. 17, 1976, 90 

Stat. 2474. 

53910(b) ............... 46 App.:1289(a)(1) (1st– 

19th words). 

53910(c) ............... 46 App.:1289(b) (1st sentence). 

53910(d) ............... 46 App.:1289(b) (last 

sentence). 

53910(e) ............... 46 App.:1289(a)(1) (20th– 

last words). 

53910(f) ................ 46 App.:1289(d). 

53910(g) ............... 46 App.:1289(c) (last sentence). 

53910(h) ............... 46 App.:1289(e). 

53910(i) ................ 46 App.:1289(f). 

53910(j) ................ 46 App.:1283(a) (last 

sentence). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1203(a) (last 

sentence), as added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 

Stat. 774; Pub. L. 94–523, § 1, Oct. 17, 1976, 

90 Stat. 2474. 

Subsection (e) is substituted for ‘‘may adjust and pay losses, compromise and settle claims, whether in favor of or against the 

United States and pay the amount of any judgment rendered 

against the United States in any suit, or the amount of any settlement agreed upon, in respect of any claim under insurance authorized by this subchapter’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 53911 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53911 ................... 46 App.:1292. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1212, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 776. 

SECTION 53912 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

53912 ................... 46 App.:1294. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title XII, § 1214, as 

added Sept. 7, 1950, ch. 906, 64 Stat. 777; 

Aug. 3, 1955, ch. 492, 69 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 

86–120, July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 266; Pub. L. 

89–89, July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 264; Pub. L. 

91–469, § 34, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; 

Pub. L. 94–523, § 5, Oct. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 

2474; Pub. L. 96–195, Feb. 25, 1980, 94 Stat. 

63; Pub. L. 99–59, July 3, 1985, 99 Stat. 110; 

Pub. L. 101–115, § 7(b), Oct. 13, 1989, 103 

Stat. 694; Pub. L. 104–106, title X, § 1094, 

Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 461; Pub. L. 104–239, 

§ 12, Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 3134. 

130 

PART D—PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMS

CHAPTER 551—COASTWISE TRADE 

Sec. 

55101. Application of coastwise laws. 

55102. Transportation of merchandise. 

55103. Transportation of passengers. 

55104. Transportation of passengers between Puerto Rico and other ports in the 

United States. 

55105. Transportation of hazardous waste. 

55106. Merchandise transferred between barges. 

55107. Empty cargo containers and barges. 

55108. Platform jackets. 

55109. Dredging. 

55110. Transportation of dredged material. 

55111. Towing. 

55112. Vessel escort operations and towing assistance. 

55113. Use of foreign documented oil spill response vessels. 

55114. Unloading fish from foreign vessels. 

55115. Supplies on fish processing vessels. 

55116. Canadian rail lines. 

55117. Great Lakes rail route. 

55118. Foreign railroads whose road enters by ferry, tugboat, or towboat. 

55119. Yukon River. 

55120. Transshipment of imported merchandise intended for immediate exportation. 

SECTION 55101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55101(a) ............... 46 App.:877 (words before last proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 21, 41 Stat. 997; Apr. 

16, 1936, ch. 228, 49 Stat. 1207; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(47), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 157. 

55101(b)(1) ........... 46 App.:877 (last proviso). 

55101(b)(2) ........... 48:1664. June 14, 1934, ch. 523, 48 Stat. 963. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘apply to the United States, including ’’ are substituted for ‘‘extend to’’ for clarity. The words ‘‘From 

and after February 1, 1922’’ and ‘‘not covered thereby on June 5, 

1920’’ are omitted as obsolete. The requirement to establish adequate steamship service to the island Territories and possessions is 

omitted as executed and obsolete. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘and fix a date for the going into 

effect of same’’ are omitted as surplus. 

The provisos of 46 App. U.S.C. 811 relating to the Philippine Islands are omitted as obsolete because of the independence of the 

Philippine Islands. See Proc. No. 2695 of July 4, 1946, 11 Fed. Reg. 

7517, 60 Stat. 1352 (22 U.S.C. 1394 note). 

SECTION 55102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55102 ................... 46 App.:883 (words before 1st proviso, 11th 

proviso). 

June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (words before 1st 

proviso, 11th proviso), 41 Stat. 999; July 2, 

1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; Pub. L. 95–410, 

title II, § 213, Oct. 3, 1978, 92 Stat. 904; Pub. 

L. 101–329, § 1(a)(1), June 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 

588; Pub. L. 102–587, title V, § 5501(b), Nov. 

4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5085. 

131 

In subsection (a)(1), the words ‘‘(as defined in section 2101 of the 

[sic] title 46)’’ are omitted because the definition of ‘‘State’’ is being 

moved to chapter 1 and will apply to the entire title. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘may not provide any part of the 

transportation of’’ are substituted for ‘‘No . . . shall be transported’’ and ‘‘or for any part of the transportation’’ because of the 

reorganization of the language. The words ‘‘including Districts, Territories, and possessions thereof’’ are omitted because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. The words 

‘‘to which the coastwise laws apply’’ are substituted for ‘‘embraced 

within the coastwise laws’’ for consistency with section 55101. The 

words ‘‘is wholly owned by citizens of the United States for purposes of engaging in the coastwise trade’’ are substituted for 

‘‘owned by persons who are citizens of the United States’’, and the 

words ‘‘has been issued a certificate of documentation with a coastwise endorsement under chapter 121’’ are substituted for ‘‘documented under the laws of the United States’’, for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘or is exempt from documentation but would otherwise be eligible for such a certificate and 

endorsement’’ are added for consistency with section 12102 as revised by the bill. The requirement that the vessel be built in the 

United States is omitted from this section for consistency with the 

requirements for a coastwise endorsement, which also require that 

the vessel be built in the United States except in certain circumstances. The words ‘‘or vessels to which the privilege of engaging in the coastwise trade is extended by section 808 of this Appendix or section 22 of this Act’’ are omitted because the relevant portion of section 808, and section 22, have been repealed. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘any person’’ are substituted for ‘‘any 

consignor, seller, owner, importer, consignee, agent, or other person 

or persons’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 55103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55103 ................... 46 App.:289. June 19, 1886, ch. 421, § 8, 24 Stat. 81; Feb. 17, 

1898, ch. 26, § 2, 30 Stat. 248. 

This section is substituted for the source provision for consistency with section 55102. See 19 C.F.R. §§ 4.80, 4.80a (2004). 

In subsection (b), the penalty amount reflects the adjustment for 

inflation pursuant to the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (28 U.S.C. 2461 note). See 19 C.F.R. § 4.80(b)(2) 

(2004). 

SECTION 55104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55104(a)(1) ........... 46 App.:289c(b) (related 

to meaning of certificate). 

Pub. L. 98–563, Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2916. 

55104(a)(2) ........... 46 App.:289c(e). 

55104(b) ............... 46 App.:289c(a). 

55104(c) ............... 46 App.:289c(b). 

55104(d) ............... 46 App.:289c(c). 

55104(e) ............... 46 App.:289c(d). 

132 

In subsection (a), the definition of ‘‘certificate’’ is added based on 

the language in 46 App. U.S.C. 289c(b)(1) and (2) to avoid repeating the substance of the definition twice in the section. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of law’’ and ‘‘directly or by way of a foreign port’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary. 

SECTION 55105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55105 ................... 46 App.:883 (2d–6th sentences, last sentence 

less provisos). 

June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (2d–6th sentences, 

last sentence less provisos), 41 Stat. 999; July 

2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; Pub. L. 97–389, 

title V, § 502, Dec. 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 1954. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘after December 31, 1983’’ are omitted as obsolete. The words ‘‘transportation of merchandise under 

section 55102 of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘For the purposes of 

this section’’ and ‘‘transportation by water of merchandise between 

points in the United States’’ for consistency with section 55102. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘all current’’ are omitted as surplus. 

Subsection (c) is substituted for ‘‘or after such time as an appropriate vessel has been constructed and documented as a vessel of 

the United States’’ to improve the organization. 

SECTION 55106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55106 ................... 46 App.:883 (7th proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (7th proviso), 41 

Stat. 999; July 2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; 

Pub. L. 92–163, § 1, Nov. 23, 1971, 85 Stat. 

486. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘non-self-propelled’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘barge’’ in chapter 1 of the 

revised title. The words ‘‘between points in the United States’’ and 

‘‘without regard to whether any such barge is under foreign registry or qualified to engage in the coastwise trade’’ are omitted as 

surplus. 

SECTION 55107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55107 ................... 46 App.:883 (6th proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (6th proviso), 41 

Stat. 999; July 2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; 

Pub. L. 89–194, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 823; 

Pub. L. 90–474, Aug. 11, 1968, 80 Stat. 700; 

Pub. L. 92–163, § 1, Nov. 23, 1971, 85 Stat. 

486. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘by vessels of the 

United States not qualified to engage in the coastwise trade, or by 

vessels of foreign registry’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause 

(4), the words ‘‘by the Secretary of the Treasury’’ are omitted as unnecessary because the section referred to provides who administers 

it. 

133 

SECTION 55108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55108 ................... 46 App.:883 (last proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (last proviso), 41 

Stat. 999; July 2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; 

Pub. L. 101–329, § 1(a)(2), June 7, 1988, 102 

Stat. 588; Pub. L. 107–295, title II, § 213(c), 

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2100; Pub. L. 108– 

293, title IV, § 417, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 

1048. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘coastwise endorsement under chapter 121’’ are substituted for ‘‘coastwise endorsement under section 

12106’’ because section 12106 is being restated in various sections 

in revised chapter 121. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘Section 55102 of this title does not 

apply’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall not be deemed transportation subject to this section’’ for consistency in the chapter. 

SECTION 55109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55109 ................... 46 App.:292. May 28, 1906, ch. 2566, § 1, 34 Stat. 204; Pub. 

L. 102–87, title V, § 5501(a)(1), Nov. 4, 1992, 

106 Stat. 5084. 

Subsection (a)(1) is substituted for ‘‘(1) the vessel meets the requirements of section 883 of this Appendix and sections 802 and 

803 of this Appendix for engaging in the coastwise trade’’ for consistency with other sections of the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. Section 883 requires (among other things) that 

the vessel be owned by citizens of the United States, and section 

802 contains the requirements for certain entities to qualify as citizens. Those requirements are restated in section 50501 which applies to this section. Section 883 also requires that the vessel be 

built in and documented under the laws of the United States. 

Those latter two requirements are covered by subsection (a)(3). 

Note that the build requirement is a requirement for a coastwise 

endorsement. 

In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘or is exempt from documentation 

but would otherwise be eligible for such a certificate and endorsement’’ are added for consistency with section 12102 as revised by 

the bill. 

SECTION 55110 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55110 ................... 46 App.:883 (12th proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (12th proviso), 41 

Stat. 999; Pub. L. 100–329, § 1(a), June 7, 

1988, 102 Stat. 588. 

The words ‘‘or place’’ are omitted as surplus. The words ‘‘as defined in the Presidential Proclamation of March 10, 1983’’ are omitted because ‘‘exclusive economic zone’’ is defined in chapter 1 of the 

revised title. 

134 

SECTION 55111 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55111 ................... 46 App.:316(a), (b). R.S. § 4370; June 11, 1940, ch. 324, 54 Stat. 

304; Pub. L. 99–307, § 10, May 19, 1986, 100 

Stat. 447; Pub. L. 100–329, § 2, June 7, 1988, 

102 Stat. 589; Pub. L. 104–324, title XI, 

§ 1115(b)(3), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3972. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘or to do any part of such towing’’ 

and ‘‘other than a vessel in distress’’ in the source provision are 

made applicable to all the towing described in subsection (b) for 

clarity and consistency. In clause (1), the words ‘‘wholly owned by 

citizens of the United States for purposes of engaging in the coastwise trade’’ are substituted for ‘‘wholly owned by a person who is 

a citizen of the United States within the meaning of the laws respecting the documentation of vessels’’ for consistency in this chapter. 

Subsection (a)(2) is substituted for ‘‘having in force a certificate 

of documentation issued under section 12106 of title 46’’ for consistency in this chapter and with section 12102(b) as revised by the 

bill. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘in the United States to which the 

coastwise laws apply’’ are substituted for ‘‘in the United States, its 

Territories or possessions, embraced within the coastwise laws of 

the United States’’ because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in 

chapter 1 of the revised title and because of section 55101 of the 

revised title. 

In subsection (b)(3), the words ‘‘or place’’ are omitted as surplus. 

The words ‘‘as defined in the Presidential Proclamation of March 

10, 1983’’ are omitted because ‘‘exclusive economic zone’’ is defined 

in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In subsection (c), the penalty amounts reflect the adjustment for 

inflation pursuant to the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (28 U.S.C. 2461 note). See 19 C.F.R. § 4.92 (2004). 

In paragraph (2), the words ‘‘which sum may be recovered by way 

of libel or suit’’ are omitted as surplus. 

The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 316(b) is omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘person’’ in section 1 of title 1. 

SECTION 55112 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55112 ................... 46 App.:316a. Pub. L. 107–295, title IV, § 404, Nov. 25, 2002, 

116 Stat. 2114. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘(as that term is defined in section 

2101 of title 46, United States Code)’’ are omitted because the definition of ‘‘vessel of the United States’’ is being moved from section 

2101 to chapter 1 of the revised title and will apply title-wide. 

SECTION 55113 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55113 ................... 46:12101 note. Pub. L. 104–324, title XI, § 1117, Oct. 19, 1996, 

110 Stat. 3973. 

135 

SECTION 55114 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55114(a) ............... 46 App.:251(a) (1st sentence). R.S. § 4311; Sept. 2, 1950, ch. 842, 64 Stat. 577; 

Pub. L. 87–220, § 1, Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 

493; Pub. L. 96–61, § 2, Aug. 15, 1979, 93 

Stat. 407; Pub. L. 96–594, title I, § 126(b), 

Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3459; Pub. L. 100–239, 

§ 8(a), Jan. 11, 1988, 101 Stat. 1783. 

55114(b) ............... 46 App.:251(a) (last sentence). 

55114(c) ............... 46 App.:251(b). 

55114(d) ............... 46 App.:251(c). 

46 App.:251a. Pub. L. 87–220, § 2, Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 

493. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘whether documented as a cargo vessel or otherwise’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘severally’’ and ‘‘in addition to any 

other penalty provided in law’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The 

last sentence is substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 251a. 

SECTION 55115 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55115 ................... 46 App.:883 (10th proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (10th proviso), 41 

Stat. 999; July 2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; 

Pub. L. 97–389, title V, § 504, Dec. 29, 1982, 

96 Stat. 1956. 

The words ‘‘Section 55102 of this title does not apply to’’ are substituted for ‘‘for the purposes of this section’’ and ‘‘shall be considered ship’s equipment and not merchandise’’ for consistency in the 

chapter. 

SECTION 55116 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55116 ................... 46 App.:883 (3d proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (3d proviso), 41 Stat. 

999; July 2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; Pub. 

L. 85–508, § 27(a), July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 351; 

Pub. L. 104–324, title VII, § 747(1), Oct. 19, 

1996, 110 Stat. 3943. 

SECTION 55117 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55117 ................... 46 App.:883 (5th proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27, as added Apr. 11, 

1935, ch. 58, 49 Stat. 154. 

SECTION 55118 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55118 ................... 46 App.:316(c). R.S. § 4370(c); restated June 11, 1940, ch. 324, 

54 Stat. 304. 

The words ‘‘company or corporation’’ after ‘‘foreign railroad’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘vessel not having a coastwise 

endorsement’’ are substituted for ‘‘such vessel’’ (referring to a vessel 

136 

described in 46 App. U.S.C. 316(a)) for clarity and because of the 

reorganization of the source material in the revised title. The words 

‘‘However, the foreign railroad is subject to the same restrictions 

imposed by law on a vessel of the United States entering a port of 

the United States from the same foreign country’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘without being subject to any other or different restrictions than 

those imposed by law on any vessel of the United States entering 

ports of the United States from ports in the same foreign country’’ 

to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘Except as otherwise 

authorized by this chapter’’ are substituted for ‘‘except as authorized by section 883 of this Appendix’’ because of the reorganization 

of the source material in the revised title. The words ‘‘its Territories or possessions’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the 

definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 55119 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55119 ................... 46 App.:883 (4th proviso). June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 27 (4th proviso), 41 

Stat. 999; Exec. Order No. 6166, June 10, 

1933, § 12; July 2, 1935, ch. 355, 49 Stat. 442; 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, 

§ 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Reorg. Plan No. 21 

of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, § 204, 64 Stat. 

1276; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(49), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 157. 

SECTION 55120 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55120 ................... 46 App.:291. Feb. 17, 1898, ch. 26, § 3, 30 Stat. 248. 

CHAPTER 553—PASSENGER AND CARGO PREFERENCES 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

Sec. 

55301. Priority loading for coal. 

55302. Transportation of United States Government personnel. 

55303. Motor vehicles owned by United States Government personnel. 

55304. Exports financed by the United States Government. 

55305. Cargoes procured, furnished, or financed by the United States Government. 

SUBCHAPTER II—EXPORT TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL 

COMMODITIES 

55311. Findings and purposes. 

55312. Determining prevailing world market price. 

55313. Exemption of certain agricultural exports from cargo preference provisions. 

55314. Transportation requirements for certain exports sponsored by the Secretary 

of Agriculture. 

55315. Minimum tonnage. 

55316. Financing the transportation of agricultural commodities. 

55317. Termination of subchapter. 

55318. Effect on other law. 

SUBCHAPTER III—AMERICAN GREAT LAKES VESSELS 

55331. Definitions. 

55332. Designating American Great Lakes vessels. 

55333. Exemption from restriction on transporting certain cargo. 

55334. Restrictions on operations. 

55335. Revocations and terminations of designations. 

55336. Civil penalty. 

137 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

SECTION 55301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55301 ................... 46 App.:1121–1. Pub. L. 96–387, § 5, Oct. 7, 1980, 94 Stat. 1546; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(68), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

159; Pub. L. 99–662, title IX, § 947, Nov. 17, 

1986, 100 Stat. 4200. 

SECTION 55302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55302 ................... 46 App.:1241(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901(a), 49 

Stat. 2015; Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 936, 68 Stat. 

832; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, § 125, Oct. 19, 

1996, 110 Stat. 3839. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘by sea’’ are added for clarity. The 

words ‘‘a territory or possession of the United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘any of the possessions of the United States’’ for consistency in the revised title. 

SECTION 55303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55303 ................... 46 App.:1241(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901(c), as 

added May 28, 1956, ch. 325, 70 Stat. 187. 

SECTION 55304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55304 ................... 46 App.:1241–1. Mar. 26, 1934, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 500; June 29, 

1936, ch. 858, § 204, 49 Stat. 1987; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(127), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

This section codifies the Joint Resolution of March 26, 1934 (ch. 

90, 48 Stat. 500) (also commonly known as Public Resolution 17). 

The codification of this provision is not intended to change its status as a ‘‘Sense of Congress’’ provision in any way. The words ‘‘Reconstruction Finance Corporation or’’ are omitted as obsolete because the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was abolished by 

section 6 of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1957 (5 App. U.S.C.). 

SECTION 55305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55305(a) ............... 46 App.:1241(b)(1) (2d, 

last provisos). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901(b), as 

added Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 936, 68 Stat. 832; 

Pub. L. 87–266, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 565; 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 27, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1034; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(126), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 165. 

55305(b) ............... 46 App.:1241(b)(1) 

(words before 1st proviso). 

55305(c) ............... 46 App.:1241(b)(1) (1st 

proviso). 

55305(d) ............... 46 App.:1241(b)(2). 

138 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘the provisions of this subsection 

shall not apply to cargoes carried in the vessels of the Panama 

Canal Company’’ are omitted as obsolete. The words ‘‘Nothing herein shall repeal or otherwise modify the provisions of section 1241– 

1 of this Appendix’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The last proviso 

in 46 App. U.S.C. 1241(b)(1) is omitted as obsolete. 

SUBCHAPTER II—EXPORT TRANSPORTATION OF 

AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES 

SECTION 55311 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55311 ................... 46 App.:1241d. Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1141, Dec. 23, 1985, 

99 Stat. 1490. 

In subsection (a)(1), the word ‘‘security’’ is substituted for ‘‘national security objectives’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘Secretary of Agriculture’’ in clause 

(1) and ‘‘Secretary’’ in clause (4) are substituted for ‘‘Department of 

Agriculture’’ because all functions of the Department are vested in 

the Secretary under 7 U.S.C. 2202 and 6911 and Reorganization 

Plan No. 2 of 1953 (5 App. U.S.C.). 

SECTION 55312 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55312 ................... 46 App.:1241f(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901b(e), as 

added Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1142, Dec. 

23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1492. 

SECTION 55313 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55313 ................... 46 App.:1241e. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901a, as 

added Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1142, Dec. 

23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1490. 

SECTION 55314 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55314(a)(1) ........... 46 App.:1241f(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901b(a)–(d), as 

added Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1142, Dec. 

23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1491; Pub. L. 101–624, title 

XV, § 1525, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3667; 

Pub. L. 104–239, § 17, Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 

3138; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3514, 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1792. 

46 App.:1241o. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901k, as 

added Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1142, Dec. 

23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1496. 

55314(a)(2) ........... 46 App.:1241f(c)(2). 

55314(b) ............... 46 App.:1241f(b), (d). 

55314(c) ............... 46 App.:1241f(c)(1), (3), 

(4). 

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the text of 46 App. U.S.C. 

1241f(a)(2)(A) and (B) is omitted as obsolete. Clauses (A) and (B) 

139 

are substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 1241o to improve the organization and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘the 12-month period beginning 

October 1 of each year’’ are substituted for ‘‘12 month periods commencing April 1, 1986, the 18-month period beginning April 1, 

2002, and the 12-month period beginning October 1, 2003, and each 

year thereafter’’ to eliminate obsolete and unnecessary language. 

In subsection (c)(4), before clause (A), the words ‘‘or instrumentality’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of 

‘‘agency’’ in chapter 1. 

SECTION 55315 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55315 ................... 46 App.:1241g. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901c, as added 

Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1142, Dec. 23, 

1985, 99 Stat. 1493. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘For fiscal year 1986 and’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 55316 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55316(a) ............... 46 App.:1241h(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901d, as 

added Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1142, Dec. 

23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1493. 

55316(b) ............... 46 App.:1241h(b). 

55316(c) ............... 46 App.:1241h(c). 

55316(d) ............... 46 App.:1241h(d) (last 

sentence). 

55316(e)(1) ........... 46 App.:1241h(d) (1st 

sentence). 

55316(e)(2) ........... 46 App.:1241h note. Pub. L. 100–202, 101(a) [title V (par. under 

heading ‘‘Ocean Freight Differential’’)], Dec. 

22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329, 1329–27. 

55316(f) ................ 46 App.:1241h(e). 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘section 412(d) of the Agricultural 

Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1736f(d))’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘section 1733(b) of title 7’’ because the latter 

provision, as amended in 1990, no longer contains provisions on 

valuation of commodities shipped from the inventory of the Commodity Credit Corporation, and a provision substantially the same 

as former 7 U.S.C. 1733(b) is now at 7 U.S.C. 1736f(e). 

In subsection (c)(1), the words ‘‘considering the current average 

market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United 

States Government of comparable maturities during the month before the obligations are issued’’ are substituted for ‘‘taking into consideration the average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States with remaining periods of maturity 

comparable to the average maturities of such obligations during the 

month preceding the issuance of such obligations of the Secretary 

of Transportation’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c)(2), the words ‘‘after December 23, 1985’’ are 

omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (e)(1), the words ‘‘commencing with the fiscal year 

beginning October 1, 1986’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

140 

In subsection (f), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding the provisions of 

this section’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 55317 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55317 ................... 46 App.:1241j. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 901f, as added 

Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1142, Dec. 23, 

1985, 99 Stat. 1494. 

The words ‘‘except to the extent those activities are exempt 

under section 1707a(b) of title 7’’ are omitted because the provision 

referred to has been repealed. 

SECTION 55318 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55318 ................... 46 App.:1241p. Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1143, Dec. 23, 1985, 

99 Stat. 1496. 

The words ‘‘section 1707a(b)(8) of title 7’’ are omitted because the 

provision referred to has been repealed. 

SUBCHAPTER III—AMERICAN GREAT LAKES VESSELS 

SECTION 55331 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55331 ................... 46 App.:1241v. Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, § 1527, Nov. 28, 

1990, 104 Stat. 3668. 

In clause (1), the words ‘‘but only during the period the designation is in effect’’ are added for clarity. 

In clause (3), the words ‘‘created by the Act of May 13, 1954 (33 

U.S.C. 981 et seq.)’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

The definition of ‘‘Secretary’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1241v(4) is omitted as unnecessary because the full title of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the Secretary is referred to in each 

section. 

SECTION 55332 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55332 ................... 46 App.:1241r. Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, § 1522, Nov. 28, 

1990, 104 Stat. 3665. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘for purposes of sections 1241q to 

1241v of this Appendix’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words ‘‘construction and 

purchase’’ before ‘‘agreement’’ are omitted because the source provision for subsection (b) does not say anything about construction. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘Not later than 60 days after November 28, 1990’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

141 

SECTION 55333 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55333 ................... 46 App.:1241q. Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, § 1521, Nov. 28, 

1990, 104 Stat. 3665. 

This section is substituted for the source provisions to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

SECTION 55334 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55334 ................... 46 App.:1241s. Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, § 1523, Nov. 28, 

1990, 104 Stat. 3666. 

SECTION 55335 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55335 ................... 46 App.:1241t(a), (c). Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, § 1524(a), (c), Nov. 

28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3667. 

In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘construction and purchase’’ before 

‘‘agreement’’ are omitted because the source provision for section 

55332(b) of the revised title does not say anything about construction. 

SECTION 55336 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55336 ................... 46 App.:1241t(b). Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, § 1524(b), Nov. 28, 

1990, 104 Stat. 3667. 

CHAPTER 555—MISCELLANEOUS 

Sec. 

55501. Mobile trade fairs. 

SECTION 55501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

55501 ................... 46 App.:1122b. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(B), as 

added Pub. L. 87–839, § 1, Oct. 18, 1962, 76 

Stat. 1074; Pub. L. 89–66, July 7, 1965, 79 

Stat. 211; Pub. L. 90–434, July 27, 1968, 82 

Stat. 449; Pub. L. 100–418, title X, § 10003(a), 

Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1572. 

PART E—CONTROL OF MERCHANT MARINE CAPABILITIES

CHAPTER 561—RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFERS 

Sec. 

56101. Approval required to transfer vessel to noncitizen. 

56102. Additional controls during war or national emergency. 

56103. Conditional approvals. 

56104. Penalty for false statements. 

56105. Forfeiture procedure. 

142 

SECTION 56101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56101(a) ............... 46 App.:808(c). Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 9(c), (d), 39 Stat. 730; 

July 15, 1918, ch. 152, § 3, 40 Stat. 900; June 

5, 1920, ch. 250, § 18, 41 Stat. 994; Exec. 

Order No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 1933; June 

29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, 

§ 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; June 23, 1938, ch. 

600, § 42, 52 Stat. 964; Pub. L. 89–346, § 1, 

Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1305; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(26), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 155; Pub. L. 

100–710, title I, § 104(b)(3), Nov. 23, 1988, 

102 Stat. 4750; Pub. L. 101–225, title III, 

§ 304(a), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1924; Pub. 

L. 104–324, title XI, 1113(c), (e), Oct. 19, 

1996, 110 Stat. 3970, 3971; Pub. L. 107–295, 

title II, § 205(d), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 

2096. 

46 App.:808a. Pub. L. 98–454, title III, § 302, Oct. 5, 1984, 98 

Stat. 1734. 

56101(b) ............... 46 App.:808(f) Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 9(f), as added Pub. L. 

104–324, title XI, § 1136(b), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 

Stat. 3987; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, 

§ 3532(a)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1817. 

56101(c) ............... 46 App.:808(e) Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 9(e), as added Pub. L. 

104–239, § 6, Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 3132; 

Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3532(a)(2), 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1817. 

56101(d) ............... 46 App.:808(d)(1). 

56101(e) ............... 46 App.:808(d)(2)–(4). 

In subsection (a), the text of 46 App. U.S.C. 808a is omitted as 

unnecessary. In clause (1), the words ‘‘owned by a citizen of the 

United States’’ are omitted as unnecessary because ownership by 

a citizen is a requirement for documentation. See section 12103 as 

revised by the bill. 

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding 

any other provision of this subtitle, the Merchant Marine Act, 

1936, or any contract with the Secretary made under this subtitle 

or that Act’’ are substituted for ‘‘Notwithstanding subsection (c)(2) 

of this section, the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 [46 App. U.S.C. 

1101 et seq.], or any contract entered into with the Secretary of 

Transportation under that Act’’ because the Merchant Marine Act, 

1936, is restated principally in this subtitle, but other provisions of 

that Act are being neither restated nor repealed. 

SECTION 56102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56102(a) ............... 46 App.:835(a)–(c) (less 

provisos), (d)–(f). 

Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 37, as added July 15, 

1918, ch. 152, § 4, 40 Stat. 901; Exec. Order 

No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 1933; June 29, 

1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, § 904, 49 

Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 89–346, § 2, Nov. 8, 

1965, 79 Stat. 1306; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(30), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 156. 

56102(b) ............... 46 App.:835(c) (provisos). 

56102(c) ............... 46 App.:835 (2d par. 

after cl. (f), last par. 

words before 9th 

comma). 

143 

SECTION 56102—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56102(d) ............... 46 App.:835 (last par. 

words after 9th 

comma). 

56102(e) ............... 46 App.:835 (1st, 3d 

pars. after cl. (f)). 

In this section, the words ‘‘facility for building or repairing vessels’’ are substituted for ‘‘shipyard, dry dock, shipbuilding or shiprepairing plant or facility’’ (or similar language) to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(1), the words ‘‘transfer to’’ are omitted as surplus. The words ‘‘Territory, District, or possession thereof’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘instrument of indebtedness’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘bond, note, or other evidence of indebtedness’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘right, title, or’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (a)(5), the words ‘‘or the majority of the voting 

power’’ are omitted as covered by ‘‘controlling interest’’. 

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words ‘‘and only if’’ are 

added for clarity because the Secretary is required to disapprove a 

trustee that ceases to meet the specified conditions. 

Subsections (c) and (d) are substituted for the source provisions 

to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (e)(1), the words ‘‘guilty of a misdemeanor’’ are 

omitted, and the words ‘‘fined under title 18’’ are substituted for 

‘‘punishable by a fine of not more than $5000’’, because of chapter 

227 of title 18. 

SECTION 56103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56103 ................... 46 App.:839 (1st par.). Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 41 (1st par.), as added 

July 15, 1918, ch. 152, § 4, 40 Stat. 902; Exec. 

Order No. 6166, June 10, 1933, § 12; June 29, 

1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, § 904, 49 

Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(32), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 156. 

This section is substituted for the source provision to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

SECTION 56104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56104 ................... 46 App.:839 (last par.). Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 41 (last par.), as added 

July 15, 1918, ch. 152, § 4, 40 Stat. 903; Exec. 

Order No. 6166, June 10, 1933, § 12; June 29, 

1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, § 904, 49 

Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(32), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 156. 

144 

The words ‘‘guilty of a misdemeanor’’ are omitted, and the words 

‘‘fined under title 18’’ are substituted for ‘‘subject to a fine of not 

more than $5000’’, because of chapter 227 of title 18. 

SECTION 56105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56105(a) ............... 46 App.:836. Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 38, as added July 15, 

1918, ch. 152, § 4, 40 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 101– 

225, title III, § 304(b), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 

Stat. 1924. 

56105(b) ............... 46 App.:837. Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 39, as added July 15, 

1918, ch. 152, § 4, 40 Stat. 902. 

CHAPTER 563—EMERGENCY ACQUISITION OF VESSELS 

Sec. 

56301. General authority. 

56302. Charter terms. 

56303. Compensation. 

56304. Disputed compensation. 

56305. Vessel encumbrances. 

56306. Use and transfer of vessels. 

56307. Return of vessels. 

SECTION 56301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56301 ................... 46 App.:1242(a) (1st, 2d 

sentences). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 902(a) (1st, 2d 

sentences), 49 Stat. 2015; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(131), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165; Pub. L. 

100–710, title I, § 104(c), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 

Stat. 4750. 

The words ‘‘or other watercraft’’ are omitted because of the definition of ‘‘vessel’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. The words ‘‘The 

termination of any emergency so declared shall be announced by a 

further proclamation by the President’’ are omitted as superseded 

by the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.). 

SECTION 56302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56302 ................... 46 App.:1242(c) (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 902(c) (1st 

sentence); as added Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 555, § 3, 

53 Stat. 1255; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(131), Aug. 

6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘requisitioned for use but not ownership under this chapter’’ are substituted for ‘‘taken and used under 

authority of this section, but the ownership thereof is not required 

by the United States’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The word 

‘‘requisition’’ is substituted for ‘‘taking’’, and the word ‘‘vessel’’ is 

substituted for ‘‘such property’’, for consistency. 

Subsection (b) is added because the provisions about disputed 

compensation, for both charter use and other takings, are consolidated in section 56304 of the revised title to avoid repetition. 

145 

SECTION 56303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56303(a) ............... 46 App.:1242(a) (3d sentence words before 2d 

comma), (d) (1st par. 

words before 2d 

comma). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 902(a) (3d, 

last sentences), (b), (d) (1st par. words before 

2d comma), 49 Stat. 2015, 2016; Aug. 7, 1939, 

ch. 555, § 3, 53 Stat. 1255; Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 

929, § 3, 70 Stat. 985; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(131), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

56303(b) ............... 46 App.:1242(a) (3d sentence words after 2d 

comma, last sentence). 

56303(c) ............... 46 App.:1242(b). 

56303(d) ............... 46 App.:1242(c) (last sentence). 

SECTION 56304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56304 ................... 46 App.:1242(c) (2d sentence), (d) (1st par. 

words after 2d 

comma). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 902(c) (2d sentence), (d) (1st par. words after 2d comma); as 

added Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 555, § 3, 53 Stat. 

1256; Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 929, §§ 2, 3, 70 Stat. 

985; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(131), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 165. 

This section is substituted for the source provisions to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

SECTION 56305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56305 ................... 46 App.:1242(d) (last 

par.). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 902(d) (last 

par.), as added Mar. 24, 1943, ch. 26, § 3(d), 

57 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(131), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

In this section, the words ‘‘encumbrance’’ and ‘‘encumbrances’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘any valid claim by way of mortgage or maritime claim or attachment lien’’ and ‘‘any valid claim by way of 

mortgage or maritime lien or attachment lien’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘The Secretary shall publish notice of the creation of the fund in the Federal Register’’ are added 

for clarity, based on language barring a civil action not brought 

within 6 months after publication of such a notice. 

In subsection (c)(1), the words ‘‘Within 6 months after publication 

of notice under subsection (b)’’ are substituted for ‘‘prior to June 30, 

1943, or within six months after the first such deposit with the 

Treasurer and publication of notice thereof in the Federal Register, 

whichever date is later’’ for clarity and to eliminate obsolete language. 

Subsection (c)(3) is substituted for ‘‘and such suit shall be commenced in the manner provided by section 742 of this Appendix 

and service of process shall be made in the manner therein provided by service upon the United States attorney and by mailing 

by registered mail to the Attorney General and the Secretary of 

Transportation and due notice shall under order of the court be 

given to all interested persons’’ because the relevant sentences in 

146 

46 App. U.S.C. 742 were struck by an amendment in 1996. See 

generally Henderson v. United States, 517 U.S. 654, 116 S. Ct. 1638 

(1996). 

In subsection (c)(4), the words ‘‘any decree in said suit shall be 

paid out of the first and all subsequent deposits of compensation’’ 

and ‘‘any decree shall be subject to appeal and revision as now provided in other cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction’’ are 

omitted as surplus. 

SECTION 56306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56306 ................... 46 App.:1242(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 902(e); as 

added Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 555, § 3, 53 Stat. 

1256; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(131), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 165. 

In this section, the word ‘‘vessel’’ is substituted for ‘‘property’’ for 

consistency in the chapter. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘Such reimbursements shall be deposited in the construction fund established by section 1116 of this 

Appendix’’ are omitted as impliedly repealed by 46 App. U.S.C. 

1119 as amended in 1967. 

SECTION 56307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56307 ................... 46 App.:1242(a) (4th sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title IX, § 902(a) (4th 

sentence), 49 Stat. 2015; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(131), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

The words ‘‘requisitioned for use but not ownership’’ are substituted for ‘‘taken and used under authority of this section, but the 

ownership thereof is not required by the United States’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

CHAPTER 565—ESSENTIAL VESSELS AFFECTED BY 

NEUTRALITY ACT 

Sec. 

56501. Definition. 

56502. Adjusting obligations and arranging maintenance. 

56503. Types of adjustments and arrangements. 

56504. Changes in adjustments and arrangements. 

SECTION 56501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56501 ................... 46 App.:1242a(a). June 29, 1940, ch. 442, subdiv. (a), 54 Stat. 684. 

SECTION 56502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56502 ................... 46 App.:1242a(b), (e). June 29, 1940, ch. 442, subdivs. (b), (e), 54 Stat. 

684, 686; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(132), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 165. 

147 

The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1242a(b) (1st sentence) is omitted as 

surplus. The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1242a(e) is omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 56503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56503 ................... 46 App.:1242a(c). June 29, 1940, ch. 442, subdiv. (c), 54 Stat. 685; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(132), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 165. 

SECTION 56504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

56504 ................... 46 App.:1242a(d). June 29, 1940, ch. 442, subdiv. (d), 54 Stat. 686; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(132), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 165. 

PART F—GOVERNMENT-OWNED MERCHANT VESSELS

CHAPTER 571—GENERAL AUTHORITY 

Sec. 

57101. Placement of vessels in National Defense Reserve Fleet. 

57102. Disposition of vessels not worth preserving. 

57103. Sale of obsolete vessels in National Defense Reserve Fleet. 

57104. Acquisition of vessels from sale of obsolete vessels. 

57105. Acquisition of vessels for essential services, routes, or lines. 

57106. Maintenance, improvement, and operation of vessels. 

57107. Vessels for other agencies. 

57108. Consideration of ballast and equipment in determining selling price. 

57109. Operation of vessels purchased, chartered, or leased from Secretary of 

Transportation. 

SECTION 57101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57101 ................... 46 App.:1160(j). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(j), as 

added Pub. L. 89–254, § 2, Oct. 10, 1965, 79 

Stat. 980; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 161. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘vessel acquired by the Maritime Administration’’ are subtituted for ‘‘vessel heretofore or hereafter acquired under this section, or otherwise acquired by the Maritime 

Administration of the Department of Transportation under any 

other authority’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘except as provided in section 57102, 

57103, or 57104 or chapter 533, 537, 573, or 575 of this title’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘except as provided for in subsections (g) and (i) of 

this section. This limitation shall not affect the rights of the Secretary of Transportation to dispose of a vessel as provided in other 

sections of this subchapter or in subchapters VII or XI of this chapter’’ because of the restatement. 

148 

SECTION 57102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57102 ................... 46 App.:1158(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 508(a), 49 Stat. 

2000; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(89), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 161; Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, 

§ 3512(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1789. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘vessel owned by the Maritime Administration’’ are substituted for ‘‘vessel transferred to the Maritime Administration of the Department of Transportation by section 1112 of this Appendix, or hereafter acquired’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘The sale of a vessel under section 

(a) shall be made on the basis of competitive sealed bids, after an 

appraisal and due advertisement. The purchaser does not have to 

be a citizen of the United States.’’ are substituted for ‘‘after appraisement and due advertisement, and upon competitive sealed 

bids, either to citizens of the United States or to aliens’’ for clarity. 

The words ‘‘provide a surety bond, with a surety approved by the 

Secretary, to ensure that’’ are substituted for ‘‘enter into an undertaking with sureties approved by the Secretary of Transportation 

that’’ for clarity. 

SECTION 57103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57103 ................... 46 App.:1158(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 508(b), as 

added Pub. L. 108–136, title XXXV, § 3512(2), 

Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1789. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding 

section 1160(j) of this title’’ are omitted as unnecessary because 

section 46 App. U.S.C. 1160(j) is restated in section 57101 of the 

revised title and that section contains an exception which includes 

this section. In clause (1), the words ‘‘Commonwealth, or possession 

of the United States’’ and ‘‘or the District of Columbia’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of 

the revised title. 

SECTION 57104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57104 ................... 46 App.:1160(i). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(i), as 

added Pub. L. 86–575, July 5, 1960, 74 Stat. 

312; Pub. L. 89–254, § 1, Oct. 10, 1965, 79 

Stat. 980; Pub. L. 91–469, § 13, Oct. 21, 1970, 

84 Stat. 1022; Pub. L. 93–605, § 1, Jan. 2, 

1975, 88 Stat. 1965; Pub. L. 95–177, Nov. 15, 

1977, 91 Stat. 1368; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 161; Pub. L. 101–595, 

title VII, § 704, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2994. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘vessel sold from the Fleet’’ are substituted for ‘‘traded-out vessel’’ for clarity and consistency. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘without obtaining additional separate approval from the Secretary to transfer the vessel to a person 

not a citizen of the United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘NotwithVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00148 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
149 

standing the provisions of sections 808 and 835 of this Appendix’’ 

for clarity and to avoid the cross references. 

SECTION 57105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57105 ................... 46 App.:1125. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 215, as added 

June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 4, 52 Stat. 954; Pub. 

L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 216; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(73), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

160. 

46 App.:1125 note. Pub. L. 86–518, § 9, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 217. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘and to pay for the same out of his 

construction fund’’ are omitted as obsolete because the construction 

fund established under 46 App. U.S.C. 1116 was impliedly abolished by 46 App. U.S.C. 1119, as amended. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘less depreciation based on a 25-year 

life for a dry-cargo or passenger vessel and a 20-year life for a 

tanker or other liquid bulk carrier vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘less 

depreciation based upon a twenty-five year life expectancy of the 

vessel’’ because of section 9 of Public Law 86–518 (June 12, 1960, 

74 Stat. 217), which provided that ‘‘Nothing in any amendment 

made by this Act [including section 1 substituting ‘twenty-five’ for 

‘twenty’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1125] shall operate or be interpreted to 

change from twenty to twenty-five years the provisions of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, relating to the commercial 

expectancy or period of depreciation of any tanker or other liquid 

bulk carrier.’’ 

SECTION 57106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57106 ................... 46 App.:871. June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 12, 41 Stat. 993; June 

6, 1924, ch. 273, § 2, 43 Stat. 468; Feb. 11, 

1927, ch. 104, § 1 (last par. under heading 

‘‘United States Shipping Board’’), 44 Stat. 

1083; Exec. Order No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 

10, 1933; June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, 

§ 204, title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(43), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

157. 

46 App.:891b. May 22, 1928, ch. 675, title II, § 202, 45 Stat. 

690; Exec. Order No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 

1933; June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, 

title IX, § 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(51), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 157. 

This section is substituted for the source provisions to eliminate 

obsolete and unnecessary provisions. 

SECTION 57107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57107 ................... 46 App.:1125a. Feb. 6, 1941, ch. 5, § 4, 55 Stat. 6; Pub. L. 97– 

31, § 12(74), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 160. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘heretofore or hereafter’’, ‘‘diminish 

or otherwise’’, and ‘‘and, to the amount of such obligation or expenditure, diminish’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

150 

SECTION 57108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57108 ................... 46 App.:864b. June 29, 1949, ch. 281, § 1 (proviso), 63 Stat. 

349; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(36), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 

Stat. 156. 

SECTION 57109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57109 ................... 46 App.:808(b). Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 9(b), 39 Stat. 730; July 

15, 1918, ch. 152, § 3, 40 Stat. 900; restated 

June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 18, 41 Stat. 994; Ex. 

Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 1933; June 

29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 204, title IX, 

§ 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 2016; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(26), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 155; Pub. L. 

100–710, title I, § 104(b)(2), Nov. 23, 1988, 

102 Stat. 4750. 

The words ‘‘only under a certificate of documentation with a registry or coastwise endorsement’’ are substituted for ‘‘only under 

such registry or enrollment and license’’ for clarity and to use the 

appropriate current language. 

CHAPTER 573—VESSEL TRADE-IN PROGRAM 

Sec. 

57301. Definitions. 

57302. Authority to acquire vessels. 

57303. Utility value and tonnage requirements. 

57304. Eligible acquisition dates. 

57305. Determination of trade-in allowance. 

57306. Payment of trade-in allowance. 

57307. Recognition of gain for tax purposes. 

57308. Use of vessels at least 25 years old. 

SECTION 57301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57301 ................... 46 App.:1160(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(a), as 

added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 7, 53 Stat. 

1183; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 7, 66 Stat. 762; 

Pub. L. 85–332, Feb. 20, 1958, 72 Stat. 17; 

Pub. L. 87–755, Oct. 5, 1962, 76 Stat. 751; 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 12(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 

Stat. 1022; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 161. 

In clause (1)(A), the words ‘‘or is purchased under section 1204 

of this Appendix, as amended, by the person turning in an obsolete 

vessel under this section’’ are omitted because the purchase authority under 46 App. U.S.C. 1204 was impliedly repealed by section 

14 of the Merchant Ship Sales Act of 1946 (50 App. U.S.C. 1735 

note). 

151 

SECTION 57302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57302 ................... 46 App.:1160(b) (1st, last 

sentences). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(b) (1st, 

last sentences), as added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 

417, § 7, 53 Stat. 1184; Pub. L. 87–401, 

subdiv. (1), Oct. 5, 1961, 75 Stat. 833; Pub. L. 

91–469, § 35(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; 

Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

161. 

The words ‘‘toward the cost of construction or purchase of a new 

vessel’’ are added for clarity. The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1160(b) 

(last sentence) is omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 57303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57303 ................... 46 App.:1160(c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(c), as 

added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 7, 53 Stat. 

1184; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 161. 

SECTION 57304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57304 ................... 46 App.:1160(b) (2d sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(b) (2d sentence), as added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 7, 53 

Stat. 1184; Pub. L. 87–401, subdiv. (1), Oct. 5, 

1961, 75 Stat. 833; Pub. L. 91–469, § 35(a), 

Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1035; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(91), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 161. 

The words ‘‘At the option of the owner’’ are substituted for ‘‘if the 

owner so requests’’ for clarity. 

SECTION 57305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57305(a) ............... 46 App.:1160(b) (3d sentence), (d) (1st, 2d sentences). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(b) (3d sentence), (d), as added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 7, 

53 Stat. 1184; July 17, 1952, ch. 939, § 8, 66 

Stat. 762; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 

74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 87–401, Oct. 5, 1961, 75 

Stat. 833; Pub. L. 91–469, § 35(a), Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1035; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 161. 

57305(b) ............... 46 App.:1160(d) (3d, last 

sentences). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘fair value’’ are substituted for ‘‘fair 

and reasonable value’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause 

(3), the word ‘‘commerce’’ is substituted for ‘‘trade’’ for consistency 

in the chapter. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘for the entire period of such use’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary. 

152 

SECTION 57306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57306 ................... 46 App.:1160(b) (4th–7th 

sentences). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(b) (4th–7th 

sentences), as added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, 

§ 7, 53 Stat. 1184; Pub. L. 87–401, subdiv. (1), 

Oct. 5, 1961, 75 Stat. 833; Pub. L. 91–469, 

§§ 12(b), 35(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1022, 

1035; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 161. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘acquisition of the obsolete vessel occurs’’ are substituted for ‘‘title to the obsolete vessel is acquired’’ for 

consistency in the chapter. 

SECTION 57307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57307 ................... 46 App.:1160(e). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(e), as 

added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 7, 53 Stat. 

1184; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 161. 

The words ‘‘for gain or loss upon a sale or exchange and for depreciation under the applicable Federal income-tax laws’’ and ‘‘or 

vessels exchanged for credit upon the acquisition of such new vessel’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words ‘‘the difference between the cost of the new vessel and the trade-in allowance of the obsolete vessel’’ are substituted for ‘‘the amount of the 

cost of such vessel (other than the cost represented by such obsolete vessel or vessels)’’ for clarity. 

SECTION 57308 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57308 ................... 46 App.:1160(g). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title V, § 510(g), as 

added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 7, 53 Stat. 

1185; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 1960, 74 

Stat. 216; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(91), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 161. 

The words ‘‘and vessels presently in the Secretary’s laid-up fleet 

which are or become twenty-five years old or more’’ and ‘‘or any 

such vessel in the laid-up fleet’’ are omitted as obsolete. In clause 

(2), the words ‘‘for the employment of the Secretary’s vessels in 

steamship lines’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

CHAPTER 575—CONSTRUCTION, CHARTER, AND SALE 

OF VESSELS 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

Sec. 

57501. Completion of long-range program. 

57502. Construction, reconditioning, and remodeling of vessels. 

57503. Competitive bidding. 

57504. Charter or sale of vessels acquired by Department of Transportation. 

57505. Employment of vessels on foreign trade routes. 

57506. Minimum selling price of vessels. 

153 

SUBCHAPTER II—CHARTERS 

57511. Demise charters. 

57512. Competitive bidding. 

57513. Minimum bid. 

57514. Qualifications of bidders. 

57515. Awarding of charters. 

57516. Operating-differential subsidies. 

57517. Recovery of excess profits. 

57518. Performance bond. 

57519. Insurance. 

57520. Vessel maintenance. 

57521. Termination of charter during national emergency. 

SUBCHAPTER III—MISCELLANEOUS 

57531. Construction and charter of vessels for unsuccessful routes. 

57532. Operation of experimental vessels. 

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 

SECTION 57501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57501 ................... 46 App.:1191. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 701, 49 Stat. 

2008; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(103), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 162. 

The words ‘‘find and’’, ‘‘finding and’’, ‘‘in whole or in part’’, and 

‘‘previously adopted’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The word ‘‘shall’’ 

is substituted for ‘‘is authorized and directed to’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 57502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57502(a), (b) ........ 46 App.:1192. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 702, 49 Stat. 

2008; Pub. L. 85–191, Aug. 28, 1957, 71 Stat. 

471; Pub. L. 86–624, § 35(c), July 12, 1960, 74 

Stat. 421; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(104), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 162. 

57502(c) ............... 46 App.:1193(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 703(b), 49 

Stat. 2008. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘for such new construction or reconstruction, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 57503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57503(a) ............... 46 App.:1193(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 703(a), (c) 

(related to construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning), 49 Stat. 2008; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(105), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 163. 

57503(b) ............... 46 App.:1193(c) (related 

to construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘Bids required under this section’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘All bids required by the Secretary of Transportation for the construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of vesVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00153 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
154 

sels’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The word ‘‘hour’’ is omitted 

as covered by ‘‘time’’. 

SECTION 57504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57504 ................... 46 App.:1194. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 704, 49 Stat. 

2008; Apr. 1, 1937, ch. 64, 50 Stat. 57; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(106), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

163. 

SECTION 57505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57505(a) ............... 46 App.:1195 (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 705 (1st, 2d 

sentences), 49 Stat. 2009; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(107), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 163. 

57505(b) ............... 46 App.:1195 (2d sentence). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘As soon as practicable after June 

29, 1936, and continuing thereafter’’ are omitted as obsolete. The 

words ‘‘However, the Secretary shall first determine that those 

routes are not being adequately served’’ are substituted for ‘‘Provided, That such needs are not being adequately served’’ for clarity 

and because provisos are disfavored in modern drafting. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘in the manner provided in section 

7 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1920 [46 App. U.S.C. 866], and in 

strict accordance with the provisions of section 5 of said Act’’ are 

omitted because section 5 of that Act was repealed in 1988, and 

section 7 is being repealed as obsolete by this bill without being restated. 

SECTION 57506 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57506 ................... 46 App.:1195 (last sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 705 (last sentence), as added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 11(a), 

53 Stat. 1185; Pub. L. 86–518, § 1, June 12, 

1960, 74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(107), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 163. 

46 App.:1125 note. Pub. L. 86–518, § 9, June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 217. 

Subsection (d) is substituted for ‘‘less depreciation based on a 

twenty-five year life’’ because of section 9 of Public Law 86–518 

(June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 217), which provided that ‘‘Nothing in any 

amendment made by this Act [including section 1 substituting 

‘twenty-five’ for ‘twenty’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1195] shall operate or 

be interpreted to change from twenty to twenty-five years the provisions of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, relating to 

the commercial expectancy or period of depreciation of any tanker 

or other liquid bulk carrier.’’ 

155 

SUBCHAPTER II—CHARTER PROVISIONS 

SECTION 57511 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57511 ................... 46 App.:1201. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 711, 49 Stat. 

2010; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(113), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 163. 

The words ‘‘for a term the Secretary considers to be’’ are substituted for ‘‘until January 1, 1940, shall be for terms of three years 

or less as the Secretary of Transportation may decide: Provided, 

That after January 1, 1940, charters may be executed by the Secretary of Transportation for such terms as the experience gained by 

the Secretary of Transportation shall indicate are’’ to eliminate unnecessary and obsolete words. 

SECTION 57512 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57512(a) ............... 46 App.:1196(a) (1st sentence). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 706(a), (b) 

(1st sentence related to announcement), 49 

Stat. 2009; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(108), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 163. 

57512(b) ............... 46 App.:1196(a) (last 

sentence), (b) (1st sentence related to announcement). 

57512(c) ............... 46 App.:1193(c) (related 

to chartering). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 703(c) (related to chartering), 49 Stat. 2008; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(105), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 163. 

Subsection (b)(4) is substituted for ‘‘announce in his advertisements for bids that the Secretary of Transportation reserves the 

right to, reject any and all bids submitted’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 

1196(b) to improve the organization. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘Bids required under this section’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘All bids required by the Secretary of Transportation . . . and for the chartering of the Secretary’s vessels hereinafter provided for’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The word 

‘‘hour’’ is omitted as covered by ‘‘time’’. 

SECTION 57513 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57513 ................... 46 App.:1196(b) (last 

sentence). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 706(b) (last 

sentence), as added Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, 

§ 11(b), 53 Stat. 1186; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(108), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 163. 

SECTION 57514 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57514 ................... 46 App.:1203. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 713, 49 Stat. 

2010; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(115), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 164. 

156 

SECTION 57515 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57515 ................... 46 App.:1196(b) (1st sentence related to authority). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, §§ 706(b) (1st 

sentence related to authority), 707, 49 Stat. 

2009; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(108), (109), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 163. 

46 App.:1197. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘if the Secretary considers the charter hire offered too low’’ are substituted for ‘‘if, in the Secretary’s 

discretion, the charter hire offered is deemed too low’’ to eliminate 

unnecessary words. The words ‘‘lacks the qualifications required by 

section 57514 of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘lacks sufficient capital, credit, or experience to operate successfully the line’’ to avoid 

repeating the qualifications in more than one place. 

SECTION 57516 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57516 ................... 46 App.:1198. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 708, 49 Stat. 

2009; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 31, 52 Stat. 

962; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(110), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 163. 

SECTION 57517 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57517 ................... 46 App.:1199. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 709, 49 Stat. 

2010; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(111), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 163. 

SECTION 57518 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57518 ................... 46 App.:1200. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 710, 49 Stat. 

2010; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(112), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 163. 

SECTION 57519 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57519 ................... 46 App.:1202(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 712(a), 49 

Stat. 2010; Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 555, § 1, 53 Stat. 

1254; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(114), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 163. 

SECTION 57520 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57520 ................... 46 App.:1202(b), (c). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 712(b), (c), 49 

Stat. 2010; Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 555, § 1, 53 Stat. 

1254; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(114), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 163. 

157 

SECTION 57521 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57521 ................... 46 App.:1202(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 712(d), 49 

Stat. 2010; Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 555, § 1, 53 Stat. 

1254; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(114), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 163. 

SUBCHAPTER III—MISCELLANEOUS 

SECTION 57531 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57531 ................... 46 App.:1204. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 714, 49 Stat. 

2011; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, § 32, 52 Stat. 

962; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 12, 53 Stat. 1186; 

Pub. L. 86–3, § 18(b)(3), Mar. 18, 1959, 73 

Stat. 12; Pub. L. 86–518, § 5, June 12, 1960, 

74 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 91–469, § 22, Oct. 21, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1032; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(116), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 164. 

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for ‘‘Upon the basis of a twentyfive year life of the vessel’’ because of section 9 of Public Law 86– 

518 (June 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 217), which provided that ‘‘Nothing in 

any amendment made by this Act [including section 5 substituting 

‘twenty-five’ for ‘twenty’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1204] shall operate or 

be interpreted to change from twenty to twenty-five years the provisions of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, relating to 

the commercial expectancy or period of depreciation of any tanker 

or other liquid bulk carrier.’’ 

In subsection (c), in clauses (1) and (4), references to the useful 

life specified in subsection (b)(2) are substituted for references to 

the twenty-five year useful life for the reason stated in explaining 

subsection (b)(2). 

SECTION 57532 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

57532 ................... 46 App.:1205. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VII, § 715, as added 

July 11, 1956, ch. 574, 70 Stat. 531; Pub. L. 

97–31, § 12(117), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 164. 

Subsection (d) is substituted for ‘‘Those provisions of law prescribed or incorporated under section 1241a of this Appendix, 

which relate to vessel operating activities of the Secretary of Transportation and to employment of seamen through general agents, 

shall be applicable in connection with charters and agreements entered into under this section’’ for clarity. 

PART G—RESTRICTIONS AND PENALTIES

CHAPTER 581—RESTRICTIONS AND PENALTIES 

Sec. 

58101. Operating in domestic intercoastal or coastwise service. 

58102. Default on payment or maintenance of reserves. 

58103. Employing another person as managing or operating agent. 

58104. Willful violation constitutes breach of contract or charter. 

158 

58105. Preferences for cargo in which charterer has interest. 

58106. Concerted discriminatory activities. 

58107. Discrimination at ports by water common carriers. 

58108. Charges for transportation subject to subtitle IV of title 49. 

58109. Penalties. 

SECTION 58101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58101 ................... 46 App.:1223(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 805(a), 49 

Stat. 2012; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(122), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 164; Pub. L. 104–239, § 4(b)(1), 

Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 3131. 

In this chapter, references to the ‘‘operating-differential subsidy 

program’’ are substituted for references to ‘‘part A of subchapter VI 

of this chapter’’, meaning 46 App. U.S.C. 1171–1185a, because part 

A of subchapter VI contains the operating-differential subsidy program and under 46 App. U.S.C. 1185a that program is being 

phased out. Consequently, part A is being omitted from the revised 

title and will instead appear as a note under section 53101, except 

for 46 App. U.S.C. 1177 and 1177–l which are restated in chapter 

535. References to ‘‘chapter 575 of this title’’ are substituted for references to ‘‘subchapter VII of this chapter’’, meaning 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1191–1205, because those sections are restated in chapter 

575. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘A person may apply to the Secretary of Transportation for a waiver of subsection (a). Before deciding on the waiver, the Secretary shall give the applicant and 

other interested persons an opportunity for a hearing.’’ are substituted for ‘‘without the written permission of the Secretary of 

Transportation. Every person, firm, or corporation having any interest in such application shall be permitted to intervene and the 

Secretary of Transportation shall give a hearing to the applicant 

and the intervenors.’’ for clarity. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘domestic intercoastal or coastwise 

trade’’ are substituted for ‘‘domestic, intercoastal, or coastwise 

trade’’ for consistency in the section. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘and whosoever shall violate this 

provision shall be guilty of a misdemeanor’’ are omitted because 

section 3559 of title 18 provides for the classification of offenses. 

See the revision notes for section 58109 of the revised title. 

SECTION 58102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58102 ................... 46 App.:1223(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 805(b), 49 

Stat. 2012; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(122), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 164; Pub. L. 104–239, § 4(b)(2), 

Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 3131. 

The words ‘‘contractor under the operating-differential subsidy 

program or a charterer under chapter 575 of this title, receiving an 

operating-differential subsidy’’ are substituted for ‘‘contractor under 

part A of subchapter VI of this chapter or subchapter VII of this 

chapter receiving an operating-differential subsidy’’ for the reasons 

explained under section 58101. 

159 

SECTION 58103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58103 ................... 46 App.:1223(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 805(d), 49 

Stat. 2013; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §§ 36, 37, 

52 Stat. 963; Pub. L. 91–603, § 4(e), Dec. 31, 

1970, 84 Stat. 1675; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(122), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 164; Pub. L. 104–239, 

§ 4(b)(2), Oct. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 3131. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘contractor holding a contract under 

the operating-differential subsidy program or under chapter 575 of 

this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘contractor holding a contract authorized under part A of subchapter VI or VII of this chapter’’ for the 

reasons explained under section 58101. 

SECTION 58104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58104 ................... 46 App.:1223(f). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 805(f), 49 

Stat. 2014; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(122), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 164. 

The words ‘‘in force under this chapter’’ and ‘‘forthwith’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘and any person willfully violating 

the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor’’ are 

omitted because section 3559 of title 18 provides for the classification of offenses. See the revision notes for section 58109 of the revised title. 

SECTION 58105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58105 ................... 46 App.:1226. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 808, 49 Stat. 

2015. 

The words ‘‘and whosoever shall violate this provision shall be 

guilty of a misdemeanor’’ are omitted because section 3559 of title 

18 provides for the classification of offenses. See the revision notes 

for section 58109 of the revised title. 

SECTION 58106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58106 ................... 46 App.:1227. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 810, 49 Stat. 

2015. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘United States Government’’ are substituted for ‘‘United States or any agency of the United States’’ for 

consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘bring a civil action’’ are substituted 

for ‘‘sue’’ for consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘without respect to the amount in controversy’’ are omitted because section 

1331 of title 28 no longer contains a requirement of any particular 

amount in controversy for jurisdiction of civil actions arising under 

the laws of the United States. The words ‘‘If the person prevails’’ 

are added for clarity. 

160 

SECTION 58107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58107 ................... 46 App.:1115. June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 205, 49 Stat. 

1987; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(62), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 159. 

SECTION 58108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58108 ................... 46 App.:884. June 5, 1920, ch. 250, § 28, 41 Stat. 999; Ex. 

Ord. No. 6166, § 12, eff. June 10, 1933; June 

29, 1936, ch. 858, §§ 204, 904, 49 Stat. 1987, 

2016; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(50), Aug. 6, 1981, 

95 Stat. 157; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, 

§ 321(3), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 950. 

The words ‘‘territory or possession’’ are substituted for ‘‘possession or dependency’’ for consistency in the revised title. 

SECTION 58109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

58109 ................... 46 App.:1228 (1st, 2d 

pars.). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 806(b), (c), 

49 Stat. 2014; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(125), Aug. 

6, 1981, 95 Stat. 164. 

In subsection (a), the word ‘‘individual’’ is substituted for ‘‘natural person’’ for consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘convicted of violating section 58101(d), 58103, or 58105 of this title’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘found guilty of any act or acts declared in this 

chapter to constitute a misdemeanor’’ because the sections referred 

to restate the provisions which declare certain acts to be misdemeanors and because the restatement of those provisions does 

not use the word ‘‘misdemeanor’’. The words ‘‘in any district court 

of the United States’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘shall 

be fined under title 18, imprisoned for at least one year but not 

more than five years, or both’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000, or by imprisonment for 

not less than one year or more than five years, or by both fine and 

imprisonment’’ because of chapter 227 of title 18. See 18 U.S.C. 

3559 (which classifies offenses based on the maximum term of imprisonment) and 3571 (which establishes fines based on those classifications). 

In subsection (b), the word ‘‘organization’’ is substituted for ‘‘corporation’’ to reflect the probable intent that the penalty should 

apply to other organizations in addition to corporations. The words 

‘‘convicted of committing an act prohibited by this subtitle’’ are substituted for ‘‘found guilty of any act or acts declared in this chapter 

to be unlawful’’ for clarity and consistency. The words ‘‘shall be 

fined under title 18’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall be punished by a 

fine of not more than $25,000’’ for consistency with subsection (a). 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘An individual or organization convicted of violating a section referred to in subsection (a)’’ are substituted for ‘‘any person or corporation convicted of a misdemeanor 

under the provisions of this chapter’’ for consistency in the section. 

Reference to the Federal Maritime Commission is omitted because 

161 

the Commission does not administer any of the provisions referred 

to. 

Subtitle VI—Clearance, Tonnage Taxes, and 

Duties 

Chapter Sec. 

601. Arrival and Departure Requirements ............................................... 60101 

603. Tonnage Taxes and Light Money ........................................................ 60301 

605. Discriminating Duties and Reciprocal Privileges .......................... 60501 

CHAPTER 601—ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE 

REQUIREMENTS 

Sec. 

60101. Boarding arriving vessels before inspection. 

60102. Production of certificate on entry. 

60103. Oath of ownership on entry. 

60104. Depositing certificates of documentation with consular officers. 

60105. Clearance of vessels. 

60106. State inspection laws. 

60107. Payment of fees on departing vessel. 

60108. Duty to transport tendered cargo. 

60109. Duty to transport money and securities of the United States Government. 

SECTION 60101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60101 ................... 46 App.:163. Mar. 31, 1900, ch. 120, §§ 1–3, 31 Stat. 58. 

In subsection (a), the Secretary of Homeland Security is substituted for the Commissioner of Customs because the functions of 

the Customs Service and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating 

thereto were transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by 

section 403(1) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107– 

296, 116 Stat. 2178). The functions of the Commissioner of Customs previously were vested in the Secretary of the Treasury under 

section 321(c) of title 31. For prior related transfers of functions, 

see the transfer of functions note under 46 App. U.S.C. 163. The 

word ‘‘shall’’ is substituted for ‘‘is authorized and directed to’’ for 

consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

The word ‘‘port’’ is substituted for ‘‘seaports’’ for consistency in the 

revised title. The word ‘‘secured’’ is substituted for ‘‘placed in security’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘from time to 

time’’, ‘‘properly’’, and ‘‘and for that purpose to employ any of the 

officers of the United States Customs Service’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘fined under title 18, imprisoned for 

not more than 6 months, or both’’ are substituted for ‘‘subject to a 

penalty of not more than $100 or imprisonment not to exceed six 

months, or both’’ because of chapter 227 of title 18. The words ‘‘in 

the discretion of the court’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘section 2279 of title 18’’ are substituted for ‘‘section forty-six hundred and six of the Revised Statutes’’ in the Act of Mar. 31, 1900, because R.S. § 4606 (formerly 

classified to 46 U.S.C. 708 (1946 ed.)) was replaced by 18 U.S.C. 

2279 in the codification of title 18 by the Act of June 25, 1948 (ch. 

645, 62 Stat. 683). The words ‘‘section 9 of act August 2, 1882 (22 

162 

Stat. 189)’’ are omitted because that law was repealed by section 

4(b) of Public Law 98–89 (Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 600). 

SECTION 60102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60102 ................... 46 App.:57. R.S. § 4184. 

The words ‘‘vessel documented under chapter 121 of this title’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘vessel, recorded in pursuance of title 48 of the 

Revised Statutes’’, and the words ‘‘certificate of documentation’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘certificate of such record’’, for consistency with 

chapter 121 of title 46. The words ‘‘in charge’’ are substituted for 

‘‘having the command or charge’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

The words ‘‘customs officer’’ are substituted for ‘‘collector of the district’’ because the office of collector of customs was abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1965. For additional requirements relating to entry of vessels, see 19 U.S.C. 1434. 

SECTION 60103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60103 ................... 46 App.:42. R.S. § 4173. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘certificate of documentation’’ and 

‘‘certificate’’ are substituted for ‘‘register’’ for consistency with chapter 121 of the revised title. In clause (2), the words ‘‘sold or’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘owned only by citizens of the 

United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘no foreign subject or citizen has 

. . . any share, by way of trust, confidence, or otherwise’’ for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 60104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60104 ................... 46 App.:354. R.S. § 4309; Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 

100. 

46 App.:355. R.S. § 4310; Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 

100. 

In this section, the words ‘‘certificate of documentation’’ are substituted for ‘‘register’’ and ‘‘papers’’ for consistency with chapter 121 

of title 46. The words ‘‘sea-letter, and Mediterranean passport’’ in 

R.S. § 4309 are omitted because the use of those documents was 

discontinued by Presidential proclamation on April 10, 1815. The 

words ‘‘consular officer’’ are substituted for ‘‘consul or vice consul’’ 

for consistency with 22 U.S.C. 4205. The words ‘‘commercial agent, 

or vice commercial agent’’ in R.S. §§ 4309 and 4310 are omitted because of the abolition of the grade of commercial agent by the Act 

of Apr. 5, 1906 (ch. 1366, 34 Stat. 99). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘or commander’’ are omitted as unnecessary and for consistency in the section. 

In subsection (c), the word ‘‘failing’’ is substituted for ‘‘refuses or 

neglects’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘liable to the 

United States Government for a civil penalty’’ are substituted for 

163 

‘‘liable to a penalty’’ for clarity and for consistency in the revised 

title. 

SECTION 60105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60105 ................... 46 App.:91. R.S. § 4197; Aug. 5, 1935, ch. 438, title II, § 209, 

49 Stat. 526; June 16, 1938, ch. 476, § 1, 52 

Stat. 758; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1213, title V, 

§ 501(a), 68 Stat. 1140; Pub. L. 103–182, title 

VI, § 686(b), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2221; 

Pub. L. 106–476, title I, § 1452(a)(3), Nov. 9, 

2000, 114 Stat. 2167. 

The Secretary of Homeland Security is substituted for the Customs Service and for the Secretary of the Treasury because the 

functions of the Customs Service and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto were transferred to the Secretary of Homeland 

Security by section 403(1) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 

(Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 2178). 

SECTION 60106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60106 ................... 46 App.:97. R.S. § 4202. 

This section is substituted for the source provision to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

SECTION 60107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60107 ................... 46 App.:100. R.S. § 4206. 

This section is substituted for the source provision to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

SECTION 60108 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60108 ................... 46 App.:834. Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 451, § 36, 39 Stat. 738. 

Only the word ‘‘cargo’’ is used, instead of ‘‘merchandise’’, 

‘‘freight’’, and ‘‘cargo’’, for consistency in the section. 

SECTION 60109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60109 ................... 46 App.:98. R.S. § 4204; Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 

100. 

This section is substituted for the source provision to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

CHAPTER 603—TONNAGE TAXES AND LIGHT MONEY 

Sec. 

60301. Regular tonnage taxes. 

60302. Special tonnage taxes. 

164 

60303. Light money. 

60304. Presidential suspension of tonnage taxes and light money. 

60305. Vessels in distress. 

60306. Vessels not engaged in trade. 

60307. Vessels engaged in coastwise trade or the fisheries. 

60308. Vessels engaged in Great Lakes trade. 

60309. Passenger vessels making trips between ports of the United States and foreign ports. 

60310. Vessels making daily trips on interior waters. 

60311. Hospital vessels in time of war. 

60312. Rights under treaties preserved. 

SECTION 60301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60301(a) ............... 46 App.:121 (2d sentence 

words before semicolon). 

Aug. 5, 1909, ch. 6, § 36 (1st sentence), 36 Stat. 

111; Pub. L. 101–508, title X, § 10402(a), Nov. 

5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–398; Pub. L. 103–66, 

title IX, § 9001(a)(1), (2), (c)(1), Aug. 10, 1993, 

107 Stat. 402; Pub. L. 105–33, title IX, 

§ 9201(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 671. 

60301(b) ............... 46 App.:121 (2d sentence 

words after semicolon). 

60301(c) ............... 46 App.:132. Mar. 8, 1910, ch. 86, 36 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 101– 

508, title X, § 10402(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 

Stat. 1388–399; Pub. L. 103–66, title IX, 

§ 9001(b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 402; Pub. 

L. 105–33, title IX, § 9201(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 

111 Stat. 671. 

In this section, the tax rates for fiscal years 1991 through 2002 

are omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (a)(1), the words ‘‘West Indies Islands’’ are substituted for ‘‘West India Islands’’ to conform to current geographic 

terminology. The word ‘‘Newfoundland’’ is omitted because Newfoundland is now part of Canada. 

In subsection (a)(2), the reference to the definitions in section 

2101 is confined to ‘‘recreational vessel’’ because the definitions of 

‘‘vessel of the United States’’ and ‘‘barge’’ are being moved to chapter 1 of the revised title and being made applicable title-wide. 

SECTION 60302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60302(a) ............... 46 App.:121 (1st sentence, 5th sentence 

words before semicolon, last sentence 

words after semicolon). 

R.S. § 4219 (1st, 2d sentences, 4th sentence 

words before semicolon, last sentence words 

before 1st semicolon and after last semicolon); 

Feb. 27, 1877, ch. 69, § 1, 19 Stat. 250. 

60302(b) ............... 46 App.:121 (4th sentence words before proviso). 

60302(c) ............... 46 App.:121 (4th sentence proviso). Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 171, § 1, 38 Stat. 1193. 

In subsections (a) and (b), the words ‘‘Regardless of whether a 

tax is imposed under section 60301 of this title’’ are added for clarity. See 19 C.F.R. § 4.20(c) (2003). 

In subsection (a)(1), the word ‘‘owned’’ is substituted for ‘‘belonging’’ for consistency in the revised title. 

In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘vessel of the United States’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘vessel’’ for clarity. 

165 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘The tax of 50 cents per ton’’ are substituted for ‘‘no such duty’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 121 to conform more 

closely to the language in section 1 of the Act of March 4, 1915 (ch. 

171, 38 Stat. 1193). The word ‘‘documented’’ is substituted for ‘‘registered’’ for consistency in the revised title. 

The words ‘‘In addition to the tonnage-duty above imposed, there 

shall be paid a tax, at the rate of thirty cents per ton, on vessels 

which shall be entered at any custom-house within the United 

States from any foreign port or place’’ in R.S. § 4219 were omitted 

from the original codification of R.S. § 4219 in 46 U.S.C. 121 (1926 

edition, 44 Stat. 1467). A codification note which first appeared in 

the 1958 edition of the United States Code for 46 U.S.C. 121 says 

that the words apparently were omitted as superseded and repealed by section 14 of the Act of June 26, 1884 (ch. 121, 23 Stat. 

57), as amended by section 11 of the Act of June 19, 1886 (ch. 421, 

24 Stat. 81), and section 1 of the Act of April 4, 1888 (ch. 61, 25 

Stat. 80). 

SECTION 60303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60303(a) ............... 46 App.:128 (words before proviso). R.S. § 4225. 

60303(b) ............... 46 App.:129. R.S. § 4226. 

60303(c) ............... 46 App.:128 (proviso). Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 171, § 1, 38 Stat. 1193. 

In subsection (a), the word ‘‘tax’’ is substituted for ‘‘duty’’, and 

the word ‘‘imposed’’ is substituted for ‘‘levied and collected’’, for consistency in the chapter. The words ‘‘in the same manner’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words ‘‘does not apply 

to’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall not be deemed to operate upon’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. The word ‘‘unregistered’’ is omitted 

as unnecessary. The word ‘‘only’’ is added for clarity and for consistency in the revised title. In clause (A), the words ‘‘owned only 

by citizens of the United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘American 

property’’ for consistency. In clause (B)(ii), the words ‘‘sold or’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘owned only by citizens of the 

United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘no foreign subject or citizen has 

. . . any share, by way of trust, confidence, or otherwise’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b)(2), clause (A) is substituted for ‘‘if the same 

shall be at the port at which the owner or any of the part owners 

reside’’, and clause (B) is substituted for ‘‘If the owner or any part 

owner does not reside at the port or place at which such vessel 

shall enter, then the master shall make oath to the like effect’’, to 

eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 60304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60304 ................... 46 App.:121 (5th sentence words after semicolon). 

R.S. § 4219 (4th sentence words after semicolon); Feb. 27, 1877, ch. 69, § 1, 19 Stat. 250. 

The words ‘‘If the President is satisfied . . . the President shall 

suspend the imposition’’ are substituted for ‘‘none of the duties . . . 

166 

shall be levied . . . if the President of the United States shall be 

satisfied’’, the words ‘‘does not impose’’ are substituted for ‘‘have 

been abolished’’, and the words ‘‘special tonnage taxes and light 

money’’ are substituted for ‘‘duties on tonnage above mentioned’’, 

for clarity. 

SECTION 60305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60305 ................... 46 App.:121 (3d sentence 

related to distress). 

Aug. 5, 1909, ch. 6, § 36 (2d sentence related to 

distress), 36 Stat. 111; Pub. L. 101–508, title 

X, § 10402(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388– 

398; Pub. L. 103–66, title IX, § 9001(a)(3), 

(c)(1), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 402. 

The words ‘‘and light money’’ are added for clarity and consistency. See 19 C.F.R. § 4.21 (2003). 

SECTION 60306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60306 ................... 46 App.:121 (3d sentence 

related to trade). 

Aug. 5, 1909, ch. 6, § 36 (2d sentence related to 

trade), 36 Stat. 111; Pub. L. 101–508, title X, 

§ 10402(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–398; 

Pub. L. 103–66, title IX, § 9001(a)(3), (c)(1), 

Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 402. 

The words ‘‘and light money’’ are added for clarity and consistency. See 19 C.F.R. § 4.21 (2003). 

SECTION 60307 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60307 ................... 46 App.:122. R.S. § 4220. 

The words ‘‘with a registry endorsement or a coastwise endorsement’’ are substituted for ‘‘if such vessel be licensed, registered, or 

enrolled’’ for consistency with chapter 121 of the revised title. The 

words ‘‘belonging to any citizen of the United States’’ are omitted 

as unnecessary because, under chapter 121 as amended by this bill, 

ownership by a citizen of the United States is a requirement for 

documentation. The words ‘‘and light money’’ are added for clarity 

and consistency. See 19 C.F.R. § 4.21 (2003). 

SECTION 60308 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60308 ................... 46 App.:123. R.S. § 2793; Sept. 25, 1941, ch. 423, 55 Stat. 

733; Pub. L. 103–182, title VI, § 686(a)(1), 

Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2220; Pub. L. 104–324, 

title XI, § 1115(b)(4), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 

3972. 

The words ‘‘or light money’’ are added for clarity and consistency. 

See 19 C.F.R. § 4.21 (2003). 

The statutory source for this section, R.S. § 2793, is amended by 

section 13(a) of this bill. See the explanation in this report for that 

amendment. 

167 

SECTION 60309 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60309 ................... 46 App.:124. R.S. § 2792; May 28, 1908, ch. 212, § 1, 35 Stat. 

424. 

The words ‘‘at least 3 trips per week’’ are substituted for ‘‘triweekly or oftener’’ for clarity. The words ‘‘and light money’’ are 

added for clarity and consistency. See 19 C.F.R. § 4.21 (2003). The 

words ‘‘while such service triweekly or oftener is maintained’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 60310 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60310 ................... 46 App.:125. R.S. § 4221. 

The words ‘‘is exempt from tonnage taxes’’ are substituted for ‘‘no 

tonnage fees shall be charged’’ for consistency in the revised chapter. The words ‘‘and light money’’ are added for clarity and consistency. See 19 C.F.R. § 4.21 (2003). The words ‘‘by the officers of the 

United States’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 60311 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60311 ................... 46 App.:133. Mar. 24, 1908, ch. 96, 35 Stat. 46. 

46 App.:134. 

The words ‘‘and possessions thereof’’ are omitted as unnecessary 

because of the definition of ‘‘United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

SECTION 60312 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60312 ................... 46 App.:121 (last sentence words before 

semicolon). 

R.S. § 4219 (last sentence words between 1st 

and last semicolons); Feb. 27, 1877, ch. 69, 

§ 1, 19 Stat. 250. 

46 App.:135. R.S. § 4227. 

The words ‘‘This chapter and chapter 605 of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘title 48 of the Revised Statutes’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 135 

because the provisions of title 48 of the Revised Statutes which are 

still alive and relate to tonnage or other duties on vessels are restated in these two chapters. Although these two chapters restate 

other provisions which are not from title 48 of the Revised Statutes, expansion of the reference to include those provisions is done 

for consistency. 

CHAPTER 605—DISCRIMINATING DUTIES AND 

RECIPROCAL PRIVILEGES 

Sec. 

60501. Vessels allowed to import. 

60502. Discriminating duty on goods imported in foreign vessels or from contiguous countries. 

60503. Reciprocal suspension of discriminating duties. 

60504. Reciprocal privileges for recreational vessels. 

168 

60505. Retaliatory suspension of commercial privileges. 

60506. Retaliation against British dominions of North America. 

60507. Suspension of free passage through Saint Marys Falls Canal. 

SECTION 60501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60501(a) ............... 19:130 (1st sentence). Oct. 3, 1913, ch. 16, § IV(J)(2), (3), 38 Stat. 196; 

Mar. 15, 1915, ch. 171, § 1, 38 Stat. 1193; 

Pub. L. 103–182, title VI, § 689(a)(2), Dec. 8, 

1993, 107 Stat. 2222. 

60501(b) ............... 19:131 (words before 

‘‘nor’’). 

60501(c) ............... 19:131 (words beginning 

with ‘‘nor’’). 

60501(d) ............... 19:130 (last sentence related to 19:130). 

In this section, the word ‘‘goods’’ is substituted for ‘‘goods, wares, 

or merchandise’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(2), before subclause (A), the words ‘‘owned only 

by’’ are substituted for ‘‘truly and wholly belong to’’ for consistency 

in the revised title. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘or goods, wares, or merchandise imported in vessels’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the wording of subsection (a) of the revised section. The word ‘‘restriction’’ 

is substituted for ‘‘regulation’’ as being more appropriate. 

Subsection (d) is substituted for ‘‘All goods, wares, or merchandise imported contrary to this section or section 128 of this title, 

and the vessel wherein the same shall be imported, together with 

her cargo, tackle, apparel, and furniture, shall be forfeited to the 

United States; and such goods, wares, or merchandise, ship, or vessel, and cargo shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned in like manner, and under the same regulations, restrictions, and provisions as have been heretofore established for the recovery, collection, distribution, and remission of forfeitures to the 

United States by the several revenue laws’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 60502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60502(a) ............... 19:128. Oct. 3, 1913, ch. 16, § IV(J)(1), 38 Stat. 196; 

Mar. 15, 1915, ch. 171, § 1, 38 Stat. 1193; 

Pub. L. 103–182, title VI, § 689(a)(1), Dec. 8, 

1993, 107 Stat. 2222. 

46 App.:146. 

60502(b) ............... 19:130 (last sentence related to 19:128). Oct. 3, 1913, ch. 16, § IV(J)(2), 38 Stat. 196. 

In this section, the word ‘‘goods’’ is substituted for ‘‘goods, wares, 

or merchandise’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(1), clauses (A) and (B) are substituted for ‘‘but 

this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, wares, or merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United 

States entitled at the time of such importation by treaty or convention or Act of Congress to be entered in the ports of the United 

States on payment of the same duties as shall then be payable on 

goods, wares, and merchandise imported in vessels of the United 

169 

States, nor to goods, wares, and merchandise imported in a vessel 

owned by citizens of the United States but not a vessel of the 

United States if such vessel after entering an American port shall, 

before leaving the same, be documented under chapter 121 of title 

46’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (a)(2) is substituted for ‘‘or which being the production or manufacture of any foreign country not contiguous to the 

United States, shall come into the United States from such contiguous country’’ and ‘‘but this discriminating duty shall not apply 

. . . nor to such products or manufactures as shall be imported 

from such contiguous countries in the usual course of strictly retail 

trade’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for the source provision for consistency with section 60501(d) and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

See note for section 60501(d) in this report. 

SECTION 60503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60503 ................... 46 App.:141. R.S. § 4228; July 24, 1897, ch. 13, 30 Stat. 214. 

In this section, the word ‘‘goods’’ is substituted for ‘‘produce, 

manufactures, or merchandise’’, ‘‘merchandise’’, and ‘‘cargoes’’ for 

consistency in the chapter. Other changes are made to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

SECTION 60504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60503 ................... 46 App.:104. May 28, 1908, ch. 212, § 5, 35 Stat. 425; Aug. 5, 

1909, ch. 6, § 37 (3d par.), 36 Stat. 112; June 

26, 1948, ch. 673, 62 Stat. 1051. 

The Secretary of Homeland Security is substituted for the Commissioner of Customs because the functions of the Customs Service 

and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto were transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by section 403(1) of 

the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 

2178). The functions of the Commissioner of Customs previously 

were vested in the Secretary of the Treasury under section 321(c) 

of title 31. For prior related transfers of functions, see the transfer 

of functions note under 46 App. U.S.C. 104. 

SECTION 60505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60505 ................... 46 App.:142. June 19, 1886, ch. 421, § 17, 24 Stat. 82. 

In this section, the words ‘‘vessels of the United States’’ are used 

instead of both ‘‘vessels of the United States’’ and ‘‘American vessels’’ for consistency in the section. The words ‘‘vessels of a foreign 

country’’ and ‘‘vessels of that country’’ are substituted for ‘‘foreign 

country whose vessels’’, ‘‘national vessels’’, ‘‘vessels of such foreign 

country’’, and similar references, for consistency. The words ‘‘ports 

and waters’’ and ‘‘ports or waters’’ are substituted for ‘‘ports’’, ‘‘harVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00169 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
170 

bors, ports, or waters’’, and ‘‘ports, harbors, or waters’’ for consistency. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘on receiving satisfactory information of the continuance of such discriminations 

against any vessels of the United States’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words ‘‘given the same commercial privileges’’ are substitued for ‘‘placed on the same footing’’ for clarity 

and for consistency in the section. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for ‘‘excluding . . . from the exercise 

of such commercial privileges in the ports of the United States as 

are denied to American vessels in the ports of such foreign country, 

all vessels of such foreign country of a similar character to the vessels of the United States thus discriminated against’’ for clarity 

and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (c) is substituted for ‘‘on and after such time as he 

may indicate’’ for clarity. 

Subsection (d)(1) is substituted for ‘‘and on and after the date 

named in such proclamation for it to take effect, if the master, officer, or agent of any vessel of such foreign country excluded by said 

proclamation from the exercise of any commercial privileges shall 

do any act prohibited by said proclamation in the ports, harbors, 

or waters of the United States for or on account of such vessel, 

such vessel, and its rigging, tackle, furniture, and boats, and all 

the goods on board, shall be liable to seizure and to forfeiture to 

the United States’’ for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (d)(2) is substituted for ‘‘any person opposing any officer of the United States in the enforcement of this section, or aiding and abetting any other person in such opposition, shall forfeit 

$800, and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, 

shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years’’ 

because of chapter 227 of title 18. 

SECTION 60506 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60506 ................... 46 App.:143. Mar. 3, 1887, ch. 339, 24 Stat. 475. 

In this section, the words ‘‘fishermen or fishing vessels of the 

United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘American fishing vessels or 

American fishermen’’ for consistency in the revised title. The words 

‘‘are or recently have been denied’’ are substituted for ‘‘are or then 

lately have been denied or abridged’’ to eliminate unnecessary 

words. 

In subsection (a), the words before clause (1) are substituted for 

‘‘Whenever the President of the United States shall be satisfied 

. . . then, and in either or all of such cases, it shall be lawful, and 

it shall be the duty of the President of the United States, in his 

discretion, by proclamation to that effect, to deny vessels, their 

masters and crews, of the British dominions of North America, any 

entrance into the waters, ports, or places of or within the United 

States . . . whether such vessel shall have come directly from said 

dominions on such destined voyage or by way of some port or place 

in such destined voyage elsewhere; and also to deny entry into any 

port or place of the United States of fresh fish or salt fish or any 

171 

other product of said dominions, or other goods coming from said 

dominions to the United States’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words ‘‘regulations, or requirements’’ 

are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (a)(1)(C), the words ‘‘otherwise harassed’’ are substituted for ‘‘unjustly vexed or harassed in the enjoyment of such 

rights, . . . or otherwise unjustly vexed or harassed’’ to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the word ‘‘dock’’ is substituted for ‘‘touch’’ for clarity. In clause (C), the words ‘‘otherwise 

harassed’’ are substituted for ‘‘unjustly vexed or harassed, in respect thereof, or otherwise be unjustly vexed or harassed therein’’ 

to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (a)(3)(B), the words ‘‘otherwise harassed’’ are substituted for ‘‘unjustly vexed or harassed in respect of the same, or 

unjustly vexed or harassed therein’’ to eliminate unnecessary 

words. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for ‘‘(with such exceptions in regard 

to vessels in distress, stress of weather, or needing supplies as to 

the President shall seem proper)’’ and ‘‘The President may, in his 

discretion, apply such proclamation to any part or to all of the foregoing named subjects, and may revoke, qualify, limit, and renew 

such proclamation from time to time as he may deem necessary to 

the full and just execution of the purposes of this section’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (c) is substituted for ‘‘Every violation of any such 

proclamation, or any part thereof, is declared illegal, and all vessels and goods so coming or being within the waters, ports, or 

places of the United States contrary to such proclamation shall be 

forfeited to the United States; and such forfeiture shall be enforced 

and proceeded upon in the same manner and with the same effect 

as in the case of vessels or goods whose importation or coming to 

or being in the waters or ports of the United States contrary to law 

may be enforced and proceeded upon. Every person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, or such proclamation of 

the President made in pursuance hereof, shall be deemed guilty of 

a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a 

fine not exceeding $1,000, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion 

of the court.’’ for consistency in the revised title and with chapter 

227 of title 18 and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 60507 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

60507(a) ............... 46 App.:144 (1st par. 

words before 3d 

comma). 

July 26, 1892, ch. 248, 27 Stat. 267. 

60507(b) ............... 46 App.:144 (1st par. 

words after 3d 

comma). 

60507(c) ............... 46 App.:144 (last par.). 

60507(d) ............... 46 App.:145. 

In this section, the word ‘‘cargo’’ is substituted for ‘‘cargo’’, ‘‘cargoes’’, ‘‘portions or cargoes’’, ‘‘freight’’, and ‘‘freight of whatever kind 

or description’’ for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

172 

Subsection (a) is substituted for ‘‘With a view of securing reciprocal advantages for the citizens, ports, and vessels of the United 

States’’ to improve the organization of the section. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘and so often as’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The word ‘‘burdened’’ is substituted for ‘‘made difficult 

or burdensome’’, the word ‘‘unreasonable’’ is substituted for ‘‘reciprocally unjust and unreasonable’’, the words ‘‘the President by proclamation may suspend’’ are substituted for ‘‘he shall have the 

power, and it shall be his duty, to suspend by proclamation to that 

effect’’, the words ‘‘even when carried in vessels of the United 

States’’ are substituted for ‘‘whether carried in vessels of the 

United States or of other nations’’, and the words ‘‘The suspension 

shall apply to the extent and for the time the President considers 

appropriate’’ are substituted for ‘‘for such time and to such extent 

(including absolute prohibition) as he shall deem just’’, to eliminate 

unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c)(1), the words ‘‘the President shall impose a toll 

of’’ are substituted for ‘‘tolls shall be levied, collected, and paid as 

follows, to wit: . . . as shall be from time to time determined by 

the President’’ for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (c)(2), the word ‘‘landed’’ is substituted for ‘‘carried 

to and landed’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (d), the Secretary of Homeland Security is substituted for the Commissioner of Customs because the functions of 

the Customs Service and of the Secretary of the Treasury relating 

thereto were transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security by 

section 403(1) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107– 

296, 116 Stat. 2178). The functions of the Commissioner of Customs previously were vested in the Secretary of the Treasury under 

section 321(c) of title 31. For prior related transfers of functions, 

see the transfer of functions note under 46 App. U.S.C. 145. 

In subsection (d)(2), the words ‘‘a port described in subsection 

(c)(2) of this section’’ are substituted for ‘‘some port or place within 

the limits above named’’ for clarity. 

Subtitle VII—Security and Drug Enforcement 

Chapter Sec. 

701. Port Security ............................................................................................ 70101 

703. Maritime Security ................................................................................... 70301 

705. Maritime Drug Law Enforcement ...................................................... 70501 

CHAPTER 701—PORT SECURITY 

This chapter was enacted by Public Law 107–295, title I, 

§ 102(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2068. 

CHAPTER 703—MARITIME SECURITY 

Sec. 

70301. Definitions. 

70302. International measures for seaport and vessel security. 

70303. Security standards at foreign ports. 

70304. Travel advisories on security at foreign ports. 

70305. Suspension of passenger services. 

70306. Report on terrorist threats. 

173 

SECTION 70301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70301 ................... 46 App.:1807. Pub. L. 99–399, title IX, § 911, Aug. 27, 1986, 

100 Stat. 892. 

In clause (2), the term ‘‘vessel of the United States’’ is omitted 

because the definition of that term in 46 U.S.C. 2101 is being 

moved to chapter 1 of the revised title and will apply generally 

throughout the title. 

In clause (3), the definition of ‘‘Secretary’’ is new. The functions 

of the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter were carried 

out by the Coast Guard, and its functions have been transferred to 

the Department of Homeland Security (except when operating as a 

service in the Navy) by section 888 of the Homeland Security Act 

of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 2249). 

SECTION 70302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70302 ................... 46 App.:1801. Pub. L. 99–399, title IX, § 902, Aug. 27, 1986, 

100 Stat. 889. 

The word ‘‘vessel’’ is substituted for ‘‘shipboard’’ for consistency 

in the revised title. The words ‘‘and commends him on his efforts 

to date’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 70303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70303 ................... 46 App.:1803. Pub. L. 99–399, title IX, § 907(a), (b), (d), (e), 

Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 891. 

SECTION 70304 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70304 ................... 46 App.:1804. Pub. L. 99–399, title IX, § 908, Aug. 27, 1986, 

100 Stat. 891; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, title 

XXII, § 2224(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 

2681–819. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘with respect to which the Secretary 

of Transportation had made the determination described in section 

1803(d) of this Appendix’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 70305 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70305 ................... 46 App.:1805. Pub. L. 99–399, title IX, § 909, Aug. 27, 1986, 

100 Stat. 892. 

174 

SECTION 70306 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70306(a) ............... 46 App.:1802. Pub. L. 99–399, title IX, §§ 905, 913, Aug. 27, 

1986, 100 Stat. 890, 892; Pub. L. 107–295, 

title I, § 110(a), title IV, § 408(c)(3), Nov. 25, 

2002, 116 Stat. 2091, 2117. 

70306(b) ............... 46 App.:1809. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘February 28 of each year’’ are substituted for ‘‘February 28, 1987, and annually thereafter’’ in 46 

App. U.S.C. 1802 to eliminate obsolete language. The words ‘‘Beginning with the first report submitted under this section after the 

date of enactment of the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 

2002’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘To the extent practicable, the reports required under sections 903, 905, and 907 [46 App. U.S.C. 

1801 note, 1802, 1803] shall be consolidated into a single document 

before being submitted to the Congress’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1809(a) 

are omitted as unnecessary and obsolete because sections 903 and 

907 are being omitted from the revised title and repealed as obsolete. The words ‘‘Committee on International Relations’’ are substituted for ‘‘Committee on Foreign Affairs’’ to reflect changes in 

committee structure made by the 104th Congress. 

CHAPTER 705—MARITIME DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT 

Sec. 

70501. Findings and declarations. 

70502. Definitions. 

70503. Manufacture, distribution, or possession of controlled substances on vessels. 

70504. Jurisdiction and venue. 

70505. Failure to comply with international law as a defense. 

70506. Penalties. 

70507. Forfeitures. 

SECTION 70501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70501 ................... 46 App.:1902. Pub. L. 96–350, § 2, Sept. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 

1160; Pub. L. 99–307, § 7, May 19, 1986, 100 

Stat. 447; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, § 3202, 

Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–95; Pub. L. 99– 

640, § 17, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3552. 

SECTION 70502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70502(a) ............... 46 App.:1903(i). Pub. L. 96–350, § 3(b), (c), (i), Sept. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 1160; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, § 3202, 

Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–95, 3207–97; 

Pub. L. 99–640, § 17, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 

3552, 3554; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, 

§ 7402(b), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4483; Pub. 

L. 104–324, § 1138(a)(1)–(3), (b), Oct. 19, 

1996, 110 Stat. 3988, 3989; Pub. L. 107–295, 

title IV, § 418(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 

2123. 

70502(b) ............... 46 App.:1903(b). 

70502(c) ............... 46 App.:1903(c)(1). 

70502(d) ............... 46 App.:1903(c)(2). 

175 

SECTION 70502—CONTINUED

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70502(e) ............... 46 App.:1903(c)(3). 

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words ‘‘individual who 

is a citizen of the United States’’ are substituted for ‘‘a citizen or 

national of the United States’’ because of the definition of ‘‘citizen 

of the United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. The words 

‘‘or a territory, commonwealth, or possession of the United States’’ 

and ‘‘the District of Columbia, or any territory, commonwealth, or 

possession of the United States’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of ‘‘State’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In subsection (d)(1)(B), the word ‘‘authorized’’ is substituted for 

‘‘empowered’’ for consistency with subsection (b)(2)(B). 

SECTION 70503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70503(a) ............... 46 App.:1903(a). Pub. L. 96–350, § 3(a), (e), (h), Sept. 15, 1980, 

94 Stat. 1160; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, 

§ 3202, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–95, 

3207–96, 3207–97; Pub. L. 99–640, § 17, Nov. 

10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3552, 3554; Pub. L. 100– 

690, title VII, § 7402(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 

Stat. 4483. 

70503(b) ............... 46 App.:1903(h). 

70503(c) ............... 46 App.:1903(e) (1st sentence). 

70503(d) ............... 46 App.:1903(e) (last sentence). 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘may not’’ are substituted for ‘‘It is unlawful for’’ for consistency in the revised title 

and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘applies to’’ are substituted for ‘‘is intended to reach’’ for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 70504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70504 ................... 46 App.:1903(f). Pub. L. 96–350, § 3(f), Sept. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 

1160; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, § 3202, Oct. 

27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–97; Pub. L. 99–640, 

§ 17, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3554; Pub. L. 

104–324, § 1138(a)(5), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 

3989. 

SECTION 70505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70505 ................... 46 App.:1903(d). Pub. L. 96–350, § 3(d), Sept. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 

1160; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, § 3202, Oct. 

27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–96; Pub. L. 99–640, 

§ 17, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3553; Pub. L. 

104–324, § 1138(a)(4), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 

3989. 

176 

SECTION 70506 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70506(a) ............... 46 App.:1903(g). Pub. L. 96–350, § 3(g), (j), Sept. 15, 1980, 94 

Stat. 1160; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, § 3202, 

Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–97; Pub. L. 99– 

640, § 17, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3554; Pub. 

L. 101–647, title XII, § 1203, Nov. 29, 1990, 

104 Stat. 4830. 

70506(b) ............... 46 App.:1903(j). 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘the commission of which was the 

object of the attempt or conspiracy’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

SECTION 70507 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

70507 ................... 46 App.:1904. Pub. L. 96–350, § 4, Sept. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 

1160; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, § 3202, Oct. 

27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–97; Pub. L. 99–640, 

§ 17, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3554; Pub. L. 

107–295, title IV, § 418(b), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 

Stat. 2123. 

Subtitle VIII—Miscellaneous 

Chapter Sec. 

801. Wrecks and Salvage ............................................................................... 80101 

803. Ice and Derelicts ..................................................................................... 80301 

805. Safe Containers for International Cargo .......................................... 80501 

CHAPTER 801—WRECKS AND SALVAGE 

Sec. 

80101. Vessel stranded on foreign coast. 

80102. License to salvage on Florida coast. 

80103. Property on Florida coast to be taken to port of entry. 

80104. Salvaging operations by foreign vessels. 

80105. Canadian vessels aiding vessels in United States waters. 

80106. International agreement on derelicts. 

80107. Salvors of life to share in remuneration. 

SECTION 80101 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80101 ................... 46 App.:721. R.S. § 4238. 

In this section, the words ‘‘consular officer’’ are substituted for 

‘‘Consuls and vice consuls’’ and ‘‘consul or vice consul’’ for consistency in the revised title. 

Subsection (a)(1) is substituted for ‘‘as well for the purpose of 

saving the vessels, their cargoes and appurtenances, as for storing 

and securing the effects and merchandise saved’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 80102 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80102 ................... 46 App.:724. R.S. § 4241. 

177 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘the district court of the United 

States for a judicial district of Florida’’ are substituted for ‘‘the district court for the district of Florida’’ because Florida now has more 

than one judicial district. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘properly equipped’’ are substituted for ‘‘properly and sufficiently fitted and equipped’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 80103 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80103 ................... 46 App.:722. R.S. § 4239. 

46 App.:723. R.S. § 4240. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘of any description whatsoever’’ are 

omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘transporting property described in 

subsection (a) of this section’’ are substituted for ‘‘which shall be 

engaged or employed in carrying or transporting any property 

whatsoever, taken from any wreck, from the sea, or from any of the 

keys or shoals, within the jurisdiction of the United States, on the 

coast of Florida’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘may 

be seized by, and forfeited to, the United States Government’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘shall . . . be forfeited’’ for consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘together with her tackle, apparel, and furniture’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘accrues half to the 

informer and half to the Government’’ are substituted for ‘‘one moiety to the informer and the other to the United States’’ to use more 

commonly understood language. 

SECTION 80104 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80104(a) ............... 46 App.:316(d) (words before proviso). R.S. § 4370(d), (e); June 11, 1940, ch. 324, 54 

Stat. 305. 

80104(b) ............... 46 App.:316(d) (proviso). 

80104(c) ............... 46 App.:316(e). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘authorized by a treaty’’ are omitted 

because they are restated in subsection (c). 

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the Secretary of Homeland 

Security is substituted for the Commissioner of Customs because 

the functions of the Customs Service and of the Secretary of the 

Treasury relating thereto were transferred to the Secretary of 

Homeland Security by section 403(1) of the Homeland Security Act 

of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 2178). The functions of the 

Commissioner of Customs previously were vested in the Secretary 

of the Treasury under section 321(c) of title 31. For prior related 

transfers of functions, see the transfer of functions note under 46 

App. U.S.C. 316. The words ‘‘and no penalty shall be incurred for 

such authorized use’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘(including a Bowaters corporation 

under section 12118 of this title)’’ are added because the source for 

section 12118 (46 App. U.S.C. 883–1) provides that a corporation 

meeting the requirements of that section is also a citizen of the 

178 

United States under 46 App. U.S.C. 316, restated in part in this 

section. 

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for ‘‘documented under the laws 

of the United States or numbered pursuant to the Act of June 7, 

1918, as amended (46 U.S.C. 288)’’ to refer to the current provisions on documentation and numbering. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘authorized by treaty, including’’ are 

added because the words ‘‘authorized by a treaty’’ are omitted from 

subsection (a). 

SECTION 80105 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80105 ................... 46 App.:725. June 19, 1878, ch. 324, 20 Stat. 175; May 24, 

1890, ch. 292, 26 Stat. 120; Mar. 3, 1893, ch. 

211, § 1 (last par. under heading ‘‘Department 

of State’’), 27 Stat. 683. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word ‘‘equipment’’ is substituted for ‘‘appurtenance’’ to use more commonly understood language. The words ‘‘and assistance’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

Subsection (b) is substituted for ‘‘this section shall cease to be in 

force and effect from and after the date of the proclamation of the 

President of the United States to the effect that said reciprocol 

privilege has been withdrawn, revoked, or rendered inoperative by 

the said Government of the Dominion of Canada’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 80106 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80106 ................... 46 App.:726. Oct. 31, 1893, No. 13, 28 Stat. 13. 

SECTION 80107 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80107(a) ............... 46 App.:729. Aug. 1, 1912, ch. 268, §§ 1, 3–5, 37 Stat. 242; 

Pub. L. 102–241, § 40, Dec. 19, 1991, 105 

Stat. 2225. 

80107(b) ............... 46 App.:727. 

80107(c) ............... 46 App.:730. 

80107(d) ............... 46 App.:731. 

In subsection (c), the words ‘‘civil action’’ are substituted for 

‘‘suit’’, the words ‘‘must be brought within 2 years after’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall not be maintainable if brought later than two 

years from’’, and the word ‘‘seize’’ is substituted for ‘‘arresting’’, for 

consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘of the plaintiff’s residence or principal place of business’’ are substituted for ‘‘in which 

the libelant resides or has his principal place of business’’ for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsectoin (d), the reference to section 2304 of title 46 is omitted because of the amendment to section 2304 in section 14(8) of 

the bill. 

179 

CHAPTER 803—ICE AND DERELICTS 

Sec. 

80301. International agreements. 

80302. Patrol services. 

80303. Speed of vessel in ice region. 

SECTION 80301 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80301 ................... 46 App.:738. June 25, 1936, ch. 807, § 1, 49 Stat. 1922. 

SECTION 80302 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80302 ................... 46 App.:738a. June 25, 1936, ch. 807, § 2, 49 Stat. 1922; Pub. 

L. 89–670, § 6(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 

938. 

In subsection (d), the words ‘‘Secretary of the department in 

which the Coast Guard is operating’’ are substituted for ‘‘Secretary 

of Transportation’’ because of the transfer of the Coast Guard to 

the Department of Homeland Security (except when operating as a 

service in the Navy) by section 888 of the Homeland Security Act 

of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 116 Stat. 2249). See also sections 1 and 

3 of title 14, as amended by section 1704(a) of such Act (116 Stat. 

2314). 

SECTION 80303 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80303 ................... 46 App.:738c. June 25, 1936, ch. 807, § 4, 49 Stat. 1923. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty’’ are substituted for ‘‘liable to a fine’’ for 

clarity and for consistency in the revised title. The words ‘‘for each 

offense’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

CHAPTER 805—SAFE CONTAINERS FOR INTERNATIONAL 

CARGO 

Sec. 

80501. Definitions. 

80502. Application of Convention. 

80503. General authority of the Secretary. 

80504. Approval and examination. 

80505. Enforcement. 

80506. Delegation of authority. 

80507. Employee protection. 

80508. Amendments to Convention. 

80509. Civil penalty. 

SECTION 80501 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80501 ................... 46 App.:1501. Pub. L. 95–208, § 2, Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 

1475. 

180 

In the definition of ‘‘international transport’’, clauses (A) and (B) 

are substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 1501(d)(1)–(3) to eliminate unnecessary words. 

In the definition of ‘‘owner’’, the words ‘‘includes the lessee or 

bailee of a container if a written lease or bailment provides for the 

lessee or bailee to exercise the owner’s responsibility for maintaining and examining the container’’ are substituted for ‘‘means a person who owns a container, or, if a written lease or bailment provides for the lessee or bailee to exercise the owner’s responsibility 

for maintaining and examining the container, the lessee or bailee 

of a container, to the extent such agreement so provides’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

The definition of ‘‘Secretary’’ is omitted because a complete reference to the appropriate Secretary is used the first time the Secretary is named in each section. Throughout this chapter, the 

phrase ‘‘Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is 

operating’’ is substituted for ‘‘Secretary of Transportation’’ because 

the Coast Guard has been transferred to the Department of Homeland Security (except when operating as a service in the Navy) by 

section 888 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296, 

116 Stat. 2249). 

The definition of ‘‘United States’’ is omitted because ‘‘United 

States’’ is defined in chapter 1 of the revised title. The definitions 

of ‘‘new container’’ and ‘‘existing container’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 80502 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80502 ................... 46 App.:1502(a) (related 

to application of Convention). 

Pub. L. 95–208, § 3(a) (related to application of 

Convention), Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 1476. 

This section restates the applicability criteria of 46 

App.:1502(a)(1) and (2) to improve the organization of the chapter. 

SECTION 80503 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80503(a) ............... 46 App.:1503(a). Pub. L. 95–208, § 4(a), (b), (c)(1), (3), (e), Dec. 

13, 1977, 91 Stat. 1476, 1477. 

80503(b) ............... 46 App.:1503(b). 

80503(c) ............... 46 App.:1503(c)(1). 

80503(d) ............... 46 App.:1503(c)(3). 

80503(e) ............... 46 App.:1503(e). 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘On and after the date the instrument of ratification is deposited by the United States in accordance 

with the provisions of article VII of the Convention,’’ and ‘‘and, unless an earlier date is specifically provided,’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words ‘‘as soon as practicable after December 13, 1977’’ are omitted as obsolete. The word 

‘‘prescribe’’ is substituted for ‘‘promulgate, and from time to time, 

amend’’ for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of 

the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words. The 

words ‘‘he deems necessary for such enforcement’’ and ‘‘among 

181 

other things’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words 

‘‘existing’’ and ‘‘new’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

In subsections (c) and (d), the words ‘‘At any time after December 

13, 1977’’ are omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 80504 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80504. .................. 46 App.:1502(a) (related 

to approval and examination). 

Pub. L. 95–208, § 3(a) (related to approval and 

examination), Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 1476. 

In this section, the words ‘‘Beginning on the date the instrument 

of ratification is deposited by the United States in accordance with 

the provisions of article VII of the Convention, for new containers, 

and beginning on September 6, 1982, for existing containers’’ are 

omitted as obsolete. 

In subsections (a)(1) and (b)(1), the words ‘‘government of another country that is a party to the Convention’’ are substituted for 

‘‘administration of another contracting party to the Convention’’ for 

clarity. 

In subsection (c), the word ‘‘initial’’ is added for consistency in 

the section. 

SECTION 80505 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80505 ................... 46 App.:1504. Pub. L. 95–208, § 5, Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 

1477; Pub. L. 97–249, § 1(2), Sept. 8, 1982, 96 

Stat. 708. 

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words ‘‘On and after the 

date the instrument of ratification is deposited by the United 

States in accordance with the provisions of article VII of the Convention’’ are omitted as obsolete. The words ‘‘and regulations prescribed under this chapter’’ are added for clarity. In clause (1), the 

words ‘‘new . . . and existing containers which are subject to this 

chapter’’ are omitted as obsolete. Clauses (2) and (3) are substituted for ‘‘test, inspect, and approve designs for new containers 

and new containers being manufactured’’ to eliminate unnecessary 

words. In clause (4), before subclause (A), the words ‘‘is subject to 

this chapter’’ are omitted as unnecessary. In subclause (A), the 

word ‘‘valid’’ is omitted as unnecessary. In clause (5), the words ‘‘or 

regulations prescribed under this chapter’’ are added for consistency. In clause (6), the word ‘‘valid’’ is omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (b)(3), the words ‘‘appropriation for the operating 

expenses of the Coast Guard’’ are substituted for ‘‘appropriations 

bearing the cost thereof’’ for clarity. 

In subsection (d)(2), the word ‘‘reasonably’’ is omitted as unnecessary. 

In subsection (e), the words ‘‘which first occurs’’ are omitted as 

unnecessary. In clause (1), the words ‘‘the Secretary declares’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘is declared by the Secretary, or under regulations 

promulgated by the Secretary’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

182 

SECTION 80506 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80506 ................... 46 App.:1503(c)(2), (d). Pub. L. 95–208, § 4(c)(2), (d), Dec. 13, 1977, 91 

Stat. 1477. 

Subsections (a) and (f) are substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 

1503(c)(2) and (d) (1st sentence) to improve the organization of the 

section. 

In subsection (b)(1), the words ‘‘person to whom authority is to 

be delegated’’ are substituted for ‘‘person, public or private agency, 

or nonprofit organization as a recipient of delegated functions 

under such subsection’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for ‘‘the manner in which such recipient shall carry out such delegated functions, including the 

records such recipient must keep, and a detailed description of the 

exact functions such recipient may exercise’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

Subsections (c)–(e) are substituted for 46 App. U.S.C. 1503(d) 

(last par.) to improve the organization of the section and to eliminate unnecessary words. 

SECTION 80507 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80507 ................... 46 App.:1506. Pub. L. 95–208, § 7, Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 

1479. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘in any manner’’ and ‘‘to the Secretary or his agents’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘or a 

regulation prescribed under this chapter’’ are added for consistency. 

SECTION 80508 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80508 ................... 46 App.:1507. Pub. L. 95–208, § 8, Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 

1479. 

SECTION 80509 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

80509 ................... 46 App.:1505. Pub. L. 95–208, § 6, Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 

1478. 

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘On and after the date the instrument of ratification is deposited by the United States in accordance 

with the provisions of article VII of the Convention’’ are omitted as 

obsolete. The words ‘‘liable to the United States Government for a 

civil penalty’’ are substituted for ‘‘subject to a civil penalty’’ for consistency in the revised title. 

In subsection (b)(2), the words ‘‘In determining the amount of’’ 

are substituted for ‘‘In assessing, remitting, mitigating, or compromising’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. 

183 

SECTION 11—MARITIME ADMINISTRATION

Section 11 of the bill amends section 109 of title 49. 

SECTION 109 

Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 

109(a) ................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 21 of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, 

§ 201, 64 Stat. 1276. 

46 App.:1601. Pub. L. 97–31, § 2, Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 151. 

109(b) ................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, 

§ 201, 75 Stat. 842; Pub. L. 88–426, title III, 

§ 305(19)(B), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 425; Pub. 

L. 91–469, § 38(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1036. 

46 App.:1603. Pub. L. 97–31, § 4, Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 151. 

109(c) ................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 21 of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, 

§ 203, 64 Stat. 1276. 

109(d) ................... 46 App.:1111 note. Reorg. Plan No. 21 of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, 

§ 204, 64 Stat. 1276. 

46 App.:1602. Pub. L. 97–31, § 3, Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 151. 

109(e) ................... 46 App.:1213(b). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, § 809(b), as 

added Pub. L. 94–10, § 3, Mar. 23, 1975, 89 

Stat. 16; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(121), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 164. 

109(f) .................... 46 App.:1122(d). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 212(d), 49 

Stat. 1990; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(69), Aug. 6, 

1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

109(g) ................... 46 App.:1111(f) (2d sentence related to Secretary). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 201(f) (2d sentence related to Secretary), 49 Stat. 1986; 

Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, § 4, 53 Stat. 1182; Pub. 

L. 97–31, § 12(58)(D), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 

158. 

109(h) ................... 46 App.:1117 (related to 

Secretary). 

June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 207 (related to 

Secretary), 49 Stat. 1988; June 23, 1938, ch. 

600, § 2, 52 Stat. 954; Pub. L. 97–31, § 12(64), 

Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 108–271, 

§ 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814. 

109(i)(1) ................ 46 App.:1119(a). June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, § 209, 49 Stat. 

1988; Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 822, § 3, 50 Stat. 839; 

Pub. L. 90–81, Sept. 5, 1967, 81 Stat. 193; 

Pub. L. 91–469, § 2, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 

1018; Pub. L. 95–173, Nov. 12, 1977, § 6(a), 

91 Stat. 1360; Pub. L. 96–387, § 4, Oct. 7, 

1980, 94 Stat. 1546; Pub. L. 96–453, § 3(a), 

Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2008; Pub. L. 97–31, 

§ 12(66), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. 

109(i)(2) ................ 46 App.:1119(b). 

109(i)(3) ................ 46 App.:1295c–1. Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(a) [title V (4th proviso 

on p. 1329–28)], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 

1329, 1329–28. 

In subsection (b), the words ‘‘The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Maritime Affairs shall, ex officio, be the Administrator’’ 

in section 201 of Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961 are omitted as 

superseded by 46 App. U.S.C. 1601 and 1603. The words ‘‘and who 

shall be compensated at the rate provided for level III of the Executive Schedule’’ in 46 App. U.S.C. 1603 are omitted as unnecessary 

because of 5 U.S.C. 5314. 

In subsection (c), the word ‘‘Secretary’’ means the ‘‘Secretary of 

Transportation’’ because under 46 App. U.S.C. 1602 all functions, 

powers, and duties relating to the Maritime Administration were 

transferred from the Secretary of Commerce to the Secretary of 

Transportation. The words ‘‘in the competitive service’’ are subVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00183 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
184 

stituted for ‘‘under the classified civil service’’ because of 5 U.S.C. 

2102(c). The words ‘‘Provided, That such Deputy Administrator 

shall at no time sit as a member or acting member of the Federal 

Maritime Board’’ are omitted as obsolete because the Federal Maritime Board was abolished by section 304 of Reorganization Plan 

No. 7 of 1961 (46 App. U.S.C. 1111 note). 

In subsection (f), the words ‘‘vessels of the United States’’ are 

substituted for ‘‘vessels of United States registry’’ because of the 

definition of ‘‘vessel of the United States’’ in chapter 1 of the revised title. 

In subsection (g), the words ‘‘equal to the amount that would be 

paid to an individual performing work the Secretary considers to 

be of similar importance, difficulty, and responsibility’’ are substituted for ‘‘equal to the pay and allowances he would receive if 

he were the incumbent of an office or position in such service (or 

in the corresponding executive department), which, in the opinion 

of . . . the Secretary of Transportation, involves the performance 

of work similar in importance, difficulty, and responsibility’’ to 

eliminate unnecessary words. 

In subsection (h)(2), the words ‘‘according to approved commercial practice as provided in the Act of March 20, 1922 (42 Stat. 

444)’’ are omitted as obsolete and unnecessary. 

In subsection (i)(2), the words ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter or any other law’’ are omitted as unnecessary. 

In clause (G), the words ‘‘National Defense Reserve Fleet’’ are substituted for ‘‘reserve fleet’’ for clarity. Clause (H) is substituted for 

‘‘(7) maritime training at the Merchant Marine Academy at Kings 

Point, New York’’, ‘‘(8) financial assistance to State maritime academies under section 1295c of this Appendix’’, ‘‘(10) expenses necessary for additional training provided under section 1295d of this 

Appendix’’, and ‘‘(10) expenses necessary to carry out subchapter 

XIII of this chapter’’ because of the reorganization of revised title 

46 and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 

1119 (proviso) is omitted as obsolete. 

SECTION 12—AMENDMENTS RELATING TO MARITIME SECURITY ACT OF

2003

Section 12(a) of the bill makes conforming cross reference amendments to chapter 531 of title 46, which was added by section 

3531(a) of the Maritime Security Act of 2003 (Public Law 108–136, 

117 Stat. 1803). 

Section 12(b) amends section 12111(c)(3) of title 46, which restates existing section 12102(d)(4) of title 46. This amendment corresponds to the amendment contained in section 3534(b)(1) of that 

Act (117 Stat. 1818). An effective date is provided to carry forward 

the effective date contained in section 3537(b) of that Act (117 Stat. 

1819), and section 3534(b)(1) of that Act is repealed if this Act 

takes effect before the amendment made by section 3534(b)(1). 

SECTION 13—AMENDMENTS TO PARTIALLY RESTATED PROVISIONS

SECTION 13(a) 

Section 13(a) of the bill amends section 2793 of the Revised Statutes, which appears in the United States Code at three places with 

editorial variations. The version at 46 App. U.S.C. 123 includes the 

185 

language about tonnage tax but omits the language about entry 

fees and clearance fees. The versions at 19 U.S.C. 288 and 46 App. 

U.S.C. 111, which are identical, include the language about entry 

fees and clearance fees but omit the language about tonnage tax. 

Section 2793 is amended to strike the language about tonnage tax 

because section 2793, insofar as it relates to tonnage tax, is restated in section 60308 of title 46. Section 2793, as amended by 

this section, will relate only to entry fees and clearance fees and 

will be classified only to 19 U.S.C. 288. 

SECTION 13(b) 

Section 13(b) of the bill amends the third sentence of section 

809(a) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C. 1213(a)), 

which relates to the seasonal closure of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The amendment strikes the reference to section 211(a) of that 

Act (46 App. U.S.C. 1121(a)) because the substance of the third 

sentence of the amended provision is restated, along with 46 App. 

U.S.C. 1121(a), in section 50103 of title 46. 

SECTION 14—ADDITIONAL AMENDMENTS TO TITLE 46

Section 14 of the bill makes additional amendments to title 46 

to replace references to provisions which are repealed and restated 

by the bill with references to the corresponding new provisions, and 

to fix typographical errors. Other amendments are explained as follows: 

Certain definitions in section 2101 which are restated in chapter 

1 as title-wide definitions are repealed. 

Section 2108 is repealed because it is revised and restated as section 504 of title 46. 

Section 2301 is amended to include a reference to section 2304 

because of the amendment to section 2304. 

Section 2304 is amended to restate 46 App. U.S.C. 731 as it relates to section 2304. The remainder of 46 App. U.S.C. 731 is restated in section 80107(d) of title 46. 

In section 14305(a)(6), the reference to 46 App. U.S.C. 883 is replaced with only a reference to section 12132 of title 46, which restates the first proviso of 46 App. U.S.C. 883. That is because only 

the first proviso of 46 App. U.S.C. 883 is relevant to the alternative 

tonnage measurement determined in accordance with section 

14305. 

SECTION 15—CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO OTHER LAWS

Section 15 of the bill makes conforming cross reference amendments to positive law titles of the United States Code and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), and other conforming amendments as necessary. 

Section 15(i) of the bill amends section 5501(a) of the Oceans Act 

of 1992 (Public Law 102–587, 106 Stat. 5084) by adding a new 

paragraph (3). The intent of this amendment is to maintain the 

status quo under paragraph (2) of section 5501(a) of that Act, as 

it exists prior to the enactment of this codification legislation. Section 55109 of title 46, United States Code, as contained in this bill, 

is intended as a codification without substantive change of section 

1 of the Act of May 28, 1906, as amended (46 App. U.S.C. 292). 

Therefore, the exceptions from that latter provision, which curVerDate Aug 04 2004 02:18 Sep 21, 2004 Jkt 095870 PO 00000 Frm 00185 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR690.XXX HR690
186 

rently exist under such paragraph (2), are intended to continue to 

exist to the same extent under new section 55109 of title 46. In addition, if the original intent of such paragraph (2) was that the restriction contained in the pre-1992 amended version of that 1906 

provision continues to apply to the vessels, persons, and entities 

described in such paragraph (2), then that outcome is intended to 

remain unchanged by this legislation, despite the repeal by this 

legislation of that 1906 provision. No expression as to the original 

intent of such paragraph (2) is intended by this legislation. 

SECTION 16—LEGISLATIVE CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSITIONAL

PROVISIONS

Section 16 of the bill contains provisions relating to legislative 

construction and transitional provisions. 

Subsections (a) and (b) provide that this is a codification bill 

drafted in accordance with section 285b of title 2, United States 

Code. The intent is to comply with the standard set forth in section 

285b, which provides that the restatement of existing law shall 

conform to ‘‘the understood policy, intent, and purpose of the Congress in the original enactments’’. The only substantive changes intended are those permitted by section 285b, which are those limited to removing ‘‘ambiguities, contradictions, and other imperfections’’ in a way that is consistent with the understood policy, intent, and purpose of the original enactments. As a practical matter, 

this means that the only substantive changes intended are those 

which are purely technical and believed to be completely noncontroversial. A couple of examples may help to illustrate the limited nature of any possible substantive change: 

First, in a group of sections relating to the Coast Guard, there 

may have been several references to the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating, with a few anomalous 

references to the Secretary of Transportation. (The Coast Guard 

was part of the Department of Transportation prior to its recent 

transfer to the Department of Homeland Security, but operates as 

a service in the Navy during times of war.) These references were 

all made consistent. Although this technically is a substantive 

change, it is believed that the change merely brings the statutory 

language into accord with what was intended. 

Second, in consolidating separately enacted laws into a single 

unit such as a chapter or subtitle, the question arises as to whether 

the definitions from one or more laws should be made applicable 

generally to the entire unit. Doing so makes for a cleaner result. 

The alternative might require specifying a list of seemingly curious 

and illogical exceptions. In making the decision to apply the definitions generally, each instance of each defined term was examined 

to determine that this technical substantive change could be made 

safely without leading to any genuine change in result. 

As a guiding principle, however, those interpreting the law are 

advised to assume in questionable cases that no substantive change 

was intended. See page 3 of this report under the heading ‘‘Conformity With Original Intent’’ for an additional explanation and for 

a list of cases relevant to the interpretation of codification legislation. 

187 

SECTION 17—REPEALS

Section 17 of the bill repeals laws replaced by the bill and laws 

that are obsolete or superseded. 

SECTION 18—EFFECTIVE DATE

Section 18 of the bill establishes an effective date to ensure that 

the Act does not take effect prior to the effective date of certain 

amendments to title 46 contained in the Maritime Security Act of 

2003 (Public Law 108–136, 117 Stat. 1788). 

MARKUP TRANSCRIPT

BUSINESS MEETING 

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 2004 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, Washington, DC. 

The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:00 a.m., in Room 

2141, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr., [Chairman of the Committee] Presiding. 

[Intervening business.] 

Chairman SENSENBRENNER. Pursuant to notice, I now call up the 

bill H.R. 4319, the ‘‘Title 46 Codification Act of 2004,’’ for purposes 

of markup and move its favorable recommendation into the House. 

Without objection, the bill will be considered as read and open for 

amendment at any point. 

The Chair recognizes himself for 5 minutes to explain the bill. 

Today the Committee considers this legislation, the bill completes the codification of Title 46, U.S. Code, ‘‘shipping’’ as positive 

law. The Ranking Member, Mr. Conyers, and I jointly introduced 

this legislation on May 10. This bill was prepared by the Office of 

Law Revision Counsel as part of the program required by Title 2 

of the United States Code section 285(b) to prepare and submit to 

the Committee on the Judiciary one title at a time a complete compilation restatement and revision of the general and permanent 

laws of the United States. 

This bill makes no substantive change in existing law. Rather, 

the bill removes ambiguities, contradictions and other imperfections from existing law; and it repeals obsolete, superfluous or 

superceded provisions. 

After the introduction, the bill was circulated for comment to interested parties, including Committees of Congress and agencies of 

the departments of Government. All comments were to be submitted no later than 45 days after the bill was introduced. The 

Federal Maritime Commission and the Department of Transportation provided extensive comments on the bill. Several other agencies and departments of the Government also provided comments. 

Without objection, the comments referred to in this statement 

will be included as a part of the record. 

[The comments are reprinted in the ‘‘Review and Comments’’ section of this report.] 

Chairman SENSENBRENNER. The Office of Law Revision Counsel 

reviewed and considered all comments, contacting the interested 

parties to resolve outstanding questions. Some comments proposing 

188 

changes to improve organization and clarity were incorporated in 

the restatement. 

Other comments either suggesting substantive changes to existing law or expressing opposition to the substance of existing law 

could not be incorporated in the restatement. This bill makes no 

substantive changes in existing law and is not intended to do so. 

That is not the function of Law Revision Counsel bills. They reorganize and clean up the law and do not change the substance. 

Thus, the Members should understand that, because of the nature 

of this bill, supporting it does not imply support of the underlying 

provisions that are being reorganized and cleaned up. 

In a moment, I will offer a substitute amendment prepared by 

the office of the Law Revision Counsel which will incorporate additional changes to the Code which were recommended as a result of 

the review and comment process. The Law Revision Counsel has 

indicated that he is satisfied that the substitute makes no substantive change to existing law and that no additional cost to the 

Government would be incurred as a result of the enactment of H.R. 

4319. 

I would like to express the Committee’s appreciation for the work 

of the Law Revision Counsel and the staff on the bill and that I 

encourage all Members to support the substitute and the underlying legislation. 

Does anyone—do any of the Democratic Members have an opening statement? 

If not, all Members’ opening statements will appear in the record 

at this point, and the Chair recognizes himself for purposes of offering the amendment in the nature of a substitute, which the 

clerk will report. 

The CLERK. Amendment in the nature of a substitute to H.R. 

4319. 

Chairman SENSENBRENNER. Without objection, the substitute is 

considered as read and open for amendment at any point. 

The Chair recognized himself briefly to note, as previously mentioned, this amendment in the nature of a substitute simply incorporates further technical revisions as recommended by the OLRC, 

and I ask for support of the amendment in the nature of a substitute and yield back the balance of my time. 

Are there any second degree amendments to the amendment in 

the nature of a substitute? If there are none, the question occurs 

on the nature of the amendment and the substitute. All those in 

favor will say aye. Aye. Opposed, no. 

The ayes appear to have it. The substitution is agreed to. A reporting quorum is present. 

A question occurs on the motion to report the bill H.R. 4319 favorably as amended. All those in favor say aye. Aye. Opposed, no. 

The ayes have it. The motion to report favorably is agreed to. 

Without objection, the bill will be reported favorably to the 

House in the form of a single amendment in the nature of a substitute incorporating the amendment adopted here today. Without 

objection, the Chair is authorized to go to conference pursuant to 

House Rules. Without objection, the staff is directed to make any 

technical and conforming changes; and all Members will be given 

2 days as provided by House Rules in order to provide additional 

dissenting, supplemental or minority views. 

189 

I believe that the Committee has done yeoman’s work in wading 

through a large number of bills. We will do judges tomorrow. 

The Committee is recessed until 10:00 a.m. Tomorrow morning. 

[Whereupon, at 2:47 p.m., the Committee was adjourned.] 

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