United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92–4139

Summary Calendar.

Timothy C. COTITA, Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

PHARMA–PLAST, U.S.A., INC., Defendant–Appellee.

Oct. 8, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.

Before JOLLY, DUHÉ, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:

This is a products liabilit

y action. Timothy C. Cotita ("Cotita") seeks review of a jury verdict

in his favor, contesting the amount of damages awarded to him. We find no error and affirm.

Background and Procedural History

Coti ta is a registered nurse. While providing nursing services to an AIDS patient, Cotita was

stuck by a syringe manufac t ured by the Defendant–Appellee, Pharma–Plast, U.S.A., Inc.

("Pharma–Plast"). The syringe, although still in its sterile packaging, was missing the protective cap

that normally covers the tip of the needle. This improper packaging allowed the needle to pierce its

sterile plastic covering and penetrate the protective gloves that Coti ta was wearing. Because of the

presence of the patient's blood on his gloves at the time of the needle stick, Coti ta feared that he had

been exposed to the HIV virus. Subsequent tests revealed that Cotita was not HIV-positive;

nevertheless, he sued Pharma–Plast seeking damages for mental anguish stemming from his fear of

contracting AIDS.

Pharma–Plast admitted defective packaging and the district court granted summary judgment

in Cot it a's favo r o n the issue of the defective state of the syringe. The issue of damages wasspecifically reserved for trial.

Pharma–Plast then moved for leave to amend its answer to assert for the first time the defense

of Cotita's negligence. With the trial set fo r t he following month, the district court denied this

motion. Later trial in this matter was continued. Thereafter, Pharma–Plast re-submitted its motion

for leave to amend, which was granted over C otita's obj ecti on. Coti ta al so obj ected to the

introduction of evidence concerning his negligence, contending that the issue of fault was closed by

the court's previous ent ry of summary judgment on the issue of Pharma–Plast's liability as the

manufacturer of the defectively packaged syringe.

The damage issue was tried before a jury which returned a verdict for $150,000 in Cotita's

favor. This amount was reduced by 30 percent, a figure which the jury found reflected Cotita's

negligence. Cotita maintains that the issue of his negligence should not have been considered by the

jury, nor used to reduce the amount of his award.

Issues

There are two basic issues presented. First, did the district court err in allowing Pharma–Plast

to amend its answer to assert Cotita's negligence? Second, was i t error for the distri ct court to

preclude Cotita from presenting any additional evidence of Pharma–Plast's fault.

Discussion

1. Amendment of the Pleadings.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), states in pert inent part, "[A] party may amend the

party's pleading only by leave of court

... and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires."

This Court has consistently held that the "granting or denial of leave to amend lies within the sound

discr et io n o f t he trial court and is subject to reversal only for an abuse of discretion." C arter v.

Procunier, 755 F.2d 1126, 1129 (5th Cir.1985); a ccord Galvan v. Bexar Cou nty, Tex., 785 F.2d1 Our review, as an appellate court reviewing a claim grounded in diversity, must be guided by

applicable Louisiana law. Bell was in response to a certified question from this Court. See Bell v.

Jet Wheel Blast, 717 F.2d 181 (5th Cir.1983). 1298, 1304 (5th Cir.1986), reh'g den., 790 F.2d 890 (5th Cir.1986) (en banc).

If, after a review of the record, we find no abuse of discretion by the district court our inquiry

is ordinarily over. In the case of an amendment allo wing for the application of comparative fault,

however, we must undertake a somewhat mo re exact ing examination: "Whether to apply

comparative fault is a question of law, freely reviewable on appeal." C ates v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,

928 F.2d 679, 683 (5th Cir.1991) (citing Robertson v. Superior PMI, Inc., 791 F.2d 402 (5th

Cir.1986)).

The Louisiana Supreme Court addressed the interplay between comparative faul t and

products liability in Bell v. Jet Wheel Blast, 462 So.2d 166 (La.1985). 1 From B ell and its progeny,

a two-pronged test has been distilled to ascertain whether comparative fault should be used to reduce

a plaint iff's award in a products liabilit y action: (1) Would the reduction of the award realistically

provide incentive for user care? If t his query is affirmatively answered, a court must then ask (2)

would the application of comparative fault drastically undermine the manufacturer's incentive to make

a safe product? If this lat t er question is answered affirmatively, "Louisiana law prohibits the

application of comparative fault." N icholas v. Homelite Corp., 780 F.2d 1150, 1153 (5th Cir.1986);

see Cates v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 9 28 F.2d 679, 683–84 (5th Ci r.1991); D avis v. Commercial

Union Ins. Co., 892 F.2d 378, 382–83 (5th Cir.1990); Robertson v. Superior PMI, Inc., 791 F.2d

402, 407–08 (5th Cir.1986).

In determining what effect a reducti o n o f t he award will have on the user's care, D avis v.

Commercial Union Ins. Co. provides us the proper analytical framework:

This inquiry leads us to consider t he t ype o f activity being performed and the cause of theinjury. In B ell and Robertson, where the courts declined to apply comparative negligence,

the pl aint iff was engaged in monotonous and routine assembly line work. The courts

determined that the imposition of comparative negligence would not deter acts that were the

result of momentary neglect or inattention.

892 F.2d at 383. The D avis Court concluded that the plaint iff's injuries did not result from mere

inattention or momentary neglect while he was engaged in repetitive tasks, but were "directly related

to his failure to follow established procedures, [and] reduction of his award for his own fault should

encourage user care." Id.

In the present case, Pharma–Plast presented evidence that the procedures used by Coti ta were

in violation of the universal precautions and procedures which are standard in the health care field.

See R. 4, at 73–76. Like the trial court in D avis, the district court here was entitled to determine that

the application of comparative fault will ultimately encourage workers in the health care field to

follow the established procedures for handling syringes. This is perhaps even more applicable in the

present context, considering the activity in which Cotita was engaged.

The second prong of the Bell analysis requires the court to evaluate w hat impact the

application of comparative fau lt will have on the manufacturer's incentive to make a safe product.

The appellant contends that such a reduction will "only tend to defeat the bas ic go als of strict

products liability by reducing the incentive for product quality control." Brief for Appellant at 20.

The mandate of the Louisiana Supreme Court, as found in its Bell v. Jet Wheel Blast decision, reflects

the opposite view:

[C]omparative fault principles would seem to coincide with and further the goals of products

liabilit y doctrine in some cases. Where the threat of a reduction in recovery will provide

consumers with an incentiv e t o use a product carefully, without exacting an inordinate

sacrifice of other interests, comparative principles should be applied for the sake of accident

prevention.

462 So.2d 166, 171 (La.1985).

Indeed, the argument that a reduction in the manufacturer's liability will reduce its incentiveto produce safer products could be made any time comparative fault principles are applied. This

would negate " Bell 's instruction to us that comparative fault does have a place in products liability

law...." N

icholas v. Homelite Corp., 780 F.2d 1150, 1154–55 (5th Cir.1986). The N icholas Court

observed further that comparative fault will not ultimately alter the manufacturer's duty to make safe

products "because it does not alter the manufacturer's liabilit y." I d. at 1153. Likewise, no reasonably

prudent manufacturer will "rely on future careless use of its products to offset its full liabilit y with any

predictability that would alter the manufacturer's duty to produce the safest product possible." Id.

In sum, the district court was within its discretion in allowing the amendment of the pleadings

to enable the defendant to alleg e the plaintiff's comparative fault. While the application of

comparative fault principles is generally subject to de novo appellate review, Bell indicates that trial

judges are to be granted broad discretion in applying these principles. See Bell v. Jet Wheel Blast,

462 So.2d 166, 172–73 (La.1985). This persuaded this court to recently conclude, "The question

thus remains one of law, but it is one inextricably tied to specific factual findings which implicates the

customary deference on review." C ates v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 928 F.2d 679, 684 (5th Cir.1991).

Because we find no error in the district court's application of comparative fa ult, we defer to i ts

judgment and affirm its holding on this point.

2. Evidentiary Ruling.

The appellant contends that the district co urt also erred in refusing to let him present

additional evidence regarding the fault of Pharma–Plast. Evidentiary matters are within the sound

discretion of the trial judge, and will be rever sed o nly upo n a showing of a clear abuse of that

discretion. S ee Olitsk

y v. Spencer Gifts, Inc., 964 F.2d 1471, 1474 (5th Cir.1992); N icholas v.

Homelite Corp., 780 F.2d 1150, 1155 (5th Cir.1986).

Aga in, we are faced with a "twist" on what would normally be a routine matter. Cotita

contends that the district court should have allowed additional evid ence of Pharma–Plast's faultbecause Pharma–Plast was permitted to amend its answer to allege the comparative fault of Coti ta.

This amendment was allowed after granting summary judgment on Pharma–Plast's liability. Cotita

maintains that this is error, in that "the trier of fact was not properly allowed to compare the fault of

the respective parties...."

We do not agree with Cotita's characterization of this decision. In it s summary judgment

order, the trial court decided the issue of liabilit y. The question whether the defectively manufactured

syringe caused any damage to Coti ta was specifically reserved for trial. Cotita's argument that the

trier of fact was not allowed to consider the true respect ive fault of the parties misconstrues the

connection between products liability and comparative fault. The damage phase of the proceeding

was separate and apart from the previously decided liability phase. As the Court in N icholas v.

Homelite Corp. stated, "Comparative fault provides an episodic post-manufacturer reduction in the

final economic assessment against the manufacturer based on the user's actions, without regard to the

prio r actions and responsibilities of the manufacturer." 780 F.2d 1150, 1153 (5th Cir.1986)

(emphasis added). The actions of Cotita in his use of the defective syringe were properly considered

in evaluating the damages awarded. Finding no error in the district court's handling of this issue, we

affirm its decision to not allow the introduction of further evidence on the fault of Pharma–Plast.

AFFIRMED.