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Denali Real Estate, LLC, a Nebraska limited lia

company, doing business as Denali Constr

Denali Homes, appellee, v. Denali Custom Buil

Inc., a Nebraska corporation, appe

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed April 25, 2019. No. S-18-287.

1. Injunction: Equity. An action for injunction sounds in equity.

2. Equity: Appeal and Error. On appeal from an equity action, an appellate court decides factual questions de novo on the record and, as to 

questions of both fact and law, is obligated to reach a conclusion independent of the trial court’s determination.

3. ____: ____. On appeal from an equity action, when credible evidence 

is in conflict on material issues of fact, the court considers and may 

give weight to the fact that the trial court observed the witnesses and 

accepted one version of the facts over another.

4. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation is a question of 

law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the trial court.

5. Rules of the Supreme Court: Pleadings. Nebraska courts will look to 

federal decisions interpreting corresponding federal rules for guidance in 

interpreting similar Nebraska civil pleading rules.

6. Rules of the Supreme Court: Motions to Dismiss: Moot Question. 

Generally, the denial of a motion to dismiss under Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. 

§ 6-1112(b)(6) becomes moot after trial.

7. Pleadings: Judgments: Appeal and Error. A party who unsuccessfully 

moves for judgment on the pleadings must either file additional pleadings or go to trial on the issues joined by the original pleadings, and, 

by saving exception to the action of the trial court in overruling his or 

her motion, obtain a review thereof on appeal from the final judgment, 

if adverse.

8. Pleadings: Judgments. Even when a party does not move to amend 

pleadings, a court may constructively amend pleadings on unpleaded 

issues in order to render a decision consistent with the trial.

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

05/03/2019 09:06 AM CDT
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9. Directed Verdict: Waiver: Appeal and Error. A defendant who moves 

for a directed verdict at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence and, upon 

the overruling of such motion, proceeds with trial and introduces evidence, waives any error in the ruling on the motion.

10. Names: Words and Phrases. A designation is “used” as a trade name 

when the designation is displayed or otherwise made known to prospective purchasers in the ordinary course of business in a manner that associates the designation with the goods, services, or business of the user.

11. Names: Proof. In a case for trade name infringement, the plaintiff has 

the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of 

(1) a valid trade name entitled to protection and (2) a substantial similarity between the plaintiff’s and the defendant’s names, which would 

result in either actual or probable deception or confusion by ordinary 

persons dealing with ordinary caution.

12. Names. The evil sought to be eliminated by trade name protection 

is confusion.

13. Names: Proof. The likelihood of confusion in the use of trade names 

can be shown by presenting circumstances from which courts might 

conclude that persons are likely to transact business with one party 

under the belief they are dealing with another party. If the similarity is 

such as to mislead purchasers or those doing business with the company, 

acting with ordinary and reasonable caution, or if the similarity is calculated to deceive the ordinary buyer in ordinary conditions, it is sufficient 

to entitle the one first adopting the name to relief.

14. Names. Among the considerations for determining whether trade name 

confusion exists are (1) degree of similarity in the products offered for 

sale; (2) geographic separation of the two enterprises and the extent to 

which their trade areas overlap; (3) extent to which the stores are in 

actual competition; (4) duration of use without actual confusion; and 

(5) the actual similarity, visually and phonetically, between the two 

trade names.

15. Corporations: Names. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 87-302 (Cum. Supp. 

2018), a corporation engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the 

course of its business, it causes the likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding as to the source, sponsorship, approval, or certification 

of goods or services or affiliation, connection, or association with, or 

certification by, another.

16. Claims: Names: Deceptive Trade Practices. While a claim for the misuse of a trade name considers only the trade name seeking protection, a 

claim for a deceptive trade practice expands the consideration to issues 

of image and trade dress.

17. Torts: Intent: Proof. To succeed on a claim for tortious interference 

with a business relationship or expectancy, a plaintiff must prove (1) the 
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existence of a valid business relationship or expectancy, (2) knowledge 

by the interferer of the relationship or expectancy, (3) an unjustified 

intentional act of interference on the part of the interferer, (4) proof that 

the interference caused the harm sustained, and (5) damage to the party 

whose relationship or expectancy was disrupted.

18. ____: ____: ____. One of the basic elements of tortious interference 

with a business relationship requires an intentional act that induces or 

causes a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy.

19. Actions: Names: Injunction. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 87-217 (Reissue 2014) 

authorizes a registrant of a trade name to proceed by suit to enjoin the 

use or display of imitations of its trade name.

20. Deceptive Trade Practices: Injunction. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 87-303(a) 

(Cum. Supp. 2018) authorizes a court to grant an injunction against a 

person committing a deceptive trade practice.

21. Equity. In an equitable action, the district court is vested with broad 

equitable powers and discretion to fashion appropriate relief.

22. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Once an appellate court acquires 

equity jurisdiction, it can adjudicate all matters properly presented and 

grant complete relief to the parties.

Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Rober

R. Otte, Judge. Affirme

Matt Catlett, of Law Office of Matt Catlett, for appellant.

Joseph C. Byam, of Byam & Hoarty, for appellee.

Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy

Papik, and Freudenberg, J

Cassel, J.

I. INTRODUCTION

A company using registered trade names obtained a permanent injunction, statutory damages, and attorney fees against a 

corporation using a similar name. The corporation appeals, contending that it used only its legal corporate name. But because 

evidence showed otherwise and actual confusion resulted, the 

corporation’s central argument fails. We first consider whether 

the denials of the corporation’s pretrial motions to dismiss 

and for judgment on the pleadings survive the trial, reaching 

only the latter motion. Upon de novo review, we uphold the 
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judgment on the company’s claims of trade name infringement 

and deceptive trade practices, but not its claim for intentional 

interference with a business relationship. Otherwise finding no 

merit to the appeal, we affirm the judgment.

II. BACKGROUND

1. Partie

Denali Real Estate, LLC (DRE), doing business as Denali 

Construction and Denali Homes, is a Nebraska limited liability 

company with an office in Omaha, Nebraska. It filed a certificate of organization with the Nebraska Secretary of State in 

2014. In September 2015, DRE registered with the Secretary 

of State the trade names “Denali Construction” and “Denali 

Homes.” That same month, it began building, advertising, and 

selling new homes under the name “Denali Homes.” DRE 

markets its homes in eastern Nebraska and has built homes in 

Douglas, Lancaster, and Sarpy Counties.

Denali Custom Builders, Inc. (DCB), is a Nebraska corporation with an office in Lincoln, Nebraska. It filed articles of 

incorporation and commenced business on February 29, 2016. 

It builds new homes in Lancaster County.

2. Lawsui

In July 2016, DRE demanded that DCB stop using the name 

“Denali Custom Builders, Inc.” in its business. DCB continued to use the name, and DRE filed suit in the district court 

in October.

DRE alleged misuse of trade name, claiming that DCB’s 

“use of the trade name ‘Denali Custom Builders, Inc.’ has 

caused confusion, mistake, and deception among purchasers 

and potential purchasers of homes in Nebraska.” DRE sought 

injunctive relief and damages attributable to DCB’s “wrongful 

use of [DRE’s] trade name,” including lost profits and reasonable attorney fees.1

1 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 87-217 (Reissue 2014).
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DRE also alleged deceptive trade practices in violation of 

the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act.2 It alleged that 

DCB’s use of DRE’s trade name caused confusion and misunderstanding as to DCB’s affiliation with DRE. On this claim, 

DRE sought an injunction and costs.3

Finally, DRE alleged interference with a business relationship. It claimed that DCB was “deceiving the members of the 

public” into believing that DCB’s advertising was that of DRE, 

thereby interfering with DRE’s “business relationships with the 

public generally.”

3. Pretrial Proceed

DCB responded by filing a motion to dismiss, alleging that 

the complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief may be 

granted. The district court denied the motion.

After the denial of DCB’s motion to dismiss, DCB filed 

an answer. As an affirmative defense, it alleged that “[t]he 

Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted 

because ‘Denali Custom Builders, Inc.’ is [DCB’s] legal name, 

not [DCB’s] trade name.”

After the close of the pleadings, DCB moved for judgment 

on the pleadings. The court overruled the motion. In doing so, 

the court stated that “there is a reasonable dispute as to whether 

there’s a misuse of the trade name or of the names used by 

[DCB]” and that the factual allegations in the complaint were 

sufficient to support the causes of action.

Forty-nine days after a pretrial conference, DRE moved to 

amend its complaint and the joint pretrial conference memorandum. DRE sought to add Roger Watton, a potential homebuyer, as a witness and to add as exhibits two bills from a 

Lincoln utility. DCB filed an objection, noting that the trial 

was set to begin in 13 days and that DRE had had more than 

1 year to amend its complaint. DCB also alleged that it would 

2 Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 87-301 to 87-306 (Reissue 2014 & Cum. Supp. 2018).

3 See § 87-303.
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be prejudiced by any amendment to the complaint. During a 

hearing on the motion to amend and the objection, DRE represented that neither the utility bills nor the testimony of Watton 

were known to DRE at the time of completing the pretrial 

conference memorandum “because this has just occurred in the 

last couple weeks.” The court overruled the motion to amend 

the complaint, but sustained the motion to add the witness and 

exhibits to the pretrial joint conference memorandum.

Two days before trial, DCB moved for attorney fees under 

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-824(2) and (4) (Reissue 2016). It alleged 

that the action was frivolous and was brought to harass DCB.

4. Tria

The court bifurcated the trial, with the initial portion of the 

trial addressing liability and a second portion being reserved 

for consideration of remedies.

By the time of trial, DRE had built approximately 10 homes. 

It was building a home “within half a mile” of a home that 

DCB was building. DCB’s signage and its website identified it 

as “Denali Custom Builders” and, according to DRE’s managing partner, used the same fonts and colors as DRE.

DRE adduced evidence demonstrating confusion regarding DRE and DCB. Internet searches for “denali construction 

nebraska” or “denali home construction nebraska” directed 

the searcher to DCB’s website. DRE received a document 

from a lumber company with which it frequently transacted 

business that identified DRE as both “Denali Custom Homes” 

and “Denali Custom Builders.” A bill from a utility for 

one of DRE’s projects identified the customer as “Denali 

Custom Builders.” Another time, DRE returned materials to 

an Omaha furniture store but the store gave the credit to DCB. 

An employee testified that there was confusion as to which 

entity should get the credit. An appliance sales associate 

for the same furniture store testified that an order belonging 

to DRE ended up in the store’s system under DCB, which 

caused confusion. Watton testified that in September 2017, 
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he and his wife met with representatives of DRE in Omaha 

to discuss the process for building a home. The following 

weekend, Watton and his wife toured some homes in Lincoln 

and there was a home built by an entity containing the name 

“Denali.” After touring the home, Watton did not know what 

entity had built it. Watton subsequently spoke with a representative of DRE, who clarified that DRE had not built that 

particular house.

After DRE presented its case in chief, it asked that the 

pleadings be amended to conform to the evidence presented. 

Specifically, DRE wanted the complaint to be amended to 

show that DCB used names other than its true legal name. 

DCB objected. The court overruled the motion, because “this 

is already incorporated into the allegations that have been 

made and consistent with the matters that we’ve addressed 

before.” DCB moved for a directed verdict, which the court 

denied. The only evidence DCB offered was an attorney 

fee affidavit.

5. Interlocutory O

and Final Judgm

After the first phase of the trial, the court entered an order 

finding in favor of DRE on the issue of liability. The court 

found that DRE and DCB were operating the same type of 

business, which generally consisted of building new homes. 

It found that both businesses advertised on social media, that 

they were building homes in Lincoln within a half mile of each 

other, and that they have signs using “Denali.”

Significantly, the court determined that DCB generally did 

not use its corporate name when conducting business, but, 

rather, typically removed “‘Inc.’” and used “‘Denali Custom 

Builders.’”

The court also determined that DRE’s evidence provided a 

reasonable basis for concluding that there was confusion and 

that it was likely for such confusion to exist in the future. The 

court found that DRE’s right to use “‘Denali’” was superior 
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to that of DCB, noting that DRE used and registered the trade 

name for a home construction business first and that it had 

used the trade name in the ordinary course of business in a 

manner that associated its business with that name. The court 

concluded that DRE had met its burden of proof and established its claim for relief for misuse of a trade name.

The court also found that DRE met its burden of proof and 

established its claim for relief against DCB for engaging in 

deceptive trade practices. The court noted that both parties 

were in the home construction business, that both parties transacted business and advertised in Lancaster County, and that 

there had been actual confusion by suppliers and the consuming public. The court observed that DCB used similar colors, 

type fonts, images, and design as those used by DRE.

Finally, with regard to interference with business relationships, the court found that DCB’s use of “‘Denali’” interfered 

with DRE’s business relationships. The court found that DRE 

had a valid business relationship with its suppliers and an 

expectancy of a business relationship with the consuming public. 

The court stated that DCB’s “failure to terminate the use of the 

name after being aware of [DRE’s] use creates intentional interference under the law.”

Following the second phase of the trial, the court entered 

judgment. It permanently enjoined DCB from using or displaying “‘Denali’” in its business in any manner and gave it a set 

amount of time to remove “‘Denali’” from anywhere it used 

or displayed that word, including “registration of its corporate 

name or trade name with the Nebraska Secretary of State and 

from any signage, website, advertising, social media (including 

but not limited to Facebook and Twitter).” The court awarded 

DRE statutory damages of $1,000 under § 87-217, awarded 

$10,561.45 in attorney fees incurred by DRE, and ordered 

DCB to pay all of the costs.

Nine days later, DCB filed a number of motions. It moved 

(1) to suspend the injunction, (2) for a new trial, (3) to set 
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aside the judgment, (4) to alter or amend the judgment, and 

(5) to determine the amount for a supersedeas bond. The court 

granted the motion to determine supersedeas, but denied the 

other motions.

DCB filed a timely appeal, and our record does not reveal 

whether it posted the specified supersedeas bond.

III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

DCB assigns 17 errors. For the sake of clarity, we group 

them in three categories.

With regard to pretrial matters, DCB alleges that the court 

erred in denying its pretrial motion to dismiss and its motion 

for judgment on the pleadings.

DCB assigns several errors relating to the court’s determinations on liability, relief, and attorney fees. It alleges that the 

court erred in (1) denying its motion for directed verdict and 

in finding for DRE as to its claims, (2) awarding statutory 

damages and attorney fees to DRE and in enjoining DCB from 

using or displaying the name “Denali,” and (3) failing to award 

attorney fees to DCB.

DCB assigns 12 errors related to evidentiary issues, which 

we consolidate and restate. DCB asserts that the court erred 

in (1) overruling its relevancy objections; (2) overruling its 

hearsay objections, including to the testimony of a furniture 

store appliance sales associate and to exhibits 12 through 14, 

21 through 24, and 28 through 30; (3) overruling its foundation objections, including to the testimony of furniture 

store employees and to exhibits 21 through 25 and 27; (4) 

overruling its authentication objections, including to exhibits 

21 through 24 and 27; (5) permitting DRE’s managing partner to give opinion testimony and to answer the questions 

what he was “‘asking the court to do today’” and “‘why’” 

he was asking for it; and (6) permitting Watton to testify 

and in overruling the various objections made during his 

examination.
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IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

[1-4] An action for injunction sounds in equity.4 On appeal 

from an equity action, an appellate court decides factual questions de novo on the record and, as to questions of both fact 

and law, is obligated to reach a conclusion independent of the 

trial court’s determination.5 And in such an appeal, when credible evidence is in conflict on material issues of fact, the court 

considers and may give weight to the fact that the trial court 

observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts 

over another.6 Statutory interpretation is a question of law, 

which an appellate court resolves independently of the trial 

court.7 These standards are central to our review of this appeal, 

but we set forth other applicable standards below.

V. ANALYSIS

1. Denial of Pretrial M

DCB challenges the district court’s overruling of its two pretrial motions attacking the pleadings: its motion to dismiss the 

complaint for failure to state a claim, filed before its answer, 

and its motion for judgment on the pleadings, filed after the 

pleadings were completed. A district court’s denial of a motion 

to dismiss is reviewed de novo.8 A motion for judgment on the 

pleadings is properly granted when it appears from the pleadings that only questions of law are presented.9

 An appellate 

court independently decides questions of law.10

But we question whether, after a trial on the merits, a 

party may appeal the denial of a motion to dismiss for failure 

4 Christiansen v. County of Douglas, 288 Neb. 564, 849 N.W.2d 493 

(2014).

5 Junker v. Carlson, 300 Neb. 423, 915 N.W.2d 542 (2018).

6 Id.

7 Gerber v. P & L Finance Co., 301 Neb. 463, 919 N.W.2d 116 (2018).

8 D.M. v. State, 25 Neb. App. 596, 911 N.W.2d 621 (2018).

9 In re Trust Created by Hansen, 274 Neb. 199, 739 N.W.2d 170 (2007).

10 Burnham v. Pacesetter Corp., 280 Neb. 707, 789 N.W.2d 913 (2010).
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to state a claim under Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1112(b)(6) or 

a motion for judgment on the pleadings under § 6-1112(c). 

These appear to be issues of first impression in Nebraska.

Both of these motions have some similarity to a motion 

for summary judgment, the denial of which is neither reviewable nor appealable after the conclusion of a case.11 All three 

attack the sufficiency of the pleadings and are applications for 

an order intended to result in a judgment.12 Whether a motion 

for summary judgment should have been granted generally 

becomes moot after trial. This is because the overruling of such 

a motion does not decide any issue, but merely indicates that 

the trial court was not convinced that the moving party was 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. After trial, the merits 

should be judged in relation to the fully developed trial record, 

not whether a different judgment may have been warranted on 

the record at summary judgment.13 Bearing this similarity in 

mind, we turn to each motion.

(a) Motion to Dismiss

A motion to dismiss under § 6-1112(b)(6) is generally considered the equivalent of a demurrer under our former code 

pleading system.14 And under that jurisprudence, the rule was 

clear: Where a party answered after an adverse ruling on his or 

her motion or demurrer, and went to trial on the merits of an 

issue that party elected to join, he or she waived error, if any, 

in such ruling.15

11 See State ex rel. Peterson v. Creative Comm. Promotions, ante p. 606, 924 

N.W.2d 664 (2019).

12 See 71 C.J.S. Pleading § 600 (2011).

13 Guinn v. Murray, 286 Neb. 584, 837 N.W.2d 805 (2013).

14 See Weeder v. Central Comm. College, 269 Neb. 114, 691 N.W.2d 508 

(2005).

15 See, Ivins v. Ivins, 171 Neb. 838, 108 N.W.2d 99 (1961); Dinkel v. 

Hagedorn, 156 Neb. 419, 56 N.W.2d 464 (1953). See, also, Buck v. Reed, 

27 Neb. 67, 42 N.W. 894 (1889).
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[5] Federal decisions provide some guidance regarding our 

current rule. Nebraska courts will look to federal decisions 

interpreting corresponding federal rules for guidance in interpreting similar Nebraska civil pleading rules.16 Of course, Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) is similar to our § 6-1112(b)(6).

Two decisions are helpful. One federal circuit court declared 

that as a general rule, a defendant may not, after a plaintiff has 

prevailed at trial, appeal from the pretrial denial of a motion to 

dismiss for failure to state a claim, but must instead challenge 

the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s claim through a motion 

for judgment as a matter of law.17 Another circuit reasoned 

that when a plaintiff has prevailed after a full trial on the 

merits, a trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss becomes 

moot.18 At that point, “[t]he plaintiff has proved, not merely 

alleged, facts sufficient to support relief.”19

[6] We hold that generally, the denial of a motion to dismiss under § 6-1112(b)(6) becomes moot after trial. Here, the 

district court overruled DCB’s motion to dismiss for failure 

to state a claim upon which relief may be granted and DRE 

prevailed following a trial on the merits. We conclude that 

DCB’s challenge to the overruling of its motion to dismiss 

is moot.

(b) Motion for Judgment on Pleadings

A motion for judgment on the pleadings has long been 

available in Nebraska. It existed under our former code pleading system20 and is retained in § 6-1112(c) under our notice 

16 Blinn v. Beatrice Community Hosp. & Health Ctr., 270 Neb. 809, 708 

N.W.2d 235 (2006).

17 See Clearone Communications, Inc. v. Biamp Systems, 653 F.3d 1163 

(10th Cir. 2011).

18 See Bennett v. Pippin, 74 F.3d 578 (5th Cir. 1996). See, also, In re Will of 

McFayden, 179 N.C. App. 595, 635 S.E.2d 65 (2006); Simon v. Jackson, 

855 So. 2d 1026 (Ala. 2003).

19 Bennett v. Pippin, supra note 18, 74 F.3d at 585.

20 See Johnson v. State, 270 Neb. 316, 700 N.W.2d 620 (2005).
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pleading system. Formerly, we said: “‘A motion for judgment 

on the pleadings is in the nature of a demurrer. It is in substance 

both a motion and a demurrer.’”21 Like a demurrer, a motion for 

judgment on the pleadings admits the truth of all well-pleaded 

facts in the opposing party’s pleadings, together with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, and the moving party 

admits, for the purpose of the motion, the untruth of his own 

allegations insofar as they have been controverted.22

Our former jurisprudence on such motions, however, was 

inconsistent regarding the survival of an adverse ruling after 

trial. Long ago, we stated that, as with a demurrer, any error 

on the overruling of a motion for judgment on the pleadings is 

waived “where the party . . . after motion and waiving demurrer, answers over and goes to trial on the merits of the issue 

which he has elected to join.”23 But in at least two cases, we 

considered whether a trial court properly overruled a motion 

for judgment on the pleadings even though the matter had proceeded to trial.24

[7] It appears to be generally accepted elsewhere that the 

denial of a motion for judgment on the pleadings is reviewable 

following a trial and decision on the merits.25 Most jurisdictions 

adhere to the view that a party who unsuccessfully moves for 

judgment on the pleadings “must either file additional pleadings or go to trial on the issues joined by the original pleadings, and, by saving exception to the action of the trial court in 

overruling his motion, obtain a review thereof on appeal from 

21 Vaughan v. Omaha Wimsett System Co., 143 Neb. 470, 473, 9 N.W.2d 792, 

794 (1943).

22 Mueller v. Union Pacific Railroad, 220 Neb. 742, 371 N.W.2d 732 (1985).

23 Becker v. Simonds, 33 Neb. 680, 684, 50 N.W. 1129, 1131 (1892).

24 See, Board of Educational Lands & Funds v. Gillett, 158 Neb. 558, 64 

N.W.2d 105 (1954); Gilbert v. First National Bank, 154 Neb. 404, 48 

N.W.2d 401 (1951).

25 See 5C Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and 

Procedure § 1372 (3d ed. 2004 & Supp. 2018).
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the final judgment, if adverse.”26 The Eighth Circuit determined that after a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff, it was 

required to review the assertion that the trial court erroneously 

denied the defendant’s rule 12(c) motion.27

But a treatise has suggested a better solution:

In most situations the evidence at trial will depart from 

the pleadings and, in view of Rule 15(b), the pleadings 

will be deemed amended to conform to the evidence, 

absent a showing of prejudice to the other party, and 

the original judgment on the pleadings motion probably 

rendered moot. When the evidence is consistent with the 

pleadings, the appellate court should order a judgment 

entered for the defendant on the ground that the facts 

elicited at trial demonstrated a good defense to the action 

rather than because of the defect in the pleadings.28

[8] Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1115(b) is substantially identical to 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b).29 Our rule explicitly provides that

amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause 

them to conform to the evidence and to raise these issues 

may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even 

after judgment; but failure so to amend does not affect the 

result of the trial of these issues.

30

We have recognized that even when a party does not move to 

amend pleadings, a court may constructively amend pleadings 

on unpleaded issues in order to render a decision consistent 

with the trial.31

Under the circumstances here, DCB’s motion for judgment on the pleadings is essentially moot. DRE moved to 

amend its complaint to conform to the evidence that DCB 

26 Annot., 14 A.L.R.2d 460, 466 (1950).

27 See Sinclair Refining Co. v. Stevens, 123 F.2d 186 (8th Cir. 1941).

28 5C Wright & Miller, supra note 25, § 1372 at 278.

29 See Blinn v. Beatrice Community Hosp. & Health Ctr., supra note 16.

30 § 6-1115(b) (emphasis supplied).

31 See Zelenka v. Pratte, 300 Neb. 100, 912 N.W.2d 723 (2018).
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used names other than its true legal name, but the district 

court overruled the motion because the court believed the 

matter had already been incorporated into the allegations 

made. The issue of whether DCB used a trade name other 

than its true name was tried, and under § 6-1115(b), the failure to amend did not affect the result of the trial on the issue. 

Therefore, DCB’s argument premised upon the complaint’s 

allegation became moot. Although the district court’s explanation was not precisely tied to § 6-1115(b), the net effect 

was the same. The result of the trial was not affected by 

the original allegation that DCB was using the trade name 

“Denali Custom Builders, Inc.” This assignment of error 

lacks merit.

2. Motion for Directed 

DCB alleges that the district court erred in overruling its 

motion for directed verdict. A directed verdict is proper at the 

close of all the evidence only when reasonable minds cannot 

differ and can draw but one conclusion from the evidence, that 

is, when an issue should be decided as a matter of law.32

[9] DCB moved for directed verdict at the close of DRE’s 

evidence, but it did not renew the motion after it rested. We 

have long held that a defendant who moves for a directed 

verdict at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence and, upon the 

overruling of such motion, proceeds with trial and introduces 

evidence, waives any error in the ruling on the motion.33 But 

here, we conclude the error is not waived, because DCB’s evidence—an attorney fee affidavit—was directed not to DRE’s 

case in chief, but only to its own motion for attorney fees. 

Nonetheless, our analysis of this issue merges into that of the 

court’s finding in favor of DRE on the merits. So we turn to 

that issue.

32 Armstrong v. Clarkson College, 297 Neb. 595, 901 N.W.2d 1 (2017).

33 Bradley T. & Donna T. v. Central Catholic High Sch., 264 Neb. 951, 653 

N.W.2d 813 (2002). See, also, Boardman v. McNeff, 177 Neb. 534, 129 

N.W.2d 457 (1964).
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3. Finding in Favorof DRE 

DCB quarrels with the court’s ultimate judgment in favor of 

DRE on each of its three causes of action. We begin with the 

statutory definition of two key terms. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 87-208 

(Reissue 2014) provides:

As used in sections 87-208 to 87-219.01, unless the 

context otherwise requires:

. . . .

(2) Person means an individual, corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business 

trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, 

unincorporated association, or two or more of the foregoing having a joint or common interest or any other legal 

or commercial entity;

. . . .

(4) Trade name means every name under which any 

person does or transacts any business in this state other 

than the true name of such person.

Based on these definitions, DCB argues that “Denali Custom 

Builders, Inc.” is not a trade name because it is the corporation’s true name. DCB’s argument—that by using only its 

true legal name, it cannot be liable for misuse of DRE’s trade 

names—does not necessarily comport with Neb. Rev. Stat. 

§ 87-216 (Reissue 2014). But, here, it is not necessary to 

decide that question.

[10] Here, the evidence showed that DCB did not limit 

itself to its legal corporate name: DCB also held itself out to 

be “Denali Custom Builders.” At trial, the court heard evidence that DCB displayed that name on its advertising, social 

media, website, and signs. In White v. Board of Regents,

34 we 

adopted the following definition for “use” of a trade name from 

the Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition: “‘[A] designation is “used” as a . . . trade name . . . when the designation is 

34 White v. Board of Regents, 260 Neb. 26, 36, 614 N.W.2d 330, 338 (2000), 

quoting Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 18 (1995).
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displayed or otherwise made known to prospective purchasers in 

the ordinary course of business in a manner that associates the 

designation with the goods, services, or business of the user . . 

. .’” We noted in White that at common law, the use of a trade 

name may be established by its appearance on signs, documents 

employed in conducting business, mail solicitations, or advertising.35 The evidence showed that DCB used “Denali Custom 

Builders” on signs and advertising. Under § 87-208(4), “Denali 

Custom Builders” is a trade name: It is a name under which 

DCB transacted business, and it is not DCB’s true name.

Thus, DCB’s central theme of defense failed. We now turn 

to DRE’s respective claims.

(a) Trade Name Infringement

Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 87-209(6) (Reissue 2014), protection is given to trade names registered in this state.36 DRE 

registered two trade names in Nebraska: “Denali Construction” 

and “Denali Homes.”

[11] In a case for trade name infringement, the plaintiff 

has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence 

the existence of (1) a valid trade name entitled to protection 

and (2) a substantial similarity between the plaintiff’s and the 

defendant’s names, which would result in either actual or probable deception or confusion by ordinary persons dealing with 

ordinary caution.37 This analysis requires two steps.

[12] The first step is to determine whether DRE’s trade 

names are entitled to protection. We disagree with DRE and the 

district court that “Denali” alone is a valid trade name entitled 

to protection. The evil sought to be eliminated by trade name 

protection is confusion.38 We doubt one would confuse “Denali 

35 See id.

36 Prime Home Care v. Pathways to Compassion, 283 Neb. 77, 809 N.W.2d 

751 (2012).

37 Id.

38 Id.
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Burgers” or “Denali Clothing” with “Denali Construction” or 

“Denali Homes.” And generic words, whose primary meaning 

is merely descriptive of the business to which they are applied 

or which are such as are in common use for that purpose, cannot be exclusively appropriated as a trade name.39 But each 

of DRE’s trade names, “Denali Construction” and “Denali 

Homes,” is sufficiently distinctive.

The next step is to determine whether there has been an 

infringement on DRE’s trade names. Likelihood of confusion 

is key.

[13] The likelihood of confusion in the use of trade names 

can be shown by presenting circumstances from which courts 

might conclude that persons are likely to transact business with 

one party under the belief they are dealing with another party. 

If the similarity is such as to mislead purchasers or those doing 

business with the company, acting with ordinary and reasonable caution, or if the similarity is calculated to deceive the 

ordinary buyer in ordinary conditions, it is sufficient to entitle 

the one first adopting the name to relief.40

[14] Among the considerations for determining whether 

trade name confusion exists are (1) degree of similarity in the 

products offered for sale; (2) geographic separation of the two 

enterprises and the extent to which their trade areas overlap; 

(3) extent to which the stores are in actual competition; (4) 

duration of use without actual confusion; and (5) the actual 

similarity, visually and phonetically, between the two trade 

names.41 So, what did the evidence show on these factors?

The answer is clear: DRE’s evidence showed confusion 

between DCB’s “Denali Custom Builders” and DRE’s registered trade names of “Denali Construction” or “Denali Homes.” 

The entities build new homes, similar in style. They operate 

in eastern Nebraska, including Lincoln. Businesses building 

39 Nebraska Irrigation, Inc. v. Koch, 246 Neb. 856, 523 N.W.2d 676 (1994).

40 Prime Home Care v. Pathways to Compassion, supra note 36.

41 Id.
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similar new homes in the same city are likely to be in competition with one another. Within 8 months of DCB’s incorporation, actual confusion about the entities arose, and DRE filed 

its complaint.

Confusion can be of a customer and also those likely to 

do business with the entity, including wholesalers, banks, 

utility providers, et cetera.42 Evidence of misdirected mail, 

including bills from suppliers, is sufficient to indicate actual 

confusion from similarity of trade names.43 DRE adduced evidence of actual confusion on the part of a potential purchaser 

(Watton), a lumber company, two employees of a furniture 

store, and a utility provider. Further, the names implicate businesses in the home-building industry. Denali Custom Builders 

sends much the same message as Denali Construction or 

Denali Homes.

The presence of actual confusion distinguishes this case 

from previous decisions. In Dahms v. Jacobs,

44 we were unable 

to find that “‘The Depot’” and “‘The Denim Depot’”—both 

clothing stores—were so alike as to be likely to cause confusion in the minds of the public. We specifically held that 

“the plaintiff in this case has failed to show, as he must, 

either actual or probable confusion.”45 Similarly, in Nebraska 

Irrigation, Inc. v. Koch,

46 in determining that the plaintiff did 

not prove a clear right to injunctive relief concerning the trade 

names “‘Nebraska Irrigation’” and “‘Nebraska Irrigation Sales 

& Equipment,’” we noted the absence of any specific instances 

of confusion. The Nebraska Court of Appeals concluded that a 

42 See Hong’s, Inc. v. Grand China Buffet, 19 Neb. App. 331, 805 N.W.2d 90 

(2011).

43 See Powder River Oil v. Powder River Petroleum, 830 P.2d 403 (Wyo. 

1992).

44 Dahms v. Jacobs, 201 Neb. 745, 748, 272 N.W.2d 43, 45 (1978).

45 Id.

46 Nebraska Irrigation, Inc. v. Koch, supra note 39, 246 Neb. at 862, 523 

N.W.2d at 681.
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plaintiff failed to meet its burden to show actual confusion in 

the use of the trade names “‘China Buffet’” and “‘Grand China 

Buffet.’”47 But here, DRE showed, by the greater weight of the 

evidence, actual confusion. Accordingly, DRE was entitled to 

relief on its trade name infringement claim.

(b) Deceptive Trade Practices

[15] Section 87-302 enumerates deceptive trade practices. 

As relevant to the facts of this case, a corporation engages in 

a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of its business, 

it causes the likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding as 

to “the source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods 

or services” or “affiliation, connection, or association with, or 

certification by, another.”48

[16] As set forth above, the evidence showed that DCB’s 

use of “Denali Custom Builders” in the course of its business 

caused confusion regarding the source of goods or services and 

its affiliation or association with DRE’s entities. And within 5 

months of DCB’s incorporation, attorneys for DRE sent a letter notifying DCB that it was infringing on DRE’s trade names 

and that such infringement was likely to cause confusion in 

the marketplace. Further, while a claim for the misuse of a 

trade name considers only the trade name seeking protection, 

a claim for a deceptive trade practice expands the consideration to issues of image and trade dress.49 DRE’s managing 

partner testified that DCB’s signage and its website used the 

same fonts and colors as those used by DRE. And, indeed, our 

examination of the exhibits reveals that these similarities are 

47 See Hong’s, Inc. v. Grand China Buffet, supra note 42, 19 Neb. App. at 

338, 805 N.W.2d at 97.

48 See § 87-302(a)(2) and (3).

49 See Powder River Oil v. Powder River Petroleum, supra note 43. See, 

also, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc., 529 U.S. 205, 209, 

120 S. Ct. 1339, 146 L. Ed. 2d 182 (2000) (“‘trade dress’” originally 

included only product’s packaging but had been expanded by lower courts 

to encompass product’s design).
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particularly striking. We conclude that DRE met its burden of 

proof to show that DCB engaged in deceptive trade practices. 

On this claim, DRE was also entitled to relief.

(c) Interference With Business 

Relationship

[17,18] To succeed on a claim for tortious interference with 

a business relationship or expectancy, a plaintiff must prove 

(1) the existence of a valid business relationship or expectancy, 

(2) knowledge by the interferer of the relationship or expectancy, (3) an unjustified intentional act of interference on the 

part of the interferer, (4) proof that the interference caused the 

harm sustained, and (5) damage to the party whose relationship or expectancy was disrupted.50 One of the basic elements 

of tortious interference with a business relationship requires an 

intentional act that induces or causes a breach or termination 

of the relationship or expectancy.51

The district court did not make any explicit finding regarding a breach or termination of a business relationship or 

expectancy. It found that DRE “had a valid business relationship with its suppliers and an expectancy of a business 

relationship with the consuming public.” It then reasoned that 

DCB “knew or had knowledge that using the trade name could 

cause interference and that interference was substantially certain to result.” The court found that DCB’s “use of ‘Denali’ 

interfered with the business relationships of [DRE] in the ways 

claimed by [DRE].”

Our review of the record failed to uncover evidence that 

DCB’s use of “Denali” or “Denali Custom Builders” induced 

or caused a breach or termination of a business relationship 

or expectancy. Confusion about identity alone did not satisfy 

50 Thompson v. Johnson, 299 Neb. 819, 910 N.W.2d 800 (2018).

51 See, Recio v. Evers, 278 Neb. 405, 771 N.W.2d 121 (2009); Pettit v. 

Paxton, 255 Neb. 279, 583 N.W.2d 604 (1998); Miller Chemical Co., Inc. 

v. Tams, 211 Neb. 837, 320 N.W.2d 759 (1982), disapproved on other 

grounds, Matheson v. Stork, 239 Neb. 547, 477 N.W.2d 156 (1991).
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this element. There was no evidence that the confused lumber 

supplier, furniture store, or utility ceased its relationship with 

DRE due to the confusion. Similarly, although Watton and his 

wife—prospective customers—were confused about whether 

DRE built a home that they toured, there was no evidence that 

this confusion led them to end a potential relationship with 

DRE. We have stated that “when the defendant’s interference 

is directed toward the third party, with whom the plaintiff 

has contracted, and the interference did not cause the third 

party to breach the contract, it is difficult to conceive how the 

plaintiff would prove causation.”52 Here, the record is void of 

evidence that a business relationship or expectancy of DRE 

was breached or terminated due to DCB’s use of “Denali 

Custom Builders.”

Upon our de novo review, we conclude that DRE failed to 

establish its claim for interference with a business relationship. But this makes no real difference: The relief ultimately 

granted was amply supported by DRE’s claims for trade name 

infringement and deceptive trade practices. We turn to the specific elements of this relief.

4. Awardin DRE Statutory 

and Attorney F

A statute sets forth the remedies available for misuse of a 

trade name. It specifically authorizes damages of $1,000 and 

reasonable attorney fees:

Any registrant of a trade name may proceed by suit 

to enjoin the use, display, or sale of any counterfeits or 

imitations thereof, and a court of competent jurisdiction 

may restrain such use, display, or sale on terms which 

the court deems just and reasonable and may require the 

defendants to pay to the registrant (1) all profits attributable to the wrongful use, display, or sale, (2) all damages 

caused by the wrongful use, display, or sale, or (3) both 

52 Pettit v. Paxton, supra note 51, 255 Neb. at 288, 583 N.W.2d at 610.
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such profits and damages, and reasonable attorney’s fees. 

In lieu of the remedies available in subdivisions (1), (2), 

and (3) of this section, the court may require the defendants to pay statutory damages of one thousand dollars 

and reasonable attorney’s fees. The court may order that 

any counterfeits or imitations in the possession or under 

the control of any defendant be delivered to an officer of 

the court, or to the complainant, to be destroyed.53

As DCB highlights, § 87-217 does not require a court to make 

such an award. Nonetheless, the statute clearly permitted the 

court’s award of statutory damages of $1,000 and payment 

of reasonable attorney fees. And DCB does not contest the 

amount of fees awarded. The court properly awarded damages 

and attorney fees. Upon our de novo review, we reach the 

same conclusion regarding this relief.

5. Inju

DCB also quarrels with the injunction entered by the court. 

The court enjoined DCB from “using or displaying the name 

‘Denali’ in its business in any manner whatsoever.” Once 

again, upon de novo review, we reach the same conclusion.

[19,20] DRE proved both misuse of a trade name and 

deceptive trade practices. Section 87-217 authorizes a registrant of a trade name—which DRE is—to proceed by suit 

to enjoin the use or display of imitations of its trade name. 

Similarly, § 87-303(a) authorizes a court to grant an injunction 

against the person committing the deceptive trade practice. 

Eliminating “Denali” from “Denali Custom Builders” should 

suffice to eliminate the confusion between DCB and DRE’s 

trade names.

DCB also challenges the court’s order that it “remove the 

name ‘Denali’ from any registration of its corporate name or 

trade name with the Nebraska Secretary of State.” It asserts 

that such an order is “not exactly an injunction” and that “[i]t 

53 See § 87-217 (emphasis supplied).
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is one thing to prohibit [DCB] from doing an act, but quite 

another to require it affirmatively do an act.”54

[21,22] However, § 87-303(a) permits a court to “order 

such additional equitable relief as it deems necessary to 

protect the public from further violations.” In an equitable 

action, the district court is vested with broad equitable powers and discretion to fashion appropriate relief.55 And once an 

appellate court acquires equity jurisdiction, it can adjudicate 

all matters properly presented and grant complete relief to 

the parties.56

Upon our de novo review and in light of the relief specifically authorized by § 87-303(a), we conclude this equitable 

relief is necessary to grant complete relief to DRE. Contrary 

to DCB’s argument, we are not compelling a new and distinct affirmative act. Rather, we are prohibiting DCB from 

perpetuating the confusion resulting from its registration of 

one name and its later operation under a variant deceptively 

similar to DRE’s previously registered trade names. Under 

these circumstances, permitting DCB to revert to using only 

its legal corporate name would reward it for its deceptive 

conduct. Under the circumstances here, we find no merit to 

DCB’s argument.

6. Remaining Assignments 

We have considered DCB’s remaining claims—that the court 

erred in denying its request for attorney fees and in admitting 

evidence over objections—and find them to be without merit. 

A point-by-point rejection of each contention would needlessly lengthen our decision without enhancing our existing 

54 Brief for appellant at 33.

55 See State on behalf of Lockwood v. Laue, 24 Neb. App. 909, 900 N.W.2d 

582 (2017). See, also, Strunk v. Chromy-Strunk, 270 Neb. 917, 708 

N.W.2d 821 (2006) (action in equity vests trial court with broad powers 

authorizing any judgment under pleadings).

56 See In re Estate of McKillip, 284 Neb. 367, 820 N.W.2d 868 (2012).
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jurisprudence. Upon our de novo review, we find no error or 

abuse of discretion in the respects alleged.

VI. CONCLUSION

We summarize our conclusions. The denial of DCB’s 

motion to dismiss under § 6-1112(b)(6) is moot. Its argument 

regarding the denial of its motion under § 6-1112(c) lacks 

merit. DRE met its burden of proof regarding its claims for 

trade name infringement and deceptive trade practices, but it 

did not establish tortious interference with a business relationship or expectancy. DRE was entitled to statutory damages, 

attorney fees, and injunctive relief, and this relief is unaffected by our determination that DRE proved only two of 

its three causes of action. Having found no error or abuse of 

discretion in the other respects alleged, we affirm the district 

court’s judgment.

Affirm