December 2005
December 2005
Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No.

FHWA-SA-06-016

2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

5. Report Date

September 2006

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)*

Hughes, Warren, Chappell, Debra, and Chen, Shyuan-Ren (Clayton)

8. Performing Organization Report

No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Vanasse-Hangen-Brustlin, Inc. (VHB)

8300 Boone Blvd., Suite 700

Vienna, VA 22182-2624

10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)

11. Contract or Grant No.

DTFH61-03-D-00105

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\

400-7th Street, SW, HSA-10

Washington, DC 20590

13. Type of Report and Period

Covered

Domestic Intersection

Safety Scan/Best Practices

– February 2005

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

FHWA/HSA-10

15. Supplementary Notes: The Domestic Scan Team: Eugene Calvert, Collier County, FL; Debra Chappell,

FHWA Task Manager; Shyuan-Ren (Clayton) Chen, FHWA; Douglas Harwood, Midwest Research

Institute; Loren Hill, Minnesota Department of Transportation; Warren Hughes, Scan Team Leader/

Technical Report Writer, VHB; Stan Polanis, City of Winston-Salem, NC, and Jennifer Weigle, VHB,

Tour Recorder and Facilitator. The FHWA also wishes to thank the host locations (see Appendix B) for

assisting with the development of this document.

16. Abstract

Intersection safety is and has been a major program at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).

As a means to share best practices used in various locations, the FHWA and selected representatives

of the transportation community conducted a domestic scan of issues related to intersection safety:

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practices and educational programs.

The goal of this Domestic Intersection Safety Scan was to reduce fatalities, personal injuries and

crashes at intersections in the United States by documenting and subsequently promoting innovative

intersection treatments and comprehensive intersection safety processes that have been implemented

in this country.

One of the primary objectives was to identify and document selected innovative intersection treatments

that have been implemented at intersections in the United States and have been demonstrated

to, or have the potential to, improve safety at intersections. Another objective was to identify and

document selected comprehensive safety processes and procedures that have been implemented by

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Portland, Oregon; Charlotte, NC; and West Palm Beach, FL. This report provides a discussion on the

successes and challenges to enhancing safety for highway users.

17. Key Words

Intersection, safety, scan, signals, signs, markings,

design, pedestrians, bicycles, data.

18. Distribution Statement

No restrictions. This document is available

to the public through the National Technical

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22161.

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

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20. Security Classif. (of this page)

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21. No. of Pages

104

22. Price

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

December 2005

iii iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................x

Background..........................................................................................................x

Domestic Intersection Safety Scan Study Goals and Objectives ...................x

Study Scope........................................................................................................xi

Intersection Safety Management.....................................................................xiii

Intersection and Safety Data ...........................................................................xiv

Intersection Safety Research ..........................................................................xiv

 7UDI¿F&RQWURO'HYLFHVDW,QWHUVHFWLRQV..........................................................xv

 7UDI¿F2SHUDWLRQVDW,QWHUVHFWLRQV ..................................................................xv

Intersection Geometric Design........................................................................xvi

Intersection Safety-Oriented Enforcement and Education..........................xvii

Disclaimer.........................................................................................................xvii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1

Background..........................................................................................................1

Study Goals and Objectives ...............................................................................2

Study Scope.........................................................................................................3

Scan Team............................................................................................................5

Organization of Report........................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2. SAFETY MANAGEMENT AND COMPREHENSIVE 

SAFETY PROCESSES .........................................................................................7

An Uncompromising Commitment to Safety ....................................................7

Performance Based Safety Systems .................................................................9

Timely and Accurate Crash Data......................................................................10

Distributed Responsibility for Crash Data Entry ............................................10

Web-Based Safety Data Systems.....................................................................12

Spatial Analysis Systems and Analytical Tools..............................................13

Interagency and Intra-Agency Cooperation....................................................14

Private-Public Partnerships..............................................................................17

CHAPTER 3. TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR MOTORISTS ..............................18

 7UDI¿F6LJQDOV««««««««««««««««««««««««« ........18

 7UDI¿F6LJQV .......................................................................................................19

Pavement Markings...........................................................................................23

In-Pavement Lighting System ..........................................................................24

CHAPTER 4. TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND OTHER DEVICES FOR 

PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS ....................................................................29

Pedestrian and Bicycle Crosswalks ................................................................29

 7UDI¿F6LJQDOVDQG6LJQV5HODWHGWR3HGHVWULDQDQG%LF\FOH&URVVLQJV.....31

Pedestrian Push Buttons, Signal Heads and Other Devices.........................33

Automated Detection of Pedestrians...............................................................35

Table of Contents

PAGE
December 2005

iv iv

CHAPTER 5. TRAFFIC OPERATIONAL PRACTICES ................................................38

Dallas Left-Turn Display for Left-Turn Lead-Lag Signal Phasing ..................38

Flashing Yellow Arrow Displays.......................................................................39

Controlling when the Yellow Interval is Displayed.........................................40

Delayed Onset of Pedestrian Walk Interval.....................................................41

 0RGL¿HG3HGHVWULDQ,QWHUYDOV...........................................................................41

Responsive Audible Pedestrian Signals .........................................................42

Activated Extension of Pedestrian Clearance Interval...................................42

Variable Red Clearance Interval .......................................................................42

Activated Extension of Red Clearance Interval ..............................................43

 7UDI¿F6LJQDO&RRUGLQDWLRQ7UHDWPHQWV...........................................................43

CHAPTER 6. GEOMETRIC DESIGN TREATMENTS ..................................................44

Michigan Indirect Left Turns Junction.............................................................44

Intersection Bulb-Out........................................................................................45

Road Diets (Conversions of Four-lane Undivided to 

 Three-Lane Cross-Sections)...........................................................................48

Median Treatments ............................................................................................48

Michigan “Loons”..............................................................................................49

Roundabouts......................................................................................................50

Mini-Roundabouts .............................................................................................50

Speed Humps and Speed Tables .....................................................................52

Non-Traditional Intersection Geometric Treatments......................................52

CHAPTER 7. ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.....58

Enforcement Practices......................................................................................58

Educational Programs.......................................................................................61

CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................63

Intersection Safety Management......................................................................63

Intersection and Safety Data ............................................................................63

Intersection and Safety Research....................................................................64

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Intersection Geometric Design.........................................................................65

Intersection Safety-Oriented Enforcement and Education............................66

Summary ............................................................................................................66

Disclaimer...........................................................................................................67

REFERENCES...............................................................................................................68

APPENDIX A: Team Members......................................................................................69

APPENDIX B: Host Contacts.......................................................................................73

Table of Contents (continued) PAGE
December 2005

v v

1. FHWA’s report on Signalized Intersection Safety in Europe.....................2

2. Areas visited ........................................................................................................3

3. Scan team.............................................................................................................6

4. Photograph of screen showing Charlotte’s tool to 

 locate crash location.......................................................................................11

5. Screen view of sketch with narrative for individual crash location reported 

captured in Charlotte’s crash records system. ..............................................12

6. Dallas County pedestrian deaths map.............................................................13

7. Illustrative example of spatial crash summary 

 generated by SEMCOG ...................................................................................14

8. Charlotte’s safety improvement project selection and 

 evaluation process ........................................................................................15

9. Signal heads with LED sections.......................................................................18

 %ODFNVLJQDOIDFHVZLWKUHÀHFWLYH\HOORZEDFNSODWHV.....................................18

11. “U-TURN YIELD” regulatory sign for left turn signal head on an 

 approach with dual left turn lanes in south Florida .....................................19

12. Dynamic regulatory sign at intersection in Michigan, with the

 “NO TURN ON RED” message displayed (when a left green 

 DUURZVLJQDOLQGLFDWLRQLVGLVSOD\HGWRRSSRVLQJOHIWWXUQLQJWUDI¿F ........19

13. Dynamic regulatory sign at intersection in Michigan, with no message 

displayed (when a red left arrow is displayed to 

 WKHRSSRVLQJOHIWWXUQLQJWUDI¿F ......................................................................19

14. Dynamic regulatory and information signs used in Portland 

 at an intersection where a trolley line crosses.............................................20

15. Crosshead illuminated case “STOP” sign in Michigan..................................20

16. Overhead illuminated case “LEFT” sign in Michigan ....................................20

17. Activated, internally illuminated “PED XING” warning sign 

 hung from a mast arm.....................................................................................21

18. Overhead, internally illuminated street name sign with 

 12” letters in Clearview font ...........................................................................21

19. “OLD” and “NEW, improved” street name signs mounted 

 on signal poles.................................................................................................21

20. Signing treatment for all-way stop controlled intersection...........................22

21. Signing treatment for two-way stop controlled intersection.........................22

22. Intersection in Richardson with “cat” tracks, 

 also called “puppy” tracks .............................................................................23

23. In-lane pavement marking message designating 

 Michigan State Route 10 (M-10), applied in advance of an 

 exit ramp...........................................................................................................23

24. Pavement message for pedestrians at crosswalk..........................................23

25a. Angled view of device with lights not activated .............................................25

25b. Angled view of device with lights activated....................................................25

25c. “Top-down” view of device with lights activated ...........................................25

List of Figures FIGURE PAGE
December 2005

vi vi

25d. “Front-on” view of device without lights activated........................................25

25e. “Front-on” view of device with lights activated..............................................25

26. View of the ramp of in-pavement lighting device ...........................................26

27. View of pole mounted controller cabinet for in-pavement 

 speed reduction system mounted on elevated ramp above .......................26

28. View of inside of the controller cabinet for Florida ramp ..............................26

29. View of in-pavement lighting device and sealant 

 showing sawcut for cable...............................................................................27

30. Loops used for speed detection near “beginning” ramp 

 upstream of sharp curve.................................................................................27

31. Two views of SR 84 off ramp before (left) and after 

 (right) installation of LED modules................................................................27

32. View of the system at night with the in-pavement lights “on”......................28

33. View of the system during daylight hours with 

 the in-pavement lights “on”............................................................................28

34. Example of a blue bike lane in Portland..........................................................29

35. A blue bike lane and dedicated right turn lane at 

 an intersection in Portland .............................................................................30

36. Example of a blue bike lane between a dedicated right 

 turn lane and a shared use right-and-through lane in Portland..................30

37. Raised textured crosswalk in Charlotte ..........................................................30

38. Brick crosswalks in Charlotte ..........................................................................30

39. “YIELD TO BIKES” regulatory sign in Portland..............................................31

40. A regulatory sign for the situation where a blue bike 

 lane “straddles” a dedicated right turn only lane and 

 a shared-use, right-and-through lane ...........................................................31

41. Pedestrian crossing warning sign and supplemental 

 Sign in Charlotte..............................................................................................32

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 warning sign and in-pavement lighting in Dallas .........................................32

43. Symbolic bicyclist “tripping” warning sign in Portland ................................32

44. Audible pedestrian signal heads and speakers in Charlotte.........................33

45. Speaker on underside of a pedestrian head in Charlotte ..............................33

46. Pedestrian push button device in Charlotte with 

 supplemental information in Braille on sign.................................................33

47. Pedestrian push button device in Charlotte with 

 supplemental information in Braille on sign.................................................34

48. Example of another pedestrian push button device with 

 supplemental raised arrow device mounted 

 above the push button ....................................................................................34

49. Pedestrian push button signs in both English and 

 Spanish at an intersection in Charlotte.........................................................34

Figure Page

List of Figures (continued)
December 2005

vii vii

50. A close-up of the pedestrian crossing sign 

 that shows the information in Spanish......................................................... 34

51. Pedestrian detection system that employs motion detection 

 technology in Detroit.......................................................................................35

52. Pedestrian detection system that detects pedestrians in 

 crosswalks in Portland....................................................................................35

53. Closer view of the pedestrian detection device 

 deployed in Portland .......................................................................................35

54. Loop in trail crossing to detect bicyclists in Portland...................................36

55. Video cameras deployed to detect bicyclists in Portland .............................36

56. A closer view of the camera mounted on the luminaire arm.........................36

57. Signal heads and phasing for bicycle movement 

 at intersection where video cameras are used in Portland .........................37

58. View from left-turn pocket where a Dallas (city in the background) 

 phasing is in operation. ..................................................................................38

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 left arrow is displayed.....................................................................................40

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 left arrow is displayed.....................................................................................40

59c. Third set of signal indications when steady left green 

 arrow is displayed ...........................................................................................40

59d. Fourth set of signal indications when steady left red 

 arrow is displayed ...........................................................................................40

60. Intersection in Dallas’ central business district where longer walk and . 

“FLASHING DON’T WALK” intervals can be put into service by 

 GHSUHVVLQJWKHSXVKEXWWRQIRU¿YHRUPRUHVHFRQGV ...............................41

61. Intersection approach in Portland where loops beyond 

 the stop line are used to delay the onset of the yellow interval..................42

62. Speed prediction algorithm for Richardson experimental 

 red clearance interval hold. ...........................................................................43

63. Michigan Indirect Left Turn Junction...............................................................44

64. Vehicular movements at a Michigan indirect 

 left turn junction ..............................................................................................45

65. Intersection bulb-out for a light rail/trolley transit 

 stop in Portland ...............................................................................................45

66. An example of an intersection bulb-out in 

 West Palm Beach, Florida...............................................................................46

67. Intersection bulb-outs to reduce the street width opening 

 in residential area in West Palm Beach.........................................................46

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 commercial area in West Palm Beach ...........................................................46

List of Figures (continued)

Figure Page
December 2005

viii viii

69. Illustrative example of an ornamental intersection 

 bulb-out and pavement design.......................................................................47

70. Photograph of same intersection in West Palm Beach 

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 the transverse crosswalk markings and the school crossing sign............47

71. Island implemented in median of two-lane road at an 

 intersection that serves as a gateway to a corridor in 

 West Palm Beach.............................................................................................47

72. Median treatment at intersections in West Palm Beach ................................48

73. Channelizing median device used in Charlotte ..............................................48

74. Illustrative example of one method to offset a left turn lane.........................49

75a. A Michigan “Loon.” ...........................................................................................49

75b. Aerial sketch of a Michigan Loon.....................................................................49

76. Aerial view of roundabout constructed in Michigan ......................................50

77. View of another roundabout constructed in Michigan...................................50

78. Mini-roundabout in Michigan............................................................................50

79. Approach to mini-roundabout in Michigan .....................................................51

80. Detailed view of channelizing island on approach 

 to mini-roundabout..........................................................................................51

81. View of warning sign on approach to mini-roundabout ................................51

82. View of raised intersection/speed table in West Palm Beach .......................52

83. Closer view of raised intersection/speed table in 

 West Palm Beach.............................................................................................52

84. At-grade intersection with jug-handle-type ramps in 

 two quadrants located in Bend, Oregon........................................................52

85. Intersection in West Palm Beach .....................................................................53

86. Illustration of alternative intersection..............................................................53

87. Photograph of Clematis Street in West Palm Beach looking west...............53

88. Photograph of Clematis Street in West Palm Beach looking east................53

89. Plaza at east end of Clematis Street ................................................................54

90. Intersection of Narcissus Street and Datura Street in 

 West Palm Beach.............................................................................................54

91. Aerial view of intersection in Charlotte prior to implementation 

 of geometric treatment....................................................................................54

92. Photograph of Charlotte intersection after improvement..............................55

93. Two photographs of pedestrian refuge at an intersection in 

 Charlotte after improvement...........................................................................55

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 changes to pedestrian crossing at a somewhat complex 

 intersection in Charlotte .................................................................................56

List of Figures (continued)

Figure Page
December 2005

ix ix

95. Depiction of completed intersection geometric treatment 

 implemented in Charlotte................................................................................57

96. Close-up of crossing and median refuge island.............................................57

97. Close-up of larger concrete landing in one corner ........................................57

98. View of signal-controlled intersection equipped with 

 “rat” lights in Richardson, Texas...................................................................58

99. Another detailed view of “rat” light ................................................................58

100. View of advance sign for a red light running automated 

 enforcement system in Portland....................................................................59

101. View of camera for a red light running automated enforcement 

 system ..............................................................................................................59

102. View of strobe light at the intersection for a red light running 

 automated enforcement system in Portland.................................................59

103. View of inductive loops at stop line for a red light running automated 

 enforcement system in Portland....................................................................59

104. View of advance sign for a red light running automated 

 enforcement system in Charlotte...................................................................60

105. View of camera for a red light running automated enforcement 

 system in Charlotte .........................................................................................60

106. SEMCOG’s program to reduce red light running ...........................................61

 (QJOLVKYHUVLRQRIEURFKXUHRQWKHEHQH¿WVRIZDONLQJ................................62

 6SDQLVKYHUVLRQRIEURFKXUHRQWKHEHQH¿WVRIZDONLQJ...............................62

Table 1. Factors and weights used by the Road Commission for 

 Oakland County for project prioritization using Michigan 

 Transportation Economic Development Funds 

 (TEDF-Category C Funds) and Surface Transportation 

 Program (STP) Funds .................................................................................8

Table 2. Changes in Oakland County’s Population, VMT, Crash Fatalities, 

 and Crash Fatality Rate...............................................................................9

List of Figures (continued)

List of Tables

Figure Page

Table Page
Background

Intersection safety is and has been a major program at the Federal Highway Administration 

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xii xii

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan
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xiii xiii

Executive Summary
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Intersection and Safety Data

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xiv xiv

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan
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these treatments.

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additional crossing time for older pedestrians and at intersections where conditions warrant 

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xv xv

Executive Summary
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that are similar to speed tables. At a few downtown intersections where some of these treatments 

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xvi xvi

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan
Intersection Safety-Oriented Enforcement and Education

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intersections.

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Executive Summary
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1 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Background

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intersections.

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Chapter 1
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Fort Lauderdale

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Chapter 1
5 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

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Calvert, Loren Hill, Stan Polanis, Clayton 

Chen, Doug Harwood, Jen Weigle, and 

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Chappell.

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7 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Table 1. Factors and weights used by the Road Commission for Oakland County 

for project prioritization using Michigan Transportation Economic Development 

Funds (TEDF-Category C Funds) and Surface Transportation Program (STP) 

Funds.

Weights

Category Criteria TEDF –

C

STP 

Projects

I. Planning 

A. Importance

of Project in the

System

1DWLRQDO)XQFWLRQDO&ODVVL¿FDWLRQ 3 3

2. Consistency with SEMCOG 25 Yr.

Plan 1 1

3. Improvement in System Continuity 3 3

4. Improvement in Lane Consistency 2 2

3DYHPHQW&ODVVL¿FDWLRQ 2 2

6. Urban Boundary 2 2

7. Impact of R.O.W. Acquisition 3 3

Subtotal 16 16

B. Coordination

with Other

Modes

1. Coordination with Transit 2 2

2. Coordination with Non-Motorized 2 2

Subtotal 4 4

II Engineering 

A. Crash

Reduction

1. Decrease Crash Frequency 10 10

2. Decrease Crash Rate 10 10

3. Decrease Crash Severity 10 15

Subtotal 30 35

B. Improved

Physical

Roadway

Conditions

1. Improvement in Base 1 3

2. Improvement in Drainage 1 3

3. Improvement in Lane Width 2 2

4. Improvement in Pavement Surface 6 7

5. Improvement in Curb/Shoulder 2 4

6. Improvement in Roadside Obstacle 

Clearance 1 2

7. Improvement in Passing Sight

Distance 2 2

8. Improvement in Stopping Sight

Distance 0 2

Subtotal 15 25

C. Improved

7UDI¿F

Operations

1. Congestion Reduction Under Existing 

7UDI¿F/HYHOV 12 7

2. Congestion Reduction Under Future

7UDI¿F/HYHOV 10 5

,PSURYHPHQWLQ'ULYHZD\&RQÀLFWV 3 2

4. Improvement in Lane Balance 3 2

5. Improvement in Turning Movements 4 2

6. Improvement in Roadside Park

&RQÀLFWV 3 2

Subtotal 35 20

III. Funding 

Considerations

A. Local

Considerations 3 3

Subtotal 3 3

TOTAL POINTS 103 103

Federal Highway Administration 8

Chapter 2
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MVM = Million Vehicle Miles

Source: TIA and SEMCOG

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Crash Fatality Rate.

9 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Federal Highway Administration 10

Chapter 2
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(Courtesy of Charles Jones, Charlotte DOT)

11

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Figure 5. Screen view of sketch with narrative for individual crash location reported 

captured in Charlotte’s crash records system. (Courtesy of Charles Jones, Charlotte

DOT)

Federal Highway Administration 12

Chapter 2
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FIgure 6. Dallas County 

pedestrian deaths map. 

(Courtesy of NCTCOG)

13

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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FIgure 7. Illustrative example 

of spatial crash summary 

generated by SEMCOG.

Federal Highway Administration 14

Chapter 2
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FIgure 8. Charlotte’s safety improvement project selection and evaluation process. 

(Courtesy of Charlotte DOT)

15

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Chapter 2
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17 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

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Federal Highway Administration 18

Chapter 3

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Figure 11. “U-TURN YIELD” regulatory sign for 

Left turn signal head on an approach with dual 

Left turn lanes in south Florida.

Figure 12. Dynamic regulatory sign at 

intersection in Michigan, with the “NO TURN 

ON RED” message displayed (when a left 

green arrow signal indication is displayed to 

RSSRVLQJOHIWWXUQLQJWUDI¿F

Figure 13. Dynamic regulatory sign at 

intersection in Michigan, with no message 

displayed (when a red left arrow is displayed 

WRWKHRSSRVLQJOHIWWXUQLQJWUDI¿F

19

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Figure 14. Dynamic regulatory and information signs used in Portland at an intersection where 

a trolley line crosses. 

Figure 16. Overhead illuminated case 

“LEFT” sign in Michigan.

Figure 15. Crosshead illuminated case 

“STOP” sign in Michigan.

Federal Highway Administration 20

Chapter 3
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dramatic at night.

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old style street name sign and the new one

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controlled intersections. With respect to

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Figure 17. Activated, internally illuminated 

“PED XING” warning sign hung from a mast 

arm.

Figure 18. Overhead, internally illuminated street 

name sign with 12” letters in Clearview font (Photo 

courtesy of Kimberly Lariviere, Michigan DOT).

Figure 19. “OLD” and “NEW, improved” street 

name signs mounted on signal poles. (Photo 

courtesy of Kimberly Lariviere, Michigan DOT).

21

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
Figure 21. Signing treatment for two-way 

stop controlled intersection. (Photo provided 

by Tim Haagsma, Kent County Roads 

Commission).

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place stop signs on both the near left side and the near right side of the road at approaches where 

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intersections. 

Figure 20. Signing treatment for all-way stop 

controlled intersection. (Photo provided 

by Tim Haagsma, Kent County Roads 

Commission).

Federal Highway Administration 22

Chapter 3
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intersection on the mainline.

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the following:

• Wider edgelines and lane lines.

• 3DYHPHQWPDUNLQJVZLWKWH[WLGHQWLI\LQJODQHGHVWLQDWLRQVRQURDGVZLWKFRQIXVLQJRU

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Figure 22. Intersection in Richardson with “cat” 

tracks, which are also called “puppy” tracks.

Figure 24. Pavement message for 

pedestrians at crosswalk.

Figure 23. In-lane pavement marking 

message designating Michigan State Route 

10 (M-10) applied in advance of an exist ramp.

23

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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FGDQGHUHVSHFWLYHO\(see next page)

Federal Highway Administration 24

Chapter 3
Figure 25a. Angled view of device with lights 

not activated. (Photo courtesy of Gilbert 

Soles, Florida DOT District 4).

Figure 25b. Angled view of device with lights 

activated. (Photo courtesy of Gilbert Soles, 

Florida DOT District 4). 

Figure 25c. “Top-Down” view of device with 

lights activated. (Although lights appear to be 

red in this picture, the actual color is yellow).

Figure 25d. “Front-On” view of device without 

lights activated. (Photo courtesy of Gilbert 

Soles, Florida DOT District 4). 

Figure 25e. “Front on” view of device with 

lights activated. (Photo courtesy of Gilbert 

Soles, Florida DOT District 4)

25

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Figure 28. View of inside of the controller cabinet 

for Florida ramp. 

Figure 26. View of the ramp of in-pavement 

lighting device.

Figure 27. View of pole mounted controller 

cabinet for in-pavement speed reduction 

system mounted on an elevated ramp 

above.

Federal Highway Administration 26

Chapter 3
7KHVHDODQWDORQJWKHRXWVLGHRIWKHHGJHOLQHLQ¿JXUHSUHVHQWVWKHFDEOHUXQIRUWKHLQ

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Figure 29. View of in-pavement lighting device and 

sealant showing sawcut for cable.

Figure 30. Loops used for speed detection near 

“beginning” ramp upstream of sharp curve.

Figure 31. Two views of SR 84 off ramp before (left) and after (right) installation of LED modules. 

Note: Roadway conditions before and after LED modules installation. (Photo courtesy of Gilbert 

Soles, Florida DOT District 4).

27

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
Figure 32. View of the system at night with the in-pavement lights “on.”(Note: Photo 

courtesy of Gilbert Soles, Florida DOT District 4).

Figure 33. View of the system during daylight hours with the in-pavement lights 

“on.” (Photo courtesy of Gilbert Soles, Florida DOT District 4).

Federal Highway Administration 28

Chapter 3
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and bicyclists’ awareness in the intersection areas. 

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SHUFHQW0RUHLQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHIRXQGLQ Portland’s Blue Bike Lanes.



Figure 34. Example of a blue bike lane 

in Portland.

29

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Figure 35. A blue bike lane and dedicated 

right turn lane at an intersection in Portland.

Figure 36. Example of a blue bike lane 

between a dedicated right turn lane and 

a shared use right-and-through lane in 

Portland.

Figure 37. Raised textured crosswalk in 

Charlotte.

Figure 38. Brick crosswalks in Charlotte.

Federal Highway Administration 30

Chapter 4
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Figure 39. “YIELD TO BIKES” regulatory sign 

in Portland.

Figure 40. A regulatory sign for the situation 

where a blue bike lane “straddles” a dedicated 

right turn only lane and a shared-use, rightand-through lane.

31

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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below.

Figure 41. Pedestrian crossing 

warning sign and supplemental 

sign in Charlotte.

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beacon that complements static 

warning sign and in-pavement 

crosswalk lights in Dallas.

Figure 43. Symbolic bicyclist “tripping” warning sign in 

Portland.

Federal Highway Administration 32

Chapter 4
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pedestrians from staples and splinters as they

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Figure 44. Audible pedestrian signal heads 

and speakers in Charlotte.

Figure 45. Speaker on underside of a 

pedestrian head in Charlotte.

Figure 46. Pedestrian push button device 

in Charlotte with supplemental information 

in Braille on sign.

33

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
Figure 47. Pedestrian push button device in 

Charlotte with supplemental information in 

Braille on sign. 

Figure 48. Example of another pedestrian 

push button device with supplemental raised 

arrow device mounted above the push button.

Figure 49. Pedestrian push 

button signs in both English and 

Spanish at an intersection in 

Charlotte.

Figure 50. A close up of the pedestrian 

crossing sign that shows the information in 

Spanish.

signals is installation of pedestrian crossing signs in 

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areas with large 

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Federal Highway Administration 34

Chapter 4
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detection system was implemented as a 

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technology is one deployed to detect pedestrians

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pedestrian safety.

Figure 51. Pedestrian detection system that 

employs motion detection technology in 

Detroit.

Figure 52. Pedestrian detection system that 

detects pedestrians in crosswalk in Portland.

Figure 53. Closer view of the pedestrian 

detection device deployed in Portland.

35

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Figure 54. Loop in trail crossing to detect 

bicyclists in Portland.

Figure 55. Video cameras deployed to detect 

bicyclists in Portland.

 Figure 56. 

A closer view of the 

camera mounted on 

the luminaire arm. 

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Federal Highway Administration 36

Chapter 4
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movement at intersection where video cameras 

are used in Portland.

37

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Figure 58. View from left-turn pocket where a Dallas (city in 

the background) phasing is in operation.

Federal Highway Administration 38

Chapter 5
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a steady red left arrow indication are displayed to the opposing approach. After the phase has 

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39 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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approach. One or two intermediate loops are installed on the approach and the gap time is set 

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controlled by the detection.

Figure 59b. Second set of signal indications 

ZKHQÀDVKLQJ\HOORZOHIWDUURZLVGLVSOD\HG

Figure 59c. Third set of signal indications 

when steady left green arrow is displayed. 

Figure 59d. Fourth set of signal indications 

when steady left red arrow is displayed.

Figure 59a. First set of signal indications 

ZKHQÀDVKLQJ\HOORZOHIWDUURZLVGLVSOD\HG

Federal Highway Administration 40

Chapter 5
'HOD\HG2QVHWRI3HGHVWULDQ:DON,QWHUYDO

7KHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRI¿FLDOVLQ3RUWODQGDQG'DOODVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH\KDYHLPSOHPHQWHG

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One treatment that 

has been implemented

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programmed times for 

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pedestrian press the

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pedestrian clearance 

phase is called into 

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it can be considered

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Figure 60. Intersection in Dallas’ Central Business District where 

longer walk and “FLASHING DON’T WALK” intervals can be put into 

VHUYLFHE\GHSUHVVLQJWKHSXVKEXWWRQIRU¿YHRUPRUHVHFRQGV

41

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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5HVSRQVLYH$XGLEOH3HGHVWULDQ6LJQDOV

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seconds) period.

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3RUWODQGWHVWHGWKHFRQFHSWRIH[WHQGLQJWKHSHGHVWULDQFOHDUDQFHLQWHUYDOLHZKHQWKH

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)':LQWHUYDOH[WHQGHGWRWKHPD[LPXPVHFRQGV

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and potentially promising. By placing loops 

EH\RQGWKHVWRSOLQHDWDQLQWHUVHFWLRQWKH

3RUWODQGVLJQDOSHUVRQQHOKDYHGHYLVHGD

ZD\WRH[WHQGWKHUHGFOHDUDQFHLQWHUYDOIRU

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LQWHUYDORUGXULQJWKH red clearance LQWHUYDO

:KLOHWKH\KDYH\HWWRFRPSOHWHDULJRURXV

FRQWUROOHGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHHIIHFWVWKH

UDZFUDVKFRXQWVDQGDQHFGRWDOH[SHULHQFH

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ORRSVKDYHEHHQLQVWDOOHGEH\RQGWKHVWRS

OLQHWRSURYLGHDYDULDEOHH[WHQVLRQRIWKHred

FOHDUDQFHLQWHUYDO.

Figure 61. Intersection approach in Portland 

where loops beyond the stop line are used to 

delay the onset of the yellow interval.

Federal Highway Administration 42

Chapter 5
$FWLYDWHG([WHQVLRQRI5HG&OHDUDQFH,QWHUYDO

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H[SHFWHGEXWDOVRWKHUHZDVDVXEVWDQWLDOUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKHV)XQGLQJZDVVRXJKWE\0LFKLJDQ

'27WRSURYLGHDPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUFUDVKDQDO\VLV

 Figure 62. Speed prediction algorithm 

for Richardson experimental red clearance 

interval hold. (Courtesy of the City of 

Richardson).

43 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
&+$37(5*(20(75,&'(6,*175($70(176

7KLVFKDSWHUSUHVHQWV¿QGLQJVZLWKUHVSHFWWRLQWHUVHFWLRQJHRPHWULFGHVLJQWUHDWPHQWV

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SRVLWLYHHIIHFWRQLQWHUVHFWLRQVDIHW\EXWWKDWZLOOQRWEHNQRZQXQWLOHYDOXDWLRQVDUHGRQH

Michigan Indirect Left Turns Junction

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type of intersection treatment has been in Michigan 

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Signalized Intersections,

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crashes.

Figure 63. Michigan Indirect Left Turn 

Junction. Source: AAA Michigan

Federal Highway Administration 44

Chapter 6
Intersection Bulb-out

,QWHUPVRILQWHUVHFWLRQVDIHW\WKHUHLVVWLOOPXFKGHEDWH

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Figure 65. Intersection bulb-out 

for a light rail/trolley transit stop in 

Portland.

(a) Major street movements (b) Minor street movements

Source: FHWA’s Signalized Intersections: Information Guide, Report No. FHWA-HRT-04-091, August 

2004, Chapter 10, Alternative Intersection Treatments(6)

Figure 64. Vehicular movements at a Michigan Indirect Left Turn Junction.

45

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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department was to note the telltale items that 

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FURVVZDON

Figure 66. An example of an intersection “bulbout” in West Palm Beach, Florida.

 Figure 67. Intersection bulbouts to reduce the street width 

opening in a residential area in 

West Palm Beach.

Figure 68. Intersection bulb-outs 

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area of West Palm Beach.

Federal Highway Administration 46

Chapter 6
$QH[DPSOHRIDVOLJKWO\PRUHRUQDWH

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a photograph of the same intersection showing 

how a school crossing warning sign is at the 

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before and after speed data nor before and after 

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be made on whether the treatment depicted in 

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Figure 69. Illustrative example of an ornamental 

intersection bulb-out and pavement design.

Figure 70. Photograph of same intersection 

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heads, the loop, the brick pavement, the 

transverse crosswalk markings and the school 

crossing sign.

Figure 71. Island implemented in median 

of a two-lane road at an intersection that 

serves as a gateway to a corridor in West 

Palm Beach.

47 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Median Treatments

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:HVW3DOP%HDFK

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Figure 73. Channelizing median device used 

in Charlotte.

Figure 72. Median treatment at intersections in 

West Palm Beach.

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Federal Highway Administration 48

Chapter 6
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intersection sight distance and

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By doing the same on the opposite 

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Michigan “Loons”

In addition to the Michigan 

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its name from the shape of 

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median is too narrow for 

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problem by widening the 

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opposite direction so that the 

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Figure 74. Illustrative example of one method to offset a 

left turn lane. 

Figure 75a. A Michigan “Loon.” 

Figure 75b. Aerial sketch of a Michigan Loon.

49

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
Roundabouts

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Mini-roundabouts

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Figure 76. Aerial view of roundabout 

constructed In Michigan. (Photo courtesy of 

Wes Butch, DLZ Michigan, Inc.) 

Figure 77. View of another roundabout 

constructed in Michigan. (Photo courtesy of 

Wes Butch, DLZ Michigan, Inc.).

Figure 78. Mini-roundabout in Michigan. 

Federal Highway Administration 50

Chapter 6
7KH GLDPHWHURIWKH GRPHGPLGGOH

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Figure 80. Detailed view of channelizing 

island on approach to mini-roundabout.

Figure 81. View of warning sign on approach 

to mini-roundabout.

Figure 79. Approach to miniroundabout in Michigan.

51

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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6SHHG+XPSVDQG6SHHG7DEOHV

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great detail in Signalized Intersections: Information

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intersection treatments with potential application 

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allowed from the side road onto the major road at the

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Figure 82. View of raised intersection/speed 

table in West Palm Beach.

Figure 83. Closer view of raised intersection/

speed table in West Palm Beach.

Figure 84. At-grade intersection with jughandle ramps in two quadrants located in 

Bend, Oregon.

Federal Highway Administration 52

Chapter 6
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to the need to enhance safety.

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Figure 85. Intersection in West Palm Beach. Figure 86. Illustration of alternative 

intersection.

Figure 87. Photograph of Clematis Street in 

West Palm Beach, looking west.

Figure 88. Photograph of Clematis Street in 

West Palm Beach looking east.

53

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
Figure 89. Plaza at east end of Clematis 

Street.

Figure 90. Intersection of Narcissus Street and 

Datura Street in West Palm Beach.

Figure 91. Aerial 

view of intersection 

in Charlotte prior to 

implementation of 

geometric treatment. 

(Courtesy of Charlotte

DOT).

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applicability based on safety concerns are limited. 

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ZHUHLQVWDOOHG)LJXUH(page 56) SUHVHQWVDQDHULDOSKRWRJUDSKYLHZRIDQLQWHUVHFWLRQEHIRUH

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Federal Highway Administration 54

Chapter 6
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 Figure 93. Two photographs of pedestrian refuge at an intersection in Charlotte after 

improvement. (Courtesy of Charlotte DOT).

Figure 92. Photograph of Charlotte 

intersection after improvement.

(Courtesy of Charlotte DOT)

55

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
)LJXUH'HVLJQ SODQVKRZLQJJHRPHWULFPRGL¿FDWLRQVDQGFKDQJHVWR

pedestrian crossing at a somewhat complex intersection in Charlotte. 

(Courtesy of Charlotte DOT).

Federal Highway Administration 56

Chapter 6
Figure 97. Close up of larger concrete landing 

in one corner. (Courtesy of Charlotte DOT).

Figure 95. 

Depiction of 

completed 

intersection 

geometric 

treatment 

implemented 

in Charlotte. 

(Courtesy of

Charlotte DOT).

Figure 96. Close-up of crossing and median 

refuge island. (Courtesy of Charlotte DOT).

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57

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

2I¿FHRI6DIHW\
CHAPTER 7. ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES AND EDUCATIONAL

PROGRAMS

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host agencies and noted by the

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speed enforcement were 

topics that warrant brief 

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Almost all of the agencies wer

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Figure 98. View of signal-controlled intersection equipped 

with “rat lights” in Richardson, Texas. 

(Courtesy of the City of Richardson).

Figure 99. Another 

detailed view of “rat 

light.” 

(Courtesy of the City 

of Richardson).

2I¿FHUFDQ

observe and

pursue from

downstream.

Enforcement

light visible

from all

directions.

Federal Highway Administration 58

Chapter 7
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Figure 100. View of advance sign for a red 

light running automated enforcement system 

in Portland.

Figure 101. View of camera for a red light 

running automated enforcement system.

Figure 102. View of strobe light at the 

intersection for a red light running automated 

enforcement system in Portland.

 Figure 103 

View of 

inductive 

loops at stop 

line for a red 

light running 

automated 

enforcement 

system in 

Portland.

59

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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program that employs mobile technology 

 Figure 104. 

View of advance 

sign for a red 

light running 

automated 

enforcement 

system in 

Charlotte.

Figure 105. View of camera for a red light 

running automated enforcement system in 

Charlotte.

Federal Highway Administration 60

Chapter 7
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61

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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(Source: Courtesy of NCTCOG).

Figure 107. English version of 

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(Source: Courtesy of NCTCOG).

Federal Highway Administration 62

Chapter 7
63 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Chapter 8
65 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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Federal Highway Administration 66

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Chapter 8
67 

Innovative Intersection Safety Improvement Strategies and 

Management Practices: A Domestic Scan

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REFERENCES

1. Harwood, D.W. et al., “Overview of Current Intersection Safety Conditions” presented

at Intersection Safety Workshop: Developing a National Agenda for Intersection Safety,

Milwaukee, WI, November 14-16, 2001.

2. Fong, G., et al. Signalized Intersection Safety in Europe,

 Publication number FHWA-PL-03-020. Federal Highway Administration, October 2003.

3. National Agenda for Intersection Safety, Publication Number FHWA-SA-02-007,

 Federal Highway Administration, March 2002.

 Portland’s Blue Bike Lanes, City of Portland, Office of Transportation, July 1999,

(Available at http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=58842).

5. Kach, B., The Comparative Accident Experience of Directional and Bidirectional 

Signalized Intersections, Michigan Department of Transportation, April 1992.

6. Rodegerdts, L.A., et al. Signalized Intersections: Information Guide.

 Publication number FHWA-HRT-04-091. Federal Highway Administration, August 2004.

(Available at http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/04091/)

7. Datta, T.K., K. Schattler, Evaluation Studies for the AAA Road Improvement Program in 

Michigan—Final Report, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 2003.

8. Roundabouts: An Information Guide.

 Publication number FHWA-RD-00-067, Federal Highway Administration, June 2000.

(Available at http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/00068.htm)

9. Council, F.M., et al. Safety Evaluation of Red-Light Cameras.

 Publication number FHWA-HRT-05-048, Federal Highway Administration, April 2005.
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Federal Highway Administration 78

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Federal Highway Administration 80

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Appendix B
82