DNA 6025F

SHOTS

SUGAR AND UNCLE

The Final Tests of the

BUSTER-JANGLE Series

19 November-29 November

1951

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests

Nuclear Test Personnel Review

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency Df%+s

for the Department of Defense
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BEFORE COhlPLETING FORM

I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER

DNA 6025F

1. TITLE (and Subtitle)

SHOTS SUGAR AI":D UNCLE

5. TYPE OF REPORT Ei PERIOD COVERED

The Final Tests of the BUSTER-JANGLE Series

19 November - 29 November 1951

1. AUTHOR(a)

Jean Ponton Jean Massie

Stephen Rohrer

Carl Maag

Technical Report

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

JRH 2-816-03-423-00

8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a)

DNA 001-79-C-0473

a. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

JRB Associates

8400 Westpark Drive

McLean, Virginia 22102

1. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

Director

,9~~~2~~,~~~‘~“~.““~~~~5

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK

AREA L WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Subtask LJ99QAXMK506-08

12. REPORT DATE

23 June 1982

13. NUMBER OF PAGES

132

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19. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS Code

B350079464 b99QAXMKSO608 H259r)D. For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

,9. KEY WORDS (Continue on reveraa aida if necesaety and fdsntffy by block number)

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE Special Weapons Command Exercises Desert

SUGAR Weapons Effects Test Unit Rock II and III

UNCLE Weapons Development Test Radiation Exposure

Nuclear Tests Unit

Nevada Proving Ground

!O. ABSTRACT (-C&h, m% “v.r” hfb ff mewury apd fdesnttfy by block number)

This report describes the activities of DOD military and civilian personnel in

the final two events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, Shots SUGAR and UNCLE,

conducted on 19 November and 29 November 1951. DOD personnel participated in

the scientific projects conducted by the test units and in Exercises Desert

Rock II and III. Radiological safety criteria and procedures were established

and implemented during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE to minimize participants'

exposure to radiation.

D D I',","\ 1473 EDITION OF ) MOV 65 IS OBSOLETE

UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (mm Data Entered)
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued)

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF,

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7.

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PACE(W’hen Data Enfared)
PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor, the Atomic Energy

Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic and Pacific

Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD)

participants, both military and civilian, were present at the

tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Proving

Ground (NPG),* northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control ** noted a possible

leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot

SMOKY, a weapons-related test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the Nevada

test series conducted in 1957. Since that initial report by the

Center for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has

received a number of claims for medical benefits from former

military personnel who believe their health may have been

affected by their participation in the weapons testing program.

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the

Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and

civilian participants in atmospheric nuclear weapons testing.

DOD organized an effort to:

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955. Some of the documents

written during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, however, refer to the

area as the NTS.

**The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department

of Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare).
0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure to

ionizing radiation

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerning

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric nuclear

weapons tests.

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME

This report on Operation BUSTER-JANGLE is based on the

military and technical documents associated with these atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. Many of the documents pertaining

specifically to DOD participation at Shots SUGAR and UNCLE were

found in the National Archives, the Defense Nuclear Agency

Technical Library, and the Office of Air Force History.

In most cases, the surviving historical documentation Of

activities conducted at Shots SUGAR and UNCLE addresses test

specifications and technical information, rather than personnel

data. Moreover, the available documents sometimes have

inconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DOD

participants in a certain project at a given shot or their

locations and assignments at a given time. When the documents

indicated two different personnel numbers, the higher figure was

used.

For several of the Desert Rock exercises and test

organization projects discussed in this volume, the only source

documents available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation

orders and the Test Director's schedule of events from "Operation

Order l-51." These sources detail the plans developed by DOD and

AEC personnel prior to Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. It is not known

if all the pro_jects addressed in the planning documents were

conducted exactly as planned. Although some of the after-action

documents summarize the projects performed during the series,

they do not always supply shot-specific information. In the

absence of shot-specific after-action reports, projects are

described according to the way they were planned. The references

2
indicate whether the description of activities is based on the

schedule of events, operation orders, or after-action reports.

This volume uses the pro,ject titles and agency designations

that appear in "Summary Report: Weapons Effects Tests, Operation

JANGLE." Information on dates and yields of the detonations,

fallout patterns, meteorological conditions, and cloud dimensions

is taken from General Electric Company-TEMPO's Compilation of

Local Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962, Extracted

from DASA 1251, Volume 1, except in instances where more specific

information is available elsewhere.

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF BUSTER-JANGLE SERIES REPORTS

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the

final two events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. Two other publications address DOD activities during the series:

0 Series volume: Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, 1951

0 Multi-shot volume: Shots ABLE to EASY, the First

Five Tests of the BUSTER-JANGLE

Series.

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE

are designed for use with one another. The series volume

provides general information, such as a discussion of the

historical background, organizational relationships, and

radiological safety procedures. In addition, it addresses the

overall objectives of the operation, describes the layout of the

NPG, and contains a bibliography of all works consulted in the

preparation of the three BUSTER-JANGLE reports. The multi-shot

volumes combine shot-specific descriptions for the seven BUSTERJANGLE nuclear events. These volumes contain bibliographies only

of the sources referenced in each of the two texts. Descriptions

of activities concerning any particular shot may be supplemented

by the general radiological safety and organizational information

contained in the series volume.
Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting and

general characteristics of SUGAR and UNCLE and briefly introduces

the Desert Rock exercises and the scientific activities in which

DOD personnel participated. Chapter 2 addresses SUGAR, and

chapter 3 addresses UNCLE. Each of these chapters describes the

specific setting and characteristics of the one detonation, DOD

personnel activities in the training and scientific projects, and

the radiological protection procedures.

The information in this report is supplemented by the

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes.

The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques.

It also contains a list of acronyms and a glossary of terms used

in the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental

United States.

4
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE......................... .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.1 Department of Defense Participation in the Final

Two BUSTER-JANGLE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Test Organization Activities at the Final Two

BUSTER-JANGLE Events , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock II and III Activities at

the Final Two BUSTER-JANGLE Events . . . . . . . .

Shot SUGAR Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2 SHOT SUGAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock II Operations . . . . . . . . 19

2.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel. ........ 20

2.1.2 Observer Activities .......... ; . 24

2.1.3 Damage Effects Tests. ........... 27

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific

and Support Activities at Shot SUGAR . . . . . . .

2.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.2 Weapons Development Tests . . . . . . . . .

2.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. . . . .

2.3 Radiological Protection at Shot SUGAR. . . . . . . 51

2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.2 Test Organization Radiological

Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . .

Shot UNCLE Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . l l l l . l . l 56

3 SHOT UNCLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock III Operations. . . . . . . . 57

PAGE

1

6

7

10

14

16

28

31

49

49

52

53

5
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

CHAPTER

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific

and Support Activities at Shot UNCLE . . . . . . .

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.2 Weapons Development Tests . . . . . . . . .

3.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. . . . .

3.3 Radiological Protection at Shot UNCLE. . . . . . .

3.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel. . . . . . . . .

3.1.2 Observer Activities . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.3 Damage Effects Tests. . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.2 Test Organization Radiological Protection

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

96

97

101

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

l-l

2-l

2-2

2-3

3-l

3-2

3-3

3-4

Location of Shots SUGAR and UNCLE at the Nevada

Proving Ground in Relation to Other Shots in the

BUSTER-JANGLE Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Location of Display Areas, Foxholes, and

Observation Point for Exercise Desert Rock II . . . . 25

Troops at the Observation Point Watching

Shot SUGAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Resurvey for Shot SUGAR, 20 November 1951,

0700 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Shot UNCLE, Detonated at 1200 Hours on

29 November 1951. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Location of Display Areas, Foxholes, and

Observation Point for Exercise Desert Rock III. . . . 63

Troops at the Observation Point Watching

Shot UNCLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Pro,ject 6.2 Tank Decontamination. . . . . . . . . . . 89

PAGE

59

62

65

67

67

93

93

96

6
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

FIGURE PAGE

3-5 Resurvey for Shot UNCLE, 30 November 1951,

0700 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

100

l-l

2-l

2-2

3-l

3-2

Summary of the Final Two Operation BUSTER-JANGLE

Events (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Support Units Attached to Camp Desert Rock,

Exercise Desert Rock II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Unit Proejects, Shot SUGAR . . . . . . . . . . .

21

29

Support Units Attached to Camp Desert Rock, Exercise

Desert Rock III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Test Unit Projects, Shot UNCLE. . . . . . . . . . . . 68
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:

AEC

AFB

AFSWP

BJY

DOD

IBDA

LASL

NPG

R/h

swc

UTM

Atomic Energy Commission

Air Force Base

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

BUSTER-JANGLE Y

Department of Defense

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

Nevada Proving Ground

Roentgens per hour

Special Weapons Command

Universal Transverse Mercator

8
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Shots SUGAR and UNCLE were tests of nuclear devices

conducted on 19 and 29 November 1951 at the Nevada Proving

Ground, the continental nuclear test site located northwest of

Las Vegas. The shots were the final two detonations of Operation

BUSTER-JANGLE, the atmospheric nuclear weapons test series

performed from 22 October to 29 November 1951.

The two nuclear devices were developed and built for the

Atomic Energy Commission by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

(LASL), an AEC nuclear weapons development laboratory. As

weapons effects tests, they were part of the JANGLE phase of

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. Shots SUGAR and UNCLE provided the

first experimental data on the military effects of surface and

underground nuclear detonations. Projects were conducted during

JANGLE to determine the (4):*

0 Response of structures to nuclear bursts

0 Gamma radiation versus time and distance

a Residual contamination from surface and underground

bursts.

Two test units, the Weapons Effects Test Unit and the

Weapons Development Test Unit, conducted the scientific

experiments at SUGAR and UNCLE. The Weapons Effects Test Unit,

supervised by the Air Force Special Weapons Command (SWC),

fielded projects to evaluate the utility of the two nuclear

devices for military application. The Weapons Development Test

Unit, consisting of scientists from the Los Alamos Scientific

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and

numbered in the Reference List at the end of this volume.

9
Laboratory, from Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc., and

from the Sandia Corporation, performed diagnostic tests of the

nuclear devices by measuring characteristics of the detonation.

The Air Force Special Weapons Command, located at Kirtland

Air Force Base (AFB) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, provided cloudsampling missions, courier flights, cloud-tracking missions, and

aerial surveys for SUGAR and UNCLE. It also played a major

administrative role in the weapons effects testing.

Table l-1 summarizes the JANGLE shots, including such

information as the UTM* coordinates of the points of detonation

and the heights of burst. Figure l-l displays a 1951 map of the

Nevada Proving Ground, with the positions of the BUSTER-JANGLE

tests.

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN THE FINAL TWO

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS

A test organization was established to plan, coordinate, and

conduct atmospheric nuclear weapons tests during Operation

BUSTER-JANGLE. Consisting of personnel from the Atomic Energy

Commission and the Department of Defense, the test organization

also included representatives of the Special Weapons Command and

various contractors. The numerous scientific and diagnostic

projects conducted at the final two BUSTER-JANGLE events were

fielded by the two test units. Other activities were conducted

as part of the military training programs associated with

Exercises Desert Rock II and III. These activities, planned and

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an

area 100 meters square.

10
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FINAL IWO OPERATION

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS (1951)

11
0

LI

Kilometers

Yucca

Control >

Pant

r-Gr@4 -- --_

Flat

-UNCLE

P

-SUGAR N

-EASY

BAKER, CHARLIE,

-DO G

-ABL E

Camp

Rock

Deser

Mercury

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOTS SUGAR AND UNCLE AT THE NEVADA PROVING

GROUND IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE BUSTER-JANGLE SERIES

12
conducted by the armed services, were reviewed and approved by

the Test Manager to ensure coordination with the test

organization.

Department of Defense personnel present at the Nevada

Proving Ground during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE participated in

three general types of activities: military training programs,

support and staff duties, and test assistance and involvement.

Training activities involving DOD personnel were conducted

under the Exercise Desert Rock II and III programs. These

activities included an orientation and indoctrination program,

highlighted by the observation of the nuclear burst. The sctivities also included weapons effects tests.

Some DOD personnel provided support to the test

organization. Others were assigned to the Camp Desert Rock

support elements. Soldiers of the III Corps Radiological Safety

Unit served as radiological safety monitors for Exercise Desert

Rock II and III participants. They were assisted by test

organization monitors, including both military and civilian

personnel. Soldiers from various Army units maintained and

operated Camp Desert Rock, an installation of the U.S. Sixth

Army. During Desert Rock I, 2,500 men had performed these

duties. However, the support force was reduced for Exercises

Desert Rock II and III, since there were fewer Desert Rock

participants. These soldiers provided essential support, such as

food service and housing, as well as transportation, communications, construction, and security services. Some of these Desert

Rock support troops worked in the forward areas of the Nevada

Proving Ground to construct observer trenches, lay communication

lines, provide transportation, and assist in other preparations

for Desert Rock activities. Many of the Camp Desert Rock

personnel observed at least one detonation during Operation

13
BUSTER-JANGLE, and some were called upon to perform support or

staff duties in the test areas during the nuclear detonations.

In the area of test assistance and participation, personnel

from DOD agencies and all four armed services fielded the

military effects projects conducted by the Weapons Effects Test

Unit and supported pro;iects performed by the Weapons Development

Test Unit. Participants in test unit projects generally placed

data-collection instruments around ground zero in the weeks

before the scheduled detonation. They returned to recover the

equipment after the detonation, when the Test Manager determined

that the radiological environment in the shot area would permit

limited access. During a nuclear detonation, project personnel

were generally positioned at designated observer locations or

were operating equipment or aircraft. About 750 DOD personnel

from units and groups of the test organization participated in or

supported field operations at Shots SUGAR and UNCLE.

An estimated 500 SWC personnel provided air support to the

Test Manager and various test unit projects. During Operation

BUSTER-JANGLE, SWC consisted of units of the 4925th Test Group

(Atomic) and the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic). The 4925th Test

Group operated out of Indian Springs AFB, 30 kilometers* eastof

Camp Mercury, while the 4901st Support Wing operated out of

Kirtland AFB.

1.2

Test

TEST ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL TWO

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS

The Weapons Effects Test Unit and the Weapons Development

Unit conducted scientific and diagnostic projects at Shots

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 foot = 0.30

meters; 1 yard = 0.91 meters; 1 mile = 1.6 kilometers. Altitudes and other vertical heights are given in feet.

14
SUGAR and UNCLE. Department of Defense participants in these

projects followed radiological protection procedures established

by the AEC. These procedures, which are described in the

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE volume, were designed to minimize

exposure to ionizing radiation. Except for SWC sampling pilots,

participants were to receive no more than 3 roentgens during the

entire operation. Sampling pilots were authorized to receive up

to 3.9 roentgens during the operation. To implement these

criteria, the test organization Radiological Health and Safety

Group controlled access to radiation areas, and project personnel

recovering test instruments from these areas were accompanied by

radiological safety monitors. The monitors, who measured

radiation intensities in the recovery area, recommended that

recovery operations cease if intensities were too great or the

length of time spent by participants in the areas was too long.

To monitor cumulative exposures, most project personnel were

issued film badges and pocket dosimeters. These film badges and

dosimeters were collected, developed, and evaluated at regular

intervals, and any individual whose cumulative exposure

approached or exceeded the established limits was barred from

further participation in project activities conducted in the

forward area. Personnel decontamination procedures were implemented, and emergency evacuation plans were prepared for both

test events.

Complete decontamination, including showers and changes into

clean clothing, was required of cloud-sampling personnel following each project mission, regardless of the exposure received on

the flight. Other aircrew members underwent decontamination

procedures as necessary. Aircraft were either decontaminated by

washing or were isolated until radiation intensities decayed to

predetermined levels (33).

15
1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II AND III ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL TWO

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS

Many of the DOD personnel involved in Shots SUGAR and

UNCLE were participants in Exercises Desert Rock II and III,

respectively. The Desert Rock exercises were part of the Armed

Forces' newly instituted program to train personnel in the use

and effects of nuclear weapons and to test battlefield doctrine

and tactics.

DOD personnel participated at the shots in two Desert Rock

programs:

0 The observer activities, which involved witnessing a

nuclear detonation

0 Evaluation of the effects of the nuclear device on

military equipment and field fortifications.

The Camp Desert Rock troops provided support, including

radiological safety monitoring, for these activities (37; 61).

Radiation protection procedures of Exercises Desert Rock II

and III, like those of the test organization, are detailed in the

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE volume. Camp Desert Rock personnel and

exercise participants were limited to no more than 3 roentgens of

exposure during Exercises Desert Rock II and III. The radiation

protection procedures of Exercise Desert Rock included provisions

for (37; 61):

0 Maintaining minimum safe distances from the nuclear

detonations

0 Controlling access to radiation areas

l Film-badging Desert Rock personnel

0 Monitoring individuals working in radiation areas

0 Monitoring the cumulative doses of Desert Rock

personnel

16
0 Decontaminating personnel and equipment

l Establishing emergency evacuation plans.

These procedures were intended to minimize exposure while still

allowing Desert Rock personnel to accomplish their missions.

17
SHOT SUGAR SYNOPSIS

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock II

DATE/TIME: 19 November 1951, 0900 hours

YIELD: 1.2 kilotons

HEIGHT OF BURST: 3.5 feet (near ground surface)

Purpose of Test: (1) Determine the militarily useful effects

of surface nuclear detonations

(2) Evaluate equipment and techniques

developed for military operations using

nuclear weapons.

DOD Objective:

Weather:

To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device

for military application; to instruct DOD

personnel in the effects of a nuclear

detonation.

At shot-time, the temperature was l“C, the

relative humidity was 47 percent, and the

pressure was 872 millibars. The winds were

two knots from the south at surface level, 32

knots from the south-southwest at 10,000 feet,

and 40 knots from the south-southwest at

14,000 feet.

Radiation Data: Onsite fallout was relatively heavy north of

ground zero. Twenty-two hours after the shot,

radiation intensities ranging from 1 R/h* to

0.01 R/h stretched 6.3 kilometers north of

ground zero, covering an area of about 25

square kilometers.

Participants: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Exercise

Desert Rock II troops; Naval Ordnance

Laboratory; Air Force Cambridge Research

Center; Air Weather Service; Headquarters, Air

Force; Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories;

Air Research and Development Command; Naval

Radiological Defense Laboratory; Engineer

Research and Development Laboratories; Naval

Medical Research Institute; Army Chemical

Center; Special Weapons Command; Wright Air

Development Center; Ballistics Research

Laboratories; contractors.

*Roentgen per hour

18
CHAPTER 2

SHOT SUGAR

Shot SUGAR, the sixth nuclear test of Operation BUSTERJANGLE, was detonated with a yield of 1.2 kilotons at 0900 hours

Pacific Standard Time on 19 November 1951. The SUGAR device was

detonated 3.5 feet above the ground in Area 9 of Yucca Flat, UTM

coordinates 854097. The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

developed the SUGAR device, and the Department of Defense

sponsored the shot. The bottom of the Shot SUGAR cloud reached

an altitude of 11,000 feet, while the top rose to 15,000 feet.*

The cloud drifted north-northeast from the point of detonation.

Onsite fallout was relatively heavy north of ground zero.

Offsite fallout occurred to the north (27).

Shot SUGAR was a weapons effects test, the first of the

JANGLE phase of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. The main purpose of the

JANGLE tests was to determine the militarily useful effects of

surface and underground nuclear detonations. Another objective

was to evaluate equipment and techniques developed for military

operations using nuclear weapons (4).

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II OPERATIONS

Exercise Desert Rock II operations involved an unknown

number of observers and an estimated 50 evaluation team personnel

at Shot SUGAR. About 50 additional Camp Desert Rock troops,

whose activities are discussed in the first part of this section,

*Throughout this report, altitudes are measured from mean sea

level, unless otherwise noted. Yucca Flat, where the BUSTERJANGLE tests were conducted, is approximately 4,000 feet above

mean sea level.

19
provided radiological safety, instruction, transportation,

communications, and medical functions for Desert Rock activities

in the forward area (37).

2.1.1 Camp Desert Rock personnel

Table 2-1 identifies the service units of Camp Desert Rock

troops (37). A minus (-) in a designation indicates that the

unit was not fully represented. A plus (+) indicates that the

unit was augmented with personnel from other units.

Camp Desert Rock personnel participating in Desert Rock

activities gave administrative, logistical, and operational

assistance to the observers and evaluation teams. In performing

these duties, approximately 50 personnel sometimes entered the

forward area. Three units particularly involved in shot-day

operations were the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit,

and the Advisory Group.

The Control Group, composed of members of the Camp Desert

Rock staff sections, along with military police and signal

personnel, accompanied the troops into the forward area. This

group's duties were to supervise Desert Rock operations and to

maintain contact with the Exercise Director.

The Radiological Safety Unit, directed by the Desert Rock

Chemical Officer, implemented radiological safety criteria under

the supervision of test organization personnel. Its duties

included (37):

0 Issuing and collecting film badges

0 Providing radiological safety monitors to supplement

test organization monitors

0 Conducting radiological surveys after the initial

test organization survey

0 Accompanying observers and evaluation teams on their

postshot inspections of the equipment displays

20
Table 2-1: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK,

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II

UNIT

Headquarters

Headquarters and Headquarters

Battery, III Corps Artillery

Engineer

231st Engineer Combat Battalion

359th Engineer Utility Detachment

90th Engineer Water Supply

Company

Detachment, 597th Light Equipment

Company

Detachment, 705th

Engineer Field Maintenance

Company

Transportation

4th Transportation Truck Company

Detachment, 92nd Transportation

Car Company

Detachment, 562nd Transportation

Staging Area Company

Military Police

Company "A," 505th Military

Police Battalion

Company "C," 505th Military

Police Battalion

HOME STATION

Fort Lewis, Washington

Fort Lewis

Camp Cooke, California

Fort Lewis

Fort Huachuca, Arizona

Fort Huachuca

Camp Stoneman, California

Camp Roberts, California

Camp Stoneman

Camp Roberts

Camp Roberts

21
Table 2-l: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II (Continued)

ROCK,

UNIT HOME STATION

Signal

Detachment, Headquarters and

Headquarters Company, 303rd

Signal Service Battalion (+)

Camp Cooke

Detachment, Headquarters and Camp Cooke

Headquarters Company,

Company "B," 314th Signal Service

Battalion (-)

Camp Cooke

Detachment, 504th Signal Base

Maintenance Company

Medical

94th Veterinary Food Inspection

Detachment

Sacramento Signal Depot,

California

Fort Lewis

Ordnance

Headquarters and Headquarters

Detachment, 393rd Ordnance

Battalion

161st Ordnance Depot Company (-)

3623rd Ordnance Company

Quartermaster

Camp Cooke

Camp Cooke

Detachment, 523rd Quartermaster

Subsistence Depot Company (-)

Detachment, Headquarters and

Headquarters Company, 53rd

Quartermaster Base Depot

Company

Detachment, 539th Quartermaster

Laundry Company

Utah General Depot

Utah General Depot

Fort Lewis

22
Table 2-1: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II (Continued)

UNIT HOME STATION

621st Quartermaster Service

Company

Fort Lewis

Adiutant General

ROCK,

806th Army Postal Unit Fort Lewis

0 Establishing decontamination stations and

procedures.

The Advisory Group, consisting of three officers from the

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), was assigned to

Camp Desert Rock on a temporary basis to provide technical

assistance and advice to Desert Rock personnel. Before the shot,

the Advisory Group instructed observers in nuclear weapons and

their effects. After the detonation, the group briefed the

participants as they toured the equipment displays. In addition,

the group assisted the evaluation teams in assessing and then

preparing reports on the effects of the detonation on the

displays.

Besides the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit, and

the Advisory Group, several other Desert Rock support elements

engaged in activities before shot-day and on the day of

detonation. From 12 through 14 November, members of the 231st

Engineer Combat Battalion constructed field fortifications in the

display areas. On shot-day, transportation personnel conveyed

observers to a location nine kilometers south of ground zero,

where they witnessed the detonation. In the days after the

detonation, transportation personnel conveyed the observers and

evaluation teams into the forward area to inspect the displays.

23
Military police provided traffic control in Camp Desert Rock and

in the forward area during the rehearsals conducted before shotday and during the activities on the day of detonation and on the

following days. Signal Corps personnel established wire and

radio communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp

Desert Rock (37).

2.1.2 Observer Activities

All observers were from the Army. They took part in

orientation and training activities before the event. In the

days immediately preceding the detonation, instructors from the

Advisory Group used films and lectures to brief the observers on

the characteristics of a nuclear detonation and the procedures to

follow during a nuclear test.

At approximately 0630 hours on 19 November, the observers

left Camp Desert Rock in a bus convoy for the observer location,

nine kilometers south of ground zero. They arrived at the

observation point, indicated in figure 2-1, at about 0815 hours.

Advisory Group instructors then conducted a brief preshot

orientation. Shortly before the shot, the instructors directed

the observers to sit on the ground with their backs toward ground

zero (37).

After the initial flash of light from the detonation, which

occurred at 0900 hours, the instructors directed observers to

turn and view the fireball and cloud. Figure 2-2 shows the

troops at the observation point watching Shot SUGAR. At about

0915, the observers began the return trip to Camp Desert Rock

(37).

At least one day after the shot, the observers returned to

tour the display areas in a bus convoy. Signal Corps personnel

24
BJY

I I

1 Kilometer

Observation

Point (848005)

J

Figure 2-l: LOCATION OF DISPLAY AREAS, FOXHOLES, AND OBSERVATION

POINT FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II

2 5

issued a film badge to each observer entering a bus. A radiological safety monitor from the Chemical Section accompanied each

busload of observers (37).

The six display areas were 90 to 910 meters south of ground

zero, as shown in figure 2-l. Two rows of two-man foxholes were

interspersed among the display areas. In addition, 27 test

animals had been placed along arcs 760, 1,530, and 2,440 meters

northeast of ground zero. These animals were also used in

Project 2.7 (37; 64).

Personnel remained on the buses as they traveled through the

display areas. During the tour, Advisory Group instructors

briefed the observers concerning the effects of the detonation on

military equipment and field fortifications (37).

2.1.3 Damage Effects Tests

Five evaluation teams studied the effects of the SUGAR

detonation on military equipment and foxholes. Teams came from

each of the following Camp Desert Rock sections: Chemical,

Signal, Engineer, Ordnance, and Quartermaster. Each team was

responsible for constructing equipment displays in the display

area shown in figure 2-1, for recovering test equipment after the

detonation, and for preparing a report of its findings (37).

For about a week before the detonation, the teams constructed their displays, with the assistance of the 231st

Engineer Combat Battalion. In addition, they instrumented

foxholes with film badges to indicate the radiation exposure

personnel could have received had they been in these

fortifications during the detonation (37).

The Officer in Charge, Effects Tests, posted a guard at each

display position at 1600 hours two days before the shot. The

27
guards were to keep unauthorized personnel out of the shot area

and to see that no equipment or material was moved without the

authority of the Officer in Charge. Personnel from Desert Rock

S-3, Operations, relieved the guards during the night before the

detonation or on shot-day. After the day of detonation, the

guards returned to the display positions, where they remained

until relieved by the Officer in Charge (37).

Within five days after the shot, the teams had evaluated the

damage to the equipment and fortifications in the display area.

A radiological monitor accompanied each team to prevent personnel

from entering any area with radiation intensities considered

hazardous. The 231st Engineer Combat Battalion, which had

constructed the foxholes, recovered materials placed in the

foxholes, removed equipment, and backfilled any holes in the

display areas (37).

In preparing their reports, the teams received technical

information from the Advisory Group. The LASL Graphic Arts Group

provided photographs of the weapons effects tests for the

reports (37).

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT SUGAR

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific

projects conducted at Shot SUGAR by the Weapons Effects Test Unit

and the Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 2-2 lists these

projects by number and title and identifies the fielding organizations. In addition to direct participation in test unit

projects, the DOD provided support to the test units and the Test

Manager. These activities involved about 550 DOD project personnel, 450 SWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an additional

100 DOD personnel working for various units coordinated by the

test organization.

28
Table 2-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT SUGAR

Project Title

Weapons Effects Tests

Participants

1.1

1 .Za-1

Ground Acceleration Measurement

Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity

Measurements

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Ballistics Research Laboratories

1.26-Z Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from HE

and Nuclear Explosions

Ballistics Research Laboratories

1.3a

1.3b

Free Air Shock Arrival Times

Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air Usins

Smoke and Rocket Photography

Brookhaven Natlonal Laboratory

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

1.3c

1.4

1.5a

1.6

The Measurement of Free Aw Atomic Blast

Pressures

Free Air Pressure Measurements

Transient Ground Displacement Measurement

Earth Displacement (Shear Shafts)

Air Force Cambndge Research Center:

6531st Flight Test Squadron

Sandia Corporation

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Ohlo River Division Laboratones, Office.

Chief of Enyineers

1.7 Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins) Massachusetts lnstltute of Technology.

Office, Chief of Engineers

1lB)b Atr Weather Service Parttctpation in

Operation JANGLE

2060th Moblle Weather Squadron

2.la

2.lb

Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and

Distance

Gamma Radiatton as a Function of Time with

Droppable Telemeters

Evans Signal Laboratory, National

Bureau of Standards

Naval Air Development Center

2.lc-1

2.lc-2

Aenal Survey of Distant Contaminated Terratn

Aenal Survey of Local Contaminated Terraln

Headquarters, Air Force

Bureau of Aeronautics, Air Research and

Development Command; Wrrght Air Development

Center

2.ld Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination Naval RadIologIcal Defense Laboratory, Radlologlcal

Health and Safety Group of LASL, AFSWP

2.3-l

2.3-2

2.4a

Total Gamma Radiation Dosage

Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation

Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Resrdual

Contamination

Evans Slgnal Laboratory

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories

Naval Radtologccal Defense Laboratory

2.4b Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unlt~denslty

Matenal

Naval Medlcal Research lnstltute

2.4~ Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Resrdual

Radfatlon

Brookhaven Natconal Laboratory

2.5a-1

2.5a-2

2.5a~3

Alrborne Particle Studies

Fallout Particle Studies

RadIochemIcal Studtes of Large Particles

Army Chemical Center

Naval RadIologIcal Defense Laboratory

Army Medical Service Graduate School

29
Table 2-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT SUGAR (CONTINUED)

Project Title Participants

Weapons Effects Tests (Continued)

2 6a Rernotrly Controlled Sampling Techniques Evans Signal Laboratory; Coles Signal

Laboratory

2 6c 1 Nature and Dlstnbutlon of Residual Contamination I Nattonal lnstltutes of Health, Pubk Health

Serwce

2 6c 2 Nature and Dlstrtbutlon of Residual Contamlnatlon II Naval Radlologlcal Defense Laboratory;

Evans Signal Laboratory

2 6c 3 Aetrwable Mlsslles for Remote Ground Sampling National Institutes of Health; Public Health

Service

2 7 B~oloycdl lnlury from Particle Inhalation NatIonal Insmutes of Health

2 8 Analysts of Test Site and Fallout Material Department of Agnculture

4 1 Aerial Technical Photography Wright Air Development Center

4 la 1 Ground TechnIcal Photography Matenal Operation Wright Air Development Center

4 la 2 Photographic Analysis Wright Air Development Center

4 2 CraterIng Effects of Underground surface Naval Cwl Engmeerlng Research and Evaluation

Detonated Atomic Bombs and Influence of Laboratory

So11 Characterlstlcs on Crater

6 1 Evdluatlon of Mtlltary Radlac Equlptnent Evans Slgnal Laboratory. Eureau of Ships

6 2 Protection and Decontamlnation of Land Targets Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Engineer

and Vehicles Research and Development Laboratories;

Army Chemical Center: Office, Chief of Engineers

6 3 1 Evaluation of Mllltary lndwdual and Collective Army Chemical Center

Protectton Dewce and Clothing

6 3 2 Evaluation of Potential Respiratory Hazards Associated Ballistics Research Laboratories; Army Field Forces

wth Vehicular Operations in a Radloactlvely Board Number 2 Test Team, Army Chemical Center

Contammated Area

6 7

6 8

Clothing Decontamtnatlon and Evaluation of Laundry 9135th Test Support Unit; Office of the Quartermaster

Methods General; Evans Signal Laboratory

Evaluation of U S Army Field Water Supply Equipment Engineer Research and Development Laboratories

and Operations

7 la

7 lb

Transport of Radlatlon Debns

Radfochemlcal, Chemical, and PhysIcal Analysis of

Atomic Bomb Debris

Headquarters, Air Force; Air Weather Service

Headquarters. Air Force; 4925th Test Group

7 2 Seismic Waves from A Bombs Detonated over a Land

Mass

1009th Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance

Laboratory. Wright Air Development Center, Coast ana

Geodetic Survey

7 3 AIrborne Low frequency Sound from the Atomic Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE Laboratories; National Bureau of Standards

Weapons Development Tests

10 4 Radlochenxcal Results

30

Los Alamos Sclentiflc Laboratory
2.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests

The Weapons Effects Test Unit conducted a number of projects

at Shot SUGAR, as indicated in table 2-2. Project participants

spent several weeks before the detonation placing and calibrating

various types of instruments and gauges.

Project 1.1, Ground Acceleration Measurement, was conducted

by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The principal objective was to

study the characteristics of ground acceleration resulting from

a surface detonation. Project participants placed accelerometers

and pressure guages at an estimated 16 stations located 90 to 930

meters south-southwest of the SUGAR ground zero. Four hours

before the detonation, personnel left the shot area after

charging batteries in a recording station 2,480 meters southsouthwest of ground zero. They recovered records from the

station after the detonation (50; 55).

Project 1.2a-1, Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity

Measurements, was conducted by the Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to study airblast effects in relation

to ground shock effects. Four participants and a monitor were to

begin recovering gauges from 12 stations 90 to 910 meters south

of ground zero at 0730 hours on the day after the detonation

(19; 55).

Project 1.2a-2, Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from HE

[High Explosives] and Nuclear Explosions, was conducted by the

Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to measure

ground shock phenomena. The same four participants and monitor

who performed Project 1.2a-1 were to begin recovering gauges from

12 stations 90 to 910 meters south of ground zero at 0730 hours

on the day after the detonation (3; 55).

Project 1.3a, Free Air Shock Arrival Times, was conducted by

Brookhaven National Laboratory. The objective was to measure the

31
time of arrival of the blast wave in free air resulting from a

surface detonation. Project personnel took measurements with

pressure gauges suspended from balloons (59).

Sixteen hours before the detonation, participants placed a

timing unit, used to start a pressure recording system, near the

SUGAR device. Six hours before the detonation, four project

participants and seven workers began suspending gauges from

balloons at a station 910 meters south of ground zero. One

participant arrived an hour later at a telemetry station 13 kilometers south of ground zero. Two hours and 15 minutes before the

detonation, the four project participants at the station 910

meters south of ground zero proceeded toward the telemetry

station and the seven workers left the shot area. Participants

left the telemetry station two hours after the detonation to

analyze the data obtained from the stations (55; 59).

Project 1.3b, Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air

Using Smoke and Rocket Photography, was conducted by the Naval

Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to determine the peak

overpressure along the ground and in the air above a surface

detonation. Project personnel used high-speed photographs of

smoke rocket trail distortions to measure blast pressures.

Fourteen hours before the detonation, participants placed smoke

rocket launchers at various locations in the shot area. They

positioned the cameras 4,570 meters from ground zero (52; 55).

Project 1.3c, The Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast

Pressures, was conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research

Center and the 6531st Flight Test Squadron of the Rome Air

Development Center. The objective was to measure free-air blast

pressures using instrumented canisters deployed from aircraft.

Two B-29 aircraft, provided by the 6531st Flight Test Squadron

and having a crew of ten each, dropped eight canisters. One B-29

flew at an altitude of 15,800 feet and the other at an altitude

32
of 35,800 feet. On the ground, radar guided the two B-29s to the

proper drop point, a telemetry station received pressure data

from the canisters, and a tracking system monitored the location

of the canisters (32).

The following'activities took place seven hours before the

detonation (55):

0

0

0

0

0

0

An

Ten project participants arrived at the radar

station, about 13 kilometers south of ground zero.

They remained there through shot-time.

Two participants arrived at the Control Point

weather office to furnish weather information.

Eight participants arrived at the Program 1

telemetry station, 13 kilometers south of ground

zero.

Two participants arrived at tracking station 1,

eight kilometers southwest of ground zero.

One participant arrived at tracking station 2, about

nine kilometers west of ground zero.

Four participants arrived at tracking stations 5

and 6, at unspecified distances from ground zero.*

hour later, two participants arrived at tracking station 3,

about eight kilometers southeast of ground zero. Four hours

before the detonation, some of the participants arrived at the

radar station. An hour later, another participant arrived at

tracking station 2, and two additional persons arrived at station

1 after having started the equipment at station 4, about three

kilometers south of ground zero. Thirty minutes after the shot,

personnel left tracking station 3 and the radar station.

Forty-five minutes after the detonation, personnel left the other

stations (32; 55).

*Stations 5 and 6 are mentioned in the AEC operation order (55)

but not in the Project 1.3~ weapons test report (32). These

stations may not have been functioning during the actual test.

33
Project 1.4, Free Air Pressure Measurements, was conducted

by Sandia Corporation. The objective was to record blast

pressures at ground-level stations for a surface detonation.

Project participants placed gauges around ground zero before the

detonation. Two hours before the shot, two participants arrived

at the Program 1 station 13 kilometers south of ground zero.

After the declaration of recovery hour, four participants and a

monitor retrieved blast records 520 to 1,280 meters from ground

zero (39; 55).

Project 1.5a, Transient Ground Displacement Measurement, was

conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to

measure the transient ground displacement caused by a surface

detonation and to correlate this displacement with ground

acceleration and damage to structures. Before the shot, project

personnel placed markers in the ground at ten stations 90 to 580

meters south of ground zero. In addition, they oriented a camera

station, located 1,530 meters east of ground zero, toward the

markers. During the detonation, the camera filmed the markers'

movement resulting from the shot. Participants retrieved the

film and measured marker displacement after the area was opened

for recovery operations (51; 55).

Project 1.6, Earth Displacement (Shear Shafts), was

conducted by the Ohio River Division Laboratories and the Office,

Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine the limits

and amounts of permanent displacement in areas surrounding

craters caused by a surface detonation. Project participants

installed instruments in a series of deep shafts 230 meters east

and west and 300 meters south of ground zero. Several weeks

later, they retrieved the data to determine permanent earth

displacement (56).

Project 1.7, Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins), was conducted

by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the Office,

34
Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine if shock pins

would furnish reliable data regarding magnitude of ground shock

associated with a nuclear detonation. Before the detonation,

project personnel installed metal shock pins two feet into the

ground at stations about 190 to 380 meters east and west of

ground zero and 170 to 560 meters south of ground zero.

Participants reentered the shot area after the declaration of

recovery hour to examine the exterior of each shock pin station.

Excavating crews later uncovered the shelters, enabling project

personnel to photograph the positions of the shock pins (30; 55).

Project 1(8)b, Air Weather Service Participation in

Operation JANGLE, was conducted by the 2060th Mobile Weather

Squadron of the Air Weather Service. The activity was a

continuation of Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in

Operation BUSTER. The ob,jective, like that of Project 8.2, was

to gather and report weather information before the detonation,

including data on wind conditions, temperature, and humidity.

Project personnel worked from a weather station at the Control

Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm Springs,

Currant, Pioche, and Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, Utah (43).

Project 2.la, Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and

Distance, was conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to measure gamma

intensity in order to assess the radiation effects of a surface

burst. Nine hours before the detonation, five project personnel

finished checking radiation detectors at stations 610 to 4,650

meters from ground zero. The stations were primarily northnorthwest to north-northeast of ground zero. Three hours before

the detonation, nine participants in two vehicles traveled from

the Control Point to a recorder station five kilometers west of

ground zero. The trip took 45 minutes. Four hours after the

detonation, three participants relieved personnel who 'had gone

to the recorder station shortly after the detonation. Four

35
personnel relieved the second group of participants at the

recorder station at 0730 hours on the day following the

detonation (14; 55).

Project 2.lb, Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time with

Droppable Telemeters, was conducted by the Naval Air Development

Center. The objective was to measure gamma intensity in and

around the crater following the burst (11).

Fourteen hours before the detonation, two project participants installed telemetering instruments at eight-meter intervals

310 to 920 meters northeast of ground zero. The instruments

transmitted data on shot-day to the Program 1 station 13 kilometers south of ground zero. Project personnel entered the

station several hours before the shot and operated equipment

during the detonation and for 15 to 25 minutes thereafter.

The measurement of residual radiation involved a Navy P2V-2

aircraft, which left Kirtland AFB for the Nevada Proving Ground

one hour before the detonation. The aircraft had flown half the

distance to the NPG by the time the nuclear device was d.etonated.

Two hours after the detonation, the aircraft dropped radiac

telemetry units into the crater area (11; 55).

Project 2.lc-1, Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated

Terrain, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The

objectives were to determine by use of instrumented aircraft the

radiation levels of fallout from the Shot SUGAR cloud and to test

the efficiency of various airborne instruments in detecting

radioactivity (31). The aircraft from this project were under

the operational control of SWC and are discussed in section

2.2.3.

Project 2.lc-2, Aerial Survey of Local Contaminated Terrain,

was conducted by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Air Force Air

36
Research and Development Command, and Wright Air Development

Center. The objective was to test the ability of airborne radiac

equipment to detect gamma emitters on the ground. After the

detonation, two instrumented aircraft, a Navy P2V-2 and an Air

Force B-17, orbited over ground zero at altitudes of 8,000 feet

and 10,000 feet, respectively. Participants aboard the aircraft

monitored and recorded radiation levels for an hour after the

detonation. The aircraft then surveyed the shot area at heights

of 500 to 2,000 feet above the crater and its vicinity. Upon

completing their mission, the aircraft returned to Kirtland AFB

(55; 67).

Project 2.ld, Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination, was

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the

Radiological Health and Safety Group of LASL, and AFSWP. The

objective was to determine the extent and magnitude of the

radiation field in the shot area, as measured by survey teams.

At various times up to one month after the detonation, the teams

monitored radiation intensities in the area. Radiological safety

monitors accompanied the project monitors in their activities

(42).

Project 2.3-1, Total Gamma Radiation Dosage, was conducted

by the Evans Signal Laboratory. The objective was to use various

types of dosimeters and film badges to determine gamma radiation

exposure. Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each

consisting of two persons, placed dosimeters at 108 stations 300

meters to 15 kilometers in various directions from ground zero.

They recovered the dosimeters two days after the shot (24; 55).

Project 2.3-2, Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation, was

conducted by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories.

The objective was to evaluate the protection afforded by foxholes

against gamma radiation emitted from a surface nuclear detonation. Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each

37
consisting of two personnel, placed dosimeters in foxholes 610 to

1,530 meters northeast of ground zero. They recovered the

dosimeters two days later (55; 70).

Project 2.4a, Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Residual

Contamination, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory. The ob.jective was to determine the energy spectra of

residual beta and gamma radiation. Before the shot, project

personnel placed dosimeters at 13 stations 300 to 1,830 meters

northwest of ground zero, 20 stations 430 to 3,660 meters north

of ground zero, 13 stations 300 to 1,830 meters northeast of

ground zero, and seven stations 730 to 2,000 meters south of

ground zero.

Within five hours after the detonation, project personnel

retrieved dosimeters from six stations 1,060 to 1,530 meters

northwest of ground zero. By six hours after the shot, project

personnel had retrieved dosimeters from 12 stations located 610

to 1,830 meters northeast of ground zero and from the seven

stations south of ground zero. Within 27 hours after the shot,

project personnel had retrieved all dosimeters located north of

ground zero, one located 300 meters northeast of ground zero, and

one located 1,830 meters northwest of ground zero. By 28 hours

after the detonation, pro,ject personnel had recovered the last

dosimeters, located at six stations 300 to 980 meters northwest

of ground zero (68; 74).

Project 2.4b, Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit-density

Material, was conducted by the Naval Medical Research Institute.

The objective was to determine dose caused by initial and

residual gamma radiation. Twelve hours before the detonation,

four project personnel placed instrumented phantoms (mannequins

made of masonite approximating the density of human tissue) 690

to 1,070 meters west and slightly south of ground zero. Four

38
participants recovered the phantoms from these stations one hour

after the announcement of recovery hour (12; 55).

Project 2.4c, Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Residual

Radiation, was conducted by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The

objective was to determine the energy spectrum of residual gamma

radiation resulting from a surface nuclear detonation. Two hours

after the detonation, five project personnel and a monitor

proceeded by truck to an area south of ground zero, where they

took spectral measurements. Four hours after the detonation,

they made their closest approach to ground zero (460 meters),

where the radiation intensity was 0.04 R/h. Participants also

took measurements 29, 52, 53, and 55 hours after the detonation.

The highest intensity encountered was 0.1 R/h, 53 hours after the

detonation and 365 meters from ground zero (4; 55).

Project 2.5a-1, Airborne Particle Studies, was conducted by

the Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine

characteristics of airborne particles associated with a surface

detonation. Nine hours before the detonation, eight teams, each

consisting of two personnel, finished checking air samplers in

the shot area. Four hours after the area was opened for recovery

operations, four teams, each having five project personnel and a

monitor, retrieved samples from stations more than 4,270 meters

northeast of ground zero. At 0730 on the next day, five parties,

each of five personnel, recovered samples from stations 610 to

4,270 meters northeast of ground zero. Project 2.5a-3 personnel

analyzed these samples (55; 60).

Project 2.5a-2, Fallout Particle Studies, was conducted by

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to

determine the chemical and physical properties and the distribution of fallout associated with a surface detonation (58).

39
Nine hours before the detonation, four two-man parties

finished placing aerosol and fallout collectors in a sector

northwest to northeast of ground zero at distances of 610 to

6,100 meters from ground zero. Three hours before the shot, four

teams, each of two participants, and one group of nine participants began setting timers to activate the fallout trays five

minutes before the shot. They lspent about 45 minutes in this

activity.

Thirty minutes after the detonation, a helicopter flew to

the instrument area to pick up fallout trays with grappling

hooks. The helicopter returned to a transfer station at an

unspecified location. Project personnel then transported the

trays by vehicle from the station to the Control Point. This

operation continued until all samples had been retrieved. Two

hours after the detonation, one participant transported the trays

from the Control Point to the project center, probably at Camp

Mercury. Four parties, each consisting of two participants and a

monitor, retrieved earth samples two hours after the declaration

of recovery hour. At 0730 hours on the day after the detonation, four two-man parties retrieved the remaining fallo'ut trays

(55; 58).

Project 2.5a-3, Radiochemical Studies of Large Particles,

was conducted by the Army Medical Service Graduate School. The

objective was to study the size, radioactivity, and chemical

composition of fallout particles resulting from the detonation.

Project personnel used samples from fallout trays located out to

23 kilometers northeast of ground zero. Project 2.5a-1 personnel

collected these trays from the shot area, while Project 2.5a-3

personnel performed the analysis (48).

Project 2.6a, Remotely Controlled Sampling Techniques, was

conducted by Evans Signal Laboratory and Coles Signal Laboratory.

The objective was to obtain samples from the crater lip soon

40
after the detonation for radiochemical studies and spectrometer

measurements. Samples were taken from areas around the crater

and from about five meters within the crater using remotely

controlled vehicles called weasels (25).

Nine hours before the detonation, six project personnel

traveled to the shot area to set up two weasels. Sixteen

participants left the Control Point three hours before the

detonation to be eight kilometers from ground zero within an

hour. An hour before the detonation, participants completed work

on the sampling equipment.

Shortly after the detonation, project personnel, accompanied

by a monitor, proceeded to a control tower, about 1,830 meters

from ground zero, to conduct remotely controlled sampling for

four and one-half hours. They then left for the Control Point.

Thirty minutes later, they arrived at a checkpoint eight

kilometers from ground zero. Participants left the weasels there

and went to the Control Point for decontamination (25; 55).

Project 2.6c-1, Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination I, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and

the Public Health Service. The objective was to determine the

characteristics of radioactivity in the soil following the

nuclear detonation, as a function of soil depth and distance.

From one hour to 20 hours after the detonation, project

participants took soil samples from the lip of the crater using

remotely controlled weasels. In addition, personnel used

retrievable rockets to collect one sample from the crater three

days following the detonation after a period of considerable rain

(46; 55).

Project 2.6c-2, Nature and Distribution of Residual

Contamination II, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory and the Evans Signal Laboratory. The experiment was

41
performed in conjunction with Project 2.6a. The objective was

to determine the characteristics of radioactive soil samples.

Two hours after the detonation, one participant went to the

Project 2.6a unloading point to pick up the soil samples

collected by the Project 2.6a weasels and deliver them to the

Control Point. This same person repeated the procedure two hours

later. Project 2.6c-2 personnel analyzed the soil samples

collected by Project 2.6a participants (6; 55).

Project 2.6c-3, Retrievable Missiles for Remote Ground

Sampling, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and

the Public Health Service. The objective was to develop and

field-test an inexpensive method for obtaining soil samples from

areas that personnel could not enter because of radiological

conditions. On the afternoon of the second day after the

detonation, project participants went to a location about 320

meters from ground zero and launched several rockets with

attached lines. The rockets penetrated the soil in the crater

and took samples on impact. Participants then dragged the

rockets out of the area using the attached lines and returned the

samples to the laboratory for analysis (47; 55).

Project 2.7, Biological Injury from Particle Inhalation, was

conducted by the National Institutes of Health. The objective

was to evaluate the inhalation of particles associated with a

surface nuclear detonation. Four hours before the detonation,

two teams, each of two persons, placed 12 sheep and 15 dogs at

stations 760, 1,530, and 2,440 meters northeast of ground zero.

They spent about 100 minutes in this activity. Four hours after

the declaration of recovery hour, two groups, each of three

project personnel and a monitor, recovered animals from the

stations (55; 64).

Project 2.8, Analysis of Test Site and Fallout Material, was

conducted by the Department of Agriculture, under contract to the

42
Atomic Energy Commission. The objective was to evaluate

potential agricultural hazards from the fallout of a surface

detonation. Before the shot and three days after, project

personnel collected soil samples from small pits 30 meters west

and a few meters south of ground zero and from a station 200

meters south of ground zero (1; 55).

Project 4.1, Aerial Technical Photography, was conducted by

the Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air

Development Center. The ob,jective was to produce technical and

documentary films of physical phenomena associated with the shot.

Project personnel at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, outfitted three

C-47 aircraft with special cameras and controls. The aircraft

left Indian Springs AFB approximately 75 minutes before the

detonation and entered their assigned orbits. At shot-time, the

aircraft were positioned as follows: aircraft 1 was orbiting

10,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of 10,000

feet; aircraft 2 was orbiting 10,000 feet west of ground zero at

an altitude of 8,000 feet; aircraft 3 was orbiting an estimated

15,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of 5,000

feet. Upon completing their mission, the aircraft returned to

Indian Springs AFB to deliver film to the project officer

(15; 55).

Project 4.la-1, Ground Technical Photography Material

Operation, was conducted by the Technical Photographic Service

Branch of the Wright Air Development Center. The objective was

to document cloud formation (7).

Three hours before the detonation, participants started

generators at photography stations located at the following

distances from ground zero (7; 55):

l Two stations 4,570 meters southeast

0 One station 3,000 meters northeast

l One station 2,740 meters east

43
a One station 2,440 meters northwest

l One station 1,520 meters southeast.

Two project participants and a monitor left the Control Point an

hour after the declaration of recovery hour to recover film.

Eight hours after the detonation, project participants returned

the recovered film for development and analysis by Project 4.la-2

personnel. At 0830 hours the next day, participants completed

the recovery of film and sent it to Wright Air Development Center

for processing (7; 55).

Project 4.la-2, Photographic Analysis, was conducted by the

Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air

Development Center. The objective was to analyze the photographs

of crater development taken by Project 4.la-1 personnel (49).

Project 4.2, Cratering Effects of Underground-surface

Detonated Atomic Bombs and Influence of Soil Characteristics on

Crater, was performed by the Naval Civil Engineering Research and

Evaluation Laboratory. The project was to determine the precise

dimensions of the crater. Project personnel took soil samples

15, 30, 60, and 90 meters from ground zero at radii of 45 degrees

(9).

Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was

conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the Bureau of Ships.

The purpose was to field-test radiac equipment. Four and onehalf hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project

personnel made a radiological survey of the Project 6.2 areas.

Participants also accompanied radiological safety monitors as

they surveyed the shot area (23; 55).

Project 6.2, Protection and Decontamination of Land Targets

and Vehicles, was conducted by several agencies, including the

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Engineer Research and

Development Laboratories, the Army Chemical Center, and the

44
Office, Chief of Engineers. This project consisted of ten

subpro,jects, seven of which were conducted at Shot SUGAR.

Land Reclamation by Surface Techniques was conducted by the

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objectives were to

determine the effectiveness of standard earth-moving techniques

in reducing radiation in radioactively contaminated undeveloped

land and to provide basic data for evaluating exposures of

operating crews. Project personnel worked in radiation fields

registering 0.06 to 0.3 R/h.

Land Reclamation by Barrier Techniques was conducted by the

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. This test was to

measure the reduction of radiation intensity in areas protected

by earth barriers within radioactive regions. Project personnel

worked at locations 760 and 1,830 meters north of ground zero.

Decontamination of Paved Areas was conducted by the Chemical

and Radiological Laboratories of the Army Chemical Center. The

test evaluated various methods of decontaminating roads and other

paved surfaces. Project personnel conducted operations 610 to

1,600 meters northwest of ground zero.

Decontamination of Construction Materials was performed by

the Office, Chief of Engineers. The test was designed to

determine the decontaminability of coated and uncoated surfaces

of construction materials used by the Army Corps of Engineers.

Following the shot, personnel subjected the materials to vacuum

cleaning and high-pressure hosing. The materials were located

2,150 meters northeast of ground zero.

Contamination-Decontamination Phenomenology was conducted by

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to

study the effects of structure orientation and surface condition

on the amount of contamination deposited and subsequently removed

45
in decontamination operations. Structures were located 920,

1,830, and 2,750 meters north to northeast of ground zero.

Decontamination of Vehicles was conducted by the Engineer

Research and Development Laboratories. The purpose was to

evaluate methods and techniques used to decontaminate military

vehicles. Pro.ject personnel decontaminated trucks and tanks.

The decontamination station was positioned at the boundary of the

area in which personnel had to be accompanied by a radiological

safety monitor.

Measurements were taken by the Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory to evaluate equipment and methods used to monitor the

progress of decontamination operations. Personnel used survey

meters and various air and surface sampling techniques for

measurements in the other Project 6.2 experiments at SUGAR (18).

Project 6.3-1, Evaluation of Military Individual and

Collective Protection Device and Clothing, was conducted by the

Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine the

adequacy of protective equipment for use in radioactive areas.

Project participants placed racks of protective clothing 300 to

600 meters northeast of ground zero. They also positioned two

tanks with their hatches open 600 meters southeast of ground zero

and placed clothing in the crew positions within the tanks. Two

hours after the announcement of recovery hour, pro.ject personnel,

accompanied by a monitor, retrieved protective equipment from the

tanks (38; 55).

Project 6.3-2, Evaluation of Potential Respiratory Hazards

Associated with Vehicular Operations in a Radioactively Contaminated Area, was performed by the Rallistics Research Laboratories, the Army Field Forces Board Number 2 Test Team, and the

Army Chemical Center. The objectives were to gain data for

46
estimating the potential inhalation hazard faced by personnel in

armored vehicles exposed to a nuclear detonation or operating in

areas contaminated with fission fallout from a nuclear detonation. Two M26 tanks and one M59 personnel carrier were

positioned in the shot area (20; 55).

Project 6.7, Clothing Decontamination and Evaluation of

Laundry Methods, was conducted by the following:

l Detachment 7, 9135th Test Support Unit, Fort Lee,

Virginia

0 Office of the Quartermaster General

0 Evans Signal Laboratory.

The main objective was to test the suitability of a laundry

formula developed during Operation GREENHOUSE for the removal of

radioactive contamination from clothing. A second objective was

to field-test experimental survey instruments used to monitor

levels of clothing contamination. Project personnel surveyed and

washed the clothing used by personnel from Projects 6.2 and 6.3

(40).

Project 6.8, Evaluation of U.S. Army Field Water Supply

Equipment and Operations, was conducted by the Engineer Research

and Development Laboratories. The objective was to determine the

resistance of water storage tanks to the blast and thermal

effects of a surface nuclear detonation. In addition, the project investigated the potential problem of radioactive contamination of field water supplies following a surface detonation.

Seventeen hours before the detonation, pro,ject personnel removed

covers from water tanks that had been filled and placed at

various distances at least 460 meters northeast of ground zero.

Four hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project

participants, accompanied by a monitor, retrieved samples from

the water tanks (45; 55).

47
Project 7.la, Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted

by Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The

objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris

from a nuclear detonation. Aircraft tracked the debris at

various distances from the Nevada Proving Ground. Cloud tracking

is described in section 2.2.3 of this chapter, which discusses

Air Force support missions during Shot SUGAR (2).

Project 7.lb, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force,

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical

analyses of nuclear weapon debris obtained close to the Nevada

Proving Ground. Sampling operations are discussed in section

2.2.3 (63).

Project 7.2, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron,

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, the Acoustics Research Division of

the Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic

Survey. The objective was to study the seismic waves propagated

by a nuclear detonation. Sixteen hours before the detonation,

project personnel left six project stations located from 370

meters southwest to 24 kilometers north of ground zero. At 0830

hours on the day after the detonation, participants recovered

seismic records from the six stations (16; 55).

Project 7.3, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection

equipment for continental nuclear explosions of various yields.

Project personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California,

48
Florida, Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and

Washington, D.C. (57).

2.2.2 Weapons Development Tests

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects

at Shot SUGAR. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. The Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory conducted this activity, the objective of

which was to determine the particle makeup of the cloud resulting

from the detonation. The project required cloud sampling,

conducted by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) (65). This activity

is discussed in the next section.

2.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control

air activities through the Air Operations Center of the NPG. swc

personnel conducted cloud-sampling, sample courier, and cloudtracking missions and aerial surveys for the test units and the

Test Manager (33).

The following list indicates the types and numbers of aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel involved

in SWC missions at Shot SUGAR (21; 22; 28; 66):

ACTIVITY

Sampling

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL

B-29 2 16

Sample Courier B-25 1 5

Missions

Cloud Tracking B-29 1 10

Aerial Surveys c-47 3 15

49
Cloud Sampling

Two B-29s collected particulate samples of the Shot SUGAR

cloud for Pro<ject 7.lb, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical

Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and Project 10.4, Radiochemical

Results. The B-29s left Indian Springs AFB about one hour before

shot-time and orbited near Las Vegas until the detonation. The

samplers flew at altitudes of 4,500 to 12,500 feet, made one or

two penetrations of the cloud, and followed the cloud as far as

90 kilometers northeast of ground zero. The following gives

additional details of the sampling mission (22):

TOTAL TIME PEAK

AIRCRAFT TYPE IN CLOUDS INTENSITY DOSIMETER READING

AND SERIAL # (seconds) (R/h) (roentgens)

B-29 (386) 137 30 0.500

B-29 (599) 95 36 0.475

The dosimeter readings noted above indicate the cumulative

exposures recorded by instruments such as film badges and pocket

dosimeters within the aircraft.

Upon completing their mission, the samplers returned to

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination

area. Pilots then shut down the engines. The aircrews disembarked from the aircraft using the nose-wheel door. The

sample-removing team used long-handled tools to remove the filter

papers from the aircraft and place them in shielded containers.

They then loaded the sample containers onto courier aircraft for

delivery to laboratories for analysis (28; 66).

Courier Missions

After the sampling missions had been completed, one B-25

and other SWC aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to

transport filter papers and equipment to various laboratories

50
(primarily AEC and DOE facilities) for analysis. The 4901st

Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions (33).

Cloud Tracking

After the detonation, one B-29 from Indian Springs AFB flew

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Proving Ground

for the test organization and Project 7.la, Transport of Radiation Debris. The aircraft took off at 0730 hours, tracked the

cloud at altitudes of 15,000 to 16,000 feet, and returned to base

at 1830 hours (22).

Aerial Survevs

After the detonation, three C-47 aircraft, all based at

Indian Springs AFB, conducted onsite and offsite survey missions

to record radiation intensities for the test organization and

Project 2.lc-1, Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated Terrain.

One C-47 flew 300 to 1,200 feet above the terrain from 1247 to

1527 hours. Another, flying 250 to 1,200 feet above the terrain,

conducted its mission from 0750 to 1100 hours. The third C-47

flew 500 to 800 feet above the terrain from 1236 to 1514 hours.

On the day after the shot, from 0817 to 1047 hours, the third

C-47 flew a second mission at 500 to 800 feet over the same area

to confirm its shot-day survey (22).

2.3 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT SUGAR

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures developed for members of Exercise Desert Rock, the test

units, and SWC for Operation BUSTER-JANGLE was to keep individual

exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while still allowing

participants to accomplish their missions. Information is

available on monitoring and decontamination procedures at Shot

SUGAR.

51
2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection Activities

For the exercise conducted by members of Desert Rock II and

the evaluation teams, the Army devised plans and supplied

personnel for radiological protection activities. AFSWP

assisted the Army at Camp Desert Rock in these activities (61).

Dosimetry

The Radiological Safety Unit issued film badges and respirators to observers and Desert Rock personnel entering the area

forward of the Control Point at Yucca Pass. After the completion

of Desert Rock activities at the shot, radiological safety

personnel collected most of the badges in the forward area before

troops boarded vehicles for the return to Camp Desert Rock. They

collected the remaining badges after participants returned to

camp (37).

Monitoring

Survey teams monitored the shot area before the observers

were permitted into the area. Radiological monitors accompanied

observers on the buses transporting them into the shot area. One

monitor remained at each display area to assist the damage

effects teams, and at least one monitor accompanied each

evaluation team (37).

Decontamination

Control stations were located on each road leading out of

the shot area. Personnel and vehicles leaving the area were

monitored at these stations. If gamma intensities exceeded 0.02

R/h, the personnel and vehicles were directed to the decontamination stations, located near the exercise area. Personnel were

decontaminated mainly by dry brushing, showering, and laundering

of clothes. Vehicle decontamination involved repeated washings

with detergent and water (37).

52
2.3.2 Test Organization Radiological Protection Activities

The Radiological Health and Safety Group, consisting of

personnel from LASL, from the armed services, and from various

other civilian groups, developed procedures and conducted

radiation protection activities at Shot SUGAR.

Dosimetry

Film badge records indicate that three personnel from the

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories had total

exposures of 3.3, 4.9, and 4.9 roentgens. The two individuals

who received 4.9 roentgens were involved with Project 6.8 and may

have been overexposed while collecting water samples from

containers in the shot area. The project affiliation of the

other Engineer Research and Development Laboratories participant

is not known. One LASL participant had an exposure of 3.2 roentgens; his activities are not known (73).

Monitoring

The initial monitoring teams began their survey shortly

after the detonation. They resurveyed the shot area several

times during the next few days (62).

In addition to the ground survey teams, a team in a helicopter conducted an aerial survey of Area 9. This survey began

about 20 minutes after the detonation. Approximately 40 minutes

later, a second helicopter with one radiological safety monitor

made another survey of Area 9, including all roads leading into

the shot area.

After the teams completed the initial ground and aerial

surveys, the Test Manager opened the shot area for recovery

operations. Recovery parties, each accompanied by a radiological

safety monitor, worked in the shot area from about 1100 to 1500

hours. They continued operations on subsequent days.

53
The Fallout Study of the Radiological Health and Safety

Group provided monitoring 16 to 320 kilometers from ground zero.

The study involved 32 personnel, one of whom was a DOD

participant.

The three C-47 aerial survey aircraft provided offsite

monitoring. The highest intensity detected offsite by the aerial

survey teams was 0.0055 R/h (55; 62).

Plotting

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in

plotting isointensity contours. Figure 2-3 presents an

isointensity plot showing the results of a resurvey conducted 22

hours after the detonation (62).

Decontamination

Records indicate that 251 ground vehicles were

decontaminated on 25 and 27 November (62). Data concerning

vehicles and aircraft decontaminated during the preceding days

are missing. As at the BUSTER shots, radiation levels were

probably reduced to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated washings of

the vehicles with detergent and water.

54
.

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. I

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.

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-.-.-. 1 R/h

0 1000 --- - 0.1 R/h

1 I . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

METERS

Figure 2-3: RESURVEY FOR SHOT SUGAR, 20 NOVEMBER 1951, 0700 HOURS

55
SHOT UNCLE SYNOPSIS

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock III

DATE/TIME: 29 November 1951, 1200 hours

YIELD: 1.2 kilotons

HEIGHT OF BURST: -17 feet (underground)

Purpose of Test: (1) Determine the militarily useful effects

of underground nuclear detonations

(2) Evaluate equipment and techniques

developed for military operations using

nuclear weapons.

DOD Ob,iective: To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device

for military application; to instruct DOD

personnel in the effects of a nuclear

detonation.

Weather:

Radiation Data:

Participants:

At shot-time, the temperature was 14.5'C, the

relative humidity was 35 percent, and the

pressure was 872 millibars. The winds were

two knots from the south at surface level, 15

knots from the south-southwest at 8,000 feet,

and 21 knots from the southwest at 10,000

feet.

Onsite fallout was relatively heavy north of

ground zero. Nineteen hours after the shot,

radiation intensities ranging from 2 R/h to

0.01 R/h stretched three kilometers northeast

of ground zero, covering an area of about 10.5

square kilometers.

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Exercise

Desert Rock III troops; Special Weapons

Command; Headquarters, Air Force; Naval

Ordnance Laboratory; Air Force Cambridge

Research Center; Air Weather Service; Signal

Corps Engineering Laboratories; Air Research

and Development Command; Naval Radiological

Defense Laboratory; Army Chemical Center;

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories; Naval Medical Research Institute;

Naval Civil Engineering Research and

Evaluation Laboratory; Ballistics Research

Laboratories; Wright Air Development Center;

contractors.

56
CHAPTER 3

SHOT UNCLE

Shot UNCLE, an underground nuclear detonation, was fired as

scheduled at 1200 hours Pacific Standard Time on 29 November

1951 and had a yield of 1.2 kilotons. Developed by the Los

Alamos Scientific Laboratory, the nuclear device was detonated 17

feet beneath the surface of Area 10 in Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 850139. The Department of Defense and the Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory sponsored the shot. UNCLE was the first

nuclear device fired underground by the United States.

The cloud resulting from Shot UNCLE, shown in figure 3-1,

reached an altitude of 11,500 feet at its highest point. The

cloud drifted northeast from the point of detonation. Onsite

fallout occurred to the north, and offsite fallout occurred to

the north-northeast (27).

Shot UNCLE, like Shot SUGAR, was a weapons effects test, the

last of the JANGLE phase of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. The main

purpose of the JANGLE tests was to determine the militarily useful effects of surface and underground nuclear detonations.

Another objective was to evaluate equipment and techniques developed for military operations using nuclear weapons (4).

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK III OPERATIONS

Exercise Desert Rock III operations involved about 260

observers and evaluation team personnel at Shot UNCLE. Observer

activities engaged 202 personnel from the Army. Six evaluation

teams, each consisting of an estimated ten personnel, participated in tests of military equipment and field fortifications.

Additional Camp Desert Rock troops, whose activities are

57

discussed in the first part of this section, provided radiological safety, instruction, transportation, communications, and

medical functions for Desert Rock activities in the forward area

(8; 36).

3.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel

Table 3-1 identifies the service units of Camp Desert Rock

troops (37; 54). A minus (-) in a designation means that the

unit was not fully represented. A plus (+) indicates that the

unit was augmented with personnel from other units.

Camp Desert Rock personnel participating in Desert Rock

activities at UNCLE gave administrative, logistical, and operational assistance to the observers and evaluation teams. In

performing these duties, these troops sometimes entered the

forward area. Three units particularly involved in shot-day

operations were the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit,

and the Advisory Group.

The Control Group, composed of members of the Camp Desert

Rock staff sections, along with military police and signal

personnel, accompanied the troops into the forward area. This

group's duties were to supervise Desert Rock operations and to

maintain contact with the Exercise Director.

The Radiological Safety Unit, directed by the Desert Rock

Chemical Officer, implemented radiological safety criteria under

the supervision of test organization personnel. Its duties

included (37; 61):

0 Issuing and collecting film badges

0 Providing radiological safety monitors to supplement

test organization monitors

0 Conducting radiological surveys after the initial

test organization survey

59
Table 3-1: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK,

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK

UNIT

Headquarters

Headquarters and Headquarters

Battery, III Corps Artillery

Engineer

231st Engineer Combat Battalion

359th Engineer Utility

Detachment

Transportation

Detachment, 4th Transportation

Truck Company

92nd Transportation Car

Company

Detachment, 562nd Transportation

Staging Company

Military Police

Company ,1C," 505th Military

Police Battalion

Signal

Detachment, Headquarters and

Headquarters Company, 303rd

Signal Service Battalion (+)

Detachment, Headquarters and

Headquarters Company,

Company "B," 314th Signal

Construction Battalion (-)

Ordnance

3623rd Ordnance Company

Quartermaster

Detachment, 523rd Quartermaster Subsistence Depot

Company (-)

Adjutant General

806th Army Postal Unit

III

HOME STATION

Fort Lewis, Washington

Fort Lewis

Camp Cooke, California

Camp Stoneman, California

Camp Roberts, California

Camp Stoneman

Camp Roberts

Camp Cooke

Camp Cooke

Camp Cooke

Utah General Depot

Fort Lewis

60
0 Accompanying observers and evaluation teams on their

postshot inspections of the equipment displays

0 Establishing decontamination stations and

procedures.

The Advisory Group, consisting of three officers from the

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, was assigned to Camp Desert

Rock to provide technical assistance and advice to Desert Rock

personnel. Before the shot, these officers instructed observers

in nuclear weapons and their effects. After the detonation, they

briefed the participants as they toured the equipment displays.

In addition, they assisted the evaluation teams in assessing and

then preparing reports on the effects of the detonation on the

displays.

Besides the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit, and

the Advisory Group, several other Desert Rock support elements

engaged in activities before shot-day and on the day of

detonation.

Prior to the shot, the 231st Engineer Combat Battalion spent

about a week constructing field fortifications in the display

areas. On shot-day, transportation personnel conveyed observers

to a location 9.5 kilometers southwest of ground zero, where they

witnessed the detonation. In the days after the detonation, the

observers and evaluation teams were transported into the forward

area to inspect the displays.

Military police provided traffic control in Camp Desert Rock

and at the Nevada Proving Ground during the rehearsals conducted

before shot-day, during the activities on the day of detonation,

and on the following days.

Signal Corps personnel established wire and radio communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp Desert Rock.

They also processed the film badges worn by participants in

Desert Rock activities (37).

61
3.1.2 Observer Activities

At Shot UNCLE, 202 Army personnel took part in observer

activities. The largest contingent of observers consisted of 135

individuals from Camp Desert Rock. Sixty-seven official

observers were also from the Army (8; 36).

The observers took part in orientation and training activities to prepare for the event. In the days immediately preceding

the detonation, instructors from the Advisory Group oriented the

observers with films and lectures on the characteristics of a

nuclear detonation and the procedures to follow during a nuclear

test.

At approximately 0900 hours on 29 November, the observers

left Camp Desert Rock in a vehicle convoy for the observer

location, 9.5 kilometers southwest of ground zero. They arrived

at the location, shown in figure 3-2, at about 1115 hours.

Advisory Group instructors then conducted a brief preshot orientation. Shortly before the shot, the instructors directed the

observers to sit on the ground with their backs toward ground

zero.

After the initial flash of light from the detonation, which

occurred at 1200 hours, the instructors directed observers to

turn and view the fireball and cloud. Figure 3-3 shows the

troops at the observation point watching Shot UNCLE. At about

1215, the observers began the return trip to Camp Desert Rock.

On 1 December, two days after the detonation, the observers

toured the display areas in a bus convoy. Signal Corps personnel

issued a film badge to each observer entering a bus. A radiological safety monitor from the Chemical Section accompanied each

busload of observers (8; 37).

62
Observation

Point (800057)

1 Kilometer

Shot UNCLE

Ground Zero

(850139)

Display

Areas

and

Foxholes

Figure 3-2: LOCATION OF DISPLAY AREAS, FOXHOLES, AND OBSERVATION

POINT FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK Ill

63

Display areas were located 90 and 180 meters northeast of

ground zero and 270 to 910 meters south of ground zero, as shown

in figure 3-2. Interspersed among the displays were two rows of

two-man foxholes. Along the northeast line of displays, the

foxholes extended 90 to 610 meters from ground zero. Along the

south line of displays, the foxholes extended 320 to 880 meters

from ground zero. In addition, 46 test animals were placed along

three arcs, 760, 1,530, and 2,440 meters north to northeast of

ground zero. These animals were also used in Project 2.7

(37; 64).

Personnel remained on the buses as they traveled through the

shot area. During the tour, Advisory Group instructors briefed

the observers concerning the effects of the detonation on military equipment and foxholes. Radiation intensities in the area

prevented the observers from viewing display areas to the

northeast of ground zero and from viewing areas closer than 580

meters to the south of ground zero (8; 37).

3.1.3 Damage Effects Tests

Six evaluation teams studied the effects of the UNCLE detonation on military equipment and field fortifications. One team

came from each of the following Camp Desert Rock sections:

Chemical, Signal, Engineer, Medical, Ordnance, and Quartermaster.

Each team was responsible for constructing equipment displays in

the display areas, for recovering test equipment after the

detonation, and for preparing a report of its findings.

For approximately one week before the detonation, the teams

constructed their displays, with assistance from the 231st

Engineer Combat Battalion. In addition, they instrumented the

foxholes with film badges to indicate the radiation exposure

personnel could have received had they been in the fortifications

during the detonation.

65
The Officer in Charge, Effects Tests, posted a guard at each

display position at 1600 hours three days before the shot. The

guards were to keep unauthorized personnel out of the shot area

and to see that no equipment or material was moved without the

authority of the Officer in Charge. Personnel from Desert Rock

S-3, Operations, relieved the guards during the night before the

detonation. After the area was opened for recovery activities,

the guards returned to the display positions, where they remained

until relieved by the Officer in Charge (37).

Damage effects teams could not enter the display areas for

several days because the light, changeable winds did not carry

the cloud away from the ground zero area as fast as had been

expected and because the underground detonation deposited

considerable radiation around ground zero. Instead, the teams

evaluated the damage by helicopter, making their first aerial

inspection at 1600 hours on shot-day. One hour later, the Army

Chief cf Staff, accompanied by a radiological safety monitor,

also made a helicopter tour of the display areas (37).

The first ground recovery operations probably began six

hours after shot-time, when damage effects personnel recovered 18

test animals located farther from ground zero than the actual

display areas. They retrieved the remaining 28 animals 24 hours

after the detonation. Four days after the detonation, damage

effects personnel wearing gas masks made a quick visual

examination of the display area closest to ground zero to the

northeast. Radiation intensities there were measured at 10 R/h.

These positions were not fully examined until 23 January 1952, 55

days after the detonation (37).

Damage effects personnel began recovering film badges from

the foxholes five days after the detonation. Seven days after

the shot, personnel began retrieving test items from the display

areas 270 to 910 meters south of ground zero. As radiation

66
levels decayed to safe levels, damage effects teams gradually

expanded their examination and recovery of the test items until a

thorough evaluation had been completed. The 231st Engineer

Combat Battalion continued to remove equipment from the display

areas until its departure from Camp Desert Rock on 14 December

1951 (37).

In preparing their reports, the evaluation teams received

technical information from the Advisory Group. The LASL Graphic

Arts Group provided them with photographs of the weapons effects

tests for the reports (37).

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT UNCLE

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific

experiments conducted at Shot UNCLE by the Weapons Effects Test

Unit and the Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 3-2 lists the

test unit projects by number and title and identifies the

fielding organizations.

In addition to participating directly in test unit projects,

DOD personnel provided support to the test units and the Test

Manager. These activities involved about 650 DOD project

personnel, 550 SWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an

additional 125 DOD personnel working for various units

coordinated by the test organization.

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests

The Weapons Effects Test Unit conducted the projects at Shot

UNCLE indicated in table 3-2. Project participants spent several

weeks before the detonation placing and calibrating various types

of instruments and gauges (4).

67
Table 3-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT UNCLE

Project Title

Weapons Effects Tests

Participants

1.1

1.2a-1

Ground Acceleration Measurement

Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity

Measurements

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Ballistics Research Laboratories

1.2a-2 Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from HE

and Nuclear Explosions

Ballistics Research Laboratories

1.2b

1.3a

1.3b

Close-in Ground Measurements

Free Air Shock Arrival Times

Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air Using

Smoke and Rocket Photography

Naval Special Weapons Unit (AFSWP)

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

1.4 Free Air Pressure Measurements

1.5a Transient Ground Displacement Measurement

1.5b Detection of Time of Arrival of First Earth Motion

1.6 Earth Displacement (Shear Shafts)

Sandia Corporation

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

David Taylor Model Basin

Ohio River Division Laboratories; Office,

Chief of Engineers

1.7 Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins) Massachusetts Institute of Technology;

Office, Chief of Engineers

118)b Air Weather Selvice Participation in

Operation JANGLE

2060th Mobile Weather Squadron

119)a Ground Acceleration, Ground and Air Pressures

for Underground Tests

Stanford Research Institute

lt9Ib

2.la

2.lb

Base Surge Analysis for Nuclear Tests

Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and

Distance

Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time with

Droppable Telemeters

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Evans Signal Laboratory; National

Bureau of Standards

Naval Air Development Center

2.lc-1

2.lc-2

Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated Terrain

Aerial Survey of Local Contaminated Terrain

Headquarters, Air Force

Bureau of Aeronautics; Air Research and

Development Command; Wright Air Development

Center

2.ld Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory;

Radiological Health and Safety

Group of LASL; AFSWP

2.3-1 Total Gamma Radiation Dosage

2.3-2 Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation

Evans Signal Laboratory

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories

63
Table 3-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT UNCLE (CONTINUED)

Project Title Participants

Weapons Effects Tests (Continued)

2.4a Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Residual

Contamination

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

2.4b Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit-density

Material

Naval Medical Research Institute

2.4c Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Residual

Radiation

Brookhaven National Laboratory

25a-1 Airborne Particle Studies

2.5a-2 Fallout Particle Studies

2.5a3 Radiochemical Studies of Large Particles

2.6a Remotely Controlled Sampling Techniques

Army Chemical Center

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

Army Medical Service Graduate School

Evans Signal Laboratory; Coles Signal

Laboratory

2.6~.1 Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination I National Institutes of Health; Public Health

Service

2.6~.2 Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination II Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory;

Evans Signal Laboratory

2.6~.3 Retrievable Missiles for Remote Ground Sampling National Institutes of Health; Public Health

Service

2.7 Biological Injury from Particle Inhalation

2.8 Analysis of Test Site and Fallout Material

3.1 Navy Underground and Surface Structures

3.2 Army Structures Test

3.3 Air Force Structures

National Institutes of Health

Department of Agriculture

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Office, Chief of Engineers; Massachusetts

Institute of Technology

Air Materiel Command;

Armour Research Foundation

3.26 Structure Instrumentation

3.29 Engineer Soil Mechanics Tests

Sandia Corporation

Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation

Laboratory

4.1

4.la-1

4.1 a-2

4.2

Aerial Technical Photography

Ground Technical Photography Material Operation

Photographic Analysis

Cratering Effects of Underground-surface

Detonated Atomic Bombs and Influence

of Soil Characteristics on Crater

Wright Air Development Center

Wright Air Development Center

Wright Air Development Center

Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation

Laboratory

4.5 Characteristics of Missiles from

Underground Nuclear Explosions

Stanford Research Institute

6.1 Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment

6.2 Protection and Decontamination of Land Targets

and Vehicles

Evans Signal Laboratory; Bureau

of Ships

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Engineer

Research and Development Laboratories;

Army Chemical Center; Office, Chief of Engineers
-

Table 3-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT UNCLE (CONTINUED)

Project Title Participants

Weapons Effects Tests (Continued)

6.3-l Evaluation of Military Individual and Collective

Protection Device and Clothing

Army Chemical Center

6.3-2 Evaluation of Potential Respiratory Hazards

Associated with Vehicular Operation in a

Radioactively Contaminated Area

Ballistics Research Laboratories; Army Field Forces

Board Number 2 Test Team; Army Chemical Center

6.4 Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing

IBDA

Wright Air Development Center

6.7

6.8

Clothing Decontamination and Evaluation of

Laundry Methods

Evaluation of U.S. Army Field Water Supply

Equipment and Operations

9135th Test Support Unit; Office of the Quartermaster

General; Evans Signal Laboratory

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories

7.la

7.lb

Transport of Radiation Debris

Radiochemical. Chemical, and Physical Analysis

of Atomic Bomb Debris

Headquarters, Air Force; Air Weather Service

Headquarters, Air Force; 4925th Test Group

7.2 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a

Land Mass

1009th Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance

Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center;

Coast and Geodetic Survey

7.3

a.4

Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE Laboratories; National Bureau of Standards

Technical Photography for IBDA Project Lookout Mountain Laboratory

Weapons Development Tests

Radiochemical Results Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

70
Project 1.1, Ground Acceleration Measurement, was conducted

by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The principal objective was to

study the characteristics of ground acceleration resulting from

an underground detonation. Project participants placed accelerometers and pressure gauges at an estimated 16 stations located 60

to 930 meters south-southwest of the UNCLE ground zero. Four

hours before the detonation, project personnel left the shot area

after charging batteries in a recording station 2,480 meters

south-southwest of ground zero. They recovered records from the

station after the detonation (50; 55).

Pro,ject 1.2a-1, Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity

Measurements, was conducted by the Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to study airblast effects in relation

to ground shock effects. Blast switches and blast microphones

were located along a radial line at nine unmanned stations, 90 to

470 meters south of ground zero. Recovery procedures were

probably similar to those of Project 1.2a-2 (19; 55).

Project 1.2a-2, Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from

HE [High Explosives] and Nuclear Explosions, was conducted by the

Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to measure

ground shock phenomena. Project 1.2a-1 personnel also conducted

this project. According to the AEC operation order, four participants and a monitor were to recover gauges from 12 stations 90

to 910 meters south of ground zero at 0730 hours on the day after

the shot (3; 55).

Project 1.2b, Close-in Ground Measurements, was conducted by

the Naval Special Weapons Unit, part of AFSWP. The objective was

to measure, at close ranges, blast phenomena produced by an

underground nuclear detonation. Participants placed blast gauges

and pressure switches in holes 17 feet deep, the same depth at

which UNCLE was detonated, at 31 stations 1.5 to 100 meters from

ground zero. Electrical cables transmitted data from these

gauges to a station about 2,400 meters from ground zero (26).

71
Three hours before the detonation, and after having

installed blast gauges near ground zero, two participants arrived

at the Program 1 telemetry station. The location of this station

at Shot UNCLE has not been documented. At the declaration of

recovery hour, two project personnel and a monitor left the

telemetry station to recover blast records from the station 2,400

meters from ground zero (26; 55).

Project 1.3a, Free Air Shock Arrival Times, was conducted by

Brookhaven National Laboratory. The objective was to measure the

time of arrival of the blast wave in free air. Measurements were

made with pressure gauges suspended from balloons (59).

Sixteen hours before the detonation, participants placed a

timing unit, used to start a pressure recording system, near the

UNCLE device. Six hours before the detonation, four project

participants and seven workers began suspending gauges from

balloons at a station 910 meters south of ground zero. An hour

later, another participant arrived at the Program 1 telemetry

station. Two hours and 15 minutes before the detonation, the

four project participants at the balloon station proceeded to the

telemetry station and the seven workers left the shot area.

Participants left the telemetry station two hours after the

detonation (55; 59).

Project 1.3b, Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air

Using Smoke and Rocket Photography, was conducted by the Naval

Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to determine the peak

overpressure along the ground and in the air above an underground

detonation. Project personnel used high-speed photographs of

smoke rocket trail distortions to measure blast pressures.

Thirteen hours before the shot, three participants placed smoke

rocket launchers at various locations in the shot area. They

positioned the cameras 3,750 meters from ground zero (52; 55).

72
Project 1.4, Free Air Pressure Measurements, was conducted

by Sandia Corporation. The objective was to record blast

pressures at ground-level stations for an underground detonation.

Before the detonation, project participants placed gauges around

ground zero. Two hours before the detonation, two participants

arrived at the Program 1 station eight kilometers west of ground

zero. Four participants and a monitor retrieved blast records

520 to 950 meters from ground zero after the declaration of

recovery hour (39; 55).

Project 1.5a, Transient Ground Displacement Measurement, was

conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to

measure the transient ground displacement caused by an underground detonation and to correlate this displacement with ground

acceleration and damage to structures. Before the shot, project

personnel placed markers in the ground at ten stations 90 to 580

meters south of ground zero. In addition, they oriented a camera

station, located 1,530 meters east of ground zero, toward the

markers. During the detonation, the camera filmed the markers'

movement resulting from the shot. Participants retrieved the

film and measured marker displacement after the area was opened

for recovery operations (51; 55).

Project 1.5b, Detection of Time of Arrival of First Earth

Motion, was conducted by the David Taylor Model Basin. The

objective was to obtain information on the time of the first

detectable earth motion at each of ten stations located on a

radial line 30 to 180 meters from ground zero. Before the

detonation, project participants installed electric flash lamps

at the ten stations and positioned a camera at a station 2,700

meters east of ground zero. During the detonation, the camera

recorded the first earth motion at each station as the flash lamp

was triggered by the earth motion. Participants retrieved film

from the camera after the declaration of recovery hour,(13; 55).

73
Project 1.6, Earth Displacement (Shear Shafts), was conducted by the Ohio River Division Laboratories and the Office,

Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine the limits

and amounts of permanent displacement in areas surrounding

craters caused by an underground detonation. Project participants installed instruments in a series of deep shafts 230 meters

east and west and 300 meters south of ground zero. Several weeks

later, they retrieved the data to determine permanent earth

displacement (56).

Project 1.7, Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins), was conducted

by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Office,

Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine if shock pins

would furnish reliable data regarding magnitude of the ground

shock associated with a nuclear detonation. Before the

detonation, project personnel installed metal shock pins two feet

into the ground at stations located about 190 to 380 meters east

and west of ground zero and 170 to 560 meters south of ground

zero. Participants reentered the shot area after the declaration

of recovery hour to examine the exterior of each shock pin

station. Excavating crews later uncovered the shelters,.enabling

pro,ject personnel to photograph the positions of the shock pins

(30; 55).

Project 1(8)b, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation JANGLE, was conducted by the 2060th Mobile Weather Squadron

of the Air Weather Service. The activity was a continuation of

Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation

BUSTER. The objective, like that of ProSect 8.2, was to gather

and report weather information before the detonation, including

wind conditions, temperature, and humidity. Project personnel

worked from a weather station at the Control Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm Springs, Currant, Pioche, and

Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, Utah (43).

74
Project 1(9)a, Ground Acceleration, Ground and Air Pressures

for Underground Tests, was conducted by the Stanford Research

Institute. The objectives were to:

0 Obtain data for comparing the phenomena of an

underground nuclear detonation with the phenomena resulting from high-explosive tests

0 Provide measurements for Projects 1.1, 1.2a-2,

and 1.4.

Two and one-half hours before the detonation, two participants

left a blast gauge station 610 meters from ground zero. At the

announcement of recovery hour, two project personnel and a

monitor traveled to this station to recover blast records

(17; 55).

Project 1(9)b, Base Surge Analysis for Nuclear Tests, was

conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to

compare base surge data from an underground nuclear detonation

with base surge data from underground high-explosive tests. In

conducting the experiment, project personnel analyzed photographs

of both UNCLE and the high-explosive tests (72).

Project 2.la, Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and

Distance, was conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to measure gamma

intensity in order to assess the radiation effects of an

underground detonation. Nine hours before the detonation, eight

project personnel finished checking radiation detectors 610 to

4,270 meters from ground zero. Most of the detectors were

north-northwest to north-northeast of ground zero. Three hours

and 30 minutes before the detonation, eight participants in two

vehicles drove from the Control Point to a recorder station five

kilometers west of ground zero. Four hours after the detonation,

three participants relieved personnel who had gone to the

recorder station shortly after shot-time. At 0800 hours on the

day following the detonation, four personnel relieved the second

75
group of participants at the recorder station. At the same time,

one participant and a radiological safety monitor surveyed some

of the project stations (14; 55).

Project 2.lb, Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time with

Droppable Telemeters, was conducted by the Naval Air Development

Center. The objective was to measure the gamma intensity in and

around the crater following the burst (11).

Fourteen hours before the detonation, two project participants installed telemetering instruments at eight-meter intervals 310 to 920 meters northeast of ground zero. The instruments

transmitted data on shot-day to the Program 1 telemetry station.

Project personnel entered the station several hours before the

shot and operated equipment during the detonation and for 15 to

25 minutes thereafter.

The measurement of residual radiation involved a Navy P2V-2

aircraft that left Kirtland AFB for the Nevada Proving Ground one

hour before the detonation. The aircraft had flown half the

distance to the NPG by the time the nuclear device was detonated.

Two hours after the detonation, the aircraft dropped radiac

telemeter units into the crater area (11; 55).

Project 2.lc-1, Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated

Terrain, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The

objectives were to measure, by use of instrumented aircraft, the

radiation levels of fallout from the cloud and to test the

efficiency of various airborne instruments in detecting

radioactivity. The aircraft involved in this pro.ject were under

the operational control of SWC and are discussed in section 3.2.3

(31).

Project'2.lc-2, Aerial Survey of Local Contaminated Terrain,

was conducted by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Air Force Air

76
Research and Development Command, and Wright Air Development

Center. The objective was to test the ability of airborne radiac

equipment to detect gamma radioactivity on the ground (67).

After the detonation, two instrumented aircraft, a Navy

P2V-2 and an Air Force B-17, orbited the NPG at altitudes of

8,000 feet and 10,000 feet, respectively. For an hour after the

detonation, participants aboard the aircraft monitored and

recorded radiation levels. After that, the aircraft surveyed the

shot area at heights of 500 to 2,000 feet over the crater and its

vicinity. Upon completing their mission, the aircraft returned

to Kirtland AFB (55; 67).

Project 2.ld, Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination, was

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the

Radiological Health and Safety Group of LASL, and AFSWP. The

objective was to determine the extent and magnitude of the

radiation field in the shot area, as measured by survey teams.

At various times up to one month after the detonation, the teams

monitored radiation in the area. Radiological safety monitors

accompanied the project monitors in their activities (42).

Project 2.3-1, Total Gamma Radiation Dosage, was conducted

by the Evans Signal Laboratory. The objective was to use various

types of dosimeters and film badges to determine gamma radiation

exposure. Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each

consisting of two persons, placed dosimeters at about 100

stations 300 meters to 15 kilometers in various directions from

ground zero. They recovered the dosimeters two days after the

shot (24; 55).

Project 2.3-2, Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation, was

conducted by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories.

The objective was to evaluate the protection afforded by foxholes

against gamma radiation emitted from an underground detonation.

77
Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each consisting

of two personnel, placed dosimeters in foxholes 610 to 1,530

meters northeast of ground zero. They recovered the dosimeters

two days later (55; 70).

Project 2.4a, Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Residual

Contamination, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory. The objective was to determine the energy spectra of

residual beta and gamma radiation. Before the shot, project

personnel placed dosimeters at 13 stations 300 to 1,650 meters

northwest of ground zero, at 19 stations 430 to 3,660 meters

north of ground, at 11 stations 610 to 1,830 meters northeast of

ground zero, and seven stations 910 to 2,010 meters south of

ground zero.

Within three hours after the detonation, project personnel

began recovering dosimeters at four stations located 910 to 1,460

meters south of ground zero. By five hours after the detonation,

personnel had retrieved all the dosimeters northwest of ground

zero except for the one closest to ground zero. Within 24 hours,

personnel had retrieved all dosimeters northeast of ground zero,

and within 50 hours after shot-time, they had retrieved all

dosimeters north of ground zero, including the one located 300

meters northwest of ground zero. Recovery operations were not

completed until 118 hours after the shot, when personnel

retrieved dosimeters at three stations 1,650 to 2,010 meters

south of ground zero (68; 74).

Project 2.4b, Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit-density

Material, was conducted by the Naval Medical Research Institute.

The objective was to determine the dose from initial and residual

gamma radiation. Twelve hours before the detonation, four

project personnel placed instrumented phantoms, of masonite

approximating the density of human tissue, 460 to 910 meters west

and slightly south of ground zero. Four participants retrieved

78
the phantoms one hour after the announcement of recovery hour

(12; 55).

Project 2.4c, Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Residual

Radiation, was conducted by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The

objective was to determine the energy spectrum of residual gamma

radiation resulting from an underground detonation. Two hours

after the detonation, five project personnel and a monitor

proceeded by truck to an area south of ground zero, where they

took spectral measurements. Two hours after the detonation, they

were 1,220 meters from ground zero, their closest approach on

shot-day. The radiation intensity there was 0.08 R/h. Participants also took measurements 6, 28, 48, and 49 hours after the

detonation. The highest intensity encountered was 0.45 R/h,

26 hours after the detonation and 3,350 meters downwind of ground

zero (4; 55).

Project 2.5a-1, Airborne Particle Studies, was conducted by

the Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine

characteristics of airborne particles associated with an

underground detonation. Eight teams, each with two personnel,

finished checking air samples in the shot area nine hours before

the detonation. Four hours after the area was opened for

recovery operations, four teams, each composed of five project

personnel and a monitor, retrieved samples from stations more

than 4,270 meters northeast of ground zero. At 0730 on the next

day, five parties, each of five personnel, recovered samples from

stations 610 to 4,270 meters northeast of ground zero. Project

2.5a-3 personnel analyzed these samples (55; 60).

Project 2.5a-2, Fallout Particle Studies, was conducted by

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to

determine the chemical and physical properties and the distribution of fallout associated with an underground detonation (58).

79
Nine hours before the detonation, four two-man parties

finished placing aerosol and fallout trays in a sector northwest

to northeast of ground zero at distances of 610 to 6,100 meters

from ground zero. Three hours before the detonation, four teams,

each of two participants, and one group of nine participants

began setting timers to activate fallout trays five minutes

before the shot. They spent about 45 minutes in this activity.

Thirty minutes after the detonation, a helicopter flew to

the instrument area to pick up fallout trays with grappling

hooks. The helicopter returned to a transfer station at an

unspecified location. Project personnel transported the trays by

vehicle from the station to the Control Point. This operation

continued until all samples had been retrieved. Two hours after

the detonation, one participant transported the trays from the

Control Point to the project center, probably at Camp Mercury.

Two hours after the declaration of recovery hour, four parties of

two participants and a monitor retrieved earth samples. At 0730

hours on the day after the detonation, four parties of two

persons each retrieved the remaining fallout trays (55; 58).

Project 2.5a-3, Radiochemical Studies of Large Particles,

was conducted by the Army Medical Service Graduate School. The

objective was to study the size, radioactivity, and chemical

composition of fallout particles resulting from an underground

detonation. Project personnel collected samples in fallout trays

located out to 23 kilometers northeast of ground zero. Project

2.5a-1 personnel collected these trays from the shot area, and

Project 2.5a-3 personnel performed the analysis (48).

Project 2.6a, Remotely Controlled Sampling Techniques, was

conducted by Evans Signal Laboratory and Coles Signal Laboratory.

The objective was to obtain samples from the crater lip soon

after the detonation for radiochemical studies and spectrometer

measurements. Samples were taken from areas around the crater

80
and from about five meters within the crater using remotely

controlled vehicles called weasels (25).

Nine hours before the detonation, six project personnel

traveled to the shot area to set up two weasels. Three hours

before the detonation, 16 participants left the Control Point to

be eight kilometers from ground zero within an hour. An hour

before the detonation, participants completed work on the

sampling equipment.

Shortly after the detonation, project personnel, accompanied

by a monitor, proceeded to a control tower, about 1,830 meters

from ground zero, to conduct remote-controlled sampling of the

crater for four and one-half hours. The proSect personnel then

left for the Control Point. Thirty minutes later, the party

arrived at a checkpoint eight kilometers from ground zero.

Participants left the weasels there and proceeded to the Control

Point for decontamination (25; 55).

Project 2.6c-1, Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination I, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and

the Public Health Service. The objective was to determine the

characteristics of radioactivity in the soil following the

nuclear detonation as a function of soil depth and distance. One

day after the detonation, project participants took soil samples

from the lip of the crater. In addition, personnel used

retrievable rockets to obtain four samples from the crater two

days after the shot (46; 55).

Project 2.6c-2, Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination II, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory and the Evans Signal Laboratory. The experiment was

performed in conjunction with Project 2.6a. The objective was to

determine the characteristics of radioactive soil samples. Two

81
hours after the detonation, one participant went to the Pro.ject

2.6a unloading point to pick up the soil samples collected bv the

Pro.ject 2.6a weasels and deliver them to the Control Point. This

same person repeated this procedure two hours later. Pro,ject

2.6c-2 personnel analyzed the soil samples collected by Pro.iect

2.6a participants (6; 55).

Pro,ject 2.6c-3, Retrievable Missiles for Remote Ground

Sampling, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and

the Public Health Service. The objective was to develop and

field-test an inexpensive method for obtaining soil samples from

areas that personnel could not enter because of radiological

conditions. On the afternoon of the second day after the

detonation, pro,ject participants went to a location about 320

meters from ground zero and launched several rockets with

attached lines. The rockets penetrated the soil in the crater

and took samples on impact. Participants then dragged the

rockets out of the area, by the attached lines and returned the

samples to the laboratorv for analysis. Personnel repeated this

procedure on the third day after the detonation (47; 55).

Pro,ject 2.7, Biological Injury from Particle Inhalation, was

conducted bv the National Institutes of Health. The ob.jective

was to evaluate the inhalation of particles associated with an

underground detonation. Four hours before the detonation, two

two-man teams placed 20 sheep and 26 dogs at stations 760, 1,530,

and 2,440 meters north to northeast of ground zero. They spent

about 100 minutes in this activity. Six hours after the

detonation and again 24 hours after the detonation, two groups,

each of three project personnel and a monitor, went to the

stations to recover animals (55; 64).

Project 2.8, Analvsis of Test Site and Fallout Material, was

conducted by the Department of Agriculture, under contract to the

Atomic Energv Commission. The objective was to evaluate potential agricultural problems related to the fallout from an

82
underground detonation. Before the shot and two days after,

project personnel collected soil samples from small pits 45

meters north and 110 meters east of ground zero. They also

collected samples from ground zero (1; 55).

Pro.ject 3.1, Navy Underground and Surface Structures, was

conducted by the Bureau of Yards and Docks. The objectives were

to:

0 Determine the response of different precast

concrete structures to blast pressures

resulting from an underground detonation

0 Determine the response of a light steel

building and two types of communication towers

to airblast

0 Observe the effect of ground shock on standard

utility installations and sections of pavement.

Test structures, instrumented with gauges to document blast

pressures, strain, and displacement, were located south to

southwest of ground zero. LASL personnel took documentary

photographs of these structures before and after the detonation

(34).

Project 3.2, Army Structures Test, was conducted by the

Office, Chief of Engineers, and the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology. The experiment tested eight structures to determine

the dynamic loads produced bv an underground detonation and to

obtain data for the design of structures able to withstand the

effects of such a detonation. One underground structure was

constructed 70 meters from ground zero, and seven surface structures were located 130 to 270 meters from ground zero. All

structures were instrumented to measure blast pressures, displacement, and strain. LASL personnel photographed the structures both before and after the detonation (29).

83
Project 3.3, Air Force Structures, was conducted by the Air

Materiel Command and the Armour Research Foundation. The

objective was to determine the ability of military, industrial,

and commercial structures to withstand an underground detonation.

The project tested 11 different structures, including reinforced

concrete retaining walls and circular concrete cells. Project

personnel placed the structures 100 to 320 meters from ground

zero. They instrumented the structures with devices for

measuring blast pressure, air pressure, and strain (5).

Project 3.28, Structure Instrumentation, was a designation

for Sandia Corporation personnel who supported the structure

projects conducted during the shot. These personnel installed

instruments, operated the instruments by remote control during

the detonation, and prepared records of the activities for other

project teams (44).

Before the detonation, project personnel laid cables between

test structures and shelters, installed power equipment, mounted

relay and timer panels, tested and installed components, and

calibrated systems for electronic and recording instruments.

They completed their work one day before the detonation. At

shot-time, they were working from facilities located near the

structures and to the southwest of ground zero. After the

declaration of recovery hour, participants collected data and

retrieved test equipment (44; 55).

Project 3.29, Engineer Soil Mechanics Tests, was conducted

by the Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory. The project was designed to determine the characteristics,

properties, and behaviors of the soil types in the vicinity of

the detonation. Several weeks after the shot, project personnel

made 57 soil borings in the vicinity of ground zero. Fourteen of

these borings were within a radius of 90 meters of ground zero.

To obtain soil profiles, project personnel conducted laboratory

analyses of the samples (10; 55).

84
Project 4.1, Aerial Technical Photography, was conducted by

the Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air

Development Center. The objective was to provide technical and

documentary films of physical phenomena associated with the shot.

Project personnel at Wright-Patterson AFB outfitted three C-47

aircraft with special cameras and controls for the activity. The

aircraft left Indian Springs AFB approximately 75 minutes before

the detonation and entered their assigned orbits. At shot-time,

the aircraft were positioned as follows: aircraft 1 was orbiting

10,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of 10,000

feet; aircraft 2 was orbiting 10,000 feet west of ground zero at

an altitude of 8,000 feet; and aircraft 3 was orbiting an

estimated 15,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of

5,000 feet. Upon completion of the mission, the aircraft

returned to Indian Springs AFB to deliver film to the project

officer (15; 55).

Project 4.la-1, Ground Technical Photography Material

Operation, was conducted by the Technical Photographic Service

Branch of the Wright Air Development Center. The objective was

to document blast damage phenomena and crater development (7).

Three hours before the detonation, participants started

generators at photography stations located at the following

distances from ground zero (7; 55):

l Two stations 4,570 meters southwest

l One station 4,270 meters southeast

0 One station 3,000 meters northeast

l One station 2,740 meters southeast

a One station 1,520 meters southeast

l One station 1,460 meters southeast

l One station 1,370 meters southeast

l One station 640 meters south.

Two project participants and a monitor left the Control Point an

hour after the declaration of recovery hour to recover film,

85
proceeding as radiological conditions permitted. Eight hours

after the detonation, project participants returned the recovered

film for development and analysis to Pro.ject 4.la-2 personnel.

At 0830 hours the next day, participants finished recovering the

film and sent it for processing to Wright Air Development Center

(7; 55).

Project 4.la-2, Photographic Analysis, was conducted by the

Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air Development Center. The objective was to analyze the Project 4.la-1

photographs of crater development (49).

Project 4.2, Cratering Effects of Underground-surface

Detonated Atomic Bombs and Influence of Soil Characteristics on

Crater, was performed by the Naval Civil Engineering Research and

Evaluation Laboratory. The project was to determine the precise

dimensions of the crater. Project personnel obtained soil

samples 15, 30, 60, and 90 meters from ground zero at radii of 45

degrees (9).

Project 4.5, Characteristics of Missiles from Underg-round

Nuclear Explosions, was conducted by the Stanford Research

Institute. The objective was to obtain data on the damage

produced by debris projected by a nuclear detonation. At least

28 days before the test, pro,ject personnel constructed several

concrete highway strips and an array of walls. The highway

strips each contained a specific substance, such as aluminum

nails or crushed red brick. Project participants laid out the

highway slabs at distances of five to 90 meters west of ground

zero. They built the wall sections on a different line extending

six to 16 meters from ground zero. After the detonation, they

tracked down the fragmentary missiles and recorded the direction

and distances traveled (55; 69).

86
Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was

conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the Bureau of Ships.

The purpose was to field--test radiac equipment. Four and onehalf hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project

personnel surveyed radiation levels in the Project 6.2 areas.

Participants also accompanied radiological safety monitors as

they surveyed the shot area (23; 55).

Project 6.2, Protection and Decontamination of Land Targets

and Vehicles, was conducted by several agencies, including the

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Engineer Research and

Development Laboratories, the Army Chemical Center, and the

Office, Chief of Engineers. This project consisted of ten

subprojects, eight of which were conducted at Shot UNCLE.

Flame Decontamination was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. This experiment involved testing a

flame decontamination unit on surfaces of wood, asphalt, and

concrete. These surfaces were at two locations, 800 and 1,600

meters north-northwest and west of ground zero.

Decontamination of Paved Areas was conducted by the Army

Chemical Center. The purpose was to evaluate various methods for

decontaminating roads. The roads were 620 to 1,600 meters

northwest of ground zero.

Decontamination of Test Structures was conducted by the

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The test was designed to

determine the effectiveness of three methods for decontaminating

buildings: water washing with a fire hose; hot liquid cleaning

with a mixture of steam, hot water, and detergent; and vacuum

cleaning.

Decontamination of Construction Materials was conducted by

the Office of the Chief of Engineers. The test was designed to

87
determine the decontaminability of coated and uncoated surfaces

of construction materials used by the Army Corps of Engineers.

Following the shot, personnel subjected these surfaces to vacuum

cleaning and high-pressure hosing. These surfaces were located

2,150 meters northeast of ground zero.

Contamination-Decontamination Phenomenology was conducted by

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to

study the effects of structure orientation and surface condition

on the amount of contamination deposited and subsequently removed

in decontamination operations. Structures were located 1,830 and

2,745 meters north to northeast of ground zero.

Test of Materials was conducted by the Chemical and Radiological Laboratory of the Army Chemical Center. The purpose was

to study the decontaminability of materials commonly used for

military purposes. Panels of various materials were exposed at

locations 1.6 to 22 kilometers north to northeast of ground zero.

Decontamination of Vehicles was conducted by the Engineer

Research and Development Laboratories. The purpose was to

evaluate methods and techniques used to decontaminate military

vehicles. Two M26 tanks were exposed 620 meters from ground

zero. In addition, trucks were exposed. These vehicles were

decontaminated at a station located at the boundary of the area

in which personnel had to be accompanied by a radiological safety

monitor. Figure 3-4 shows a project participant decontaminating

a tank.

Measurements were taken by the Naval Research and

Development Laboratory to evaluate equipment and methods used to

monitor the progress of decontamination operations as these

operations occurred in the other Project 6.2 experiments at UNCLE

(18).

88

Project 6.3-1, Evaluation of Military Individual and

Collective Protection Device and Clothing, was conducted by the

Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine the

adequacy of protective equipment for use in radioactive areas.

Project participants placed racks of protective clothing in the

forward area. They also positioned two tanks with their hatches

open and placed clothing in the crew positions within the tanks.

Two hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project

personnel, accompanied by a monitor, recovered protective

equipment from the tanks (38; 55).

Project 6.3-2, Evaluation of Potential Respiratory Hazards

Associated with Vehicular Operation in a Radioactively Contaminated Area, was performed by the Ballistics Research Laboratories, the Army Field Forces Board Number 2 Test Team, and the

Army Chemical Center. The objectives were to gain data to use in

estimating the potential inhalation hazard faced by personnel in

armored vehicles exposed to a nuclear detonation or operating in

areas contaminated with fission fallout from a nuclear detonation. Two M26 tanks and one M59 personnel carrier were

positioned in the shot area (20; 55).

Project 6.4, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was conducted by the Wright

Air Development Center. The objective was to test, under

operational conditions, radar and photography equipment as a

means of determining the ground zero and yield of a nuclear

detonation. Three hours and 45 minutes before the detonation,

two B-50s and a B-29 left Kirtland AFB to be in position at shottime, about eight kilometers south, southeast, and north,

respectively, of ground zero. After the detonation the aircraft,

instrumented with radar equipment and cameras, took photographs

and recorded data. The aircraft then returned to Kirtland AFB

(41; 55).

90
Project 6.7, Clothing Decontamination and Evaluation of

Laundry Methods, was conducted by the following:

0 Detachment 7, 9135th Test Support Unit, Fort Lee,

Virginia

0 Office of the Quartermaster General

0 Evans Signal Laboratory.

The main objective was to test the suitability of a laundry

formula developed during Operation GREENHOUSE for the removal of

radioactive contamination from clothing. A second objective was

to field-test experimental survey instruments used to monitor

levels of clothing contamination. Project personnel surveyed and

washed the clothing used by personnel from Projects 6.2 and 6.3

(40).

Project 6.8, Evaluation of U.S. Army Field Water Supply

Equipment and Operations, was conducted by the Engineer Research

and Development Laboratories. The objective was to determine the

resistance of water storage tanks to the blast and thermal

effects of an underground detonation. In addition, the project

investigated the potential problem of radioactive contamination

of field water supplies following an underground detonation. No

water tanks were used at Shot UNCLE. However, personnel from

Project 2.8, Analysis of Test Site and Fallout Material,

collected ground contamination data. Using these data, Project

6.8 personnel calculated the contamination levels that water in

tanks would have shown had there been tanks in the fallout path

(45; 55).

Project 7.la, Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted

by Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The

objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris

from a nuclear detonation. Aircraft tracked the debris at

various distances from the Nevada Proving Ground. Cloud tracking

is described in section 3.2.3 of this chapter, which discusses

Air Force support missions during Shot UNCLE (2).

91
Project 7.lb, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force,

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical

analyses of nuclear weapon debris obtained close to the Nevada

Proving Ground. Sampling operations are discussed in section

3.2.3 (63).

Project 7.2, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron,

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, the Acoustics Research Division of

the Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic

Survey. The objective was to study the seismic waves propagated

by a nuclear detonation. Sixteen hours before the detonation,

project personnel left six project stations located from 370

meters southwest of ground zero to 24 kilometers north of ground

zero. Participants recovered seismic records from the six

stations at 0830 hours on the day after the detonation (16; 55).

Project 7.3, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection

equipment for continental nuclear explosions of various yields.

Project personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California,

Florida, Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and

Washington, D.C. (57).

Project 8.4, Technical Photography for IBDA Project, was

conducted by the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. The

purpose was to provide technical and documentary photography of

Project 6.4, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment. Lookout Mountain Laboratory

personnel photographed the indirect bomb damage assessment

92
mission from the one B-29 and two B-50 aircraft that performed

Project 6.4. At the time of the detonation, the B-29, operated

by personnel from the Armament Test Division of Eglin AFB,

Florida, was five kilometers due south of ground zero at 17,000

feet. One B-50 flew at the same altitude right behind the B-29.

The second B-50 was five kilometers due north of ground zero at

20,000 feet. The 4925th Test Group (Atomic) probably operated

the B-50s. All three aircraft staged out of Kirtland AFB

(4; 33; 41).

3.2.2 Weapons Development Tests

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects

at Shot UNCLE. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. Conducted by LASL,

this experiment was designed to determine the particle makeup of

the cloud resulting from Shot UNCLE. The project required cloud

sampling, which was conducted by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic)

(65). This activity is discussed in the next section.

3.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control

air activities through the Air Operations Center, which

coordinated air traffic over the Nevada Proving Ground. swc

personnel conducted cloud-sampling, sample courier, and cloudtracking missions and aerial surveys for the test units and the

Test Manager (33).

The following listing indicates the types and numbers of

aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel

involved in SWC missions at Shot UNCLE (21; 22; 28; 66):

93
- ._

ACTIVITY

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL

Sampling B-29 2 16

Sample Courier B-25 1 5

Missions

Cloud Tracking B-29 1 10

Aerial Surveys c-47 3 15

Cloud Sampling

Two B-29s collected particulate and gaseous samples of the

cloud for Project 7.lb, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical

Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and Project 10.4, Radiochemical

Results. The B-29s left Indian Springs AFB about three hours

before shot-time and orbited near Las Vegas until the detonation.

The samplers flew at altitudes of 5,500 to 10,000 feet, made up

to seven penetrations of the cloud, and traveled up to 100

kilometers northeast of ground zero. The following gives further

details of the sampling missions (22):

TOTAL TIME PEAK

AIRCRAFT TYPE IN CLOUDS INTENSITY DOSIMETER READING

AND SERIAL # (seconds) (R/h) (roentgens)

B-29 (386) 780 4.4 0.340

B-29 (599) 465 2.0 0.040

The dosimeter readings noted above indicate the cumulative

exposures recorded by instruments, such as film badges and pocket

dosimeters, within the aircraft.

94
Upon completing their mission, the samplers returned to

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination

area. Pilots then shut down the engines. The aircrews disembarked from the aircraft using the nose-wheel door. The

sample-removing team used long-handled tools to remove the filter

papers and place them in shielded containers. They then loaded

the sample containers onto courier aircraft for delivery to

laboratories for analysis (28; 66).

Courier Missions

After the sampling missions had been completed, one B-25 and

other SWC aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to transport filter papers and equipment to various laboratories

(primarily AEC and DOD facilities) for analysis. The 4901st

Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions (33).

Cloud Tracking

After the detonation, one B-29 from Indian Springs AFB flew

a cloud-tracking mission over and beyond the Nevada Proving

Ground for the test organization and for Project 7.la, Transport

of Radiation Debris. The aircraft tracked the cloud at altitudes

ranging from 14,000 to 16,000 feet (22).

Aerial Surveys

Three C-47 aircraft, all based at Indian Springs AFB,

conducted onsite and offsite survey missions to record radiation

intensities for the test organization and Project 2.lc-1, Aerial

Survey of Distant Contaminated Terrain. The missions, planned

for 29 November 1951, were postponed because of a delay in

shot-time and the slow-moving, low-level cloud. The C-47s

conducted their mission on 30 November. The first aircraft flew

at heights of 400 to 700 feet above the terrain from 0750 to 1058

hours. The second flew at heights of 70 to 1,000 feet from 0804

to 1044 hours. The third C-47 flew at heights of 500 to 1,100

feet from 0753 to 1053 hours (22).

95
3.3 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT UNCLE

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures developed for members of Exercise Desert Rock, the test

units, and SWC for Operation BUSTER-JANGLE was to keep individual

exposures to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while still

allowing participants to accomplish their missions. Information

on radiological safety at Shot UNCLE includes data on monitoring

and decontamination procedures.

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection Activities

For the exercise conducted by members of Desert Rock III and

the evaluation teams, the Army planned and supplied personnel for

radiation protection activities. AFSWP assisted the Army at Camp

Desert Rock in these activities (61).

Dosimetry

The Radiological Safety Unit issued film badges and

respirators to observers and Desert Rock personnel entering the

area forward of the Control Point at Yucca Pass. After the

completion of Desert Rock activities at the shot, radiological

safety personnel collected most of the badges in the forward area

before troops boarded vehicles for the return to Camp Desert

Rock. They collected the remaining badges after the troops

returned to camp (37).

Records indicate that three Desert Rock personnel received

gamma exposures exceeding 3 roentgens while at UNCLE. Their

exposures were 4.7, 4.9, and 5.8 roentgens (73).

Monitoring

Survey teams monitored the shot area before the observers

were permitted into the area. Radiological monitors accompanied

observers on the buses transporting them into the shot area. One

96
monitor remained at each display area to assist the damage

effects teams, and at least one monitor accompanied each

evaluation team (37).

Decontamination

Control stations were located on each road leading out of

the shot area. Personnel and vehicles leaving the area were

monitored at these stations. If gamma intensities exceeded 0.02

R/h, the personnel and vehicles were directed to the decontamination facility near the exercise area. Personnel were decontaminated mainly by dry brushing, showering, and laundering of

clothes. Vehicle decontamination involved repeated washings with

detergent and water (37).

3.3.2 Test Organization Radiological Protection Activities

The Radiological Health and Safety Group, consisting of

personnel from LASL, from the armed services, and from various

other civilian groups, planned and conducted radiation protection

activities at Shot UNCLE.

Dosimetry

Film badge records indicate that seven personnel from the

Radiological Health and Safety Group who participated in Shot

UNCLE had total gamma exposures over 3 roentgens. Their

exposures ranged from 3 to 3.5 roentgens. One participant

from Evans Signal Laboratory received a total exposure of

5.7 roentgens. Three Navy personnel received total exposures

of 3.1, 3.2, and 3.5 roentgens (23; 25; 73).

Several Air Force personnel received gamma exposures that

put them over the 3 roentgen limit: one participant from the

97th Bombardment Squadron received 3.1 roentgens; one participant

from Lackland AFB, Texas, received 3.6 roentgens; one AFSWP

97
participant received 3.8 roentgens; and one Technical Operations

Squadron participant received 5 roentgens. In addition, one

participant whose unit is identified as BUSTER-JANGLE in the film

badge records had an exposure of 4.7 roentgens (73).

Monitoring

The initial monitoring teams began their survey soon after

the detonation. They resurveyed the shot area during the next

several days. In addition to the ground survey teams, a team in

a helicopter conducted an aerial survey of Area 10, including all

roads leading into the shot area (62).

After the teams completed the initial ground and aerial

surveys, the Test Manager opened the shot area for limited

recovery operations. Recovery parties, each accompanied by a

radiological safety monitor, worked in the shot area from about

1330 to 1800 hours. They continued operations on subsequent

days.

The Fallout Study of the Radiological Health and Saf.ety

Group provided monitoring 16 to 320 kilometers from ground zero.

The study involved 32 personnel, one of whom was a DOD participant. As the study team noted, the Shot UNCLE cloud moved to the

northeast and "seemed to hang in the valleys." Study personnel

also observed that the wind reversed direction late in the

afternoon of shot-day, and fallout "returned and passed directly

over the CP" [Control Point]. The filter papers that collected

some of the fallout became "too hot to count even on the

following day" (102).

The three C-47 terrain survey aircraft provided offsite

monitoring. The aerial survey teams found maximum surface gamma

intensities lower than 0.02 R/h in all offsite areas surveyed

(55; 62).

98
Plotting

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in

plotting isointensitv contours. Figure 3-5 presents an

isointensitg plot showing the results of a resurvey conducted 19

hours after the detonation (62).

Decontamination

Records indicate that 275 ground vehicles were decontaminated during UNCLE (62). As at the BUSTER shots, radiation

levels were probably reduced to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated

washings of the vehicles with detergent and water.

99
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

. .

. .

l l . . . ...**.

.*

2 Rlh

-.-_--- 1 R/h

0 500 1000 ----- 0.1 R/h

I I I

. ..a.......O.Ol R/h

Figure 3-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT UNCLE, 30 NOVEMBER 1951,070O HOURS

100
REFERENCE LIST

The following list of references represents

only those documents consulted in the Shots

SUGAR and UNCLE volume. When a DASA-WT or

DNA-WT document is followed by an EX, the

latest version has been cited. The

bibliography of documents consulted during

the preparation of all three Operation

BUSTER-JANGLE reports is contained in the

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE volume.

101
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION

An availability statement has been included at the end of

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may

become available during the declassification review process. The

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number.

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC

may be reviewed at the following address:

Department of Energv

Coordination and Information Center

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical 8. Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number.

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling

(703) 487-4660.

102
OPERATION BUSTER-JANGLE

SHOTS SUGAR AND UNCLE REFERENCE LIST

1. Alexander, L. T.; et al. "Analysis of Test Site and

Fallout Material, JANGLE Project 2.8." (In:

Operation JANGLE, Particle Studies, WT-371-EX,

417 pages.) Department of Agriculture.

Washington,D. C.: DNA. WT-335. October 1979.

35 Pages. (A15) AD/A995 072.*

2. Allen, P. W.; et al. Transport of Radioactive Debris from

Operation BUSTER and JANGLE, Project 7.1.

Headquarters, Air Force. Washington, D. C.: DNA.

WT-308-EX. October 1979. 187 Pages. (A09)

AD/B951 736.*

3. Andrews, T. J.; et al. "Transient Ground Mechanical

Effects from HE and Nuclear Explosions, JANGLE

Pro.ject 1.2a-2." Ballistic Research Laboratories.

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-385. June 1952.

67 Pages.***

4. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. Summary Report:

Weapons Effects Tests, Operation JANGLE. Washington,

D. C.: DNA. WT-414-EX. October 197.9.

153 Pages. (A08) AD/A995 OOO.*

5. Armour Research Foundation. Air Force Structures Test,

JANGLE Pro,ject 3.3. Armour Research Foundation.

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-405. November

1952. 636 Pages.***

6. Ballou, N. E.; Bunney, L. R. "Nature and Distribution of

Residual Contamination II. JANGLE Project 2.6c-2."

(In: Operation JANGLE, RadiochemicalVMeasurements

and Sampling Techniques, WT-373-EX, 263 pages.)

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Washington,

D. C.: DNA. - WT-397. October 1979. 75 Pages.

(A12) AD/A995 013.*

7. Barr, H. C. "Ground Technical Photography Material

Operations, JANGLE Project 4.la-1." Sandia

Corporation. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-398.

November 1951. 29 Pages.***

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests sub.ject to Privacy Act restrictions.

103
8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Beach, D. E., Col., USA. "Observer's Report on Operation

Desert Rock III," w/o incls. [Carlisle, PA.: Army

War College.] December 1951. 5 Pages.** 

Bishop, J. A.; Lowance, F. E. "Physical Characteristics

of Crater and Lip, JANGLE Project 4.2." Naval Civil

Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory.

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-399. May 1952.

37 Pages.***

Bishop, J. A.; et al. "Engineer Soil Mechanics Tests,

JANGLE Project 3.29." Naval Civil Engineering

Research and Evaluation Laboratory. Washington,

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-336. February 1952. 53 Pages.

(A04) AD 801 300.*

Caris, E. J.; Terry, J. H. "Gamma Radiation as a Function

of Time with Droppable Telemeters, JANGLE 2.lb."

Naval Air Development Center. Washington, D. C.:

AFSWP. WT-392. April 1952. 55 Pages. (A04)

AD/A078 575.*

Chambers, F. W. "Gamma Depth Dose Measurements in UnitDensity Material,

Operation JANGLE,

JANGLE Project 2.4b." (In:

Biological Hazards, WT-372,

241 pages.) Naval Medical Research Institute.

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-332. May 1952.

36 Pages. (All) AD 611 250.*

Cook, G. W.; Kiley, W. P. "Detection of Time of Arrival

First Earth Motion, JANGLE Project 1.5b." David

Taylor Model Basin. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP.

WT-326. April 1952. 25 Pages.***

Costrell, L. "Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and

Distance, JANGLE 2.la.l' (In: Operation JANGLE,

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Eberhard, R. A.; et al. "Peak Air Blast Pressures from

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Emmquist, E. H. "Evaluation of the Potential Respiratory

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25. Forbes, M. B., LTC, USA; et al. "Remotely Controlled

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41. James, F. E. "Operational Tests of Techniques for

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56. Ohio River Division Laboratories. "Earth Displacement

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57. Olmsted, G. B. Detection of Airborne Low-Frequency Sound

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63. Singlevich, W.; Douthett, E. M. "Radiochemical, Chemical

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66. Tavlor. L. B. Historv of the Air Force Atomic Cloud

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70. Walsh, T. G. "Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation,

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71. Warren, Shields, M. D., Director, Div. of Biology and

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9 January 1952. 2 Pages.** 

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112
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Salt Lake City, UT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administraiton-RO

White River Junction, VT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Roanoke, VA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Cheyenne, WY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

San Diego, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Boise, ID

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Detroit, MI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Nashville, TN

ATTN: Director

The White House

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS

Lawrence Livermore National Lab

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library

Los Alamos National Lab

ATTN: Library

2 cv ATTN: ADPA MMS 195

Sandia National Lab

ATTN: W. Hereford

ATTN: Central Library

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Inc

ATTN: CIC

ATTN: W. Brady

116
OTHER

Adams State College

ATTN: Librn

Akron Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Alabama State Dept of Archives & History

ATTN: Military Records Div

University of Alabama

ATTN: Reference Dept/DocS

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage

ATTN: Librn

University of Alaska

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Albany Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Alexander City State Jr College

ATTN: Librn

Allegheny College

ATTN: Librn

Allen County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Altoona Area Public Library

ATTN: Librn

American Statistics Index

Congressional Info Service, Inc

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey

Anaheim Public Library

ATTN: Librn

College of Wooster

ATTN: Gov Dots

Angelo State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Anoka County Library

ATTN: Librn

Appalachian State University

ATTN: Library Dots

Arizona State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Arizona

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept/C. Bower

Arkansas College Library

ATTN: Library

Brooklyn College

ATTN: Dot Div

DTHER (Continued)

Arkansas Library Comm

ATTN: Library

Arkansas State University

ATTN: Library

University of Arkansas

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

Austin College

ATTN: Librn

Atlanta Public Library

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept

Atlanta University

ATTN: Librn

Auburn University Library at Mongomery (Reg)

ATTN: Librn

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University

ATTN: Librn

Bangor Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Bates College Library

ATTN: Librn

Baylor University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Beloit College Libraries

ATTN: Serials Dots Dept

Bemidji State College

ATTN: Library

State University College

ATTN: Gov Dots

Akron University

ATTN: Gov Dots

Boston Public Library (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Dept

Bowdoin College

ATTN: Librn

Bowling Green State University

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services

Bradley University

ATTN: Librn

Brandeis University Library

ATTN: Dots Section

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Librn

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots Collection

Brookhaven National Laboratory

ATTN: Tech Library

117
-

~-

OTHER (Continued)

Broward County Library Sys

ATTN: Librn

Brown University

ATTN: Librn

Bucknell University

ATTN: Reference Dept

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library

ATTN: Librn

State University Library of California at Fresno

ATTN: Library

University Library of California at Los Angeles

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots

University of California at San Diego

ATTN: Dots Dept

State College Library of California at Stanislaus

ATTN: Library

California State Polytechnic University Library

ATTN: Librn

California State University at Northridge

ATTN: Gov Dot

California State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Librn

California State University at Long Beach Library

ATTN: Librn

California State University

ATTN: Librn

California State University

ATTN: Librn

California University Library

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept

California University Library

ATTN: Librn

California University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

California University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of California

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Calvin College Library

ATTN: Librn

Kearney State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Carleton College Library

ATTN: Librn

CJTHER (Continued)

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Librn

Carnegie Mellon University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Carson Regional Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit

Case Western Reserve University

ATTN: Librn

Casper College

ATTN: Librn

University of Central Florida

ATTN: Library Dots Dept

Central Michigan University

ATTN: Library Dots Set

Central Missouri State Univ

ATTN: Gov Dots

Central State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

Central Washington University

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

Central Wyoming College Library

ATTN: Librn

Charleston County Library

ATTN: Librn

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public Library

ATTN: E. Correll

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial Library

ATTN: Librn

Chesapeake Public Library System

ATTN: Librn

Chicago Public Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

State University of Chicago

ATTN: Librn

Chicago University Library

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

ATTN: Dots Processing

Cincinnati University Library

ATTN: Librn

Claremont Colleges Libraries

ATTN: Dot Collection

Clemson University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

118
OTHER (Continued1

Cleveland Public Library

ATTN: Dots Collection

Cleveland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Coe Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Colgate University Library

ATTN: Ref Lib

Colorado State University Libraries

ATTN: Librn

University of Colorado Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Columbia University Library

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library

ATTN: Gen Ret Div

Compton Library

ATTN: Librn

Connecticut State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Librn

University of Connecticut

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut

University of Connecticut

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Cornell University Library

ATTN: Librn

Corpus Christi State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Culver City Library

ATTN: Librn

Curry College Library

ATTN: Librn

Dallas County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dallas Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dalton Junior College Library

ATTN: Librn

Dartmouth College

ATTN: Librn

Davenport Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Davidson College

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Dayton

ATTN: Librn

Decatur Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dekalb Community College So Cpus

ATTN: Librn

Delaware Pauw University

ATTN: Librn

University of Delaware

ATTN: Librn

Delta College Library

ATTN: Librn

Delta State University

ATTN: Librn

Denison University Library

ATTN: Librn

Denver Public Library (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Div

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg)

ATTN: Librn

Detroit Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Burlington Library

ATTN: Librn

Dickinson State College

ATTN: Librn

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11

ATTN: Librn

Drake University

ATTN: Cowles Library

Drew University

ATTN: Librn

Duke University

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept

Duluth Public Library

ATTN: Dots Set

East Carolina University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

East Central University

ATTN: Librn

East Islip Public Library

ATTN: Librn

119
DTHER (Continued)

East Orange Public Library

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

East Texas State University

ATTN: Library

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Kentucky University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Michigan University Library

ATTN: Library

Eastern Montana College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Eastern New Mexico University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Oregon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Washington University

ATTN: Librn

El Paso Public Library

ATTN: Dots & Geneology DePt

Elko County Library

ATTN: Librn

Elmira College

ATTN: Librn

Elon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Enoch Pratt Free Library

ATTN: Dots Oft

Emory University

ATTN: Librn

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Everett Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Fairleigh Dickinson University

ATTN: Depository Dept

Florida A & M University

ATTN: Librn

Florida Atlantic University Library

ATTN: Div of Pub Dots

OTHER (Continued)

Florida Institute of Technology

ATTN: Library

Florida International University Library

ATTN: DLCS Set

Florida State Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Florida State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Florida

ATTN: Dots Dept

Fond Du Lac Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Ft Hays State University

Ft Hays Kansas State College

ATTN: Librn

Ft Worth Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Free Public Library of Elizabeth

ATTN: Librn

Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Freeport Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Fresno Cty Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Gadsden Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Garden Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Gardner Webb College

ATTN: Dots Library

Gary Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Georgetown University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Room

Georgia Institute of Technology

ATTN: Librn

Georgia Southern College

ATTN: Librn

Georgia Southwestern College

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Georgia State University Library

ATTN: Librn

120
OTHER (Continued)

University of Georgia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Glassboro State College

ATTN: Librn

Gleeson Library

ATTN: Librn

Graceland College

ATTN: Librn

Grand Forks Public City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Grand Rapids Public Library

ATTN: Dir of Lib

Greenville County Library

ATTN: Librn

Guam RFK Memorial University Library

ATTN: Fed Depository ColJ

University of Guam

ATTN: Librn

Gustavus Adolphus College

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota University

ATTN: Librn

Hardin-Simmons University Library

ATTN: Librn

Hartford Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Dir of Lib

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Serials Ret Div

University of Hawaii Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Hawaii State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit

University of Hawaii at Monoa

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Hawaii

Hilo Campus Library

ATTN: Librn

Haydon Burns Library

ATTN: Librn

Hennepin County Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

Henry Ford Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Herbert H. Lehman College

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Hofstra University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hollins College

ATTN: Librn

Hopkinsville Community College

ATTN: Librn

Wagner College

ATTN: Librn

University of Houston Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Houston Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Tulane University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hoyt Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Humboldt State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Huntington Park Library

ATTN: Librn

Hutchinson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho Public Library & Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Idaho

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Illinois Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Gov Oocs Br

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Community College

ATTN: Library

Illinois State University

ATTN: Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State University

ATTN: Dots Library

121
OTHER (Continued) __-

Indiana University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Div

Iowa State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Iowa University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Butler University

ATTN: Librn

Isaac Delchdo College

ATTN: Librn

James Madison University

ATTN: Librn

Jefferson County Public Library

Lakewood Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Jersey City State College

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Dot Set

Johns Hopkins University

ATTN: Oocs Library

La Roche College

ATTN: Librn

Johnson Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kalamazoo Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas City Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kansas State Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Kansas

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

University of Texas

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime Academy

ATTN: Librn

DTHER (Continued)

Kent State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Kentucky

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lake Forest College

ATTN: Librn

Lake Sumter Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lakeland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Lancaster Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Lawrence University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots & Map Set

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc

2 cy ATTN: Librn

Earlham College

ATTN: Librn

Little Rock Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Long Beach Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Los Angeles Public Library

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots

Louisiana State University

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisville University Library

ATTN: Librn

Hoover Institution

ATTN: J. Bingham

University of Maine

ATTN: Librn

122
OTHER (Continued)

Manchester City Library

ATTN: Librn

Mankato State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs

University of Maine at Farmington

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Principia College

ATTN: Librn

University of Maryland

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div

University of Maryland

ATTN: Librn

University of Massachusetts

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public Library

Kahului Branch

ATTN: Librn

McNeese State University

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memohis State UniVerSity

ATTN: Librn

Mercer University

ATTN: Librn

Mesa County Public

ATTN: Librn

Library

Miami Dade Conniunity College

ATTN: Librn

University of Miami Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs

Miami Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Miami University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa Clara

ATTN: Dots Div

Michigan State Library

ATTN: Librn

Michig;;T.tate University Library

: Librn

MurrayA;;;te University Library

; Lib

OTHER (Continued)

Michigan Tech University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of Michigan

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College Library

ATTN: Librn

Millersville State College

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Minnesota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State College

ATTN: Librn

Mississippi State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Mississippi

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City General

ATTN: Librn

University of Missouri Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

M.I.T. Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Mobile Public Library

ATTN: Gov Info Div

Midwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Montana State Library

ATTN: Librn

Montana State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Montana

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello Library

ATTN: Librn

Moorhead State College

ATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public Library

ATTN: Cov't Info Ctr

123
OTHER (Continued)

Nassau Library System

ATTN: Librn

Natrona County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nebraska Library Community

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska at Omaha

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots

Nebraska Western College Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska Library

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

University of Nevada Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las Vegas

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University Library

ATTN: Librn

New Hanover County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

University of New Mexico

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of New Orleans Library

ATTN: Gov Does Div

New Orleans Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York State Library

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of New York at Stony Brook

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib

at Cortland

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

North Texas State University Librarl'

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

New York State University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Dept

New York University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Newark Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Newark Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Niagara Falls Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nicholls State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Norfolk Public Library

ATTN: R. Parker

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State

University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina Central University

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina State University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University Library

ATTN: Dots Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Librn

North Ceorpia College

ATTN: Librn

Minnesota Div cf Emergency SVCS

ATTN: Librn

124
DTHER (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State University

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State University

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern University

ATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Northern Michigan University

ATTN: Dots

Northern Montana College Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern Michigan College

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois University

ATTN: Library

University of Notre Dame

ATTN: Dot Ctr

Oakland Community College

ATTN: Librn

Oakland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Oberlin College Library

ATTN: Librn

Ocean County College

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State Library

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Ohio University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Oklahoma Department of Libraries

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of Oklahoma

ATTN: Dots Div

Old Dominion University

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib

Olivet College Library

ATTN: Librn

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch

ATTN: Librn

Onondaga County Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

Oregon State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Oregon

ATTN: Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist University

ATTN: Librn

Pan American University Library

ATTN: Librn

Passaic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Queens College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Pennsylvania State Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State University

ATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of Pennsylvania

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Denver

ATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public Library

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of Philadelphia

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public Library

ATTN: Library

Phoenix Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Dots Office, 68

Plainfield Public Library

ATTN: Librn

125
OTHER (Continued)

Popular Creek Public Library District

ATTN: Librn

Association of Portland Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Pratt Institute Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisiana Tech University

ATTN: Librn

Princeton University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Providence College

ATTN: Librn

Providence Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County

ATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County

ATTN: Librn

University of Puerto Rico

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University Library

ATTN: Librn

Quinebaug Valley Community College

ATTN: Librn

Auburn University

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reading Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reed College Library

ATTN: Librn

Augusta College

ATTN: Librn

University of Rhode Island Library

ATTN: .Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode

ATTN: Dir of

Rice University

ATTN: Dir of

Louisiana College

ATTN: Librn

Island

Libraries

Libraries

DTHER (Continued)

Richland County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Riverside Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Rochester Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden Library

ATTN: Librn

State University of Rutgers

ATTN: Librn

Rutgers University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

Salem College Library

ATTN: Librn

Samford University

ATTN: Librn

San Antonio Public Library

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept

San Diego County Library

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

San Diego Public Library

ATTN: Librn

San Diego State University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

San Francisco Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

San Francisco State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11

San Jose State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

San Luis Obispo City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional

Library

ATTN: Librn

Scottsbluff Public Librarv

ATTN: Librn

Scranton Public Librarv

ATTN: Librn

Seattle Public Librarv

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst

University of Richmond

ATTN: Library

126
OTHER (Continued1

Selby Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Shawnee Library System

ATTN: Librn

Shreve Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Silas Bronson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Sioux City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Skidmore College

ATTN: Librn

Slippery Rock State College Library

ATTN: Librn

South Carolina State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Gov Dots

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

University of South Dakota

ATTN: Dots Librn

South Florida University Library

ATTN: Librn

Southeast Missouri State University

ATTN: Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Southern Alabama

ATTN: Librn

Southern California University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State College

ATTN: Library

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

Southern Methodist University

ATTN: Librn

University of Southern Mississippi

ATTN: Library

OTHER (Continued)

Southern Oregon College

ATTN: Library

Southern University in New Orleans Library

ATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State College

ATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Southwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Spokane Public Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Springfield City Library

ATTN: Dots Set

St Bonaventure University

ATTN: Librn

St Joseph Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Lawrence University

ATTN: Librn

St Louis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Paul Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stanford University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

State Historical Sot Library

ATTN: Dots Serials Set

State Library of Massachusetts

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

Stetson University

ATTN: Librn

University of Steubenville

ATTN: Librn

Stockton E San Joaquin Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stockton State College Library

ATTN: Librn

127
GTHER (Continued) UTHER (Continuedi

Superior Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Swarth;;n; College Library

: Ref Dept

Syracuse University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Tacoma Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa

ATTN': Librn

Temple University

ATTN: Librn

Tennessee Technological University

ATTN: Librn

University of Tennessee

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

College of Idaho

ATTN: Librn

Texas A & M University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Texas at Arlington

ATTN: Library Dots

University of Texas at San Antonio

Texas

Texas

Texas

Texas

ATTN: Library

Christian University

ATTN: Librn

State Library

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set

Tech University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

University at Austin

ATTN: Dots Co11

University of Toledo Library

ATTN: Librn

Toledo Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center Library

ATTN: Librn

Traverse City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trenton Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity University Library

ATTN: oocs co11

Tufts University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Tulsa

ATTN: Librn

UCLA Research Library

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences

ATTN: LRC Library

University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Maine at Oreno

ATTN: Librn

University of Northern Iowa

ATTN: Library

Upper Iowa College

ATTN: Dots Co11

Utah State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Utah

ATTN: Special Collections

University of Utah

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology

Valencia Library

ATTN: Librn

Vanderbilt University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of Vermont

ATTN; Dir of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth University

ATTN: Cibrn

Virginia Military Institute

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Virginia State Library

ATTN: Serials Set

University of Virginia

ATTN: Pub Dots

Volusia County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

128
OTHER (Continued)

Washington State Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Washington State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

Washington University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Washington

ATTN: Dots Oiv

Wayne State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Wayne State University Law Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Wesleyan University

ATTN: Dots Librn

West Chester State College

ATTN: Oocs Dept

West Covina Library

ATTN: Librn

University of West Florida

ATT:{: Librn

West Hills Community College

ATTN: Library

West Texas State University

ATTN: Library

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library

ATTN: Librn

University of West Virginia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Carolina University

ATTN: Librn

Western Illinois University Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Washington University

ATTN: Librn

Western Wyoming Comunity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Westmoreland City Community College

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

PTHER (Continued)

Whitman College

ATTN: Librn

Wichita State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Williams & Mary College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College Library

ATTN: Librn

Willimantic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Winthrop College

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

ATTN: Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh

ATTN: Librn

University of Wisconsin at Platteville

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Wright State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

Wyoming State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Wyoming

ATTN: Dots Div

Yale University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva University

ATTN: Librn

Yuma City County Library

ATTN: Librn

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1

ATTN: Librn

129
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS

Advanced Research & Applications Corp

ATTN: H. Lee

JAYCOR

ATTN: A. Nelson

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: DASIAC

ATTN: E. Martin

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: R. Mil'ler

Science Applications, Inc

JRU Associates Div

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: C. Jones

National Academy of Sciences

ATTN: C. Robinette

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE

Science Applications, Inc

ATTN: Tech Lib

R & 0 Associates

ATTN: P. Haas

130