# Patent

## Title
Process for production of optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile

## Abstract

The present invention provides a method for preparing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile with high yield. Optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is prepared by stereoselectively reducing 3-ketopentanenitrile by action of an enzyme, which asymmetrically reduces 3-ketopentanenitrile to optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile. Also, alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile, which is a stable compound without problems regarding storage, can be efficiently obtained.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a nationalization of PCT Application No. PCT/JP02/10312 filed Oct. 3, 2002. This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-309682 filed on Oct. 5, 2001.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a process for preparing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile. Optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is a compound that is useful as a synthetic raw material and an intermediate of pharmaceutical products or agricultural chemicals, which require optical activity.
BACKGROUND ART
As a process for preparing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile, known is the optical resolution method (J. Org. Chem., 62, 9165 (1997)), wherein 3-acetoxynitrile compound which is a racemic body is hydrolyzed in the presence of thio-crown ether using a lipase derived from Pseudomonas cepacia. However, because this method is an optical resolution method, the yield of one enantiomer is low, that is at most 50%, and therefore is not satisfactory. Also, because the optical purity of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is low and thio-crown ether is added to improve the discrimination of an enzyme, industrial operation is difficult when considering cost and safety.
Also, a method for synthesizing 3-ketopentanenitrile, which is used as a raw material for preparing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile in the present invention, is already known (WO94/21617). However, the obtained 3-ketopentanenitrile is known to be an unstable compound and to polymerize on its own (Aust. J. Chem., 44, 1263, (1991)). Therefore, 3-ketopentanenitrile is difficult to store over a long period of time and difficult to use from an industrial viewpoint.
As a result of intensive studies to develop an efficient process for preparing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile, the present inventors have newly discovered an enzyme source, which has ability to stereoselectively reduce and convert 3-ketopentanenitrile into optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile. Thus, the present invention was achieved.
Furthermore, as a result of studies focusing on alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile in order to avoid problems regarding storage due to unstableness of 3-ketopentanenitrile, a process for efficiently obtaining alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile, which is a stable compound without problems regarding storage, has been discovered. Thus, the present invention was achieved.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
That is, the present invention relates to a process for preparing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile represented by the following formula (1):




wherein an enzyme, which asymmetrically reduces 3-ketopentanenitrile to optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile, acts upon 3-ketopentanenitrile represented by the following formula (2):





to obtain optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile.

The enzyme is preferably an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Arthroascus genus, Candida genus, Cryptococcus genus, Debaromyces genus, Dekkera genus, Dipodascus genus, Geotrichum genus, Guilliermondella genus, Hyphopichia genus, Issatchenkia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Komagataella genus, Lipomyces genus, Lodderomyces genus, Metschnikowia genus, Ogataea genus, Pichia genus, Rhodotorula genus, Rhodsporidium genus, Schizoblastosporion genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Stephanoascus genus, Torulaspora genus, Trichosporon genus, Williopsis genus, Yarrowia genus, Acidephilium genus, Agrobacterium genus, Alcaligenes genus, Arthrobacter genus, Brevundimonas genus, Cellulomonas genus, Comamonas genus, Microbacterium genus, Paenibacillus genus, Rhodococcus genus, Citeromyces genus, Achromobacter genus, Corynebacterium genus, Devosia genus, Hofnia genus, Proteus genus, Providencia genus, Pseudomonas genus, Absidia genus, Aegerita genus, Agrocybe genus, Amylostereum genus, Aspergillus genus, Corynascucs genus, Dendryphiella genus, Emericella genus, Fusarium genus, Gibberella genus, Glomerella genus, Macrophoma genus, Micronectriella genus, Mortierella genus, Mucor genus, Nannizzia genus, Penicillium genus, Phialophora genus, Rhizopus genus, Sclerotinia genus, Sclerotium genus and Streptomyces genus; and/or a purified enzyme obtained from the microorganism.
The absolute configuration of the produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is preferably R-configuration and the enzyme is preferably an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Arthroascus genus, Candida genus, Cryptococcus genus, Debaryomyces genus, Dekkera genus, Geotrichum genus, Guilliermondella genus, Issatchenkia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Komagataella genus, Lipomyces genus, Lodderomyces genus, Metschnikowia genus, Ogataea genus, Pichia genus, Rhodotorula genus, Rhodsporidium genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Stephanoascus genus, Torulaspora genus, Trichosporon genus, Williopsis genus, Yarrowia genus, Acidephilium genus, Agrobacterium genus, Alcaligenes genus, Arthrobacter genus, Cellulomonas genus, Comamonas genus, Microbacterium genus, Rhodococcus genus, Citeromyces genus, Achromobacter genus, Corynebacterium genus, Devosia genus, Hofnia genus, Proteus genus, Providencia genus, Absidia genus, Aegerita genus, Agrocybe genus, Amylostereum genus, Aspergillus genus, Corynascucs genus, Dendryphiella genus, Emericella genus, Fusarium genus, Gibberella genus, Glomerella genus, Macrophoma genus, Micronectriella genus, Mortierella genus, Mucor genus, Nannizzia genus, Penicillium genus, Phialophor genus, Rhizopus genus, Sclerotinia genus, Sclerotium genus and Streptomyces genus; and/or a purified enzyme obtained from the microorganism.
The absolute configuration of the produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is preferably R-configuration and the enzyme is preferably an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Arthroascus javanensis, Candida cantarellii, Candida fennica, Candida glabrata, Candida gropengiesseri, Candida, Candida maris, Candida melinii, Candida musae, Candida pararugosa, Candida pinus, Candida sorbophila, Candida tenuis, Candida utilis, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cryptococcus humicolus, Debaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryi, Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii, Debaryomyces marama, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Dekkera anomala, Geotrichum candidum, Geotrichum eriense, Geotrichum fermentans, Guilliermondella selenospora, Issatchenkia orientalis, Issatchenkia terricola, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Komagataella pastoris, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Metschnikowia gruessii, Ogataea pini, Ogataea wickerhamii, Pichia anomala, Pichia canadensis, Pichia jadinii, Pichia petersonii, Pichia rhodanensis, Pichia silvicola, Pichia triangularis, Rhodotorula lactosa, Rhodotorula rubra, Rhodsporidium diobovatum, Rhodsporidium sphaerocarpum, Rhodsporidium toruloides, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis, Stephanoascus ciferrii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Trichosporon cutaneum, Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii, Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus, Williopsis saturnus var. suaveolens, Yarrowia lipolytica, Acidephilium cryptum, Agrobacterium tumefacience, Alcaligenes sp., Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans, Arthrobacter protophomiae, Cellulomonas gelida, Comamonas testosteroni, Microbacterium arborescens, Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Candida magnoliae, Citeromyces matritensis, Pichia bispora, Trichosporon loubieri var. loubieri, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium flavescens, Devosia riboflavina, Hofnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Absidia coerulea, Absidia hyalospora, Aegerita candida, Agrocybe cylyndracea, Amylostereum areolatum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus phoenicis, Aspergillus sojae, Corynascucs sepedonium, Dendryphiella salina, Emericella nidulans var. nidulans, Emericella unguis, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium anguioides, Gibberella fujikuroi, Glomerella cingulata, Macrophoma commelinae, Micronectriella cucumeris, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora, Mucor tuberculisporus, Mucor inaequisporus, Nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata, Penicillium chermesium, Penicillium expansum, Phialophora fastigiata, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium delphinii, Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. asoensis and Streptomyces sp.; and/or a purified enzyme obtained from the microorganism.
The absolute configuration of the produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is preferably S-configuration and the enzyme is preferably an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Candida genus, Dipodascus genus, Geotrichum genus, Hyphopichia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Pichia genus, Schizoblastosporion genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Brevundimonas genus, Paenibacillus genus, Rhodotorula genus, Pseudomonas genus and Streptomyces genus; and/or a purified enzyme obtained from the microorganism.
The absolute configuration of the produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is preferably S-configuration and the enzyme is preferably an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Candida albicans, Candida haemulonii, Candida intermedia, Candida maltosa, Candida mogii, Candida oleophila, Dipodascus ovetensis, Dipodascus tetrasperma, Geotrichum fragrans, Hypopichia burtonii, Kluyveromyces polysporus, Pichia stipitis, Schizoblastosporion kobayasii, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis, Brevundimonas diminuta, Paenibacillus alvei, Rhodotorula glutinis var. dairenensis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas mendocina, Streptomyces coelescens and Streptomyces hydrogenans; and/or a purified enzyme obtained from the microorganism.
Either or both of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) preferably coexists with an enzyme that reduces each to a reduced form and a substrate for reducing.
An alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile represented by the following formula (3):




(wherein M represents an alkali metal) is preferably used as 3-ketopentanenitrile.

The present invention also relates to a process for preparing an alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile, which comprises synthesizing 3-ketopentanenitrile from propionic acid ester and acetonitirle in the presence of an alkali metal base; and obtaining 3-ketopentanenitrile from the reaction system as an alkali metal salt represented by the following formula (3):




(wherein M represents an alkali metal).



BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention is described below.
The 3-ketopentanenitrile used as the substrate of the present invention can be synthesized by the method described in WO94/21617.
The enzyme used in the present invention is an enzyme that converts 3-ketopentanenitrile into optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile. Specifically, examples are reductase and dehydrogenase, which reduce a carbonyl group into a hydroxyl group. These enzymes are present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance of the cell or are purified and in the present invention, these may be used alone or in a combination of two or more kinds.
A microorganism having ability to convert 3-ketopentanenitrile into optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile can be found, for example, from the method described below. A test tube is charged with 5 ml of a liquid medium (pH 7) comprising 40 g of glucose, 3 g of yeast extract, 6.5 g of diammonium hydrogenphosphate, 1 g of potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 0.8 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 60 mg of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 90 mg of iron sulfate heptahydrate, 5 mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 10 mg of manganese sulfate tetrahydrate and 100 mg of sodium chloride (all per 1 L) and sterilized. Then, the microorganism is aseptically inoculated and cultured by shaking at 30° C. for 2 to 3 days. Subsequently, the cells are collected by centrifugation and suspended in 1 to 5 ml of a phosphate buffer solution containing 2 to 10% of glucose. The suspension is added to a test tube in which 2.5 to 25 mg of 3-ketopentanenitrile is added in advance and shaken for 2 to 3 days at 30° C. At this time, a substance obtained by drying the centrifugalized cells in a desiccator or by acetone can also be used.
The microorganism used in the present invention can be any microorganism, as long as the microorganism has ability to convert 3-ketopentanenitrile into optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile. Examples are microorganisms belonging to Arthroascus genus, Candida genus, Cryptococcus genus, Debaryomyces genus, Dekkera genus, Dipodascus genus, Geotrichum genus, Guilliermondella genus, Hyphopichia genus, Issatchenkia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Komagataella genus, Lipomyces genus, Lodderomyces genus, Metschnikowia genus, Ogataea genus, Pichia genus, Rhodotorula genus, Rhodsporidium genus, Schizoblastosporion genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Stephanoascus genus, Torulaspora genus, Trichosporon genus, Williopsis genus, Yarrowia genus, Acidephilium genus, Agrobacterium genus, Alcaligenes genus, Arthrobacter genus, Brevundimonas genus, Cellulomonas genus, Comamonas genus, Microbacterium genus, Paenibacillus genus, Rhodococcus genus, Citeromyces genus, Achromobacter genus, Corynebacterium genus, Devosia genus, Hofnia genus, Proteus genus, Providencia genus, Pseudomonas genus, Absidia genus, Aegerita genus, Agrocybe genus, Amylostereum genus, Aspergillus genus, Corynascucs genus, Dendryphiella genus, Emericella genus, Fusarium genus, Gibberella genus, Glomerella genus, Macrophoma genus, Micronectriella genus, Mortierella genus, Mucor genus, Nannizzia genus, Penicillium genus, Phialophora genus, Rhizopus genus, Sclerotinia genus, Sclerotium genus and Streptomyces genus.
Particularly, when converting into 3-hydroxypentanenitrile whose absolute configuration is R-configuration, preferable microorganisms are microorganisms belonging to Arthroascus genus, Candida genus, Cryptococcus genus, Debaryomyces genus, Dekkera genus, Geotrichum genus, Guilliermondella genus, Issatchenkia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Komagataella genus, Lipomyces genus, Lodderomyces genus, Metschnikowia genus, Ogataea genus, Pichia genus, Rhodotorula genus, Rhodsporidium genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Stephanoascus genus, Torulaspora genus, Trichosporon genus, Williopsis genus, Yarrowia genus, Acidephilium genus, Agrobacterium genus, Alcaligenes genus, Arthrobacter genus, Cellulomonas genus, Comamonas genus, Microbacterium genus, Rhodococcus genus, Citeromyces genus, Achromobacter genus, Corynebacterium genus, Devosia genus, Hofnia genus, Proteus genus, Providencia genus, Absidia genus, Aegerita genus, Agrocybe genus, Amylostereum genus, Aspergillus genus, Corynascucs genus, Dendryphiella genus, Emericella genus, Fusarium genus, Gibberella genus, Glomerella genus, Macrophoma genus, Micronectriella genus, Mortierella genus, Mucor genus, Nannizzia genus, Penicillium genus, Phialophora genus, Rhizopus genus, Sclerotinia genus, Sclerotium genus and Streptomyces genus. Further preferable examples are Arthroascus javanensis, Candida cantarellii, Candida fennica, Candida glabrata, Candida gropengiesseri, Candida keyr, Candida maris, Candida melinii, Candida musae, Candida pararugosa, Candida pinus, Candida sorbophila, Candida tenuis, Candida utilis, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cryptococcus humicolus, Debaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryi, Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii, Debaryomyces marama, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Dekkera anomala, Geotrichum candidum, Geotrichum eriense, Geotrichum fermentans, Guilliermondella selenospora, Issatchenkia orientalis, Issatchenkia terricola, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Komagataella pastoris, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Metschnikowia gruessii, Ogataea pini, Ogataea wickerhamii, Pichia anomala, Pichia canadensis, Pichia jadinii, Pichia petersonii, Pichia rhodanensis, Pichia silvicola, Pichia triangularis, Rhodotorula lactosa, Rhodotorula rubra, Rhodsporidium diobovatum, Rhodsporidium sphaerocarpum, Rhodsporidium toruloides, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis, Stephanoascus ciferrii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Trichosporon cutaneum, Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii, Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus, Williopsis saturnus var. suaveolens, Yarrowia lipolytica, Acidephilium cryptum, Agrobacterium tumefacience, Alcaligenes sp., Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans, Arthrobacter protophormiae, Cellulomonas gelida, Comamonas testosteroni, Microbacterium arborescens, Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Candida magnoliae, Citeromyces matritensis, Pichia bispora, Trichosporon loubieri var. loubieri, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium flavescens, Devosia riboflavina, Hofnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Absidia coerulea, Absidia hyalospora, Aegerita candida, Agrocybe cylyndracea, Amylostereum areolatum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus phoenicis, Aspergillus sojae, Corynascucs sepedonium, Dendryphiella salina, Emericella nidulans var. nidulans, Emericella unguis, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium anguioides, Gibberella fujikuroi, Glomerella cingulata, Macrophoma commelinae, Micronectriella cucumeris, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora, Mucor tuberculisporus, Mucor inaequisporus, Nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata, Penicillium chermesium, Penicillium expansum, Phialophora fastigiata, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium delphinii, Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. asoensis and Streptomyces sp.
When converting into 3-hydroxypentanenitrile whose absolute configuration is S-configuration, preferable microorganisms are microorganisms belonging to Candida genus, Dipodascus genus, Geotrichum genus, Hyphopichia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Pichia genus, Schizoblastosporion genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Brevundimonas genus, Paenibacillus genus, Rhodotorula genus, Pseudomonas genus and Streptomyces genus. Further preferable examples are Candida albicans, Candida haemulonii, Candida intermedia, Candida maltosa, Candida mogii, Candida oleophila, Dipodascus ovetensis, Dipodascus tetrasperma, Geotrichum fragrans, Hypopichia burtonii, Kluyveromyces polysporus, Pichia stipitis, Schizoblastosporion kobayasii, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis, Brevundimonas diminuta, Paenibacillus alvei, Rhodotorula glutinis var. dairenensis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas mendocina, Streptomyces coelescens and Streptomyces hydrogenans. 
When obtaining 3-hydroxypentanenitrile whose absolute configuration is R-configuration, specific examples of the microorganism are Arthroascus javanensis IFO1848, Candida cantarellii IFO1261, Candida fennica CBS6087, Candida glabrata IFO0005, Candida gropengiesseri IFO0659, Candida kefyr IAM4880, Candida maris IFO10003, Candida melinii IFO0747, Candida musae IFO1582, Candida pararugosa IFO0966, Candida pinus IFO0741, Candida sorbophila IFO1583, Candida tenuis IFO0716, Candida utilis IFO0639, Cryptococcus curvatus IFO1159, Cryptococcus humicolus CBS2822, Debaryomyces hansenii IFO0063, Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryi IFO0015, Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii IFO0032, Debaryomyces marama IFO0668, Debaryomyces nepalensis IFO0039, Dekkera anomala IFO0627, Geotrichum candidum CBS187.67, Geotrichum eriense ATCC22311, Geotrichum fermentans CBS452.83, Guilliermondella selenospora IFO 1850, Issatchenkia orientalis IFO 1279, Issatchenkia terricola IFO0933, Kluyveromyces marxianus IFO0288, Komagataell pastoris IFO0948, Komagataella pastoris IFO1013, Lipomyces starkeyi IFO0678, Lodderomyces elongisporus IFO1676, Metschnikowia bicuspidata IFO1408, Metschnikowia gruessii IFO0749, Ogataea pini IFO1342, Ogataea wickerhamii IFO1706, Pichia anomala IFO0120, Pichia anomala IFO0144, Pichia anomala IFO0146, Pichia canadensis IFO0976, Pichia jadinii IFO0987, Pichia petersonii IFO 1372, Pichia rhodanensis IFO1272, Pichia silvicola IFO0807, Pichia triangularis IFO0836, Rhodotorula lactosa IFO1423, Rhodotorula rubra IFO0383, Rhodsporidium diobovatum IFO0688, Rhodsporidium sphaerocarpum IFO1438, Rhodsporidium toruloides IFO0413, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis IFO1840, Stephanoascus ciferrii IFO1854, Torulaspora delbrueckii IFO0381, Trichosporon cutaneum ATCC4151, Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii IFO0895, Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus IFO0992, Williopsis saturnus var. suaveolens IFO0809, Yarrowia lipolytica IFO1741, Acidephilium cyptum IFO14242, Agrobacterium tumefacience IFO12667, Agrobacterium tumefacience IFO13265, Alcaligenes sp. IFO 14130, Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans ATCC15173, Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans IFO12669, Arthrobacter protophormiae IFO12128, Cellulomonas gelida IFO3748, Comamonas testosteroni IFO12048, Microbacterium arborescens IFO3750, Rhodococcus equi JCM1313, Rhodococcus erythropolis IAM1452, Rhodococcus erythropolis IFO12538, Rhodococcus erythropolis IFO 12539, Rhodococcus rhodochrous IFO3338, Candida magnoliae IFO0705, Citeromyces matritensis IFO0651, Pichia bispora IFO0803, Trichosporon loubieri var. loubieri CBS7065, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes IFO 12072, Corynebacterium flavescens IFO14136, Devosia riboflavina IFO13584, Hofnia alvei IFO3731, Proteus vulgaris IFO3167, Providencia alcalifaciens IFO12931, Absidia coerulea IFO4011, Absidia hyalospora IFO8082, Aegerita candida IFO6988, Agrocybe cylyndracea IFO30299, Amylostereum areolatum IFO9221, Aspergillus niger IFO4091, Aspergillus phoenicis IFO6670, Aspergillus sojae IFO4244, Corynascucs sepedonium IFO30067, Dendryphiella salina IFO8281, Emericella nidulans var. nidulans IFO4340, Emericella unguis IFO8087, Fusarium oxysporum IFO5942, Fusarium anguioides IFO4467, Gibberella fujikuroi IFO6603, Glomerella cingulata IFO5257, Macrophoma commelinae IFO9569, Micronectriella cucumeris IFO30005, Mortierella isabellina IFO7829, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora IFO6744, Mucor tuberculisporus IFO9256, Mucor inaequisporus IFO8624, Nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata IFO8306, Penicillium chermesium IFO5800, Penicillium expansum IFO5854, Phialophora fastigiata IFO6850, Rhizopus niveus IFO4759, Rhizopus oryzae IFO4705, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO4876, Sclerotium delphinii IFO7337, Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. asoensis IFO13813 and Streptomyces sp. IFO13020. When obtaining 3-hydroxypentanenitrile whose absolute configuration is S-configuration, examples of the microorganism are Candida albicans IFO0759, Candida haemulonii IFO10001, Candida intermedia IFO0761, Candida maltosa IFO1977, Candida mogii IFO0436, Candida oleophila CBS2219, Dipodascus ovetensis IFO1201, Dipodascus tetrasperma CBS765.70, Geotrichum fragrans CBS 164.32, Hypopichia burtonii IFO0844, Kluyveromyces polysporus IFO0996, Pichia stipitis CBS6054, Schizoblastosporion kobayasii IFO1644, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis IFO0371, Brevundimonas diminuta IFO12697, Paenibacillus alvei IFO3343, Rhodotorula glutinis var. dairenensis IFO0415, Pseudomonas stutzeri IFO13596, Pseudomonas mendocina IFO14162, Streptomyces coelescens IFO13378 and Streptomyces hydrogenans IFO13475.
These microorganisms can usually be obtained from easily obtainable stock strain and can also be isolated from nature. These microorganisms can also be mutated to obtain a strain having properties which are advantageous to the present reaction. Examples of properties which are advantageous to the present invention are improvement of specific activity to 3-ketopentanenitrile and improvement of stereoselectivity. Also, a gene which encodes an enzyme that asymmetrically reduces 3-ketopentanenitrile to optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile can be isolated from these microorganisms by a genetic engineering procedure and introduced into any microorganism.
For culturing these microorganisms, usually any medium containing a nutrition source that these microorganisms can assimilate can be used. For example, a common medium, in which a nutrition source, for example, carbon source such as saccharides including glucose, sucrose and maltose, organic acids including lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid and propionic acid, alcohols including ethanol and glycerin, hydrocarbons including paraffin, fats including soya bean oil and rapeseed oil and mixtures thereof; nitrogen source such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, urea, yeast extract, meat extract, peptone and corn-steep liquor; other inorganic salts and vitamins are mixed and compounded accordingly, can be used. The medium can be selected according to the type of microorganism which is used.
The microorganisms can generally be cultured under the usual conditions. For example, culturing aerobically in pH of 4.0 to 9.5 and a temperature range of 20 to 45° C. for 10 to 96 hours is preferable. When the pH is less than 4.0 or more than 9.5 or the temperature is less than 20° C. or more than 45° C., depending on the microorganism to be cultured, the microorganism may not proliferate or the proliferation rate may be extremely slow. When reacting a microorganism with 3-ketopentanenitrile, usually the culture solution itself containing cells of the microorganism can be used for the reaction and concentrate of the culture solution can also be used. Examples of the concentration method are the method of collecting the cells from the culture solution by centrifugation or filtration and then suspending in a small amount of culture supernatant, water or buffer solution and the method of using a centrifugal concentrator. In the case that components in the culture solution affect the reaction, the cells obtained by centrifuging the culture solution or a treated substance thereof can be used.
The treated substance of the microorganism is not particularly limited and examples are dry cells obtained by dehydration with acetone or diphosphorus pentaoxide or by drying using a desiccator or fan, surfactant-treated substances, lytic enzyme-treated substances, immobilized cells or cell-free extract samples in which the cells are fractured. Furthermore, an enzyme that catalyzes the asymmetric reduction reaction can be purified from the culture and used.
In the reduction reaction, 3-ketopentanenitrile which is the substrate can be added all at once in the beginning of the reaction or divided into portions along with the progression of the reaction. As the substrate of the reaction, alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile described below can be used as well. The temperature when reacting is preferably 10 to 60° C., more preferably 20 to 40° C. and the pH when reacting is preferably 2.5 to 9, more preferably 5 to 9. When the temperature is less than 10° C. or more than 60° C. or the pH is less than 2.5 or more than 9, depending on the enzyme source which is used, the reaction may not progress or the reaction rate may become extremely slow.
The amount of the enzyme in the reaction solution can be determined according to the ability of the enzyme to reduce the substrate. The concentration of the substrate in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 to 50% (W/V), more preferably 0.1 to 30% (W/V). When the concentration of the substrate is less than 0.01% (W/V), the amount of 3-hydroxy-pentanetnitrile produced based on the reaction solution is small and efficiency is poor. When the concentration of the substrate is more than 50% (W/V), there is a high possibility that unreacted substrates remain and productivity tends to become poor. The reaction is usually conducted by shaking or aeration agitation. The reaction time is determined according to the concentration of the substrate, the amount of the enzyme and other reaction conditions. Usually, each condition is preferably adjusted so that the reaction finishes in 2 to 168 hours.
In order to advance the reduction reaction, adding an energy source such as glucose, ethanol or isopropanol in a ratio of 0.5 to 30% in the reaction solution is preferable, as excellent effects can be obtained. The reaction can also be advanced by adding a coenzyme such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (hereinafter referred to as NADH) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (hereinafter referred to as NADPH), which are usually considered to be necessary in a reduction reaction by a biological method. Specifically, in such a case, the coenzymes are added directly to the reaction solution.
Also, in order to advance the reduction reaction, reacting an enzyme, which reduces NAD+ or NADP+ to a reduced form, with a substrate for reducing by coexisting is preferable, as excellent results can be obtained. For example, glucose dehydrogenase as the enzyme that reduces to a reduced form and glucose as the substrate for reducing can coexist or formate dehydrogenase as the enzyme that reduces to a reduced form and formic acid as the substrate for reducing can coexist.
The amount of glucose used is to be at least equimolar to 3-ketopentanenitrile and the amount of glucose dehydrogenase is determined according to the relationship with activity of the reducing enzyme. In the same way, the amount of the formic acid is to be at least equimolar to 3-ketopentanenitrile and the amount of formate dehydrogenase is determined according to the relationship with activity of the reducing enzyme.
Also, adding a surfactant such as Triton (available from Nacalai Tesque, Inc.), Span (available from Kanto Kagaku) and Tween (available from Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) to the reaction solution is effective. Furthermore, in order to avoid inhibition of the reaction due to the substrate and/or alcohol body which is a product of the reduction reaction, a water-insoluble organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isopropyl ether, toluene and hexane can be added. In order to improve the solubility of the substrate, a water-soluble organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofurane and dimethylsulfoxide can be added.
The method for collecting optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile produced from the reduction reaction is not particularly limited. However, high-purity optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile can easily be obtained by directly extracting the reaction solution or extracting the substance obtained by separating cells from the reaction solution with a solvent such as ethyl acetate, toluene, t-butyl methyl ether or hexane, dehydrating and purifying by distillation or silica gel column chromatography.
After the conversion reaction, extraction is conducted with a suitable organic solvent and by analyzing the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile with capillary gas chromatography, the molar yield, absolute configuration and optical purity of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile can be found.
Below, alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile is described.
In the presence of an alkali metal base, 3-ketopentanenitrile is synthesized from propionic acid ester and acetonitrile. Preferable examples of the alkali metal base used are alkali metal base such as sodium ethoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium hydride, potassium ethoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium hydride and lithium hydride. Of these, in view of yield, sodium hydride is more preferable. Examples of the propionic acid ester are methyl propionate, ethyl propionate and butyl propionate. Preferable examples of the catalyst when reacting are tetrahydrofurane, ether, benzene, ethanol and methanol are preferable. Of these, in view of yield, tetrahydrofurane is more preferable. The reaction temperature can be adjusted depending on the progression of the reaction and is preferably adjusted under reflux conditions.
The reaction is conducted under the above conditions and when production of 3-ketopentanenitrile is confirmed, alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile can be precipitated as white crystal by cooling the reaction solution. Also, alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile can be precipitated by adding a solvent that prevents alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile from dissolving into the reaction solution. Examples of the solvent that prevents alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile from dissolving are n-hexane, heptane and petroleum ether. The alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile precipitated in the reaction solution can be isolated by filtering the reaction solution. The type of alkali metal of the obtained alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile is the same as the type of alkali metal used in the synthesis reaction.
As described above, in addition to 3-ketopentanenitrile, the obtained alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile can be used as a raw material when synthesizing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile by action of an enzyme.
Hereinafter, the present invention is described in detail based on Examples but the present invention is not limited thereto. In the following descriptions, “%” represents “% by weight” unless specified otherwise.
EXAMPLE 1
A large scale test tube was charged with 5 ml of a liquid medium (pH 7) comprising 40 g of glucose, 3 g of yeast extract, 6.5 g of diammonium hydrogenphosphate, 1 g of potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 0.8 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 60 mg of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 90 mg of iron sulfate heptahydrate, 5 mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 10 mg of manganese sulfate tetrahydrate and 100 mg of sodium chloride (all per 1 L) and sterilized by steam at 120° C. for 20 minutes. One loop of the microorganisms shown in Table 1 were aseptically inoculated into the liquid solution and cultured by shaking at 30° C. for 72 hours. After culturing, 2.5 ml of each culture solution was centrifuged to collect the cells of the microorganism and each of the cells were suspended in 0.5 ml of a 100 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 4% of glucose. The cell suspension was added into a test tube in which 5 mg of 3-ketopentanenitrile was added in advance and reacted for 24 hours at 30° C. After the reaction, 1 ml of ethyl acetate was added to each reaction solution and mixed thoroughly and part of the organic layer was analyzed under the following capillary gas chromatography analysis conditions.
[Capillary Gas Chromatography Analysis Conditions]


    column: Chiraldex G-TA made by ASTEC, Inc. (20 m×0.25 mm)
    detection: FID
    column temperature: 130° C.
    injection temperature: 200° C.
    detection temperature: 200° C.
    carrier gas: helium (100 kPa)
    split ratio: 100/1
    elution time: (R)-3-hydroxypentanenitrile 3.23 minutes, (S)-3-hydroxypentanenitrile 3.67 minutes


The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 1.










TABLE 1






Molar
Optical




yield
Purity
Absolute


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
Configuration




















Arthroascus
javanensis
IFO 1848
5.9
85.1
R


Candida
cantarellii
IFO 1261
60.2
73.6
R


Candida
magnoliae
IFO 0705
30.0
77.0
R


Candida
glabrata
IFO 0005
5.3
82.4
R


Candida
gropengiesseri
IFO 0659
56.9
81.7
R


Candida
pararugosa
IFO 0966
39.1
83.1
R


Candida
pinus
IFO 0741
14.9
80.7
R


Candida
sorbophila
IFO 1583
41.0
74.7
R


Candida
fennica
CBS 6087
67.0
76.2
R


Candida
tenuis
IFO0716
9.0
75.0
R


Citeromyces
matritensis
IFO 0651
7.7
89.5
R


Cryptococcus
curvatus
IFO 1159
52.1
75.5
R


Cryptococcus
humicolus
CBS 2822
61.2
75.2
R


Debaryomyces
hansenii var. fabryi
IFO 0015
67.8
87.1
R


Debaryomyces
marama
IFO 0668
36.7
79.8
R


Debaryomyces
nepalensis
IFO 0039
44.1
94.8
R


Geotrichum
candidum
CBS 187.67
55.0
76.7
R


Geotrichum
eriense
ATCC 22311
60.1
74.6
R


Geotrichum
fermentans
CBS 452.83
58.2
78.7
R


Guilliermondella
selenospora
IFO 1850
63.7
77.3
R


Issatchenkia
terricola
IFO 0933
13.0
87.3
R


Komagataella
pastoris
IFO 0948
6.9
83.1
R


Komagataella
pastoris
IFO 1013
5.7
85.5
R


Lipomyces
starkeyi
IFO 0678
26.3
79.2
R


Ogataea
pini
IFO 1342
5.0
86.1
R


Pichia
anomala
IFO 0146
12.5
85.6
R


Pichia
silvicola
IFO 0807
68.0
75.7
R


Rhodsporidium
sphaerocarpum
IFO 1438
51.2
74.2
R


Rhodsporidium
toruloides
IFO 0413
72.1
76.9
R


Rhodotorula
rubra
IFO 0383
6.2
70.7
R


Trichosporon
cutaneum
ATCC 4151
18.4
94.0
R


Yarrowia
lipolytica
IFO 1741
6.2
82.3
R









EXAMPLE 2
The microorganisms shown in Table 2 were cultured and collected in the same manner as in Example 1. Cells of each microorganism were suspended in 0.5 ml of a 100 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 0.739 mg of NAD+, 0.862 mg of NADP+, 13.9 mg of glucose, 3 U of glucose dehydrogenase (product name: GLUCDH “Amano” II, available from Amano Enzyme, Inc.). The cell suspension was added into a test tube in which 5 mg of 3-ketopentanenitrile and 0.5 ml of butyl acetate were added in advance and reacted for 24 hours at 30° C. After the reaction, 0.5 ml of ethyl acetate was added to each reaction solution and mixed thoroughly and part of the organic layer was analyzed by the same analysis method as in Example 1. The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 2.










TABLE 2






Molar
Optical




yield
Purity
Absolute


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
Configuration




















Candida
glabrata
IFO 0005
6.9
76.4
R


Candida
gropengiesseri
IFO 0659
11.3
83.0
R


Candida
kefyr
IAM 4880
19.1
76.9
R


Candida
pinus
IFO 0741
8.1
79.6
R


Candida
utilis
IFO 0639
18.2
81.0
R


Cryptococcus
humicola
CBS 2822
5.2
83.5
R


Debaryomyces
hansenii
IFO 0063
11.1
83.8
R


Debaryomyces
hansenii var. hansenii
IFO 0032
9.8
83.2
R


Debaryomyces
hansenii var. fabryi
IFO 0015
9.6
85.8
R


Dekkera
anomala
IFO 0627
9.7
86.0
R


Kluyveromyces
marxianus
IFO 0288
15.3
90.8
R


Komagataella
pastoris
IFO 0948
50.2
83.3
R


Metschnikowia
bicuspidata
IFO 1408
15.3
80.8
R


Metschnikowia
gruessii
IFO 0749
11.1
78.6
R


Pichia
anomala
IFO 0120
18.7
87.8
R


Pichia
anomala
IFO 0144
10.2
80.8
R


Pichia
bispora
IFO 0803
4.3
92.9
R


Pichia
jadinii
IFO 0987
29.9
78.1
R


Pichia
petersonii
IFO 1372
9.9
75.8
R


Pichia
silvicola
IFO 0807
24.1
76.2
R


Rhodotorula
lactosa
IFO 1423
6.5
76.3
R


Schwanniomyces
occidentalis var. occidentalis
IFO 1840
10.6
79.3
R


Stephanoascus
ciferrii
IFO 1854
8.7
76.7
R


Torulaspora
delbrueckii
IFO 0381
10.9
86.2
R


Trichosporon
loubieri var. loubieri
CBS 7065
7.7
85.1
R


Williopsis
saturnus var. suaveolens
IFO 0809
17.0
87.3
R


Williopsis
saturnus var. saturnus
IFO 0992
16.3
87.6
R


Yarrowia
lipolytica
IFO 1741
6.2
79.8
R


Candida
haemulonii
IFO 10001
18.3
82.8
S


Candida
albicans
IFO 0759
7.2
88.2
S


Dipodascus
ovetensis
IFO 1201
27.7
62.4
S


Dipodascus
tatrasperma
CBS 765.70
54.6
81.1
S


Geotrichum
fragrans
CBS 164.32
32.9
86.5
S


Hyphopichia
burtonii
IFO 0844
13.8
80.9
S


Kluyveromyces
polysporus
IFO 0996
3.3
74.7
S


Pichia
stipitis
CBS 6054
31.3
64.5
S


Rhodotorula
glutinis var. dairenensis
IFO 0415
5.7
75.7
S


Schwanniomyces
occidentalis var. occidentalis
IFO 0371
32.2
85.3
S









EXAMPLE 3
A 500 ml Sakaguchi flask was charged with 45 ml of a liquid medium comprising 40 g of glucose, 3 g of yeast extract, 6.5 g of diammonium hydrogenphosphate, 1 g of potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 0.8 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 60 mg of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 90 mg of iron sulfate heptahydrate, 5 mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 10 mg of manganese sulfate tetrahydrate and 100 mg of sodium chloride (all per 900 ml) and 1 drop of adecanol and then sterilized. 5 ml of a sterilized 40% glucose aqueous solution was added thereto and one loop of the microorganisms shown in Table 3 were aseptically inoculated and cultured by shaking at 30° C. for 72 hours. After culturing, cells of the microorganisms were collected by centrifugation and washed twice with deionized water. The wet cells were suspended in 40 ml of deionized water. 1.2 L of acetone was added while stirring and cooling with ice and agitation was conducted for 30 minutes in ice. The solution was filtered and the cells on the filter paper were washed with cooled acetone. Drying was conducted under reduced pressure and the acetone-dried cells of the microorganisms shown in Table 3 were respectively obtained.
With respect to each of the acetone-dried cells obtained by the above method, 10 mg of the acetone-dried cells, 0.739 mg of NAD+, 13.9 mg of glucose, 3 U of glucose dehydrogenase (product name: GLUCDH “Amano” II, available from Amano Enzyme, Inc.), 0.5 ml of a 100 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) and 5 mg of 3-ketopentanenitrile were added into a test tube and reacted for 24 hours at 30° C. After the reaction, 1 ml of ethyl acetate was added to each reaction solution and mixed thoroughly and part of the organic layer was analyzed by the same analysis method as in Example 1. The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 3.










TABLE 3






Molar
Optical




yield
Purity
Absolute


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
Configuration




















Candida
maris
IFO 10003
22.0
79.0
R


Candida
melinii
IFO 0747
18.0
94.5
R


Issatchenkia
orientalis
IFO 1279
25.2
54.9
R


Issatchenkia
terricola
IFO 0933
8.2
73.7
R


Ogataea
pini
IFO 1342
3.8
73.4
R


Ogataea
wickerhamii
IFO 1706
13.9
71.7
R


Pichia
anomala
IFO 0120
31.1
88.7
R


Pichia
anomala
IFO 0144
14.0
79.0
R


Pichia
canadensis
IFO 0976
32.3
75.6
R


Williopsis
saturnus var. mrakii
IFO 0895
36.7
83.0
R


Williopsis
saturnus var. saturnus
IFO 0992
20.7
88.2
R


Williopsis
saturnus var. suaveolens
IFO 0809
54.0
83.8
R


Yarrowia
lipolytica
IFO 1741
12.8
78.7
R


Candida
Intermedia
IFO 0761
23.2
75.7
S


Candida
maltosa
IFO 1977
31.8
91.5
S


Candida
mogii
IFO 0436
43.8
90.8
S


Candida
oleophila
CBS 2219
49.0
89.2
S


Candida
albicans
IFO 0759
23.5
93.5
S


Schizoblastosporion
kobayasii
IFO 1644
37.2
87.7
S









EXAMPLE 4
Acetone-dried cells of the microorganisms shown in Table 4 were respectively obtained in the same manner as in Example 3. With respect to each of the acetone-dried cells, 10 mg of the acetone-dried cells, 0.862 mg of NADP+,13.9 mg of glucose, 3 U of glucose dehydrogenase (product name: GLUCDH “Amano” II, available from Amano Enzyme, Inc.), 0.5 ml of a 100 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) and 5 mg of 3-ketopentanenitrile were added into a test tube and reacted for 24 hours at 30° C. After the reaction, 1 ml of ethyl acetate was added to each reaction solution and mixed thoroughly and part of the organic layer was analyzed by the same analysis method as in Example 1. The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 4.










TABLE 4






Molar
Optical




yield
Purity
Absolute


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
Configuration




















Candida
glabrata
IFO 0005
13.3
78.8
R


Candida
gropengiesseri
IFO 0659
30.1
79.7
R


Candida
melinii
IFO 0747
14.4
89.9
R


Candida
musae
IFO 1582
20.4
84.0
R


Candida
sorbophila
IFO 1583
21.8
79.5
R


Candida
tenuis
IFO 0716
11.1
81.4
R


Cryptococcus
humicola
CBS 2822
16.4
82.5
R


Debaryomyces
hansenii
IFO 0063
15.2
84.7
R


Debaryomyces
hansenii var. hansenii
IFO 0032
16.0
82.3
R


Debaryomyces
hansenii var. fabryi
IFO 0015
17.5
86.2
R


Dekkera
anomala
IFO 0627
14.3
80.5
R


Issatchenkia
orientalis
IFO 1279
17.4
50.8
R


Issatchenkia
terricola
IFO 0933
6.9
70.3
R


Lodderomyces
elongisporus
IFO 1676
12.5
77.4
R


Metschnikowia
bicuspidata
IFO 1408
15.3
79.3
R


Ogataea
pini
IFO 1342
4.5
76.8
R


Ogataea
wickerhamii
IFO 1706
6.8
59.7
R


Pichia
anomala
IFO 0120
32.2
88.2
R


Pichia
anomala
IFO 0144
10.3
76.5
R


Pichia
rhodanensis
IFO 1272
46.5
85.0
R


Pichia
triangularis
IFO 0836
11.8
79.9
R


Rhodsporidium
diobovatum
IFO 0688
21.4
81.1
R


Rhodsporidium
sphaerocarpum
IFO 1438
13.7
78.8
R


Rhodotorula
rubra
IFO 0383
28.0
76.3
R


Williopsis
saturnus var. saturnus
IFO 0992
14.8
87.1
R


Yarrowia
lipolytica
IFO 1741
36.9
81.4
R


Candida
mogii
IFO 0436
41.7
69.3
S


Dipodascus
tetrasperma
CBS 765.70
18.9
71.8
S









EXAMPLE 5
A large scale test tube was charged with 7 ml of a liquid medium (pH 7) comprising 10 g of meat extract, 10 g of peptone, 5 g of yeast extract and 3 g of sodium chloride (all per 1 L) and sterilized by steam at 120° C. for 20 minutes. One loop of the microorganisms shown in Table 5 were aseptically inoculated into the liquid solution and cultured by shaking at 30° C. for 36 hours. After culturing, 3.5 ml of each culture solution was centrifuged to collect cells of the microorganisms and each of the cells were suspended in 0.5 ml of a 100 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 8% of glucose. The cell suspension was added into a test tube in which 5 mg of 3-ketopentanenitrile was added in advance and reacted for 18 hours at 30° C. After the reaction, analysis was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1. The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 5.










TABLE 5






Molar
Optical




yield
purity
Absolute


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
Configuration




















Achromobacter
xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans
IFO 12669
8.9
77.4
R


Achromobacter
xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans
ATCC 15173
18.3
78.3
R


Arthrobacter
protophormiae
IFO 12128
12.8
77.3
R


Acidiphilium
cryptum
IFO 14242
6.2
91.3
R


Cellulomonas
gelida
IFO 3748
7.1
84.1
R


Corynebacterium
ammoniagenes
IFO 12072
7.7
79.9
R


Corynebacterium
flavescens
IFO 14136
5.7
78.4
R


Devosia
riboflavina
IFO 13584
7.0
85.7
R


Microbacterium
arborescens
IFO 3750
6.3
71.0
R


Rhodococcus
erythropolis
IFO 12538
9.6
79.6
R


Rhodococcus
erythropolis
IFO 12539
5.0
70.3
R


Rhodococcus
erythropolis
IAM 1452
15.0
80.0
R


Rhodococcus
rhodochrous
IFO 3338
5.5
87.9
R









EXAMPLE 6
The microorganisms shown in Table 6 were cultured and collected in the same manner as in Example 5. Cells of each microorganism were suspended in 0.5 ml of a 100 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 0.739 mg of NAD+, 0.862 mg of NADP+, 13.9 mg of glucose and 3 U of glucose dehydrogenase (product name: GLUCDH “Amano” II, available from Amano Enzyme, Inc.). The cell suspension was added into a test tube in which 5 mg of 3-ketopentanenitrile and 0.5 ml of butyl acetate were added in advance and reacted for 24 hours at 30° C. After the reaction, 0.5 ml of ethyl acetate was added to each reaction solution and mixed thoroughly and part of the organic layer was analyzed by the same analysis method as in Example 1. The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 6.










TABLE 6






Molar
Optical
Absolute



yield
Purity
Con-


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
figuration




















Alcaligenes
sp.
IFO 14130
3.5
78.0
R


Agrobacterium
tumefacience
IFO 12667
3.6
73.4
R


Agrobacterium
tumefacience
IFO 13265
3.1
71.2
R


Comamonas
testosteroni
IFO 12048
14.3
78.5
R


Hofnia
alvei
IFO 3731
5.0
86.6
R


Proteus
vulgaris
IFO 3167
3.5
79.9
R


Providencia
alcalifaciens
IFO 12931
3.5
83.1
R


Rhodococcus
equi
JCM 1313
4.1
76.3
R


Brevundimonas
diminuta
IFO 12697
70.0
63.5
S


Paenibacillus
alvei
IFO 3343
5.7
76.4
S


Pseudomonas
stutzeri
IFO 13596
24
50.5
S


Pseudomonas
mendocina
IFO 14162
3.7
45.9
S









EXAMPLE 7
22 g of 60% sodium hydride was suspended in 400 ml of tetrahydrofurane. Then, while heating, 24.7 g of acetonitrile and subsequently 58.3 g of ethyl propionate were dropped and agitated overnight at 80° C. After naturally cooling to room temperature, the mixture was cooled further in ice water. The precipitated white crystal was obtained by filtration and dried under reduced pressure after washing with 350 ml of n-hexane. 45.0 g of white crystal 3-ketopentanenitrile-sodium salt was obtained.
EXAMPLE 8
40 g of 60% sodium hydride was suspended in 300 ml of tetrahydrofurane. Then, while heating, 49.3 g of acetonitrile and subsequently 122.56 g of ethyl propionate were dropped and agitated overnight at 80° C. After naturally cooling to room temperature, 300 ml of n-hexane was added while cooling further in ice water. The precipitated white crystal was obtained by filtration and dried under reduced pressure after washing with 500 ml of n-hexane. 98.7 g of white crystal 3-ketopentanenitrile-sodium salt was obtained.
EXAMPLE 9
Candida gropengiesseri IFO0659 was cultured in the same manner as in Example 3 and 1 L of the obtained culture solution was centrifuged to collect cells of the microorganism. The cells were suspended in 200 ml of a 100 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 4% of glucose. To this cell suspension, 1.19 g of 3-ketopentanenitrile-sodium salt was added while maintaining pH 6.5 using 6N hydrochloric acid. After adding, the reaction was conducted by agitating for 24 hours at 30° C. After the reaction, the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate and then extracted further with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was then combined and dehydration was conducted with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Thereafter, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and purification was conducted by silica gel chromatography. 842 mg of 3-hydroxypentanenitrile was obtained. The optical purity found from the method described in Example 1 was 81.7% e.e. in R-configuration. 1H-NMR δ(CDCl3):1.00 (3H, t), 1.64 (2H, dq), 2.27 (1H, s), 2.54 (2H, dd), 3.86–3.92 (1H, m).
EXAMPLE 10
The reaction and analysis were conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the microorganisms shown in Table 7 were cultured in a medium (pH 6.0) comprising 5% of glucose and 5% of corn-steep liquor. The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 7.










TABLE 7






Molar
Optical




yield
purity
Absolute


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
configuration




















Absidia
coerulea
IFO 4011
17.4
84.6
R


Absidia
hyalospora
IFO 8082
10.8
87.9
R


Aegerita
Candida
IFO 6988
6.1
86.8
R


Agrocybe
cylyndracea
IFO 30299
14.7
88.1
R


Amylostereum
areolatum
IFO 9221
12.9
87.8
R


Aspergillus
niger
IFO 4091
5.6
87.9
R


Aspergillus
phoenicis
IFO 6670
3.7
87.3
R


Aspergillus
sojae
IFO 4244
6.5
86.7
R


Corynascus
sepedonium
IFO 30067
17.2
80.0
R


Dendryphiella
salina
IFO 8281
12.8
81.6
R


Emericella
nidulans var. nidulans
IFO 4340
6.9
88.1
R


Emericella
unguis
IFO 8087
73.0
85.3
R


Fusarium
oxysporum
IFO 5942
35.7
88.5
R


Fusarium
anguioides
IFO 4467
13.2
84.9
R


Gibberella
fujikuroi
IFO 6603
16.1
85.7
R


Glomerella
cingulata
IFO 5257
21.7
86.1
R


Macrophoma
commelinae
IFO 9569
40.6
74.1
R


Micronectriella
cucumeris
IFO 30005
26.7
80.8
R


Mortierella
isabellina
IFO 7829
59.9
85.2
R


Mortierella
ramanniana var. angulispora
IFO 6744
23.1
86.2
R


Mucor
tuberculisporus
IFO 9256
61.0
82.6
R


Mucor
inaequisporus
IFO 8624
56.5
84.0
R


Nannizzia
gypsea var. incurvata
IFO 8306
20.5
87.6
R


Penicillium
chermesium
IFO 5800
26.7
86.9
R


Penicillium
expansum
IFO 5854
14.9
85.8
R


Phialophora
fastigiata
IFO 6850
8.6
87.4
R


Rhizopus
niveus
IFO 4759
12.9
82.0
R


Rhizopus
oryzae
IFO 4705
13.0
81.8
R


Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum
IFO 4876
6.0
87.7
R


Sclerotium
delphinii
IFO 7337
13.9
87.2
R









EXAMPLE 11
The reaction and analysis were conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the microorganisms shown in Table 8 were cultured in a medium (pH 7.2) comprising 3% of Tryptic Soy Broth available from Difco Laboratories and 1% of soluble starch. The molar yield, optical purity and absolute configuration of the produced 3-hydroxypentanenitrile are shown in Table 8.










TABLE 8






Molar
Optical




yield
purity
Absolute


Microorganism
(%)
(% e.e.)
configuration




















Streptomyces
cacaoi
IFO 13813
5.3
64.5
R



subsp.



asoensis


Streptomyces
sp.
IFO 13020
3.7
53.7
R


Streptomyces
coelescens
IFO 13378
12.2
39.2
S


Streptomyces
hydrogenans
IFO 13475
3.5
51.5
S









INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
According to the present invention, optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile can be prepared with high yield by stereoselectively reducing 3-ketopentanenitrile by action of an enzyme having asymmetric reduction activity. Also, alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile, which is a stable compound without problems regarding storage, can be efficiently obtained.

## Claims

1. A process for preparing optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile of the formula (1)




comprising: asymmetrically enzymatically reducing 3-ketopentanenitrile of formula (2)




or an alkali metal salt of 3-ketopentanenitrile of formula (3)
wherein M is an alkali metal,
in a reaction mixture with an enzyme to produce optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile and recovering the product.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein said enzyme is an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof or a purified enzyme obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Arthroascus genus, Candida genus, Cryptococcus genus, Debaryomyces genus, Dekkera genus, Dipodascus genus, Geotrichum genus, Guilliermondella genus, Hyphopichia genus, Issatchenkia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Komagataella genus, Lipomyces genus, Lodderomyces genus, Metschnikowia genus, Ogataea genus, Pichia genus, Rhodotorula genus, Rhodsporidium genus, Schizoblastosporion genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Stephanoascus genus, Torulaspora genus, Trichosporon genus, Williopsis genus, Yarrowia genus, Acidephilium genus, Agrobacterium genus, Alcaligenes genus, Arthrobacter genus, Brevundimonas genus, Cellulomonas genus, Comamonas genus, Microbacterium genus, Paenibacillus genus, Rhodococcus genus, Citeromyces genus, Achromobacter genus, Corynebacterium genus, Devosia genus, Hofnia genus, Proteus genus, Providencia genus, Pseudomonas genus, Absidia genus, Aegerita genus, Agrocybe genus, Amylostereum genus, Aspergillus genus, Corynascucs genus, Dendryphiella genus, Emericella genus, Fusarium genus, Gibberella genus, Glomerella genus, Macrophoma genus, Micronectriella genus, Mortierella genus, Mucor genus, Nannizzia genus, Penicillium genus, Phialophora genus, Rhizopus genus, Sclerotinia genus, Sclerotium genus and Streptomyces genus.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein absolute configuration of said produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is R-configuration and said enzyme is an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof or a purified enzyme obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Arthroascus genus, Candida genus, Cryptococcus genus, Debaryomyces genus, Dekkera genus, Geotrichum genus, Guilliermondella genus, Issatchenkia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Komagataella genus, Lipomyces genus, Lodderomyces genus, Metschnikowia genus, Ogataea genus, Pichia genus, Rhodotorula genus, Rhodsporidium genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Stephanoascus genus, Torulaspora genus, Trichosporon genus, Williopsis genus, Yarrowia genus, Acidephilium genus, Agrobacterium genus, Alcaligenes genus, Arthrobacter genus, Cellulomonas genus, Comamonas genus, Microbacterium genus, Rhodococcus genus, Citeromyces genus, Achromobacter genus, Corynebacterium genus, Devosia genus, Hofnia genus, Proteus genus, Providencia genus, Absidia genus, Aegerita genus, Agrocybe genus, Amylostereum genus, Aspergillus genus, Corynascucs genus, Dendryphiella genus, Emericella genus, Fusarium genus, Gibberella genus, Glomerella genus, Macrophoma genus, Micronectriella genus, Mortierella genus, Mucor genus, Nannizzia genus, Penicillium genus, Phialophora genus, Rhizopus genus, Sclerotinia genus, Sclerotium genus and Streptomyces genus.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein absolute configuration of said produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is R-configuration and said enzyme is an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof or a purified enzyme obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Arthroascus javanensis, Candida cantarellii, Candida fennica, Candida glabrata, Candida gropengiesseri, Candida kefyr, Candida maris, Candida melinii, Candida musae, Candida pararugosa, Candida pinus, Candida sorbophila, Candida tenuis, Candida utilis, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cryptococcus humicolus, Debaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryi, Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii, Debaryomyces marama, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Dekkera anomala, Geotrichum candidum, Geotrichum eriense, Geotrichum fermentans, Guilliermondella selenospora, Issatchenkia orientalis, Issatchenkia terricola, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Komagataella pastoris, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Metschnikowia gruessii, Ogataea pini, Ogataea wickerhamii, Pichia anomala, Pichia canadensis, Pichia jadinii, Pichia petersonii, Pichia rhodanensis, Pichia silvicola, Pichia triangularis, Rhodotorula lactosa, Rhodotorula rubra, Rhodsporidium diobovatum, Rhodsporidium sphaerocarpum, Rhodsporidium toruloides, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis, Stephanoascus ciferrii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Trichosporon cutaneum, Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii, Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus, Williopsis saturnus var. suaveolens, Yarrowia lipolytica, Acidephilium cryptum, Agrobacterium tumefacience, Alcaligenes sp., Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans, Arthrobacter protophormiae, Cellulomonas gelida, Comamonas testosteroni, Microbacterium arborescens, Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Candida magnoliae, Citeromyces matritensis, Pichia bispora, Trichosporon loubieri var. loubieri, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium flavescens, Devosia riboflavina, Hofnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Absidia coerulea, Absidia hyalospora, Aegerita candida, Agrocybe cylyndracea, Amylostereum areolatum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus phoenicis, Aspergillus sojae, Corynascucs sepedonium, Dendryphiella salina, Emericella nidulans var. nidulans, Emericella unguis, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium anguioides, Gibberella fujikuroi, Glomerella cingulata, Macrophoma commelinae, Micronectriella cucumeris, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora, Mucor tuberculisporus, Mucor inaeguisporus, Nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata, Penicillium chermesium, Penicillium expansum, Phialophora fastigiata, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium delphinii, Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. asoensis and Streptomyces sp.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein absolute configuration of said produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is S-configuration and said enzyme is an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof or a purified enzyme obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Candida genus, Dipodascus genus, Geotrichum genus, Hyphopichia genus, Kluyveromyces genus, Pichia genus, Schizoblastosporion genus, Schwanniomyces genus, Brevundimonas genus, Paenibacillus genus, Rhodotorula genus, Pseudomonas genus and Streptomyces genus.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein absolute configuration of said produced optically active 3-hydroxypentanenitrile is S-configuration and said enzyme is an enzyme present in a cell, a culture solution or a treated substance thereof or a purified enzyme obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Candida albicans, Candida haemulonii, Candida intermedia, Candida maltosa, Candida mogii, Candida oleophila, Dipodascus ovetensis, Dipodascus tetrasperma, Geotrichum fragrans, Hypopichia burtonii, Kluyveromyces polysporus, Pichia stipitis, Schizoblastosporion kobayasii, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis, Brevundimonas diminuta, Paenibacillus alvei, Rhodotorula glutinis var. dairenensis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas mendocina, Streptomyces coelescens and Streptomyces hydrogenans.

7. The process of claim 1 wherein the reaction mixture further includes (NAD+) and/or (NADP+.