#### UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. $890,718.00 in U.S. CURRENCY, Defendant.

No. 1:03 CV 00263.

United States District Court, M.D. North Carolina.

May 25, 2006.

*636Gill P. Beck, Lynne P. Klauer, Assistant U.S. Attorneys, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Greensboro, NC, for Plaintiff.

*FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW*

BEATY, District Judge.

This civil forfeiture action was tried before this Court at a bench trial on April 3-4, 2006. Based on a preponderance of the evidence presented at that trial, the Court makes the following findings of fact:

1. On March 20, 2003, Plaintiff United States filed this civil forfeiture action pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881(a) against the Defendant Currency on the grounds that it *637was furnished or intended to be furnished in exchange for a controlled substance in violation of Title II of the Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. §§ 801 et seq., or represents proceeds traceable to such an exchange. This action was also brought pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981 on the grounds that the defendant currency was involved in transactions or attempted transactions in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 and/or 1957, or represents property traceable to such property; or constitutes or is derived from proceeds traceable to “specified unlawful activity” as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(7), or a conspiracy to commit such offense. On May 12, 2003, Clayton Willis filed an Answer to the complaint.1

2. For more than fifteen years, Claimant Clayton Willis has sold and distributed illegal narcotics in Surry County, North Carolina. During much of this time he used a store known as Bannertown Super-ette, 1514 South Main Street, Mount Airy, Surry County, North Carolina, as a front for conducting his illegal drug distribution network. At Bannertown Superette, Claimant Willis conducted a wide range of illegal activities under the guise of a convenience store, including drug trafficking, Food Stamp fraud (exchanging Food Stamps for cash and prohibited items, including “crack” cocaine), sale and receipt of stolen goods, gambling in violation of state law, and money laundering to conceal the source of his ill gotten gain and to promote ongoing operations.

3. On May 7, 1996, an Investigative Operative operating in an undercover capacity and working under the direction of the Office of the Inspector General (OIG-IG), USDA, sold or trafficked $260.00 worth of USDA Food Stamps to Clayton Willis in exchange for nine (9) rocks of “crack” cocaine (.9 grams of cocaine). The transaction took place inside Bannertown Superette.

4. On May 10, 1996, an Investigative Operative operating in an undercover capacity and working under the OIG-IG’s direction, sold or trafficked $365.00 worth of USDA Food Stamps to Clayton Willis in exchange for twelve (12) rocks of “crack” cocaine (1.2 grams of cocaine). The transaction took place inside Bannertown Su-perette.

5. On June 6, 1996, an Investigative Operative operating in an undercover capacity, working under the OIG-IG’s direction, sold or trafficked $195.00 worth of USDA Food Stamps to Clayton Willis in exchange for five (5) rocks of “crack” cocaine (.6 grams of cocaine). The transaction again took place inside Bannertown Superette.

6. On July 24, 1996, USDA Special Agent Kelley Smith sold $460.00 worth of USDA Food Stamps to Clayton Willis in exchange for $80.00 cash and two (2) rocks of “crack” cocaine. This transaction took place at the Bannertown Superette. The aforementioned transactions constituted the basis for state and federal charges against Claimant Willis.

7. Claimant Willis was indicted in the Middle District of North Carolina on or about August 26, 1996 in a fifteen-count indictment charging him with violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(c), distribution of cocaine base (“crack”), and 7 U.S.C. § 2024, Food Stamp Fraud. Willis entered into a plea arrangement and agreed to plead guilty in U.S. District *638Court to four counts of Food Stamp fraud. Willis also agreed to administratively forfeit $281,607.77 seized from a bank account, as well as his business, the Banner-town Superette, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881. On February 12, 1997, Willis was sentenced to twelve months in prison and a $10,000.00 fine and ordered to pay $2,450.00 in restitution by U.S. District Court Judge Frank W. Bullock, Jr.

8. Claimant Willis also pled guilty in Superior Court in Surry County, North Carolina, to the following North Carolina state offenses:

97CRS 1962 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 7-24-96

97CRS 1963 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 4-03-96

97CRS 1964 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 4-22-96

97CRS 1965 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 4-29-96

97CRS 1966 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 5-02-96

97CRS 1967 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 5-07-96

97CRS 1968 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 5-10-96

97CRS 1969 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 5-23-96

97CRS 1970 Sell and Deliver Cocaine: Offense Date 6-06-96

9. Claimant Willis was incarcerated in state and federal facilities from the time of his convictions in 1996 until approximately December 1997.

10. Shortly after his release from prison, Claimant Willis began trafficking in “crack” cocaine again, this time from his residence at 475 Cottage Drive, ML Airy, Surry County, North Carolina, since his store, Bannertown Superette, had been forfeited to the United States for facilitating drug and money laundering offenses. Claimant Willis’ residence provided a secluded location to conduct his drug activities. The house lies in a wooded area at the end of a private drive which circles the house, effectively concealing activity at the rear from public view. Suppliers and customers exchanged drugs behind the house or inside, after entering through the rear. Claimant Willis used the house to store drugs and drug money and to conduct and facilitate “crack” cocaine sales within the house and on the property.

11. On October 8, 2002, detectives of the Surry County Sheriffs Department, along with detectives of the Allegheny County Sheriffs Department, utilized an Allegheny County Sheriffs Department (ACSD) Confidential Source of Information to make a controlled purchase of approximately eighty dollars ($80.00) worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis at his residence at 475 Cottage Drive.

12. On October 10, 2002, detectives of the Surry County Sheriffs Department (SCSD), along with detectives of the ACSD, utilized an ACSD Confidential Source of Information to make a controlled purchase of approximately one hundred dollars ($100.00) worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis at his residence at 475 Cottage Drive.

13. On October 14, 2002, detectives of the SCSD, along with detectives of the ACSD, utilized an ACSD Confidential Source of Information to make a controlled purchase of approximately one hundred dollars ($100.00) worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis at 475 Cottage Drive. On that occasion, the Confidential Source of Information brought ACSD Deputy Carlton Edwards (who was acting in an undercover capacity) along and introduced him to Claimant Willis as a “crack” cocaine purchaser. Later that evening, Deputy Edwards returned to 475 Cottage Drive two (2) more times and made one hundred dollar ($100.00) purchases of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis each time he returned. Following these purchases, the detectives obtained a North Carolina State Superior Court search warrant for the residence at 475 Cottage Drive.

14. On October 15, 2002, detectives of the Surry and Allegheny Sheriffs Depart*639ments, along with Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) Special Agents Chris Olson and Mark Triplett, executed the state search warrant at 475 Cottage Drive. As detectives were attempting to gain entry to the residence, Claimant Willis attempted to flush a quantity of “crack” cocaine down the toilet. Upon making entry, the detectives apprehended Claimant Willis and recovered a quantity of “crack” cocaine from the bathroom. The detectives also recovered two firearms from the residence and a total of $890,718.00 in U.S. Currency, most of which was wrapped in newspapers and magazines and hidden in boxes in the ceiling tiles in the basement.

15. Claimant Willis was advised of his Miranda Rights by SCSD Lt. Graham Atkinson, and agreed to be interviewed by Special Agent Triplett and Lt. Atkinson. Claimant Willis stated that he began selling “crack” cocaine in 1994 and was arrested by the USDA for trading “crack” cocaine for Food Stamps. Claimant Willis stated that he began selling “crack” cocaine again in 2001 and further stated that he averaged selling Three Hundred Dollars ($300.00) worth of “crack” cocaine every two weeks during 2001 and 2002.

16. Willis was indicted in the Middle District of North Carolina on or about February 24, 2003 in a one-count indictment charging him with violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Willis pled guilty in U.S. District Court to the indictment. On July 24, 2003, Willis was sentenced to 32 months in prison and a $5,000.00 fine by U.S. District Court Judge James A. Beaty, Jr.

17. Claimant Willis was also convicted, pursuant to his guilty plea, of multiple felony drug charges in state court, as shown below, arising from the aforementioned drug offenses conducted in his residence, including Maintaining a Dwelling in violation of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90 — 108(a)(7), Selling a Schedule II Controlled Substance in violation of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90-108(a)(7), Felony Possession of Cocaine in violation of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90 — 95(d)(2), and Possession with Intent to Distribute Cocaine in violation of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90-95(a):

02CRS 54157 Maintain a Dwelling Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54154 Maintain a Dwelling Offense Date 10-15-02

02CRS 54152 Maintain a Dwelling Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54151 Maintain a Dwelling Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54150 Maintain a Dwelling Offense Date 10-10-02

02CRS 54148 Maintain a Dwelling Offense Date 10-08-02

02CRS 54156 Selling Sch. II Drug Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54147 Selling Sch. II Drug Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54145 Selling Sch. II Drug Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54144 Selling Sch. II Drug Offense Date 10-10-02

02CRS 54143 Selling Sch. II Drug Offense Date 10-10-02

02CRS 54142 Poss.w/Intent to Sell/Distribute Cocaine Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54141 Poss.w/Intent to Sell/Distribute Cocaine Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54140 Poss.w/Intent to Sell/Distribute Cocaine Offense Date 10-14-02

02CRS 54139 Poss.w/Intent to Sell/Distribute Cocaine Offense Date 10-10-02

02CRS 54138 Poss.w/Intent to Sell/Distribute Cocaine Offense Date 10-08-02

*64002CRS 54153 Felony Possession of Cocaine Offense Date 10-15-02

18. During the trial of this case, the United States presented testimony of many witnesses who have sold illegal drugs to, or purchased illegal drugs from, Claimant Willis, both at Bannertown Su-perette and at his residence at 475 Cottage Drive in Mount Airy, North Carolina. These witnesses described how Claimant Willis for years used Bannertown Super-ette as a front for drug trafficking and money laundering, as when he would exchange Food Stamps for “crack” cocaine and then redeem the Food Stamps for cash through the store’s bank account, and other illegal activities. Claimant Willis’ usual procedure was to request cash in the form of $100.00 bills when he redeemed the fraudulently obtained Food Stamps. These witnesses also described how Claimant Willis for years used his residence at 475 Cottage Drive, to receive, store, and distribute marijuana and “crack” cocaine.

19. Vickie Church, an employee of Bannertown Superette from 1988 until 1996, testified before the Court that she personally observed Claimant Willis distribute “crack” cocaine from Bannertown Superette. Vickie Church was not aware of the quantities of “crack” cocaine that were distributed but witnessed numerous transactions involving Claimant Willis. Vickie Church testified that she personally observed at least six drug transactions a day that eventually increased to fifteen transactions a day. Vicki Church also testified that 90% of Food Stamp redemptions at Bannertown Superette involved drugs, cash, gas, beer or ineligible items. Between 1989 and 1996, Willis deposited $978,639.00 in Food Stamps to the Banner-town Superette account at First Union National Bank. Based on Vicki Church’s testimony, $880,776.00 of those redemp-tions constitute proceeds of violations of 7 U.S.C. § 2024.

20. Kenny Church testified before the Court that he was involved in the purchase and distribution of marijuana and cocaine with Claimant Willis. Kenny Church testified that between 1987 and early 1996 he purchased for himself and others, two ounces of marijuana a week from Willis for one hundred dollars an ounce. Kenny Church testified that the transactions took place at Bannertown Superette and Claimant Willis’ residence located at 475 Cottage Drive. Kenny Church testified that he purchased “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis for four months before Claimant Willis was arrested at Bannertown Super-ette. Kenny Church testified that from November 2000 until August 2002 he delivered “crack” cocaine to Claimant Willis at 475 Cottage Drive. Kenny Church testified that he delivered the “crack” cocaine to Claimant Willis under the direction of Don Thompson. Kenny Church testified that he delivered one to two ounces a week during the aforementioned period. Kenny Church testified that Claimant Willis paid $1,000.00 an ounce for the “crack” cocaine. Based on Kenny Church’s testimony, it is estimated that Claimant Willis distributed approximately 936 ounces of marijuana over approximately nine years and received between 96 and 192 ounces of cocaine during a twenty-one month period from 2000-2002. Kenny Church also testified that Willis paid him in hundred dollar bills and many of those bills were the older hundred dollar bills.

21. Tammy Harrell testified before the Court that she resided at 475 Cottage Drive for one year. Tammy Harrell testified that she used “crack” cocaine and that Claimant Willis provided $50.00 to $200.00 worth of “crack” cocaine a day during this time period in exchange for sex. Based upon Tammy Harrell’s testimony she re*641ceived $18,200.00 to $73,000.00 worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis.

22. Jerry Hinshaw testified before the Court that for a ten year period from the mid 1980s until the mid 1990s he purchased “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis at Bannertown Superette and 475 Cottage Drive. Jerry Hinshaw stated that he purchased between $60.00 and $300.00 worth every week except for a sixteen-month period that Jerry Hinshaw was in custody. Based upon Jerry Hinshaw’s testimony, it is estimated that he purchased between $27,000.00 and $135,000.00 worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis.

23. Jerry Hatcher testified before the Court that he had known Claimant Willis for approximately 35 years. Jerry Hatch-er testified that in the 1970s he purchased Qualudes from Claimant Willis. Jerry Hatcher testified that from 1994 until 2002 he purchased “crack” and powder cocaine from Claimant Willis at Bannertown Su-perette and 475 Cottage Drive. Jerry Hatcher testified that he purchased one or two ounces of “crack” cocaine a week from Willis at 475 Cottage Drive during 1994-1995, 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. Jerry Hatcher testified that he estimated that he spent more that $200,000.00 on cocaine that he received from Claimant Willis. Based upon Jerry Hatcher’s testimony, he purchased between 208 ounces and 416 ounces of “crack” cocaine during the aforementioned periods. Jerry Hatcher testified that he paid $950.00 to $1100.00 an ounce depending upon if he paid cash or if his “crack” cocaine was provided by Claimant Willis on “front” for payment to be received later.

24. Joel Ceasar testified before the Court that he supplied Claimant Willis with “crack” cocaine from August 2000 until October 2002. Joel Ceasar testified that he would sell Claimant Willis one ounce of cocaine at the first of the month at Claimant Willis’ residence located at 475 Cottage Drive. Joel Ceasar testified that on seven other occasions he sold an additional ounce of cocaine during the middle of the month. Joel Ceasar testified that on ten occasions he sold Claimant Willis two ounces of cocaine. Joel Ceasar testified that he sold Claimant Willis each ounce for $1,000.00 except for when he sold Claimant Willis two ounces for $1,800.00. Based upon Joel Ceasar’s testimony, Joel Ceasar sold 43 ounces of “crack” cocaine to Claimant Willis during the aforementioned periods. Ceasar also testified that when he showed up with two ounces of crack and offered Willis a special deal of $1,800.00 instead of $2,000.00, Willis would go elsewhere in the house and be back‘in a few minutes with the additional eight hundred dollars, which Ceasar noted to be the older, small faced hundred dollar bills.

25. Paul Swinson testified before the Court that he purchased “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis every week for two years at Claimant Willis’ residence located at 475 Cottage Drive. Paul Swinson testified that he purchased between $50.00-$100.00 worth of “crack” cocaine each week during this time period. Based on Paul Swinson’s testimony, he purchased between $5,200.00 and $10,400.00 worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis.

26. Kathy Clark testified before the Court that she purchased “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis during 1993-1994 at Bannertown Superette and at Claimant Willis’ residence at 475 Cottage Drive. Kathy Clark testified that she purchased between $20.00-$30.00 worth of “crack” cocaine each week during this time period. Based on Kathy Clark’s testimony, she purchased between $2,080.00 and $3,120.00 worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis.

*64227. Jackie Dobson testified before the Court that she resided at 475 Cottage Drive for one and one-half to two years. Jackie Dobson testified that she used “crack” cocaine and that Claimant Willis provided her with significant quantities of “crack” every day in “chunks at a time” during this time period in exchange for sex.

28. Scottie Simmons testified before the Court that he supplied Claimant Willis with “crack” cocaine from August 2000 until February 2001. Scottie Simmons testified that he would sell Claimant Willis one or two ounces of cocaine every week or two. Scottie Simmons stated that these transactions were conducted through a third party named “Jo Jo”. Scottie Simmons testified that he sold Claimant Willis each ounce for $1,000.00. Based upon Scottie Simmons’ testimony, Scottie Simmons sold between 15 and 60 ounces of “crack” cocaine to Claimant Willis during the aforementioned periods.

29. Nathalia McKinney testified that she delivered one ounce of “crack” cocaine for “Lightbread” and another ounce of “crack” cocaine to Willis for “Pooh” and that Willis provided her with “crack” cocaine at Claimant Willis’ residence located at 475 Cottage Drive.

30. Robert Joseph testified before the Court that he purchased “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis every week for two years up until October 2002. Robert Joseph testified that he purchased $300.00 worth of “crack” cocaine each week during this time period. Based on Robert Joseph’s testimony, he purchased $31,200.00 worth of “crack” cocaine from Claimant Willis.

31. Susie Wright testified before the Court that she traded Food Stamps for crack with Claimant Willis at Bannertown Superette. Susie Wright also stated that she went with Kevin Smith to Claimant Willis’ residence located at 475 Cottage Drive to deliver “crack” cocaine. Susie Wright testified that she witnessed Kevin Smith deliver between one and five ounces of “crack” cocaine to Claimant Willis.

32. Throughout this period of time when he was heavily involved in drug trafficking, Claimant Willis reported minimal legitimate income to the Internal Revenue Service and repeatedly represented in state court child support proceedings that his income was minimal and that he had no cash or other assets to satisfy his child support obligation. For example, on December 6, 1994, in answering interrogatories in *Tammy L. Harrell v. Clayton Willis,*93 CVD 1212, Claimant Willis, while under oath, responded to the following interrogatory:

> 16. List any and all amounts of cash and the location of said cash currently in your possession or under your control.

> ANSWER: I keep only a $100-150 in cash for spending money at any one time.

33. Throughout the 1990s, Claimant Willis made other representations in state court proceedings that his child support obligation should be reduced because he had minimal income, and he supported this by showing that he was reporting minimal amounts to the Internal Revenue Service on his tax returns. On June 8, 1998, District Court Judge A. Moses Massey entered an order striking all arrearage in child support because Claimant Willis did not have the ability to pay due to his incarceration and had no source of income other than social security retirement.

34. Based upon testimony before the Court, the Government established that Claimant Willis has been involved in the distribution and sale of marijuana, cocaine and “crack” cocaine for several years. The Government identified several sources of supply and identified individuals to *643whom Willis distributed controlled substances. Based upon the testimony, Claimant Willis received at least 157 to 302 ounces of “crack” cocaine. Claimant Willis would purchase the “crack” cocaine for $1,000.00 an ounce and then distribute the cocaine in $20.00 quantities. Based upon the lab reports submitted, the $20.00 rocks of “crack” cocaine would weigh approximately a tenth of a gram. Based upon these calculations, it is estimated that Claimant Willis would have sold between at least $903,990.00 — $1,726,140.00 worth of “crack” cocaine. Based upon testimony before the Court, Willis also distributed approximately 936 ounces of marijuana to Kenny Church at $100.00 an ounce. The individuals that testified that they purchased “crack” cocaine and marijuana from Claimant Willis corroborated the aforementioned drug quantities.

35.Claimant Willis’ testimony denying any connection between the Defendant Currency and his drug trafficking activity was incredulous and not worthy of belief. For example, Claimant Willis denied knowing Scottie Simmons, Jerry Hinshaw, Jerry Hatcher, and others who testified in detail of the many drug transaction done at Willis’ residence, and who specifically testified regarding the interior layout of Willis’ residence at 475 Cottage Drive and the general procedure for drug transactions through the rear door at Willis’ residence. In his testimony Willis also denied knowing what “crack” was until 1996. Willis also testified that he did not flush “crack” cocaine down the toilet prior to the entry of the police officers on October 14, 2002. The testimony of Jerry Hatcher, Vickie Church, Kenny Church, Susie Wright, Jerry Hinshaw, and Tammy Harrell all confirm the fact that Willis knew what “crack” cocaine was prior to 1996 and that he actually sold “crack” cocaine at Bannertown Superette and at his residence located at 475 Cottage Drive. It is also clearly evident from the testimony of the officers and pictures from the search that Willis did flush “crack” cocaine down the toilet prior to the entry of the police officers on October 14, 2002.

36. Although Claimant Willis attempted to minimize his drug activity, he admitted at trial that he had engaged in ongoing drug transactions, including multiple sales from his residence and store and purchases from multiple suppliers. Willis’ testimony implicates himself in multiple drug transactions, and his attempt to minimize or deny additional drug activity was not credible.

37. Claimant Willis has also given multiple and varied explanations for the source of the Defendant Currency hidden in his ceiling tiles. For example, Claimant Willis told the arresting officers who discovered the currency that the money recovered from the residence was his “life savings” and further stated that he had earned that money through his business (the Bannertown Superette), which was previously forfeited based on the illegal drug transactions that Claimant Willis conducted through that business. Claimant Willis further stated that he had not worked since 1996. Claimant Willis also stated that he had obtained the money after the 1981 purchase of his residence, and then stated that the money had been in the ceiling tiles since the early 1980’s. However, officers inspected the currency removed from the ceiling tiles and discovered that the majority of the currency bore dates of issue later than 1990. Moreover, evidence at trial showed that Claimant Willis did not receive any income from the purported “sale” of his home in 1981. Claimant Willis later changed his assertions and claimed that the currency came from sales of coin collections. However, Claimant Willis offered no details or docu*644mentation regarding these coin collections or their purported sale.

*CONCLUSIONS OF LAW*

Having made these Findings of Fact, the Court will now turn to the relevant statutory scheme and will make the following Conclusions of Law. First, the Court notes that the Government’s action against the Defendant Currency was brought pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881(a), which provides, in pertinent part:

> (a) The following shall be subject to forfeiture to the United States and no property right shall exist in them:

> (6) All moneys, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance or listed chemical in violation of this subchapter, all proceeds traceable to such an exchange, and all moneys, negotiable instruments, and securities used or intended to be used to facilitate any violation of this subchapter....

Thus, 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) authorizes the forfeiture of any currency received in exchange for controlled substances, all proceeds traceable to drug sales, and all currency used to commit or to facilitate the commission of a felony violation of Title 21. In addition, Title 18, United States Code, Section 981, provides, in pertinent part:

> (a)(1) The following property is subject to forfeiture to the United States:

> (C) Any property, real or personal, which constitutes or is derived from proceeds traceable to ... any offense constituting “specified unlawful activity” (as defined in [18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(7) ]), or a conspiracy to commit such offense.

Pursuant to the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000 (“CAFRA”), Pub.L. No. 106-185, 114 Stat. 202 (2000), the Government has the burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant property is forfeitable. 18 U.S.C. § 983(c)(1).

In the present case, based on the evidence presented at trial, the Court concludes that the Government has met its burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the Defendant Currency is subject to forfeiture. *See*21 U.S.C. 881(a)(6); 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C), § 983(c). Specifically, the Defendant Currency is subject to forfeiture because it was received in exchange for controlled substances and it constitutes proceeds of illegal drug dealing2 and/or other specified unlawful activity, including Food Stamp fraud (7 U.S.C. § 2024). The evidence demonstrates that Claimant Willis engaged in a substantial amount of drug transactions and illegal drug activity over more than a decade3 ending with the ar*645rest of Claimant Willis on October 15, 2002. Both suppliers and customers testified to hundreds of transactions in which Willis bought, sold, or dispensed marijuana, cocaine or cocaine base (“crack”). Willis, who admitted to very little that was unfavorable to him, admitted that he engaged in drug transactions on multiple occasions. The evidence presented at trial establishes that Claimant Willis sold between at least $903,990.00 — $1,726,140.00 worth of “crack” cocaine, based on the known sales and purchases of those who testified at trial. In addition, Claimant Willis illegally trafficked in Food Stamps in violation of the drug statutes and 7 U.S.C. § 2024. He exchanged crack cocaine and other drugs for Food Stamps and took Food Stamps for cash and ineligible items in violation of 7 U.S.C. § 2024. He used the Food Stamps, obtained from drug transactions or trafficking, to launder his illegal proceeds in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 and 981 through his bank account at First Union National Bank where he redeemed the Food Stamps for in excess of $890,000.00.

At the same time that Claimant Willis was receiving hundreds of thousands of dollars from illegal drug transactions and hundreds of thousands of dollars from illegal Food Stamp trafficking, Willis reported meager income on his tax returns and swore under oath in child support litigation in 1995 and again in 1998 that he had no cash or savings and no income other than Social Security. Claimant Willis has attempted to give multiple, varied explanations as to the source of the currency. However, to the extent Willis contends that the currency came from profits at the Bannertown Superette, the evidence at trial established that any profit from the Bannertown Superette resulted from Claimant Willis’ illegal drug transactions and Food Stamp trafficking through that business. In addition, Claimant Willis’ later claim that the currency came from the sale of coin collections is not credible and is not supported by any documentation or other evidence. Therefore, the Court concludes that the evidence is more than sufficient to establish that Claimant Willis’ hidden cash was the proceeds of his illegal drug activity.

In addition, the currency is forfeitable pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 881(a)(6) because it was “used to facilitate” illegal drug activity. Under CAFRA, forfeiture of facilitating property requires a “substantial connection” between the offense and the property. *See*18 U.S.C. § 983(c)(3). Under this “substantial connection” test:

> the property either must be used or intended to be used to commit a crime, or must facilitate the commission of a crime. At minimum, the property must *646have more than an incidental or fortuitous connection to criminal activity.

*United States v. Schifferli,*895 F.2d 987, 990 (4th Cir.1990). In the present case, having a large sum of money, his “bank” in the house, allowed Claimant Willis to make better deals when suppliers arrived and made it easier to avoid detection of law enforcement while dealing in hundreds of thousands of dollars in drug transactions. As such, the cash horde facilitated, and in fact made Willis’ drug dealing possible. Therefore, the Court concludes that the large quantities of cash facilitated Claimant Willis’ continued drug trafficking, and the Court finds a substantial connection between the currency and the activity which gives rise to the forfeiture. The Court further concludes that Claimant Willis’ use of the currency in his drug activity was deliberate and planned, and that the involvement of the currency was not simply incidental or fortuitous. As such, the currency is therefore forfeitable on this basis as well.

Therefore, based on all of the evidence presented, the Court concludes that the currency was furnished in exchange for illegal drugs and was the proceeds of illegal drug trafficking and other specified unlawful activity. See 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6); 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C). In addition, the Court concludes that the currency was instrumental in facilitating Claimant Willis’ drug trafficking activity in an integral and essential way. See 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6); 18 U.S.C. § 983(c). Therefore, the Court concludes that the Government has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the Defendant Currency is subject to forfeiture pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) and 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C).4

Once the Government establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that property is subject to forfeiture, the claimant may attempt to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he is an innocent owner of the property. 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)(1). This Willis failed to do. Claimant Willis’ admission of ongoing drug activity precludes a finding that he “did not know of the conduct giving rise to the forfeiture” or “was reasonably without cause to believe that the property was subject to forfeiture.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 983(d)(2)(A)© and (3)(A)(ii). Therefore, based on the evidence of substantial and continuous drug dealing by Claimant Willis over an extended period of time, Claimant Willis cannot establish that he was an innocent owner of the currency. The Court therefore concludes, based on a preponderance of all of the evidence presented, that the Defendant Currency is subject to forfeiture.

In addition to these conclusions with respect to Claimant Willis, the Court notes that the Government has obtained an entry of default pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a) against all other persons interested in the Defendant Currency, other than Claimant Willis and Tammy Harrell. It appears that process was fully issued in this action and returned according to law, as outlined in the United States’ Declaration in Support of Motion for Entry of Default [Document # 54]. No other interested persons have filed a claim or answer or otherwise appeared in this proceeding, and all persons other than *647Claimant Willis and Tammy Harrell are therefore defaulted. Therefore, no other claims remaining, a Decree and Judgment of Forfeiture will be entered against the Defendant Currency in this case.

An Order and Judgment consistent with these Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law will be entered contemporaneously herewith.

*ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

For the reasons discussed in the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law filed contemporaneously herewith, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the Defendant Currency totaling $890,718.00 is forfeited to the United States of America pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881 and 18 U.S.C. § 981, and no right, title or interest in the property shall exist in any other party, named or unnamed.

1

. On July 31, 2003, Tammy Harrell, through counsel, filed an Answer and asserted a claim of $63,796.09 in child support owed as of July 1, 2003. Tammy Harrell has entered into a settlement agreement with the United States regarding her claim in the property, and her claim therefore will not be addressed further.

2

. Title 21, U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) provides, in pertinent part, that "it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally — (1) to ... distribute ... a controlled substance ....” Sections 841(b)(1)(A) and (B) are the applicable penalty sections and require a term of imprisonment of not less than five years if the violation involves 5 grams or more of a mixture or substance which contains cocaine base, and not less than ten years if the violation involves 50 grams or more of a mixture or substance which contains cocaine base. 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (b)( 1)(A)(iii) and (B)(iii).

3

. Although Claimant Willis engaged in drug transactions for over a decade, the hidden cash proceeds and the connection between Claimant Willis’ drug transactions and his hidden cash was not discovered by the Government until 2002. Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1621, which applies in drug forfeiture cases, the forfeiture action must be commenced "within five years after the time *645when the alleged offense was discovered or in the case of forfeiture, within 2 years after the time when the involvement of the property in the alleged offense was discovered, whichever was later.” 19 U.S.C. § 1621; *see also*21 U.S.C. § 881(d) (incorporating the customs law statutes of limitations for use in drug forfeiture cases); *United States v. Carrell,*252 F.3d 1193, 1205-07 (11th Cir.2001) (noting that the limitations period is tolled "during any time of concealment, which enables the government to file a civil forfeiture action when it learns or discovers the involvement ... of the property” with drug transactions or proceeds). In the present case, Claimant Willis concealed the currency in ceiling tiles in the basement of his residence and also attempted to conceal his ongoing drug activity. The currency and the connection between the currency and Claimant Willis' illegal drug activity was discovered and established only after Claimant Willis engaged in drug transactions with Confidential Informants at the residence in October 2002. This forfeiture action was thereafter commenced in a timely manner only a few months later on March 20, 2003.

4

. Because the Court finds sufficient evidence to support forfeiture of the currency pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) and 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C) as the proceeds of illegal drug activity and/or other specified unlawful activity, and pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) and 18 U.S.C. § 983 as property used to facilitate illegal drug activity, the Court need not reach the Government’s alternative argument that the currency is also forfeitable pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A) as property ’’involved in” a money laundering transaction.