Statistiques

des transports

en Amérique 

du Nord

North American

Transportation

in Figures

El Transporte

de América 

del Norte

en Cifras

English edition

North American Transportation in Figures i ▲

North

American

Transportation

in Figures

BTS00-05
 ii ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte

Carretera Querétaro-Galindo Km.12

76700 Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo,

Querétaro, Qro.

Telephone: (4) 216-9777

(from within Mexico)

(4) 216-9646

(from within Mexico)

(4) 216-9597

(from within Mexico)

Fax: (4) 216-9671

(from within Mexico)

E-mail (product orders):

buzon@imt.mx

publicaciones@imt.mx

Web site: www.imt.mx

All material contained in this report is in

the public domain and may be used and

reprinted without special permission;

citation as to source is required.

Recommended Citation

U.S. Department of Transportation,

Bureau of Transportation Statistics,

U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau; Statistics Canada; Transport Canada;

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte;

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

e Informática; and Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes, North

American Transportation in Figures, BTS00-

05, Washington, DC: 2000

To obtain copies of this report, users

may contact any of the agencies listed

below:

Canada

Statistics Canada

Dissemination Division

120 Parkdale Avenue

Ottawa, Ontario

K1A 0T6

Telephone: (1-800) 700-1033

(from within Canada

or the United States)

(613) 951-7277

(from within Canada

or the United States)

Fax: (1-800) 889-9734

(from within Canada

or the United States)

(613) 951-1584

(from within Canada

or the United States)

E-mail (product orders):

order@statcan.ca

Web site: www.statcan.ca

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

 Transportes

Dirección General de Planeación

Dirección de Información Programática

Av. Insurgentes Sur y Nebraska

 No. 825, 1er piso

Col. Nápoles

Del. Benito Juárez

México, D.F.

CP 03810

Telephone: (5) 536-9189

(from within Mexico)

(5) 543-9831

(from within Mexico)

Fax: (5) 543-7283

(from within Mexico)

Web site: www.sct.gob.mx
North American Transportation in Figures iii ▲

Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

 Geografía e Informática

Dirección General de Difusión

Dirección de Atención a Usuarios y

 Comercialización

Edificio Sede

Av. Héroe de Nacozari Sur No. 2301

Fracc. Jardines del Parque

20270, Aguascalientes, Ags.

Telephone: (4) 918-2998

(from within Mexico)

E-mail (product orders):

usuario@cis.inegi.gob.mx

Web site: www.inegi.gob.mx

United States

Customer Service

Bureau of Transportation Statistics

U.S. Department of Transportation

400 Seventh Street SW

Washington, DC 20590

Telephone: (202) 366-3282

(from within the United

States or Canada)

Fax: (202) 366-3640

(from within the United

States or Canada)

E-mail (product orders):

orders@bts.gov

Web site: www.bts.gov

U.S. Census Bureau

1201 E. 10th Street

Building 71 Publications

Jeffersonville, IN 47132

Telephone: (812) 218-3690
iv North American Transportation in Figures
North American Transportation in Figures v ▲

Canada

Transport Canada

David M. Collenette,

Minister

Margaret Bloodworth,

Deputy Minister

Policy Group

Louis Ranger,

Assistant Deputy Minister

Roger Roy,

Director General,

Economic Analysis Directorate

 United States

U.S. Department of

Transportation

Rodney E. Slater,

Secretary

Mortimer L. Downey,

Deputy Secretary

Bureau of Transportation

Statistics

Ashish K. Sen,

Director

Richard R. Kowalewski,

Deputy Director

Susan J. Lapham,

Associate Director for Statistical

Programs & Services

 Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones

y Transportes

Carlos Ruiz Sacristán,

Secretary

Aarón Dychter Poltolarek,

Sub-Secretary of Transportation

Manuel Rodríguez Morales,

Sub-Secretary for Infrastructure

General Coordination of

Planning and SCT Centers

Juan Rodríguez Castañeda,

Coordinator General of Planning

and Centers

Abraham Zamora Torres,

Director General of Planning

Adolfo Zagal Olivares,

Director of Program Information

Instituto Mexicano del

Transporte

Alfonso Rico Rodríguez,

Director General

Roberto Aguerrebere Salido,

Coordinator of Transport

Integration

agency i d ent i f i ca t i on

Statistics Canada

Ivan P. Fellegi,

Chief Statistician

Ray Ryan,

Assistant Chief Statistician,

Business and Trade Statistics

George Andrusiak,

Director General,

Industry Statistics

Tricia Trépanier,

Director,

Transportation Division

Instituto Nacional de

Estadística, Geografía

e Informática

Antonio Puig Escudero,

President

Miguel Cervera Flores,

Director General of Statistics

Francisco Guillén,

Director General of National

Accounts,

Socioeconomic Studies and Prices

Gabriel Maldonado Lee,

Director of Sector,

State and Regional Statistics

U.S. Department of Commerce

Norman Y. Mineta,

Secretary

Robert L. Mallett,

Deputy Secretary

U.S. Census Bureau

Kenneth Prewitt,

Director

William G. Barron,

Deputy Director

Paula J. Schneider,

Principal Associate Director for

Programs

Frederick T. Knickerbocker, Associate

Director for Economic Programs

Thomas L. Mesenbourg,

Assistant Director for Economic

Programs
 vi ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

iv

North American Transportation

Statistics Project

A tricountry working group was responsible for

this project. Agencies represented included Statistics Canada and Transport Canada from

Canada; the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes, the Instituto Mexicano del

Transporte and the Instituto Nacional de

Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) from

Mexico; and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the Census Bureau from the United

States. The final product, however, would not

have been possible without the many substantial contributions from people in each country

who were not members of the working group,

and who are represented by the supporting agencies and organizations listed below.

Coordination

Lisa Randall, Bureau of Transportation

Statistics, U.S. Department of

Transportation

North American Transportation

Statistics Project Working Group

Members

Roberto Aguerrebere Salido, Instituto

Mexicano del Transporte

Jeff Allen, Statistics Canada

Miguel Angel Backhoff, Instituto Mexicano

del Transporte

Irwin Bess, Statistics Canada

Ruth Bramblett, Census Bureau, U.S.

Department of Commerce

Carol Brandt, Bureau of Transportation

Statistics, U.S. Department of

Transportation

Josefina Flores, Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes

Alicia Guerrero, Instituto Nacional de

Estadística, Geografía e Informática

Enrique Juárez, Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes

Peter Kennedy, Transport Canada

John Lawson, Transport Canada

Felipe Leyva, Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática

José Luis Bermúdez, Instituto Mexicano del

Transporte

Victor Palacios Aguilar, Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes

Gilles Paré, Statistics Canada

Brigitte Parent, Transport Canada

Lisa Randall, Bureau of Transportation

Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation

Oscar Rico, Instituto Mexicano del

Transporte

Norman Tague, Maritime Administration,

U.S. Department of Transportation

Rolf Schmitt, Bureau of Transportation

Statistics, U.S. Department of

Transportation

Garry Tulipan, Transport Canada

Thomas Zabelsky, Census Bureau, U.S.

Department of Commerce

The contributions of the following people to

this project are also gratefully acknowledged:

Felix Ammah-Tagoe, Audrey Buyrn, Bingsong

Fang, Roberto Flores, Xiaoli Han, William Mallett,

Erika McDonald and Tonia Rifaey.

a n ck ow l e d g m en t s
North American Transportation in Figures vii ▲

Supporting Agencies and

Organizations

Canada

Canadian National Railways

Canadian Pacific Railway Company

Natural Resources Canada

NAV CANADA

Saint Lawrence Seaway Management

Corporation

Transportation Association of Canada

Transportation Safety Board of Canada

Mexico

Banco de México, Dirección General de

Investigación Económica

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes, Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes, Ferrocarriles Nacionales de

México

Secretaría de Turismo, Dirección General

de Política Turística

United States

American Public Transit Association

Association of American Railroads

Department of Commerce, Bureau of

Economic Analysis

Department of Defense, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers

Department of Energy, Energy Information

Administration

Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National

Laboratory

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

Statistics

Department of Transportation, Federal

Aviation Administration

Department of Transportation, Federal

Highway Administration

Department of Transportation, Federal

Railroad Administration

Department of Transportation, Federal

Transit Administration

Department of Transportation, Maritime

Administration

Department of Transportation, National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Department of Transportation, Research

and Special Projects Administration

Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast

Guard

Environmental Protection Agency

National Railroad Passenger Corporation

(Amtrak)

National Transportation Safety Board

Publication Support: Walter C. Odom,

Michael G. Garland, Gary Lauffer, Benjamin

Cromer, Barbara Abbott, Gloria Davis, Kevin

Proctor, and Laurene Qualls, U.S. Census

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce

Marsha Fenn and Chip Moore, Bureau

of Transportation Statistics,

U.S. Department of Transportation

Martha Courtney, MacroSys

Cover design: Vincent Hughes, Visualization
viii North American Transportation in Figures
North American Transportation in Figures ix ▲

 North American Transportation in Figures

examines transportation and transportation-related passenger, freight, economic,

safety, energy, environmental and demographic statistics relating to Canada,

Mexico and the United States. This publication serves to increase awareness of

transportation-related statistics currently

available in each of the three countries,

helps to assess comparability of the data,

determines where information gaps exist

and reveals which additional data are

needed for a more complete picture of transportation in North America.

This project is a direct result of the North

American Transportation Statistics Interchange, a tripartite initiative representing

the transportation and statistical agencies

of Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Updates to this publication will continue

on a periodic basis.

pref ace
x North American Transportation in Figures
North American Transportation in Figures xi ▲

Introduction .................................................................................................. xix

Section 1: Country Overview

Table 1-1. National Population and Labor Force ...............................................................3

Figure 1-1a. Percent Share of North American Population: 1990, 1995 and 1996 ........4

Figure 1-1b. Percent Change in Population: 1990 to 1996 ..........................................4

Figure 1-1c. Percent Share of North American Labor Force: 1990, 1995 and 1996 .......5

Figure 1-1d. Labor Force as a Percent of Total National Population: 1996 ...................5

Table 1-1a. Top 25 Canadian Population Centers: 1996 ...................................................6

Table 1-1b. Top 25 Mexican Population Centers: 1995.....................................................6

Table 1-1c. Top 25 U.S. Population Centers: 1996 ...........................................................7

Map 1. Top 25 Population Centers per Country: 1996 ...............................................8

Table 1-2. Area ............................................................................................................7

Table 1-3. Gross Domestic Product by Industry ............................................................9

Figure 1-3a. Percent Share of GDP Industry Category: 1996 .....................................10

Figure 1-3b. Percent Change in GDP Industry Category: 1990 to 1996 ......................11

Figure 1-3c. Percent Share of Transportation Industry GDP by

Subcategory: 1996 ..............................................................................12

Section 2: Transportation and the Economy

Table 2-1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related

Final Demand ............................................................................................ 15

Table 2-2. Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by

Subcategory of Expenditure........................................................................ 17

Figure 2-2a. Percent Share of Personal Consumption Expenditures for

Transportation by Major Subcategory: 1996 ........................................ 18

Figure 2-2b. Percent Change in Personal Consumption Expenditures

for Transportation by Major Subcategory: 1990 to 1996 ...................... 18

Table 2-3. Government Expenditures for Transportation by Mode ............................... 19

Table 2-4. Employment in Transportation and Related Industries ................................ 21

Table 2-5. Employment in Transportation-Related Occupations ................................... 23

cont en t s
 xii ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Table 2-6. Receipts and Payments Related to International Merchandise

and Services Trade ..................................................................................... 25

Table 2-7a. Canada’s Receipts From and Payments to Mexico for Merchandise

and Services Trade ..................................................................................... 27

Table 2-7b. Canada’s Receipts From and Payments to the United States for

Merchandise and Services Trade ................................................................28

Table 2-8a. U.S. Receipts From and Payments to Canada for Merchandise

and Services Trade ..................................................................................... 29

Table 2-8b. U.S. Receipts From and Payments to Mexico for Merchandise

and Services Trade ..................................................................................... 30

Section 3: Transportation Safety

Table 3-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode .............................................................. 33

Table 3-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode ................................................................35

Table 3-3. Motor Vehicle Fatality and Injury Rates....................................................... 37

Figure 3-3. Road Fatality Rate per 10,000 Vehicles: 1990, 1995 and 1996................38

Table 3-4. Air Carrier Fatality and Injury Rates ...........................................................39

Section 4: Transportation, Energy and the Environment

Table 4-1. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector ..................................... 43

Figure 4-1. Transportation’s Percent Share of Total Energy

 Consumption: 1996.............................................................................44

Table 4-2. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation ........................................45

Table 4-3. Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for

Road Motor Vehicles...................................................................................47

Table 4-4. Average Price of Fossil Fuel to End-Users ....................................................48

Table 4-5. New Model Year Fuel Efficiency for Road Motor Vehicles .............................50

Table 4-6a. Federal Emission Control Requirements for Passenger Cars and

Light Trucks: Model Year ............................................................................51

Table 4-6b. Federal Emission Control Requirements for Heavy Trucks:

Model Year................................................................................................. 53

Section 2: Transportation and the Economy – Continued
North American Transportation in Figures xiii ▲

Section 5: Domestic Freight Activity

Table 5-1. Domestic Freight Activity by Mode (Metric Tons) ........................................ 57

Table 5-2. Domestic Freight Activity by Mode (Metric Ton-Kilometers) ......................... 59

Figure 5-2a. Percent Modal Share, Excluding Pipelines, of Total Metric

Ton-Kilometers: 1996 .......................................................................... 61

Figure 5-2b. Percent Modal Share, Including Pipelines, of Total Metric

Ton-Kilometers: 1996 .......................................................................... 61

Table 5-3a. Top Canadian Domestic Freight Commodities by Mode: 1996 ..................... 62

Table 5-3b. Top Mexican Domestic Freight Commodities by Mode: 1996 ....................... 63

Table 5-3c. Top U.S. Domestic Freight Commodities by Mode: 1993 .............................. 64

Table 5-4a. Top Canadian Domestic Freight Interprovincial Pairs by Mode: 1996 ........... 65

Map 2. Top Canadian Domestic Freight Interprovincial Pairs by

Mode: 1996 ................................................................................................ 66

Table 5-4b. Top U.S. Domestic Freight Interstate Pairs by Mode: 1993 ........................... 67

Map 3. Top U.S. Domestic Freight Interstate Pairs by Mode: 1993........................... 68

Table 5-5a. Top Canadian Domestic Freight Area Pairs by Mode: 1996 .......................... 69

Table 5-5b. Top Mexican Domestic Freight Area Pairs by Mode: 1996 ............................ 70

Map 4. Top Mexican Domestic Freight Area Pairs by Mode: 1996............................ 71

Section 6: North American Merchandise Trade

Table 6-1a. Canadian Merchandise Trade With Mexico and the United States by

Mode of Transportation (Value)................................................................... 75

Table 6-1b. Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the United States

by Mode of Transportation (Value) .............................................................. 76

Table 6-1c. U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico by Mode of

Transportation (Value) ................................................................................ 78

Table 6-2a. Canadian Merchandise Trade With Mexico and the United States

by Mode of Transportation (Metric Tons) .................................................... 80

Table 6-2b. Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the United States

by Mode of Transportation (Metric Tons) .................................................... 81

Table 6-2c. U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico by Mode

of Transportation (Metric Tons) .................................................................. 83

Table 6-3a. Top Canadian Gateways for North American Merchandise Trade by

Mode: 1996 ................................................................................................ 85
 xiv ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Table 6-3b. Top Mexican Gateways for North American Merchandise Trade by

Mode: 1996 ................................................................................................ 87

Table 6-3c. Top U.S. Gateways for North American Merchandise Trade by

Mode: 1996 ................................................................................................ 88

Table 6-4a. Top Mexican Maritime Intransit Shipment Ports: January-June 1997 ............ 90

Table 6-4b. Top U.S. Maritime Intransit Shipment Ports: 1996 ....................................... 91

Table 6-5a. Top Land Freight Crossing Ports, Canadian-U.S. Border: 1996...................... 92

Table 6-5b. Top Land Freight Crossing Ports, Mexican-U.S. Border: 1996 ....................... 93

Map 5. Series of Maps Showing Border Crossing Facilities ..................................... 94

Table 6-6a. Top Canadian Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode With

Mexico: 1996 ............................................................................................. 99

Table 6-6b. Top Canadian Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode With the

United States: 1996 .................................................................................. 100

Table 6-7a. Top Mexican Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode With

Canada: 1996 ........................................................................................... 101

Table 6-7b. Top Mexican Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode With the

United States: 1996 .................................................................................. 102

Table 6-8a. Top U.S. Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode With Canada:

1996 ........................................................................................................ 103

Table 6-8b. Top U.S. Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode With Mexico:

1996 ........................................................................................................ 104

Section 7: International Merchandise Trade Between North

 America and the Rest of the World

Table 7-1. International Merchandise Trade Between North America and the

Rest of the World by Value ....................................................................... 107

Table 7-2. International Merchandise Trade Between North America and the

Rest of the World by Weight ..................................................................... 109

Table 7-3a. Top Canadian International Merchandise Trade Gateways

by Mode: 1996 ......................................................................................... 111

Table 7-3b. Top U.S. International Merchandise Trade Gateways by Mode: 1996 .......... 113

Table 7-4a. Top Canadian International Trade Commodities by Value: 1996................. 114

Table 7-4b. Top Mexican International Trade Commodities by Value: 1996 .................. 115

Table 7-4c. Top U.S. International Trade Commodities by Value: 1996 ......................... 116

Table 7-5a. Top Canadian International Trade Commodities by Weight: 1996 .............. 117

Table 7-5b. Top U.S. International Trade Commodities by Weight: 1996 ....................... 118

Section 6: North American Merchandise Trade – Continued
North American Transportation in Figures xv ▲

Section 8: Domestic Passenger Travel

Table 8-1. Domestic Passenger Travel by Mode ......................................................... 121

Table 8-2a. Top Canadian Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by

Mode: 1996 .............................................................................................. 123

Map 6. Top Canadian Domestic Passenger Metropolitian Area Pairs by

Mode: 1996 .............................................................................................. 124

Table 8-2b. Top Mexican Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by

Mode: 1996 .............................................................................................. 123

Map 7. Top Mexican Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by

Mode: 1996 .............................................................................................. 125

Table 8-2c. Top U.S. Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by Mode: 1995 ........ 126

Map 8. Top U.S. Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by

Mode: 1995 .............................................................................................. 127

Section 9: North American Passenger Travel

Table 9-1a. Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel by Mode of Transportation ............. 131

Table 9-1b. Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travel by Mode

of Transportation ..................................................................................... 132

Table 9-1c. Mexico-United States/United States-Mexico Travel by Mode

of Transportation ..................................................................................... 134

Figure 9-1a. Percent Share of Total Travel Between Canada and Mexico: 1996 ........ 136

Figure 9-1b. Percent Share of Total Travel Between Canada and the

United States: 1996 ........................................................................... 136

Figure 9-1c. Percent Share of Total Travel Between Mexico and the

United States: 1996 ........................................................................... 136

Figure 9-1d. Same Day vs. Overnight Travel, Percent Share of Total Travel

Between Canada and the United States: 1996 ..................................... 136

Figure 9-1e. Same Day vs. Overnight Travel, Percent Share of Total Travel

Between Mexico and the United States: 1996...................................... 137

Figure 9-1f. Percent Modal Share of Canadian-U.S. Same Day

Passenger Travel: 1996...................................................................... 137

Figure 9-1g. Percent Modal Share of Canadian-U.S. Overnight

Passenger Travel: 1996...................................................................... 137

Figure 9-1h. Percent Modal Share of Mexican-U.S. Overnight

Passenger Travel: 1996...................................................................... 137

Table 9-2a. Top Land Passenger Ports, Canadian-U.S. Border: 1996.............................. 138
 xvi ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Table 9-2b. Top Land Passenger Ports, Mexican-U.S. Border: 1996 ............................... 140

Table 9-3. Top North American Air Passenger City Pairs: 1996................................... 141

Map 9. Top North American Air Passenger City Pairs: 1996................................... 142

Table 9-4a. Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel by Trip Purpose ............................. 143

Table 9-4b. Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travel by Trip Purpose .......... 144

Table 9-5a. Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel Characteristics: 1996 ..................... 145

Table 9-5b. Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travel Characteristics: 1996 .. 147

Section 10: International Passenger Travel Between North

 America and the Rest of the World

Table 10-1. Passenger Travel Between North America and the Rest of the

World by Mode of Transportation ............................................................. 151

Table 10-2. Top International Origins and Destinations Outside of North

America: 1996.......................................................................................... 153

Table 10-3. Top International Air Gateways, Excluding North American

Travel: 1996............................................................................................. 154

Section 11: Transportation Infrastructure

Table 11-1. Domestic Physical System Extent .............................................................. 157

Figure 11-1a. Extent of Road Network (4 or More Lanes): 1990 and 1995 ............... 159

Figure 11-1b. Growth in Kilometers of Road (4 or More Lanes): 1990 to 1995 ........ 159

Table 11-2. Number of Airports ................................................................................ 160

Table 11-2a. Top 20 Canadian Airports by Flight Operations: 1996 .............................. 161

Table 11-2b. Top 20 Mexican Airports by Flight Operations: 1996 ............................... 162

Table 11-2c. Top 20 U.S. Airports by Flight Operations: 1996 ...................................... 163

Table 11-3. Number of Water Ports and Facilities....................................................... 165

Table 11-4a. Top 20 Canadian Water Ports by Tonnage (Domestic and

International): 1996 ................................................................................ 166

Table 11-4b. Top 20 Mexican Water Ports by Tonnage (Domestic and

International): 1996 ................................................................................ 167

Table 11-4c. Top 20 U.S. Water Ports by Tonnage (Domestic and International):

1996 ...................................................................................................... 168

Map 10. North American Water Ports, Top 20 by Tonnage for Each

Country: 1996 ........................................................................................ 164

Table 11-5. Toll Roads, Bridges and Tunnels ............................................................. 169

Section 9: North American Passenger Travel – Continued
North American Transportation in Figures xvii ▲

Section 12: Transportation Vehicles

Table 12-1. Number of Transportation Vehicles/Equipment ........................................ 173

Figure 12-1a. Growth in Number of Total Road Vehicles: 1990 to 1996 ................. 177

Figure 12-1b. Total Road Vehicles per 1,000 Residents: 1996 ................................ 177

Table 12-2. Vehicle-Kilometers by Mode ..................................................................... 178

Appendix A: Overview of Transportation Statistics in

 Canada, Mexico and the United States ................. 183

Appendix B: Additional Sources and Technical Notes............ 217

Appendix C: Reference Resources..................................................... 331

Source Acronyms ....................................................................................................... 331

International Currency Exchange Rates ....................................................................... 333

State and Provincial Abbreviations ............................................................................. 334

Conversion Ratios for Metric-U.S. Measures ............................................................... 335

Land Port Names, Canadian-U.S. Border ..................................................................... 336

Land Port Names, Mexican-U.S. Border ....................................................................... 341

Harmonized Tariff Schedule for International Merchandise Trade ............................... 345

Appendix D: Tables in U.S. Measures ............................................... 349
xviii North American Transportation in Figures
North American Transportation in Figures Introduction xix ▲

 The rate of global economic growth and the

integration of trade, finance and manufacturing

have increased greatly over the last two

decades. Transportation plays a vital role in

the changing global economy, linking people

and places, facilitating trade and tourism and

encouraging economic competition and

specialization. The North American1

experience mirrors these worldwide trends.

Reduced trade barriers and increasingly

mobile populations have created a

heightened need for information on

transportation infrastructure and services

within and across Canada, Mexico and the

United States. Two major initiatives, the

Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA)2

and the subsequent North American Free

Trade Agreement (NAFTA),3 were significant

milestones in the liberalization of trade in

goods and services between the three

countries of this continent.

An effective, efficient and safe transportation

system is critical to any nation’s economic

growth, the mobility of its citizens and its

national security. Each day, governments,

businesses and consumers make countless

decisions about where to locate facilities and

make investments, what to ship, which

transportation mode to use and how and

where to travel on business or for pleasure.

Transportation provides the links between

businesses, industries and consumers, and

the merits of transportation go beyond the

national borders of any one country. While

the positive contributions of transportation

to the national economies and to the daily

life of people everywhere are quite important,

transportation also has some adverse

impacts. Transportation uses significant

amounts of energy, mostly derived from

petroleum, and is also a major cause of death

and injury every year. This report strives to

present a balanced picture of the benefits

transportation confers as well as the impacts

it has.

The effectiveness and efficiency of national

and North American transportation relies

heavily on sound information. Within

and across countries, comprehensive

transportation information makes

knowledgeable decisions possible, on

personal, corporate and national policy

levels. Accurate data, comparable across

modes and countries, is important in order

to make effective investments with scarce

resources; to understand changes in

dynamic transportation markets; to

evaluate transportation benefits and

impacts; and to support critical decisionmaking in the public and private sectors.

In short, accurate, comprehensive and timely

transportation-related information is a key

component in business, government and

personal decisionmaking.

A trilateral initiative, the North American

Transportation Statistics Interchange

(Interchange), first identified a need for a

compendium of transportation and

transportation-related data for Canada,

Mexico and the United States. The

Interchange is an initiative between the

transportation and statistical agencies of

Canada, Mexico and the United States, and

provides a forum for the exchange of

information and for the discussion of topics

and issues related to transportation

statistics in and among the participating

countries. The first Interchange meeting

In t rod u c t i o n

1 For the purposes of this report, North America will refer

to the countries of Canada, Mexico and the United States.

2 The FTA entered into force on January 1, 1989.

3 NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994.
 xx Introduction ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

4 In December 1999, a brief summary report, North American

Transportation Highlights, was published based on the work

and data included in this report, North American Transportation

in Figures.

5 Conversion ratios to U.S. measures are included in Appendix C.

Appendix D reports data in U.S. measures for specific tables.

was held in November 1991, and regular

meetings have been held since then.

In addition to promoting closer working

ties between the transportation and statistical agencies of the three countries, the

Interchange has led to a number of key

projects, including: the joint Canadian and

U.S. development of the Standard Classification of Transported Goods (SCTG), the

resolution of data inconsistencies in

transborder merchandise trade data and

the exchange of ideas on the development

of national reports. Trilateral cooperation

between the three countries also led to the

development of the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), provided for an exchange of ideas on how to

improve and standardize the handling of

transportation data in national economic

accounts, and resulted in an agreement to

jointly develop a project on North American transportation statistics. Since 1997,

a tricountry working group has been coordinating the work of this later project. Participating agencies include Statistics

Canada and Transport Canada from Canada;

the Secretaría de Communicaciones y

Transportes (Ministry of Communications

and Transportation), the Instituto Mexicano

del Transporte (Mexican Institute of Transportation) and the Instituto Nacional de

Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)

(National Institute of Statistics, Geography

and Informatics) from Mexico; and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the

U.S. Census Bureau from the United States.

The North American Transportation

Statistics project has had a number of key

objectives. These are: (a) to identify key

information that will help provide a

comprehensive view of transportation in

North America, (b) to characterize

transportation activity and impacts

across and between Canada, Mexico and

the United States, (c) to reveal specific

data comparability differences within and

across countries, (d) to identify data and

information gaps and (e) to begin

discussions for reducing comparability

differences and data gaps through

cooperative activities. This report, North

American Transportation in Figures, is one

of the outcomes of this project, and

represents the second joint effort by the

three countries to develop a statistical

report related to transportation.4 It is

expected that the information will be

updated on a periodic basis, giving users

a recognized source for transportation and

other related data in a North American

context.

North American Transportation in Figures

provides a comprehensive overview of

transportation statistics in North America.

English, French and Spanish editions of the

report are available. The report includes

data for 1990, 1995 and 1996, the latest

years for which comparable data are readily

available. All of the value data are reported

in current U.S. dollars. All measurement

units are in metric.5 Users should note

that, for the sake of greater comparability

across the three countries, data categories

and definitions were extensively reviewed

and modified when necessary. Therefore,

some of the data categories and definitions

used in this report may not always

correspond to those used in the specific

national publications of Canada, Mexico

and the United States. Users, who require

data in original categories, currencies or

measures, a complete time series or other
North American Transportation in Figures Introduction xxi ▲

additional information, may contact the

appropriate source agency in each country.

Each language edition of the report

contains over 90 data tables, supported by

graphs, figures, maps and a number of

appendixes. Appendix A includes an

overview of the transportation statistical

system in each of the three countries,

including information on specific agencies

and their roles and responsibilities for

transportation data. In most cases,

Appendix A also provides web site

addresses where additional detailed

information is available for specific data

sets and series. Appendix B provides

additional technical notes for each of the

data tables, and explains the differences

in data sources, survey methodologies,

collection approaches and definitions

among the three countries. Information

provided here supplements footnotes

included on individual tables. Appendix C

contains additional reference charts,

including: the International Monetary Fund

(IMF) exchange rates used, state and

provincial abbreviations, U.S.-metric

conversion ratios, land border crossing

ports and the Harmonized Schedule for

international merchandise trade at the twodigit level. Appendix D provides selected

tables in U.S. measures.

North American Transportation in Figures

contains twelve thematic sections. Section

1, Country Overview, sets the context of

the report with an overview of each

country: population, labor force, physical

area and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Section 2, Transportation and the Economy,

draws a comprehensive picture of the

impact that transportation has on the

economic indicators of each country

(including GDP), government expenditures

for transportation, and transportation

employment. Section 3, Transportation

Safety, provides critical information on

fatalities and injuries by mode. Fatality

and injury rates for road and air also are

included. Section 4, Transportation,

Energy and the Environment, responds to

current energy and environmental

concerns, and includes tables on energy

consumption, fuel costs and emission

control requirements. Section 5, Domestic

Freight Activity, summarizes freight

activity by mode, by major commodity and

by major origin/destination pair. Sections

6 and 7 provide data on North American

merchandise trade and international

merchandise trade between North America

and the rest of the world. For Section 6,

each country decided to use its own

merchandise trade data. Thus, there will

be statistical differences when comparing,

for example, Canada’s data for trade with

the United States and the United State’s

data for trade with Canada. Section 7

represents international merchandise

trade for each country, excluding trade

with the other North American countries.

Sections 8, 9 and 10 provide data on

domestic, North American and international

passenger travel. Section 9 presents a

picture of North American travel with

information about the type of travel

(overnight versus same-day), mode of

transportation used and trip purpose.

Section 10 provides data on international

passenger travel between North America

and the rest of the world. Section 11,

concentrates on transportation infrastructure

and its use in each country. Section 12,

Transportation Vehicles, provides a detailed

inventory of transportation vehicles and

equipment and summarizes domestic

movements, in terms of vehicle-kilometers,

by mode.
 xxii Introduction ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

A number of standard symbols were

adopted for use on the statistical tables.

These are as follows:

C = Data are confidential

N = Data are nonexistent

NA = Not applicable

NS = Not significant

U = Data are unavailable

e = Data are estimated

p = Data are preliminary

r = Data are revised

In addition, the unit “billions” in this edition

equates to “thousand millions” in the

Spanish edition, and one millard in the

French edition.

An electronic version of North American

Transportation in Figures, including

downloadable spreadsheet files, also will

be available on the web sites of the

agencies involved in the North American

Transportation Statistics project. The

specific agency addresses are as follows:

Canada

Statistics Canada

www.statcan.ca

Transport Canada

www.tc.gc.ca

Mexico

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (Mexican

Institute of Transportation)

www.imt.mx

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

e Informática (INEGI, National Institute of

Statistics, Geography and Informatics)

www.inegi.gob.mx

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Ministry of Communications and Transport)

www.sct.gob.mx

United States

Bureau of Transportation Statistics,

U.S. Department of Transportation

www.bts.gov

U.S. Census Bureau,

U.S. Department of Commerce

www.census.gov
se c t i on

Country Overview

1

tabl e 1-1

National Population and Labor Force

(Millions)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1997 1990 1995 1996

National population, total 27.8 29.6 30.0 81.2 91.2 93.7 248.7 262.9 265.3

Females 14.0 14.9 15.1 41.3 46.3 48.0 127.5 134.3 135.5

Males 13.8 14.7 14.9 39.9 44.9 45.7 121.2 128.5 129.8

Age structure

Ages 14 and under 5.8 6.0 6.0 31.1 32.3 32.7 53.5 57.2 57.7

Percent of total population 20.9 20.3 20.0 38.3 35.4 34.9 21.5 21.8 21.8

Ages 15-34 9.2 8.9 8.9 29.3 33.7 33.6 80.0 77.6 76.6

Percent of total population 33.1 30.1 29.7 36.1 37.0 35.9 32.2 29.5 28.9

Ages 35-64 9.7 11.1 11.5 16.9 20.9 22.8 83.9 94.7 97.1

Percent of total population 34.9 37.5 38.3 20.8 22.9 24.3 33.7 36.0 36.6

Ages 65+ 3.1 3.6 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.6 31.2 33.4 33.8

Percent of total population 11.1 12.1 12.0 4.8 4.7 4.9 12.6 12.7 12.7

Urban population

Percent of urban population N N 77.9 71.3 73.5 74.0 79.7 e

79.8 e79.8

Population density

Number of people

(per square kilometer) 3 3 3 41 46 48 27 29 29

Labor force, total 14.3 14.9 15.1 31.2 35.6 36.6 125.8 132.3 133.9

Percent of total population 51.4 50.3 50.3 37.5 39.0 39.6 50.6 50.3 50.5

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent.

SOURCES

Canada

National population and labor force: Statistics Canada. Annual Demographics Statistics, Catalogue No. 91-213-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.:

various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Urban population: Statistics Canada. 1996 Census of Population. A national overview- population and dwelling counts, Catalogue No.

93-357-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

Mexico

National and urban population: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda,

1990. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Perfil Sociodemográfico. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1992).

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Conteo de Población y Vivienda, 1995. Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

Resultados Definitivos. Tabulados Básicos. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1996).

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Conteo de Población y Vivienda, 1995. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Perfil

Sociodemográfico. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1997).

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica, 1997. (Aguascalientes,

Ags.: 1997).

Labor force: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Estadística. Encuesta Nacional de

Empleo, 1991, 1995 and 1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: various years).

United States

National population and age structure: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States:

1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Urban population: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan Areas: Annual

Time Series, July 1, 1991, to July 1, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Population density: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. State Population Estimates: Annual Time Series, July 1,

1990, to July 1, 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Labor force: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Current Population Survey.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 1 3 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
f i gu r e f i gu r e

Percent Share of North 

American Population: 

1990, 1995 and 1996

*Mexico's last data year is 1997.

Notes and sources: See Table 1-1.

1-1a

1990

1995

1996

22.7 23.8

7.7

24.1*

68.2

7.7

23.8

68.5

7.8

22.7

69.5

Canada Mexico United States

Percent Change in 

Population: 1990 to 1996

*Mexico's last data year is 1997.

Notes and sources: See Table 1-1.

1-1b

Canada Mexico* United States

7.9

15.4

6.7

4 Section 1 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
f i gu r e f i gu r e

Percent Share of North 

American Labor Force: 

1990, 1995 and 1996

Notes and sources: See Table 1-1.

1-1c

1990

1995

1996

8.1

19.7

72.1

8.2

19.5

72.4

8.3

18.2

73.4

Canada Mexico United States

Labor Force as a Percent 

of Total National 

Population: 1996

Notes and sources: See Table 1-1.

1-1d

Canada Mexico United States

50.3

39.6

50.5

Section 1 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 1-1a

Top 25 Canadian Population Centers: 1996

(Thousands)

Metropolitan area 1996

Toronto, Ont. 4,445

Montréal, Que. 3,359

Vancouver, B.C. 1,891

Ottawa, Ont.-Hull, Que. 1,031

Edmonton, Alta. 892

Calgary, Alta. 852

Québec, Que. 698

Winnipeg, Man. 677

Hamilton, Ont. 650

London, Ont. 416

Kitchener, Ont. 403

St. Catherines, Ont. 390

Halifax, H.S. 347

Victoria, B.C. 313

Metropolitan area 1996

Windsor, Ont. 292

Oshawa, Ont. 281

Saskatoon, Sask. 222

Regina, Sask. 199

St. John’s, Nfld. 178

Chicoutimi-Jonquière, Que. 167

Sudbury, Ont. 166

Sherbrooke, Que. 150

Trois-Rivières, Que. 144

Saint John, N.B. 129

Thunder Bay, Ont. 131

Total of top 25 18,421

Percent of total Canadian population 61.5

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. Annual Demographics Statistics, Catalogue No. 91-213-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

tabl e 1-1b

Top 25 Mexican Population Centers: 1995

(Thousands)

Metropolitan area 1995

Mexico City, D.F. (MZ) 16,674

Guadalajara, Jal.(MZ) 3,462

Monterrey, N.L. (MZ) 3,022

Puebla, Pue. (MZ) 1,562

León, Gto. (MZ) 1,174

Toluca, Edo. de Méx. (MZ) 1,080

Ciudad Juárez, Chih. (MZ) 1,012

Tijuana, B.C. (City) 992

Torreón, Coah.-Gómez Palacio, Dgo. (MZ) 871

San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. (MZ) 782

Mérida, Yuc. (MZ) 780

Tampico, Tamps. (MZ) 719

Culiacán, Sin. (City) 696

Mexicali, B.C. (City) 696

Metropolitan area 1995

Acapulco de Juárez, Gro. (City) 687

Querétaro, Qro. (MZ) 680

Cuernavaca, Mor. (MZ) 672

Aguascalientes, Ags. (MZ) 637

Chihuahua, Chih. (MZ) 628

Coatzacoalcos, Ver. (MZ) 594

Saltillo, Coah. (MZ) 583

Morelia, Mich. (MZ) 578

Orizaba, Ver. (MZ) 567

Veracruz, Ver. (MZ) 560

Hermosillo, Son. (City) 559

Total of top 25 40,267

Percent of total Mexican population 44.1

NOTE: For definitions and explanations of city and MZ (metropolitan zone), see Appendix B.

SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informatica. Dirección General de Contabilidad Nacional, Estudios

Socioeconómicos y Precios. Estadísticas del Medio Ambiente, 1997. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1998).

6 Section 1 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 1-1c

Top 25 U.S. Population Centers: 1996

(Thousands)

Metropolitan area 1996

New York, NY-NJ-CT-PA (CMSA) 19,938

Los Angeles, CA (CMSA) 15,495

Chicago, IL-IN-WI (CMSA) 8,600

Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV (CMSA) 7,165

San Francisco-Oakland, CA (CMSA) 6,605

Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD (CMSA) 5,973

Boston, MA-NH-ME-CT (CMSA) 5,563

Detroit, MI (CMSA) 5,284

Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX (CMSA) 4,575

Houston, TX (CMSA) 4,253

Atlanta, GA (MSA) 3,541

Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, FL (CMSA) 3,514

Seattle-Tacoma, WA (CMSA) 3,321

Cleveland-Akron, OH (CMSA) 2,913

Metropolitan area 1996

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI (MSA) 2,765

Phoenix-Mesa, AZ (MSA) 2,747

San Diego, CA (MSA) 2,655

St. Louis, MO-IL (MSA) 2,548

Pittsburgh, PA (MSA) 2,747

Denver, CO (CMSA) 2,277

Tampa, FL (MSA) 2,199

Portland, OR-WA (CMSA) 2,078

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN (CMSA) 1,921

Kansas City, MO-KS (MSA) 1,690

Milwaukee, WI (CMSA) 1,643

Total of top 25 122,010

Percent of total U.S. population 45.9

NOTE: For definitions and explanations of MSA (metropolitan statistical area) and CMSA (consolidated metropolitan statistical area),

see Appendix B.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1998. (Washington, DC:

1998).

tabl e 1-2

Area

(Number of square kilometers)

Canada Mexico United States

Total area 9,970,610 2,173,375 9,629,091

Land area 9,215,430 1,959,248 9,158,960

Water area 755,180 214,127 470,131

SOURCES

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. GeoAccess Division. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Geografía. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 1 7
HAWAII

Detroit

Tijuana Mexicali Dallas

Houston

Tampa

London Hamilton Windsor

Cleveland

Milwaukee

Chicago

Pittsburgh

Cincinnati

St. Louis

Kansas City Washington-Baltimore

Philadelphia

New York

San Francisco

San Diego Phoenix-Mesa

Denver

Atlanta Los Angeles

Kitchener

Toronto

St Catharines

Oshawa

Ottawa-Hull

Minneapolis-St.Paul

Trois-Rivières

Montréal

Québec

Sherbrooke

St John's

Portland

Seattle-Tacoma

Boston

Victoria

Vancouver

Halifax

Cuernavaca

Acapulco

León

Morelia

Guadalajara Mexico City

Puebla

Orizaba

Querétaro

Veracruz

Coatzacoalcos

Aguascalientes

Saltillo

Monterrey

Miami-Ft.Lauderdale

Tampico

Edmonton

Calgary

Winnipeg

Saskatoon

Regina Chicoutimi-Jonquière

Sudbury

Saint John Thunder Bay

Mérida

Chihuahua

Culiacán

Hermosillo

Ciudad Juárez

TorreónGomez Palacio

San Luis Potosí

20,000,000

10,000,000

2,000,000

Notes and sources: See tables 1-1a, 1-1b, 1-1c.

Number of inhabitants

Toluca

m a p

Top 25 Population Centers per Country: 1996

1

8 Section 1 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 1-3

Gross Domestic Product by Industry

(Current value, billions (or thousand millions) of U.S. dollars)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 540.1 545.9 p

568.7 240.4 261.5 302.2 5,743.8 7,269.6 7,661.6

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 12.4 14.1 15.2 18.9 14.3 18.4 108.7 109.5 130.4

Mining 23.8 21.3 25.5 5.6 4.5 4.7 112.3 98.7 113.8

Construction 41.7 28.9 30.2 9.4 10.6 12.6 245.2 286.4 311.9

Manufacturing 91.6 100.8 104.2 50.0 54.5 65.1 1,031.4 1,282.2 1,309.1

Transportation 18.3 18.9 19.3 19.0 21.8 26.1 176.4 226.1 237.0

Trucking, warehousing and storage 7.7 8.7 8.6 9.7 9.4 11.3 75.8 98.0 92.9

Railroad 2.6 2.3 2.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 19.6 22.9 23.4

Water 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 9.7 10.9 11.7

Pipeline, excluding natural gas 0.6 0.6 0.6 U U U 5.0 4.9 5.2

Air 3.2 3.2 3.4 0.4 0.7 0.9 39.4 53.9 65.2

Local and interurban passenger 2.1 2.0 2.0 5.7 8.3 10.1 9.0 12.2 13.0

Transportation services 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.6 2.1 2.5 17.8 23.2 25.5

Communications 15.2 15.4 16.1 2.9 4.4 4.7 146.6 193.3 207.5

Utilities 17.8 20.9 21.7 3.3 3.3 3.5 159.3 197 204.9

Commerce 62.9 58.3 60.5 48.4 42.2 51.5 870.8 1,132.4 1,192.8

Wholesale trade 29.3 28.6 30.0 U U U 367.3 491.4 519.8

Retail trade 33.6 29.7 30.5 U U U 503.5 641.0 673.0

Finance, insurance and real estate 88.2 97.3 101.4 29.1 34.0 38.0 1,025.2 1,362.3 1,448.6

Services 120.9 124.2 128.7 47.0 62.3 67.7 1,059.4 1,445.4 1,544.2

Government 47.2 46.0 45.7 6.9 9.4 10.0 792.5 962.7 993.7

KEY: p = Data are preliminary. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Industry Classification: The industry groupings included in this table are based on a modification of the 1987 U.S. Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) system. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which went into effect for the reference year

1997 in Canada and the United States and in 1998 in Mexico, differs from the system used in this table. NAICS industry categories will

allow for greater data comparability and consistency across the three countries.

Pipeline, excluding natural gas: For Canada and the United States, oil pipelines are included. Oil pipeline data for Mexico are included

in both manufacturing and mining and cannot be separated from these categories.

Utilities: Include electricity, natural gas, water, sanitation and other utility services.

Transportation services: Includes services of travel agencies, tour operators, freight forwarders and brokers, rental services and other

miscellaneous types of transportation services.

United States

Total: The GDP total does not equal the sum of industry categories due to the statistical discrepancy reported in the source data but

omitted in this table. For the exact amounts of these, see Appendix B.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Input-Output Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1999).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y

Precios. Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags: 1997).

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business. (Washington, DC: August 1996 and

January 1999).

Section 1 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Percent Share of GDP Industry Category: 1996

1-3a

Government

Services

Finance,

insurance and

real estate

Commerce

Utilities

Communications

Transportation

Manufacturing

Construction

Mining

Agriculture,

forestry and

fishing

Canada

Mexico

United States

Notes and sources: See Table 1-3.

2.7

6.1

1.8

4.5

1.6

1.5

5.3

4.2

4.2

18.3

21.5

17.7

3.4

8.6

3.2

2.8

1.6

2.8

3.8

1.2

2.8

10.6

17.0

16.1

17.8

12.6

15.5

22.6

22.4

20.9

8.3

3.3

13.4

f i gu r e

10 Section 1 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
f i gu r e

Percent Change in GDP Industry Category: 

1990 to 1996

1-3b

Canada

Mexico

United States

Notes and sources: See Table 1-3.

16.1

Government

Services

Finance,

insurance and

real estate

Commerce

Utilities

Communications

Transportation

Manufacturing

Construction

Mining

Agriculture,

forestry and

fishing

22.6

-2.6

20.0

7.1

-16.1

1.3

-27.6

34.0

27.2

13.8

30.2

26.9

5.5

37.4

34.4

5.9

62.1

41.5

21.9

6.1

28.6

-3.8

6.4

37.0

15.0

30.6

41.3

6.5

44.0

45.8

-3.2

44.9

25.4

Section 1 11 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
f i gu r e

Percent Share of Transportation Industry 

GDP by Subcategory: 1996

1-3c

Canada

Mexico

United States

Transportation

services

Local and

interurban

passenger

Air 

Pipelines,

excluding

natural gas

Water 

Railroad 

Trucking,

warehousing

and storage

Pipeline, excluding natural gas.

Data for Mexico are included in both manufacturing and mining GDP industries, and cannot 

be separated from these categories.

Notes and sources: See Table 1-3.

45.0

43.5

39.2

13.1

1.9

9.9

6.8

2.7

4.9

3.1

0.0

2.2

17.8

3.5

27.5

10.5

38.8

5.5

3.7

9.6

10.8

12 Section 1 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 2

Transportation and

the Economy

tabl e 2-1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to

Transportation-Related Final Demand

(Current value, billions (or thousand millions) of U.S. dollars)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995r 1996

Personal consumption of transportation,

total 48.1 45.4 49.1 24.7 26.1 32.2 462.5 574.1 612.0

Road motor vehicles and partsa 21.4 20.7 23.0 7.7 6.3 8.2 204.6 247.4 256.4

Motorcycles and other 0.9 0.8 0.8 U U U 5.0 7.9 8.7

Motor fuel and lubricants 11.2 10.0 10.5 5.8 5.0 6.0 109.3 115.6 124.5

Transport services 14.6 13.9 14.8 11.2 14.8 18.1 143.6 203.2 222.4

Gross private domestic investment, total 12.4 11.1 11.8 U U U 78.5 130.6 142.6

Transportation structures 2.3 1.8 2.3 U U U 3.0 4.4 5.4

Transportation equipment 10.1 9.3 9.5 U U U 75.5 126.2 137.2

Exports (+), total 39.7 58.9 61.3 6.3 14.6 19.5 106.7 133.6 143.2

Aircraft, engines and parts 4.2 4.7 5.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 32.2 26.1 30.8

Road motor vehicles, engines and parts 32.1 49.3 50.5 4.8 12.4 17.0 36.5 61.8 65.0

Passenger fares 1.5 1.7 1.9 0.4 0.7 0.8 15.3 18.9 20.4

Other transportation 1.9 3.2 3.4 1.0 1.2 1.6 22.7 26.8 27

Imports (-), total 35.8 47.9 49.4 9.7 12.2 13.5 134.7 176.6 185.1

Aircraft, engines and parts 2.8 2.9 3.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 10.5 10.7 12.7

Road motor vehicles, engines and parts 29.6 40.8 41.3 5.8 7.6 8.4 88.5 123.8 128.9

Passenger fares 2.7 2.8 3.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 10.5 14.7 15.8

Other transportation 0.7 1.4 1.4 3.3 4.1 4.4 25.2 27.4 27.7

Net exports of transportation-related

goods and services 3.9 11.0 11.9 -3.4 2.4 6.0 -28.0 –43.0 -41.9

Government transportation-related

purchases, total 7.7 7.1 6.4 U U U 110.6 136.6 143.3

Federal purchases 0.6 0.3 0.2 U U U 14.6 18.1 18.9

State/province and local purchases 5.7 5.7 5.3 U U U 87.1 110.0 115.5

Defense related purchases 1.4 1.1 0.9 U U U 8.9 8.5 8.9

Transportation-related final demand, total 72.0 74.6 79.2 22.7 30.0 40.2 623.6 798.3 856.0

Gross domestic product 540.1 545.9 p

568.7 240.4 261.5 302.2 5,743.8 7,269.6 7,661.6

Transportation in GDP, total (percent) 13.4 13.6 13.9 U U U 10.9 11.0 11.2

a

Excludes boats, noncommercial trailers and aircraft.

KEY: p = Data are preliminary. r = Data are revised. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Mexico

Road motor vehicles and parts: Data include motorcycles which cannot be disaggregated into a separate category.

Motorcycles and other: Data are unavailable as motorcycles are included in the category, road motor vehicles and parts and cannot be

further disaggregated.

Transportation related final demand: Excludes data for government purchases and gross private domestic investment.

Transportation in GDP: The total percent of transportation in GDP was not calculated due to the unavailability of data for government

and private sector purchases.

Section 2 15 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to

Transportation-Related Final Demand−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Input-Output Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y

Precios. Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags: 1997).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, April 1999 based on data from the U.S. Department of

Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Historical Data Tables. (Washington, DC: 1990).

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business and special tabulations. (Washington, DC:

1998).

16 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-2

Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation

by Subcategory of Expenditure

(Current value, millions of U.S. dollars)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995r 1996

Transportation, total 48,100 45,700 49,300 24,673 26,110 32,241 462,500 574,100 612,000

User-operated transportation, totala 40,100 38,200 41,500 13,437 11,334 14,170 426,200 531,800 567,600

Personal road motor vehicles,

new and used 18,500 17,900 20,100 3,623 1,726 3,252 180,200 219,100 226,600

New and used passenger cars 14,500 13,600 14,800 U U U 124,000 139,600 141,600

New and used trucks 3,100 3,500 4,500 U U U 51,200 71,600 76,300

New and used motorcycles and

other motor vehicles 900 800 800 U U U 5,000 7,900 8,700

Parts and accessories of road motor

vehicles 3,800 3,700 3,800 3,777 4,299 4,596 29,400 36,200 38,500

Repair and rental 4,600 4,200 4,300 283 284 308 87,300 128,700 143,700

Repair 4,100 3,900 4,000 U U U 73,500 92,400 98,000

Rental 500 300 300 U U U 13,800 36,300 45,700

Motor fuel and lubricants 11,200 10,000 10,500 5,753 5,024 6,015 109,300 115,600 124,500

Tolls 100 100 100 U U U 2,000 2,800 2,800

Insurance premium, less claims paid 1,900 2,300 2,700 U U U 18,000 29,400 31,500

Purchased intercity transportation,

total 6,500 6,000 6,300 5,362 8,748 10,791 28,500 33,100 34,400

Intercity passenger rail 200 100 100 31 9 11 800 800 800

Intercity bus 300 200 200 3,118 6,983 8,316 1,000 1,100 1,100

Air 4,300 4,000 4,200 1,473 1,017 1,484 23,900 27,900 28,500

Other 1,700 1,700 1,800 740 739 978 2,800 3,300 4,000

Purchased local and suburban

transportation, total 1,500 1,500 1,500 5,874 6,029 7,280 7,800 9,200 10,000

Mass transit system 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,551 1,367 1,801 5,200 6,000 6,500

Taxi 400 400 400 4,323 4,662 5,479 2,600 3,200 3,500

a

Excludes motor vehicles used primarily for recreation.

KEY: r = Data are revised. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Purchased local and surburban transportation, mass transit system: Includes purchases for subway, local bus and other transit fares.

Mexico

Data refer to household spending.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Input-Output Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y

Precios. Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags: 1997).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, April 1999 based on data from the U.S. Department of

Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Historical Data Tables. (Washington, DC: 1990).

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business and special tabulations. (Washington, DC:

1998).

Section 2 17 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
f i gu r e

92.7

5.6

1.6

44.0

33.5

22.6

84.2

12.8

3.0

Purchased local

and suburban

transportation

Purchased intercity

transportation

User-operated

transportation

Percent Share of Personal 

Consumption Expenditures 

for Transportation by 

Major Subcategory: 1996

Notes and sources: See Table 2-2.

2-2a

Canada

Mexico

United States

Percent Change in Personal 

Consumption Expenditures 

for Transportation by 

Major Subcategory: 

1990 to 1996

Notes and sources: See Table 2-2.

2-2b

Canada

Mexico

United States

3.5 5.5

33.2

-3.1

101.2

20.7

0.0

23.9

28.2

Purchased local

and suburban

transportation

Purchased intercity

transportation

User-operated

transportation

f i gu r e

18 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-3

Government Expenditures for Transportation by Modea

(Current value, millions of U.S. dollars)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Governmenta expenditures,

total NNNNNN 96,404.0 123,073.2 124,531.5

Air 1,433.8 1,155.6 1,216.7 136.5 210.0 171.0 10,983.0 14,209.5 14,222.8

Infrastructure N N N 52.2 39.6 54.5 3,111.0 3,289.1 3,317.5

Equipment N N N 0.0 0.0 0.0 988.0 1,392.3 1,364.1

Current operations N N N 84.3 170.4 116.5 6,884.0 9,528.1 9,541.2

Water transport 397.8 233.5 330.5 157.1 70.8 93.1 4,294.0 4,813.4 4,878.0

Infrastructure N N N 46.5 41.1 49.1 968.0 958.1 1,030.4

Equipment N N N 46.8 0.0 0.0 341.0 648.5 639.4

Current operations N N N 63.8 29.7 44.0 2,985.0 3,206.8 3,208.2

Pipeline, oil and gas 6.1 2.6 0.0 U U U 27 42 46

Infrastructure N N N U U U NA NA NA

Equipment N N N U U U NA NA NA

Current operations N N N U U U NA NA NA

Rail 1,607.8 1,518.3 414.1 1,023.4 519.8 585.2 541.0 1,043.0 1,189.0

Infrastructure N N N 460.6 256.0 186.6 U U U

Equipment N N N 14.1 179.5 180.1 U U U

Current operations N N N 548.7 84.3 218.5 U U U

Intercity passenger rail NNNUUUUU U

Freight rail N N N U U U NA NA NA

Transit rail NNNUUU 18,788.0 25,201.8 25,777.5

Infrastructure NNNUUU 2,891.0 5,393.3 6,155.6

Equipment NNNUUU 2,552.0 2,113.9 1,828.0

Current operations NNNUUU 13,345.0 17,694.6 17,793.9

Road 10,154.5 8,902.5 8,595.4 654.9 892.2 1,295.3 61,771.0 77,763.5 78,418.2

Infrastructure N N N 613.6 826.0 1,204.9 29,502.0 37,445.8 37,964.0

Equipment N N N 0.0 0.0 0.0 4,546.0 5,425.4 5,418.0

Current operations N N N 41.3 66.2 90.4 27,723.0 34,892.3 35,036.2

a

Government refers to local, state or provincial and federal levels of government, unless otherwise noted.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Mexico

Road: Includes federal government expenditures on Mexico’s federal highways.

United States

Total: Data represent the sum of the subcategories in this table.

Pipeline and freight rail: Detailed subcategory data are not applicable because expenditures for these two modes are primarily by the

private sector.

Intercity passenger rail: Federal payments to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) were $806 million in 1995,

according to the 1997 U.S. budget. These payments are not included in this table because, as subsidies, they do not fall into any of

the three expenditure categories in the table.

Section 2 19 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-3

Government Expenditures for Transportation by Modea

−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Public Institutions Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1999).

Mexico

1990: Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto. Cuenta de la Hacienda Pública Federal, 1990. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1991).

1995-96: Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público. Cuenta de la Hacienda Pública Federal, 1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1996

and 1997).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, April 1999 based on data from the U.S. Department of

Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Government Finances: 1989-90. (Washington, DC: 1990).

U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Web site: www.census.gov/govs

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Government Transportation Financial Statistics. (Washington,

DC: 1997).

20 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-4

Employment in Transportation and Related Industries

(Thousands of employees)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Employed labor force, total 11,369 10,876 10,967 25,958 27,348 28,282 118,793 124,900 126,708

Transportation labor force 1,176 1,051 1,068 1,652 1,741 1,910 9,685 9,579 10,125

Transport sectors 500 447 442 1,332 1,407 1,513 3,293 3,636 4,034

Air 61 53 56 23 20 21 745 788 1,122

Trucking, warehousing and storage 158 152 159 553 553 608 1,391 1,583 1,641

Trucking 145 136 141 536 536 593 1,274 1,440 1,484

Warehousing and storage 13 16 18 17 17 15 117 143 152

Local and intercity passenger

transport 92 77 77 589 673 709 338 424 440

Intercity and rural e

4 e4 e3 117 154 160 26 24 26

Local and suburban transit

systems e

23 e17 e16 122 124 135 141 203 217

School bus e

39 e39 e38 U U U 111 134 133

Taxi N N N 350 395 414 32 32 31

Other local and intercity e

3 e2 e3 U U U 28 31 33

Railroad 69 53 51 35 19 20 279 239 231

Water 17 18 18 34 29 28 177 174 173

Pipeline 9 8 7 U U U 18 15 15

Transportation services 107 102 92 98 113 127 345 413 417

Transportation vehicle and

equipment manufacturing 243 230 247 255 215 229 2,539 2,460 2,464

Aircraft and parts 45 37 40 6 5 5 712 449 460

Road motor vehicles, equipment,

parts and accessories 150 154 160 193 176 188 1,278 1,563 1,565

Road motor vehicles and

equipment 50 53 54 U U U 812 968 963

Parts and accessories, road motor

vehicles 87 88 92 N N N 400 516 530

Truck, bus bodies and trailers 13 13 14 N N N 66 79 73

Railroad equipment 7 10 9 28 14 14 33 37 36

Ship/boat building and repair 17 7 10 5 2 4 188 159 157

Tires and tubes 22 22 24 16 13 14 84 80 80

Other transportation equipment 2 C 4 7 5 5 244 172 166

Related industries, totala 420 358 379 65 119 169 3,180 3,382 3,523

Auto repair services 71 70 70 U U U 914 1,020 1,084

Gasoline service stations 113 69 65 U U U 647 647 670

Highway and street construction 65 47 51 65 119 169 239 227 235

Road motor vehicle wholesalers 61 64 65 U U U 456 492 502

New and used car and light truck

dealers 110 108 110 U U U 924 996 1,032

Government employment, total N N N U U U 673 101 99

Federal departments of

transportation e

21 e19 e13 47 42 b75 104 101 99

State/province and local N N N U U U 569 U U

Section 2 21 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-4

Employment in Transportation and Related Industries−Continued

a

Employment data for related industries includes nontransportation occupations.

b

Mexican data for 1996 includes part-time positions for work on the rural road program of the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes.

KEY: e = Data are estimated. C = Data are confidential. N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Data are based on annual averages. U.S. and Canadian data are based on the number of employees. Mexican data are based on the

number of full-time positions.

Mexico

Federal Departments of Transportation: Labor force includes number of positions in the area of communications and in the area of

transportation for the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. It is not possible to further separate the Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes employment data.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Employment, Earnings and Hours—Payrolls and Hours, Catalogue No. 72-002-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue No. 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Transport Canada. Transportation in Canada 1997—Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y

Precios. Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988 - 1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags: 1997).

Poder Ejecutivo Federal. Informe de Gobierno, various years. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

United States

Employed labor force, total: U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Household Data Annual Averages, 1998.

Web site: www.stats.bls.gov

Private employment (Transport sectors, transportation vehicle and equipment manufacturing and related industries): U.S. Department

of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, April 1999, special tabulation based on data from:

U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. National Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1988-1996.

(Washington, DC: various years).

U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. National Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, June 1997.

(Washington, DC: 1997).

Government employment: U.S. Department of Transportation. Office of the Secretary. DOT Workforce Facts and DOT Employment

Facts. (Washington, DC: various years).

U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

22 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-5

Employment in Transportation-Related Occupations

(Thousands of employees)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Employed labor force, total 11,276 11,370 11,410 25,958 27,348 28,282 118,793 124,900 126,708

Workers in transportation

occupations, total 418 430 429 N N N 3,980 4,258 4,406

Transportation occupations

(percent of total national labor

force) 3.7 3.8 3.8 N N N 3.4 3.4 3.5

Road motor vehicle operators, total 351 368 374 N N N 3,560 3,850 3,978

Supervisors 7 8 7 N N N 76 87 85

Truck drivers 234 224 237 N N N 2,627 2,860 3,019

Drivers-sales workers N N N N N N 201 158 156

Bus drivers 57 66 61 N N N 443 526 512

Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs 18 17 16 350 395 414 208 211 203

Other 35 53 53 N N N 5 8 4

Rail transportation, total 24 23 18 N N N 118 104 116

Supervisors 6 2 2 NNNNN N

Conductors and yardmasters 7 8 7 N N N 36 33 45

Locomotive operations 6 8 6 N N N 46 51 49

Operating support 4 4 2 N N N 28 17 15

Other CCCNNN 8 3 7

Water transportation, total 17 14 12 N N N 52 66 70

Deck officers, captains and mates 6 4 5 N N N 26 33 32

Deck crew 3 4 3 N N N 18 26 25

Engineering officers 4 2 CNNN 2 3 8

Bridge, lock and lighthouse NNNNNN 6 4 5

Other 3 4 2 NNNNN N

Air transportation, total 21 20 20 N N N 250 238 241

Airplane pilots and navigators 10 11 10 N N N 114 114 114

Operating support 8 7 6 N N N 136 124 127

Air traffic controllers N N N N N N 36 30 32

Service and flight attendants N N N N N N 100 94 95

Other 3 3 3 NNNNN N

Other transport operating 5 4 4 NNNNN N

KEY: C = Data are confidential. N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable.

NOTE: Canadian and U.S. employment data are based on annual averages and represent the number of employees.

Section 2 23 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-5

Employment in Transportation-Related Occupations−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Historical Labor Force Statistics, Catalogue No. 71-201-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y

Precios. Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

United States

Employed labor force: U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Household Data Annual Averages.

Web site: www.stats.bls.gov

Transportation occupations: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, based on data from the U.S.

Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment and Earnings and BLS underlying statistical details. (Washington, DC:

various years).

24 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-6

Receipts and Payments Related to International

Merchandise and Services Trade

(Balance of Payments Basis)

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Receipts from exports

Merchandise exports, total 127,687 191,130 202,300 40,711 79,542 96,000 392,924 584,743 625,075

Inland freight 3,668 5,049 4,955 UUUNN N

Other trade adjustments -1,028 -3,200 -2,083 U U U -3,617 -8,803 -13,006

Trade adjustments, total 2,640 1,848 2,872 U U U -3,617 -8,803 -13,006

Export merchandise trade

(balance of payments) 130,327 192,979 205,172 40,711 79,542 96,000 389,307 575,940 612,069

Service exports, total 19,210 26,396 29,336 15,360 17,488 19,494 147,571 210,596 236,768

Transportation 4,223 5,240 5,703 893 1,164 1,412 36,655 44,743 45,768

Air 893 875 925 U U U 8,174 10,015 10,564

Landa 990 1,673 1,945 U U U 1,264 2,091 2,212

Water 1,309 1,432 1,368 U U U 11,919 13,512 12,435

Passenger fares 1,032 1,260 1,465 441 668 775 15,298 19,125 20,557

Tourism and other services 14,987 21,156 23,633 14,467 16,324 18,082 110,916 165,851 191,000

Tourism 6,360 7,911 8,614 5,526 6,179 6,934 U U U

Other services 8,627 13,245 15,019 8,941 10,145 11,148 U U U

Receipts, total 149,538 219,343 234,497 56,071 97,029 115,493 536,878 786,534 848,837

Payments for imports

Merchandise imports, total 116,738 164,364 170,670 41,593 72,453 89,469 495,980 743,445 795,289

Inland freight 3,236 3,173 3,395 U U U 2,264 3,350 3,595

Other trade adjustments 842 23 394 U U U 93 2,569 4,355

Trade adjustments, total 4,078 3,196 3,789 U U U 2,357 5,919 7,950

Merchandise import trade

(balance of payments) 120,817 167,560 174,459 41,593 72,453 89,469 498,337 749,364 803,239

Services, total 28,303 33,844 36,135 21,929 26,153 28,355 118,826 142,230 156,634

Transportation 5,786 8,042 8,121 1,132 1,449 1,669 34,880 41,772 43,446

Air 906 1,112 1,268 U U U 9,881 11,064 11,679

Landa 884 1,546 1,578 U U U 2,004 2,590 2,831

Water 1,964 2,987 2,773 U U U 12,464 13,685 13,160

Passenger fares 2,031 2,398 2,502 475 416 576 10,531 14,433 15,776

Tourism and other services 22,518 25,801 28,014 19,266 22,730 24,179 83,946 100,458 113,188

Tourism 10,931 10,170 11,084 5,519 3,171 3,387 U U U

Other services 11,587 15,631 16,930 13,747 19,559 20,789 U U U

Payments, total 149,118 201,363 210,577 63,522 98,606 117,824 617,163 891,594 959,873

Balance 420 17,980 23,920 -7,451 -1,577 -2,331 -80,285 -105,060 -111,036

a

Land refers to trucking, rail and pipeline services, unless otherwise noted.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTE: Detailed data on merchandise trade commodities can be found in Sections 6 and 7.

Section 2 25 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-6

Receipts and Payments Related to International

Merchandise and Services Trade

(Balance of Payments Basis)−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Canada’s Balance of International Payments, Catalogue No. 67-001-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Banco de México. Indicadores Económicos. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business. (Washington, DC: September 1993, July

1996 and October 1997).

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1998 Annual Services Historical Disk. (Washington, DC: 1998).

26 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-7a

Canada’s Receipts From and Payments to Mexico for

Merchandise and Services Trade

(Balance of Payments Basis)

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

1990 1995 1996

Receipts from exports to Mexico

Merchandise exports, total 562 835 922

Trade adjustments, total NA NA NA

Export merchandise trade (balance of payments) 562 835 922

Services, total 71 105 159

Transportation 1 7 7

Air NA NA NA

Landa NA NA NA

Water NA NA NA

Passenger fares 1 7 7

Tourism and other services 71 105 159

Tourism 42 48 59

Other services 29 57 100

Receipts, total 634 947 1,088

Payments for imports from Mexico

Merchandise imports, total (customs-origin) 1,497 3,900 4,426

Merchandise imports, total (customs-consignment) NA 2,471 2,723

Trade adjustments, total NA NA NA

Import merchandise trade (balance of payments) NA 2,471 2,723

Services, total 349 302 338

Transportation 8 4 6

Air NA NA NA

Landa NA NA NA

Water NA NA NA

Passenger fares 8 4 6

Tourism and other services 349 302 338

Tourism 320 256 268

Other services 29 46 70

Payments, total NA 2,777 3,067

Balance NA -1,830 -1,979

a

Land refers to trucking, rail and pipeline services, unless otherwise noted.

KEY: NA = Not applicable.

NOTE: Detailed data on North American merchandise trade commodities can be found in Section 6.

SOURCES

Statistics Canada. Canada’s Balance of International Payments, Catalogue No. 67-001-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Section 2 27 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-7b

Canada’s Receipts From and Payments to the United States

for Merchandise and Services Trade

(Balance of Payments Basis)

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

1990 1995 1996

Receipts from exports to the United States

Merchandise exports, total 95,610 151,410 163,706

Trade adjustments, total 8 -1,547 -648

Export merchandise trade (balance of payments) 95,618 149,863 163,058

Services, total 10,783 15,101 16,759

Transportation 1,839 2,564 2,957

Air 275 283 323

Landa 990 1,673 1,945

Water 319 304 298

Passenger fares 256 304 392

Tourism and other services 8,944 12,537 13,801

Tourism 3,637 4,406 4,750

Other services 5,307 8,131 9,051

Receipts, total 106,402 164,964 179,816

Payments for imports from the United States

Merchandise imports, total (customs-origin) 75,302 109,796 115,205

Merchandise Imports, total (customs-consignment) 79,959 122,364 128,551

Trade adjustments, total 3,584 3,306 3,602

Import merchandise trade (balance of payments) 83,544 125,670 132,154

Services, total 17,934 20,705 22,646

Transportation 2,418 3,200 3,318

Air 266 305 370

Landa 884 1,546 1,578

Water 376 251 251

Passenger fares 893 1,098 1,118

Tourism and other services 15,515 17,505 19,328

Tourism 7,529 6,591 7,235

Other services 7,987 10,914 12,093

Payments, total 101,478 146,375 154,800

Balance 4,924 18,589 25,016

a

Land refers to trucking, rail and pipeline services, unless otherwise noted.

NOTE: Detailed data on North American merchandise trade commodities can be found in Section 6.

SOURCES

Statistics Canada. Canada’s Balance of International Payments. Catalogue No. 67-001-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

28 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-8a

U.S. Receipts From and Payments to Canada for

Merchandise and Services Trade

(Balance of Payments Basis)

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

1990 1995 1996

Receipts from exports to Canada

Merchandise exports, total 83,674 127,226 134,210

Trade adjustments, total -210 359 399

Export merchandise trade (balance of payments) 83,464 127,585 134,609

Services, total 16,605 18,247 19,951

Transportation 2,800 3,807 4,051

Air 290 346 420

Landa 1,259 2,087 2,208

Water 272 90 92

Passenger fares 979 1,284 1,331

Tourism and other services 13,805 14,440 15,900

Tourism U U U

Other services U U U

Receipts, total 100,069 145,832 154,560

Payments for imports from Canada

Merchandise imports, total (customs value) 91,380 144,369 155,892

Trade adjustments, total U U U

Import merchandise trade (balance of payments) 93,098 148,087 158,640

Services, total 102,464 134,523 143,086

Transportation 2,722 3,505 3,853

Air 246 325 388

Landa 2,004 2,590 2,831

Water 217 284 243

Passenger fares 255 306 391

Tourism and other services 99,742 131,018 139,233

Tourism U U U

Other services U U U

Payments, total 195,562 282,610 301,726

Balance -95,493 -136,778 -147,166

a

Land refers to trucking, rail and pipeline services, unless otherwise noted.

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTE: Detailed data on North American merchandise trade commodities can be found in Section 6.

SOURCES

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business, September 1993, July 1996, and October

1997. (Washington, DC: various years).

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1998 Annual Services Historical Disk. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 2 29 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 2-8b

U.S. Receipts From and Payments to Mexico for

Merchandise and Services Trade

(Balance of Payments Basis)

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

1990 1995 1996

Receipts from exports to Mexico

Merchandise exports, total 28,279 46,292 56,792

Trade adjustments, total -170 -110 -57

Export merchandise trade (balance of payments) 28,109 46,182 56,735

Services, total 7,880 7,294 7,927

Transportation 811 912 1,156

Air 267 258 321

Landa 54 4

Water 75 135 184

Passenger fares 464 515 647

Tourism and other services 7,069 6,382 6,771

Tourism U U U

Other services U U U

Receipts, total 35,989 53,476 64,662

Payments for imports from Mexico

Merchandise imports, total (customs value) 30,157 62,101 74,297

Trade adjustments, total U U U

Import merchandise trade (balance of payments) 30,509 62,361 75,108

Services, total 8,279 10,687 11,562

Transportation 905 1,047 1,140

Air 238 294 345

Landa UU U

Water 102 184 177

Passenger fares 565 569 618

Tourism and other services 7,374 9,640 10,422

Tourism U U U

Other services U U U

Payments, total 38,788 73,048 86,670

Balance -2,799 -19,572 -22,008

a

Land refers to trucking, rail and pipeline services, unless otherwise noted.

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTE: Detailed data on North American merchandise trade commodities can be found in Section 6.

SOURCES

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business, September 1993, July 1996, and October

1997. (Washington, DC: various years).

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1998 Annual Services Historical Disk. (Washington, DC: 1998).

30 Section 2 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on

Transportation

Safety

3

tabl e 3-1

Transportation Fatalities by Mode

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Fatalities, total 4,184 3,794 3,502 10,234 9,121 9,472 47,248 44,426 44,697

Air 99 117 75 24 30 86 864 963 1,089

Air carriers 30 59 28 0 0 0 97 229 457

General aviation 69 58 47 24 30 86 767 734 632

Road 3,963 3,351 3,091 10,201 9,043 9,305 44,599 41,817 a

42,065

Passenger cars and light trucks 2,804 2,473 2,264 2,919 2,385 2,562 32,693 31,991 32,437

Passenger cars UUUUUU 24,092 22,423 22,505

Motorcycles 260 166 128 54 138 142 3,244 2,227 2,161

Buses 8 6 0 279 271 279 32 33 21

Large trucks 107 72 59 67 125 176 705 648 621

Pedestrians 584 416 460 1,388 1,038 1,111 6,482 5,584 5,449

Other 200 218 180 25 408 225 1,443 1,334 1,374

Pipeline 0 0 0 U U U 9 21 53

Rail 103 120 119 9 48 81 1,297 1,146 1,039

Grade crossing 48 53 47 U U U 698 579 488

Railroad 55 67 72 U U U 599 567 551

Transit, total N N N U U U 339 274 264

Transit rail N N N U U U 228 186 152

Water transport N 206 217 N N N 950 875 759

Passenger vessels N 195 210 NNNUU U

Recreational boats N 194 209 N N N 865 829 709

Commercial passenger vessels 6 1 1 NNNUU U

Commercial freight vessels 13 11 7 NNNUU U

a

Includes two fatalities that have not been assigned by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to a subcategory.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Fatalities, total: For the United States, the number for total fatalities is less than the sum of the fatalities listed for individual modes

because some fatalities are counted in more than one mode. That is, the United States has corrected for double counting in calculating

total fatalities (see Appendix B). For Canada, the total shown is the sum of the modal totals and has not been corrected for double

counting. (Note also, that Canadian fatality data for transit does not exist nor does Canadian fatality data for recreational boats for

1990. These data, if available, would increase the overall fatality totals for Canada.) For Mexico, the total is the sum of air, road and

rail only, and therefore the total number of transportation fatalities is underrepresented.

Air: United States and Canada include fatalities from both passenger and all-cargo flights. Mexico includes fatalities from passenger

flights only. For Canada and the United States, the air carrier data are for their own national flag carriers, operating both domestic and

international flights.

Road: Data refer to occupants of the road motor vehicles listed. Other comprises pedalcyclists, other nonmotorists (except pedestrians,

who are separately listed) and occupants of other or unknown motor vehicles.

Road: For road especially, it is important to note that the United States and Canada (except for the Province of Quebec) count all

fatalities that occur within 30 days of the crash (and can be attributed to the crash), whereas Mexico counts those fatalities that occur

at the site of the crash. See Appendix B, All Countries.

Water transport: United States and Canadian data are not comparable in several respects. See Appendix B, All Countries.

Mexico

Road: Includes 5,469, 4,678 and 4,810 fatalities that occurred on the federal highway network in 1990, 1995 and 1996, respectively.

These fatalities cannot be allocated to a specific vehicle category but are included in the road total.

Section 3 33 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 3-1

Transportation Fatalities by Mode−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Air: Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road: Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation. Traffic Accident Information Database. Special tabulation.

(Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB). Minister of Public Works and Government Services. TSB Statistical Summary:

Railway Occurrences 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water, commercial passenger and freight vessels: Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB). Minister of Public Works and

Government Services. TSB Statistical Summary: Marine Occurrences 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water, recreational boats: Canadian Red Cross. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Air carriers: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Road and rail: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas, based on data

collected by the Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal and the Direcciones de Seguridad Pública y Vialidad and their

equivalent agencies at state and local levels. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road (in areas under federal jurisdiction): Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Polica Federal de

Caminos y Puertos. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 1998 and National

Transportation Statistics 1999. (Washington, DC: 1998 and 1999).

34 Section 3 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 3-2

Transportation Injuries by Mode

Canada Mexico 

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 

Injuries, total 263,196 242,164 231,089 93,417 121,936 115,507 3,292,000 Air 72 66 45 52 52 30 478 

Air carriers 15 27 12 0 0 0 76 General aviation 57 39 33 52 52 30 402 

Road 262,680 241,935 230,890 93,325 121,638 115,274 3,231,000 

Passenger cars and light trucks 216,993 202,275 194,161 38,796 52,052 51,947 2,881,000 

Passenger cars UUUUUU 2,376,000 

Motorcycles 9,230 6,159 5,202 1,156 5,592 5,405 84,000 Buses 1,879 1,393 1,407 4,359 5,565 5,998 33,000 Large trucks 3,951 3,377 3,231 638 1,025 1,340 42,000 Pedestrians 16,351 14,888 14,420 11,658 15,556 13,019 105,000 Other 14,276 13,843 12,469 558 7,988 4,240 86,000 

Pipeline 9 1 0 U U U 76 Rail 375 128 129 40 246 203 25,143 

Grade crossing 201 76 69 U U U 2,407 Railroad 174 52 60 U U U 22,736 

Transit, total NNNNNN 54,556 

Transit rail NNNNNN 13,718 

Water transport NNNNNN 3,997 

Passenger vessels NNNNNNU

Recreational boats NNNNNN 3,822 

Commercial passenger vessels 7 6 4 NNNU

Commercial freight vessels 53 28 21 NNNU

aTotal different from the sum of components because of independent rounding.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

Section 3 35 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 3-2

Transportation Injuries by Mode−Continued

NOTESAll CountriesInjuries, total: For the United States, the number for total injuries is less than the sum of the injuries listed for individual modes because some injuries a

mode. That is, the United States has corrected for double counting in calculating total injuries (see Appendix B). For Canada, the total shown is the sum not been corrected for double counting. (Note also, that Canadian injury data for transit and recreational boats do not exist. These data, if available, wototals for Canada.) For Mexico, the total is the sum of air, road and rail only, and therefore the total number of transportation injuries is underrepresenteAir: United States and Canada include injuries from both passenger and all-cargo flights. Mexico includes injuries from passenger flights only. For Canaair carrier data are for their own national flag carriers, operating both domestic and international flights.Road: Data refer to occupants of the road motor vehicles listed. Other comprises pedalcyclists, other nonmotorists (except pedestrians, who are separaother or unknown motor vehicles.Road: For Canada and the United States, there is extensive follow-up on road injuries. For Mexico, only serious injuries apparent at the site of the crasWater transport: U.S. and Canadian data are not comparable in several respects. See Appendix B, All Countries.MexicoRoad: Includes 36,160, 33,860 and 33,325 injuries that occurred on the federal highway network in 1990, 1995 and 1996, respectively. These injuries cvehicle category but are included in the road total.United StatesInjuries, total: Total Injuries are rounded to the nearest 1,000.Road injuries: Data on road injuries are derived from a sample. Injuries in the other modes are a total count.SOURCESCanadaAir: Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).Road: Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation. Traffic Accident Information Database. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).Pipeline: Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).Rail: Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB). Ministry of Public Works and Government Services. TSB Statistical Summary: Railway Occurrence

Water, commercial passenger and freight vessels: Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB). Minister of Public Works and Government Services. TOccurrences 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).Water, recreational boats: Canadian Red Cross. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).MexicoAir carriers: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).Road and rail: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas, based on data collected by the Procur

Distrito Federal and the Direcciones de Seguridad Pública y Vialidad or their equivalent agencies at state and local levels. (Mexico City, D.F.: various yRoad (in areas under federal jurisdiction): Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Polica Federal de Caminos y Puertos. (MUnited StatesU.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 1998 and National Transportation Statistics 19

1999).

36 Section 3 North American Transportation in Figures ▲
tabl e 3-3

Motor Vehicle Fatality and Injury Rates

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Road motor vehicle fatalities, total 3,963 3,351 3,091 10,201 9,043 9,305 44,599 41,817 42,065

Road motor vehicle injuries, total 262,680 241,935 230,890 93,325 121,638 115,274 3,231,000 3,465,000 3,511,000

Road vehicle-kilometers, total

(billions) N e

317.1NNNN 3,450 3,899 3,995

Road motor vehicles, total

(millions) 17.0 r

17.0 r17.2 10.2 12.0 12.4 193.1 205.4 210.2

Rates per 100 million

vehicle-km

Fatality N e

1.1 N N N N 1.3 1.1 1.1

Injury N 76 N N N N 94 89 88

Rates per 10,000 road motor

vehicles

Fatality 2.3 2.0 1.8 10.0 7.5 7.5 2.3 2.0 2.0

Injury 155 142 134 91 101 93 167 169 167

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. r = Data are revised.

SOURCES

Canada

Road vehicle-kilometers: Transport Canada. Ministry of Public Works and Government Services. Transportation in Canada

1997—Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road motor vehicles: Statistics Canada. Road Motor Vehicles Registrations, Catalogue No. 53-219-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Road fatalities and injuries: Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation. Traffic Accident Information Database.

Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Road motor vehicles: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática based on figures from Departamento del Distrito

Federal, Dirección General de Autotransporte Urbano; state finance office and state police and traffic offices. (Mexico City, D.F.: various

years).

Road fatalities and injuries: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas, based on

data collected by the Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal and the Direcciones de Seguridad Pública y Vialidad or their

equivalent agencies at state and local levels. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Policía Federal de Caminos y Puertos. (Mexico City, D.F.: various

years).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 1998 and National

Transportation Statistics 1999. (Washington, DC: 1998 and 1999).

Section 3 37 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Road Fatality Rate per 

10,000 Vehicles: 

1990, 1995 and 1996

Notes and sources: See Table 3-3.

3-3

1990

1995

1996

Canada Mexico United States

2.3

2.0

1.8

10.0

7.5 7.5

2.3

2.0 2.0

f i gu r e

38 Section 3 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 3-4

Air Carrier Fatality and Injury Rates

Canada Mexico 

1990 through

1996

(cumulative)

1990 through

1996

(annual

averages)

1993 through 1996

(cumulative)

1993 through

1996

(annual

averages)

199

(cu

Air carrier fatal accidents 7 1.0 1 0.25 Air carrier fatalities 282 40 1 0.25 Air carrier injuries 11 1.6 2 0.50 Air carrier flight segments (thousands) 10,590 1,513 2,149 537 Rates per 100,000 flight segments

Fatal accident 0.066 (+0.031; -0.021) 0.047 0.047 (+0.01Fatality 2.66 0.047 Injury 0.10 0.093 

NOTESAll CountriesData definitions: Data are based on fatalities and injuries occuring for domestic air carriers, scheduled and and nonscheduled operations, passenger an

the world. For explanations of the differences between this table and air data in Tables 3-1 and 3-2, see the individual country notes in Appendix B.Cumulative data: Air carrier fatal accidents, fatalities and injuries have been summed over a number of years, as shown in Table 3-4. This is a departurreport, which present data for individual years. This has been done because fatal accidents involving commercial air carriers are rare. In particular, the in which large numbers of people are killed causes large and unpredictable fluctuations in the number of fatalities from year to year. That is, the statistiabout what to expect the next year; reveal little about whether air safety is getting better or worse compared to past years and reveal little about one co

to another’s. Only by adding up several years can these large random fluctuations be partly smoothed out. The fatal accident, fatality and injury rates a

multi-year periods shown in Table 3-4.Standard deviation in the fatal accident and fatality rates; Canada and the United States: The Canadian and U.S. fatal accident rates are within about oother. As discussed in Appendix B, the Canadian and U.S. fatality rates differ by less than one standard deviation. No statistically valid comparison cthe standard deviation on the rates is not known. For more information on the standard deviations of the rates in this table, including estimapresented in this table, see the discussion in Appendix B under All Countries.CanadaCoverage: Data for air carrier fatal accidents, fatalities and injuries refer to all Canadian-registered airplanes used by Level I and Level II Canadian air take-off weight (MCTOW) of more than 8,618 kg (19,000 pounds) or for which a Canadian type certificate has been issued authorizing the transport of Flight operations: Data for air carrier flight operations refers to passenger and cargo flights of Canadian registered airplanes used by Level I and Level carrier surveys conducted by Statistics Canada, namely: Major Scheduled Air Services Survey; and, Major Charter Air Services Survey. The data concerelate to only major scheduled and charter services, as regional and local scheduled carriers are not required to file cargo data. The Major Scheduled AStatistics Canada does not include air carriers which utilize aircraft under 13,607 kg (30,000 pounds). Similarly, the Major Charter Air Survey conducted include air carriers which utilize aircraft under 15,900 kg (35,000 pounds) domestically and internationally, and under 8,200 kg (18,080 pounds) on tran

Section 3 39 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 3-4

Air Carrier Fatality and Injury Rates−Continued

United StatesCoverage: Data include only aircraft operating under the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 121 (14 CFR 121); i.e., commercial aircraft that are operate

have more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds (3,402 kg).Fatalities: Includes the 12 people killed in 1991 aboard a commuter aircraft when it and a CFR 121 airliner collided.SOURCESCanadaTransportation Safety Board of Canada. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 199MexicoSecretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998). Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares. (Me

United StatesU.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 1998 and National Transportation Statistics 19

1999).

40 Section 3 North American Transportation in Figures ▲
se c t i on 4

Transportation,

Energy and the

Environment

tabl e 4-1

Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector

(Exajoules, 10 to the 18 joules)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Energy consumption, totala 7.84 8.59 8.98 5.16 5.49 5.90 88.75 95.86 99.04

Transportation consumption,

totalb 2.04 2.27 2.33 1.28 1.40 1.44 23.78 25.40 26.02

Transportation’s share of total

energy consumption (percent) 26.0 26.4 25.9 24.8 25.5 24.4 26.8 26.5 26.3

Fossil fuels, total exajoulesc 2.03 2.26 2.31 N N N 23.73 25.35 25.98

Natural gas (exajoules) 0.14 0.24 0.25 N N N 0.72 0.76 0.77

Trillion cubic meters 0.0035 0.0063 0.0065 N N N 0.0187 0.0198 0.0201

Petroleum (exajoules) 1.89 2.01 2.06 1.27 1.40 1.43 23.01 24.59 25.20

Million barrels 329 351 359 211 243 249 4,004 4,281 4,385

Electricityb 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.015 0.014 0.014

a

For all three countries, energy consumption, total includes electrical system energy losses.

b

For all three countries, transportation consumption, total and electricity do not include electrical system energy losses.

c

Coal is not included in this table, because all three countries use negligible amounts of coal for transportation.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTES

Canada

Energy consumption, total: Includes renewable energy.

Transportation consumption, total: Incudes fuel used in fisheries and in private trucking but excludes fuel consumption by public

administrations.

Mexico

Natural gas: Data are nonexistent, but natural gas consumption in Mexico is estimated to be quite small.

United States

Energy consumption, total: Includes renewable energy.

Transportation consumption, total: Total is greater than the sum of the components, because electrical system energy losses are not

listed. Fisheries are not included, but fuel consumption by public administrations is included.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Quarterly Report on Energy Supply-Demand in Canada, Catalogue No. 57-003-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

editions).

Mexico

Secretaría de Energía. Balance Nacional, Energía. 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Agency. Annual Energy Review, 1997 and Monthly Energy Review, August 1998.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 4 43 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Transportation's Percent 

Share of Total Energy 

Consumption: 1996

4-1

Other modes

Road

Total energy consumption, Mexico: Pipeline energy consumption is not included in 

Mexico's transportation energy consumption figures. If pipeline data were included, 

the share of other modes would be greater and transportation's share of total 

energy consumption would also be more.

Notes and sources: See Tables 4-1 and 4-2.

0

10

20

30

Canada Mexico United States

f i gu r e

Percent

18.5

21.8

19.9

7.4

2.6

6.4

44 Section 4 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-2

Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation

(Petajoules, 10 to the 15th joules)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 2,037.7 2,269.1 2,325.1 1,275.3 1,399.1 1,435.2 23,780 25,400 26,020

Air 185.2 185.1 205.8 73.6 95.4 93.4 1,910 1,937 1,995

Jet fuel 179.7 181.0 201.9 71.9 91.5 92.2 1,865 1,902 1,959

Aviation gasoline 5.5 4.1 3.9 1.7 3.9 1.2 45 35 36

Road 1,494.4 1,631.3 1,661.0 1,147.0 1,253.5 1,289.1 N 19,278 19,752

Gasoline 1,176.0 1,213.7 1,229.4 837.9 928.9 944.4 14,445 15,438 15,762

Diesel 292.5 384.5 397.5 293.9 306.0 325.5 3,100 3,800 3,950

Other fuels 25.9 33.1 34.1 15.2 18.6 19.2 N 40 40

Pipeline 142.4 245.3 254.5 U U U 718 762 774

Natural gas 133.1 232.9 241.5 U U U 718 762 774

Electricity 8.7 11.0 10.8 UUUUU U

Diesel 0.6 1.4 2.2 UUUUU U

Rail 89.5 80.9 79.1 26.6 22.6 24.7 469 520 536

Distillate/diesel fuel 89.5 80.9 79.1 26.6 22.6 24.7 468 519 535

Freight rail 87.2 78.8 77.0 U U U 456 509 524

Intercity passenger 2.3 2.1 2.1 U U U 12 10 11

Electricity U U U

Intercity passenger NS NS NS U U U 1 1 1

Transit 19.0 24.6 23.5 N N N N 125 123

Electricity 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.5 3.6 17 18 18

Motor fuels

Gasoline 0.5 0.4 NS N N N 4 6 6

Diesel 12.8 13.4 12.7 N N N 95 99 97

Compressed natural gas 2.6 7.8 7.8 NNNN 2 2

Water transport 107.3 102.0 101.3 N N N 1,472 1,412 1,396

Residual fuel oil 60.1 55.7 55.3 20.7 1.4 1.6 999 930 900

Distillate/diesel fuel oil 47.2 45.5 45.4 4.7 22.7 22.9 302 342 365

Gasoline NS 0.8 0.6 N N N 171 140 131

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Transportation energy consumption: Electrical systems energy losses are excluded from the overall total as well as individual modal

totals.

Transit: Canadian and U.S. data refer to all transit, including local transit buses and other road transit vehicles, which are also

reported under road. Some ferryboats are also included.

Mexico

Road, other fuels: Refers to liquified petroleum gas.

Road, gasoline, diesel, other fuels: Includes data on transit, motor fuels, and no breakdown is possible.

Rail, distillate/diesel fuel: Includes passenger and cargo services, and no breakdown is possible.

Transit, motor fuels: Data for subcategories cannot be separately identified for transit. Instead they are included in the fuel categories

for road (gasoline, diesel and other fuels).

Water transport, residual fuel oil, distillate/diesel fuel oil: In 1991, vessel fuel usage began to change. Diesel began to be subsituted for

residual fuel oil.

United States

Total: The total differs from the sum of the individual modes for reasons discussed in Appendix B.

Section 4 45 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-2

Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

All modes except transit rail: Statistics Canada. Quarterly Report on Energy Supply-Demand in Canada, Catalogue No. 57-003-XPB.

(Ottawa, Ont.: various quarterly editions).

Natural Resources Canada. Canada’s Energy Outlook 1996-2020. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Transit rail: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue No. 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Secretaría de Energía. Balance Nacional, Energía. 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia. Private communication. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United States

Total: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Private Communication.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. General Aviation and Avionics Survey. (Washington, DC: various

years).

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC:

1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 1996. (Washington,

DC: 1997).

Pipeline: U.S. Department of Energy. Natural Gas Annual 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997 Edition. (Washington, DC: 1997).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. State and Local Affairs Department. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. Director of Fuel Management. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC: various years).

American Public Transit Association. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales. (Washington, DC:

various years).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

46 Section 4 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-3

Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement

Fuels for Road Motor Vehicles

(Thousand gasoline-equivalent liters)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1992a 1995 1996

Fuel consumption, total 42,324,176 46,177,399 46,997,886 N N N 508,118,000 548,035,000 560,929,000

Alternative fuels, total 824,370 1,179,468 1,210,743 N N N 869,248 1,050,478 1,125,142

Liquified petroleum

gases (LPG) 748,240 954,847 985,256 N N N 787,903 880,869 905,312

Compressed natural

gas (CNG) 76,110 224,321 225,187 N N N 63,682 133,103 177,623

Liquified natural gas

(LNG) 0 0 0 N N N 2,214 10,444 12,291

Methanol, 85 percent

(M85) 20 300 300 N N N 4,047 10,928 12,833

Methanol, neat (M100) 0 0 0 N N N 9,641 8,139 1,314

Ethanol, 85 percent

(E85) 0 0 0 N N N 79 719 2,627

Ethanol, 95 percent

(E95) 0 0 0 N N N 322 3,766 10,217

Electricity NS NS NS N N N 1,359 2,510 2,926

Oxygenates

Methyl tertiary butyl

ether (MTBE) NS NS NS N N N 4,448,000 10,187,300 10,408,700

Ethanol in gasohol 10,000 40,000 40,000 N N N 2,654,000 3,447,400 2,499,100

Traditional fuels

Gasoline 33,928,534 35,017,600 35,471,523 N N N 416,906,000 438,892,000 445,857,000

Diesel 7,561,272 9,940,331 10,275,620 N N N 90,343,000 108,092,590 113,946,310

a

U.S. data for 1990 are not available. Nearest data year is 1992.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant.

NOTE

Mexico

Alternative fuels, liquefied petroleum gases: In Table 4-2 under road, other fuels, an estimation of fuel consumption in petajoules is

shown.

SOURCES

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. Office of Energy Efficiency. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 1996. (Washington, DC:

1997).

Section 4 47 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-4

Average Pricea of Fossil Fuel to End-Users

(Current U.S. cents per liter)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Motor vehicle fuel

Gasoline

Leaded NA NA NA 25.2 33.6 36.8 30.4 NA NA

Unleaded premium 54.0 47.2 49.4 NA NA 41.8 35.6 35.3 37.3

Unleaded regular 50.1 40.4 42.5 35.6 34.9 37.9 30.7 30.3 32.5

Average over all types

Price with taxes UUUUUU 32.1 31.8 34.0

Taxes 19.6 19.5 19.9 U U U 6.5 9.7 9.8

Diesel

Price with taxes 43.1 30.7 31.7 21.5 25.5 28.2 U 29.3 32.6

Taxes 15.3 12.2 12.3 U U U 8.2 11.5 11.4

Aviation fuel

Gasoline 42.1 31.3 31.6 35.6 34.9 37.9 29.6 26.5 29.5

Jet fuel 22.1 14.1 15.4 25.2 17.8 23.4 20.3 14.4 17.1

Rail fuel

Diesel 23.5 15.7 17.1 21.5 25.5 28.2 18.3 15.9 17.9

Water transport

Combined fuels 14.4 10.1 11.6 8.1 6.5 13.2 U 10.1 11.0

a

Unless otherwise stated in the country notes below, prices include the cost of the fuel and taxes. Taxes are given separately in this

table only for all types of motor vehicle gasoline and for motor vehicle diesel fuel. See Appendix B for information on fuel taxes in each

country.

KEY: NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Mexico

Data refer to sales price to the public as of December 31 of each year.

United States

Motor vehicle fuel taxes: Sales weighted average of Federal and state fuel taxes only. Does not include state sales taxes. If these were

included, they would raise the average tax in 1996 by roughly half a cent per liter for both gasoline and diesel. Note that the motor

vehicle fuel prices do include state sales taxes.

Aviation fuel: Does not include any taxes. Price of jet fuel is that paid by the large certified air carriers, which are defined in

Appendix B.

Rail fuel: Price includes federal fuel taxes only, no state taxes are included.

48 Section 4 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-4

Average Pricea of Fossil Fuel to End-Users−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. Office of Energy Efficiency. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Petróleos Mexicanos. Anuario Estadístico, 1998. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Petróleos Mexicanos. PEMEX-Refinación. Subgerencia de Planeación (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999)

United States

Motor vehicle fuel: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 1997. (Washington, DC:

1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC: 1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Aviation fuel, gasoline: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review, 1997. (Washington, DC:

1998).

Aviation fuel, jet fuel: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Private

Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Rail fuel: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997 Edition. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Rail fuel taxes: Association of American Railroads. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration (MARAD). Private Communication. (Washington, DC:

1998).

Section 4 49 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-5

New Model Year Fuel Efficiency for Road Motor Vehicles(Liters per 100 kilometers)

Canada Mexico 

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 

Sales weighted average

Passenger cars 8.2 7.9 7.9 9.1 8.0 7.8 8.4 Light trucks 11.4 11.5 11.3 U U U 11.3 

Range

Passenger cars 20.8 to 5.0 19.4 to 4.9 17.9 to 4.9 U 9.28 to 6.9 10.77 to 6.34 27.0 to 3.6 Light trucks 22.4 to 6.8 18.8 to 8.5 18.1 to 8.5UUU 19.8 to 7.0 

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.NOTESAll CountriesSales weighted average: Assumes 55 percent city and 45 percent highway travel.Light trucks: Gross vehicle weight rating of zero kg to 3,856 kg (i.e., 8,500 pounds or less).Averages and ranges: United States and Canada include both domestic and imported vehicles. Mexico includes only domestic vehicles.SOURCESCanadaSales weighted average: Transport Canada. Transportation in Canada, 1997—Annual Report, TP 13198. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Ranges: Natural resources Canada. Canada’s Energy Outlook, 1996-2020. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

Transport Canada and Natural Resources Canada. Fuel Consumption Guide, Annual. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

MexicoSecretaría de Energía. Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía, Dirección de Transporte. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United StatesSales weighted average: U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Consumer Programs Division, NPS-32. (WRanges: U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Automotive Fuel Economy Program. Twenty-Second Annua(Washington, DC: various years).

U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Consumer Programs Division, NPS-32. Private Communication. (W

50 Section 4 North American Transportation in Figures ▲
tabl e 4-6a

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Passenger

Cars and Light Trucks: Model Year

(Grams of emissions per kilometer)

Total

hydrocarbons

Nonmethane

hydrocarbons

Carbon

monoxide

(CO)

Cold

temperature

CO

Nitrogen

oxides Particulates

Canada, 1996

Passenger cars 0.25 NA 2.1 NA 0.62 a

0.12

Light trucks

Under 1,701 kg, (loaded vehicle weight) 0.50 NA 6.2 NA 0.75 a

0.16

Over 1,700 kg, (loaded vehicle weight) 0.50 NA 6.2 NA 1.1 a

0.08

Mexico, model years 1995 and later

Passenger cars 0.25 NA 2.11 NA 0.62 NA

Light trucks 0.63 NA 8.75 NA 1.44 NA

Under 3,857 kg, (gross vehicle weight)

United States, model years 1994 and later

Passenger cars

Intermediate useful life 0.25 0.16 2.1 6.2 0.25 0.05

Full useful life NA 0.19 2.6 NA 0.4 0.06

Light trucks

1,701 to 2,608 kg, (loaded vehicle weight)

Intermediate useful life NA 0.20 2.7 6.2 0.4 b

0.05

Full useful life 0.50 0.25 3.4 NA 0.60 b

0.06

a

Applies to diesel-fueled vehicles only.

b

Phase-in begins with model-year 1995.

KEY: NA = Not applicable.

NOTES

All Countries

Light trucks are vehicles of about 3,856 kg or less gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). For United States and Canada, the exact

definition is 8,500 pounds or less, and, for the time period of this table, there are four and two categories of light trucks, respectively,

within the range of zero through 8,500 pounds.

Canada

Loaded vehicle weight (LVW): See Appendix B under the United States for definition.

From September 1, 1997, Canadian standards are harmonized with U.S. standards by regulation, for all classes of on-road vehicles.

Passenger cars and light trucks: For cars (light-duty vehicles) and light trucks (light-duty trucks, LDT), Canadian 1996 regulated

standards were technically equivalent to those of the United States for 1988 model year vehicles, but in practice, manufacturers and

importers provided vehicles meeting U.S. 1996 standards.

Mexico

Particulates: No regulations are in effect for particulates for these vehicles.

United States

Useful life: The life over which the standards must be met. See Appendix B for a more complete definition.

Measurement units: The U.S. regulations are written in units of grams per mile. This table has converted the U.S. regulations to grams

per kilometer. A simple conversion back to U.S. measures will result in rounding error and/or an incorrect level of precision in some

cases. Appendix D provides the original U.S. measures.

Coverage: This table is a simplification of the U.S. emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks.

Implementation schedules: Schedules are summarized in Appendix B. The standards were phased in over several years.

Passenger cars and light trucks: Data are for gasoline-fueled vehicles only. See Appendix B for the differences for diesel fueled

vehicles.

Light trucks: There are four categories of light trucks. The regulations presented here are for the LDT2 category, which has a GVWR

up to 2,722 kg (ie., 6,000 pounds or less) and a LVW of 1701 kg to 2,608 kg (i.e., 3,751 pounds through 5,750 pounds). (GVWR and

LVR are defined in Appendix B.) In 1996, LDT2s accounted for more than 60 percent of the sales of new light trucks.

Section 4 51 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-6a

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Passenger

Cars and Light Trucks: Model Year−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulations Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-O42-ECOL-1993. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1993).

United States

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. (Washington, DC: 1998).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Mobile Source Emissions Standards Summary. (Washington, DC:

1992).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Office of Mobile Sources, Vehicle Programs and Compliance

Division. Tier 2 Study White Paper. (Washington, DC: 1997).

52 Section 4 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-6b

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Heavy Trucks:

Model Year

(Grams of emissions per brake horsepower-hour)

Total

hydrocarbons

Carbon

monoxide

(CO)

Nitrogen

oxides Particulates

Smoke

(percentage)

Mexico

Compression ignition, model years 1994-1997 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.7 or 0.10 20/15/50

(weight more than 3,857 kg)

Spark ignition, model years 1995-1997

Weight between 3,858 and 6,350 kg 1.1 14.4 5.0 NA NA

Weight greater than 6,350 kg 1.9 37.1 5.0 NA NA

United States and Canada, model years

1994 and later

Compression ignition, model years 1994-1997 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.10 20/15/50

(weight more than 3,856 kg; i.e., more than

8,500 pounds)

Spark ignition, model years 1991-1997

Weight between 3,856 and 6,350 kg 1.1 14.4 5.0 NA NA

Weight greater than 6,350 kg 1.9 37.1 5.0 NA NA

KEY: NA = Not applicable.

NOTES

All Countries

Compression ignition, smoke: Percentages apply to smoke opacity at acceleration/lug/peak modes.

Canada

From September 1, 1997, Canadian standards are harmonized with U.S. standards by regulation, for all classes of on-road vehicles.

Heavy trucks: For heavy trucks (heavy-duty vehicles), Canadian vehicles were provided to U.S. standards by a Memorandum of

Understanding with the industry.

Mexico

Compression ignition, particulates: The limit is 0.10 for vehicles under 14,969 kg and 0.7 for vehicles over 14,969 kg.

United States

Compression ignition: Standards apply to both diesel and methanol-fueled engines.

Spark ignition: Standards apply to gasoline, methanol and liquified petroleum gas-fueled engines (LPG).

Spark ignition, weights: The first category of spark ignition heavy trucks in this table weighs more than 8,500 pounds and weighs

14,000 pounds or less. The second category weighs more than 14,000 pounds.

SOURCES

Canada

Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulations Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-044-ECOL-1993. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1993).

Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-076-ECOL1995. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1995).

United States

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Emission Standards Reference Guide for Heavy-Duty and Nonroad

Engines (EPA420-F-97-014). (Washington, DC: 1997).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Mobile Source Emissions Standards Summary. (Washington, DC:

1992).

Section 4 53 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
54 Section 4 North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 5

Domestic Freight

Activity

tabl e 5-1

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode

(Millions of metric tons)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 623.3 711.8 734.6 380.1 429.3 445.2 6,079.3 7,062.0 7,320.7

Air 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 7.7 8.5 9.8

Water transport 60.4 50.5 48.8 30.6 31.8 31.6 1,014.0 985.4 991.9

Coastal shipping 26.2 22.6 21.1 30.6 31.8 31.6 270.9 241.9 242.6

Great Lakes 10.6 7.7 8.8 NA NA NA 99.9 105.3 104.2

Inland waterwaysa 23.6 20.2 18.9 NA NA NA 643.2 638.1 645.1

Pipeline 221.4 290.6 303.5 U U U 1,416.2 1,551.6 1,611.8

Crude oil and petroleum

products 145.8 174.5 183.4 U U U 958.9 1,017.0 1,067.8

Natural gas 75.6 116.1 120.1 U U U 457.3 534.6 544.0

Rail 191.8 203.0 200.0 34.7 30.7 30.2 1,292.6 1,405.8 1,461.4

Road 149.3 167.3 181.9 314.7 366.7 383.3 2,348.7 3,110.7 3,245.9

a

Commercially navigable.

KEY: NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Canada

Road: Includes only activity of Canadian domiciled for-hire carriers with annual intercity revenues greater than or equal to 1 million

Canadian dollars; excludes local (less than 24 kilometers) deliveries and deliveries made by private trucks and small for-hire carriers.

Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

Mexico

Total: Does not include data for pipelines because the data are unavailable.

Road: Includes only intercity truck activity on the Mexican federal highway system.

United States

Road: Data are for intercity for-hire and private truck only.

Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

SOURCES

Canada

Air: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue No. 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways and rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate based on Statistics

Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue No. 55-201-XPB, and Gas Utilities Transport and Distribution Systems,

Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate, based on Statistics Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont: 1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Trucking in Canada, Catalogue No. 53-222-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras 1990-1996.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos

Mexicanos en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Based on data from Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990,

1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Section 5 57 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-1

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode−Continued

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., Part 5. (New

Orleans, LA: Annual issues).

Pipeline, crude oil and petroleum products: Association of Oil Pipe Lines. Shifts in Petroleum Transportation. (Washington, DC: various

years).

Pipeline, natural gas: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Special tabulation based on Department

of Energy data. (Washington, DC: 1999).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Road: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. Transportation in America, 1997. (Lansdowne, VA: 1997).

58 Section 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-2

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode

(Billions (thousand millions) of metric ton-kilometers)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 520.7 602.8 614.3 154.1 206.0 212.7 5,070.0 5,784.7 5,916.2

Air 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.0 10.9 15.6 16.0

Water transport 53.7 42.5 40.2 19.3 20.0 19.9 1,217.0 1,179.3 1,116.4

Coastal shipping 14.0 10.5 10.3 19.3 20.0 19.9 699.5 642.9 595.8

Great Lakes 7.3 5.1 5.4 NA NA NA 89.0 87.2 85.2

Inland waterwaysa 32.4 26.9 24.5 NA NA NA 428.5 449.2 435.5

Pipeline 212.2 273.9 280.6 U U U 1,259.5 1,338.9 1,364.6

Crude oil and petroleum

products 102.8 103.9 105.0 U U U 852.8 877.6 904.0

Natural gas 109.4 170.0 175.6 U U U 406.7 461.3 460.6

Rail 199.6 220.0 221.4 25.0 22.0 21.0 1,509.6 1,906.3 1,979.7

Road 54.7 65.8 71.5 108.9 162.8 170.8 1,073.1 1,344.6 1,439.5

a

Commercially navigable.

KEY: NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Canada

Road: Data include only activity of Canadian domiciled for-hire carriers with annual intercity revenues greater than or equal to 1 million

Canadian dollars. Data excludes local (less than 24 kilometers) deliveries, and deliveries made by private trucks and small for-hire

carriers.

Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

Mexico

Total: Does not include data for pipelines because the data are unavailable.

Road: Includes only intercity truck activity on the Mexican federal highway system.

United States

Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

Road: Data are for intercity for-hire and private truck only.

SOURCES

Canada

Air: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue No. 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways and rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate based on Statistics

Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue 55-201-XPB, and Gas Utilities Transport and Distribution Systems,

Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate, based on Statistics Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont: 1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Trucking in Canada, Catalogue No. 53-222-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras 1990-1996.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos

Mexicanos en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Based on data from Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990,

1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Section 5 59 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-2

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode−Continued

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., Part 5. (New

Orleans, LA: Annual issues).

Pipeline, crude oil and petroleum products: Association of Oil Pipe Lines. Shifts in Petroleum Transportation. (Washington, DC: various

years).

Pipeline, natural gas: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Special tabulation based on Department

of Energy data. (Washington, DC: 1999).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Road: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. Transportation in America, 1997. (Lansdowne, VA: 1997).

60 Section 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Percent Modal Share, 

Excluding Pipelines, of Total 

Metric Ton-Kilometers: 1996

5-2a

Canada

Mexico

United States

Because pipeline data for Mexico are unavailable, pipeline has been excluded from 

each country's total for overall ton-kilometers and the derived modal shares in this 

figure. Figure 5-2b shows the modal shares for Canada and the United States when 

pipelines (both oil and gas) are included.

Notes and sources: See Table 5-2.

Road

Rail

Water

transport

Air

0.2

0.5

0.4

12.0

9.4

24.5

66.3

9.9

43.5

21.4

80.3

31.6

Percent Modal Share, 

Including Pipelines, of Total 

Metric Ton-Kilometers: 1996

5-2b

Canada

United States

Figure 5-2b shows the modal shares for Canada and the United States when pipelines 

(both oil and gas) are included. Figure 5-2b more accurately portrays modal shares for 

Canada and the United States than figure 5-2a, which excludes pipeline data.

Notes and sources: See Table 5-2.

Road

Rail

Pipeline

Water

transport

Air

0.1

0.3

6.5

18.9

45.7

23.1

36.0

33.5

11.6

24.3

f i gu r e f i gu r e

Section 5 61 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-3a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Commodities

by Mode: 1996

(Millions of metric tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

Natural gas 120.1

Crude oil 118.9

Petroleum products 64.5

Rail

Bituminous coal 39.8

Iron ore and concentrates 37.4

Wheat 20.3

Muriate of potassium (potash) 12.3

Pulpwood and chips 11.7

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Forest products 40.3

Live animals and food products 24.0

Petroleum products 23.1

Construction materials 18.4

Steel 14.4

Water transport

Iron ore 7.0

Pulpwood and chips 6.7

Wheat 4.8

Stone and limestone 4.7

Fuel oil 4.3

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

SOURCES

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue No. 55-201-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997). Statistics Canada. Gas

Utilities, Transport and Distribution Systems, Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special for-hire trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

62 Section 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-3b

Top Mexican Domestic Freight Commodities

by Mode: 1996

(Millions of metric tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

Crude oil U

Natural gas U

Petroleum products U

Rail

Cement 9.3

Corn 5.9

Iron ore 3.9

Coal 2.8

Fuel oil 2.4

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Miscellaneous manufactured articles 51.2

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement 36.0

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes 28.9

Edible fruits and vegetables 19.9

Beverages, spirits and vinegar 18.6

Water transport

Crude oil and petroleum products 19.4

Limestone 7.3

Salt 6.3

Iron ore pellets 1.4

Cement 0.1

Intermodal

N N

KEY: U = Data are unavailable. N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTES

Road and water transport: Data are for 1993.

Road and rail: Data include foreign trade merchandise.

SOURCES

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Based on data from the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas,

1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based on the vehicle’s weight and dimensions study. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1997).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1997).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 5 63
tabl e 5-3c

Top U.S. Domestic Freight Commodities

by Mode: 1993

(Millions of metric tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

Machinery, excluding electricals 0.46

Chemicals or allied products 0.32

Electrical machinery, equipment or supplies 0.25

Transportation equipment 0.24

Instruments, photographic and optical goods, 0.09

watches or clocks

Pipeline

Crude oil 925.0

Petroleum products 771.9

Natural gas 502.6

Rail

Coal 572.5

Farm products 158.7

Nonmetallic minerals 131.5

Petroleum or coal products 123.6

Chemicals or allied products 118.2

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Nonmetallic minerals 1,364.6

Petroleum or coal products 900.6

Food or kindred products 674.2

Lumber or wood products, excluding furniture 529.0

Chemicals or allied products 281.7

Water transport

Petroleum and petroleum products 844.2

Crude materials 327.1

Coal 272.5

Food and farm products 244.3

Chemicals and related products 119.4

Intermodal (road and rail combination)

Transportation equipment 6.9

Chemicals or allied products 1.9

Food or kindred products 1.7

Lumber or wood products, excluding furniture 1.5

Pulp, paper or allied products 1.4

SOURCES

Air, road and rail: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1993 Commodity Flow Survey. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Pipeline: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1996; Part 5 -

National Summaries. (New Orleans, LA: 1997).

64 Section 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-4a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Interprovincial Pairs

by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of metric tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

N N

Rail

Alberta to British Columbia 29,335

Newfoundland to Québec 20,875

Saskatchewan to British Columbia 12,890

Saskatchewan to Ontario 8,249

Ontario to Québec 4,677

Road

Ontario to Québec 7,002

Mode of transportation Total

Québec to Ontario 6,845

Alberta to British Columbia 3,048

British Columbia to Alberta 2,060

Alberta to Saskatchewan 1,781

Water transport

Ontario to Québec 6,187

Québec to Ontario 5,963

Nova Scotia to Newfoundland 810

Nova Scotia to Québec 745

Nova Scotia to New Brunswick 680

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Data represent one-way flows.

SOURCES

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Rail data adapted by Transport Canada from Statistics

Canada sources.)

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special for-hire trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 5 65
NVT.

RailRoadWaterThousands of Metric Tons600 to 10,20010,201 to 19,80019,801 to 29,400

ONT.

N. W. T.

QUE.

SASK.

MAN.

B. C.

ALTA.

Y. T.

Notes and sources: See table 5-4a.

ma p

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Interprovincial Pairs by Mode: 

2

66 Section 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-4b

Top U.S. Domestic Freight Interstate Pairs

by Mode: 1993

(Thousands of metric tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

California to Texas 39

California to New Jersey 27

Indiana to California 22

New Jersey to California 16

California to Georgia 15

Pipeline

N N

Rail

Wyoming to Texas 37,608

West Virginia to Virginia 21,640

Wyoming to Kansas 19,472

Wyoming to Missouri 18,507

Illinois to Indiana 17,200

Road

Indiana to Illinois 25,978

Mode of transportation Total

Illinois to Indiana 18,008

Pennsylvania to New Jersey 16,991

Michigan to Ohio 15,056

New Jersey to New York 14,587

Water transport

Illinois to Louisiana 18,416

Missouri to Louisiana 11,088

West Virginia to Pennsylvania 10,938

Louisiana to Texas 8,828

Iowa to Louisiana 8,628

Intermodal

(road and rail combination)

Kentucky to Michigan 988

California to Michigan 313

Ohio to California 298

Illinois to California 261

Michigan to Florida 163

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Data represent one-way flows.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1993 Commodity Flow Survey. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC:

1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 5 67
Rail

RoadWaterAirIntermodal (Road/Rail Combination)Thousands of Metric Tons0 to12,60012,601 to 25,20025,201 to 37,700

OH

NE NV

AL

MO

AR

IN 

AZ

CA CO

FL

GA

ID

IL

IA

KS

KY

LA

MI 

MN

MS

MT

NM

NC

ND

OK

OR

PA

SC

SD

TN

TX

UT

VA

WA

WV

WI

WY

Notes and sources: See tables 5-4b.

ma p

Top U.S. Domestic Freight Interstate Pairs by Mode: 1993

3

68 Section 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-5a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Area Pairs

by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of metric tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

N N

Rail

N N

Road

Hamilton, Ont. to Toronto, Ont. 2,716

Toronto, Ont. to Montréal, Que. 2,061

Montréal, Que. to Toronto, Ont. 1,623

Mode of transportation Total

Toronto, Ont. to Hamilton, Ont. 964

Montréal, Que. to Québec, Que. 919

Water transport

Sept-Îles/Pte-Noire, Que. to Hamilton, Ont. 3,294

Havre-St-Pierre, Que. to Sorel, Que. 2,447

Port-Cartier, Que. to Hamilton, Ont. 2,065

Colborne, Ont. to Clarkson, Ont. 1,824

Fraser River, B.C. to East Coast

Vancouver Island, B.C. 1,625

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Data represent one-way flows. Water data represent port to port pairs rather than metropolitan area pairs.

SOURCES

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special for-hire trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 5 69
tabl e 5-5b

Top Mexican Domestic Freight Area Pairs

by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of metric tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

Mexico City, D.F. to Guadalajara, Jal. 6

Mexico City, D.F. to Tijuana, B.C. 5

Mexico City, D.F. to Cancún, Q. Roo. 4

Guadalajara, Jal. to Mexico City, D.F. 4

Mexico City, D.F. to Monterrey, N.L. 4

Pipeline

U U

Rail

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. to Monterrey, N.L. 1,553

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. to Mexico City, D.F. 1,271

Veracruz, Ver. to Mexico City, D.F. 803

Ciudad Sahagún, Hgo. to Mexico City, D.F. 783

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. to Guadalajara, Jal. 697

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Mexico City, D.F. to Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 12,700

Mexico City, D.F. to Monterrey, N.L. 7,400

Mexico City, D.F. to Guadalajara, Jal. 6,100

Mexico City, D.F. to Veracruz, Ver. 4,700

Mexico City, D.F. to Toluca, Edo. de Mex. 4,400

Water transport

Guerrero Negro, B.C.S. to Isla de Cedros, B.C. 7,400

Pajaritos, Ver. to Tuxpan, Ver. 4,000

Salina Cruz, Oax. to Guaymas, Son. 2,300

Salina Cruz, Oax. to Manzanillo, Col. 2,100

Salina Cruz, Oax. to Lázaro Cárdenas, Mich. 1,300

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Data represent one-way flows.

Rail: Figures of 1993, based on allocation studies (see Appendix B).

Road: Figures of 1994, from a survey of motor carrier vehicles on federal roads (see Appendix B).

Water transport: Data represent port to port pairs rather than metropolitan area pairs.

SOURCES

Air: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based on special tabulation of the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección

General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1999).

Rail: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Evaluación Económica de Mejoras a la Infraestructura del Sistema Nacional Ferroviario,

Publicación Técnica No. 82. Estimates included in this document are based on information from the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de

México. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1996).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special tabulation from Estudio de pesos y dimensiones de los vehculos de carga que

circulan en la red nacional de carreteras, 1994. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1999).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1997).

70 Section 5 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Rail

RoadWaterAirThousands of Metric Tons0 to 4,2004,201 to 8,4008,401 to 12,700

DISTRITO FEDERAL

TAB.

EDO. DE MEX.

TLAX.

MOR. PUE.

JAL.

N. L.

MICH.

B. C.

HGO.

VER.

AGS.

GTO.

S. L. P.

QRO.

CHIS.

OAX.

COL.

DGO.

ZAC.

TAMPS.

Q. 

YUC.

CAMP.

GRO.

NAY.

COAH.

SIN.

CHIH.

SON.

B. C. S.

Salina Cruz

Tuxpan

Lázaro Cárdenas

Manzanillo

Isla de Cedros

Tijuana

Mexico City

Guerrero Negro

Nuevo Laredo

Guaymas

Toluca

Monterrey

Merida

Guadalajara

Veracruz

Pajaritos

Notes and sources: See table 5-5b.Top Mexican Domestic Freight Area Pairs by Mode: 1996

ma p

4

Section 5 71 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
72 Section 5 North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 6

North American

Merchandise Trade

tabl e 6-1a

Canadian Merchandise Trade With Mexico and the

United States by Mode of Transportation

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

1990 1995 1996

Total trade with Mexico 2,059 4,735 5,347

Air 146 374 375

Water transport 214 339 431

Road 1,133 2,621 3,091

Rail 544 1,326 1,328

Pipeline and othera 22 75 121

Exports to Mexico 562 835 922

Air 87 143 122

Water transport 88 290 377

Road 244 295 301

Rail 142 108 122

Pipeline and othera NS NS NS

Imports from Mexico 1,497 3,899 4,426

Air 58 231 253

Water transport 126 49 54

Road 889 2,326 2,791

Rail 402 1,218 1,207

Pipeline and othera 22 75 121

Total trade with the United States 170,897 261,168 278,871

Air 10,066 16,600 17,912

Water transport 6,852 6,538 6,905

Road 117,453 174,982 188,531

Rail 25,818 48,436 47,184

Pipeline and othera 10,709 14,612 18,339

Exports to the United States 95,611 151,388 163,682

Air 3,466 7,142 7,315

Water transport 5,096 4,936 5,134

Road 60,585 87,075 96,534

Rail 18,473 37,968 37,050

Pipeline and othera 7,991 14,267 17,648

Imports from the United States 75,286 109,780 115,188

Air 6,600 9,458 10,597

Water transport 1,756 1,601 1,771

Road 56,868 87,907 91,997

Rail 7,345 10,469 10,134

Pipeline and othera 2,718 345 691

a

Mostly pipeline; also includes mail, parcel post and other miscellaneous modes of transportation.

KEY: NS = Not significant.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Section 6 75 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-1b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the

United States by Mode of Transportation

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

1990a 1995 1996p

Total trade with Canada 917 3,354 3,914

Air U 264 237

Water transport U 381 551

Road U 1,174 1,501

Rail U 1,301 1,467

Pipeline NA NA NA

Exports to Canada 458 1,979 2,170

Air U 94 103

Water transport U 118 181

Road U 557 606

Rail U 1,094 1,272

Pipeline NA NA NA

Imports from Canada 458 1,374 1,744

Air U 170 134

Water transport U 263 370

Road U 617 895

Rail U 207 195

Pipeline NA NA NA

Total trade with the United States 38,909 120,142 147,977

Air U 3,544 4,438

Water transport U 10,905 14,620

Road U 85,034 101,933

Rail U 12,345 17,541

Pipeline U U U

Exports to the United States 18,418 66,336 80,541

Air U 1,794 2,097

Water transport U 8,655 11,306

Road U 46,272 53,752

Rail U 8,784 12,681

Pipeline U U U

Imports from the United States 20,491 53,806 67,437

Air U 1,750 2,341

Water transport U 2,250 3,314

Road U 38,762 48,181

Rail U 3,561 4,859

Pipeline U U U

a

Data for 1990 does not include maquiladora trade.

KEY: NA = Not applicable. p = Data are preliminary. U = Data are unavailable.

76 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-1b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the

United States by Mode of Transportation−Continued

NOTES

See Appendix B for information on the proportion of maquiladora trade in 1995 and 1996.

Mexican total merchandise trade with Canada and the United States: Individual modes do not sum to total trade figures because not all

Mexican modes of transportation are included here. See Appendix B for Mexican modes not specifically identified on this table.

SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Estadística. Dirección de Estadísticas

Económicas. Based on data developed through an interagency working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público,

Banco de México and Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Section 6 77 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-1c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico

by Mode of Transportation

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)

1990 1995 1996

Total trade with Canada 175,054 272,575 290,194

Air 8,938 17,074 18,866

Water transport 10,969 6,558 7,034

Road N 186,388 201,144

Rail N 55,269 55,490

Pipeline N 10,728 12,958

Exports to Canada 83,674 127,226 133,688

Air 6,036 10,935 12,541

Water transport 1,938 1,882 2,066

Road N 97,423 102,743

Rail N 15,272 15,679

Pipeline N 121 162

Imports from Canada 91,380 145,349 156,506

Air 2,902 6,139 6,325

Water transport 9,032 4,676 4,968

Road N 88,965 98,401

Rail N 39,997 39,811

Pipeline N 10,607 12,796

Total trade with Mexico 58,346 107,977 129,724

Air 1,950 3,158 4,232

Water transport 7,291 9,914 11,941

Road N 78,929 92,442

Rail N 13,832 17,417

Pipeline N 28 10

Exports to Mexico 28,279 46,292 56,761

Air 1,378 1,775 2,362

Water transport 1,527 2,200 3,143

Road N 35,914 44,092

Rail N 4,694 5,119

Pipeline N 1 2

Imports from Mexico 30,157 61,685 72,963

Air 572 1,382 1,870

Water transport 5,764 7,713 8,797

Road N 43,014 48,350

Rail N 9,138 12,298

Pipeline N 27 8

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Total trade with Canada and Mexico: Individual modes do not sum to total trade figures because not all U.S. modes of

transportation are included here. See Appendix B for a list of U.S. modes not specifically identified on this table. In addition, in some

cases, a summation of the individual modal categories will exceed the reported total trade value because transshipment data are

included in the data for land modes of transportation (road, rail and pipeline). Transshipment data cannot be separated from the modal

totals for road, rail and pipeline for 1995 and 1996. For an explanation of transshipment data, see Appendix B. Also see Appendix B for

information on modal percentage shares, using 1997 data from which transshipment data have been excluded from the land modes.

78 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-1c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico

by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Total trade: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States. (Washington, DC: 1990,

1995 and 1996).

Air and water: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. FT920 U.S. Merchandise Trade.

(Washington, DC: December 1990, 1995 and 1996).

Road, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 6 79 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2a

Canadian Merchandise Trade With Mexico and the

United States by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of metric tons)

1990e 1995e 1996e

Total trade with Mexico 2,054 4,621 4,669

Air 28 73 46

Water transport 1,304 2,509 2,597

Road 416 949 777

Rail 290 442 375

Pipeline and othera 16 649 875

Exports to Mexico 692 2,231 2,184

Air 7 24 5

Water transport 459 1,892 1,946

Road 78 144 79

Rail 149 170 154

Pipeline and othera NS NS NS

Imports from Mexico 1,362 2,390 2,485

Air 22 50 41

Water transport 846 616 651

Road 338 804 698

Rail 141 271 221

Pipeline and othera 16 649 875

Total trade with the United States 245,811 354,346 367,986

Air 2,717 2,458 2,379

Water transport 67,893 72,495 77,371

Road 67,113 95,450 98,126

Rail 40,948 60,327 61,232

Pipeline and othera 67,141 123,616 128,879

Exports to the United States 175,621 268,486 277,525

Air 180 417 205

Water transport 40,047 45,260 48,414

Road 38,441 51,939 54,305

Rail 32,281 48,323 49,535

Pipeline and othera 64,672 122,546 125,065

Imports from the United States 70,191 85,860 90,461

Air 2,537 2,041 2,173

Water transport 27,846 27,236 28,956

Road 28,671 43,510 43,821

Rail 8,667 12,004 11,697

Pipeline and othera 2,470 1,070 3,814

a

Mostly pipeline moves; also includes mail, parcel post and other miscellaneous modes of transportation.

KEY: e = Data are estimated. NS = Not significant.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

80 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the

United States by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of metric tons)

1990 1995 1996

Total trade with Canada N N N

Air a

22 2

Water transport 1,425 b

3,427 2,808

Road N N N

Rail U U U

Pipeline NA NA NA

Exports to Canada N N N

Air a

11 1

Water transport 1,051 b

1,717 988

Road N N N

Rail U U U

Pipeline NA NA NA

Imports from Canada N N N

Air a

11 1

Water transport 374 b

1,710 1,820

Road N N N

Rail U U U

Pipeline NA NA NA

Total trade with the United States N N N

Air a

70 116 141

Water transport 59,270 b

72,473 89,902

Road N N 38,728

Rail U U 15,120

Pipeline U U U

Exports to the United States N N N

Air a

30 60 74

Water transport 49,699 b

61,698 77,648

Road N N 14,482

Rail U U 4,813

Pipeline U U U

Imports from the United States N N N

Air a

40 56 67

Water transport 9,571 b

10,775 12,254

Road N N 24,246

Rail U U 10,307

Pipeline U U U

a

Data for 1990 are nonexistent. Data in this table represent 1992.

b

Data for 1995 are nonexistent. Data in this table represent 1994.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

Section 6 81 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the

United States by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. Special tabulation. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1998).

Road and rail, 1996: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special tabulations based on data from the Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento

Industrial and U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

82 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico

by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of metric tons)

1990 1995 1996

Total trade with Canada N N N

Air 222 252 269

Water transport 65,447 68,509 72,013

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Exports to Canada N N N

Air 171 215 225

Water transport 25,194 25,721 24,906

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Imports from Canada N N N

Air 51 38 44

Water transport 40,253 42,788 47,108

Road N 53,564 57,805

Rail N 46,270 48,815

Pipeline N 61,385 62,889

Total trade with Mexico N N N

Air 44 64 83

Water transport 52,140 72,351 75,940

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Exports to Mexico N N N

Air 26 28 37

Water transport 9,026 8,632 13,097

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Imports from Mexico N N N

Air 18 36 46

Water transport 43,114 63,719 62,843

Road N N 14,482

Rail N N 4,814

Pipeline N N 113

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTES

Imports from Canada: The U.S. Customs Service began to require shipping weight for U.S. imports from Canada by all modes of

transportation in 1990. However, it did not become possible to disaggregate the land modes (road, rail and pipeline) until 1994.

Imports from Mexico: The U.S. Customs Service began to require shipping weight for U.S. imports from Mexico by land modes of

transportation (road, rail and pipeline) in April 1995.

Road, rail and pipeline exports: For 1990, 1995 and 1996, the U.S. Census Bureau did not require shippers to report weight for export

shipments to Canada or Mexico for these modes of transportation.

Section 6 83 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico

by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Total trade: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States. (Washington, DC: 1990,

1995 and 1996).

Air and water: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. FT920 U.S. Merchandise Trade.

(Washington, DC: December 1990, 1995 and 1996).

Road, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

84 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-3a

Top Canadian Gateways for North American Merchandise

Trade by Mode: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Port name

Exports Imports Total

North

American

To Mexico trade

To the

United

States

Total North

American

From

Mexico

From the

United

States

Total North

American

Air

Toronto-Pearson Int. Air, Ont. 63 4,125 4,188 151 4,149 4,300 8,488

Montréal-Dorval Int. Air, Que. 19 1,422 1,441 23 1,984 2,007 3,448

Montréal-Mirabel Int. Air, Que. 5 726 731 10 678 689 1,420

Vancouver-Int. Airport, B.C. 1 344 345 9 860 869 1,214

Calgary, Alta. 21 322 343 17 574 590 933

Hamilton, Ont. 1 0 1 10 344 354 355

Winnipeg-Int. Airport, Man. 0 43 43 5 276 280 324

Ottawa, Ont. 2 215 217 1 94 95 312

Edmonton, Alta. 0 5 6 3 258 260 266

Halifax, N.S. 0 25 25 0 98 98 124

Water Transport

Saint John, N.B. 1 1,213 1,214 NS 27 27 1,241

Montréal-Main Long Room, Que. 18 321 339 24 146 171 510

Halifax, N.S. 1 416 417 4 28 33 450

Sept-Îles, Que. 0 376 376 1 34 35 411

Port Hawkesbury, N.S. 0 381 381 NS 7 7 388

Hamilton, Ont. NS NS NS 1 355 355 355

Nanaimo, B.C. 0 345 345 NS 5 5 351

Vancouver, B.C. 0 NS NS 9 233 242 242

Baie-Comeau, Que. 6 49 56 NS 176 176 232

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 0 NS NS NS 150 150 150

Road

Windsor-Ambassador Bridge, Ont. 185 34,769 34,955 1,409 30,648 32,057 67,011

Fort Erie, Ont. 17 19,094 19,112 72 10,024 10,095 29,207

Sarnia, Ont. 22 12,345 12,367 687 10,992 11,679 24,046

Lacolle, Que. 11 7,032 7,044 37 2,897 2,934 9,978

Pacific Highway, B.C. 0 3,895 3,895 98 3,769 3,867 7,763

Phillipsburg, Que. 0 4,393 4,393 6 1,872 1,878 6,271

Emerson, Man. 0 2,875 2,875 18 2,603 2,620 5,496

Niagara Falls, Ont. 9 46 56 25 4,053 4,078 4,133

Coutts, Alta. 6 1,930 1,936 39 1,878 1,917 3,853

North Portal, Sask. 9 1,655 1,664 7 1,687 1,694 3,358

Section 6 85 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-3a

Top Canadian Gateways for North American Merchandise

Trade by Mode: 1996—Continued

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Port name

Exports Imports Total

North

American

To Mexico trade

To the

United

States

Total North

American

From

Mexico

From the

United

States

Total North

American

Rail

Sarnia, Ont. 37 10,157 10,194 659 1,515 2,174 12,368

Windsor-Ambassador Bridge, Ont. 9 8,207 8,216 420 1,278 1,698 9,914

Fort Erie, Ont. 0 7,296 7,296 2 41 43 7,339

Fort Frances, Ont. 60 3,257 3,316 NS 64 64 3,380

Pacific Highway, B.C. 2 1,601 1,603 4 28 32 1,635

North Portal, Sask. 3 1,323 1,326 NS 0 0 1,326

Huntington, B.C. 0 1,143 1,143 0 180 181 1,323

Emerson, Man. 3 964 968 NS 119 119 1,087

Lacolle, Que. 1 672 673 NS 118 118 790

Montréal, Que. 0 NS NS 30 706 736 736

Pipeline and other

Coutts, Alta. 0 3,188 3,188 NS 1 1 3,189

Sarnia, Ont. 0 2,314 2,314 NS 232 232 2,546

Emerson, Man. 0 2,092 2,092 NS 1 1 2,093

Pacific Highway, B.C. 0 1,331 1,331 NS 2 2 1,333

Lacolle, Que. 0 1,125 1,125 NS 0 0 1,125

Windsor-Ambassador Bridge, Ont. 0 918 918 NS 4 4 922

Niagara Falls, Ont. 0 726 726 2 1 2 729

Prescott, Ont. 0 674 674 NS 0 0 674

Fort Erie, Ont. 0 651 651 NS 5 5 656

Windsor-Detroit/Can. Tunnel, Ont. 0 238 238 NS 0 0 238

KEY: NS = Not signficant.

NOTE: Pipeline and other: Includes mostly pipeline moves, but also includes mail, parcel post and other miscellaneous modes of

transportation. It is not possible to separate pipeline data from these other modes of transportation.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

86 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-3b

Top Mexican Gateways for North American Merchandise

Trade by Mode: 1996p

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Port name

Exports Imports Total

North

American

To Canada trade

To the

United

States

Total North

American

From

Canada

From the

United

States

Total North

American

Air

Mexico City, D.F. 34 573 607 97 1,344 1,440 2,047

Guadalajara, Jal. 50 939 989 28 589 617 1,606

Monterrey, N.L. 17 122 138 5 114 119 257

Toluca, Edo. de Mex. 1 131 132 2 49 51 183

Water Transport

Ciudad del Carmen, Camp.a 137 5,477 5,613 U 39 39 5,652

Coatzacoalcos, Ver. 3 3,606 3,609 2 259 261 3,870

Veracruz, Ver. 12 900 912 108 1,011 1,119 2,031

Manzanillo Col. 6 322 328 158 80 238 565

Tuxpan, Ver. 0 5 5 1 545 546 551

Altamira, Tamps. 3 181 184 7 357 364 548

Lázaro Cárdenas, Mich. 3 217 220 55 101 156 375

Guaymas, Son. U 31 U 21 52 73 U

Land

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 792 18,145 18,937 722 16,188 16,909 35,847

Ciudad Juárez, Chih. 19 12,224 12,243 18 11,805 11,823 24,066

Tijuana, B.C. 16 8,433 8,449 49 5,764 5,813 14,262

Matamoros, Tamps. 25 3,729 3,754 47 4,624 4,672 8,425

Ciudad Reynosa, Tamps. 34 3,621 3,655 22 3,394 3,415 7,070

Piedras Negras, Coah. 872 3,482 4,354 91 1,905 1,996 6,350

Colombia, N.L. 64 2,685 2,749 42 1,110 1,152 3,901

a

Represents Cayo Arcas, Camp. which is an offshore platform for oil trade.

KEY: p = Data are preliminary. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Air: These four airports account for approximately 88 percent of Mexican trade by air with Canada and the United States. Data for

other airports are unavailable.

Water transport: These eight water ports account for approximately 90 percent of Mexican trade by water with Canada and the United

States. Data for other water ports are unavailable.

Land: Data are unavailable to separate land ports by the specific modes of road, rail and pipeline. Land data in this table include both

road and rail modes.

SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Estadística. Dirección de Estadísticas

Económicas. Based on data developed through an interagency working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público,

Banco de México and Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Section 6 87 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-3c

Top U.S. Gateways for North American Merchandise Trade

by Mode: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Port name

Exports Imports Total

North

American

To Canada To Mexico trade

Total North

American

From

Canada

From

Mexico

Total North

American

Air

Cleveland, OH 3,607 236 3,843 2,983 210 3,193 7,036

New Orleans, LA 2,193 210 2,403 986 198 1,183 3,586

Los Angeles International Airport, CA 468 320 788 140 324 464 1,251

Newark, NJ 110 13 123 693 14 707 830

Sandusky, OH 811 0 811 8 0 8 819

John F. Kennedy International Airport, NY 265 201 466 269 78 347 813

Detroit, MI 449 2 450 262 1 263 713

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 651 0 651 40 1 41 692

San Francisco International Airport, CA 367 54 422 201 37 238 659

Miami International Airport, FL 75 298 373 22 112 134 507

Water Transport

Port of Houston, TX 64 929 992 104 2,128 2,232 3,225

Port of Lake Charles, LA 75 11 86 0 887 888 973

Port of Corpus Christie, TX 254 215 469 17 486 503 973

Port of New Orleans, LA 47 455 502 35 435 470 972

Port of Baton Rouge, LA 25 53 78 53 314 367 446

Port of New York, NY 80 10 90 231 113 344 434

Port of Mobile, AL 1 69 70 92 224 317 386

Port of Freeport, TX 21 2 23 12 292 304 326

Port of San Juan, PR 0 32 32 145 88 233 265

Port of Charleston, SC 3 49 51 187 16 203 255

Road

Port of Detroit, MI 37,179 0 37,179 30,681 0 30,681 67,859

Port of Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 25,634 0 25,634 19,434 0 19,434 45,068

Port of Laredo, TX 0 15,923 15,923 0 12,512 12,512 28,436

Port of El Paso, TX 0 9,259 9,259 0 11,601 11,601 20,861

Port of Port Huron, MI 9,034 0 9,034 11,477 0 11,477 20,511

Port of Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 5,701 0 5,701 7,385 0 7,385 13,086

Port of Otay Mesa, CA 0 4,691 4,691 0 6,975 6975 11,666

Port of Blaine, WA 5,603 0 5,603 6,975 0 6,975 9,363

Port of Alexandria Bay, NY 2,925 0 2,925 4,907 0 4,907 7,832

Port of Highgate Springs-Alburg, VT 2,289 0 2,289 4,757 0 4,757 7,046

88 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-3c

Top U.S. Gateways for North American Merchandise Trade

by Mode: 1996—Continued

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Port name

Exports Imports Total

North

American

To Canada To Mexico trade

Total North

American

From

Canada

From

Mexico

Total North

American

Rail

Port of Detroit, MI 6,560 0 6,560 10,298 0 10,298 16,868

Port of Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 5,192 0 5,192 7,374 0 7,374 12,566

Port of Port Huron, MI 2,021 0 2,021 9,638 0 9,638 11,659

Port of Laredo, TX 0 2,192 2,192 0 8,138 8,138 10,330

Port of Eagle Pass, TX 0 2,089 2,089 0 1,852 1,852 3,941

Port of International Falls-Ranier, MN 356 0 356 3,227 0 3,227 3,583

Port of Portal, ND 367 0 367 1,122 0 1,122 1,488

Port of Nogales, AZ 0 149 149 0 1,255 1,255 1,404

Port of Trout River, NY 1 0 1 1,320 0 1,320 1,321

Port of Blaine, WA 248 0 248 1,045 0 1,045 1,293

Pipeline

Port of Port Huron, MI 62 0 62 1,106 0 1,106 1,168

Port of Ogdensburg, NY 0 0 0 627 0 627 627

Port of Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 67 0 67 547 0 547 614

Port of Sweetgrass, MT NS 0 NS 535 0 535 535

Port of Pembina, ND 0 0 0 441 0 441 441

Port of Piegan, MT 0 0 0 272 0 272 272

Port of Sumas, WA 0 0 0 209 0 209 209

Port of Raymond, MT 0 0 0 120 0 120 120

Port of Detroit, MI 31 0 0 54 0 54 85

Port of International Falls-Ranier, MN 2 0 2 32 0 32 34

KEY: NS = Not significant.

NOTES

Air: Values for some airports may include a low (generally less than 2-3 percent of the total value) level of small user-fee airports

located in the same regional area. In addition, due to confidentiality regulations, data for nearby courier operations are included in

certain airport totals.

Road, rail and pipeline: Data for individual ports includes transshipments (see Appendix B for definition).

Road, Otay Mesa, CA: Data also include trade by truck that was reported for San Ysidro, CA, and the San Diego Customs District.

SOURCES

Air: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. Transportation Branch. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Annual

Waterborne Databanks 1996 (formerly TA 305/705). (Washington, DC: 1998).

Road, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 6 89 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-4a

Top Mexican Maritime Intransit Shipment Portsa:

January-June 1997

(Thousands of U.S. dollars or metric tons)

Value Weight

To/from the United States

U.S. overseas exports transshipped through Mexican maritime ports N 21.6

Port of Manzanillo, Col. N 15.7

Port of Veracruz, Ver. N 5.4

Port of Lázaro Cárdenas, Mich. N 0.3

Port of Progreso, Yuc. N 0.2

Port of Ensenada, B.C. N 0.1

U.S. overseas imports transshipped through Mexican maritime ports N 92.4

Port of Tampico, Tamps. N 50.6

Port of Tuxpan, Ver. N 22.9

Port of Veracruz, Ver. N 10.2

Port of Manzanillo, Col. N 4.6

Port of Altamira, Tamps. N 4.2

To/from Canada

Canadian overseas exports transshipped through Mexican maritime ports N 0

Canadian overseas imports transshipped through Mexican maritime ports N 0

a

Ports are ranked on total intransit shipment weight.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Data are unavailable for 1996.

SOURCE: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special tabulation based on 1997 data from the Journal of Commerce. Port Import Export

Reporting Service (PIERS). (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

90 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-4b

Top U.S. Maritime Intransit Shipment Portsa: 1996

(Thousands of U.S. dollars or metric tons)

Value Weight

To/from Canada

Canadian overseas exports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 199,519 73.1

Port of Los Angeles, CA 119,143 30.5

Port of Long Beach, CA 70,791 38.3

Port of Norfolk, VA 4,964 2.3

Port of New York, NY 1,111 0.95

Port of Houston, TX 822 0.32

Canadian overseas imports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 442,627 84.3

Port of Superior, WI 132,496 1.6

Port of Los Angeles, CA 83,079 11.4

Port of Duluth, MN 55,096 0.7

Port of Brownsville, TX 44,438 28.4

Port of Seattle, WA 37,781 8.3

To/from Mexico

Mexican overseas exports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 420,320 1,111.1

Port of Long Beach, CA 171,012 21.7

Port of Brownsville, TX 90,559 53.3

Port of Los Angeles, CA 46,716 13.5

Port of Charleston, SC 39,688 5.4

Port of Houston, TX 21,969 4.2

Mexican overseas imports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 584,373 1,111.7

Port of Los Angeles, CA 161,817 44.4

Port of Long Beach, CA 133,015 46.0

Port of Portland, ME 126,073 889.6

Port Everglades, FL 34,136 1.9

Port of Miami, FL 30,612 3.0

a

Ports are ranked on total intransit shipment value.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Annual Waterborne

Databanks 1996 (formerly TA 305/705). (Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 6 91 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-5a

Top Land Freight Crossing Ports, Canadian-U.S. Border:

1996

(Thousands of truck or train crossings)

Port name Northbound Southbound Total

Truck

Canadian-U.S. border, total 5,465 5,405 10,870

Detroit, MI/Windsor, Ont. C 1,332 U

Ambassador/Windsor Bridge C N N

Windsor-Detroit Tunnel 137 N N

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY/Fort Erie-Niagara Falls, Ont. 1,028 996 2,024

Buffalo, NY/Fort Erie, Ont. 601 N N

Niagara Falls, NY/Niagara Falls, Ont. 427 N N

Queenston Bridge 419 N N

Rainbow Bridge N N N

Whirlpool Bridge 8 N N

Port Huron, MI/Sarnia, Ont. 547 636 1,183

Blaine, WA/Douglas and Pacific Highway, B.C. 392 402 794

Blaine, WA/Douglas, B.C. N N N

Blaine, WA/Pacific Highway, B.C. 392 N N

Champlain-Rouses Pt., NY/Lacolle (Routes 15, 221,223), Que. 313 279 592

Champlain, NY/Lacolle Route 15, Que. 305 N N

Rouses Pt., NY/Lacolle Routes 221 and 223, Que. 9 N N

Rail (number of trains)

Canadian-U.S. border, total C 31 U

Detroit, MI/Windsor, Ont. C 4 N

Ambassador/Windsor Bridge C N N

Windsor-Detroit Tunnel C N N

Port Huron, MI/Sarnia, Ont. C 4 N

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY/Fort Erie-Niagara Falls, Ont. C 4 N

Buffalo, NY/Fort Erie, Ont. C N N

Niagara Falls, NY/Niagara Falls, Ont. C N N

Queenston Bridge C N N

Rainbow Bridge C N N

Whirlpool Bridge C N N

International Falls-Rainer, MN/Fort Frances, Ont. C 3 N

Warroad, MN/Sprague, Man. C 3 N

KEY: C = Data are confidential. N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Truck: Data represent the number of truck crossings, not the number of unique vehicles.

Rail: Data on the number of rail cars was not available for all ports on the U.S.-Canadian border. The number of trains has been used

instead. Table 6-5b does contain data for the number of rail cars on the U.S.-Mexican border.

SOURCES

Northbound

Statistics Canada. Culture, Tourism and the Center for Education Statistics Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Southbound

U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

92 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-5b

Top Land Freight Crossing Ports, Mexican-U.S. Border: 1996

(Thousands of truck or rail car crossings)

Port name Northbound Southbound Total

Truck

Mexico-U.S. border, total 3,235 N N

Laredo, TX/Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 1,016 517 U

El Paso, TX/Ciudad Juárez, Chih. 556 N N

Otay Mesa, CA/Tijuana, B.C. 531 N N

Nogales, AZ/Nogales, Son. 229 N N

Brownsville, TX/Matamoros, Tamps. 226 198 424

Rail (number of full and empty rail cars)

Mexico-U.S. border, total 286 201 487

Laredo, TX/Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 116 112 228

Eagle Pass, TX/Piedras Negras, Coah. 62 39 101

Brownsville, TX/Matamoros, Tamps. 51 16 67

El Paso, TX/Ciudad Juárez, Chih. 22 16 38

Nogales, AZ/ Nogales, Son. 25 6 31

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

North and Southbound

Truck: Data represent the number of truck crossings, not the number of unique vehicles.

Northbound

Trucks: Data are for loaded and empty trucks.

Rail: Data include both loaded and unloaded rail cars.

Southbound

Laredo, TX/Nuevo Laredo, Tamps., Trucks: Data are for loaded trucks only.

Brownsville, TX/Matamoros, Tamps., Trucks: Data are for loaded and empty trucks.

Rail: Data include both loaded and unloaded rail cars.

SOURCES

Northbound

U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Southbound

Trucks: Data compiled by Texas A&M International University, Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development based

on original data from bridge operators. Web site: www.tamiu.edu/coba/txcntr/

Rail: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Manual Estadístico del Sector Transporte 1996. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

Section 6 93 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Inset One

Inset Two Inset Three

Inset Four

ma p 5

Inset Maps for North American Border Crossing Facilities

94 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
3104

Port codes are based on U.S. Customs ports.

Customs ports may include more than one actual

physical crossing. See Appendix C for the specific

names of facilities on the U.S.-Canadian and

U.S.-Mexican borders.

YUKON TERRITORY

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

ALBERTA

SASKATCHEWAN

MONTANA

IDAHO

WASHINGTON

OREGON

BRITISH COLUMBIA

ALASKA

3106

3103

3004

3023

3013

3011

3012

3016

3019

3025

3302

3020

3015

3318

3316

3310

3306

3319

3317

3322

3321

3009

3017

3308

3309

3312

3301

ma p

Border Crossing Facilities Between Canada 

and the United States: Inset Map One

5.1

Section 6 95 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
MANITOBA

NORTH DAKOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

IOWA

MINNESOTA

WISCONSIN

ONTARIO

Port codes are based on U.S. Customs ports.Customs ports may include more than one actualphysical crossing. See Appendix C for the specificnames of facilities on the U.S.-Canadian andU.S.-Mexican borders.

3417

3410

3420

3403

3406

3414

3413

3421

3405

3419

3422

34153408

3407

3426

3423

3416

3409 3401

3425

3424

3604

3404

3402

3613

ma p

Border Crossing Facilities Between Canada and the United States: Inset Map Two

5.2

96 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
0901

Port codes are based on U.S. Customs ports.

Customs ports may include more than one actual

physical crossing. See Appendix C for the specific

names of facilities on the U.S.- Canadian and

U.S.- Mexican borders.

QUÉBEC

MAINE

VERMONT

NEW

HAMPSHIRE

NEW YORK

NEW

JERSEY

PENNSYLVANIA

MASSACHUSETTS

CONNECTICUT

RHODE

ISLAND

ONTARIO

NEW

BRUNSWICK

0212

0712

0715

0711

0705

0704

0706

0708

0701

0209

0203 0211 0206

0104

0110

0109

0108

0118

0107

0127

0106

0115

0105

0101

0101

ma p 5-3

Border Crossing Facilities Between Canada 

and the United States: Inset Map Three

Section 6 97 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
2504 2506

2505

2503

2507

2502

2608

NEW MEXICO

ARIZONA

TEX

CHIHUAHUA

COAHUILA

ZACATECAS

NUE

SONORA

SINALOA

DURANGO

BAJACALIFORNIA

CALIFORNIA

BAJACALIFORNIASUR

Port codes are based on U.S. Customs ports.Customs ports may include more than one actualphysical crossing. See Appendix C for the specificnames of facilities on the U.S.-Canadian andU.S.-Mexican borders.

2602

2606

2604

2603

2601

2406 2408

2402 2404

2403

2302

23

Border Crossing Facilities Between Mexico and the United States: Inset Map Four

ma p 5.4

98 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-6a

Top Canadian Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode

With Mexico: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 172

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 143

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 140

Cereals (10) 108

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 70

Overall imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 1,482

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 1,065

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 755

Furniture, lamps and prefabricated buildings (94) 180

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 142

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 60

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 45

Measuring and testing Instruments (90) 5

Vehicles other than railway (87) 3

Pharmaceutical products (30) 2

Air imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 99

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 55

Organic chemicals (29) 53

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 8

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 6

Road exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 156

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 51

Impregnated fabrics (59) 16

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 13

Rubber and articles (40) 10

1996

Road imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 934

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 589

Vehicles other than railway (87) 493

Furniture, lamps and prefabricated

buildings (94) 177

Edible vegetables and roots (07) 78

Rail exports

Dairy products (04) 34

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 14

Vehicles other than railway (87) 13

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 11

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 10

Rail imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 986

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 111

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 30

Iron and steel (72) 16

Ores, slag and ash (26) 10

Water exports

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 142

Cereals (10) 97

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 27

Miscellaneous chemical products (38) 25

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 21

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 24

Beverages, spirits and vinegar (22) 8

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 7

Iron and steel (72) 3

Sugars and sugar confectionery (17) 2

NOTE: Commodity description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 6 99
tabl e 6-6b

Top Canadian Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode

With the United States: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 40,847

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 19,151

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 15,369

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 9,274

Wood and Articles (44) 8,970

Overall imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 25,835

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 22,321

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 13,232

Plastics (39) 4,670

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 3,714

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 1,973

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 1,481

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 1,108

Special transactions trade (99) 1,047

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry (71) 801

Air imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 3,248

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 2,829

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 1,246

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 1,206

Pharmaceutical Products (30) 424

Road exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 22,969

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 12,289

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 7,740

Paper and paperboard (48) 4,866

Wood and articles (44) 4,691

1996

Road imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 20,034

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 19,109

Electrical machinery, equipment and

parts (85) 9,829

Plastics (39) 3,854

Special transactions trade (99) 2,484

Rail exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 17,778

Wood and articles (44) 4,090

Paper and paperboard (48) 3,145

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 1,789

Aluminum and articles (76) 1,290

Rail imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 5,700

Plastics (39) 747

Organic chemicals (29) 622

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 352

Miscellaneous chemical products (38) 249

Water exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 2,402

Paper and paperboard (48) 740

Organic chemicals (29) 447

Ores, slag and ash (26) 388

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 207

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 856

Ores, slag and ash (26) 285

Inorganic chemicals (28) 228

Electrical machinery, equipment and

parts (85) 73

Cereals (10) 70

NOTE: Commodity description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

100 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-7a

Top Mexican Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode

With Canada: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 1,056

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 546

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 138

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 127

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 30

Overall imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 259

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 258

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 170

Vehicles other than railway (87) 155

Cereals (10) 117

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boiler, machinery and

parts (84) 50

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 23

Organic chemicals (29) 5

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 4

Plastics (39) 3

Air imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 54

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 30

Special classification provisions (98) 19

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 9

Pharmaceutical products (30) 4

Road exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 295

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 95

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 27

Edible fruit and nuts (8) 15

Ceramic products (69) 14

1996

Road imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 190

Electrical machinery, equipment and

parts (85) 190

Plastics (39) 58

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 49

Vehicles other than railway (87) 42

Rail exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 1,029

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 200

Beverages, spirits and vinegar (22) 9

Ores, slag and ash (26) 6

Carpets and other textile floor coverings (57) 5

Rail imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 38

Dairy products (4) 38

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 23

Cereals (10) 22

Edible vegetables and roots (7) 14

Water exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 138

Vehicles other than railway (87) 8

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 9

Man-made staple fibers (55) 3

Iron and steel (72) 3

Water imports

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 161

Cereals (10) 92

Miscellaneous chemical products (38) 24

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 18

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 20

NOTE: Commodity description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS). Mode of

transportation data are preliminary.

SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Estadística. Dirección de Estadísticas

Económicas. Based on data developed through an interagency working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público,

Banco de México and Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 6 101
tabl e 6-7b

Top Mexican Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode

With the United States: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 22,959

Vehicles other than railway (87) 14,034

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 8,929

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 8,629

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 2,225

Overall imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 16,936

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 8,683

Plastics (39) 5,255

Articles of iron and steel (73) 2,478

Special classification provisions (98) 898

Air exports

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 604

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 563

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry (71) 214

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 154

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 138

Air imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 790

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 454

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 245

Special classification provisions (98) 153

Pharmaceutical products (30) 65

Road exports

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 22,210

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 7,250

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 2,107

Furniture, lamps and prefabricated buildings (94) 1,562

Edible, vegetables and roots (7) 1,345

1996

Road imports

Electrical machinery, equipments and

parts (85) 15,169

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 6,008

Plastics (39) 4,809

Articles of iron and steel (73) 2,098

Special classification provisions (98) 738

Rail exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 10,598

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 704

Beverages, spirits and vinegar (22) 238

Inorganic chemicals (28) 131

Articles of iron and steel (73) 115

Rail imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 1,050

Cereals (10) 653

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 643

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 289

Iron and steel (72) 243

Water exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 8,820

Vehicles other than railway (87) 403

Organic chemicals (29) 258

Iron and steel (72) 172

Articles of iron and steel (73) 145

Water imports

Cereals (10) 1,051

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 689

Organic chemicals (29) 485

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 272

Animal or vegetable fats and oils (15) 96

NOTE: Commodity description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS). Mode of

transportation data are preliminary.

SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Estadística. Dirección de Estadísticas

Económicas. Based on data developed through an interagency working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público,

Banco de México and Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

102 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-8a

Top U.S. Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode

With Canada: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 27,205

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 26,381

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 17,840

Plastics (39) 5,044

Special classification provisions (98) 4,726

Overall imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 41,398

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 16,815

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 14,050

Wood and articles (44) 8,596

Paper and paperboard (48) 8,491

Air exports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 4,618

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 3,510

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 1,326

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 874

Pharmaceutical products (30) 423

Air imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 1,863

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 1,301

Special classification provisions (98) 1,147

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry (71) 782

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 514

Road exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 22,043

Vehicles other than railway (87) 20,610

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 12,564

Plastics (39) 3,996

Special classification provisions (98) 3,594

1996

Road imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 23,115

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 12,957

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 7,936

Special classification provisions (98) 5,180

Paper and paperboard (48) 4,762

Rail exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 6,610

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 1,587

Plastics (39) 1,127

Organic chemicals (29) 902

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 421

Rail imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 18,894

Wood and articles (44) 3,829

Paper and paperboard (48) 3,099

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 1,760

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 1,711

Water exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 941

Ores, slag and ash (26) 298

Inorganic chemicals (28) 251

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 90

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 73

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 2,046

Paper and paperboard (48) 742

Organic chemicals (29) 461

Ores, slag and ash (26) 378

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 276

NOTE: Commodity description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

SOURCES

Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special

tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Road and rail: U.S Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data. (Washington,

DC: 1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 6 103
tabl e 6-8b

Top U.S. Merchandise Trade Commodities by Mode

With Mexico: 1996

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 13,536

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 7,416

Vehicles other than railway (87) 5,501

Plastics (39) 3,551

Special classification provisions (98) 2,221

Overall imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 18,702

Vehicles other than railway (87) 14,046

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 7,855

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 6,798

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 2,343

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 848

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 744

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 246

Pharmaceutical products (30) 56

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 52

Air imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 621

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 401

Special classification provisions (98) 239

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry (71) 127

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 116

Road exports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 12,644

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 6,260

Vehicles other than railway (87) 3,879

Plastics (39) 3,416

Articles of iron and steel (73) 1,568

1996

Road imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 17,796

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 6,288

Vehicles other than railway (87) 2,794

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 2,175

Special classification provisions (98) 1,969

Rail exports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 1,671

Cereals (10) 503

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 396

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 216

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 211

Rail imports

Vehicles other than railway (87) 10,408

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 652

Beverages, spirits and vinegar (22) 247

Inorganic chemicals (28) 132

Copper and articles (74) 121

Water exports

Cereals (10) 1,023

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 728

Organic chemicals (29) 436

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 278

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 102

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 6,692

Vehicles other than railway (87) 806

Iron and steel (72) 405

Organic chemicals (29) 194

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 108

NOTE: Commodity description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

SOURCES

Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special

tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Road and rail: U.S Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data. (Washington,

DC: 1998).

104 Section 6 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 7

International

Merchandise Trade

Between North

America and the

Rest of the World

tabl e 7-1

International Merchandise Trade Between North America

and the Rest of the World by Value

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total trade 71,471 89,540 88,699 U 28,493 33,577 655,349 947,377 1,005,328

Exports 31,515 38,880 37,667 U 11,244 13,289 281,634 410,695 443,482

Imports 39,956 50,660 51,032 U 17,249 20,288 373,715 536,682 561,846

Air, total trade 8,986 16,381 17,436 U 4,095 5,455 190,495 335,102 358,960

Exports 5,188 5,984 6,438 U 1,386 1,674 103,057 168,384 181,279

Imports 3,798 10,397 10,998 U 2,710 3,781 87,437 166,718 177,682

Water, total trade 43,356 56,214 54,081 U 13,919 17,157 415,972 556,041 572,196

Exports 24,429 29,098 27,749 U 7,524 9,463 147,361 211,825 216,042

Imports 18,926 27,116 26,332 U 6,395 7,694 268,611 344,216 356,154

Road, total trade 9,316 14,806 14,832 U 7,637 8,315 U U U

Exports 1,802 3,436 3,163 U 1,883 1,832 U U U

Imports 7,514 11,370 11,669 U 5,753 6,483 U U U

Rail, total trade 2,375 1,171 1,005 U 680 685 U U U

Exports 93 361 316 U 257 216 U U U

Imports 2,281 809 689 U 423 469 U U U

Pipeline, total trade 7,438 968 1,344 U NS NS U U U

Exports 3 NS NS U NS NS U U U

Imports 7,435 968 1,344 U NS NS U U U

Other, total trade NNNU 2,162 1,965 U U U

Exports N N N U 194 104 U U U

Imports NNNU 1,968 1,861 U U U

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Intra-North American trade is excluded from these figures (e.g., Canada’s trade with Mexico and the United States is excluded;

Mexico’s trade with Canada and the United States is excluded, and the United State’s trade with Mexico and Canada is excluded).

Canada

All land modes: Canada export data for all land modes represent transshipments (e.g. trade shipments between Canada and a third

country that were transshipped via the United States). Canadian import data are based on the last mode of transport by which the

cargo was transported to the port of clearance in Canada.

Pipeline: Data represent mostly pipeline moves. However, the pipeline total shown here also includes mail, parcel post and other

miscellaneous modes of transportation.

United States

Total: Includes air and water shipments only.

Road, rail and pipeline: Data for these modes are included in U.S. trade with Canada and U.S. trade with Mexico. Data for these

modes are therefore shown in Table 6-3.

Section 7 107 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-1

International Merchandise Trade Between North America

and the Rest of the World by Value−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Estadística. Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas.

Based on data developed through an interagency working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, Banco de

México and Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

United States

Air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special

tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

108 Section 7 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-2

International Merchandise Trade Between North America

and the Rest of the World by Weight

(Millions of metric tons)

Canada Mexico United States

1990e 1995e 1996e 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total trade 239.0 218.7 235.7 U U U 753.9 827.0 822.0

Exports 179.5 153.9 171.2 U U U 339.4 368.7 348.7

Imports 59.5 64.7 64.6 U U U 414.5 458.3 473.3

Air, total trade 0.7 1.8 1.1 U U U 2.9 4.3 4.6

Exports 0.2 0.5 0.3 U U U 1.3 2.0 2.2

Imports 0.5 1.3 0.8 U U U 1.6 2.3 2.4

Water, total trade 219.7 202.4 220.2 U U 40.6 751.0 822.7 817.4

Exports 177.9 151.4 169.1 U U 31.3 338.1 366.7 346.5

Imports 41.8 51.1 51.1 U U 9.3 412.9 456.0 470.9

Road, total trade 5.0 6.2 4.5 UUUUU U

Exports 1.2 1.8 1.5 UUUUU U

Imports 3.8 4.3 3.0 UUUUU U

Rail, total trade 1.2 0.8 0.6 U 0.2 0.4 U U U

Exports 0.2 0.3 0.2 U 0.2 0.4 U U U

Imports 1.0 0.5 0.4 U NS NS U U U

Pipeline and other,

total trade 12.4 7.5 9.2 NNNUU U

Exports 0.0 NS NS NNNUU U

Imports 12.4 7.5 9.2 NNNUU U

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Intra-North American trade is excluded from these figures (e.g., Canada’s trade with Mexico and the United States is excluded;

Mexico’s trade with Canada and the United States is excluded, and the United State’s trade with Mexico and Canada is excluded).

Canada

All land modes: Canada export data for all land modes represent transshipments (e.g. trade shipments between Canada and a third

country that were transshipped via the United States). Canadian import data are based on the last mode of transport by which the

cargo was transported to the port of clearance in Canada.

Mexico

Total, air and road: Data were not available that excluded trade with Canada and the United States. See Appendix B for available data

for Mexican air and road trade with all countries.

Rail: Represents trade with Central American countries. Data were unavailable for 1990 that excluded trade with Canada and the

United States. See Appendix B for Mexican rail trade with all countries.

Water: Data were unavailable for 1990 and 1995 that excluded trade with Canada and the United States. See Appendix B for Mexican

water trade with all countries.

United States

Total: Includes only air and water shipments.

Road, rail and pipeline: Data for these modes are included in U.S. trade with Canada and U.S. trade with Mexico. Data for these

modes are therefore shown in Table 6-6.

Section 7 109 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-2

International Merchandise Trade Between North America

and the Rest of the World by Weight−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras, 1989-1995.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1996).

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos en

Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Manual Estadístico del Sector Transporte, 1997. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

United States

Air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special

tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

110 Section 7 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-3a

Top Canadian International Merchandise Trade Gateways

by Mode: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With the United States and Mexico)

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Port name

Exports Imports

Total international

(non-North American)

trade, 1996

Air

Toronto-Pearson Int. Air, Ont. 2,940 5,443 8,383

Montréal-Mirabel Int. Air, Que. 1,241 2,289 3,529

Ottawa, Ont. 591 1,384 1,975

Montréal-Dorval Int. Air, Que. 750 394 1,143

Vancouver-Int. Airport, B.C. 451 600 1,051

Calgary, Alta. 304 371 674

Hamilton, Ont. 62 365 427

Granby, Que. 0 248 248

Edmonton, Alta. 47 109 156

Winnipeg, Man. 103 1 104

Water Transport

Vancouver-Marine and Rail, B.C. 12,369 NS 12,369

Montréal-Main Long Room, Que. 4,378 5,695 10,073

Toronto-Main Long Room, Ont. 69 6,014 6,083

Halifax, N.S. 2,419 2,194 4,614

Vancouver-Main Long Room, B.C. 0 4,353 4,353

Nanaimo, B.C. 2,228 1 2,229

Saint John, N.B. 662 1,545 2,207

Québec, Que. 551 1,199 1,751

Sept-Îles, Que. 892 120 1,012

Brampton, Ont. 0 887 887

Road

Windsor-Ambassador Bridge, Ont. 249 2,274 2,523

Lacolle, Que. 1,287 842 2,129

Fort Erie, Ont. 520 1,225 1,745

Niagara Falls, Ont. 633 971 1,604

Phillipsburg, Que. 0 973 973

Pacific Highway, B.C. 75 797 872

Toronto-Q’way Truck Term, Ont. 0 524 524

Sarnia, Ont. 81 439 520

Lansdowne, Ont. 113 200 313

Coutts, Alta. 29 169 198

Rail

Fort Erie, Ont. 138 112 250

Toronto-Main Long Room, Ont. 0 236 236

Montréal-Main Long Room, Que. 0 81 81

Sarnia, Ont. 51 10 61

Windsor-Ambassador Bridge, Ont. 48 1 49

Lacolle, Que. 31 11 43

Winnipeg, Man. 0 35 35

Welland, Ont. 0 34 34

Niagara Falls, Ont. 29 2 31

Waneta, B.C. 0 21 21

Section 7 111 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-3a

Top Canadian International Merchandise Trade Gateways

by Mode: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With the United States and Mexico)−Continued

NOTES

Merchandise trade with the United States and Mexico is excluded from this data.

All land modes: Canada export data for all land modes represent transshipments (e.g. trade shipments between Canada and a third

country that were transshipped via the United States). Canadian import data are based on the last mode of transport by which the

cargo was transported to the port of clearance in Canada.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

112 Section 7 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-3b

Top U.S. International Merchandise Trade Gateways

by Mode: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With the Canada and Mexico)

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

Port name

Exports Imports

Total international

(non-North American)

trade, 1996

Air

John F. Kennedy International Airport, NY 38,034 41,749 79,783

San Francisco International Airport, CA 33,402 37,002 70,404

Los Angeles International Airport, CA 31,850 28,610 60,460

Chicago, IL 17,693 14,858 32,551

Miami International Airport, FL 12,122 6,163 18,284

Anchorage, AK 3,302 10,027 13,329

Atlanta, GA 3,925 4,236 8,160

New Orleans, LA 3,702 4,120 7,823

Dallas/Fort Worth, TX 3,122 3,513 6,635

Boston Logan Airport, MA 3,747 2,691 6,438

Water Transport

Port of Los Angeles,CA 19,954 60,842 80,795

Port of Long Beach,CA 14,596 55,226 69,821

Port of New York, NY and NJ 19,907 44,411 64,319

Port of Houston, TX 18,984 14,510 33,493

Port of Seattle, WA 9,842 21,405 31,246

Port of Oakland, CA 10,783 15,840 26,623

Port of Norfolk, VA 13,471 10,847 24,318

Port of Charleston, SC 10,398 13,418 23,816

Port of Baltimore, MD 7,826 11,302 19,128

Port of New Orleans, LA 9,535 8,597 18,132

Road

U UU U

Rail

U UU U

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Merchandise trade with Canada and Mexico is excluded from this data.

Air: Values for some airports may include a low (generally less than 2-3 percent of the total value) level of small user-fee airports

located in the same regional area. In addition, due to confidentiality regulations, data for nearby individual courier operations are

included in certain airport totals.

Road, rail and pipeline: Data for these modes are included in U.S. trade with Canada and U.S. trade with Mexico. Data for these

modes are therefore shown in Table 6-7c.

SOURCES

Air: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. Transportation Branch. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Annual

Waterborne Databanks 1996 (formerly TA 305/705). (Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 7 113 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-4a

Top Canadian International Trade Commodities

by Value: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With the United States and Mexico)

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Cereals (10) 3,599

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 3,109

Wood and articles (44) 3,058

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 2,820

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 2,186

Overall imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 9,009

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 7,415

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 5,464

Vehicles other than railway (87) 3,307

Special classification provisions (98) 1,873

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 1,597

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 1,365

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 1,040

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry (71) 817

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 423

Air imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 3,009

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 2,500

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 723

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 709

Organic chemicals (29) 567

1996

Land exports (road only)

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 538

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 516

Vehicles other than railway (87) 458

Ores, slag and ash (26) 114

Paper and paperboard (48) 106

Land imports (road only)

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 3,160

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 2,559

Special classification provisions (98) 1,263

Vehicles other than railway (87) 584

Edible fruits and nuts (08) 375

Water exports

Cereals (10) 3,588

Wood and articles (44) 3,029

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 2,795

Paper and paperboard (48) 2,049

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 2,036

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 4,192

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 3,235

Vehicles other than railway (87) 2,597

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 1,743

Iron and steel (72) 962

NOTES

Merchandise trade with the United States and Mexico is excluded from this data.

Commodity code: Description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

All land modes: Canada export data for all land modes represent transshipments (e.g. trade shipments between Canada and a third

country that were transshipped via the United States). Canadian import data are based on the last mode of transport by which the

cargo was transported to the port of clearance in Canada.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

114 Section 7 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-4b

Top Mexican International Trade Commodities

by Value: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With the United States and Canada)

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Locomotives and traffic signals (86) 1,651

Photographic goods (37) 1,243

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 753

Furniture, lamps and prefabricated buildings (94) 655

Malts, starches and inulin (11) 528

Overall imports

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 2,636

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 2,182

Special classification provisions (98) 971

Organic chemicals (29) 821

Pharmaceutical products (30) 260

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 611

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 270

Pharmaceutical products (30) 201

Organic chemical (29) 105

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry (71) 95

Air imports

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 906

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 692

Organic chemicals (29) 553

Special classification provisions (98) 393

Pharmaceutical products (30) 260

Rail exports

Iron and steel (72) 35

Coffee, tea and spices (9) 31

Inorganic chemicals (28) 30

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 16

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 15

1996

Rail imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and parts

(84) 142

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 100

Toys, games and sport equipment (95) 24

Dairy products (4) 17

Wool and animal hair (51) 16

Road exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and parts

(84) 255

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 159

Vehicles other than railway (87) 108

Toys, games and sport equipment (95) 89

Iron and steel (72) 65

Road imports

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 2,057

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and parts

(84) 1,037

Special classification provisions (98) 679

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 248

Iron and steel (72) 141

Water exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 2,281

Vehicles other than railway (87) 1,061

Iron and steel (72) 651

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and parts

(84) 340

Articles of iron and steel (73) 267

Water imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and parts

(84) 1,384

Iron and steel (72) 526

Organic chemicals (29) 397

Electrical machinery, equipments and parts (85) 215

Dairy products (4) 175

NOTE: Commodity description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS). Mode of

transportation data are preliminary.

SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Estadística. Dirección de Estadísticas

Económicas. Based on data developed through an interagency working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público,

Banco de México and Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 7 115
tabl e 7-4c

Top U.S. International Trade Commodities

by Value: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With Canada and Mexico)

(Current value in millions of U.S. dollars)

1996

Overall exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 88,937

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 65,934

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 30,756

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 24,701

Vehicles other than railway (87) 22,847

Overall imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 108,192

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 87,511

Vehicles other than railway (87) 50,075

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 49,524

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 20,087

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 56,197

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 55,295

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 21,080

Aircraft, spacecraft and parts (88) 10,273

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry (71) 9,973

Air imports

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 50,501

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 50,491

1996

Pearls, stones, metals and imitation jewelry

(71) 13,498

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 10,875

Special classification provisions (98) 8,808

Land exports

U U

Land imports

U U

Water exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 30,649

Vehicles other than railway (87) 20,164

Cereals (10) 14,817

Organic chemicals (29) 10,531

Electrical machinery, equipment and

parts (85) 9,897

Water imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 53,221

Vehicles other than railway (87) 48,267

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 45,206

Electrical machinery, equipment and

parts (85) 34,767

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 13,847

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Merchandise trade with Canada and Mexico is excluded from this data.

Commodity code: Description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

Total: Includes air and water shipments, excluding trade with Canada and Mexico.

Land (road and rail): Data for these modes are included in U.S. trade with Canada and U.S. trade with Mexico. Data for these modes

are therefore shown in Tables 6-12a and 6-12b.

SOURCE: Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic

Analysis. Special tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and

Exports of Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

116 Section 7 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-5a

Top Canadian International Trade Commodities

by Weight: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With the United States and Mexico)

(Thousands of metric tons)

1996

Overall exports

Special transactions-trade (99) 60,761

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 34,757

Ores, slag and ash (26) 19,603

Cereals (10) 18,036

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 6,146

Overall imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 38,355

Special transactions-trade (99) 4,074

Ores, slag and ash (26) 3,477

Inorganic chemicals (28) 2,944

Iron and steel (72) 2,533

Air exports

Iron and steel (72) 62

Special transactions-trade (99) 58

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 36

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 32

Fish and crustaceans (03) 14

Air imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 113

Special classification provisions (98) 106

Live trees and plants (06) 103

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 84

Ores, slag and ash (26) 54

1996

Land exports (road only)

Ores, slag and ash (26) 299

Paper and paperboard (48) 155

Edible vegetables and roots (07) 101

Vehicles other than railway (87) 91

Other made up textile articles (63) 69

Land imports (road only)

Edible fruit and nuts (08) 587

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 336

Special classification provisions (98) 258

Iron and steel (72) 232

Toys, games and sporting equipment (95) 206

Water exports

Special transactions-trade (99) 60,644

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 34,749

Ores, slag and ash (26) 19,303

Cereals (10) 18,007

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 6,087

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 29,044

Special transaction-trade (99) 4,003

Ores, slag and ash (26) 3,284

Inorganic chemicals (28) 2,920

Iron and steel (72) 2,297

NOTES

Merchandise trade with the United States and Mexico is excluded from these data.

Commodity code: Description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

All land modes: Canada export data for all land modes represent transshipments (e.g. trade shipments between Canada and a third

country that were transshipped via the United States). Canadian import data are based on the last mode of transport by which the

cargo was transported to the port of clearance in Canada.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 7 117
tabl e 7-5b

Top U.S. International Trade Commodities

by Weight: 1996

(ExcludingTrade With the Canada and Mexico)

(Thousands of metric tons)

1996

Overall exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 114

Cereals (10) 81

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 25

Wood and articles (44) 21

Food residues and waste (23) 14

Overall imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 320

Iron and steel (72) 23

Ores, slag and ash (26) 23

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 20

Inorganic chemicals (28) 9

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 497

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 331

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 127

Vehicles other than railway (87) 80

Plastics (39) 75

Air imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 435

1996

Electrical machinery, equipment and

parts (85) 314

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 199

Live trees and plants (6) 182

Knitted or crocheted apparel (61) 142

Land exports

U U

Land imports

U U

Water exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 113,562

Cereals (10) 80,604

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 25,232

Wood and articles (44) 21,407

Food residues and waste (23) 14,106

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 320,343

Iron and steel (72) 23,433

Ores, slag and ash (26) 22,606

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 20,098

Inorganic chemicals (28) 9,254

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Merchandise trade with Canada and Mexico is excluded from these data.

Commodity code: Description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

Total: Includes air and water shipments, excluding trade with Canada and Mexico.

Land (road and rail): Data for these modes are included in U.S. trade with Canada and U.S. trade with Mexico for 1996.

SOURCE: Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic

Analysis. Special tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and

Exports of Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

118 Section 7 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 8

Domestic Passenger

Travel

tabl e 8-1

Domestic Passenger Travel by Mode

(Billions (or thousand millions) of passenger-kilometers)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 r

1995 1996

Passenger-km, total N e

523 N N N N 5,702 6,647 6,843

Air N N N 10 14 e

13 578 667 716

Air carriers r

25 r25 r27 10 14 e13 557 650 700

Road N e

497 N N N N 5,084 5,938 6,082

Personal vehicles N e

466 N N N N 4,888 5,720 5,860

Passenger cars N e

368 N N N N 3,426 3,681 3,756

Motorcycles N e

1 N N N N 19 18 18

Light trucks N e

97 N N N N 1,442 2,021 2,086

Bus N e

31 N N N N 195 219 223

Charter N e

3NNNNNN N

Intercity N e

3 N e272 e383 e391 N N N

Local motor N e

13 N N N N 34 30 p30

School N e

13 N N N N N N N

Rail

Intercity passenger 1 2 2 5 2 2 10 9 8

Transit N a N N N N 66 64 p

66

Transit rail N N N N N N 31 32 p

34

Water transport N N N 0.2 0.2 0.2 N N N

a

Canadian data for all transit services for 1995 are included in the estimate for local motor bus, under road. The transit rail

portion of transit services cannot be broken out.

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. p = Data are preliminary. r = Data are revised.

NOTES

All Countries

Air: The U.S. total for air represents both air carriers and general aviation. However, only the large certificated air carriers are included.

See Appendix B for a more complete explanation. The Mexican air total represents only scheduled air carriers. However, nonscheduled

and general aviation represents a very small share of passenger travel in Mexico. Canadian data for total air activity are nonexistent

because data for general aviation are not collected.

Road: Data do not include passenger travel by commercial freight vehicles.

Transit and water transport: For the United States, ferry activity is included in the total for transit. For Mexico, data for overall transit

activity are nonexistent because the data are not collected. However, Mexican data for water transport do represent ferry activity.

Canadian data for transit overall and ferry activity are nonexistent because the data are not collected.

Canada

Air carriers: Includes Level I to III Canadian air carriers. For a definition of these, see Appendix B.

Mexico

Air: Data for general aviation are not included in the air total.

Intercity bus: Data refer to intercity buses utilizing Mexico’s federal highway system.

United States

Passenger-kilometers, total: Is not the sum of the subcategories because local motor bus is included in both the road and transit totals.

This double counting has been removed from the overall total.

Section 8 121 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 8-1

Domestic Passenger Travel by Mode−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Air carriers: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue No. 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Road: Transport Canada. Ministry of Public Works and Government Services. Transportation in Canada 1997 - Annual Report. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico:

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1998).

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: 1986-1997).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook of Aviation 1996. Web site: www.bts.gov

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC:

1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

American Public Transit Association (APTA). Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC: various years).

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC: various years).

122 Section 8 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 8-2a

Top Canadian Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area

Pairs by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of passengers)

Mode of transportation Total

Air 12,688

Montréal, Que. and Toronto, Ont. 1,257

Toronto, Ont. and Vancouver, B.C. 822

Ottawa, Ont. and Toronto, Ont. 666

Calgary, Alta. and Vancouver, B.C. 578

Calgary, Alta. and Toronto, Ont. 463

Intercity rail 384

Toronto, Ont. and Montréal, Que. 106

Toronto, Ont. and Ottawa-Hull, Ont. and Que. 71

London, Ont. and Toronto, Ont. 41

Montréal, Que. and Ottawa-Hull, Ont. and Que. 35

Québec, Que. and Montréal, Que. 26

Mode of transportation Total

Road 22,376

Montréal, Que and Québec, Que. 2,375

Montréal, Que. and Ottawa-Hull, Ont. and

Que. 1,835

Toronto, Ont. and St. Catherines, Ont. 1,727

Kitchener, Ont. and Toronto, Ont. 1,537

Toronto, Ont. and London, Ont. 1,185

Water 163

Vancouver, B.C. and Victoria, B.C. 141

Vancouver, B.C. and Vancouver, B.C. 12

NOTE: Water data for additional Census metropolitan regions for the water mode have not been included due to the high coefficient of

variation (CV) ratings, from the low number of observations.

SOURCES

Air: Statistics Canada. Air Passenger Origin and Destination, Domestic Report - 1996, Catalogue No. 51-204-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1997).

All other modes: Statistics Canada. Micro Data Files relating to the Canadian Travel Survey (CTS) - 1996, Catalogue No.

87MOO6XCB. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

tabl e 8-2b

Top Mexican Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area

Pairs by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of passengers)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

Mexico City, D.F. and Monterrey, N.L. 1,287

Mexico City, D.F. and Guadalajara, Jal. 1,080

Mexico City, D.F. and Cancún, Q. Roo 850

Mexico City, D.F. and Tijuana, B.C. 650

Mexico City, D.F. and Acapulco, Gro. 610

Intercity rail N

Mode of transportation Total

Road N

Water

Isla Mujeres, Q. Roo and Punta Sam, Q. Roo 79

Mazatlán, Sin. and La Paz, B.C.S. 78

La Paz, B.C.S. and Topolobampo, Sin. 63

Guaymas, Son. and Santa Rosalía, B.C.S. 24

Puerto Morelos, Q. Roo and Cozumel, Q. Roo 17

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Water data represent port pairs rather than metropolitan area pairs and are based on ferry traffic. See Appendix B for rail and

road data.

SOURCES

Air: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based on data from Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de

Aeronáutica Civil. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 8 123
Road

RailAirWaterThousa0 to 800801 to 11,601 to 

NVT.

N. W. T.

ONT.

QUE.

MAN.

SASK.

ALTA.

B. C.

Y. T.

Victoria

Vancouver

London

Toronto

St. Catharines

Montréal

Kitchener

Ottawa

Calgary

Québe

Notes and sources: See Table 8-2a.

ma p

Top Canadian Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by M

6

124 Section 8 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
ma p

AirWaterThousands of Passengers0 to 400401 to 800801 to 1,300

DISTRITO FEDERAL

S. L. P.

SON.

Q

YUC

TLAX

MOR.

JAL.

DGO.

PUE.

EDO.

DE MEX.

QRO.

GRO.

MICH.

GTO.

OAX.

CAMP.

TAB.

CHIS.

COL.

NAY. AGS.

ZAC.

SIN.

TAMPS.

COAH.

CHIH.

B. C. S.

B. C.

Acapulco

Tijuana

Santa Rosalía

Guaymas

C

La Paz

Mazatlán

Mexico City

Topolobampo

Monterrey

Guadalajara

Cozumel

Puerto Morelos

Cancún Isla Mujeres

Punta Sam

Notes and sources: See Table 8-2b.

Top Mexican Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by Mod

7

Section 8 125 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 8-2c

Top U.S. Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs

by Mode: 1995

(Thousands of passengers)

Mode of transportation Total

Air 161,165

Los Angeles, CA and San Francisco, CA 4,009

San Diego, CA and San Francisco, CA 1,411

Los Angeles, CA and Phoenix, AZ 1,354

Miami, FL and New York, NY 1,326

Las Vegas, NV and Los Angeles, CA 1,276

Intercity rail 4,994

New York, NY and Washington, DC 547

San Diego, CA and Los Angeles, CA 212

Boston, MA and Washington, DC 169

Mode of transportation Total

New York, NY and Philadelphia, PA 158

Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA 132

Road 834,303

Los Angeles, CA and San Diego, CA 10,178

New York, NY and Philadelphia, PA 8,267

Las Vegas, NV and Los Angeles, CA 7,844

New York, NY and Washington, DC 6,603

Sacremento, CA and San Francisco, CA 5,272

Water Transport U

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES: Data are based on trips over 100 miles one-way. Hence, trips between cities less than 100 miles apart are not included.

Places are defined at the highest aggregation of metropolitan geography, either consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSAs) or

metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 1995 American Travel Survey. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1996).

126 Section 8 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Air

RailRoadThousands of Passengers100 to 3,5003,501 to 6,9006,901 to 10,200

UT IL

WV

IN

AZ

AR

NV

MN

ND

San Diego

Washing

Phoenix

Las Vegas

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Sacramento

AL

CA

CO

FL

GA

ID

IA

KS

KY

LA

MI 

MS

MO

MT

NE

NM

NC

OH

OK

OR

SC

SD

TN

TX

WA

WI

WY

Notes and sources: See Table 8-2c.

ma p

Top U.S. Domestic Passenger Metropolitan Area Pairs by Mode

8

Section 8 127 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
128 Section 8 North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 9

North American

Passenger Travel

tabl e Table 9-1a

Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel by Mode of

Transportation

(Thousands of visitors)

1990 1995 1996

Canadian source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to Mexico 433 406 438

Air N N N

Land N N N

Mexican resident overnight travel to Canada 64 63 81

Air N N N

Land N N N

Mexican source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to Mexico 294 198 269

Air 268 167 233

Land 26 29 35

Mexican resident overnight travel to Canada N N N

Air 17 14 17

Land N N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: For information on Canada’s and Mexico’s travel surveys and definitions of specific types of international visitors and which of

these visitors are included in the specific categories shown in Table 9-1a, see Appendix B.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue No. 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de Investigación Económica. Dirección de Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Section 9 131 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-1b

Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travel

by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of visitors)

1990 1995 1996

Canadian source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to the United States 17,262 14,663 15,301

Air 4,039 3,802 4,496

Land

Motor vehicles 12,770 10,338 10,251

Personal vehicles 12,164 9,686 9,579

Intercity and charter buses 606 652 672

Intercity rail 36 34 33

Pedestrians N N N

Othera 416 489 521

Canadian resident same day travel to the United States 53,171 37,491 37,398

Air 137 138 124

Land

Motor vehicles 52,629 37,201 37,159

Personal vehicles 51,829 36,414 36,267

Intercity and charter buses 800 787 892

Intercity rail N N N

Pedestrians N N N

Othera 405 152 115

U.S. resident overnight travel to Canada 12,252 13,005 12,909

Air 2,372 2,769 3,047

Land

Motor vehicles 9,103 9,451 9,097

Personal vehicles 8,381 8,702 8,325

Intercity and charter buses 722 749 772

Intercity rail N 72 72

Pedestrians N N N

Othera 778 713 692

U.S. resident same day travel to Canada 22,482 24,325 25,563

Air 165 260 365

Land

Motor vehicles 21,412 23,604 24,700

Personal vehicles 20,692 22,746 23,804

Intercity and charter buses 720 858 896

Intercity rail N 6 6

Pedestrians N N N

Othera 905 455 492

a

Other includes boat, pedestrians and cyclists.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

132 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-1b

Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travel

by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue No. 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

United States: The United States does not collect data on same day travel to or from the United States nor for Canadian resident

overnight travel to the United States by all modes of transportation. U.S. agencies typically obtain this data from Statistics Canada.

Although not used for the purposes of this table, the Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ American Travel Survey provides mode of

transportation data on U.S. resident travel to Canada for trips longer than 100 miles (approximately 160 kilometers). (See Appendix B

for more information.)

Section 9 133 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-1c

Mexico-United States/United States-Mexico Travel

by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of visitors)

1990 1995 1996

Mexican source data

Mexican resident overnight travel to the United States 7,040 8,189 8,709

Air 959 796 983

Land 6,081 7,393 7,726

Motor vehicles N N N

Personal vehicles N N N

Intercity and charter buses N N N

Intercity rail NA NA NA

Pedestrians N N N

Other N N N

Mexican resident same day travel to the United States 91,494 94,710 94,399

Air N N N

Land 91,494 94,710 94,399

Motor vehicles U U U

Personal vehicles N N N

Intercity and charter buses N N N

Intercity rail NA NA NA

Pedestrians U U U

Other N N N

U.S. resident overnight travel to Mexico 16,377 19,221 20,302

Air 3,635 4,741 5,361

Land 12,742 14,480 14,941

Motor vehicles N N N

Personal vehicles N N N

Intercity and charter buses N N N

Intercity rail NA NA NA

Pedestrians N N N

Other N N N

U.S. resident same day travel to Mexico 64,038 63,508 66,859

Air N N N

Land 64,038 63,508 66,859

Motor vehicles U U U

Personal vehicles N N N

Intercity and charter buses N N N

Intercity rail NA NA NA

Pedestrians U U U

Other N N N

KEY: NA = Not applicable. N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTE: For information on Mexico’s travel surveys and definitions of specific types of international visitors and which of these visitors

are included in the categories shown in Table 9-1c, see Appendix B.

Mexican resident same day travel to the United States and U.S. resident same day travel to Mexico: Totals do not include same day

travel by air.

134 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-1c

Mexico-United States/United States-Mexico Travel

by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de Investigación Económica. Dirección de Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

United States

The United States does not collect data on same day travel to or from the United States nor for Mexican resident overnight travel to

the United States for all modes of transportation. Although not used for the purposes of this table, the Bureau of Transportation

Statistics’ American Travel Survey provides mode of transportation data on U.S. resident travel to Mexico for trips longer than 100

miles (approximately 160 kilometers). (See Appendix B for more information.)

Section 9 135 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Percent Share of Total 

Travel Between Canada and 

Mexico: 1996

9-1a

Percent Share of Total 

Travel Between Canada and 

the United States: 1996

9-1b

Figure 9-1a is based on Canadian data. Travel between Canada and Mexico only 

includes overnight travel.

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1a.

16

84

Canadian resident

travel to Mexico

Mexican resident

travel to Canada

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1b.

58

42

U.S. resident

travel to Canada

Canadian resident

travel to the United States

Percent Share of Total 

Travel Between Mexico and 

the United States: 1996

9-1c

Same Day vs. Overnight 

Travel, Percent Share of Total 

Travel Between Canada and 

the United States: 1996

9-1d

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1c.

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1b.

54

46

U.S. resident

travel to Mexico

Mexican resident

travel to the United States

69

31

Same day travel Overnight travel

f i gu r e

f i gu r e

f i gu r e

f i gu r e

136 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Percent Modal Share of 

Canadian - U.S. Overnight 

Passenger Travel: 1996

9-1g

Percent Modal Share of 

Mexican - U.S. Overnight 

Passenger Travel: 1996

9-1h

Other modes include boat, pedestrians, and cyclists.

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1b.

63.5

26.7

5.1

0.4

4.3

Intercity Other

rail

Intercity and

charter buses

Personal Air

vehicles

Percent Modal Share of 

Canadian - U.S. Same Day 

Passenger Travel: 1996

9-1f

Data for intercity rail are not available. Other modes include boat, pedestrians, and cyclists.

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1b.

95.4

2.8 0.8 1.0

Intercity and Air Other

charter buses

Personal

vehicles Additional modal detail is unavailable.

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1c.

21.9

78.1

Air Land

Same Day vs. Overnight 

Travel, Percent Share of Total 

Travel Between Mexico and 

the United States: 1996

9-1e

Notes and sources: See Table 9-1c.

85

15

Same day travel Overnight travel

f i gu r e

f i gu r e

f i gu r e

f i gu r e

Section 9 137 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-2a

Top Land Passenger Ports, Canadian-U.S. Border:1996

(Thousands of vehicles or passengers/pedestrians)

Port name Northbound Southbound Total

Personal vehicles

Canadian-U.S. border, total 38,858 39,537 78,394

Detroit, MI/Windsor, Ont. C 8,324 N

Ambassador/Windsor Bridge C N N

Windsor-Detroit Tunnel 4,311 N N

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY/Fort Erie-Niagara Falls, Ont. 7,273 7,574 14,847

Buffalo, NY/Fort Erie, Ont. 3,190 N N

Niagara Falls, NY/Niagara Falls, Ont. 4,083 N N

Queenston Bridge 1,860 N N

Rainbow Bridge 1,597 N N

Whirlpool Bridge 626 N N

Blaine, WA/Douglas and Pacific Highway, B.C. 4,056 4,667 8,723

Blaine, WA/Douglas, B.C. 2,293 N N

Blaine, WA/Pacific Highway, B.C. 1,763 N N

Port Huron, MI/Sarnia, Ont. 1,920 2,075 3,995

Sault Ste. Marie, MI/Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 1,414 1,617 3,031

Passengers in personal vehicles

Canadian-U.S. border, total 77,975 100,444 178,419

Detroit, MI/Windsor, Ont. C 23,511 N

Ambassador/Windsor Bridge C N N

Windsor-Detroit Tunnel 8,238 N N

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY/Fort Erie-Niagara Falls, Ont. 15,279 16,517 31,796

Buffalo, NY/Fort Erie, Ont. 6,242 N N

Niagara Falls, NY/Niagara Falls, Ont. 9,037 N N

Queenston Bridge 4,078 N N

Rainbow Bridge 3,765 N N

Whirlpool Bridge 1,194 N N

Blaine, WA/Douglas and Pacific Highway, B.C. 7,761 11,387 19,148

Blaine, WA/Douglas, B.C. 4,357 N N

Blaine, WA/Pacific Highway, B.C. 3,404 N N

Port Huron, MI/Sarnia, Ont. 3,984 5,392 9,375

Sault Ste. Marie, MI/Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 2,854 5,325 8,179

Busesa

Canadian-U.S. border, total N 174 N

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY/Fort Erie-Niagara Falls, Ont. N 54 N

Buffalo, NY/Fort Erie, Ont. N N N

Niagara Falls, NY/Niagara Falls, Ont. N N N

Rainbow Bridge N N N

Queenston Bridge N N N

Whirlpool Bridge N N N

Detroit, MI/Windsor, Ont. N 40 N

Ambassador/Windsor Bridge N N N

Windsor-Detroit Tunnel N N N

Blaine, WA/Douglas and Pacific Highway, B.C. N 19 N

Blaine, WA/Douglas, B.C. N N N

Blaine, WA/Pacific Highway, B.C. N N N

Champlain-Rouses Pt., NY/Lacolle (Routes 15, 221,223), Que. N 11 N

Champlain, NY/Lacolle Route 15, Que. N N N

Rouses Pt., NY/Lacolle Routes 221 and 223, Que. N N N

Sault Ste. Marie, MI/Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. N 10 N

138 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-2a

Top Land Passenger Ports, Canadian-U.S. Border:

1996—Continued

(Thousands of vehicles or passengers/pedestrians)

Port name Northbound Southbound Total

Passengers on busesa

Canadian-U.S. border, total 3,232 3,871 7,103

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY/Fort Erie-Niagara Falls, Ont. 1,004 1,419 2,422

Buffalo, NY/Fort Erie, Ont. 306 N N

Niagara Falls, NY/Niagara Falls, Ont. 698 N N

Rainbow Bridge 463 N N

Queenston Bridge 233 N N

Whirlpool Bridge 2 N N

Blaine, WA/Douglas and Pacific Highway, B.C. 300 479 780

Blaine, WA/Douglas, B.C. 0 N N

Blaine, WA/Pacific Highway, B.C. 300 N N

Detroit, MI/Windsor, Ont. C 564 N

Ambassador/Windsor Bridge C N N

Windsor-Detroit Tunnel 276 N N

Champlain-Rouses Pt., NY/Lacolle (Routes 15, 221,223), Que. 240 288 528

Champlain, NY/Lacolle Route 15, Que. 239 N N

Rouses Pt., NY/Lacolle Routes 221 and 223, Que. 0.9 N N

Sault Ste. Marie, MI/Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 170 122 292

Pedestrians

Canadian-U.S. border, total 965 614 1,579

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY/Fort Erie-Niagara Falls, Ont. 359 264 623

Buffalo, NY/Fort Erie, Ont. 6 N N

Niagara Falls, NY/Niagara Falls, Ont. 353 N N

Rainbow Bridge 334 N N

Queenston Bridge 18 N N

Whirlpool Bridge 0.2 N N

Sumas, WA/Huntingdon, B.C. 37 58 95

Calais, ME/St. Stephen, N.B. 36 42 78

Bar Harbour and Portland, ME/Yarmouth, N.S.b 34 35 69

Bar Harbour, ME/Yarmouth, N.S. N 6 N

Portland, ME/Yarmouth, N.S. N 29 N

International Falls-Rainer, MN/Fort Frances, Ont. 18 34 52

a

Includes charter, intercity and school buses.

b

Port is a pedestrian/ferry combination crossing.

KEY: C = Data are confidential. N = Data are nonexistent.

SOURCES

Northbound

Statistics Canada. Culture, Tourism and the Center for Education Statistics Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Southbound

U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 9 139 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-2b

Top Land Passenger Ports, Mexican-U.S. Border:1996

(Thousands of vehicles or passengers/pedestrians)

Port name Northbound Southbound Total

Personal vehicles

Mexico-U.S. border, total 75,589 N N

San Ysidro/Otay Mesa, CA/Tijuana, B.C. 17,160 N N

El Paso, TX/Ciudad Juárez, Chih. 15,096 5,092 U

Laredo, TX/Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 6,793 7,675 14,468

Calexico, CA/Mexicali, B.C. 6,139 N N

Brownsville, TX/Matamoros, Tamps. 6,074 5,830 11,904

Passengers in personal vehicles

Mexico-U.S. border, total 203,999 N N

San Ysidro/Otay Mesa, CA/Tijuana, B.C. 42,864 N N

El Paso, TX/Ciudad Juárez, Chih. 41,483 N N

Hildago, TX/Río Bravo, Tamps. 19,221 N N

Calexico, CA/Mexicali, B.C. 18,296 N N

Laredo, TX/Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 16,932 N N

Busesa

Mexico-U.S. border, total 208,468 N N

San Ysidro/Otay Mesa, CA/Tijuana, B.C. 112,276 N N

Hildago, TX/Río Bravo, Tamps. 36,900 N N

Laredo, TX/Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 25,498 N N

Del Rio, TX/Villa Acuña, Coah. 7,062 N N

Brownsville, TX/Matamoros, Tamps. 5,570 N N

Passengers on busesa

Mexico-U.S. border, total 2,755 N N

San Ysidro/Otay Mesa, CA/Tijuana, B.C. 1,095 N N

Hildago, TX/Río Bravo, Tamps. 738 N N

Laredo, TX/Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 531 N N

Brownsville, TX/Matamoros, Tamps. 111 N N

El Paso, TX/Ciudad Juárez, Chih. 106 N N

Pedestrians

Mexico-U.S. border, total 42,541 N N

San Ysidro/Otay Mesa, CA/Tijuana, B.C. 9,393 N N

Calexico, CA/Mexicali, B.C. 7,374 N N

Nogales, AZ/Nogales, Son. 4,417 N N

El Paso, TX/Ciudad Juárez, Chih. 4,405 4,615 9,021

Brownsville, TX/Matamoros, Tamps. 3,801 3,157 6,958

a

Includes charter, intercity and school buses.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTE: Personal vehicles and pedestrians, El Paso, TX/Ciudad Juárez, Chih. Northbound data are based on all El Paso entry

crossings. Southbound data are based on a subset of these crossings.

SOURCES

Northbound

U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Southbound

Data compiled by Texas A&M International University, Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development based on

original data from bridge operators. Web site: www.tamiu.edu/coba/txcntr/

140 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-3

Top North American Air Passenger City Pairs:1996

(Number of passengers)

Top city pairs Number of

passengers

Canada-Mexico C

Toronto-Mexico City/Mexico City-Toronto C

Montréal-Mexico City/Mexico City-Montréal C

Vancouver-Mexico City/Mexico City-Vancouver C

Canada-United States, total 15,005,834

New York-Toronto/Toronto-New York 1,153,021

Chicago-Toronto/Toronto-Chicago 1,023,494

Los Angeles-Vancouver/Vancouver-Los Angeles 604,953

New York-Montréal/Montréal-New York 510,941

Miami-Toronto/Toronto-Miami 425,852

San Francisco-Vancouver/VancouverSan Francisco 403,096

Chicago-Montréal/Montréal-Chicago 386,146

Detroit-Toronto/Toronto-Detroit 357,795

Los Angeles-Toronto/Toronto-Los Angeles 339,755

San Francisco-Toronto/Toronto-San Francisco 328,938

Top city pairs Number of

passengers

Mexico-United States, total 12,089,424

Los Angeles-Mexico City/Mexico CityLos Angeles 743,340

Los Angeles-Guadalajara/GuadalajaraLos Angeles 675,267

Miami-Cancún/Cancún-Miami 566,141

Houston-Mexico City/Mexico City-Houston 535,703

Dallas-Mexico City/Mexico City-Dallas 505,333

Miami-Mexico City/Mexico City-Miami 471,219

Dallas-Cancún/Cancún-Dallas 447,445

Chicago-Mexico City/Mexico City-Chicago 385,832

New York-Mexico City/Mexico City-New York 349,582

Houston-Cancún/Cancún-Houston 315,957

KEY: C = Data are confidential.

NOTE: Canada-United States and Mexico-United States: These data represent the total number of passengers, both inbound and

outbound traffic, traveling on scheduled and nonscheduled service of all U.S. and non-U.S. airlines. These data include origin and

destination passengers and passengers traveling between these cities as part of a longer journey.

SOURCE: Canada-United States and Mexico-United States: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Office of Airline Information. T-100 Database. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 9 141
HAWAII

Detroit

Montréal

Toronto

Houston

New York

Dallas

Chicago

San

Francisco

Los Angeles

Vancouver

Cancún

Miami

Guadalajara

Mexico City

Number of Passengers

310,000 to 590,000 (18)

590,001 to 870,000 (3)

Notes and sources: See Table 9-3. 870,001 to 1,160,000 (2)

ma p

Top North American Air Passenger City Pairs: 1996

9

142 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-4a

Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel by Trip Purpose

(Thousands of visitors)

1990 1995 1996

Canadian source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to Mexico 433 406 438

Pleasure/tourism 402 356 386

Business 13 32 38

Visit family and friends 10 10 6

Othera 98 7

Mexican resident overnight travel to Canada 63 63 80

Pleasure/tourism 39 38 46

Business 10 11 18

Visit family and friends 12 12 13

Othera 22 4

Mexican source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to Mexico U U 269

Pleasure/tourism U U 210

Business U U 20

Visit family and friends U U 36

Othera UU 3

Mexican resident overnight travel to Canada U U 17

Pleasure/tourism U U 11

Business U U 4

Visit family and friends U U 1

Othera UU 1

a

Other includes personal, in transit, shopping, educational study and other.

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

SOURCES:

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue No. 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de Investigación Económica. Dirección de Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Section 9 143 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-4b

Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travel

by Trip Purpose

(Thousands of visitors)

1990 1995 1996

Canadian source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to the United States 17,262 14,663 15,301

Pleasure/tourism 10,586 8,316 8,810

Business 1,972 2,260 2,422

Visit family and friends 2,701 2,626 2,653

Othera 2,003 1,462 1,418

Canadian resident same day travel to the United States 53,171 37,491 37,398

Pleasure/tourism 34,159 22,394 23,198

Business 3,567 2,971 2,899

Visit family and friends 4,703 3,473 3,235

Othera 10,741 8,650 8,066

U.S. resident overnight travel to Canada 12,252 13,005 12,909

Pleasure/tourism 7,012 7,498 7,392

Business 1,729 1,926 1,970

Visit family and friends 2,602 2,323 2,221

Othera 909 1,259 1,325

U.S. resident same day travel to Canada 22,482 24,325 25,563

Pleasure/tourism 10,958 11,839 13,018

Business 1,967 1,792 1,778

Visit family and friends 5,385 3,923 3,895

Othera 4,172 6,771 6,872

a

Other includes personal, in transit, shopping, educational study and other.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue No. 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

United States

The United States does not collect data on same day travel to or from the United States nor for Canadian overnight travel to the

United States for all modes of transportation and with travel characteristics. U.S. agencies typically obtain this data from Statistics

Canada. The American Travel Survey also provides trip purpose data on U.S. travel to Canada for trips longer than 100 miles

(approximately 160 kilometers). (See Appendix B for more information.)

144 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-5a

Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travela Characteristics:

1996

(Thousands of visitors)

Pleasure/

tourism Business

Visit family

and friends Otherb Total

Canadian source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to Mexico

Trip quarter 386 38 6 8 438

1st quarter of the year 235 5 3 4 247

2nd quarter of the year 45 5 1 3 54

3rd quarter of the year 27 19 1 1 48

4th quarter of the year 79 9 1 0 89

Trip duration 386 38 6 8 438

One-three nights 17 18 0 1 36

Four-thirteen nights 234 18 4 3 259

More than 14 nights 136 2 2 4 144

Age and gender of visitor 386 38 6 8 438

Males, total 165 21 3 3 192

Ages 14 and under 7 NS NS NS 7

Ages 15-34 49 4 1 1 55

Ages 35-64 90 16 1 1 108

Ages 65+ 18 NS NS 1 19

Females, total 212 15 4 5 236

Ages 14 and under 9 1 NS 0 10

Ages 15-34 73 4 1 2 80

Ages 35-64 113 10 2 2 127

Ages 65+ 16 1 NS 2 19

Gender not stated, total 9 1 0 1 11

Mexican resident overnight travel to Canada

Trip quarter 46 18 13 4 81

1st quarter of the year 8 1 1 0 10

2nd quarter of the year 12 5 2 1 20

3rd quarter of the year 18 8 9 1 36

4th quarter of the year 8 4 1 2 15

Trip duration 46 18 13 4 81

One-three nights 9 6 1 0 16

Four-thirteen nights 30 10 6 3 49

More than 14 nights 7 2 6 1 16

Age and gender of visitor 46 18 13 4 81

Males, total 20 13 5 2 40

Ages 14 and under 1 NS 2 0 3

Ages 15-34 12 4 1 2 19

Ages 35-64 6 8 2 0 16

Ages 65+ 0010 1

Females, total 22 3 7 2 34

Ages 14 and under 1 0 NS 0 1

Ages 15-34 12 1 4 1 18

Ages 35-64 9 2 3 1 15

Ages 65+ NS NS 1 0 1

Gender not stated, total 4211 8

a

Travel here refers to trips of one or more nights.

b

Other trip purposes include personal, in transit, shopping, educational study and other.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant.

Section 9 145 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-5a

Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travela Characteristics:

1996−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Mexican data was unavailable.

146 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-5b

Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travela

Characteristics:1996

(Thousands of visitors)

Pleasure/

tourism Business

Visit family

and friends Otherb Total

Canadian source data

Canadian resident overnight travel to the United States

Trip quarter 8,809 2,421 2,653 1,417 15,300

1st quarter of the year 2,094 565 501 239 3,399

2nd quarter of the year 2,068 676 635 365 3,744

3rd quarter of the year 3,165 624 907 494 5,190

4th quarter of the year 1,482 556 610 319 2,967

Trip duration 8,809 2,421 2,653 1,417 15,300

One-three nights 3,924 1,286 1,394 1,083 7,687

Four-thirteen nights 3,607 1,066 1,039 283 5,995

More than 14 nights 1,279 69 220 52 1,620

Age and gender of visitor 8,809 2,421 2,653 1,417 15,300

Males, total 3,889 1,502 1,048 576 7,015

Ages 14 and under 482 22 130 60 694

Ages 15-34 653 340 200 111 1,304

Ages 35-64 2,165 1,098 521 317 4,101

Ages 65+ 589 42 197 88 916

Females, total 4,427 733 1,416 714 7,290

Ages 14 and under 491 27 140 58 716

Ages 15-34 870 226 321 168 1,585

Ages 35-64 2,445 449 713 377 3,984

Ages 65+ 621 31 242 111 1,005

Gender not stated, total 494 186 189 127 996

U.S. resident overnight travel to Canada

Trip quarter 7,392 1,970 2,221 1,325 12,908

1st quarter of the year 695 397 312 201 1,605

2nd quarter of the year 1,936 589 561 413 3,499

3rd quarter of the year 3,867 564 804 480 5,715

4th quarter of the year 894 420 544 231 2,089

Trip duration 7,392 1,970 2,221 1,325 12,908

One-three nights 4,433 1,356 1,332 877 7,998

Four-thirteen nights 2,765 600 789 427 4,581

More than 14 nights 194 14 100 21 329

Age and gender of visitor 7,392 1,970 2,221 1,325 12,908

Males, total 3,291 1,301 955 653 6,200

Ages 14 and under 344 18 109 57 528

Ages 15-34 618 213 181 123 1,135

Ages 35-64 1,744 1,027 492 356 3,619

Ages 65+ 585 43 173 117 918

Females, total 3,567 584 1,163 539 5,853

Ages 14 and under 360 16 119 40 535

Ages 15-34 656 144 272 117 1,189

Ages 35-64 1,942 389 587 295 3,213

Ages 65+ 609 35 185 87 916

Gender not stated, total 534 84 103 133 854

a

Travel here refers to trips of one or more nights.

b

Other trip purposes include personal, in transit, shopping, educational study and other.

Section 9 147 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 9-5b

Canada-United States/United States-Canada Travela

Characteristics:1996−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue No. 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

United States

The United States does not collect data on same day travel to or from the United States nor for Canadian overnight travel to the

United States for all modes of transportation and with travel characteristics. U.S. agencies typically obtain this data from Statistics

Canada.

148 Section 9 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 10

International

Passenger Travel

Between North

America and the

Rest of the World

tabl e 10-1

Passenger Travel Between North America and the

Rest of the World by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of visitors)

1990 1995 1996

Canada

Travel to Canada (nonresident visitors)

All modes 3,185 4,257 4,697

Air 2,154 2,918 3,215

Land 992 1,299 1,432

Water 39 41 50

Travel From Canada (Canadian resident reentries)

All modes 3,153 3,543 3,672

Air 3,139 3,531 3,665

Land 2 NS NS

Water 11 12 7

Mexico

Travel to Mexico (nonresident visitors)

All modes 560 931 822

Air 410 719 723

Land 91 105 99

Water 59 107 U

Travel From Mexico (Mexican residents)

All modes 300 249 307

Air 296 246 304

Land 4 3 3

Water U U U

United States

Travel to the United States (nonresident visitors)

All modes N N N

Air 15,059 20,639 22,658

Land N N N

Water N N N

Travel From the United States (U.S. residents)

All modes N N N

Air 15,990 19,059 19,786

Land N N N

Water N N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Canadian, Mexican and U.S. data in this table do not include international travel within North America.

Data in this table are based on the traveler’s country of residency.

Section 10 151 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 10-1

Passenger Travel Between North America and the Rest of the World

by Mode of Transportation−Continued

Canada

Travel to Canada: Represents nonresident visitors to Canada, excluding residents of the United States and Mexico.

Travel from Canada: Data are based on Canadian resident reentry data. Canadian resident reentry data represent Canadian residents

returning from international destinations, other than the United States or Mexico. The reentry of Canadian residents to Canada may be

made directly from an overseas country or via the United States. Canadian resident reentry data are similar but not exactly comparable

with U.S. resident departure data. This is because Canadian residents may not necessarily leave and return by the same modes of

transportation, and because Canadian residents could depart Canada in one calendar year and return in another.

Mexico

Travel to Mexico: Represents nonresident visitors to Mexico, excluding residents of Canada and the United States.

Travel from Mexico: Represents Mexican residents departing for international destinations other than Canada or the United States.

United States

Travel to the United States: Represents nonresident visitors to the United States, excluding residents of Canada and Mexico.

Travel from the United States: Represents U.S. residents departing for international destinations other than Canada or Mexico.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue No. 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de Investigación Económica. Dirección de Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. International Trade Administration. Tourism Industries Office. Summary of International Travelers to the

U.S. and 1996 Outbound Travel. (Washington, DC: 1997).

152 Section 10 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 10-2

Top International Origins and Destinations Outside of

North America: 1996

(Thousands of visitors)

Total

Canada

Country of origin

United Kingdom 691

Japan 648

France 460

Germany 447

Hong Kong 199

South Korea 159

Australia 149

Taiwan 132

Netherlands 114

Switzerland 107

Destination country

United Kingdom 737

France 424

Germany 236

Cuba 222

Italy 183

Netherlands 177

Hong Kong 157

Switzerland 123

Dominican Republic 112

Spain 92

Total

Mexico

Region of origin

Central and South America 437

Europe 341

Other (Australia and Africa) 44

Asia U

Region of destination

Europe 181

Central and South America 88

Other (Australia and Africa) 26

Asia 12

Total

United States

Country of origin

Japan 5,183

United Kingdom 3,246

Germany 1,997

France 987

Brazil 848

South Korea 749

Italy 525

Venezuela 447

Australia 463

Netherlands 440

Destination country

United Kingdom 2,869

France 1,860

Germany 1,642

Bahamas 1,504

Italy 1,385

Jamaica 1,029

Japan 871

Netherlands 772

Hong Kong 752

Switzerland 693

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES: Country/region of origin: Canadian data exclude residents of the United States and Mexico, even if the travel of a U.S. or

Mexican resident originated in a third country, such as the United Kingdom. U.S. data exclude residents of Canada and Mexico, even if

the travel of a Canadian or Mexican resident originated in a third country, such as the United Kingdom. Mexican data exclude residents

of Canada and the United States and are only available at the regional level.

Destination country/region: Travel to countries within North America is excluded.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel between Canada and other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue No. 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de Investigación Económica. Dirección de Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. International Trade Administration. Tourism Industries Office. Summary of International Travelers to the

U.S. and 1996 Outbound Travel. (Washington, DC: 1997).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Section 10 153
tabl e 10-3

Top International Air Gateways, Excluding North American

Travel: 1996

(Thousands of passengers)

Gateway city Total

Canada

Total, Number of air passengers with

international origins and destinations C

Mexico

Total, number of air passengers with

international origins and destinations 1,779

Mexico City, D.F. 1,360

Cancún, Q. Roo 408

Mérida,Yuc. 9

Villahermosa,Tab. 0.9

Chetumal, Q. Roo 0.8

Palenque, Chis. 0.5

Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chis. 0.2

Gateway city Total

United States

Total, number of air passengers with

international origins and destinations 84,656

New York, NY (Kennedy, LaGuardia and

Newark airports) 20,145

Miami, FL 12,484

Los Angeles, CA 9,660

Honolulu, HI 5,397

San Francisco, CA 4,965

Chicago, IL 4,100

Atlanta, GA 2,833

Washington, DC (National and Dulles airports) 2,486

Boston, MA 2,341

Detroit, MI 2,159

KEY: C = Data are confidential.

NOTES: Gateway represents the point of entry or exit for air passengers with international (non-North American) origins and

destinations.

Mexico: These seven airports represent all Mexican international air gateways.

SOURCES:

Mexico

Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares. Resultado del Movimiento Aeroportuario. Enero-Diciembre, 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. T-100 Database. (Washington, DC:

1998).

154 Section 10 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 11

Transportation

Infrastructure

tabl e 11-1

Domestic Physical System Extent

(Kilometers)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Road 888,898 901,904 U 239,235 307,983 312,301 6,244,000 6,296,000 6,331,000

Paved 297,411 317,919 U 83,925 96,541 99,165 3,635,000 3,819,000 3,830,000

Major road system N N N 81,517 92,782 94,908 655,000 692,000 697,000

Less than four lanes N N N 75,995 83,772 85,346 451,000 468,000 470,000

Four or more lanes 15,516 16,571 U 5,522 9,010 9,562 206,000 224,000 227,000

Local NNNNNN 2,980,000 3,125,000 3,133,000

Unpaved 591,487 583,985 U 155,310 211,442 213,136 2,609,000 2,477,000 2,501,000

Great Lakes 2,662 2,662 2,662 NA NA NA 7,000 7,000 7,000

Inland waterwaysa 2,825 2,825 2,825 NA NA NA 42,000 42,000 42,000

Pipeline 274,151 309,772 314,124 18,003 15,616 15,529 2,278,262 2,353,910 2,364,985

Gas 239,078 272,871 277,166 12,954 11,455 11,346 1,942,308 2,031,237 2,042,312

Oil 35,073 36,901 36,959 5,049 4,161 4,183 335,954 322,673 322,673

Railb 86,880 80,326 77,387 26,361 26,613 26,612 321,988 290,356 284,818

Transit rail N N N 197 275 275 N 6,329 6,961

a

Commercially navigable.

b

Rail extent includes yard tracks, sidings and parallel lines.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Road: The overall road total for Canada and the United States includes all roads (highways, local, and others). Canada cannot

disaggregate its data for local roads into paved and unpaved, however.

Rail: Data include length of track, including yard tracks, sidings and parallel lines.

Transit rail: Data are one-way, fixed guideway.

Mexico

Road: Data do not include local roads.

Road, paved: Data include major roads plus minor rural roads.

SOURCES

Canada

Road: Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation in Canada: A Statistical Overview - 1995. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Great Lakes and inland waterways: Transport Canada. Marine Distance Library, 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue No. 55-201-XPB, and Gas Utilities, Transport and Distribution Systems,

Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Evaluación. Longitud de la Infraestructura Carretera, 1990,

1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Pipeline: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, based on data from the Petróleos Mexicanos, Subdirección de

Planeación and the Anuario Estadístico (various years). (Aguascalientes, Ags.: various years).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, based on data collected by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo and

the Sistema de Transporte Eléctrico in México City, the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo de la Zona Metropolitana in Guadalajara, and

the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo in Monterrey. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Section 11 157 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-1

Domestic Physical System Extent−Continued

United States

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Unpublished data. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Great Lakes and inland waterways: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA:

1998).

Gas pipeline: American Gas Association. Gas Facts. (Arlington, VA: 1997).

Oil pipeline: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. Transportation in America. (Lansdowne, VA: 1997).

Freight rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact book 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

158 Section 11 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
f i gu r e f i gu r e

Extent of Road Network 

(4 or More Lanes): 

1990 and 1995

1990

1995

Notes and sources: See Table 11-1.

(Road extent in kilometers)

11-1a

16,571

9,010

224,000

15,516

5,522

206,000

Canada Mexico United States

Growth in Kilometers of 

Road (4 or More Lanes): 

1990 to 1995 

Notes and sources: See Table 11-1.

(Percent change)

11-1b

Canada Mexico United States

6.8

63.2

8.7

Section 11 159 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-2

Number of Airports

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Airports, total 1,200 1,146 1,141 2,168 1,809 1,116 12,920 13,145 13,175

Certified airports, total 448 435 433 82 83 83 U 572 577

Percent with control towers 13 10 10 65 67 69 U U a

67

Percent with lighted runways 92 93 93 67 66 67 U U a

100

Percent with runways greater than or

equal to 3,048 meters (10,000 feet) 4 4 4 10 10 10 U U a

19

a

Percentages as of April 1998. Historical percentages are unavailable.

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Data exclude heliports, stolports (short take-off and landing ports) and seaplane bases.

United States

Certified airports total for 1990: See Appendix B for an explanation of the number of certified U.S. airports for 1990.

SOURCES

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. Canada Flight Supplement. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Transport Canada. Aircraft Movement Statistics, TP577. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook of Aviation-1996. (Washington DC: 1997).

Web site: api.hq.faa.gov/handbook96/toc96.htm

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Administrators Fact Book, August, 1998 and December 1993.

(Washington, DC: 1999 and 1994).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

160 Section 11 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-2a

Top 20 Canadian Airports by Flight Operations: 1996

(Number of flight operations (landings plus take-offs). Length and altitude in meters)

Airport name Number of flight

operationsa

Length of

longest runway

Altitude above

sea level

International

airport?

Toronto/L.B. Pearson, Ont. 372,308 3,368 173 Yes

Vancouver, B.C. 329,960 3,353 4 Yes

Calgary, Alta. 221,329 3,863 1,023 Yes

Montréal/Dorval, Que. 202,220 3,353 36 Yes

Winnipeg, Man. 126,233 3,353 239 Yes

Ottawa/MacDonald-Cartier, Ont. 124,239 2,942 114 Yes

Victoria, B.C. 106,779 2,135 19 No

Québec/Jean Lesage, Que. 103,464 2,743 74 Yes

Halifax, N.S. 97,725 2,682 145 Yes

Montréal/St.-Hubert, Que. 92,617 2,390 27 No

Edmonton International, Alta. 86,333 3,353 723 Yes

Edmonton City Centre, Alta. 80,555 1,789 671 No

Toronto/Buttonville, Ont. 71,683 1,189 198 No

Toronto City Centre, Ont. 64,307 1,219 77 No

London, Ont. 63,949 2,682 278 No

Boundary Bay, B.C. 61,215 1,145 2 No

Saskatoon/JG Diefenbaker, Sask. 59,488 2,530 504 No

Vancouver Harbour, B.C. 53,156 Heli-port 1 No

Thunder Bay, Ont. 51,341 1,890 199 No

Regina, Sask. 49,912 2,408 577 No

a

Includes all civilian operations (air carriers, air taxis and general aviation), excluding local movements. For the definition of local

movements, see Appendix B.

SOURCES

Transport Canada. Aircraft Movement Statistics, TP 577. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Natural Resources Canada. Canada Flight Supplement. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Section 11 161 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-2b

Top 20 Mexican Airports by Flight Operations: 1996

(Number of flight operations (landings plus take-offs). Length and altitude in meters)

Airport name Number of flight

operationsa

Length of

longest runway

Altitude above

sea level

International

airport?

Mexico City, D.F. 236,136 3,900 2,237 Yes

Guadalajara, Jal. 124,948 4,000 1,528 Yes

Monterrey, N.L. 76,004 3,000 387 Yes

Cancún, Q. Roo. 73,308 3,500 7 Yes

Toluca, Edo. de Méx. 48,088 4,200 2,575 Yes

Hermosillo, Son. 46,695 2,300 197 Yes

Culiacán, Sin. 44,561 2,300 33 Yes

Tijuana, B.C. 41,088 2,960 152 Yes

Chihuahua, Chih. 36,162 2,600 1,360 Yes

Puerto Vallarta, Jal. 34,683 3,100 6 Yes

Cd. del Carmen, Camp. 33,659 2,200 2 No

Acapulco, Gro. 28,334 3,300 5 Yes

Torreón, Coah. 27,854 2,750 1,126 Yes

Mazatlán, Sin. 24,447 2,700 10 Yes

Mérida, Yuc. 22,895 2,700 11 Yes

Bajío (León), Gto. 21,343 3,500 1,874 Yes

La Paz, B.C.S. 21,165 2,550 21 Yes

Tampico, Tamps. 20,383 2,250 25 Yes

San José del Cabo, B.C.S. 18,722 2,200 109 Yes

Villahermosa, Tab. 18,600 2,200 13 Yes

a

Includes all civilian operations (air carriers, air taxis and general aviation), including local movements. (Canadian and U.S. data in

Tables 11-2a and 11-2c exclude local movements.) For the definition of local movements, see Appendix B.

SOURCE: Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares. Resultado del Movimiento Aeroportuario, Enero-Diciembre de 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1997).

162 Section 11 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-2c

Top 20 U.S. Airports by Flight Operations: 1996

(Number of flight operations (landings plus take-offs). Length and altitude in meters)

Airport name Number of flight

operationsa

Length of

longest runway

Altitude above

sea level

International

airport?

Chicago/O’Hare Int’l, IL 906,787 3,962 204 Yes

Dallas/Ft Worth Int’l, TX 874,735 4,085 184 Yes

Los Angeles Int’l, CA 760,482 3,685 38 Yes

Atlanta Int’l, GA 758,311 3,624 313 Yes

Detroit Metro Wayne, MI 536,892 3,658 195 Yes

Miami Int’l, FL 528,816 3,962 3 Yes

Phoenix/Sky Harbor Int’l, AZ 514,767 3,353 345 Yes

St. Louis Int’l, MO 508,012 3,359 184 Yes

Minneapolis/St. Paul Int’l, MN 479,807 3,355 256 Yes

Boston/Logan Int’l, MA 464,360 3,073 6 Yes

Las Vegas/McCarran Int’l, NV 442,250 4,421 664 Yes

Charlotte/Douglas Int’l, NC 455,751 3,048 228 Yes

Newark, NJ 454,191 2,835 5.5 Yes

Denver Int’l, CO 452,328 3,658 1,655 Yes

Pittsburgh Greater Int’l, PA 443,158 3,505 367 Yes

San Francisco, CA 425,433 3,618 3 Yes

Philadelphia Int’l, PA 411,493 3,200 7 Yes

Cincinnati Greater Int’l, KYb 399,989 3,353 273 Yes

Houston Intercontinental, TX 395,794 3,658 30 Yes

Seattle/Tacoma Int’l, WA 395,022 3,627 131 Yes

a

Includes all civilian operations (air carriers, air taxis and general aviation), excluding local movements. For the definition of local

movements, see Appendix B.

b

Cincinnati Greater International Airport is in Kentucky.

SOURCES

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook of Aviation-1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Office of Aviation Policy and Plans. Information Systems Branch.

Private communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Office of Airport Safety and Standards. Airport Safety and

Operations Division. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Section 11 163 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
HAWAII

Panama Canal

La Paz/Pichilingue

Long Beach

Los Angeles

Rosarito

Isla Cedros

Norfolk

Baltimore

Philadelphia

New York City

Halifax

East Coast

Vancouver Island

Corpus Christi

Guerrero Negro

Guaymas

San Marcos

Mobile

Windsor

Duluth/Superior

Pittsburgh

Nanticoke

Hamilton

Tampa

Prince Rupert

Vancouver

Montréal/

Contrecoeur

Sorel

Port Hawkesbury

Québec/Lévis Saint John

Sept-Îles/Pte-Noire

Baie-Comeau

Port-Cartier

Come by Chance

Sault

Ste. Marie

Thunder Bay

Tampico Progreso

Altamira

Manzanillo

Lázaro Cárdenas

Salina Cruz

Punta Venado

Cayo Arcas

Dos Bocas

Pajaritos

Coatzacoalcos

Veracruz

Valdez

Texas City

Houston

Port Arthur

Lake Charles

Plaquemine

Baton Rouge

South Louisiana

New Orleans

Fraser River

Howe Sound

Topolobampo

Tuxpan

180,000,000

90,000,000

18,000,000

Domestic

International

Metric Tons

Notes and sources: See Tables 11-4a, b and c.

ma p

North American Water Ports,

Top 20 by Tonnage for Each Country: 1996

10

164 Section 11 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-3

Number of Water Ports and Facilities

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 187 167 172 107 109 109 305 309 321

Coastal 118 99 104 107 109 109 187 183 194

Atlantic 82 60 62 NA NA NA 59 58 62

Gulf of Mexico NA NA NA 45 46 46 37 38 38

Pacific 36 39 42 48 49 49 83 79 86

Caribbean NA NA NA 14 14 14 8 8 8

Great Lakes 51 46 44 NA NA NA 73 82 82

Inland 18 22 24 NA NA NA 45 44 45

KEY: NA = Not applicable.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos en Cifras

1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

United States

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA: 1998).

Section 11 165 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-4a

Top 20 Canadian Water Ports by Tonnage

(Domestic and International): 1996

(Thousands of metric tons)

Port name

Total Domestic International

Containerized

shipments

(as percent of

total tonnage)

Number of

vessel

entrances/

clearances

Vancouver, B.C. 71,405 1,989 69,416 7.2 5,673

Sept-Îles/Pte-Noire, Que. 22,584 4,217 18,367 NS 615

Port-Cartier, Que. 21,729 5,132 16,597 NS 521

Saint John, N.B. 20,575 1,951 18,624 1.2 825

Montréal/Contrecoeur, Que. 19,208 5,261 13,947 41.1 1,827

Québec/Lévis, Que. 16,987 3,681 13,306 NS 740

Halifax, N.S. 13,587 2,699 10,888 29.6 1,761

Hamilton, Ont. 12,757 6,189 6,568 NS 638

Thunder Bay, Ont. 10,101 6,565 3,536 NS 518

Prince Rupert, B.C. 9,452 14 9,438 NS 561

Port Hawkesbury, N.S. 7,885 33 7,852 NS 180

Fraser River, B.C. 7,527 5,401 2,126 1.6 3,479

Come-By-Chance, Nfld. 7,431 104 7,327 NS 148

Nanticoke, Ont. 6,790 1,671 5,119 NS 305

Baie-Comeau, Que. 5,867 1,834 4,033 NS 1,089

Sorel, Que. 5,580 3,306 2,274 NS 317

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 5,152 545 4,607 NS 291

Windsor, Ont. 5,080 2,507 2,573 NS 422

Howe Sound, B.C. 4,864 4,856 8 NS 2,517

East Coast Vancouver Island, B.C. 4,062 4,062 0 NS 2,467

Subtotal-top 20 ports 278,623 62,017 216,606 6.3 24,894

Tonnage, total all Canadian water ports 357,756 97,658 260,098 NA NA

Percent of tonnage of all Canadian

water ports 77.9 63.6 83.3 5.0 NA

KEY: NA = Not applicable. NS = Not significant.

NOTE: Ports are ranked by total tonnage.

SOURCES

Statistics Canada. Shipping in Canada, Catalogue No. 54-205-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

166 Section 11 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-4b

Top 20 Mexican Water Ports by Tonnage

(Domestic and International): 1996

(Thousands of metric tons)

Port name

Total Domestic International

Containerized

shipments

(as percent of

total tonnage)

Number of

vessel

entrances/

clearances

Cayo Arcas, Camp. 31,471 4 31,467 NA 417

Pajaritos, Ver. 31,352 6,080 25,272 NA 954

Dos Bocas, Tab. 23,437 44 23,393 NA 1,145

Salina Cruz, Oax. 16,798 11,598 5,200 0.8 537

Isla Cedros, B.C. 14,784 7,509 7,275 NA 1,189

Lázaro Cárdenas, Mich. 12,007 3,721 8,286 0.8 425

Manzanillo, Col. 9,994 3,818 6,176 16.8 704

Veracruz, Ver. 9,917 631 9,286 23.2 1,396

Tampico, Tamps. 8,374 2,390 5,984 6.4 1,148

Tuxpan, Ver. 7,047 4,226 2,821 0.1 327

Guerrero Negro, B.C.S. 6,890 6,890 N NA 1,077

Guaymas, Son. 5,660 2,453 3,207 NA 496

Punta Venado, Q. Roo 6,021 NS 6,021 NA 106

Topolobampo, Sin. 2,971 2,803 168 NA 247

San Marcos, B.C.S. 2,786 6 2,780 NA 308

Rosarito, B.C. 2,638 1,625 1,013 NA 99

Coatzacoalcos, Ver. 2,433 545 1,888 NA 287

Altamira, Tamps. 2,414 125 2,289 41.6 667

Progreso, Yuc. 2,322 947 1,375 3.7 462

La Paz-Pichilingue, B.C.S. 2,015 1,852 163 NS 600

Subtotal-top 20 ports 201,331 57,267 144,064 2.9 12,591

Tonnage, total all Mexican water ports 208,581 63,450 145,131 NA NA

Percent of tonnage of all Mexican water

ports 96.5 90.3 99.3 2.9 NA

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable. NS = Not significant.

NOTE: Ports are ranked by total tonnage.

SOURCE: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos

en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Section 11 167 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-4c

Top 20 U.S. Water Ports by Tonnage

(Domestic and International): 1996

(Thousands of metric tons)

Port name

Total Domestic International

Containerized

shipments

(as percent of

total tonnage)

Number of

vessel

entrances/

clearances

South Louisiana, LA 172,200 96,204 75,996 NS 153,386

Houston, TX 134,432 55,452 78,979 4.0 122,329

New York, NY and NJ 119,389 68,145 51,244 12.6 228,526

New Orleans, LA 75,957 33,398 42,559 3.6 125,116

Baton Rouge, LA 73,492 41,026 32,466 NS 68,922

Corpus Christi, TX 72,993 21,629 51,364 NS 32,957

Valdez, AK 69,960 68,006 1,954 NS 3,186

Plaquemine, LA 60,701 41,932 18,769 NS 65,780

Long Beach, CA 52,976 20,292 32,684 35.0 56,465

Texas City, TX 51,160 19,108 32,052 NS 23,462

Pittsburgh, PA 46,153 46,153 - NS 118,283

Mobile, AL 46,144 23,014 23,129 NS 47,943

Tampa, FL 44,718 29,443 15,275 NS 10,234

Norfolk Harbor, VA 44,690 9,411 35,279 15.0 32,064

Lake Charles, LA 44,540 17,913 26,627 NS 49,303

Los Angeles, CA 41,449 16,267 25,183 37.8 37,226

Baltimore, MD 39,511 12,696 26,814 8.7 34,208

Philadelphia, PA 37,996 11,807 26,188 2.6 25,185

Duluth-Superior, MN and WI 37,557 27,440 10,116 NS 2,400

Port Arthur, TX 33,710 5,896 27,813 NS 12,890

Subtotal-top 20 ports 1,200,060 565,569 634,491 6.0 1,249,865

Tonnage, total all U.S. water ports 2,072,090 998,529 1,073,561 NA NA

Percent of tonnage of all U.S. water ports 57.9 56.6 59.1 6.0 NA

KEY: NA = Not applicable. NS = Not significant.

NOTE: Ports are ranked by total tonnage.

SOURCES

Tonnage: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, National Summaries, Part 5. (New Orleans, LA:

1996).

Percent of containerized shipments: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA:

1998).

168 Section 11 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-5

Toll Roads, Bridges and Tunnels

(Kilometers of toll roads or number of bridges/tunnels)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Toll roads, (total, kilometers) 290 290 290 1,761 6,338 6,378 7,034 7,002 N

Toll bridges (total, number) 14 14 14 31 38 38 146 139 N

Toll tunnels (total, number) 11100199 N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE

All Countries

Intercountry toll bridges between the United States. and Canada and the United States and Mexico have been included in the totals for

each country. United States and Canadian data both include 11 international bridges and 1 international tunnel on the Canadian-U.S.

border. United States and Mexican data both include 18 international bridges.

SOURCES

Canada

Transport Canada. Highway Policy Group. Special Tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Evaluación. Longitud de la Infraestructura Carretera, 1990, 1995

and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Toll Facilities in the United States: Bridges, Roads, Tunnels,

Ferries. (Washington, DC: various years).

Section 11 169 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
170 Section 11 North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on 12

Transportation

Vehicles

tabl e 12-1

Number of Transportation Vehicles/Equipment

Canada Mexico 

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 

Air 23,674 22,714 22,685 5,874 6,426 6,255 a197,200 

Commercial aircraft 5,775 5,752 5,816 847 1,283 1,184 a16,125 

Jets 344 380 414 100 175 177 a5,166 

Non-jets 5,431 5,372 5,402 33 57 57 a10,959 

General aviation 17,899 16,962 16,869 5,027 5,143 5,071 a181,100 

Road 16,981,130 r17,048,297 r17,182,626 10,165,715 11,917,543 12,395,935 193,057,376 

Personal vehicles 12,981,053 13,512,653 13,562,927 7,089,059 8,183,903 8,623,267 186,234,513 

Passenger cars 12,622,038 13,192,272 13,251,146 6,839,337 8,046,926 8,436,909 133,700,496 Motorcycles 359,015 320,381 311,781 249,722 136,977 186,358 4,259,462 Light trucks NNNNNN 48,274,555 

Buses 63,962 64,339 64,550 94,575 121,870 p98477 626,987 

Charter 1,810 2,661 3,305 UUUNIntercity 1,356 1,191 1,052 30,579 47,254 p43,533 N 

Local motor 11,243 10,852 10,797 U U U 58,714 

School 29,726 27,934 27,855 UUUN

Commercial freight vehicles 176,368 181,568 206,305 2,982,081 3,611,770 3,674,191 6,195,876 

Single-unit trucks 40,719 33,463 35,290 U U U 4,486,981 Tractors 66,919 87,662 92,059 U U U 1,708,895 

Rail

Cars

Freight cars 123,137 110,784 109,578 46,602 35,042 29,438 1,108,734 Intercity passenger train cars 1,088 517 466 1,427 767 513 1,863 

Locomotives 3,562 3,299 3,258 1,677 1,400 1,318 19,153 

Freight 3,351 3,171 3,142 U U U 18,835 Intercity passenger 211 128 116 U U U 318 

Transit 13,156 13,140 13,049 N N N 92,961 

Transit railcars 1,913 2,288 2,252 238 322 331 15,747 

Section 12 173 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 12-1

Number of Transportation Vehicles/Equipment—Continued

Canada Mexico 

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 

Water transportb NNNNNNN 

Passenger vessels N N N 62 58 57 U 

Recreational boats NNNNNNU 

Passenger cruise 55 52 50 N N N U Other passenger 87 87 88 62 58 57 U 

Freight vessels 1,082 747 734 1,938 1,916 1,903 U 

Liquid 47 31 29 34 33 32 4,216 

Tanker 44 31 29 34 33 32 213 Tank/barge 3 0 0 N N N 4,003 

Dry bulk carrier 83 74 73 3 1 1 81 Other dry cargo 89 40 40 242 229 222 27,940 

Container 1 1 1 N N N 89 Specialized carrier 5 0 0 13 13 13 143 General cargo 62 39 39 22 16 15 592 Dry cargo barge 21 0 0 207 200 194 27,116 

Miscellaneous types 863 602 592 1,659 1,653 1,648 U 

Fishing 512 312 298 1,437 1,392 1,392 U Offshore vessels 44 23 27 25 56 56 1,177 Tow boatsc 0 178 178 80 97 91 5,213 

Other 307 89 89 117 108 109 N 

aAir data are for 1992, the earliest year for which data are broken out in this fashion.bUnless noted, water transport vessels represent those which are operated by the individual country but not necessarily owned. Vessels are organized 

Classification of Ship Type (ICST).

cTowboats include both pushboats and tugboats.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. p = Data are preliminary. r = Data are revised. U = Data are unavailable.

174 Section 12 North American Transportation in Figures ▲
tabl e 12-1

Number of Transportation Vehicles/Equipment−Continued

NOTESAll CountriesAir: For Canada and the United States, on-demand air taxis are included in commercial aircraft and are excluded from general aviation. For the United way the data are sometimes presented. For Mexico, air taxis are included in the total for commercial aircraft and are not identifiable as jet and non-jet Road: Personal vehicles, light trucks: Mexico’s total for personal vehicles includes light trucks (such as sports utility vehicles, pickups and minivans). Hther disaggregate light trucks. The U.S. total for personal vehicles does include light trucks, and light trucks are also identified as a separate vehicle calight trucks such as pickups in its total for commercial freight vehicles. Canada’s total for personal vehicles does not include light trucks. However, light 

overall road total.Water Transport: Freight vessels: The total for freight vessels represents the sum of the liquid, dry bulk carrier, other dry cargo and miscellaneous type for container and tank barge vessels have not been included in its total because data for these types of vessels are nonexistent.CanadaBuses (charter, intercity and local motor): Data are derived from a sample of Canadian companies engaged in scheduled intercity bus, urban transit, sctypes of bus service from Statistics Canadas annual Survey of the Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Industry. Local motor buses are also included in tvehicles.Commercial freight vehicles: Data are based on Statistics Canada’s Motor Carriers of Freight Survey, supplemented by data from Canada’s vehicle reg

commercial freight vehicles is not a sum of single-unit trucks and truck-tractors, because other types of freight vehicles are included in the commercial single-unit trucks and truck-tractors are estimates for owner-operators and/or Canadian for-hire motor carriers earning annual revenues greater than or Transit: The total for Canadian transit includes transit rail and local motor bus. Transit rail includes commuter rail, heavy rail and light rail.MexicoCommercial aircraft: Includes taxis not identified in the records as jets or non-jets. Data for taxis are 714 in 1990, 1,051 in 1995 and 950 in 1996.Road (intercity buses and commercial freight vehicles): Data refer to vehicles devoted to the federal public service and private service.United StatesAir and general aviation: Rounded to the nearest 100.Road: All U.S. road data represent registered vehicles, except local motor buses which are active passenger vehicles. Totals for all road vehicles compintercity, charter, school and local motor bus. Local motor buses are also included in the total number of transit vehicles. Passenger cars include taxis. trucks and sports/utility vehiclesRail: Freight rail cars (except those owned by car companies and shippers) and locomotives are Class I railroads only. See Appendix B for the number companies and shippers.Transit: The total for U.S. transit includes transit rail, local motor bus as well as trolley buses, ferries and transit for the disabled. Transit rail includes corail. The number of commuter railcars includes locomotives.Water: Recreation and fishing vessels: Represent U.S. owned- and operated-vessels.All other vessels: Represent U.S. flagged vessels. U.S. flagged vessels are U.S. operated but not necessarily owned.

Section 12 175 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 12-1

Number of Transportation Vehicles/Equipment−Continued

SOURCESCanadaAir: International Civil Aviation Organization. Civil Aircraft on Register. Digest of Statistics No. 437. (Montréal, Que.: 1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue No. 53-215-XPB; Road Motor Vehicle Registrations, Catalogue No. 53

Canada, Catalogue No. 53-222-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Transit: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit, Catalogue 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Water transport: Lloyd’s Register of Shipping. Statistical Tables - 1990 Table 2, and World Fleet Statistics - Table 2, Editions 1995 and 1996. (London, 

MexicoAir: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras, 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática based on data collected by the Departamento del Distrito Federal, Dirección General d

Direcciones de Policía y Tránsito Estatales y Municipales. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas. Based on data collected by the Sistema de T

in México City, Sistema de Transporte Eléctrico de la Zona Metropolitana in Guadalajara and Sistema de Transporte Colectivo in Monterrey. (Mexico CWater transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

United StatesAir: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Administrator’s Fact Book. (Washington, DC: August 1998 and December 1996

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey. (Washington DC: April 1998).

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).National Railroad Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Transportation. U.S.Coast Guard. Office of Marine Safety. Merchant Vessels of the United States. (Washington, DC

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, Calendar Year 1996. (New Orleans, LA

176 Section 12 North American Transportation in Figures ▲
Growth in Number of 

Total Road Vehicles: 

1990 to 1996

Notes and sources: See Table 12-1.

(Percent change)

12-1a

1.2

21.9

8.9

Canada Mexico United States

Total Road Vehicles per 

1,000 Residents: 1996 

Notes and sources: See Table 12-1 and Table 1-1.

12-1b

573

132

793

Canada Mexico United States

f i gu r e f i gu r e

Section 12 177 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 12-2

Vehicle-Kilometers by Mode

(Millions of vehicle-kilometers)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Air N N N N N N 14,200 13,600 13,400

Air carriers N N N 125 358 306 6,400 7,500 7,700

Road N e

317,130 NNNN 3,451,900 3,898,800 3,994,700

Personal vehicles N e

271,124 NNNN 3,207,400 3,601,700 3,690,100

Passenger cars N e

216,360 NNNN 2,266,600 2,314,600 2,362,000

Motorcycles N e

1,044 NNNN 15,400 15,800 15,900

Light trucks N e

53,720 NNNN 925,400 1,271,400 1,312,100

Bus 1,427 1,677 1,604 N N N 9,200 10,300 10,500

Charter 100 135 157 N N N N N N

Intercity 168 154 130 N N N N N N

Local motor 769 742 716 N N N 3,400 3,500 3,500

School 390 646 600 N N N N N N

Commercial freight vehicles N e

44,329 NNNN 235,300 286,800 294,200

Single-unit trucks N N NNNN 83,500 100,900 103,000

Tractor N N NNNN 151,800 185,900 191,200

Rail, train-kilometers 125 140 135 48 39 41 665 789 803

Freight 101 119 113 27 24 26 612 737 754

Intercity passenger 24 21 22 21 15 15 53 51 48

Transit N N NUUU 5,217 5,713 p

5,895

Transit rail N N NUUU 1,246 1,303 1,323

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. p = Data are preliminary. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Canada

Road, all data except bus: The number of total road vehicle kilometers for 1995 is an estimate. See Appendix B for explanation.

Bus: All bus data are from a sample of Canadian companies engaged in scheduled intercity bus, urban transit, school bus and charter

and other types of bus service from Statistics Canada’s annual Survey of the Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Industry.

Transit: Although vehicle kilometers for transit rail are nonexistent, vehicle kilometers for local motor bus are included under road,

buses.

Mexico

Air: Includes only kilometers traveled by domestic airlines under scheduled operations serving domestic and international flights.

Road: Although no data are collected for vehicle travel on all Mexican roads, the Mexican Institute of Transport (IMT) estimates that the

total vehicle-kilometers for all types of passenger cars, trucks and buses using the main interurban road corridors (of which there are

10) is approximately 36 billion vehicle kilometers per year. Main interurban road corridors comprise 25,190 kilometers or approximately

5 percent of the Mexican national highway network. For additional information on main interurban road corridors and Mexico’s national

road network, see the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT) report, Modernization of the Main Highway System (Mexico

City, D.F.: 1998.)

SOURCES

Canada

Road: Transport Canada. Transportation in Canada 1997 - Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). Transport Canada. Economic Analysis

Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Bus: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue No. 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

178 Section 12 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 12-2

Vehicle-Kilometers by Mode−Continued

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: 1986-1997).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey. (Washington, DC:

1990, 1995 and 1996).

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC:

1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department. Private communication.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Transit: American Public Transit Association (APTA). Transit Fact Book 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Section 12 179 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
180 Section 12 North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on A

Overview of

Transportation

Statistics in Canada,

Mexico and the

United States

append i x

North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 183 ▲

append i x A

Overview of Transportation Statistics in Canada,

Mexico and the United States

OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION

STATISTICS IN CANADA

Overview of the Canadian Statistical

System

The Canadian statistical system is relatively

centralized. Statistics Canada is legislated,

pursuant to the Statistics Act, as the central

agency to collect, compile, analyze and

publish statistical information relating to the

commercial, industrial, financial, social,

economic and general activities and condition

of the Canadian people. However, all federal,

provincial and territorial departments and

agencies maintain statistical and administrative

information in support of their roles and

activities.

Specific Sources of Canadian

Transportation and Transportation

Related Data and Information

In addition to Statistics Canada, other

organizations identified as collecting and/

or maintaining transportation-related

information include: Transport Canada,

Canadian Coast Guard/Department of Fisheries

and Oceans, Transportation Safety Board of

Canada, Pilotage Authorities, and Railway

Association of Canada. The following section

discusses the roles and responsibilities of

these agencies and organizations. This list

represents many of the Canadian sources used

in this publication, but should not be viewed

as exhaustive. A brief description of each

organization’s general mission and functions

is provided as well as its specific data

activities. However, detailed information on

agency data activities are not described

extensively here. Additional information on

specific surveys, methodologies, dissemination

and other items can be found at the web sites

of individual organizations described below.

Statistics Canada

Web site: www.statcan.ca

Statistics Canada is Canada’s national

statistical agency, with programs organized

into three broad subject matter areas:

demographic and social; socio-economic; and

economic. Under the Statistics Act, Statistics

Canada is required to collect, compile,

analyze, abstract and publish statistical

information on virtually every aspect of

Canada’s society and economy.

Statistics Canada is divided into about 60

divisions, each of which is responsible for a

particular activity in the collection,

processing or dissemination of statistics.

These divisions are grouped together into

the following six fields: (1) Business and

Trade Statistics, (2) National Accounts and

Analytical Studies, (3) Social, Institutional and

Labor Statistics, (4) Informatics and

Methodology, (5) Management Services and (6)

Communications and Operations. Each of

these fields reports to the Chief Statistician

of Canada. Many divisions function as regular

producers of a particular set of data, which

is why there often will be a particular subject

matter division identified as the originating
184 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

source of data from Statistics Canada.

Statistics are collected from different sources

and in different ways. Statistics Canada data

are generally produced from surveys but also

can be generated as a by-product of

administrative activities.

Business and Trade Statistics Field

The Business and Trade Statistics Field at Statistics

Canada produces a wide range of monthly, quarterly

and annual statistics on manufacturing, primary

industries, transportation, communications,

computing, construction, agriculture, merchandising

services, external trade, prices, business finance,

science and technology, small business, public

finance, regional industrial structure and related

areas. The Industry Statistics Branch and the Prices,

International Trade and Finance Statistics Branch

comprise the Business and Trade Statistics Field. The

Industry Statistics Branch covers agriculture;

transportation; distributive trades; manufacturing,

construction and energy; and services. The Prices,

International Trade and Finance Statistics Branch

covers industrial organization and finance,

international trade, investment and capital stock,

prices, science and technology and small business

and special surveys. The Transportation;

International Trade; and Manufacturing, Construction

and Energy divisions are major contributors to

Canadian transportation data, and are described in

more detail below.

Transportation Division. The Transportation

Division collects, publishes and makes

available statistics on air, rail, road and water

transportation industries and on related traffic

and infrastructures. The Transportation

Division includes among its activities, the

Aviation Statistics Centre, a Surface and Marine

Section and a Multimodal unit. The Aviation

Statistics Centre covers statistics on air

carrier financial and operating statistics; air

traffic at Canadian airports; volume of cargo;

origin and destination of scheduled air

passengers travelling within Canada,

between Canada and the United States and

internationally; international and domestic

air charter statistics; airport activity and

traffic flow; fare type statistics; aircraft

utilization.

The Surface and Marine Section and Multimodal

unit cover railway financial and operating

statistics, equipment and length of track, fuel

consumption and employment statistics,

freight and passenger traffic, freight loaded,

receipts from and deliveries to U.S. rail

connection, commodity movement between

provinces and to and from U.S. regions, motor

vehicle registrations and related licenses,

gross and net sales of motor fuels. The

Surface and Marine Section also includes

trucking and marine units. The Trucking unit

covers financial and operating statistics on

motor carriers of freight; domestic, and

international commodity origin-destination

statistics of the Canadian domiciled for-hire

trucking industry (domestic and international);

private trucking statistics. The Marine unit

covers financial and operating statistics on

water carriers, including number and kind of

vessels, employment, fuel consumption, type

of service; shipping and port activities;

commodities loaded and unloaded;

containerized commodities; ports of loading

and unloading; number, kind, operating status

and registry (flag) of vessels arriving at and

leaving Canadian ports; foreign port of origin,

or destination.

Manufacturing, Construction and Energy

Division. The Manufacturing, Construction

and Energy Division conducts monthly

surveys on manufacturing, forestry,

construction and energy to produce a range

of current indicators such as shipments or

sales, inventories and orders. The division

also conducts annual surveys covering

manufacturing, forestry, construction,

mineral fuels, pipelines and utility industries
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 185 ▲

to produce a range of cost structure, material

input, commodity output and employment

data.

International Trade Division. The International

Trade Division is responsible for the

compilation, analysis and dissemination of

Canada’s merchandise exports and import

statistics, including mode of transportation

information, and related price and volume

indexes. Beginning with the year 1996, a

weight variable (in kilograms or metric tons)

for each commodity traded internationally

became available.

National Accounts and Analytical Studies

Field

The National Accounts and Analytical Studies

Field at Statistics Canada is responsible for

providing a set of macroeconomic series

within the five complex frameworks of the

Canadian System of National Accounts. It

provides a broad band of research and

analysis intended to animate society’s

perception of social and economic behavior,

and undertakes research and development

statistical techniques. Two branches,

Analytical Studies and the System of National

Accounts, comprise the National Accounts and

Analytical Studies Field. The Analytical Studies

Branch covers business and labor market

analysis, current economic analysis, family and

community support systems, microeconomic

studies and analysis and social and economic

studies. The System of National Accounts Branch

covers the balance of payments, industry

measures and analysis, input-output, national

accounts and environment and public

institutions. The Balance of Payments, InputOutput, National Accounts and Environment

and Public Institution divisions are major

contributors to Canadian transportation data,

and are described in more detail below.

Balance of Payments Division. The Balance

of Payments Division produces statistics on

transactions and positions between Canada

and other countries.

Input-Output Division. The Input-Output

Division develops annual input-output tables

and annual labor and multifactor

productivity accounts for the business sector

industries in Canada, interprovincial inputoutput tables with trade flows on an

occasional basis and structural economic

models of the Canadian and Provincial

economies.

National Accounts and Environment Division.

The National Accounts and Environment

Division is responsible for the conceptual and

statistical integration of Statistics within the

System of National Accounts.

Public Institutions Division. The Public

Institutions Division produces statistics on

the financial activities and employment of

the Canadian public sector.

Social, Institutional and Labor Statistics Field

The Social, Institutional and Labor Statistics

Field at Statistics Canada conducts a wide

range of statistical programs dealing with

virtually all aspects of the social, institutional

and labor market characteristics and

activities of Canadians. The field is

comprised of the Census and Demographic

Statistical Branch, the Institutional and Social

Statistics Branch and the Labor and Household

Survey Branch. The Census and Demographic

Statistical Branch covers census analysis;

census operations; demography; and housing,

family and social statistics. The Institutional

and Social Statistics Branch covers culture,

tourism, health and the Centre for Education

Statistics. The Labor and Household Survey

Branch covers household surveys, labor and

household surveys analysis, labor and

special surveys. The Census Operations;

Labor and Household Surveys Analysis; and

Culture, Tourism and Centre for Education
186 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Statistics divisions are major contributors to

Canadian transportation data, and are

described in more detail below.

Census Operations Division. The Census

Operations Division is responsible for the

planning, development and implementation

of all production-related operations of the

periodic decennial and quinquennial censuses

of population, Canada’s national inventory of

key social-economic phenomena.

Labor and Household Surveys Analysis

Division. The Labor and Household Surveys

Analysis Division provides resources for the

content, analysis and evaluation of income

and labor market related data, including data

on labor force status, occupation, labor

compensation, pensions, industry, individual

and family income and expenditure, for both

census and sample surveys.

Culture, Tourism and the Centre for

Education Statistics Division. The Culture,

Tourism and the Centre for Education

Statistics Division is responsible for Cultural

Statistics, the Travel and Tourism Programs

and Education Statistics. The Travel and

Tourism Statistics Program manages two

surveys: the Canadian Travel Survey (which

measures Canadian domestic travel) and the

International Travel Survey (which provides

statistics on Canadian and Foreign

international tourist movements). Statistics

Canada is a major user of this information,

in particular for the purpose of providing

estimates of receipts and payments for the

Travel Account component of the Balance of

Payments. The information also is used by

the National Accounts and Environment

Division for the purpose of maintaining the

Tourism Satellite Account, which provides a

means of measuring tourism activities in

relation to other economic activities in

Canada. Other federal and provincial

departments as well as many private-sector

business use tourism data to monitor market

share and develop business strategies.

Informatics and Methodology Field

The Informatics and Methodology Field at

Statistics Canada ensures that the statistical

methodology used by all surveys is sound

and statistically efficient, and provides

leadership for and management of

information processing in Statistics Canada.

The field is comprised of the Classification

Systems Branch; the Informatics Branch and

the Methodology Branch. The Classification

Systems Branch covers business register,

geography, standards and tax data. The

Informatics Branch covers informatic users

services, the main computer center and

systems development. The Methodology

Branch covers business and social survey

methods. The Business Register, Geography

and Standards divisions are major

contributors to Canadian transportation data,

and are described in more detail below.

Business Register Division. The Business

Register Division is responsible for the

development and maintenance of a central

register of firms and their constituent

establishments for purposes of statistical

collections.

Geography Division. The Geography Division

maintains Statistics Canada’s geographic

classification infrastructure, develops

geographic concepts and products and

services for clients, including the census, and

is the centre of expertise in the application

of computerized geographic and cartographic

techniques.

Standards Division. The Standards Division

develops standard classifications, monitors

their implementation and establishes official

concordances between international and

Canadian classifications. It standardizes

economic and social concepts, and provides
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 187 ▲

a system of comprehensive documentation

for all surveys conducted in Statistics

Canada. The Division played an important

role in the development of the Standard

Industrial Classification (SIC) and more

recently with the development of the North

American Industrial Classification System

(NAICS).

Management Services Field

The Management Services Field at Statistics

Canada organizes and coordinates internal

management services, including the

development and implementation of all

management policies and systems within the

agency and the assessment of the efficiency

and effectiveness of these programs.

Communications and Operations Field

The Communications and Operations Field at

Statistics Canada provides a full range of

external communication functions, including

respondent, user and media relations. It also

administers the central and regional operational

functions essential to the conduct of the

agency’s statistical programs, including regional

data collection and processing activities,

marketing, publishing and electronic data

dissemination. The field is comprised of the

Marketing and Information Services Branch and

the Regional Operations Branch. The Marketing

and Information Services Branch is responsible

for communications, dissemination and

marketing. The Regional Operations Branch

is responsible for advisory services and survey

operations. The Advisory Services Division

provides an information dissemination

network across the country through nine

regional Reference Centres. Each Reference

Centre has a collection of current publications

and reference documents that provide

customized output and analysis for a fee. The

location of the regional reference centres can

be found in all Statistics Canada publications,

or at the Statistics Canada web site:

www.statcan.ca/english/reference/Refcentre/

refdoc.html

Transport Canada

Web site: www.tc.gc.ca

Transport Canada has traditionally played a

key role in delivering a safe and efficient

transportation system. With passage of the

new Canada Transportation Act in 1996, the

Department has implemented a number of

changes, including commercializing many of

its operational activities, overhauling

transportation policy, streamlining

regulations, reducing subsidies and cutting

overhead. The role of the new Transport

Canada is focused on the development of

relevant transportation policies and

legislation and maintenance of a high level

of safety and security. The department of the

future will no longer own, operate or

subsidize large parts of the transportation

system. The following sections highlight the

areas in Transport Canada that collect,

develop or maintain transportation statistics.

Policy Group

The Policy Group at Transport Canada is

responsible for setting policies relating to

trade and to rail, marine, motor carrier and

air transportation; setting departmental

strategic policy; assessing the performance

of the overall transportation system and its

components; and developing supporting

information. Within the Policy Group, the

Economic Analysis Directorate is responsible

for meeting most of the statistical needs of

the Policy Group and of Transport Canada.

The Economic Analysis Directorate meets

these needs by identifying available data

sources, such as Statistics Canada and other

federal and provincial departments and

agencies, implementing regulations to collect
188 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

required data not available through other

sources, initiating new surveys and other

instruments to collect required data,

purchasing information from recognized

experts and identifying available data from

other sources such as international

organizations. The Economic Analysis

Directorate also produces short, medium and

long-term forecasts of aircraft traffic, marine

and surface commodity flows and vessel

movements.

Safety and Security Group

The Safety and Security Group at Transport

Canada is responsible for establishing and

administering regulations and standards

necessary for the safe conduct of Canadian

civil aviation; monitoring the operation of

NavCanada (the not-for-profit corporation

whose primary mission is the safe, efficient

and effective delivery of air navigation

services); developing and enforcing marine

regulations; and developing and enforcing

the regulatory aspects of rail safety, the

transport of dangerous goods, and motor

vehicle and motor carrier safety and motor

vehicle emissions.

Within the Safety and Security Group, the Road

Safety Directorate collects, in cooperation

with the Canadian Council of Motor

Transport Administrators (CCMTA), motor

vehicle traffic collision statistics from

Canada’s provincial and territorial

jurisdictions. These statistics are stored in

the Directorate’s Canadian Traffic Accident

Information Database (TRAID), and are

published on an annual basis in a brochure

entitled Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic

Collision Statistics, TP 3322. The Road Safety

Directorate also provides to Natural

Resources Canada, for publication in its

annual Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption Guide,

fuel consumption ratings of new motor

vehicles. The fuel consumption ratings are

submitted to Transport Canada by motor

vehicle manufacturers who certify that the

tests and calculations were carried out in

accordance with approved Transport Canada

methods.

The Transport Dangerous Goods Directorate

also is part of the Safety and Security Group.

Transport Canada is the focal point for the

national program to promote public safety

during the transportation of dangerous

goods. The Transport Dangerous Goods

Directorate serves as the major source of

regulatory development, information and

guidance on dangerous goods transport for

the general public, industry and government.

Through its various components, the

Directorate works closely with other federal

and provincial agencies to implement the

safety program. The Transport Dangerous

Goods Directorate maintains a Dangerous

Goods Accident Information System (DGAIS),

which contains over 100 elements of

information for each accident involving

dangerous goods reported to the directorate.

Access to previous year’s data is made

possible by Statistics Canada.

In addition to these activities, the Canadian

Transport Emergency Centre (CANUTEC) also

is part of the Transport Dangerous Goods

Directorate. The CANUTEC is a national

bilingual advisory centre, which was

established in 1979, and is operated by

Transport Canada to assist emergency

response personnel in handling dangerous

goods emergencies. The CANUTEC has

established a scientific information holding

on chemicals manufactured, stored and

transported in Canada. This holding consists

of several data banks and includes Material

Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) on more than

500,000 commercial products. The CANUTEC

is staffed with professional scientists

specialising in emergency response and
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 189 ▲

experienced in interpreting technical

information and providing advice. The

CANUTEC has participated in a continental

effort to consolidate the interpretations into

an easy to use manual: The 1996 North

American Emergency Response Guidebook.

This guidebook provides information for the

initial response to accidents involving any

of the 3,000 categories of dangerous goods

(this covers all of approximately 500,000

hazardous commercial products transported

in Canada). More information on the

CANUTEC can be found at their web site:

www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/en/menu.htm

Other Canadian Federal Agencies

Transportation Safety Board of Canada

Web site: www.tsb.gc.ca

The Transportation Safety Board of Canada

was established as an independent board in

1990. The agency is concerned with the

analysis of safety failures in the federally

regulated elements of the marine, rail,

pipeline and air transportation systems.

As part of its strategy to advance transportation

safety, the Board produces, on an annual basis,

modal publications (air, rail, water) reporting

on the numbers of modal accidents, incidents,

fatalities and injuries that have been reported

to the Transportation Safety Board for the

calendar year. The Board also makes use of

information technologies, such as the

Internet, to make safety information more

readily available to industry and the public.

Pilotage Authorities

The Pilotage Act, proclaimed in force

February 1, 1972, created four pilotage

regions with specific authorities. The four

Pilotage Authorities (Atlantic, Laurentian,

Great Lakes and Pacific) are Crown

Corporations and are responsible to the

Canadian Parliament through the Minister of

Transport. The role of each of these Pilotage

Authorities is to establish, operate, maintain

and administer, in the interest of safety, an

efficient and economical pilotage service

within their geographical boundaries. Each

authority submits, through the Minister of

Transport, an Annual Report to Parliament.

These annual reports include financial

statements concerning the respective

authority’s activities for the past year, as well

as historical operating statistics indicating

the average number of pilots and pilotage

assignments, by compulsory pilotage area.

Below are the web sites of the four pilotage

regions.

Atlantic Pilotage Authority:

Web site: www.canada.gc.ca/depts/agencies/

apaind_e.html

Great Lakes Pilotage Authority:

Web site: www.canada.gc.ca/depts/agencies/

glpind_e.html

Laurentian Pilotage Authority:

Web site: www.canada.gc.ca/depts/agencies/

lpaind_e.html

Pacific Pilotage Authority:

Web site: www.canada.gc.ca/depts/agencies/

ppaind_e.html

St. Lawrence Seaway Management

Corporation

Web site: www.seaway.ca

The St. Lawrence Seaway Management

Corporation operates the St. Lawrence Seaway

in conjunction with the U.S. St. Lawrence

Development Corporation. The two

organizations produce, on an annual basis,

The St. Lawrence Seaway Traffic Report, a
190 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

statistical publication detailing marine

transport activity on the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Information concerning the St. Lawrence

Seaway Management Corporation also is

readily available from its Annual Report(s)

and from its web site.

Canadian Coast Guard, Department of

Fisheries and Oceans

Web site: www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca

The Canadian Coast Guard’s mandate is

focused on sustainable ocean management

that permits a safe, environmentally

sustainable marine transportation system. It

advances the ocean mandate both through

its internal partnership with Department of

Fisheries and Oceans sector counterparts

and through its primary role of ensuring safe

and environmentally responsible use of

Canada’s waterways. The Canadian Coast

Guard organization splits into five business

lines, which include marine navigation

services; marine communications and traffic

services; ice-breaking operations; rescue,

safety and environmental response activities;

and fleet management.

Marine Atlantic Inc.

Web site: www.marine-atlantic.ca

Marine Atlantic Inc. is a federal Crown

corporation, and its mission is to provide

quality, safe and efficient transportation and

hospitality services. It has a single mandate,

the constitutional year-round ferry service

linking Port aux Basques, Newfoundland, and

North Sydney, Nova Scotia and the seasonal

alternative ferry service between North

Sydney and Argentina, Newfoundland.

Information concerning Marine Atlantic’s

ferry services, including operational,

financial and traffic information, is available

from its Annual Report and on its web site.

Natural Resources Canada

Web site: www.NRCan.gc.ca

The Energy Sector at Natural Resources Canada

promotes the sustainable development and

safe and efficient use of Canada’s energy

resources. The Energy Sector also provides

technical knowledge and advice to the energy

industry and to government. Its knowledge

base helps the Canadian government create

policies, implement regulations, meet

international commitments and enhance job

creation and economic growth.

Nongovernment Organizations and

Associations

This list represents selected nongovernmental

organizations and associations that were used

as Canadian resources for this publication.

This list should not be viewed as an exhaustive

list of nongovernmental organizations and

associations that maintain and analyze

transportation and transportation related data

for Canada. A brief description of each

organization’s general mission and functions

is provided as well as its specific data activities.

NAV CANADA

Web site: www.navcanada.ca

NAV CANADA is the country’s wholly private,

not-for-profit provider of civil air navigation

services (ANS). From over 130 facilities coast

to coast, including Area Control Centers, Air

Traffic Control Towers, Flights Service

Stations and a network of electronic

navigation aids, NAV CANADA delivers air

traffic control flight information, and airport

advisory services to the regional, national

and international air transport communities

and general aviation. NAV CANADA provides

aircraft movement statistics that it records

at Canada’s airports to Transport Canada and

the Aviation Statistics Center of Statistics

Canada, for publication on an annual basis
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 191 ▲

in their joint publication, Aircraft Movements

Statistics, TP 577.

NAV CANADA also provides aircraft movement

statistics it records at Canada’s national

airports to the Economic Analysis Directorate

of Transport Canada. These statistics are used

by Transport Canada to make forecasts, on a

contractual basis with the national airports,

of future aircraft movement volumes that the

airport authorities use to plan their airport’s

future facility requirements. NAV CANADA

also produces periodic publications that

provide information relating to the Air

Navigation System, as well as annual reports

that provide a financial profile of its

organization.

Railway Association of Canada

Web site: www.railcan.ca/

The Railway Association of Canada (RAC) is

the industry association of freight, passenger

and commuter railways that operate

throughout Canada. Operating, financial and

traffic information are available from the RAC

web site and from their annual statistical

report “Railway Trends.” The RAC web site

also identifies member railway companies

and has links to the web site of member

railways and the Transportation Safety Board

of Canada.
192 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Transportation statistical subject Canadian sources for data and analysis

Country Overview Statistics Canada

Transportation and the Economy Statistics Canada and Transport Canada

Transportation Safety Air: Transportation Safety Board of Canada and

 Transport Canada

Road: Transport Canada and Statistics Canada

Pipeline: Transportation Safety Board of Canada

Rail: Transportation Safety Board of Canada

Water: Transportation Safety Board of Canada

 and Canadian Red Cross

Transportation, Energy and the Environment Natural Resources Canada, Transport

 Canada and Statistics Canada

Domestic Freight Activity Air: Statistics Canada

Water: Statistics Canada and Transport Canada

Pipeline: Statistics Canada

Road: Statistics Canada

Rail: Transport Canada and Statistics Canada

North American Merchandise Trade Statistics Canada

International Merchandise Trade Between Statistics Canada

North America and the Rest of the World

Domestic Passenger Travel Air: Statistics Canada

Road: Statistics Canada and Transport Canada

Transit: Statistics Canada

Rail: Statistics Canada

North American Passenger Travel Statistics Canada

International Passenger Travel Between Statistics Canada

North America and the Rest of the World

Transportation Infrastructure Air: Natural Resources Canada and Transport

 Canada

Water: Transport Canada and Statistics Canada

Pipeline: Statistics Canada

Road: Transportation Association of Canada

 and Transport Canada

Rail: Statistics Canada

Transportation Vehicles Air: International Civil Aviation Organization

Water: Lloyds Register of Shipping

Road: Statistics Canada and Transport Canada

Transit: Statistics Canada

Rail: Statistics Canada
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 193 ▲

OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION

STATISTICS IN MEXICO

Overview of the Mexican Statistical

System

The Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática (INEGI or the National

Institute of Statistics, Geography and

Informatics) is the only federal agency in

Mexico whose main responsibility is to gather,

process, create, compile and disseminate

statistical information on a wide variety of

social and economic issues. INEGI receives

its authority from the Ley de Información

Estadística y Geográfica (Statistical and

Geographic Information Act). In compliance

with the Statistical and Geographic Information

Act, INEGI is responsible for the coordination

of the national statistical system and the

national system on geography information, as

well.

Specific Sources of Mexican

Transporation and Transportion

Related Data and Information

In addition to INEGI, many federal agencies

and institutions also gather, process, create,

compile and disseminate statistics on

transportation. These statistics are based

on census projects, surveys by sampling and

administrative records. In addition to these

federal sources, many state and municipal

governments also generate different types of

statistical information, in support of their

missions and as a by-product of specific

administrative functions. A brief description

of each organization’s general mission and

functions is provided as well as its specific

data activities. However, detailed information

on agency data activities are not described

extensively here. Additional information can

be found at the web sites of individual

organizations described below.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática (INEGI)

National Institute of Statistics,

Geography and Informatics

Web site: www.inegi.gob.mx

INEGI’s mandate includes statistics, geography

and informatics (information technology).

INEGI’s Statistical Directorate is responsible

for providing a wide range of information to

the public. To achieve this mission, social,

demographic and economic statistics are

collected, processed and disseminated. Data

are collected through population, economic

and agricultural censuses; industry and

activity specific surveys (for example:

construction, employment, trade, and income

and expenditure of households, amongst

others); administrative records; and the

national accounting system (which in turn,

utilizes basic statistics generated by the

INEGI and other institutions). To perform

these data collection activities, INEGI relies

upon 80 central sources and 60 local sources

located throughout Mexico and within each

of the country’s states. INEGI disseminates

all of its information through printed items

and electronic materials, such as diskettes,

CDs and the Internet

In terms of transportation statistics, INEGI

mainly generates information through

quinquennial census data, and through the

annual data from Mexico’s National Account

System. Statistics on transportation and

related issues also are produced or gathered

through other INEGI projects. This is the case

of data for vehicle registrations, traffic

accidents, transportation characteristics for

different modes of transportation.
194 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Among other responsibilities, INEGI also

must provide the geographical information

that Mexico requires for the planning and

optimal use of territorial resources. At

present, this is done in digital format through

the Sistema Nacional sobre Información

Geográfica (National System on Geographical

Information).

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes (SCT)

Ministry of Communications and

Transportation

Web site: www.sct.gob.mx

The Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes is responsible for the development of a modern, efficient and sufficient

transportation and communication infrastructure that supports sustainable and sound

economic growth in Mexico, and that promotes

the improvement and broadening of efficient

and high quality transportation and

communication services. Within SCT, specific

program areas are responsible for transportation,

generally, and transportation statistics and

information, specifically. These program areas

are described below.

Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante (CGPMM)

General Coordination of Ports and Merchant

Marine

The CGPMM is responsible for the

establishment and implementation of policies,

standards, systems and procedures for

maritime and port activities that encourage the

development of this transportation mode and

port operations. This area provides

statistical information about maritime and

port activity, including data that describe the

infrastructure and movement of freight

shipments and passengers. The CGPMM

Anuario Estadístico: Movimiento de Carga,

Pasajeros y Buques (Statistical Yearbook:

Movement of Shipments, Passengers and

Vessels

Dirección General de Puertos (DGP)

General Directorate of Ports

The DGP oversees the administration of

concessions for Mexico’s port administrations.

This includes oversight concessions of

specific facilities and their use, optimization,

construction, operation and use of public

property and the negotiation for the

extension, amendment, annulment, recovery

or early termination of a concession. The

DGP also administers and oversees the

construction, operation and use of goods at

ports, terminals, marine and port facilities

not under concession, and resolves any

complaints that may be filed because of

public bidding for concessions or agreements

set forth by the (Ports Act) Ley de Puertos.

In terms of statistics, this area gathers and

publishes the data on individual ports,

including ports’ real estate registries (which

provide a description of physical facilities

of a port and associated bodies of water). It

also publishes a statistical report, Los Puertos

Mexicanos en Cifras (Mexican Ports in

Figures), with information about port

infrastructure, shipments, passenger and

container activity, and dredging volumes.

Dirección General de Capitanías (DGC)

General Directorate of Port Authorities

The DGC coordinates and regulates the tasks

performed by Mexico’s Port Authorities

(Capitanías de Puerto) and the relative

delegations under their jurisdiction. It also

provides oversight of the operations of the

Port Authorities, and their correspondence

with the applicable legal regulations. It also

serves as the liaison office for the

communication and coordination among
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 195 ▲

other SCT offices relating to maritime

transportation, including the Dirección

General de Puertos, the Dirección General de

Marina Mercante, the Capitanías de Puerto

and other SCT offices and divisions. The

DGC performs a followup and evaluation of

the results of port and maritime activities.

It also is responsible for providing the

Harbour Masters with information about

pertinent legal, operational, and technical

regulations. In terms of statistics, the DGC

designs software for the adequate control of

port and maritime information and compiles

statistics and a data bank on maritime and

port operations.

Dirección General de Marina Mercante

(DGMM)

General Directorate of Merchant Marine

The DGMM is responsible for the regulation,

promotion, coordination and control of the

Mexican merchant marine. In this capacity,

it manages, coordinates and controls the

Registro Publico Marítimo Nacional (National

Maritime Public Registry) and the Programa

de Abanderamiento (National Flag Vessel

Registration). The DGMM registers and grants

licenses to national flag vessels and Mexican

naval vessels and equipment. In addition,

the directorate compiles a Anuario Estadístico

del Sector Marítimo (Statistical Yearbook of

the Maritime Sector), which contains data on

the navigation of ships and an inventory of

maritime signaling.

Administraciones Portuarias Integrales (API)

Integrated Port Administrations

The APIs are generally public/private

enterprises responsible for the management

of 22 of Mexico’s maritime ports. Of the

current 22 APIs, 15 of these have a majority

share from the Mexican Federal Government,

5 are under the control of state governments

(Baja California Sur, Campeche, Quintana Roo,

Tabasco and Tamaulipas), 1 is completely

private (Acapulco) and one is under the control

of a Trust Fund (Cabo San Lucas). In addition

to port management, the APIs maintain

information about cargo and passenger

activity and vessel entrances and clearances.

Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (ASA)

Airports and Auxiliary Services

Web site: www.asa.org.mx

This organization’s responsibilities include

administrating, operating, modernizing,

building and maintaining Mexico’s airport

network, as well as raising security levels and

increasing the network’s stability and

efficiency.

ASA administers 58 airports, 9 of which have

been concessioned and sold to the private

sector since 1998. ASA produces statistics

that cover passenger, freight and mail

activity in national and international civil

aviation; income per service and operating

costs; and a log of airport operations.

Caminos y Puentes Federales de Ingresos y

Servicios Conexos (CAPUFE)

Federal Roads and Bridges and Related

Services

Web site: www.capufe.gob.mx

CAPUFE is a decentralized federal agency

that is in charge of the management,

operation, conservation, rehabilitation,

expansion, modernization and construction

of roads and toll bridges. As part of its

responsibilities, CAPUFE also generates

statistics based on the vehicle registry that

is taken at toll roads and bridges under its

management. It also compiles organizational

income and expense data.
196 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil

(DGAC)

General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics

This DGAC is responsible for the standards

design, coordination and surveillance of

national and international air public

transportation services, and of auxiliary and

related services and their facilities, and for

the safety oversight of these services. It also

is responsible for determining the necessary

arrangements for concessions, permits and

authorizations to provide air carrier and

private general aviation transportation

services. In terms of statistics, the DGAC is

responsible for conducting and publishing

studies, statistics and operational, financial

and occupational data on passenger and

freight transportation by the commercial air

carriers, and the compilation of information

about aviation accidents and incidents.

Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal

(DGAF)

General Directorate of Federal Motor Carriers

The DGAF is responsible for the regulation,

standards design, surveillance and

sanctioning of public and private motor

carrier services operating on roads under

federal jurisdiction. It also is responsible

for the design of the operational systems for

the motor carrier services. The directorate

generates statistics on the number of motor

carrier companies and their vehicle fleets

and the infrastructure related to such

services.

Dirección General de Planeación (DGP)

General Directorate of Planning

The DGP is responsible for developing the

objectives, strategies and guidelines for the

transportation sector. It works to establish

the effective steps and goals according to

transportation policies and is involved in

developing the necessary planning tools to

support these. The DGP also produces a

cartography of the transport sector, publishes

maps with infrastructure data, road maps and

other graphical documents. In terms of

transportation statistics, this area is

responsible for compiling and publishing

the Anuario Estadístico del Sector

Comunicaciones y Transportes (Annual

Statistical Report on the Communications

and Transportation Sector). This report offers

users a statistical compendium with the most

relevant data on variables and basic

indicators for all modes of transportation.

Dirección General de Policía Federal de

Caminos y Puertos (DGPFCP)

General Directorate of Federal Highway and

Ports Patrol

The mission of this directorate is to

supervise, keep order and guarantee public

safety on roads that are under federal

jurisdiction. In terms of transportation

statistics, the DGPFCP generates data on

motor vehicle crashes, robberies and people

arrested on roads under federal jurisdiction.

Until the end of October 1999, this agency

was part of SCT. After this time, it became

part of the Secretaría de Gobernación

(Ministry of Interior and Governmental

Affairs).

Dirección General de Protección y Medicina

Preventiva en el Transporte (DGPMPT)

General Directorate of Protection and

Preventive Medicine in Transport

The basic task of the DGPMPT is to determine

the physiological conditions that personnel

involved in the operation of different modes

of transportation and related services must

meet, and to document the medical history

of such personnel. In terms of statistics, the

DGPMPT keeps administrative records on
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 197 ▲

medical and physiological exams, and

toxicological tests conducted to decrease

occupational hazards and accidents when

providing transport services.

Dirección General de Servicios Técnicos

(DGST)

General Directorate of Technical Services

In support of highway planning, the DGST

conducts studies and performs and develops

road programs for the construction,

modernization and expansion of free

(nontoll) highway traffic routes, toll roads

and highways under concession. Through

field surveys, it gathers data on the origindestination, weights and dimensions of

motor carriers and traffic volume on Mexico’s

national road network. In addition, the DGST

creates and keeps an updated national

inventory of infrastructure works.

Dirección General de Tarifas, Transporte

Ferroviario y Multimodal (DGTTFM)

General Directorate of Rates, Railroad and

Multimodal Transportation

The basic task of this unit is the definition

of general principles for rate regulations of

air, road and railway transportation services,

and of the services offered and performed

in ground and airport federal areas. The

DGTTFM also is responsible for the

coordination, regulation, control and

sanctioning of services provided within the

railway and multimodal transportation

services, except for operational systems. In

addition, because of the separation of several

railroad lines from Mexico’s national rail

system, this unit is responsible for the

gathering of data on railroad transportation,

a task previously undertaken by the National

Railroads of Mexico (Ferrocarriles Nacionales

de México) prior to 1997.

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (FNM)

National Railroads of Mexico

The FNM is responsible for ensuring a safe,

efficient and competitive railway system to

help satisfy economic needs and establish

closer ties between international and

national markets. Due to the privatization

of some lines of the (National Railway System)

Sistema Ferroviario Nacional, since 1998 this

agency only records statistical information

for the Southeast Railways (Ferrocarril del

Sureste) and short line railroads still under

its control. (Prior to 1998, the FNM was

responsible for statistical information for all

of Mexico’s railroads).

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (IMT)

Mexican Institute of Transport

Web site: www.imt.mx

IMT is a technological research and

development center under SCT. IMT was created

in response to the need for modernizing

infrastructure, optimizing operations,

developing or adapting technologies according

to the country’s needs and promoting national

industrial production. As part of its

organizational mandate, IMT conducts

research projects in the area of public and

private transport. In addition, the Institute

has several programs that are aimed at

developing adequate human capital, through

education and training, for the transportation

sector.

IMT compiles and disseminates an annual

Manuel Estadístico del Sector Transporte

(Statistical Manual for the Transport Sector.)

This publication includes official

transportation and transportation related

statistics for all modes of transport. The

manual aims to offer those interested in the

subject an overall perspective on the

evolution of multimodal and intermodal
198 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

transport in Mexico. Similarly, the IMT

collaborates with SCT’s Dirección General de

Servicios Técnicos (Technical Services

Directorate) to develop field surveys on the

origin, destination, weight and size of road

freight transport vehicles. IMT also processes

this field data and publishes statistics

periodically. This annual survey is known as

the Estudio Estadístico de Campo del

Autotransporte Nacional (Field Statistics Study

of National Auto Transport).

Servicios a la Navegación en el Espacio Aéro

Mexicano (SENEAM)

Navigation Services in Mexican Air Space

Web site: www.sct.gob.mx/estructura/

seneam.htm/

SENEAM provides air traffic control services,

aeronautical meteorology, radio-aided

navigation, aeronautical telecommunications,

airplane dispatching, aeronautical information,

operational messages, administrative

services of any kind required by companies,

government offices, agencies or individuals

in national and international air transport

activities, and all services necessary to

guaranty safety, order and a smooth traffic

flow. SENEAM also generates statistical

information on infrastructure, equipment,

operation and support services for air

navigation, as well as writing, updating and

distributing the Publicación de Información

Aeronáutica (Aeronautical Information

Publication).

Unidad de Autopistas de Cuota (UAC)

Toll Highway Unit

The UAC is responsible for permits and

authorizations for the construction of road

access, crossings and facilities for Mexico’s

toll roads. The unit is also in charge of

recording the fees being collected at toll roads

and bridges. In terms of statistics, this office

gathers data on all vehicles that travel on toll

roads and bridges and conducts statistical

analysis and operational evaluations. In its

statistical analysis, the UAC includes data

from the Caminos y Puentes Federales de

Ingresos y Servicios Conexos (Federal Roads

and Bridges and Related Services) in

calculating the levels of vehicle traffic. These

data are measured in annual and monthly

average daily traffic.

Other Mexican Federal Agencies

Banco de Mexico, BANXICO

Bank of Mexico

Web site: www.banxico.org.mx

BANXICO ́s chief purpose is to supply

national currency to the country’s economy.

In achieving this goal, the central bank’s

primary objective is to maintain the stability

of the currency’s purchasing power. The bank

also helps promote the development of the

financial system and ensures a smooth

functioning of payment systems. In

coordination with other organizations,

BANXICO is responsible for compiling,

analyzing and publishing economic and

financial statistics. In terms of transportation

statistics, BANXICO generates data on tourism

flows, differentiating between tourists that

enter or leave the country by land or by air.

Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de

Energía, CONAE

National Commission for Energy

Conservation

Web site: www.conae.gob.mx

The Commission serves as a technical

consulting agency on energy conservation

and efficiency for federal agencies and

entities, state and municipal governments,

and individuals. The Commission is

comprised of representatives from several
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 199 ▲

other federal Ministries. CONAE is

responsible for promoting energy

conservation across all sectors of the Mexican

society and economy. Specifically, CONAE’s

most important functions are promoting,

coordinating and evaluating strategies;

programs and action on energy conservation

and efficiency; and developing and

disseminating research, technologies and

studies to support these objectives.

Comisión Reguladora de Energía, CRE

Energy Regulation Commission

Web site: www.cre.gob.mx

The mission of the CRE is to promote efficient

development of the gas and electrical energy

sectors for the benefit of users. To meet this

objective, the Commission regulates the

electric and natural gas industries in Mexico.

The activities regulated and defined in the

Ley de la CRE (CRE Act) are generating,

operating, transforming, marketing and

supplying electrical energy, as well as

regulating the transport, storage and

distribution of petroleum and natural gas.

Instituto Nacional de Ecología, INE

National Institute of Ecology

Web site: www.ine.gob.mx

The INE is part of the Secretaría de Medio

Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca

(Ministry of the Environment, Natural

Resources and Fisheries), and is responsible

for developing environmental policies and

applying different provisions for regulating

and managing the environment. Its

responsibilities cover both sectoral as well

as regional subjects. Because of the impact

that transportation has on the environment,

INE also engages in transportation related

activities and projects. Among these are:

determining standards for the maximum

allowable levels for automotive vehicle

emissions; carrying out emissions inventories

of the atmosphere by sector and greenhouse

effect gases; evaluating the environmental

impact for building and operating general

transport routes (roadways, railways,

airports, etc.); establishing air quality

monitoring networks; and gathering

information from these activities.

Instituto Nacional de Migración, INM

National Institute of Migration

The INM is part of the Secretaría de

Gobernación (Ministry of Interior and

Governmental Affairs,) and is in charge of

planning, executing, controlling, supervising

and evaluating migratory services, as well as

coordinating with other federal agencies that

also have responsibilities in the area of

migration. INM documents and registers the

entrance and exit of nationals and foreigners

by land, air or maritime routes. Statistical

information is generated according to

concepts established in the Ley General de

Población (General Population Act) and is

provided monthly to the Bank of Mexico to

determine figures for tourist income and

expenditures.

Petróleos Mexicanos, PEMEX

Mexican Petroleum Company

Web site: www.pemex.org.mx

PEMEX is a public, decentralized agency that is

responsible for the exploration and exploitation

of hydrocarbons and the production, storage,

distribution and commercializing of petroleum

and petrochemical products in Mexico. The

agency generates a wide array of information

on these activities.
200 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, SECOFI

Ministry of Trade and Industrial Development

Web site: www.secofi.gob.mx/

The Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento

Industrial is a federal executive agency that

has as its mission the following functions:

formulating and developing general policies

in the areas of industry, mining, international

trade, domestic trade and supply; regulating,

directing and estimating consumer

protection measures; registering industrial

property and commercial ownership;

overseeing and regulating foreign investment

in Mexico; overseeing and regulating

technology transfer and promoting and

organizing industry and technology

development. In regard to transportation

statistics, SECOFI disseminates information on

Mexico’s merchandise trade by mode of

transportation.

Secretaría de Energía, SE

Ministry of Energy

Web site: www.energia.gob.mx/

The Secretaría de Energía has, as its principal

functions, the following: developing Mexico’s

national energy policies; promoting Mexico’s

use of hydrocarbon and nuclear energy,

carrying out energy planning and setting the

economic and social policies for the sector’s

state government enterprises, accomplishing

and promoting research on energy costs and

savings and issuing official energy standards

for Mexico. In terms of transportation

statistics, the SE develops and provides

information on Mexico’s energy balance, and

other energy related indicators.

Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito

Público, SHCP

Ministry of Finance and Public Credit

Web site: www.shcp.gob.mx/index.html

The Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público

is responsible for projecting and

coordinating national development planning

with the participation of interested social

groups; coordinating and developing the

national statistical and geographic information

services; and establishing standards and

procedures for the organization, functioning

and coordination of the national statistical and

geographic information systems, including

coordinating the information services of

federal agencies and organizations. The

Dirección General de Aduanas (General

Directorate of Customs; or Customs Service)

is an agency of the SHCP. The Dirección General

de Aduanas has as its responsibilities some of

the following: promoting programs and

activities in order to implement legislative

policies relating to Customs; preventing

financial offences and crimes; developing,

promoting and evaluating the specific systems,

methods and procedures of the Customs

Service, including the collection of statistical

information on international trade.

Secretaría de Programación y

Presupuesto, SPP

(Former) Ministry of Planning and

Budgeting

The functions and responsibilities of the

Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto

(SPP) were transferred to the Secretaría de

Hacienda y Crédito Público in the first

trimester of 1992.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 201 ▲

Secretaría de Turismo, SECTUR

Ministry of Tourism

Web site: mexico-travel.com

SECTUR is responsible for formulating and

managing policy on the development of

national tourist activities; formulating and

disseminating official information

concerning tourism; coordinating tourism

advertising that is disseminated by various

Federal Government agencies, state and

municipal authorities, and social and private

sectors; and compiling statistics on tourism,

according to provisions set forth by the

Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público

(Ministry of the Finance and Public Credit).
202 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Transportation statistical subject Mexican sources for data and analysis

Country Overview Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

e Informática

Transportation and the Economy Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

e Informática

Banco de México

Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público

Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto

Transportation Safety Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

 Transportes Dirección General de

 Aeronáutica Civil

Road: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

 Geografía e Informática and Secretaría de

 Comunicaciones y Transportes (Dirección

 General de Policía Federal de Caminos y Puertos)

Pipeline: Petróleos Mexicanos

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática

Rail: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

 Geografía e Informática and Secretaría de

 Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México)

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

 Transportes (Coordinación General de

 Puertos y Marina Mercante)

Transportation, Energy and the Secretaría de Energía,

Environment Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía

Comisión Reguladora de Energía

Secretaría de Medio Ambiente,

Recursos Naturales y Pesca

Instituto Nacional de Ecología

Domestic Freight Activity Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

 Transportes (Aeropuertos y Servicios

 Auxiliares and Dirección General de

 Aeronáutica Civil)

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

 (Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal,

 Caminos y Puentes Federales de Ingresos y Servicios

 Conexos, and Instituto Mexicano del Transporte)

Pipeline: Petróleos Mexicanos

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

 (Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México)

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 203 ▲

Domestic Freight Activity–Continued Transportes (Coordinación General de

 Puertos y Marina Mercante and Dirección

 General de Puertos)

North American Merchandise Trade Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

 e Informática,

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

 (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil,

Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante,

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México, and

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte

Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público,

Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial

Banco de México

International Merchandise Trade Between Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

North America and the Rest of the World e Informática,

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil,

Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante,

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México, and Instituto

Mexicano del Transporte

Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público,

Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial

Banco de México

Domestic Passenger Travel Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil and

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte)

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal and

Caminos y Puentes Federales de Ingresos y

Servicios Conexos)

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México)

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

e Informática

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante and Dirección General de Puertos)

North American Passenger Travel Banco de México

Instituto Nacional de Migración

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática

Secretaría de Turismo

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes
204 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

International Passenger Travel Banco de México

Between North America and the Instituto Nacional de Migración

Rest of the World Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática

Secretaría de Turismo

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

Transportation Infrastructure Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil)

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Caminos y Puentes Federales de Ingresos y

Servicios Conexos and Dirección General de

Evaluación)

Pipeline: Petróleos Mexicanos

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática and various local

transit authorities

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México)

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante and Dirección General de Puertos)

Transportation Vehicles Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares and Dirección

General de Aeronáutica Civil)

Road: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática and Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes (Instituto Mexicano del Transporte)

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática and various local transit authorities

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México)

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes

(Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante and Dirección General de Puertos)
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 205 ▲

OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION

STATISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES

Overview of the U.S. Statistical System

The U.S. statistical system is highly

decentralized. Responsibility for producing

federal statistics is divided among

approximately 70 agencies. Eleven agencies,

located in 9 departments, have statistical

activities (collecting, analyzing, producing and

disseminating statistical data) as their primary

mission. These agencies are the Bureau of

Economic Analysis and the U.S. Census Bureau

at the Department of Commerce, the Bureau

of Labor Statistics at the Department of Labor,

the Statistics of Income Division at the

Department of Treasury, the Energy

Information Administration at the Department

of Energy, the National Center of Health

Statistics at the Department of Health and

Human Services, the Bureau of Justice Statistics

at the Department of Justice, the National

Center for Education Statistics at the

Department of Education, the Economic

Research Service and the National

Agricultural Statistics Service at the

Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of

Transportation Statistics at the Department

of Transportation. Each of these agencies

maintains its own separate budget. In

addition, there are approximately 60 other

agencies that also conduct statistical

activities, although statistics are not the

primary mission of these agencies. Oversight

and coordination of the U.S. statistical system

is the responsibility of the Office of

Management and Budget, Office of

Information and Regulatory Affairs (OMB/

OIRA).

Specific Sources of U.S. Transportation

and Transporation Related Data and

Information

The following section discusses the roles and

responsibilities of selected U.S. federal

agencies along with other organizations that

plan, collect, coordinate, develop and

maintain transportation and transportation

related data and information. For some of

these organizations, transportation statistics

are a primary focus. For others, it is one of

many activities, and for some, it represents

a by-product of primary functions. This list

represents many of the U.S. sources used in

this publication, but should not be viewed

as exhaustive. A brief description of each

organization’s general mission and functions

is provided as well as its specific data

activities. However, detailed information on

agency data activities is not described

extensively here. Additional information on

specific surveys, methodologies, dissemination

and other items can be found at the web sites

of individual organizations described below.

Some transportation data and information from

nonfederal sources also are discussed here.

U.S. Department of Transportation

(USDOT)

Web site: www.dot.gov/

The mission of the Department of

Transportation is to serve the United States

by ensuring a fast, safe, efficient, accessible

and convenient transportation system that

meets U.S. vital national interests and

enhances the quality of life of the public. The

Department has five strategic goals: (1)

Safety (promote the public health and safety

by working toward the elimination of

transportation related deaths and injuries),

(2) Mobility (shape an accessible, affordable

and reliable transportation system for all

people and goods), (3) Economic Growth

(support a transportation system that

sustains U.S. economic growth), (4) Human

and Natural Environment (protect and

enhance communities and the natural

environment affected by transportation) and
206 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

(5) National Security (ensure the security of

the transportation system for the movement

of people and goods). The DOT consists of

the Office of the Secretary and twelve

individual operating administrations. These

include the Bureau of Transportation

Statistics, US Coast Guard, the Federal

Aviation Administration, the Federal

Highway Administration, the Federal

Railroad Administration, the Federal Transit

Administration, the Maritime Administration,

National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration, the Research and Special

Programs Administration, the Saint Lawrence

Seaway Development Corporation, the

Surface Transportation Board, the

Transportation Administrative Services

Center and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety

Administration (as of January 2000).

Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Web site: www.bts.gov/

The mission of the Bureau of Transportation

Statistics (BTS) is the development of

transportation data, information and

analysis of high quality and to advance their

effective use in both public and private

decision making. These decisions focus on

transportation investment, policies and

planning decisions in the areas of safety,

economic activity, mobility, national security

and the human and natural environment,

which are also the overarching strategic

goals of the USDOT. BTS compiles, analyzes

and makes accessible information about the

nation’s transportation systems; collects

information on various aspects of

transportation; and enhances the quality and

effectiveness of the USDOT’s statistical

programs through research, the development

of guidelines and the promotion of

improvements in data acquisition and use.

BTS customers include the US Congress,

federal, state and local governments;

transportation-related associations; private

business and industry; universities and the

general public. BTS measures its performance

in terms of specific data and information

outcomes, including relevance, quality,

timeliness, comparability, completeness and

utility.

BTS’ largest data collection programs are the

Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) (conducted

jointly with the Census Bureau) and the

National Personal Transportation Survey/

American Travel Survey (NPTS/ATS, conducted

jointly with the Federal Highway

Administration), to identify where freight and

people go by all modes of transportation. BTS

also sponsors the processing of

transportation related data for U.S.

merchandise land trade and then analyzes

and disseminates this information. In

conjunction with the Bureau of Economic

Analysis at the Department of Commerce, BTS

has developed the Transportation Satellite

Accounts (TSAs) for the United States, which

provide a way to measure both in-house and

for-hire transportation services contribution

to gross domestic product (GDP) in a

framework consistent with the national

accounts. In addition, BTS’ Office of Airline

Information (OAI) collects, maintains and

analyzes financial, market and performance

data of the airline industry. BTS also manages

the National Transportation Library and

leads the Federal Government’s effort in

developing geo-spatial data for

transportation. BTS also is developing the

Intermodal Transportation Data Base (ITDB)

that will link key safety and other data sets

for multimodal analysis through web-based

technologies.

Federal Aviation Administration

Web site: www.faa.gov/

The primary function of the Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA) is to foster the

development and safety of aviation in the
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 207 ▲

United States. FAA maintains a diverse set

of data that supports critical activities in

safety regulation; airspace and air traffic

management; management of air navigation

facilities; research, engineering and

development; testing and evaluation of

aviation systems; airport programs; and

registration of aircraft.

Federal Highway Administration

Web site: www.fhwa.dot.gov/

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

directly administers a number of road

transportation activities, including standards

development, research and technology,

training, technical assistance, highway access

to federally-owned and Indian lands and

commercial vehicle safety enforcement.

FHWA also has a significant role, working

through partnerships, programs, policies and

the allocation of resources, in facilitating the

strategic development and maintenance of

state and local roads and intermodal

transportation systems. FHWA statistical

activities include the collection, analysis and

dissemination of data on the U.S. road

system, infrastructure financing, vehicle fuel

consumption, vehicle registrations, driver

registrations and characteristics of local

travel.

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

Web site: www.fmcsa.dot.gov/

The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier

Safety Administration (FMCSA) is the

issuance, administration and enforcement of

federal motor carrier safety regulations and

the drug and alcohol testing requirements

under U.S. hazardous materials regulations.

FMCSA’s goal is to achieve continuous safety

improvements in the U.S. highway system,

intermodal connections and motor carrier

operations through the development and

promotion of data-driven, analysis-based,

and innovative programs. FMCSA began as

a USDOT operating administration in January

2000. FMSCA collects, analyzes and

disseminates motor carrier safety and

related data.

Federal Railroad Administration

Web site: www.fra.dot.gov/

The mission of the Federal Railroad

Administration (FRA) is to promulgate and

enforce rail safety regulations, administer

railroad financial assistance programs,

conduct research and development in

support of improved railroad safety and

national rail transportation policy and

facilitate the development of new and

improved rail technology. FRA collects,

analyzes and disseminates data on the U.S.

railroad system, including traffic, safety and

accident reports, as well as information on

grade crossings and inspections.

Federal Transit Administration

Web site: www.fta.dot.gov/

The mission of the Federal Transit

Administration (FTA) is to assist public and

private transit companies in the development

of improved transit systems, facilities and

equipment, and to provide assistance to state

and local governments in financing these

systems and facilities. The FTA collects,

analyzes and disseminates operating and

financial data on transit systems and

services in the United States.

Maritime Administration

Web site: www.marad.dot.gov/

The mission of the Maritime Administration

(MARAD) is to promote the development,

operation and maintenance of the U.S.

Merchant Marine. MARAD also seeks to

ensure that the United States enjoys adequate

shipbuilding and repair service, efficient

ports, effective intermodal water and land
208 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

transportation systems, and reserve shipping

capacity in time of national emergency.

MARAD collects, analyzes, maintains and

disseminates data on foreign and domestic

trade, vessel characteristics and itineraries,

port facilities, shipbuilding and repair, ship

values, financial reports and operating

expenses, shipping activities and maritime

employment.

National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration

Web site: www.nhtsa.dot.gov/

The mission of the National Highway Traffic

Safety Administration (NHTSA) is to improve

the safety of motor vehicle transportation

by identifying and eliminating motor vehicle

and road safety problems. NHTSA collects,

analyzes and disseminates data and

information on road and vehicle safety,

including motor vehicle-related crashes,

injuries and fatalities and the economic costs

of these.

Research and Special Programs

Administration

Web site: www.rspa.dot.gov/

The mission of the Research and Special

Programs Administration (RSPA) is to serve

as a long-range research and technical

development arm of the USDOT and to

conduct special programs. Statistical

activities include the collection of data on

the movement of hazardous materials and

the safety of liquid and natural gas pipelines.

Saint Lawrence Seaway Development

Corporation

Web site: www.dot.gov/slsdc/

The Saint Lawrence Seaway Development

Corporation (SLSDC) is responsible for

operating and maintaining the St. Lawrence

Seaway in cooperation with Canada, and for

developing international trade throughout

the Great Lakes Seaway system. Statistical

activities include the analysis and

dissemination of data specific to the St.

Lawrence Seaway.

Surface Transportation Board

Web site: www.stb.dot.gov/

The Surface Transportation Board (STB or

Board) is a bipartisan, independent,

adjudicatory body, housed within the USDOT.

The Board was established following the

termination of the Interstate Commerce

Commission (ICC) in 1995, and assumed

certain ICC regulatory functions. These

included broad economic oversight of

railroads, and more limited oversight of

pipeline carriers, intercity bus carriers, water

carriers engaged in noncontiguous domestic

trade, household goods carriers, and certain

types of motor carriers. The STB collects,

maintains and analyzes economic, financial

and employment data on Class I railroads in

the U.S.

U.S. Coast Guard

Web site: www.uscg.mil/

The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is one of five

branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, and falls

under the jurisdiction of DOT. The USCG is the

country’s oldest continuous seagoing service

with responsibilities that include search and

rescue operations, maritime law enforcement,

navigation aids, icebreaking, environmental

protection, port security and military

readiness. The USCG collects, maintains and

analyzes data on recreational boating safety;

commercial vessel casualties; merchant marine

licensees; USCG inspections of foreign and U.S.

vessels, offshore and port facilities; USCG

search and rescue performance; and pollution

incidents that occur within navigable waters

of the United States.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 209 ▲

U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC)

Web site: www.doc.gov/

The Department of Commerce promotes job

creation, economic growth, sustainable

development and improved living standards

by working in partnership with business,

universities, communities and workers.

Specifically, the Commerce Department

facilitates technology that is used in the

workplace and home every day; supports the

development, gathering and transmitting of

information essential to competitive business;

promotes the diversity of companies and

goods; supports environmental and economic

health for communities; and conducts the

constitutionally mandated decennial census.

U.S. Census Bureau

Web site: www.census.gov/

The U.S. Census Bureau (Census) is responsible

for collecting, tabulating and publishing a

variety of statistical data about the United

States. Census’ responsibilities include the

decennial census of population and housing;

quinquennial censuses of state and local

governments and domestic industries; special

censuses done at the request and expense of

states and localities, and statistical

compilations of U.S. foreign trade. Among its

major transportation data activities are the

Census of Transportation, the Vehicle

Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS), and the

Transportation Annual Survey (TAS). The

Census of Transportation is conducted every

5 years (years ending in 7 and 2), and collects

financial and operational data on domestic

establishments that provide passenger and

freight transportation. The VIUS (formerly

known as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey,

or TIUS) measures the physical and

operational characteristics of the U.S. private

and commercial trucking fleet. The TAS

collects data on revenue, expenses and

vehicle fleet inventories for commercial

motor freight transportation and public

warehousing service industries. In addition,

Census jointly conducts the Commodity Flow

Survey with the Bureau of Transportation

Statistics at DOT.

Bureau of Economic Analysis

Web site: www.bea.doc.gov/

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) is

responsible for preparing, developing and

interpreting sets of economic accounts that

include national income and wealth accounts,

state and regional income and product

accounts and international trade and balance

of payment accounts. In conjunction with

the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, BEA

helped develop the Transportation Satellite

Account (TSA).

International Trade Administration

Web site: www.ita.doc.gov/

The International Trade Administration (ITA)

disseminates data and reports on U.S.

merchandise and service trade, production

prices and foreign direct investment in the

United States. In addition, the Tourism

Industries Office at ITA collects and maintains

data on international travel to and from the

United States.

Other U.S. Federal Agencies

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.

Department of Labor

Web site: www.stats.bls.gov/

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is

responsible for collecting, analyzing and

disseminating data on employment, prices

and consumer expenditures, compensation

and working conditions, productivity and

employment projections. This includes data

for the U.S. transportation sector.
210 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Energy Information Administration, U.S.

Department of Energy

Web site: www.eia.doe.gov/

The Energy Information Administration (EIA)

is responsible for collecting, processing and

publishing energy supply and demand data

and information on energy consumption,

distribution and related technologies. EIA

develops analyses on energy trends and their

micro- and macroeconomic effects. Coverage

includes data on coal, petroleum, natural gas,

and electric and nuclear energy.

Environmental Protection Agency

Web site: www.epa.gov/

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

monitors the quality of the air and drinking,

surface and ground water, ecosystem status

and the introduction of toxic or hazardous

substances into the environment. It conducts

research and studies to provide baseline data

and to evaluate and support environmental

monitoring systems. Established in 1997, the

Center for Environmental Information and

Statistics (CEIS) is EPA’s one-stop source of

data and information on environmental

quality and trends.

National Transportation Safety Board

Web site: www.ntsb.gov/

The National Transportation Safety Board

(NTSB) is an independent federal agency

charged by the U.S. Congress with

investigating every civil aviation accident in

the United States and significant accidents in

the railroad, highway, marine and pipeline

modes. It also issues safety recommendations

aimed at preventing future accidents. The

NTSB compiles, analyzes and disseminates

data and information on transportation

accidents that it investigates.

U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, U.S.

Department of Defense

Web site: www.usace.army.mil/

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is

responsible for the operation and

maintenance of the U.S. waterway system to

ensure efficient and safe passage of

commercial and recreational vessels. The

USACE’s Navigation Data Center (NDC) is

responsible for establishing and maintaining

a variety of navigation-oriented databases.

These include databases of foreign and

domestic waterborne commerce, domestic

commercial vessels, port facilities, lock

facilities and operations and navigation

dredging projects.

U.S. Customs Service, U.S. Department

of Treasury

Web site: www.customs.ustreas.gov/

The U. S. Customs Service (Customs) ensures

that all imports and exports comply with U.S.

laws and regulations. Customs collects and

verifies tariff and trade data, which the

Census Bureau tabulates, analyzes and

disseminates. In addition, Customs collects

and maintains border crossing data for

passengers, vehicles and vessels entering the

United States.

Nongovernment Organizations and

Associations

This list represents selected nongovernmental

organizations and associations that were used

as U.S. resources for this publication. This

list should not be viewed as an exhaustive list

of nongovernmental organizations and

associations that maintain and analyze

transportation and transportation related data

for the United States. A brief description of

each organization’s general mission and

functions is provided as well as its specific

data activities.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 211 ▲

Association of American Railroads

Web site: www.aar.org/

The Association of American Railroads (AAR)

represents North America’s major freight

railroads and Amtrak. Among its activities,

AAR compiles and disseminates a variety of

data on railroads, including its annual

Railroad Fact book, which provides financial

and operating statistics for Class I railroads

in the United States.

American Public Transit Association

Web site: www.apta.com/

The American Public Transit Association (APTA)

represent operators of bus, rapid transit and

commuter rail systems, and the organization

is responsible for planning, designing,

constructing, financing and operating transit

systems. Among its activities, APTA compiles

and publishes transit data, including its annual

Transit Fact Book.

Association of Oil Pipe Lines

Telephone: 202-408-7970

The Association of Oil Pipe Lines is an

unincorporated nonprofit organization, which

among other activities, assembles, maintains

and disseminates current information about

the U.S. oil pipeline industry.

American Gas Association

Web site: www.aga.com/

The American Gas Association (AGA) represents

181 local natural gas utilities that deliver gas

to 54 million homes and businesses in all 50

states. Among its activities, AGA acts as a

clearinghouse for natural gas energy

information.
212 Appendix A ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Transportation statistical subject U.S. sources for data and analysis

Country Overview Data Population and Area: U.S. Census Bureau

Labor Force: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Gross Domestic Product: Bureau of Economic

 Analysis

Transportation and the Economy Bureau of Transportation Statistics

U.S. Census Bureau

Bureau of Economic Analysis

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Transportation Safety Air: Federal Aviation Administration

Water: Maritime Administration and

 U.S. Coast Guard

Road Motor Vehicles: National Highway

 Traffic Safety Administration and Federal

 Highway Administration

Pipeline: Research and Special Projects

 Administration

Transit: Federal Transit Administration

Rail: Federal Railroad Administration

Multimodal Analysis: Bureau of

 Transportation Statistics

Multimodal Investigations: National

 Transportation Safety Board

Transportation, Energy and the Energy: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Environment Energy: Other U.S. DOT Modal

 Administrations

Energy: Energy Information Agency

Environment: Environmental Protection

 Agency

Environment: Bureau of Transportation

 Statistics

Domestic Freight Activity Air: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Water: Army Corps of Engineers

Road: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

 and U.S. Census Bureau

Rail: Federal Railroad Administration

Multimodal: Bureau of Transportation

 Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau

North American Merchandise Trade Air: Bureau of Transportation Statistics and

 U.S. Census Bureau

Road: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Rail: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Pipeline: Bureau of Transportation Statistics
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix A 213 ▲

North American Merchandise Trade–Continued Water: Army Corps of Engineers and Maritime

 Administration

Land Border Crossing: Customs Service

International Merchandise Trade Air: Bureau of Transportation Statistics and

Between North America and the U.S. Census Bureau

Rest of the World Road: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Rail: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Pipeline: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Water: Army Corps of Engineers and Maritime

 Administration

Domestic Passenger Travel Air: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Road: Federal Highway Administration

Transit: Federal Transit Administration and

 American Public Transit Association

Rail: Federal Railroad Administration,

 Amtrak, and American Public Transit

 Association

Long Distance Travel: Bureau of

 Transportation Statistics

North American Passenger Travel Air: Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Long Distance Travel: Bureau of

 Transportation Statistics

Land Border Crossing: Customs Service

International Passenger Travel Between Air: Bureau of Transportation Statistics and

North America and the Rest of the World International Trade Administration

Long Distance Travel: Bureau of

 Transportation Statistics

Transportation Infrastructure Water: Army Corps of Engineers

Road: Federal Highway Administration

Transit: Federal Transit Administration and

 American Public Transit Association

Rail: Federal Railroad Administration,

 Amtrak, and American Public Transit

 Association

Transportation Vehicles Air: Federal Aviation Administration and

 Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Water: Maritime Administration, U.S.

 Coast Guard and Army Corps of

 Engineers

Road: Federal Highway Administration

Transit: Federal Transit Administration

 and American Public Transit Association

Rail: Federal Railroad Administration,

 Amtrak, and American Public Transit

 Association
214 Appendix A North American Transportation in Figures
append i se c t i onx B

Additional Sources

and Technical Notes

North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 217 ▲

Additional Sources and Technical Notes

append i x B

SECTION 1: COUNTRY OVERVIEW

Table 1-1

National Population and Labor Force

Canada

National population and labor force: Statistics Canada Annual Demographics Statistics,

Catalogue no. 91-213-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Urban population: Statistics Canada 1996

Census of Population. A national overviewpopulation and dwelling counts, Catalogue no.

93-357-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

National population: National population data

in this table are based on postcensal population estimates. The estimates are based

on data for each province and territory where

the base population used to derive

postcensal population estimates is the 1991

census count of population by age, sex and

marital status adjusted to July 1, 1991, and

for net census undercoverage. The

postcensal estimates by age, sex and marital

status are obtained by the component

method. The demographic events that occurred between July 1, 1991, and the reference date of the estimate are added to or

subtracted from the July 1, 1991, population.

Demographic events can be divided into two

groups according to the type of data used:

those that data are readily available (births,

deaths, marriages, divorces and immigration)

and events that have to be estimated (interprovincial migration, return of Canadians,

emigration, net changes in nonpermanent

residents and new widowhood).

Urban percentages: Canadian urban and rural population percentages are based on 1996

census counts. Urban and rural data are based

on the following definitions. Canadian urban areas have minimum population concentrations of 1,000 and a population density

of at least 400 persons per square kilometer, based on the previous census population

counts. All territory outside of urban areas

is considered rural. Taken together, urban

and rural areas cover all of Canada.

Labor force: Total labor force refers to the

number of Canadians over the age of 15 who

are in the labor force, whether they are employed or unemployed. Note that not everyone in the 15-and-over age group is in the

labor force. See notes under Tables 2-4 and

2-5 for more detail.

Mexico

National and urban population: Instituto

Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. XI Censo General de Población y

Vivienda, 1990. Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

Perfil Sociodemográfico. (Aguascalientes, Ags.:

1992).

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Conteo de Población y Vivienda,

1995. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Resultados

Definitivos. Tabulados Básicos. (Aguascalientes,

Ags.: 1996).
218 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

e Informática. Conteo de Población y Vivienda,

1995. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Perfil

Sociodemográfico. (Aguascalientes, Ags.:

1997).

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica

Demográfica, 1997. (Aguascalientes, Ags.:

1997).

Labor force: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática. Dirección General

de Estadística. Encuesta Nacional de Empleo,

1991, 1995 and 1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags.:

various years).

National population: The national population

is comprised of Mexican citizens, noncitizen

residents who were living in Mexico at the

time the census was taken and Mexicans in

the diplomatic service. For 1997, data were

taken from the Encuesta Nacional de la

Dinámica Demográfica (National Survey on

Demographic Dynamics). For 1990, 1995 and

1997, there were 0.5, 0.2 and 0.03 million

residents who did not give their age. These

are included in the category “over 65 years

of age.”

Urban percentages: The urban population is

based on areas with more than 2,500 inhabitants.

Population density: Population density was

estimated from the country’s surface area of

1,967,183 square kilometers, using as the

source the XI Censo de Población y Vivienda,

1990 (XI Population and Household Census,

1990).

Labor force: Labor force data were estimated

from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo (National Employment Survey) for the second

quarters of 1991, 1995 and 1996. The estimate was based on the economically active

population, defined as anyone of age 12 or

older (Población Económicamente Activa, or

PEA). The percentage of labor force was calculated using the total population in 1991, 1995

and 1996. The survey, Encuesta Nacional de

Empleo, is a joint effort of the Instituto

Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática and the Secretaría del Trabajo y

Previsión Social (Ministry of Labor and Social

Welfare) with coverage throughout Mexico.

Labor force data in Table 1-1 differ from labor force data in Table 2-4 because the two

tables use different sources. The data in

Table 2-4 are derived from estimates of the

National Account System of Mexico, and are

the number of positions considered as necessary for production. See notes under Table

2-4 for a more complete explanation.

United States

National population and age structure: U.S.

Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States

1998. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table Nos. 12

and 14.

Urban population: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Estimates of the

Population of Metropolitan Areas: Annual Time

Series, July 1, 1991, to July 1, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Population density: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. State Population

Estimates: Annual Time Series , July 1, 1990,

to July 1, 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Labor force: U.S. Department of Commerce.

U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor

Statistics. Current Population Survey. (Washington, DC: 1998).

National population: National population figures for the U.S. represent the resident popu-
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 219 ▲

lation based on the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. Resident population includes all people who usually live within the

United States. This excludes the U.S. Armed

Forces overseas and civilian U.S. citizens

whose usual place of residence is outside the

United States. Data include Puerto Rico and

U.S. Territories. The following formula was

applied to update each group for 1995 and

1996: the 1990 enumeration of resident

population, plus births to U.S. resident

women, minus deaths to U.S. residents, plus

net international migration, and plus net

movement of U.S. Armed Forces and civilian

citizens to the United States.

Urban percentages: Urban percentages are

based on U.S. definitions of these areas. In

general, an urbanized area comprises one or

more places (“central place”) and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory

(“urban fringe”) that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons. Data include Puerto

Rico and U.S. territories. The data for 1990

are revised 1990 decennial census figures.

The data for 1995 and 1996 are population

estimates for those years. These aforementioned estimates incorporate revisions of

estimates from previous years and the results of special and test censuses conducted

by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Labor force: Labor force data represent the

U.S. civilian labor force. The civilian labor

force includes all U.S. citizens aged 16 and

older who have jobs and also includes those

without jobs but who are available for work

and looking for work. This figure excludes

those who work for the U.S. military. The

civilian labor force data include Puerto Rico

and U.S. Territories.

Tables 1-1a, 1-1b and 1-1c

Top Population Centers

Canada

Statistics Canada. Annual Demographics Statistics, Catalogue no. 91-213-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998).

Metropolitan areas: The Canadian Census

Metropolitan Area (CMA) is a very large urban area (known as an “urban core”) plus adjacent urban and rural areas (known as “urban and rural fringes”) that have a high degree of social and economic integration with

the urban core. A CMA has an urban core

population of at least 100,000, based on the

previous census. Once an area becomes a

CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if the population of its urban core declines below

100,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts. A CMA may be consolidated with

adjacent census agglomerations (CAs) if they

are socially and economically integrated.

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad

Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y Precios.

Estadísticas del Medio Ambiente, 1997.

(Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1998).

Metropolitan areas: The table lists the number of people living in the most densely populated areas; these include metropolitan areas, metropolitan zones and cities. By definition a metropolitan area (MA) is formed

when two or more urban sites or cities (located in different municipalities or states)

grow to the point where they have physically

merged, to form a continuous population

concentration of 100,000 inhabitants or

more. A metropolitan zone (MZ) includes the

MA, plus the municipalities to which the components of the MA belong. The other geo-
220 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

graphical locations in Table 1-1b are cities

with populations of 15,000 or more. They

do not meet the definition of Metropolitan

Zones or Areas.

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census

Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States

1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Metropolitan areas: The United States defines

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) as a

core area with a large population (usually

50,000 or more) together with adjacent communities having a high degree of social and

economic integration. If an MSA has a population of more than 1 million, with separate

component areas, it is designated a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA)

with the components designated as Primary

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSA). For

instance the Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange

County, CA CMSA is made up of the Los-Angeles-Long Beach PMSA, the Orange County

PMSA, the Riverside-San Bernardino PMSA and

the Ventura PMSA.

Table 1-2

Area

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. GeoAccess Division. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Land and water area: The official source of

Canada’s land and water area is the

GeoAccess Division of Canada Centre for Remote Sensing in Natural Resources Canada

(NRCan). Area data were calculated in 1981

using planimeters on large-scale maps (scale

of 1: 250 000). GeoAccess produces the National Atlas of Canada, which contains various types of maps showing the extent of

Canada’s land and water area. Water data include inland waters, Great Lakes waters and

coastal waters, but do not include offshore

waters such as fishing zones, internal salt

waters and territorial seas. (Canada has legal jurisdiction over a very large area of offshore waters. The Canadian Hydrographic

Service of Fisheries and Oceans Canada has

determined the total extent of these waters

to be 5.9 million square kilometers.) Canada

is the second largest country in the world,

with a total area (land plus freshwater) of 10

million square kilometers. Located primarily

above the 49th parallel of latitude, Canada

borders on three oceans, the Atlantic to the

east, Arctic to the north and Pacific to the

west.

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

e Informática. Dirección General de

Geografía. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1998).

Land and water area: Data come from semiautomatic digital measurements, which provide accurate values for land area. Water

area represents inland waters (such as

ponds, bays, inlets, lagoons, marshes, etc.),

coastal waters (provided their geography

conforms to the International Agreement on

Maritime Territory (inlet less than 24 nautical miles; i.e., less than 44.448 km)) and territorial seas (waters within 12 nautical miles

of the Mexican shoreline). Data for water

area also include islands (5,127 square km)

and maritime territory (209,000 square km).

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census

Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States

1998. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table No. 387.

Land and water area: U.S. land and water areas are defined by the TIGER (Topologically

Integrated Geographic Encoding and Refer-
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 221 ▲

encing) database maintained at the Census

Bureau. The water data represent the total

of four major water classifications: inland

water (all lakes ponds, rivers, streams, creeks

or similar bodies of water with the exception of the Great Lakes); coastal water (major bays and nonenclosed areas); territorial

seas (water located within 3-nautical miles

of the U.S. shoreline); and Great Lakes water

(includes the five Great Lakes, Lake St. Clair

and the St. Lawrence Seaway). Area data for

U.S. territories can be found in Table 387 of

the 1998 Statistical Abstract of the United

States.

Table 1-3

Gross Domestic Product by Industry

(Current U.S. dollars)

All Countries

Gross domestic product: Gross domestic product (GDP) is an aggregate measure of output

of goods and services produced by factors,

including land, labor and capital, located in

a particular country. As the most widely-used

aggregate indicator of the size of a country’s

economy, GDP measures the total value of

goods and services produced in a given period minus the total cost of goods and services used as intermediate inputs. For an industry, the difference between the total output and the total intermediate input is the

industry’s total value added. Therefore, GDP

is the sum of all industries’ value added or

GDP by industry. GDP by industry shows how

much of the total GDP was created in each

industry.

There are several different valuation approaches to measuring the GDP by industry.

For example, factor cost valuation represents

the earnings of the factors of production and

is measured by the costs of labor (wages and

salaries, supplementary labor income) and

capital inputs (mixed income and other operating surplus) in the production process.

The market price approach brings the valuation of production up to the “market price”

level. In order to derive the measure of GDP

at market prices for the total economy, net

indirect taxes (i.e., indirect taxes less subsidies) should also be added to the measure of

GDP at factor cost as they are part of the

market price of goods and services. The indirect taxes include taxes on production such

as payroll and property taxes and taxes on

products such as sales tax. In Table 1-3, the

United States and Mexico estimates are based

on market price evaluation. The Canadian

estimates are based on an evaluation, which

includes net indirect taxes paid on production and sales taxes paid by industries. The

difference is that sales taxes collected by industries but paid by end users are not included in the Canadian estimates.

The industry categories included in Table 1-

3 are broad aggregates for economic activity by industry. The industry categories included in Table 1-3 are a modified version

of the 1987, U.S. Standard Industry Classification (S.I.C.). At this level, these categories

are generally comparable across the three

countries. However, there are instances

where modifications and recategorization of

individual country data have occurred. These

are explained in the individual country notes.

In general, however, the following definitions,

of these industries are as follows: Agriculture, forestry and fishing includes agricultural

and related service industries, fishing and

trapping industries and logging and forestry

industries. Mining includes mining, quarrying and oil well industries. Construction includes construction industries. Manufacturing includes manufacturing industries. Com-
222 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

munications include communication and related service industries. Utilities include electricity, natural gas, water, sanitation and

other utility services. Wholesale trade includes wholesale trade industries. Retail

trade includes retail trade industries. Finance, insurance and real estate includes finance, insurance and real estate industries.

Services includes business service industries,

education service industries, health and social service industries, accommodation, food

and beverage industries, other service industries and nonprofit institutions serving

households.

The industry subcategories under Transportation are based on the following definitions.

Railroad transportation includes rail transportation and related service industries. Local and Interurban Passenger includes mass

transit transportation (both transit rail and

bus), interurban and rural transit, taxicab,

school and other bus operations, and other

related industries. Trucking, Warehousing

and Storage include truck transportation industries and other storage and warehousing

industries. Water includes water transportation and related service industries. Air includes air transportation and related service

industries. Pipelines, excluding natural gas

includes crude oil and other pipeline transport industries. Transportation services includes other incidental service industries

such as services of travel agencies, tour operators, freight forwarders and brokers,

rental services and other miscellaneous

transportation services.

Canada

Statistics Canada. Input-Output Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1999).

In order to derive the measure of Canada’s

GDP by industry cost for the total Canadian

economy, net indirect taxes (i.e., indirect

taxes less subsidies) paid by industries were

added to the measure of GDP at factor cost.

The “net indirect taxes,” in this case, indicate that subsidies have been subtracted

from the indirect tax total.

The industry categories included in Table 1-

3 are broad aggregates for economic activity by industry. The industry categories included in Table 1-3 are a modified version

of the 1987, U.S. Standard Industry Classification (S.I.C.). Canadian data included in

Table 1-3 are, for the most part, based on

Canada’s 1980 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC-80) with the one exception being

the category of government, which includes

all nonprofit government-funded activity (regardless of industrial activity). Agriculture,

forestry and fishing include: agricultural and

related services industries, fishing and trapping industries and logging and forestry industries. Transportation industries include

related services for railroad, water, air and

transportation services. Trucking, warehousing and storage includes other warehousing

and storage industries. Utilities include natural gas pipeline transport. Services include:

business service industries, accommodations, food and beverage industries, other

service industries and private and nonprofit

institutions servicing households.

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad

Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y Precios.

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México,

1988-1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1997).

The base year for the Sistema de Cuentas

Nacionales de México (Mexico’s National Account System) is 1993, based on the United

Nation’s framework for national accounts. This
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 223 ▲

framework resulted from a joint effort of the

European States Commission (EUROSTAT), the

International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank. The

classification scheme used in Table 1-3 does

not match exactly with that of the Sistema de

Cuentas Nacionales de México, since some

adjustments were made for comparability

purpose across the three countries. The following adjustments were made:

Transportation in this table is based on the

industry category of “Transportation, Warehousing and Communications” in the Sistema

de Cuentas Nacionales de México. (Specifically, “transportation, warehousing and communications” is considered Gran Division 7,

or GD 7 in the Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales

de México.) However, for Table 1-3, the Transportation and Warehousing categories have

been separated from Communications. Under the category “Transportation Services” in

Table 1-3, the following were included: customs agencies, travel agencies, parking lots,

hauling and weighing services and other

transportation related services such as management of ports, airports and bus stations,

coordination of roads and toll booths, control of radar and flight stations and the unloading and stowing of goods. The data for

the category “Utilities” in Table 1-3 are based

on Mexico’s Gran Division 5 (GD 5) in its

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, and

include the following industries: electricity,

natural gas and water. The data for the category “Services” in Table 1-3 are based on

Mexico’s Gran Division 6 (GD 6) in its Sistema

de Cuentas Nacionales de México, and include

the following industries: professional services such as schooling, health care, recreational and others. Restaurants and hotels

also were included in the data for the “Services” category in Table 1-3. In Mexico’s

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, restaurants and hotels would usually be counted

in the category of “Commerce.”

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business.

(Washington, DC: August 1996 and November 1999).

U.S. GDP data by industry in Table 1-3 are

measured at market price, which includes

factor cost and net indirect taxes. The industry classification and definition used in

this table for the United States are generally

based on the U.S. 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). However, some regroupings

have been done for the sake of comparison.

One regrouping has been done for transportation, communications and utilities, which

are classified in Division E in the 1987 SIC.

Utilities include electric, natural gas, sanitation and other miscellaneous utility services.

The Commerce subcategory represents a

combining of the U.S. SIC Division F for

wholesale trade and Division G for retail

trade. Starting in 1996, the Bureau of Labor

Statistics reclassified some of the multimodal

courier services from trucking to the air

transportation industry. It was not possible

to reclassify data for previous years. Therefore, the decrease in the trucking, warehousing and storage industry between 1995 and

1996 is reflective of a change in the data time

series rather than an actual decrease in this

industry. More detailed explanations can be

found in the Standard Industrial Classification

Manual 1987 (U.S. Office of Management and

Budget, Washington, DC).
224 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

SECTION 2: TRANSPORTATION AND

THE ECONOMY

Tables 2-1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Attributed to Transportation-Related

Final Demand

(Current U.S. dollars)

All Countries

Transportation-related final demand is the

sum of all consumer and government expenditures for transportation purposes, plus the

value of goods and services purchased by

businesses as investment for transportation

purposes. It measures the importance of

transportation from a demand perspective.

Since it includes only expenditures on the

final products of an economy, transportationrelated final demand is comparable to Gross

Domestic Product.

Canada

Statistics Canada. Input-Output Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 1-3. Canadian data are

based on Canada’s 1980 Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC–80). However, a number

of Canadian industry classifications were

regrouped for the purposes of this table. The

category “gross private domestic investment”

in Table 2-1 excludes investment in telecommunication structures.

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad

Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y Precios.

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-

1996. (Aquascalientes, Ags: 1997).

See notes for Table 1-3. Mexican data are

based on Mexico’s 1993 Sistema de Cuentas

Nacionales de México (Mexico’s National Account System), for which the base year is

1993. However, a number of Mexican industry classifications were regrouped for the

purposes of this table.

United States

Data used in this Table 2-1 are compiled by

the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)

based on the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts. This table is based on the following primary sources:

1990: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau

of Economic Analysis. Historical Data Tables.

(Washington, DC: 1990).

1995, 1996: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Survey of

Current Business, August 1998, (Tables 2.6,

3.10, 4.3, 5.6, 5.8 and p.148); October 1998,

(Tables 3.16 and 3.17), and special tabulations based on BEA’s underlying statistical

details. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Personal consumption of transportation, total:

Road motor vehicles consist of new autos,

used autos and other road motor vehicles

such as new trucks and used trucks. Motor

vehicles used primarily for recreation, boats,

noncommercial trailers and aircraft are excluded. Road motor vehicle parts include

tires, tubes, accessories and other parts.

Motorcycles and other include motorcycles

and bicycles. Transportation services include

repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage,

rental, leasing, tolls, insurance, purchased

local and intercity transportation services.

Motor fuel and lubricants include gasoline

(all types) and oil used for autos, trucks, airplanes, motorcycles and boats. Details on

airplane and boat shares are not available. A

more detailed description of these items is

provided in the technical notes for Table 2-2.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 225 ▲

Gross private domestic investment, total:

Transportation structures include railroads

and petroleum pipelines. Transportation

equipment consists of trucks, buses, truck

trailers, autos, aircraft, ships and boats and

railroad equipment.

Exports/imports, total: Goods and services

that are counted as part of exports/imports

include civilian aircraft, engines and parts;

road motor vehicles, engines and parts; passenger fares, (including the receipts/payments of U.S./foreign air and ocean/cruise

carriers for the transportation of non-U.S.

residents/U.S. residents between the United

States and foreign countries or between two

foreign points) and other transportation. The

total for road motor vehicle, engines and

parts excludes boats, aircraft and noncommercial trailers. Other transportation includes the freight revenues of U.S./foreignoperated ocean, air and other carriers (such

as rail, pipeline and Great Lakes shipping)

for international transport of U.S. exports/

imports and for the transportation of foreign

freight between foreign points; port expenditure receipts (representing payments for

goods and services purchased in the United

States/foreign countries by foreign-operated/U.S. carriers); and receipts/payments of

U.S./foreign owners from foreign operators

for the charter of vessels and rental of freight

cars and containers.

Government transportation-related purchases,

total: Government purchases represent the

sum of consumption expenditures and gross

investment. Government purchases include

federal, state and local purchases of transportation services of roads, water, air, railroad and transit. Government expenditures

on transportation-related structures and

equipment also are included. Defense related purchases include expenditures on

transportation of materials (care and movement of goods by water, rail, truck and air),

the rental of trucks and other transportation

equipment and warehousing fees, and travel

of persons (care and movement of Department of Defense military and civilian employees), including tickets for all modes of travel,

per diem, taxi fares, automobile rental and

mileage allowances for privately owned vehicles.

Table 2-2

Personal Consumption Expenditures

on Transportation by Subcategory of

Expenditure

(Current U.S. dollars)

All Countries

Personal consumption expenditures for

transportation in Table 2-2 are conceptually

the same as those that are included in Table

2-1. This table presents the same information with more detail, organized into different categories. Note that expenditures for

freight shipments are not included in the U.S.

and Mexican consumption data. However,

expenditures for freight shipments by rail

and intercity bus are included in Canadian

data.

Canada

Statistics Canada. Input-Output Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 1-3. Canadian data are

based on Canada’s 1980 Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC–80). However, a number

of Canadian industry classifications were

regrouped for the purposes of this table.

Data in Table 2-2 reflect personal consumption expenditures by Canadian residents

both in Canada and in foreign countries. Personal expenditures in Canada by foreigners

are excluded.
226 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad

Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y Precios.

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-

1996. (Aquascalientes, Ags: 1997).

See notes for Table 1-3. Mexican data are

based on Mexico’s 1993 Sistema de Cuentas

Nacionales de México (Mexico’s National Account System), for which the base year is

1993. However, a number of Mexican industry classifications were regrouped for the

purposes of this table.

United States

Data used in Table 2-2 are compiled by the

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)

based on the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts. This table is based on the following primary sources:

1990: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau

of Economic Analysis (BEA). Historical Data

Tables. (Washington, DC: 1990).

1995, 1996: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Survey of

Current Business, August 1998, Tables 2.4 and

special tabulations based on BEA’s underlying statistical details. (Washington, DC:

1998).

User-operated transportation, total: Combined

as a whole, the categories for new and used

passenger cars; new and used trucks; and

parts and accessories of road motor vehicles

correspond to the entry for road motor

vehicles and parts in Table 2-1. As in Table

2-1, motor vehicles used primarily for recreation such as recreational boats, noncommercial trailers and aircraft are excluded from

Table 2-2.

Data for new cars and trucks represent the

number of units sold multiplied by the average retail list price, adjusted for discounts,

sales taxes and transportation costs. Data

for used cars and trucks represent the sum

of profit margins that dealers make from selling used cars and trucks to nonbusiness buyers, plus adjustments for changes in the

stock of used cars and trucks. Reimbursements to employees who purchase used cars

for business or mixed-purpose uses, also are

added. Reimbursements to employees who

purchase used trucks for business or mixedpurpose uses are not included.

New and used motorcycles and other motor

vehicles include motorcycles and bicycles.

Parts and accessories of road motor vehicles

consist of tires, tubes, accessories and other

parts. Repair and rental include: (1) automotive repair shops, passenger car rental and

leasing establishments, and other automotive service establishments; (2) gasoline service stations and other retail establishments

handling motor vehicle repair and rental and

leasing and (3) repair services by franchised

car and truck dealers. Motor fuel (gasoline

and diesel) and lubricants also include coolant and other products. Tolls consist of

bridge, tunnel, ferry and road tolls. Insurance

consists of premiums, less benefits and dividends, for motor vehicle insurance.

Purchased intercity/local and suburban transportation: The other category for purchased

intercity transportation consists of baggage

charges, coastal and inland waterway fares,

travel agents’ fees and airport bus fares. The

mass transit category of local and suburban

transportation consists of both transit rail

and bus services.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 227 ▲

Table 2-3

Government Expenditures for

Transportation by Mode

(Current U.S. dollars)

Canada

Statistics Canada. Public Institutions Division.

Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1999).

Data coverage: Data for government expenditures in this table reflect outlays for all

phases of the acquisition, construction, operation and maintenance of the relevant

transportation facilities and equipment as

well as expenditures pertaining to related

engineering and technical surveys. This function now includes the government transfers

to its own business enterprises engaged in

the transportation activities, especially public transit and railway services.

Air: Data reflect expenditures for navigational, air traffic and other related services,

operating subsidy payments to regional air

carriers and municipal airports, grants to flying clubs and payments for international air

navigational services. At the provincial level,

data include assistance to the aviation industry, municipal airports and other related services. At the local level, data include outlays

related to municipal airports.

Water transport: Data reflect expenditures on

development, maintenance, operation and

control of navigational channels, canals, harbor and wharf facilities, ferries that do not

form integral part of road systems, landings

and other marine facilities. It also includes

the costs of the related operations of the Coast

Guard and certain northern transportation

services.

Pipeline, oil and gas: Data reflect expenditures on the operation, construction, use and

maintenance of pipeline as well as grants and

contributions to support the operation, construction and maintenance of pipeline systems.

Rail: Data reflect expenditures on the development, implementation and monitoring of

policies and programs related to railway network rationalization and effectiveness. Rail

data also include payments for railway relocation, contributions to railway passenger

services infrastructure and to freight movements in certain geographical regions as well

as grants for operations of railway facilities

to resource areas.

Road: Data reflect expenditures on highways,

secondary roads, roads to resource areas,

boulevards, avenues and streets together

with related storm sewers (where separated

from sanitary sewers). Bridges, over and underpasses and road tunnels incorporated in

highways also are included as well as those

ferries that are usually operated by highway

departments and form integral parts of road

systems. Such ferries are distinguished from

major lake and seagoing vessels and their

supporting operations, which (if not classified as business enterprises), are assigned

to the “water transport” category. The road

data also include the costs of removing snow,

debris, leaves and other deposits as well

as surface sanding and flushing, expenses

pertaining to traffic control and parking

facilities.

Mexico

1990: Secretaría de Programación y

Presupuesto. Cuenta de la Hacienda Pública

Federal, 1990. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1991).

1995 and 1996: Secretaría de Hacienda y

Crédito Público. Cuenta de la Hacienda

Pública Federal, 1995 y 1996. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1996 and 1997).
228 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Rail: Prior to 1996, freight and passenger

railroad transportation services were provided by a single decentralized public agency.

Expenditures for passenger services are included in freight services, but the amount is

not significant. The decrease in expenditures

was due to a reduction in public investment

and to a significant and gradual reduction

since 1991 of operational personnel by the

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. This reduction was part of the preparation by the

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México for the

transfer of rail service to the private sector.

The first part of the transfer took place in

December 1996. In addition, the intensive

economic contraction of Mexico in 1995

caused a drop in public expenditures.

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau

of Transportation Statistics. Special Tabulations. (Washington, DC: 1999) Based on the

following primary sources:

1990: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Government Finances: 1989-90.

(Washington, DC: 1990).

1995 and 1996: U.S. Department of Commerce.

U.S. Census Bureau. Web site: www.census.gov/

govs

All years, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department

of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation

Statistics. Government Transportation Financial Statistics. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Data for government expenditures in Table

2-3 refer to local, state and Federal Government in the United States. There are different sources of government expenditure data.

For example, government accounts in the U.S.

national account system, provide data on

government consumption and gross investment. The publication, Government Transportation Financial Statistics of the U.S. Bureau

of Transportation Statistics, has extensive

data on government expenditures on transportation. Table 2-3 uses the same sources

as the Government Transportation Financial

Statistics report, but the data are organized

differently and include more original details

from the primary data source, the Annual

Survey of Government Finances, conducted by

the U.S. Census Bureau.

The Annual Survey of Government Finances

covers the entire range of government finance activities, including revenues, expenditures, debt and assets. This table is based

on government expenditure data. Government expenditures are all direct expenditures, or direct expenditures by federal, state

or local governments. (Intergovernmental

transfers such as federal to state grants

where funding is directly expended at the

state level are only counted once.). Infrastructure expenditures include those for production of fixed works and structures and

additions, replacements and major alterations. Equipment expenditures include

those for purchase of equipment and for payments on capital leases. In some cases, purchase of land and existing structures also are

included because data do not allow their

separation. Expenditures on current operations include those for compensation of officers and employees and for supplies, materials, operating leases and contractual services. Data for pipelines and railroads are

from Government Transportation Financial

Statistics of the U.S. Bureau of Transportation

Statistics, since the census does not provide

any data on these modes.

For 1995, 1995 data for state and local governments and 1992 data for the Federal Government are included. For 1996, 1996 data

for state governments, 1995 data for local
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 229 ▲

governments and 1992 data for the Federal

Government are included. More recent federal data were not available during the research phase of this project. All data are on

fiscal year basis (for example, fiscal year

1996 represents October 1, 1995, through

September 30, 1996).

Table 2-4

Employment in Transportation and

Related Industries

All Countries

Employment by industry groups provides

employment information according to the

primary nature of a business. Table 2-4

shows how many people (based on the number of employees) worked in industries with

transportation and related activities as their

primary business. U.S. and Canadian data are

based on the number of employees. Mexican data are based on the number of fulltime employment positions.

Canada

Statistics Canada. Employment, Earnings and

Hours—Payrolls and Hours, Catalogue no. 72-

002-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban

Transit Statistics, Catalogue no. 53-215-XPB.

(Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Transport Canada. Transportation in Canada

1997—Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Data source: The monthly Statistics Canada,

Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours

(SEPH), is designed to provide monthly estimates to measure levels and month-to-month

trends in employment by industry. The data

are compiled for the payroll employment,

payrolls and hours from which different variables such as employment, average weekly

and hourly earnings and average weekly

hours, for Canada, provinces and territories

at detailed industrial levels, are derived. The

target population is composed of all employers in Canada, except those primarily involved in agriculture, fishing and trapping,

private household services, religious organizations and defense services.

The SEPH draws its sample from the Business

Register (BR) and from a list of all payroll

deduction accounts maintained by Revenue

Canada. The Business Register is a list of all

businesses in Canada and is updated each

month using data from various surveys, business profiling and administrative data maintained by the Business Register Division of

Statistics Canada. The payroll deduction

source represents all employers with remittances for employee income taxes, Canada/

Qúebec Pension Plan and employment insurance contributions. The survey methodology

is based on a census of establishments within

an enterprise with a complex structure having more than 300 employees and on sample

data from establishments within an enterprise

with a simple or with complex structure having less than 300 employees. Data represent

annual averages that are weighted and refer

to 1 week out of each month.

Industry employment categories: Industries

are defined at the three-digit level of Canada’s

Standard Industry Classification (SIC) of

1980. For comparability with Mexican and

U.S. data, employment categories may have

been rearranged and terminology may be different. For categories under Local and Interurban Passenger, data were obtained from

the four-digit SIC 80 level from transportation surveys.
230 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Employed labor force: Employed labor force

figures in Table 2-4 differ from those in

Tables 1-1 and 2-5. National labor force figures in this table represent the total employed civilian labor force. This figure differs from the data for Canadian labor force

in Table 1-1 because it includes only those

that are currently employed among the civilian Canadian labor force. In contrast, the

data in Table 1-1 represent those individuals in the civilian labor force that are both

employed and unemployed. Data for the

employed labor force in Table 2-4 also differ from the data for employed labor force

in Table 2-5. This is because Table 2-4 is

based on one survey, the SEPH, while Table

2-5 is based on a different survey, the Labor

Force Survey (LFS). The SEPH is based on a

business survey of Canadian employers while

the LFS is based on a household survey. Because of this and other methodological differences, the total for employed labor force

differs between Table 2-4 and 2-5. For additional information, call the SEPH inquiry line

at (613) 951-4090 or the Labor Statistics Division of Statistics Canada at (613) 951-4168.

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad

Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y Precios.

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-

1996. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1997).

Poder Ejecutivo Federal. Informe de Gobierno,

various years. (Mexico City, D.F.: various

years).

Data source: Data are a simple average of the

12-month period and are not a count of the

number of people employed in economic activities, but rather an estimate of the number of positions required by each economic

activity to carry out its economic production.

Employed labor force: Labor force data in this

table do not agree with that of Table 1-1 (National Population and Labor Force) because

the data sources for the two tables differ in

their objectives and methodologies. Data in

Table 1-1 are from the Encuesta Nacional de

Empleo (National Employment Survey), and

represent the “población económicamente

activa” (economically active population).

(The economically active population is anyone 12 years of age or older.) Data for employed labor force in Table 2-4 are from the

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México (National Account System of Mexico) and refer

to the number of people employed and under payroll.

United States

Data used in Table 2-4 are compiled by the

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)

based on employment data from the Bureau

of Labor Statistics and other sources. This

table is based on the following primary

sources:

Employed labor force, total: U.S. Department

of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Household Data Annual Averages.1998. Table 1.

(available at BLS web site: www.stats.bls.gov)

Private Employment (Transport Sectors,

Transportation Vehicle and Equipment Manufacturing and Related Industries):

1990, 1995: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation based on data from U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. National Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1988-1996. (Washington,

DC: various years). SIC 45.

1996: U.S. Department of Transportation,

Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special

tabulation based on data from U.S. Depart-
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 231 ▲

ment of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

National Employment, Hours and Earnings,

United States, June 1997. (Washington, DC:

1997). Table B-12.

Government employment:

Federal:

1990, 1995: U.S. Department of Transportation. Office of the Secretary. DOT Employment

Facts, A Report to Management. (Washington,

DC: various years).

1996: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Office of the Secretary. DOT Workforce Facts,

October 1, 1995 through September 30, 1996.

(Washington, DC: 1997).

State and local:

1990: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S.

Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the

United States, 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Table 531.

Data source: Employment by industry data

are from the National Employment, Hours, and

Earnings published by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics (BLS), U.S. Department of Labor,

which is a product of the Current Employment

Statistics (CES) or establishment survey program. The CES is a monthly survey conducted

by state employment security agencies in

cooperation with the BLS. The survey provides employment, hours and earnings estimates based on payroll records of business

establishments. Data represent annual employment averages, which are arithmetic averages of the 12 monthly estimates for a particular year.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) does not

publish data reliability information along

with estimates. Instead, it provides estimation formulas and the necessary parameters

so that users can estimate standard errors

for estimates of their interest. For additional

information, see the “Explanatory Notes and

Estimates of Error” in the BLS monthly publication Employment and Earnings.

Industry categories: School bus employment

data do not include drivers employed by

school districts. Transportation services in

this table largely include services industries

involved in arranging passenger and freight

transportation, such as travel agencies and

freight forwarders. The category of other

transportation equipment includes motorcycles, bicycles, tanks and tank components.

Federal Department of Transportation employment represents full and part-time civilian and Coast Guard employees. State and

local government employment represents

highway employment only.

Employed labor force: National labor force

figures in this table represent the total employed civilian labor force. This figure differs from the data for U.S. labor force in Table

1-1 because it includes only those that are

currently employed among the civilian U.S.

labor force. In contrast, the data in Table

1-1 represent those individuals in the civilian labor force that are both employed and

unemployed.

Table 2-5

Employment in Transportation–

Related Occupations

All Countries

Employment by occupation groups provides

employment information according to the

nature of a particular job. For example, since

truck driving is a transportation activity, a

truck driver employed by a retail company

(such as a grocery store) is counted in the

employment of transportation occupations,

but is not counted in the employment of trans-
232 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

portation industries (because a retail company such as a grocery store is not considered part of the transportation sector.)

Table 2-5 shows how many people (employees) worked in positions unique to transportation such as a truck driver, throughout the

economy, including transportation and

nontransportation industries. U.S. and Canadian data are based on the number of employees. Mexican data are based on the number of employment positions.

Canada

Statistics Canada. Historical labor force statistics, Catalogue no. 71-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Data source: The Statistics Canada Labor

Force Survey (LFS) is a household survey carried out monthly by Statistics Canada. The

objectives of the LFS are to divide the working-age population into three mutually exclusive classifications (employed, unemployed and not in the labor force) and provide description and explanatory data on

each of these categories. Data from the survey provide information on major labor market trends such as shifts in employment

across industrial sectors, hours worked, labor force participation and unemployment

rates.

On a monthly basis, the LFS surveys a sample

of individuals who are representative of the

civilian, noninstitutional population 15 years

of age or older in Canada’s ten provinces. Specifically excluded from the survey’s coverage

are residents of the Yukon and Northwest Territories, persons living on Indian Reserves,

full-time members of the Canadian armed

forces and inmates of institutions. These

groups together represent an exclusion of

approximately 2 percent of the population

aged 15 or older. Data represent annual averages that are weighted and refer to 1 week

out of each month.

Occupation categories: Employment categories are based on Canada’s 1980 Standard

Occupation Classification (SOC). For comparability with Mexican and U.S. data, employment categories may be rearranged and terminology may be different.

Employed labor force: Employed labor force

figures in Table 2-5 differ from those in

Tables 1-1 and 2-4. National labor force figures in this table represent the total employed civilian labor force. This figure differs from the data for Canadian labor force

in Table 1-1 because it includes only those

that are currently employed among the civilian Canadian labor force. In contrast, the

data in Table 1-1 represent those individuals in the civilian labor force that are both

employed and unemployed. Data for the

employed labor force in Table 2-5 also differ from the data for employed labor force

in Table 2-4. This is because Table 2-5 is

based on one survey, the LFS, while Table

2-4 is based on a different survey, the Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours

(SEPH). The LFS is based on a household survey while the SEPH is based on business survey of Canadian employers. Because of this

and other methodological differences, the

total for employed labor force differs between Table 2-5 and 2-4. For additional information, call the LFS inquiry line at (613)

951-4090 or the Labor Statistics Division at

Statistics Canada at (613) 951-4168.

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Contabilidad
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 233 ▲

Nacional, Estudios Socioeconómicos y Precios.

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México, 1988-

1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Also see notes for Table 2-4 for employed

labor force. Data on transportation employment by occupation are nonexistent, except

for taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs.

United States

Data used in this table are compiled by the

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)

based on employment data from the Bureau

of Labor Statistics. This table is based on the

following primary sources:

U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor

Statistics. Household Data Annual Averages.

Table 1. (Available at BLS web site: stats.bls.gov)

U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor

Statistics. Employment and Earnings. Table

11 of the Annual Averages Tables, January

issues (1984-1997), and BLS underlying statistical details. (Washington, DC: various

years).

Data source: Employment by occupation data

are from Employment and Earnings, a monthly

publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics

(BLS). The data source of Employment and

Earnings is the Current Population Survey, a

monthly household survey conducted by the

Census Bureau for the BLS. The Current

Population Survey provides a comprehensive

body of information on the employment and

unemployment experience of the U.S. population, classified by age, sex, race, and a variety of other characteristics.

Annual employment averages are arithmetic

averages of the 12 monthly estimates for a

particular year. The BLS does not publish

data reliability information along with estimates. Instead, it provides estimation formulas and the necessary parameters so that users can estimate standard errors for estimates of their interest. For additional information, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” in Employment and Earnings.

Employed labor force: National labor force

figures in this table represent the total employed civilian labor force. This figure differs from the data for U.S. labor force in Table

1-1 because it includes only those that are

currently employed among the civilian U.S.

labor force. In contrast, the data in Table

1-1 represent those individuals in the civilian labor force that are both employed and

unemployed.

Table 2-6

Receipts and Payments Related to

International Merchandise and

Services Trade

(Current U.S. dollars)

All countries

Tables 2-6 through 2-8b contain data on international merchandise and service trade

for the three countries. At the aggregate

level, the data categories in these tables can

be considered conceptually comparable

across the countries. However, each country has also chosen to use its own data for

international merchandise and services

trade. For example, Table 2-7b reports Canadian trade with the United States, according to Canadian data sources. Table 2-8a reports U.S. trade with Canada, according to

U.S. data sources. Differences between these

data sources are caused by differences in

definitions, methodologies and statistical

sources, among the three countries. Also

note that detailed data for Mexico were not

available. Therefore, no Mexican tables have

been included showing trade with Canada

and the U.S., according to Mexican data
234 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

sources. Merchandise trade data by country, value, weight, mode of transportation,

port and commodity description are included

in Sections 6 and 7.

Canada

Statistics Canada. Canada’s Balance of International Payments, Catalogue 67-001-XPB.

(Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Definitions of merchandise and services trade:

For this table, the definitions of goods and

services are those utilized and defined by

the Canadian Balance of Payments (BOP).

Under this framework, goods are defined as

exports and imports that are valued at the

border of the exporting economy. That is,

the valuation of goods includes transportation costs to the border. Inland freight

charges are recorded as an adjustment to

Canadian Customs trade data. Goods also

include all goods that cross the border to be

processed. Together with the inland freight

adjustment to Canadian Customs trade data,

additional adjustments are made for timing,

coverage and other valuation and residency.

All services definitions were restated in May

1996 according to international norms first

issued by the International Monetary Fund

(IMF) in 1993 and extended jointly by the IMF,

the OECD and the statistical arm of the European Union, Eurostat. The redefined services

include the following categories: travel,

transportation, commercial and government

services. However, for the purposes of Table

2-6, 2-7a and 2-7b, Canadian data have been

represented in the two major categories of

transportation and tourism and other services. The Canadian data category “travel”

is included in the tourism category for these

tables, and the Canadian categories of “commercial and government services” are included in the other services category for

these tables.

Merchandise exports: Merchandise exports

data in this table are based on Canadian Customs export data that are published by the

International Trade Division of Statistics

Canada. Canadian Customs exports to overseas countries are valued f.o.b. (free on

board) port of exit. Canadian Customs exports to the United States are valued f.o.b.,

point of exit (at the border). Customs data

therefore, include inland freight charges, but

these are removed from the Balance of Payment data, as a negative adjustment to the

trade. A new Balance of Payments estimate

for inland freight is then added to the exports, which are valued at plant basis. (Valued at plant basis means the value of goods

f.o.b. (free on board) at the place of lading;

i.e., at the point of production for the majority of commodities.) Other Balance of Payments adjustments include adjustments for

valuation, residency, timing and coverage.

Merchandise imports: Merchandise imports

data in this table are based on Canadian Customs import data that are published by the

International Trade Division (ITD) of Statistics Canada. For Table 2-6, Canadian customs imports are valued f.o.b., based on the

place of direct shipment to Canada. Although

it does not make any difference at the aggregate level, import data released by Statistics

Canada’s Balance of Payments and International Trade Divisions are different on a geographical basis. The International Trade Division records the imports according to a

country of origin basis while the Balance of

Payments Division reports imports on a

country of last consignment basis.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 235 ▲

Transportation services: Transportation services cover receipts and payments related to

the transportation of persons and goods by

air, water and land, together with supporting services for the various modes of transport. Receipts cover passenger fares received by Canadian carriers (primarily air)

from nonresidents; services of carriers operated by Canadian residents (ocean ships,

lake vessels, aircraft, rail and trucks) that

transport merchandise exports beyond the

borders of Canada; carriers operated by Canadian residents engaged in the transportation of commodities between foreign countries (including intransit movement and transit between U.S. points via Canada); income

from the charter of vessels; and port expenditures in Canada by nonresidents air and

shipping companies. Payments cover passenger fares paid to nonresident carriers (chiefly

air) by Canadian residents. The data also include most outlays on cruises although such

outlays should in principle be assigned to

travel. Payments also cover the transport by

nonresident carriers of imports into Canada

(excluding inland freight charges in the

United States and other countries); the transport of Canadian commodities in transit

through the United States (in particular oil

and natural gas); the charter of foreign vessels; and port expenditures abroad by Canadian resident air and shipping companies.

Tourism and other services: Data for tourism

cover all receipts and payments arising from

the travel of less than 1 year between Canada

and other countries, and for travel of more

than 1 year for educational or health purposes. Travelers of more than 1 year are otherwise treated as residents of the country to

which they travel except for diplomats and

military personnel on postings abroad. Data

for other services include government services for international transactions arising

from government activities (diplomatic, commercial and military) not covered elsewhere

in the Balance of Payments. Receipts for this

category chiefly comprise expenditures in

Canada by foreign governments. Payments

for this category mainly cover expenditures

abroad of both the Canadian federal and provincial governments. Other services also include receipts and payments for commercial

services.

Mexico

Banco de México. Indicadores Económicos.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Data are based on the Banco de Mexico’s Balance of Payments, Current Account framework. Transactions of the maquiladora industry are included in services and merchandise

trade for 1995 and 1996, but not for 1990.

For the category Merchandise Exports, export

valuation is made on an FOB basis; i.e., the

value of the goods at their point of origin,

plus freight, insurance and other costs to

move the goods to the outbound customs

house. For the category Merchandise Imports,

imports are valued on an FOB basis; i.e., market value of the goods at the point of origin,

plus freight, insurance and other expenses to

move the goods to the inbound customs

house. For the category Tourism and Other

Services, tourism includes expenditures by

tourists, including people on day-excursions

(i.e., those tourists who do not stay overnight). The category Transportation includes

costs of freight and insurance.

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business.

(Washington, DC: September 1993, July 1996,

and October 1997).
236 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1998 Annual Services Historical Disk. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Merchandise exports and imports: Exports exclude goods exported under U.S. military

agency sales contracts identified in the U.S.

census export data. Imports exclude goods

under direct defense expenditures identified

in the U.S. census import data. Merchandise

imports are valued according to the “Customs

value,” which represents the value of merchandise for duty (or Customs) purposes.

(Thus, the Customs value is usually the selling price in the foreign country of origin, and

excludes freight costs, insurance and other

charges incurred in bringing the merchandise

from the foreign port of export to the United

States.) For exports to all countries except

Canada, export values represent the reported

value of the merchandise, usually the selling price, plus insurance, inland freight costs

and other charges incurred in bringing the

merchandise to the U. S. port of export. This

is generally called the f.a.s. (free alongside

ship) value. Because the United States does

not collect information for U.S. exports to

Canada from its own trade documents, the

value of these exports represents the transaction value of the merchandise, plus a Statistics Canada imputed estimate of the costs

of insurance, inland freight and other

charges.

Trade adjustments, total: The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) at the Department of

Commerce makes several adjustments to U.S.

merchandise trade data when these are incorporated in the U.S. Balance of Payments.

These include adjustments for inland freight

charges and other adjustments made for

valuation, residency, timing and coverage

purposes. Inland freight adjustments are

made to U.S. data for merchandise imports

from Canada because the Customs value of

imports for certain Canadian goods is the

point of origin in Canada rather than the port

of export in Canada. Since the reported value

of U.S. exports includes inland freight costs,

no adjustments are needed, except for U.S.

exports to Canada. Because the United States

does not collect information for U.S. exports

to Canada from its own trade documents, the

value of these exports represents the transaction value of the merchandise, plus a Statistics Canada imputed estimate of the costs

of insurance, inland freight and other

charges. The Statistics Canada estimate is

based on 4.5 percent of the export merchandise transaction value.

Total services: Total services data include total transactions in services, including private

services, U.S. government miscellaneous services and some goods. Export services also

include transfers under U.S. military agency

sales contracts. Import services also include

direct defense expenditures. Private services

included in the total services category consist of the following categories in the U.S.

Balance of Payments: (1) travel, (2) passenger fares, (3) other transportation, (4) royalties and license fees and (5) other private

services.

Transportation services: Transportation services data include passenger fares paid by

residents of one country to airline and vessel operators who reside in another country.

Exports consist of fares received by U.S. operators for transporting foreign residents

between the United States and a foreign country and between foreign countries. Imports

consist of fares paid to foreign operators by

U.S. residents for travel to and from the

United States. The rest of transportation services include transactions for freight and port
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 237 ▲

services for the transportation of goods by

water, air and land to and from the United

States. Freight receipts of U.S. carriers are

for transporting U.S. goods between two foreign points; freight payments to foreign carriers are for transporting U.S. merchandise

imports. Port services receipts are the value

of the goods and services procured by foreign carriers in both U.S. ocean and air ports;

port services payments are the value of goods

and services procured by U.S. carriers in foreign ocean and air ports. The land transportation receipts and payments cover U.S. transactions with Canada and Mexico through

trucks, rail and pipelines. However, trucking operations between the United States and

Mexico are currently limited by regulation.

Tourism and other services: Tourism and other

services data are based on a compilation of

the following categories in the U.S. balance

of payments account: travel, passenger fares,

other transportation, royalties and license

fees, other private services and government

services. Tourism is not a separate category

in these accounts. Therefore, the number

for this entry is the difference between total

services and transportation.

Tables 2-7a and 2-7b

Canada’s Receipts From and Payments

to Mexico for Merchandise and

Services Trade

Canada’s Receipts From and Payments

to the United States for Merchandise

and Services Trade

(Current U.S. dollars)

Canada

Statistics Canada. Canada’s Balance of International Payments, Catalogue 67-001-XPB.

(Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Tables 2-7a and 2-7b contain import data

based on customs origin and based on consignment. The category, Imports, Customs

Origin, are those imports that are attributed

to their country of origin; that is, the country in which the goods were grown, extracted

or manufactured in accordance to the rules

of origin administrated by Revenue Canada,

Customs and Excise. The category, Imports,

Consignment are those imports that are attributed to their last country of consignment.

This valuation is done for Balance of Payment

purposes and better reflects the notion of

change of ownership.

Tables 2-8a and 2-8b

U.S. Receipts From and Payments

to Canada for Merchandise and

Services Trade

U.S. Receipts From and Payments to

Mexico for Merchandise and Services

Trade

(Current U.S. dollars)

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business.

September 1993, July 1996 and October 1997.

(Washington, DC: various years).

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1998 Annual Services Historical Disk. (Washington, DC: 1998).

See note for Table 2-6 for an additional explanation of similar data elements. However,

note that total services in Tables 2-8a and 2-

8b include only private services. Data were

not available for government services because the government services data are not

reported at the level of individual countries.
238 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

SECTION 3: TRANSPORTATION SAFETY

Tables 3-1 and 3-2

Transportation Fatalities by Mode

Transportation Injuries by Mode

All Countries

Air: United States and Canada include fatalities and injuries from both passenger and

all-cargo flights. Mexico includes fatalities

from passenger flights only. For the U.S. and

Canada, the air carrier data represent their

own national flag carriers, operating both

domestic and international flights.

Road: The United States and all Canadian

provinces and territories, with the exception

of the province of Qúebec, count all fatalities that occur within 30 days of the accident (and can be attributed to the accident).

Canada’s Province of Qúebec counts all fatalities that occur within 8 days of the accident (and can be attributed to the accident).

Mexico counts only fatalities at the site of

the accident. In the U.S., the 30-day rule was

initiated for fatalities from road crashes in

September 1978, and a consensus to apply

this rule across all modes was formulated in

1995.

Water transport: U.S. and Canadian data are

not comparable in several respects. First,

the United States counts fatalities and injuries from vessel casualties for U.S. flag vessels anywhere in the world, and for foreign

flag vessels within the jurisdiction of the

United States. The Canadian data include

only Canadian and foreign flag vessels operating in Canadian waters. Second, the Canadian data exclude all fishing vessels, except

factory ships; the United States data include

fishing vessels. (See the entries under Canada

and the United States, below, for more complete definitions.)

Canada

Tables 3-1 and 3-2 are based on the following primary sources:

Air: Transportation Safety Board of Canada.

(TSB) Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road: Transport Canada. Road Safety and

Motor Vehicle Regulation. Traffic Accident

Information Database. Special tabulation.

(Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Transportation Safety Board of

Canada. (TSB) Special tabulation. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Transportation Safety Board of Canada

(TSB). Minister of Public Works and Government Services. TSB Statistical Summary: Railway Occurrences – 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water, Commercial Passenger and Freight

Vessels: Transportation Safety Board of

Canada (TSB). Minister of Public Works and

Government Services. TSB Statistical Summary: Marine Occurrences–1997. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998).

Water, Recreational Boats: Canadian Red

Cross. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

The following definitions apply for air, rail

and water data in Tables 3-1 through 3-4.

Technical notes for Canadian data in Tables

3-1 and 3-2 adhere to these definitions.

Aviation accident: A reportable aviation accident is an accident resulting directly from

the operation of an aircraft where a person

sustains a serious injury or is killed as a

result of: being on board the aircraft; coming into contact with any part of the aircraft

or its contents; being directly exposed to the

jet blast or rotor down-wash of the aircraft;

the aircraft sustaining damage that adversely
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 239 ▲

affects the structural strength, performance

or flight characteristics of the aircraft and

that requires major repair or replacement of

any affected component part; or the aircraft

is missing or inaccessible.

Serious air injury: A serious air injury is an

injury that is sustained by a person in an accident and that: requires hospitalization for

more than 48 hours, commencing within 7

days of the date that injury was received; results in a fracture of any bone (except simple

fractures of fingers, toes or nose); involved

lacerations that cause severe hemorrhage,

nerve muscle, or tendon damage; involves

injury to any internal organ; or involves second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface; involves verified exposure to infectious

substances or injurious radiation.

Railway accident: A reportable railway accident is one resulting directly from the operation of rolling stock, where: (1) a person

sustains a serious injury or is killed as a result of being on board or getting off the rolling stock or coming into contact with any

part of the rolling stock or its contents; or

(2) the rolling stock is involved in a gradecrossing collision, is involved in a collision

or derailment and is carrying passengers; is

involved in a collision or derailment and is

carrying dangerous goods, or is known to

have last contained dangerous goods the

residue of which has not been purged from

the rolling stock; sustains damage that affects its safe operation; or causes or sustains

a fire or explosion, or causes damage to the

railway, that poses a threat to the safety of

any person, property or the environment.

Serious rail injury: A serious rail injury is one

that is likely to require admission to a hospital.

Marine accident: A reportable marine accident means an accident resulting directly

from the operation of a ship other than a

pleasure craft, where a person sustains a serious injury or is killed as a result of: being

on board the ship or falling overboard from

the ship, or coming into contact with any part

of the ship or its contents, or the ship sinks,

founders or capsizes, is involved in a collision (which includes collisions, strikings or

contacts), sustains a fire or an explosion,

goes aground, sustains damage that affects

its seaworthiness or renders it unfit for its

purpose, or is missing or abandoned. In this

definition, “ship” includes: a) every description of vessel, boat or craft designed, used

or capable of being used solely or partly for

marine navigation without regard to method

or lack of propulsion. For statistical purposes, these accidents are classified as “accidents aboard ship.” In addition, the definition of “ship” also includes dynamically supported craft. For statistical purposes, these

are classified as “shipping accidents.” “Pleasure craft” means a vessel that is used for

pleasure or recreation and does not carry

goods or passengers for hire or reward.

Air: Data in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 comprise fatalities and injuries on Canadian aircraft involved in accidents in domestic and international airspace. Passenger and all-cargo

flights are included. Scheduled and nonscheduled flights are included. Fatalities and injuries that occur on the ground are excluded

from the statistics.
240 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Year Fatalities Injuries

1990 0 1

1995 0 0

1996 4 0

Air carrier: Air carrier data in Tables 3-1 and

3-2 are compiled according to regulatory

definitions of registered aircraft types established by the Transportation Safety Board of

Canada and include the following types of

Canadian registered aircraft used by Canadian air operators that offer a “for-hire” service to transport people or goods, or to undertake specific tasks such as aerial photography, flight training and crop spraying:

(1) An airliner is an airplane used by a

Canadian air operator in an air

transport service or in aerial work

involving sightseeing operations, that

has a maximum take-off weight

(MCTOW) of more than 8,618 kg (19,000

pounds) or for which a Canadian-type

certificate has been issued authorizing

the transport of 20 or more passengers.

(2) A commuter aircraft is an airplane

used by a Canadian air operator, in an

air transport service or in aerial work

involving sightseeing operations, of

any of the following aircraft: a) a

multi-engined aircraft that has a

maximum take-off weight (MCTOW) of

more than 8,618 kg (19,000 pounds) and

a seating configuration, excluding pilot

seats, of 10 to 19 inclusive; or b) a

turbo-jet-powered aeroplane that has a

maximum zero fuel weight of 22,680 kg

(50,000 pounds) or less and for which a

Canadian type certificate has been

issued authorizing the transport of not

more than 19 passengers.

(3) An air taxi or specialty aircraft is an

airplane used by a Canadian operator

on an on-hire basis that does not

satisfy the definition of an airliner or a

commuter aircraft. Air carrier data also

may include fatalities and injuries from

charter aircraft operations.

Air data in Table 3-1 and Table 3-2 include

fatalities and injuries that occurred on all

passenger and cargo flights of Canadian registered aircraft during 1990, 1995 and 1996,

operating domestically and internationally.

The numbers of fatalities and injuries that

occurred on cargo flights of Canadian registered aircraft during 1990, 1995 and 1996

are as follow:

Note: In 1991, there was one fatality/injurytype air accident in the Province of Québec

involving a Canadian registered cargo aircraft (Reference: Transportation Safety Board

of Canada Occurrence Number 91Q0150).

This air accident had one air fatality and one

air injury.

General aviation: General aviation data in

Tables 3-1 and 3-2 are compiled according to

regulatory definitions established by the

Transportation Safety Board of Canada and

includes fatalities and injuries on ultra-light

aircraft, private and commercial helicopter

operations and from flights that do not transport people or cargo on a “for-hire” basis.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 241 ▲

Road: Road data for passenger cars and light

trucks include statistics for automobiles and

light trucks (pick-ups, sports utility vehicles

and mini-vans). Motorcycle data include both

mopeds and motorcycles. Data for heavy

trucks include straight trucks greater than

4,536 kilograms, (a straight truck has a configuration where both the vehicle’s power unit

and cargo storage unit share the same chassis), tractor-trailers and other unspecified

trucks. Road data for other types of road injuries and fatalities include all other vehicle

types and nonvehicle occupants involved in a

motor vehicle traffic collision. Road data for

Canadian motor vehicle fatalities and injuries

are derived from the Canadian Traffic Accident Information Database (TRAID). TRAID is

a collection of data pertaining to traffic collisions provided annually to Transport Canada

by Canada’s ten provinces and three territories. These collisions are all those deemed

reportable; i.e., they occur on public roads and

incur bodily harm and/or property damage

exceeding a stipulated dollar threshold. This

threshold is determined independently by

each provincial and territorial jurisdiction.

The accident segment contains general data

about the accident scene such as road conditions and summary accident statistics such

as the total number of persons killed. Each

accident within each province and each calendar year has a unique case number. The

vehicle segment contains vehicle specific data

such as the vehicle type and the vehicle actions prior to and during the collision. Each

vehicle involved in the collision will have a

separate vehicle segment. Therefore, if there

are two vehicles involved there will be two

different vehicle segments associated with

that collision. Each of these vehicles will

have a unique vehicle identification number.

Pipeline: Pipeline data in Table 3-2 include

both minor and serious injuries for 1990.

Only serious injuries are included for 1995

and 1996.

Rail: Rail data for Table 3-2 include both minor and serious injuries for 1990. Only serious injuries are included for 1995 and 1996.

Below are the specific details of those air accidents involving cargo flight

of Canadian registered aircraft during 1990, 1995 and 1996:

Occurrence Occurrence Province of Number of Number of

number date occurrence fatalities injuries

90Q0119 05/19/90 Qúebec 0 1

A95Q0144 07/28/95 Qúebec 0 0

A96A0134 07/22/96 Newfoundland 3 0

A96P0175 08/14/96 British Columbia 1 0

Note: In 1995, there was one air accident, which occurred in the Province of Qúebec (Reference: Transportation Safety Board of Canada Occurrence Number A95Q0144) involving a Canadian registered cargo aircraft for which there was extensive damage reported to the aircraft, but no fatalities or injuries.
242 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Water transport, commercial: Water data for

both commercial passenger vessels and commercial freight vessels include both Canadian

and foreign flag vessels operating in Canadian waters. Data for commercial passenger

vessels include, e.g., cruise ships and ferries.

Data for commercial freight vessels include

cargo/container, bulk carrier/OBO (Ore-BulkOil) carrier, tanker, tug, barge/pontoon and

ferry vessels. Data for commercial freight

vessels exclude all fishing vessels, except

factory ships, as well as research vessels, oil

exploration and support ships.

Water transport, recreational boats: Water

data for recreational boating include

drownings from recreational, daily living,

occupational, rescue and unknown purposes,

as well as other fatal boating injuries including immersion, hypothermia, collisions and

propeller injuries. The source for this information is the Canadian Red Cross. Fatalities

for 1990, and injuries for 1990 through 1996,

are nonexistent.

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica

Civil . (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998). Special tabulation.

Road and rail: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática. Dirección de

Estadísticas Económicas, based on data collected by the Procuraduría General de Justicia

del Distrito Federal and the Direcciones de

Seguridad Pública y Vialidad and their

equivalent agencies at state and local levels.

(Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road (in areas under federal jurisdiction):

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Dirección General de Policía Federal de

Caminos y Puertos. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Air: Data represent fatalities and injuries

arising from general aviation accidents or

incidents recorded within Mexico, and include passenger and crew fatalities and injuries at the site of the accident. All-cargo

flights are not included, although the number of fatalities and injuries from all-cargo

flights is estimated to be small.

Road: In Table 3-1, data refer to fatalities in

fatal accidents; i.e., where one or more

people died at the site of the accident. In

Table 3-2, data refer to people injured in an

accident; i.e., where one or more people were

injured, with or without fatalities. The numbers assigned by type of vehicle refer only

to accidents in urban and suburban areas.

For accidents in zones of federal jurisdiction,

no breakdown by type of vehicle is available,

but the fatalities and injuries are included

in the overall totals for road. Therefore, the

road subcategories will not sum to the overall road totals for fatalities and injuries. The

subcategory of “other” includes accidents in

trolley buses, trams, bicycles and others.

Rail: Data include only fatalities and injuries

from accidents in urban and suburban zones.

United States

Tables 3-1 and 3-2 are based on modifications of similar tables (including adjustments

to definitions) published in the U. S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 1998.(NTS-98) (Washington, DC: 1998)

and National Transportation Statistics 1999

(NTS-99) (Washington, DC: 1999).

Tables 3-1 and 3-2 are based on the following primary sources:

Air: National Transportation Safety Board.

Aviation Accident Statistics. Web site:

www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 243 ▲

National Transportation Safety Board. Accident Synopses. Web site: www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Accident.htm

National Transportation Safety Board. Annual

Review of Aircraft Accident Data, annual issues and NTSB Press Release, SB97-03. (Washington, DC: various years). (fatalities)

National Transportation Safety Board. Analysis and Data Division, RE-50. (Washington,

DC: various years). (injuries)

See also: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical

Handbook of Aviation 1996. (Washington, DC:

1997). Chapter 9. Web site: api.hq.faa.gov/

handbook/1996/toc96.htm

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS),

and, for injuries, the General Estimates System (GES), 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts, 1997. (Washington, DC: November, 1998).

Pipeline (liquid and gas): U.S. Department of

Transportation. Research and Special

Projects Administration. Office of Pipeline

Safety, DPS-35. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Rail: Highway grade crossing: U.S. Department

of Transportation. Federal Railroad Administration. Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/

Incident and Inventory Bulletin. (Washington,

DC: various years). Table S.

Railroad: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Railroad Administration. Accident/

Incident Bulletin. (Washington, DC: various

years). Table 7.

Transit: Transit rail: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Federal Transit Administration. Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS). (Washington, DC: various years).

Water: Commercial freight and passenger

Vessels: U.S. Department of Transportation.

U.S. Coast Guard. Office of Investigations and

Analysis. Compliance Analysis Division, GMOA-2. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Recreational boating: U.S. Department of

Transportation. U.S. Coast Guard. Office of

Investigations and Analysis. Compliance

Analysis Division. Boating Statistics. (Washington, DC: various years).

Cross-modal comments: For 1995 and 1996,

a death is attributed to a transportation incident if the death occurred up to 30 days

after the incident. For 1990, this may not be

true for all modes, but this definition has

applied in the Road mode since September

of 1978.

Caution must be exercised in comparing U.S.

fatalities (and injuries) across modes, because significantly different definitions for

reportable events are used among the

modes. In particular, rail and transit fatalities and injuries include deaths and injuries

that are not, strictly speaking, caused by

transportation accidents, but are caused by

such events as a fall on a transit station escalator, or, for railroad employees, a fire in

a workshed. Similar fatalities for the air and

highway modes (deaths at airports not involving aircraft, or fatalities from accidents

in automobile repair shops) are not counted

towards the totals for these modes. Counting fatalities not necessarily directly related

to transportation potentially overstates the

risk for the rail and transit modes. For the

waterborne mode, fatalities from vessel casualties are counted in the total, and other
244 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

fatalities are not counted. (Vessel casualties

are incidents involving damage to vessels,

for example, from collisions, groundings,

fires or explosions.) Fatalities not from vessel casualties include, for example, deaths

from accidents involving on-board equipment. Thus, fatalities for the waterborne

mode are potentially understated. (Everything stated above about fatalities also applies to injuries.) In addition to the modal

differences for definitions of reportable

events, definitions of reportable injuries also

vary among the modes. See the National

Transportation Statistics (NTS)-99 or the NTS98 for a description of what constitutes a

reportable injury for each mode.

In addition, it should be emphasized that the

numbers for total fatalities and injuries are

less than the sum of the modal totals for the

United States because some deaths (injuries)

are reported and counted in more than one

mode. To avoid double counting, the following components have been counted only

once in arriving at the overall totals shown

in Tables 3-1 and 3-2:

(1) Rail-highway grade crossing fatalities

(injuries) involving motor vehicles:

These are counted in both the rail and

road modes, and are included in both

modal totals.

(2) Commuter rail fatalities (injuries)

arising from incidents: These are

counted in both the rail and the transit

modes, and are included in both modal

totals.

(3) Motor bus fatalities (injuries) arising

from accidents: These are counted in

both the road and the transit modes,

and are included in both modal totals.

(4) Demand response and vanpool

fatalities (injuries) arising from

accidents: These are counted in both

the road and the transit modes, and

included in both modal totals.

For additional information, refer to Table

3-4 in the National Transportation Statistics—

1998 or the National Transportation Statistics1999 to see exactly how these adjustments

have been made to the 1995 and 1996 fatality totals. Note that incidents include accidents; that is, accidents are a subset of incidents. See below under the individual modal

comments on transit and rail for more complete definitions of incidents and accidents.

Data on highway-rail grade crossing fatalities and injuries that involved motor vehicles

are provided in the annual issues of the Federal Railroad’s Administration’s Highway-Rail

Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory

Bulletin. (See above for the full citation.) Data

on transit accidents and incidents by

submode are provided in the National

Transportation Statistics, 1999, Tables 3-28

and 3-29.

Air: Air carriers include all U.S. flag carriers,

comprising both scheduled and nonscheduled flights, both domestic and international

flights, and both passenger and all-cargo

flights. Commuters and on-demand air taxis

are included. In Table 3-2, only “serious injuries” are reported. (See the National Transportation Statistics (NTS)-1999 or the NTS-98

for the definition of a serious injury in air

accidents.) U.S. air fatality and injury data

are based on reports from the National

Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). NTSB

investigators perform on-site and off-site

investigation of all accidents involving U.S.

registered air carriers and general aviation

aircraft. Federal regulations require operators to notify the NTSB immediately of avia-
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 245 ▲

tion accidents and certain incidents. According to the NTSB, a reportable accident “is defined as an occurrence associated with the

operation of an aircraft that takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such

persons have disembarked, and in which any

person suffers death or serious injury, or in

which the aircraft receives substantial damage.” Web site: www.ntsb.gov/aviation/

report.htm.

As stated above, the air safety data include

both passenger and all-cargo flights. The

National Transportation Safety Board’s web

site at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Accident.htm

does not separate passenger flights from allcargo flights. However, for flights operating

under 14 CFR-121 (aircraft with more than

30 seats or a payload of more than 7,500

pounds), the detailed accident reports available on the web site make it clear which were

all cargo flights. For smaller aircraft, particularly on-demand air taxis, it is not possible to infer with confidence how many were

all cargo flights from the information available on the web site. For aircraft operating under CFR-121:

1990: 6 fatal accidents, of which 2 were allcargo flights; 39 fatalities, of which 28 occurred as the result of an all-cargo aircraft

crash. (Ground fatalities included.)

1995: 3 fatal accidents, of which 2 were allcargo flights; 168 fatalities, of which 8 occurred as theresult of an all-cargo aircraft

crash. (Ground fatalities included.)

1996: 5 fatal accidents, of which 2 were all-cargo

flights; 380 fatalities, of which 38 occurred as

the result of an all-cargo aircraft crash. (Ground

fatalities included.)

It should also be noted that during the research phase of this project, a change in regulations occurred. Since March 20, 1997, 14

CFR-121 began to cover some smaller aircraft

(i.e., aircraft with 10 or more seats) that were

formerly regulated under 14 CFR-135. This

change does not affect the data in this publication, because of its 1996 cutoff.

Road: The data for passenger cars, light trucks,

buses and large trucks are the number of occupants of these vehicles who have been killed

(injured) in road crashes. In Tables 3-1 and

3-2, Light Truck means trucks of 4,536 kg (i.e.,

10,000 pounds) gross vehicle weight rating

or less, and Large Truck means trucks of over

4,536 kg gross vehicle weight rating. Note

that these definitions differ from those in

some other tables in this publication. Buses

include intercity buses, school buses and local transit buses. The subcategory of “other”

represents pedalcyclists, other nonoccupants

and unknown. See the National Transportation Statistics (NTS)-1999 or the NTS-98 for

the definitions of a reportable road injury.

U.S. road fatality data come from the Fatality

Analysis Reporting System (FARS), and are compiled by FARS analysts at the regional offices

of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

(NHTSA). FARS analysts use a census of police

accident reports, state vehicle registration

files, state drivers licensing files, state highway department data, vital statistics, death

certificates, coroner/medical examiner reports, hospital medical reports and emergency medical service reports. A separate

form is completed for each fatal crash. Fatality data are continuously collected and

electronically submitted to the NHTSA database. Cross verification of police reports

with death certificates ensures that
246 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

undercounting is rare. The FARS data do not

include motor vehicle fatalities on nonpublic

roads. However, previous NHTSA analysis

has found that these fatalities account for 2

percent or fewer of the total motor vehicle

fatalities per year.

U.S. road injury data come from the General

Estimates System (GES) of the National Traffic Safety Administration at the U.S. Department of Transportation. The GES data are a

nationally representative sample of police

reported crashes involving at least one motor vehicle and resulting in injuries, fatalities and property damage in which a police

accident report (PAR) was filled out. GES data

collectors randomly sample PARs and forward

copies to a central contractor for coding into

a standard format for the GES system. Documents such as police diagrams or supporting text provided by the officer may be further reviewed to complete the data entry.

Various sources suggest that about half of

the motor vehicle crashes in the United

States are not reported to police and that the

majority of these unreported crashes involve

minor property damage and no significant

personal injury. A NHTSA study of injuries

from motor vehicle crashes estimated the

total count of nonfatal injuries at over 5 million compared with the GES’s estimate of 3.2

million for the same year.

Pipelines: U.S. fatality and injury data for

pipeline in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 are based on

liquid (crude oil and petroleum products) and

natural gas pipelines. Each of these is regulated under separate safety regulations by the

Office of Pipeline Safety of the Research and

Special Projects Administration at the U.S.

Department of Transportation. For both liquid and natural gas pipelines, accidents are

required to be reported as soon as possible,

but no later than 30 days after discovery. Reports are sent to the Federal Office of Pipeline Safety’s Information Systems Manager.

Possible sources of error include a release

going undetected, even if such a release is

subsequently detected and reported, it may

not be possible to reconstruct the accident

accurately.

Liquid pipelines: U.S. fatality and injury data

for liquid pipelines are derived from reports

filed with the Office of Pipeline Safety at the

Research and Special Projects Administration,

USDOT. These reports are based on regulations that define a reportable accident for liquid pipelines as: “...each failure in a pipeline

system... in which there is a release of the

hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide transported resulting in any of the following: (a)

explosion or fire not intentionally set by the

operator; (b) loss of 50 or more barrels of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide; (c) release

to the atmosphere of more than five barrels a

day of highly volatile liquids; (d) death of any

person; and (e) bodily harm to any person;

and (f) estimated property damage to the

property of the operators or others, or both,

exceeding $50,000. (For more information,

refer to NTS-98 or NTS-99).

Natural gas pipelines: U.S. fatality and injury

data for natural gas pipelines are based on reports filed with the Office of Pipeline Safety at

the U.S. Department of Transportation. These

reports conform with regulations from the

same office that define a reportable accident

for gas pipelines as any of the following

events:

(1) An event that involves the release of gas

from a pipeline or liquefied natural gas

or gas from an LNG facility and

(i) a death, or personal injury

necessitating in-patient hospitalization; or
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 247 ▲

(ii) estimated property damage, including cost of gas lost, of the operator

or others, or both, of $50,000

or more.

(2) An event that results in an emergency

shutdown of an LNG facility.

(3) An event that is significant, in the

judgment of the operator, even though

it did not meet the criteria of paragraphs

(1) or (2).”

Railroad: Railroad data include intercity passenger, freight rail and commuter rail fatalities and injuries. Note that commuter rail

fatalities and injuries also are reported under transit, as explained above in CrossModal comments. U.S. railroad fatality and

injury data are based on reports that railroads are required to file for each train accident resulting in property damage in excess

of $6,300, each highway-rail accident, and

each incident involving the operation of a

railroad resulting in a fatality or a reportable injury. These reports cover workers,

trespassers and others not on trains in addition to passengers and train crew. For more

detail, see the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration,

Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and

Inventory Bulletin, Calendar Year 1994 (July

1995), which also defines a reportable injury

for rail, or refer to the National Transportation Statistics (NTS)-1999 or the NTS-98.

The Federal Railroad Administration defines

three categories of reportable events:

(1) Train Accident: a collision, derailment,

or other event involving the operation

of railroad on-track equipment

resulting in damages that exceed the

reporting threshold.

(2) Train Incident: any event involving the

movement of railroad on-track

equipment that results in a death, a

reportable injury, or a reportable

illness, but in which railroad property

damage does not exceed the reporting

threshold.

(3) Nontrain Incident: an event arising from

railroad operations but not from the

movement of on-track equipment,

which does not exceed the reporting

threshold, and results in a death, a

reportable injury, or a reportable

occupational illness.

The reporting requirements (established in

law) encompass events not strictly related

to transportation. For example, if a passenger falls and breaks a leg in the station while

going to a train, the injury would be reported

and appear in the data as a rail injury.

Transit: In Tables 3-1 and 3-2 the transit total includes: transit motor bus; trolley bus;

light rail (streetcar-type vehicles); heavy rail

(subway); commuter rail; van-pool; demandresponse (mainly transportation for the disabled or elderly); and automated guideway

(electric railway operated without a vehicle

operator or other crew). Figures for transit

rail include light rail, heavy rail and commuter rail. Commuter rail also is included

in the data for railroad fatalities and injuries. The transit total does not include data

for several minor submodes, notably cable

cars and ferryboats; see the National Transportation Statistics-99 (NTS-99), footnotes to

Tables 3-27, 3-28 and 3-29 for data on these

submodes. See the NTS-99 or the NTS-98

for the definition of a reportable transit

injury.
248 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

U.S. transit fatalities and injuries are obtained

from the Federal Transit Administration’s

(FTA) National Transit Database (NTD) Reporting System. A transit agency is required to

file a NTD report at regular intervals if it is a

recipient of Urbanized Area Formula Funds.

Some 400 transit agencies report, and because some agencies own and operate more

than one form of transit, approximately 600

transit services are covered. Such transit operators are responsible for 90 to 95 percent

of passenger kilometers traveled on transit.

Other transit operators are encouraged to

submit NTD forms. The transit operators report on fatalities, injuries, accidents, incidents, and property damage in excess of

$1,000. Electronic reporting has recently

been implemented for the NTD. A certification from the Chief Executive Officers (CEO)

must accompany all NTD reports along with

an independent Auditor’s Statement. When an

NTD report is received, a validation process

is set up, which includes a preliminary review of the data for completeness. The report is further reviewed and outstanding

items are noted in writing to the agency that

submitted the form.

Transit safety data are collected in four major categories: (1) collisions, (2) derailments/

buses going off road, (3) personal casualties

and (4) fires. The major categories are further broken down into subcategories. Collisions comprise collisions with vehicles, objects and people (except suicides). Of the

four major categories, only the first two are

included in the definition of accident adopted

in the National Transportation Statistics. This

definition of accident is relevant to understanding how double counting is removed in

the overall total of U.S. transportation fatalities and injuries (see Cross-Modal Comments,

above). The transit data presented in Tables

3-1 and 3-2 are for all incidents covering all

four of the major categories of events listed

above. Thus, for example, fatalities and injuries arising from a fall in a transit station

or tripping while getting off a bus are

counted. For more detail, the reader should

consult U. S. Department of Transportation,

Federal Transit Administration, Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS) Annual

Report.

Water transport, recreational boats: U.S. data

for fatalities and injuries from recreational

boating are based on required reports submitted to the U.S. Coast Guard. Federal regulations (U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 33

(CFR-33,173-4)) require the operator of any

vessel that is numbered or used for recreational purposes to submit an accident report when, as a result of an occurrence involving the vessel or its equipment: (1) a person dies, (2) a person is injured and requires

medical treatment beyond first aid, (3) damage to the vessel and other property totals

more than $500 or there is a complete loss

of the vessel or (4) a person disappears from

the vessel under circumstances that indicate

death or injury. Although there is no quantitative estimate of the response rate, there

may be considerable underreporting, especially of nonfatal accidents, because of the

difficulty of enforcing the requirement and

because boat operators may be apathetic to,

or may not always be aware of, the law.

Water transport, commercial vessels (passenger and freight): Data in Table 3-1 and 3-2

include: (a) U.S. flag vessels operating anywhere in the world and (b) foreign flag vessels operating within the jurisdiction of the

United States (within 12 miles or having an

interaction with a U.S. entity, such as a platform within 200 miles or a collision with a

U.S. ship.). U.S territories and protectorates
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 249 ▲

are included. All deaths and injuries cited

result from vessel casualties, such as groundings, collisions, fires or explosions. Fatalities include both people who died and those

who were declared missing subsequent to a

vessel casualty.

The fatality and injury numbers in Tables

3-1 and 3-2 are taken from marine casualty

notifications to the Coast Guard required by

the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (46 CFR

4.05-1) for U.S. flag and foreign vessels, and

the subsequent investigation reports. The

1990 data are taken from the casualty maintenance database (CASMAIN) and its personnel casualty table (PCAS). The 1995 and 1996

data are taken from the U.S. Coast Guard

Marine Safety Information System (MSIS), and

specifically from the Marine Investigations

Module. MSIS, which captures marine safety

data, is complemented by an analysis database, the Marine Safety Management System

(MSMS).

In Tables 3-1 and 3-2, the categories Commercial Passenger Vessels and Commercial

Freight Vessels correspond to the U.S. Coast

Guard’s categories of Passenger Vessels and

Cargo Vessels, respectively. The Coast Guard

defines passenger vessels as: “a vessel that

carries passengers for hire domestically, and

more than 12 passengers for hire on an international voyage. This includes uninspected passenger vessels, small passenger

vessels, passenger and dinner cruise vessels,

and cruise ships.” The Coast Guard defines

cargo vessels as: “a vessel that is engaged in

commerce by carrying or facilitating the carrying of cargo. This category includes fishing vessels, but does not include mobile offshore drilling units. A cargo vessel on an

international voyage may carry cargo and up

to 12 passengers for hire.” However, data

disaggregated into Passenger Vessels and

Cargo Vessels were not readily available for

this publication.

Table 3-3

Motor Vehicle Fatality and Injury Rates

Canada

Table 3-3 is based on the following primary

sources:

Fatalities and injuries: Transport Canada.

Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation.

Traffic Accident Information Database. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Vehicle-kilometers: Transport Canada. Minister of Public Works and Government Services. Transportation in Canada 1997—Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Number of Road Motor Vehicles: Statistics

Canada. Road Motor Vehicles Registrations,

Catalogue 53-219-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

years).

See notes under Road for Tables 3-1and 3-2

for a discussion of how road fatality and injury data are collected. See notes under

Table 8-1 for how vehicle-kilometer data are

collected. See notes under Table 12-1 for

how data on number of road vehicles are collected. Data for 1990, 1995 and 1996 motor

vehicle injury and fatality rates per 100 million vehicle-kilometers are based on Transport Canada estimates of vehicle-kilometers

traveled by passenger motor vehicles and

light trucks during 1995. Estimates of vehicle-kilometers are based on: (1) road motor vehicle fuel sales (net sales on which

taxes were paid at road-use rates); (2) estimates of fuel efficiency by class of vehicle;

and (3) estimates of average occupancy. Data

for motor vehicle injury and fatality rates per

10,000 registered vehicles are based on the

number of registered motor vehicles for
250 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

1990, 1995 and 1996 and include personal

vehicles (personal passenger cars, motorcycles, light trucks) and commercial vehicles.

Mexico

Road motor vehicles: Instituto Nacional de

Estadística, Geografía e Informática based on

figures from Departamento del Distrito

Federal, Dirección General de Autotransporte

Urbano; state finance office and state Police

and Traffic offices. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road fatalities and injuries: Instituto

Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección de Estadísticas

Económicas, based on data collected by the

Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito

Federal and the Direcciones de Seguridad

Pública y Vialidad or their equivalent agencies at state and local levels. (Mexico City,

D.F.: various years).

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Dirección General de Policía Federal de

Caminos y Puertos. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

United States

Table 3-3 is based on a modification of a similar table published in the U. S. Department of

Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 1998

(NTS-98). (Washington, DC: 1998) and National

Transportation Statistics 1999 (NTS-990 (Washington, DC: 1999). This table is based on the

following primary sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation, National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 1997. Washington, DC (November, 1998).

Fatalities: U.S. Department of Transportation.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). National Center for Statistics

and Analysis. Fatality Analysis Reporting

System (FARS). (Washington, DC: 1998).

Injuries: U.S. Department of Transportation.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). National Center for Statistics

and Analysis. General Estimates System (GES)

and Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS)

1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Vehicle-kilometers:

1990, 1995: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC: 1996). Table VM-201A.

1996: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway

Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Table VM-1.

Number of road motor vehicles:

1990: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway

Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC:

1996). Table VM-201A.

1995 and 1996: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration.

Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC:

1997). Table VM-1.

See the notes under Road for Tables 3-1 and

3-2. As discussed there, a great deal of effort is devoted to getting a complete and accurate count of road fatalities on public

roads. Consequently, the error in the fatality rate is dominated by the error in

vehicle-kilometers, which currently can only

be roughly estimated. (See notes under Table

12-1 for information on how data on the number of road vehicles are collected, and Table

12-2 for how the data on vehicle-kilometers
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 251 ▲

are collected.) The level of precision shown

in Table 3-3 for the fatality rates is the level

reported by the U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in their summary document, Traffic

Safety Facts, 1997.

Because the injury data come from a survey,

they are subject to sampling error. See U.S.

Department of Transportation, National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 1997, Appendix C, Table of

Standard Errors. For 3,000,000 injuries, the

standard error is 5.3 percent.

Table 3-4

Air Carrier Fatality and Injury Rates

All Countries

In order to forestall invalid conclusions

based on the rates alone, standard deviations

for the fatal accident rates and the fatality

rates are estimated. The standard deviation

for the injury rate is more difficult to estimate, and thus has been omitted. The standard deviation is a measure of predictability,

assuming the system being measured does not

change. If two numbers differ by three standard deviations or more, it can be said, with a

very high level of confidence, that the two

numbers are in fact different, and that the two

systems they describe are in some way different. If two numbers differ by less than one

standard deviation, all that can be concluded

is that the numbers appear not to be different, and that the systems they describe have

not been shown to be different.

Type of aircraft: In Table 3-4, and in the discussion that follows, only fatal accidents, fatalities and injuries involving large aircraft

are considered. Each country defines the exact meaning of “large aircraft” in the individual

country notes below.

Calculation of standard deviations for fatal

accidents (all countries): There are several

ways to estimate the standard deviation of a

small number of uncorrelated events (e.g.,

27 fatal accidents), using Poisson statistics.

The results of the estimates differ somewhat,

and the differences increase as the number

decreases. In the discussion that follows, the

simplest estimate is presented, for the sake

of clarity. For the calculation of the standard deviations in the fatal accident rates in

Table 3-4, a more sophisticated estimate has

been used. However, all the estimates lead

to the same conclusion: the Canadian,

U.S. and Mexican fatal accident rates differ by only about one standard deviation,

or less.

Standard deviation, fatal accidents (United

States): The standard deviation for the number of fatal accidents is approximately plus

or minus the square root of the number of

fatal accidents. (As noted above, this is a

simplification.) In the case of the United

States, with 27 fatal accidents in 57 million

flight segments, this means that if the air

safety system remained unchanged for a very,

very long period of time, it would be expected, to a 68 percent confidence level, that

the average number of fatal accidents per 57

million flight segments would be between 22

and 32. Twenty-seven fatal accidents in 57

million flight segments gives a fatal accident

rate of 0.047 fatal accidents per 100,000

flight segments. The standard deviation in

the fatal accident rate is, in percentage terms,

the same as the standard deviation in the

number of fatal accidents. The square root

of 27 is 19 percent of 27, and the standard

deviation on the U.S. fatal accident rate of

0.047 is plus or minus (+/-) 19 percent of

0.047, or plus or minus (+/-) 0.009. The standard deviation given in Table 3-4 for the U.S.
252 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

fatal accident rate is plus 0.010/minus 0.008.

This is a result of a better estimate.

Standard deviation, fatal accidents (Canada):

The standard deviation on the Canadian fatal accident rate is calculated in the same

way as that for the United States. The difference between the simple calculation (standard deviation of +/-0.025) and the better

estimate shown in Table 3-4 (+0.031, -0.021)

is sizable, because the number of fatal accidents (7) is very small.

Standard deviation, fatal accidents (Mexico):

The standard deviation on the Mexican fatal

accident rate is more complicated to estimate. With only one fatal accident, the simple

square root estimate breaks down completely, and with Poisson statistics the standard deviation (technically, the one sigma

confidence limit on the mean) becomes

highly asymmetric, smaller on the downside

and bigger on the upside. In principle, the

standard deviation on one fatal accident can

be calculated, but has not been done for this

table. However, it can be said, with absolute

confidence, that the standard deviation on

the Mexican fatal accident rate (0.047) based

on one fatal accident is not only bigger, but

much bigger, than the standard deviation

(+0.010, -0.008) on the U.S. fatal accident rate

(0.047) based on 27 fatal accidents.

Calculation of standard deviations for fatality rates (all countries): If all accidents had

the same number of fatalities, then the standard deviation on the fatality rate would be,

in percentage terms, the same as the standard deviation on the fatal accident rate.

That is (to continue with the simplified calculation), if the United States’ 922 fatalities

had occurred in 27 accidents with 34 fatalities each, then the standard deviation on the

fatality rate would be slightly less than 20

percent. (The square root of 27 is 19.2 percent of 27.)

However, in the case of the United States, 16

of the 27 accidents had fewer than 10 fatalities each, and nearly 70 percent of the fatalities occurred in 4 accidents, each of which

killed more than 100 people. In the case of

Canada, 6 of the 7 fatal accidents had fewer

than 10 fatalities each; the seventh claimed

261 lives. In statistical terminology, the number of fatalities is highly correlated with the

number of large fatal accidents, and the standard deviation on the fatality rate is thus

dominated by the standard deviation on the

rate of large fatal accidents. Thus, to calculate the standard deviations on the U.S. and

Canadian fatality rates correctly, it would be

necessary to calculate the “large fatal accident rates” and their standard deviations for

the two countries. This would mean calculating the standard deviation on one large

fatal accident for Canada (and on four large

fatal accidents for the United States.) This

has not been done for this table. Instead, a

gross underestimate has been used: that the

standard deviation on the fatality rate is the

same, in percentage terms, as the standard

deviation on the fatal accident rate. When

this is done, the U.S. and Canadian fatality

rates differ by about one standard deviation.

To repeat: the actual standard deviations are

much larger than this crude estimate, and so

the Canadian and U.S. fatality rates differ by less than one standard deviation.

Mexico had no large fatal air accidents during the 4-year period for which it has data,

and therefore, a standard deviation for the

Mexican fatality rate has not been estimated,

for this table. Without a standard deviation, no statistically meaningful comparison can be made between the Mexican

fatality rate and the U.S. or Canadian
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 253 ▲

fatality rate. In statistical terms, the “large

fatal accident rate” for Mexico is not zero,

but is smaller than some number to a given

level of confidence, and can, in principle, be

calculated from Poisson statistics. That is,

even though Mexico had no large fatal accidents in 4 years and over 2 million flight segments, it cannot be stated that Mexico will

never have a large fatal accident. If the U.S.

data are examined, it can be seen that there

have been several periods when the United

States had no large fatal accidents. For example, in 1993 the United States had no large

fatal accidents, and over 8 million flight segments were flown. In 1997 and 1998, the

United States had no large fatal accidents,

and over 20 million flight segments were

flown during those 2 years. During the 1990

to 1996 period, Canada had only one large

fatal accident (in 1991), and thus has gone

at least 5 years and over 7 million flight segments without a large fatal accident. Even if

the standard deviation (i.e., the one sigma

confidence limit on the mean) for the Mexican “large fatal accident rate” were estimated,

a series of assumptions would have to be

made to estimate the corresponding standard

deviation on the fatality rate, and this would

be statistically questionable. Thus, this calculation has not been attempted.

Canada

Table 3-4 is based on the following primary

sources:

Air Carrier Fatal Accidents, Fatalities and Injuries: Transportation Safety Board of

Canada. Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Air Carrier Flight Operations: Transport

Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

The Canadian air carrier data in Table 3-4

differ from the air carrier data in Tables 3-1

and 3-2. The air carrier data in Tables 3-1

and 3-2 present combined fatality and injury

data for Canadian air carriers, commuter aircraft and air taxis/specialty aircraft. (See

definitions under Tables 3-1 and 3-2.) Table

3-4 presents fatality, injury and flight segment data only for airliners (as defined by

the Transportation Safety Board of Canada)

that are operated by Canadian Level I and II

air carriers. Canadian Level I and Level II

operators include all air carriers that, in each

of the 2 calendar years immediately preceding the report year, transported at least

50,000 revenue passengers or at least 10,000

metric tons of revenue goods. In Tables 3-1,

3-2 and 3-4, Canadian data cover only Canadian registered aircraft operated by Canadian carriers, and include both domestic and

international flights, both scheduled and

nonscheduled operations, and both passenger and all-cargo flights. Accidents that result in fatalities on the ground, but not on

the aircraft, are not counted as fatal accidents. Fatalities and injuries on the ground

are not counted. Also see the definitions of

aviation accidents, fatalities and serious injuries for Tables 3-1 and 3-2.

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares. (Mexico

City, D.F.: 1998).

Number of fatal accidents, fatalities and injuries: Data include only commercial aircraft

that are operated by Mexican flag carriers,

and that have 30 seats or more, or an equivalent freight capacity. Both domestic and international flights are included.
254 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Flight segments: The number of flight operations was estimated as the sum of take-offs

plus landings divided by two, for scheduled

and nonscheduled commercial aviation, in

airports under the administration of

Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares. Note that

some nonscheduled commercial aviation operations are performed at airports not under ASA’s administration. Moreover, some

scheduled Mexican aviation operations are

performed at airports outside Mexico. These

two factors cause the estimate of the number of flight operations to be lower than they

actually are, thereby increasing the rates

above their true values.

United States

Table 3-4 is based on a modification of a

similar table published in the U.S. Department

of Transportation Bureau of Transportation

Statistics. National Transportation Statistics

1998. (Washington, DC: 1998) and National

Transportation Statistics 1999 (Washington,

DC: 1999).

This table is based on the following primary

sources:

National Transportation Safety Board. Annual

Review of Aircraft Accident Data, annual issues and NTSB Press Release, SB97-03. (Washington, DC: various years).

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

Analysis and Data Division, RE-50. (Washington, DC: 1998).

National Transportation Safety Board. Aviation Accident Statistics. Web site: www.ntsb.gov/

aviation/Stats.htm

National Transportation Safety Board. Accident Synopses. Web site: www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Accident.htm

See also: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical

Handbook of Aviation 1996. (Washington,

DC: 1997). Chapter 9. Web site: www.api.

hq.faa.gov/handbook/1996/toc96.htm

The air carrier data in this table differ from

the air carrier data in Tables 3-1 and 3-2. The

data in this table include only commercial

aircraft that are operated by U.S. flag air carriers, and that have more than 30 seats or

that have a maximum payload capacity of

more than 7,500 pounds (3,402 kg). These

aircraft are regulated under the U.S. Code of

Federal Regulations 121 (14 CFR 121). In

contrast, the air carrier data in Tables 3-1

and 3-2 include not only these larger aircraft,

but smaller aircraft (commuters and on-demand air taxis) that are regulated under the

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 135 (14 CFR

135). In all three tables, the U.S. data cover

only aircraft operated by U.S. flag carriers,

and include both domestic and international

flights, both scheduled and nonscheduled

operations, and both passenger and all-cargo

flights. Because the regulations for the

larger aircraft differ from the regulations for

the smaller aircraft, it is not instructive to

combine the two categories in calculating

safety rates. It should also be noted that

during the research phase of this project, a

change in regulations occurred. Since March

20, 1997, 14 CFR-121 began to cover some

smaller aircraft (i.e., aircraft with 10 or more

seats) that were formerly regulated under 14

CFR-135. This change does not affect the

data in this publication, because of its 1996

cutoff.

Also see the notes under Air for Tables 3-1

and 3-2. As discussed there, the count of

fatal accidents and fatalities is complete and
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 255 ▲

highly accurate. The exposure data (i.e., the

number of flight segments) are based on a

100 percent reporting by the airlines to the

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of

Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline

Information. Therefore, statistical fluctuation dominates the standard deviations. (Also

see the section on Calculation of Standard

Deviations, above.)

SECTION 4: TRANSPORTATION, ENERGY

AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Table 4-1

Energy Consumption by the

Transportation Sector

Canada

Statistics Canada. Quarterly Report on Energy

Supply-Demand in Canada, Catalogue 57-

003-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various editions).

Figures for total energy consumption include

renewable energy. Total energy consumption also includes all electricity production,

including electrical system energy losses.

Data for total transportation energy consumption include fuel used in fisheries and

in private trucking, but excludes fuel consumption by public administrations. The

electricity component of transportation energy consumption excludes electrical system

energy losses. Natural Gas data include gas

plants and Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs). Natural gas volumes were converted from units

of trillion of cubic feet to units of trillion

cubic meters using a conversion factor of

0.02832. Petroleum data include energy from

petroleum products. Petroleum data exclude

energy derived from crude oil.

Mexico

Secretaría de Energía. Balance Nacional,

Energía. 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Data on total energy consumption include

losses resulting from the transformation of

one form of energy to another, self-consumption (principally at electrical power plants),

and the transportation, distribution and storage of fuels and electricity. These losses add

up to 1.63 exajoules (1990), 1.68 exajoules

(1995) and 1.86 exajoules (1996). For each

year, consumption of liquefied petroleum

gases (LPG) accounts for about 1.5 percent

of the total.

United States

Table 4-1 is based on a modification of a similar table published in the U.S. Department of

Energy, Energy Information Administration’s

Annual Energy Review. This table is based on

the following primary sources:

Energy consumption and transportation,

total: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 1997. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table 2.1

Transportation consumption of natural gas,

petroleum and electricity and transportation

electrical system losses: U.S. Department of

Energy. Energy Information Administration.

Monthly Energy Review, August 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table 2.5.

Natural gas (trillion cubic meters): U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 1997.

(Washington, DC: 1998). Table 6.6.

Petroleum (million barrels): U.S. Department

of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 1997. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table 5.12b.

Energy consumption, total: Data include electrical system losses (production, transmission and distribution). In exajoules, these

are 21.5 for 1990; 23.0 for 1995 and 23.7 for
256 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

1996. (Data are from the Department of

Energy’s Annual Energy Review, Table 2.1).

Total energy consumption also includes renewable energy used by electrical utilities

and residential, commercial, industrial users

and transportation. The Energy Information

Administration (EIA) at the Department of

Energy uses the higher heating values (gross

heat content) of fossil fuels in arriving at total energy consumption; that is, the energy

in the fuel spent vaporizing the water produced by the burning of the fuel is counted.

Transportation consumption, total: Data do not

include electrical system energy losses. In

exajoules, these are 0.033 for 1990; 0.028

for 1995 and 0.030 for 1996. The transportation total also includes about 0.1 exajoule

each year in the form of ethanol blended into

motor gasoline. This is, by far, the largest

use of renewables in transportation. (See

Table 4-3.) In this table, fisheries are not

included in transportation.

Conversions: To convert from barrels of petroleum to exajoules: One barrel of petroleum has a heat content of approximately

5.74 billion (thousand million) joules (from

the Department of Energy’s Annual Energy

Review, Table A3). To convert from cubic

meters of natural gas to exajoules: one cubic meter of natural gas has a heat content

of approximately 38.3 million joules (from

the Department of Energy’s Annual Energy

Review, Table A4.)

Table 4-2

Energy Consumption by Mode of

Transportation

Canada

Table 4-2 is based on the following primary

sources:

All modes, except transit rail: Statistics

Canada. Quarterly Report on Energy SupplyDemand in Canada, Catalogue 57-003-XPB.

(Ottawa, Ont.: various quarterly editions).

Natural resources Canada. Canada’s Energy

Outlook 1996-2020. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Transit rail: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus

and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue 53-

215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Air fuel data include sales to foreign carriers, but exclude fuel purchased by Canadian

carriers abroad. Data for road, other fuels

refer to liquid petroleum gases (LPGs). Rail

fuel data are for diesel fuel only. Transit fuel

data refer to all urban public transit, including local motor buses, light rail and heavy

rail. Data for water transport fuel include

fuel sold to fisheries operators. Water data

also include sales to foreign carriers, but

exclude fuel purchased by Canadian carriers

abroad.

Mexico

Secretaría de Energía. Balance Nacional,

Energía 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia.

Private communication. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1998).

Starting in 1991, diesel was gradually substituted for residual fuel oil for water transport. As shown by the data in the table, this

substitution was almost complete by 1995.

United States

Table 4-2 is based on the following primary

sources:

Total Transportation Energy Consumption:

U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review

1997. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table 2.1.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 257 ▲

Air:

Jet fuel: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of

Airline Information. Private Communication,

based on Form 41 Financial Reports submitted by the large certificated air carriers to

DOT under CFR 241. (Washington, DC: 1998).

(See notes for the definition of “large certificated air carriers.”)

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Aviation Administration. General Aviation and

Avionics Survey. (Washington, DC: various

years). Table 5.1.

Aviation gasoline: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration.

General Aviation and Avionics Survey. (Washington, DC: various years). Table 5.1.

Road, gasoline and diesel:

1990, 1995: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC: 1996). Table MF-221.

1996: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway

Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Table MF-21.

Road, other fuels: U.S. Department of Energy.

Energy Information Administration. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 1996.

(Washington, DC: 1997). Table 10.

Pipeline: U.S. Department of Energy. Natural

Gas Annual 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Table 101 and similar tables in earlier editions.

Freight rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997 Edition. (Washington, DC: 1997). Page 40.

Intercity passenger rail:

1990: National Railroad Passenger Corp. State

and Local Affairs Department. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

1995, 1996: National Railroad Passenger

Corp. Director of Fuel Management. Private

Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC:

various years).

American Public Transit Association. Private

Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport:

Residual and distillate/diesel fuel oil: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales.

(Washington, DC: various years). Tables 2 and

4 and similar tables in earlier editions.

Gasoline: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway

Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997). Table

MF-24 and similar tables in earlier editions.

Total fuel consumption: Data differ from the

sum of the rows, because the total comes

from the U.S. Department of Energy, which is

more inclusive than the U.S. Department of

Transportation, the source of much of the

individual modal data in the table. The total

is larger than the sum of the modal categories in Table 3-2 by 1.44 exajoules in 1996;

by 1.37 exajoules in 1995; and 1.55 exajoules

in 1990.

There are two second-order corrections to

these discrepancies. First, fuel consumed by

local transit buses and other road transit

vehicles is reported both under road and

under transit. For each year, this increases

the discrepancy by roughly 0.1 exajoules.

Second, U.S. data are unavailable for the

amount of electricity and diesel used to
258 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

transport the contents of pipelines. Using

the Canadian pipeline data as a guide, including pipeline electricity and diesel for the U.S.

would reduce the discrepancy by roughly 0.1

exajoules (including energy system losses)

for each of the 3 years. Thus, these two second-order corrections are both small, are in

the opposite direction, and can therefore be

neglected.

A rigorous reconciliation between the Department of Energy and Department of Transportation data is beyond the scope of these

notes. However, DOE’s Annual Energy Review,

Table 5.12b reports jet fuel consumption of

3.32 exajoules for 1990, 3.30 exajoules for

1995 and 3.46 exajoules for 1996. These are

between 1.4 and 1.5 exajoules larger than

the jet fuel numbers in Table 4-2, almost exactly the amount of the discrepancy. The

DOE figures include jet fuel consumed by the

military, by other federal agencies, by foreign carriers fueling in the U.S. and by all

U.S. air carriers, not just those meeting the

definition of a “large certificated carrier.”

(See Air, below, for a more complete definition of what is included under jet fuel in Table

4-2.)

Other items are left out of the individual

modal numbers in Table 4-2. Nonclass I rail

is not included, nor are electrical system

losses for rail and transit. Military use of

gasoline is left out of the road category in

Table 4-2. (Federal civilian use of gasoline

is included, as are state, county and municipal use.) Nor are losses arising from the

evaporation and handling of road gasoline

included in the road category in Table 4-2.

All governmental use of diesel road fuel is

left out of FHWA’s category “Special Fuels,”

and thus is left out of Table 4-2. All of these

together probably add up to less than 0.5

exajoules. (See NTS-99, Table 4-19 and he

Annual Energy Review-1997, Tables 1-12 and

1-13 for data on military use of energy.)

Air, jet fuel: Data include only jet fuel consumed by the large certificated carriers in

their domestic operations, plus on-demand

air taxis and general aviation. Large certificated carriers account for 95 percent to 96

percent of the jet fuel reported in Table 4-2.

A large certificated air carrier is an air carrier “holding a certificate issued under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958,

as amended, that: (1) operates aircraft designed to have a maximum passenger capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds

[8,165 kg]; or (2) conducts operations where

one or both terminals of a flight stage are

outside the 50 states of the United States,

the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth

of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.”

The large certificated air carriers are divided

into four groups, according to operating revenue: Majors, Nationals, Large Regionals and

Medium Regionals. The jet fuel data in Table

4-2 exclude the Medium Regionals, small certificated air carriers, scheduled commuters,

foreign airliners fueling in the United States,

the military and other governmental users.

Road: Gasoline includes private, commercial

and governmental use, with the exception

of the military. The Federal Highway

Administration’s category “Special Fuels” appears to exclude civilian government and

military use. (See Highway Statistics, cited

above.) More than 99 percent of FHWA’s category “Special Fuels” is diesel. Data for the

category “Other Fuels” in Table 4-2 are taken

directly from the “Total Alternative Fuels” category of Table 4-3; the conversion factor used

is that for gasoline, because the data in Table

4-3 are stated as gasoline-equivalent liters.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 259 ▲

Transit: Data cover all transit, including local transit buses and other road transit vehicles, which also are reported under Road.

Some ferryboats, however, are not included.

(Web site: www.apta.com/, click on Statistics.)

For 1995 and 1996, the entry “Gasoline” includes all nondiesel fuels, except for compressed natural gas (CNG). (On a volume basis, gasoline accounted for about 70 percent

of the entry “Gasoline” in 1995 and 1996.)

For 1990, the entry “Gasoline” includes only

gasoline.

Conversion factors: See NTS-99, Table 4-6 for

the volume-to-energy conversion factors.

The NTS conversion factors are in U.S. measurements (BTUs per gallon). Multiply the

factors by 278.7 to get joules per liter.

Table 4-3

Estimated Consumption of Alternative

and Replacement Fuels for Road

Motor Vehicles

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. Office of Energy

Efficiency. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

The principal alternative fuel in Mexico for

the years reported is liquified petroleum

gases (LPG). As a motor fuel, LPG is used

mainly in cities by commercial light-duty

trucks, as a result of private custom-fitting.

United States

Table 4-3 is taken from the following primary

source, with only a change from gallons to

liters: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997). Table 10.

Fuel consumption, total: The total represents

the sum of alternative fuels, gasoline and

diesel. The oxygenates are included in gasoline.

Methanol and ethanol: The remaining portion

of 85-percent methanol and both ethanol fuels is gasoline. Consumption data include

the gasoline portion of the fuel.

MTBE: Data include a very small amount of

other ethers.

Gasoline: Data include MBTE and ethanol in

gasohol.

Data definitions and sources: In the United

States, the definitions for alternate fuels and

replacement fuels are set by Section 301 of

the Energy Policy Act of 1992, and are summarized in the annual U.S. Department of

Energy, Energy Information Administration

publication, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels.

In Table 4-3, U.S. fuel quantities are expressed

as gasoline-equivalent liters (gallons) to allow direct comparisons among different types

of fuel. According to Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, the gasoline

equivalent is computed by dividing the lower

heating value of the alternative fuel by the

lower heating value of gasoline and multiplying the quotient by the volume of alternative fuel consumed. Lower heating value

is the joule content per unit of fuel, excluding the heat produced by condensation of

water vapor in the fuel.

Table 4-3 is taken directly from Alternatives

to Traditional Transportation Fuels, with only

a simple conversion from gallons to liters.

Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels describes in some detail how consumption values for the various alternative fuels

are calculated. Briefly, the consumption of

alternative fuels in a given year is estimated
260 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

from the numbers of different kinds of alternative-fueled vehicles in operation in that

year, the annual average vehicle-miles-traveled (vmt) for equivalent conventional vehicles, and estimates of fuel efficiency. The

vmt is adjusted downward for the alternative fueled vehicles, to allow for less intensive use of alternative-fueled vehicles relative to conventional vehicles.

Oxygenate consumption is “estimated from

production, net imports and stock change

data from the Department of Energy’s Petroleum Supply Monthly. Petroleum Supply

Monthly compiles data from the Monthly Petroleum Supply Reporting System, a series of

surveys that collect data from refiners, importers and transporters of crude oil and

petroleum products. Oxygenate data also are

collected on DOE’s Monthly Oxygenate Telephone Report.

For Table 4-3, the Energy Information Administration at DOE took gasoline and diesel consumption from the EIA Petroleum Supply Annual, Volume 1 (June 1997). Highway use of

gasoline was estimated as 97.1 percent of

total gasoline use, and highway use of diesel

was estimated as 52.1 percent of total diesel

consumption.

Differences with Table 4-2: The values for road

gasoline and road diesel in Table 4-3 differ

slightly from the values in Table 4-2. (See

the notes under Table 4-2 for a brief description of the origin of the numbers in Table 4-

2.) When the values in Table 4-2 are expressed in volume terms, road gasoline is 1.5

percent higher in Table 4-2 than in Table 4-3

for 1996 and 1.0 percent higher for 1995.

The values for road diesel also differ slightly

between the two tables. (Note that diesel in

Table 4-3 is in gasoline-equivalent volume

units, not in actual volume of diesel fuel.)

Table 4-4

Average Price of Fossil Fuel to EndUsers

(Current U.S. cents per liter)

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. Office of Energy

Efficiency. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Petróleos Mexicanos. Anuario Estadístico,

1998. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Petróleos Mexicanos. PEMEX-Refinación.

Subgerencia de Planeación (Mexico City, D.F.:

1999)

For further information, see: Tasas para el

Cálculo del Impuesto Especial sobre

Producción y Servicios para la Enajenación de

Gasolinas y Diesel (The Federal Register, Rates

to Estimate the Special Tax on Production and

Services for the Sale of Gasoline and Diesel);

and the Ley del Impuesto Especial sobre

Producción y Servicios (Special Tax on Production and Services Act).

All prices are those in effect at the end of

December of each year. At present there are

86 authorized fuel dealer stations in Mexico.

Each month, the Secretaría de Hacienda y

Crédito Público publishes in the Diario Oficial

de la Federación (Federal Register) the rates

relative to the Impuesto Especial sobre

Producción y Servicio (Special Tax on Production and Services) for the sale of gasoline and

diesel. The rates range from 25-30 percent

on average.

After the Special Tax Rate is added to the reference price, the Value Added Tax (VAT) is

added. For some gas stations, the VAT is 10

percent; for others it is 15 percent. The sum

of the reference price, the Special Tax and

the VAT becomes the price at the gas station.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 261 ▲

United States

Table 4-4 is based on the following primary

sources:

Motor vehicle fuel: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration.

Annual Energy Review 1997. (Washington, DC:

1998). Table 5.22.

Motor vehicle fuel taxes: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995.

(Washington, DC: 1996). Tables FE 101A, MF

205 and MF 202.

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Highway Administration. Highway Statistics,

1996. (Washington, DC: 1997). Tables FE 101A,

MF-205, MF-121T (second page) and MF2.

Aviation fuel:

Gasoline: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy

Information Administration. Annual Energy

Review, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table

5.20.

Jet fuel: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of

Airline Information. Private Communication,

based on Form 41 Financial Reports submitted by the large certificated air carriers to DOT

under CFR-241. (See notes for Table 4-2 for

the definition of “large certificated air carriers.”) (Washington, DC: 1998).

See also: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy

Information Administration. Annual Energy

Review, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1998). Table

5.20.

Rail fuel: Association of American Railroads.

Railroad Facts, 1997 Edition. (Washington, DC:

1997). Page 60.

Rail fuel taxes: Association of American Railroads. Private Communication. (Washington,

DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration (MARAD).

Private Communication, based on reports

from major U.S. flag liner operators to

MARAD. (Washington, DC: 1998).

For information on U.S. federal fuel taxes, see:

U.S. Internal Revenue Service, Fuel Taxes at

www.irs.ustreas.gov/prod/forms_pubs/pubs/

p51005.htm

Data sources for road gasoline and diesel and

aviation gasoline: For more information on

methods of data collection and a discussion

of sources and sizes of errors, see U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Weekly Petroleum Status Report,

Appendix A, available through Department of

Energy’s Energy Information Administration’s

web site: www.eia.doe.gov

Motor vehicle fuel, gasoline and diesel: Average gasoline prices by grade are calculated

by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA) “from a sample

of service stations providing all types of service (i.e., full-, mini- and self-service) and geographic coverage for 85 urban areas.” The

averages are simple annual averages of

monthly data from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer

Prices: Energy.

Diesel prices are derived from an EIA telephone survey of a selected sample of 350 retail on-highway diesel fuel outlets. The survey is from EIA-888, On-Highway Diesel Fuel

Price Survey. According to the EIA, the average prices are calculated from pump prices,

and therefore include all taxes, federal and

state, plus state sales taxes for those states

that have sales taxes on road fuel.

All 50 states, plus the District of Columbia,

have a per-gallon tax on both road gasoline

and road diesel, but only a few states have a
262 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

sales tax on these fuels. See Highway Statistics 1996, Table MF 121T for state per-gallon

and sales taxes on road gasoline, diesel, LPG

and gasohol, and for information on the special provisions some states apply to some

road fuel users. Furthermore, some users

are exempt from federal road fuel taxes; others pay a reduced rate. See Highway Statistics 1996, Table FE101A for exemptions and

reductions to the federal road fuel tax.

Road gasoline and diesel taxes: Gasoline and

diesel taxes for 1990, 1995 and 1996 are provided in the two tables below. In 1998, the

federal fuel taxes on road gasoline and road

diesel were 18.4 cents per gallon (4.9 cents

per liter) and 24.4 cents per gallon (6.4 cents

per liter), respectively.

Diesel taxes

Federal State* Total Federal State* Total

1990 **15.1 16.00 31.10 **4.0 4.2 8.2

1995 24.4 18.98 43.386.4 5.0 11.5

1996 24.3 18.99 43.29 6.4 5.0 11.4

(Cents per gallon) (Cents per liter)

* State tax rates as of December 31st of each year. Weighted average based on net

 gallons taxed.

** Applies to the first 11 months of 1990. Taxes went up by 5.0 cents per gallon

 (1.3 cents per liter) for both gasoline and diesel on December 1, 1990.

Gasoline taxes

Federal State* Total Federal State* Total

1990 **9.1 15.47 24.57 **2.4 4.1 6.5

1995 18.4 18.50 36.90 4.9 4.9 9.7

1996 18.3 18.67 36.97 4.84.9 9.8

* State tax rates as of December 31st of each year. Weighted average based on net

 gallons taxed.

** Applies to the first 11 months of 1990. Taxes went up by 5.0 cents per gallon

 (1.3 cents per liter) for both gasoline and diesel on December 1, 1990.

(Cents per gallon) (Cents per liter)
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 263 ▲

Aviation fuel, gasoline: Data for aviation fuel

gasoline represent the sales price to end-users. Prices are collected through the Energy

Information Administration’s 782A Survey,

which “consists of a census of respondents

who either directly or indirectly control a

refinery or gas plant facility. As of October

1998, 155 companies respond to the EIA782A survey. The survey results are reported

in EIA’s Refiners’/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly

Petroleum Product Sales Report. The data on

aviation fuel in Table 4-4 do not include any

taxes. The federal tax on aviation gasoline

in 1998 was 5.1 cents per liter (i.e., 19.4

cents per gallon).

Aviation fuel, jet fuel: The data are the basic

cost of fuel reported to the DOT by the large

certificated air carriers for their domestic

operations. These carriers are defined under Air in technical notes for Table 4-2. Federal taxes are not included, nor are state

taxes, nor are the “into-plane fees” (which

are servicing charges by the fueling company). The federal tax on aviation fuel (“other

than gasoline or diesel fuel”) in 1998 was 5.8

cents per liter (i.e., 21.9 cents per gallon),

but, the tax was reduced to 1.2 cents per liter (i.e., 4.4 cents per gallon) to commercial

airlines meeting certain specifications and

the tax was not applied to domestic air carriers engaged in foreign trade or trade between the United States and any of its territories. There are also other exemptions, reductions and special provisions. For more

information, see the U.S. Internal Revenue

Service publication Fuel Taxes at

www.irs.ustreas.gov/prod/forms_pubs/

pubs/p51005.htm

Rail fuel, diesel: The numbers in Table 4-4 are

the costs of diesel fuel to the Class I freight

railroads, as reported by the railroads. In

1996, the Class I railroads had operating revenues of $255.0 million or more. Although

Class I railroads comprise only 2 percent of

the number of railroads in the U.S., they accounted for 91 percent of railroad freight

revenues in 1996. The data in Table 4-4 include federal taxes as follows:

1990: 0.10 cents per gallon through

11/30/90 (0.03 cents per liter)

2.60 cents per gallon remainder of

1990 (0.69 cents per liter)

1995: 6.90 cents per gallon through

9/30/95 (1.82 cents per liter)

5.65 cents per gallon remainder of

1995 (1.49 cents per liter)

1996: 5.55 cents per gallon (1.47 cents

per liter)

State fuel taxes are not included in the railroad data in Table 4-4. The railroads are not

required to report state fuel taxes as such,

and summary data are not available because

of the great variety of state levies on rail diesel fuel.

Water transport, combined fuels: The data in

Table 4-4 include taxes for maritime fuel, but

the federal tax is applied only in restricted

circumstances. In 1998, the federal tax was

6.4 cents per liter (i.e., 24.4 cents per gallon)

and “is imposed on any liquid fuel used in

the propulsion system of commercial transportation vessels while travelling on certain

inland and intracoastal waterways. The tax

generally applies to all types of vessels, including ships, barges and tugboats.” The fuel

tax waterways are defined in Section 206 of

the Inland Waterways Revenue Act of 1978

(P.L. 95-502), as amended by the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (P.L. 96-

662). Fuel tax waterways comprise 10,867

miles of commercially significant shallow

draft inland waterways. Certain types of
264 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

transportation on these fuel-tax waterways

are excluded from the tax. The IRS publication Fuel Taxes explains when the following

are exempt: fishing vessels; deep-draft (more

than 12 feet) ocean-going vessels; passenger

vessels; ocean-going barges; and vessels operated by state, local and Indian tribal governments. For more detail, see Fuel Taxes.

Table 4-5

New Model Year Fuel Efficiency for

Road Motor Vehicles

Canada

Table 4-5 is based on the following primary

sources:

Sales weighted averages: Transport Canada.

Transportation in Canada, 1997–Annual Report, TP 13198. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Ranges: Natural Resources Canada. Canada’s

Energy Outlook 1996-2020. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1997). Transport Canada and Natural Resources Canada. Fuel Consumption Guide,

Annual. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Secretaría de Energía. Comisión Nacional

para el Ahorro de Energía, Dirección de

Transporte. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Data are estimates from the Transportation

Directorate of the Comisión Nacional para

el Ahorro de Energía (National Commission

for Energy Conservation).

United States

Table 4-5 is based on the following primary

sources:

Sales weighted average new vehicle fuel efficiency (model year production):

U.S. Department of Transportation. National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration

(NHTSA). Consumer Programs Division, NPS32. (Based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Calculations of Final Fuel

Economy for NHTSA). (Washington, DC: 1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration

(NHTSA). Automotive Fuel Economy Program.

Twenty-second Annual Report to Congress (Calendar Year 1997), and previous years. (Washington, DC: various years).

Ranges: U.S. Department of Transportation.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Consumer Programs Division,

NPS-32. Private Communication. (Washington,

DC: 1998).

New vehicle fuel efficiency: background: The

U.S. Congress mandated the setting of fuel

efficiency standards for new passenger cars

and light trucks in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) of 1975 (49 USC 329).

(Light trucks are defined for this purpose as

3,856 kg gross vehicle weight rating or less–

i.e., 8,500 pounds or less.) These are the

Corporate Average Fleet Economy (CAFE)

standards. The Congress set specific numbers for the standards for 1985 and beyond

(and for several earlier years) for passenger

cars, but left the standards for light trucks

to the discretion of the Department of Transportation (DOT). EPCA also gave DOT the

authority to alter the standards for passenger cars.

To summarize, Congress assigned authority

to DOT to: (1) set fuel efficiency standards

for light trucks, (2) alter standards for passenger cars and (3) collect fines from manufacturers. Congress assigned this authority

to DOT rather than to the Department of Energy (DOE) or the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) because DOT already regulated

the safety aspects of motor vehicles, and
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 265 ▲

Congress was concerned that the drive for

high fuel economy would impact safety.

Thus, Congress decided that fuel economy

and safety should be regulated by the same

agency. DOT then assigned fuel efficiency

regulation to the National Highway Safety

Administration (NHTSA) because NHTSA was

the only modal administration that regulated

light motor vehicles.

New vehicle fuel efficiency numbers in Table

4-5: The sales-weighted averages for the

model year production were calculated by

EPA for NHTSA, using sales figures from the

manufacturers, mileage test values from the

manufacturers, and the results of EPA’s own

mileage tests. EPA also monitors the mileage-testing programs of the manufacturers.

The tests are performed on fully assembled

cars, using dynamometers (i.e., not on-road

tests), with a program that simulates a defined road course. The averages assume 55

percent city and 45 percent highway mileage. The averages include both domestic and

imported vehicles. For more data and information, see U.S.DOT/NHTSA Automotive Fuel

Economy Program, Annual Report to Congress.

Ranges: The lowest-fuel-economy and highest-fuel economy values are not the fuel

economies for an entire car-line, but only for

a specific engine and transmission option.

Both domestic and imported vehicles are represented in the extreme values. Only gasoline-fueled vehicles are represented in the

extreme values; for 1996, a light truck capable of running on compressed natural gas

had a calculated gasoline fuel economy of 1.6

liters/100 km, but this vehicle was omitted

from the ranges reported in this table.

Tables 4-6a and 4-6b

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Passenger Cars and Light

Trucks: Model Year

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Heavy Trucks: Model Year

Canada

Tables 4-6a and 4-6b are based on the following primary source: Transport Canada.

Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulations

Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Diario Oficial

de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana.

NOM-042-ECOL-1993. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1993).

Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos

Naturales y Pesca. Diario Oficial de la

Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM076-ECOL-1995. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1995).

Emission standards, background: For passenger cars and light-duty trucks, the data in this

table are from the Mexican Official Standard

NOM-042-ECOL-1993, which sets forth the

maximum allowable levels for nonburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen

oxides emitted from the exhaust pipe of new

motor vehicles at the assembly plant. This

standard also sets the limit for evaporative

hydrocarbons coming from fuel systems using gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

natural gas and some other alternative fuels.

This standard applies to vehicles with a gross

vehicle weight of 400 kg to 3,857 kg. The

standard was issued by the Instituto Nacional

de Ecología (National Environmental Institute)

in the Diario Oficial de la Federación (Federal

Register) on October 22, 1993. The standard

is available at www.ine.gob.mx/dgra/normas/

cont_at/vehiculos/no_42.htm.
266 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Heavy trucks: For new diesel fueled heavy

trucks (i.e., gross weight over 3,857 kilograms), NOM-044-ECOL-1993 sets the maximum allowable levels for the emission from

the exhaust pipe of hydrocarbons, carbon

monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total suspended

particulates and opacity of the smoke. The

standard was issued by the Instituto Nacional

de Ecología (National Environmental Institute) in the Diario Oficial de la Federación

(Federal Register) on October 22, 1993. The

standard is available at www.ine.gob.mx/

dgra/normas/cont_at/ vehiculos/no_44.htm.

For new spark-ignition heavy trucks (i.e.,

gross vehicle weight over 3,857 kg), NOM076-ECOL-1995 sets the maximum allowable

levels for the emission of nonburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides coming from the exhaust pipe, as well

as evaporative hydrocarbons coming from the

fuel system. This standard applies to gasoline, LPG, natural gas and other alternative

fuels. The standard was issued by the

Secretaría del Medio Ambiente, Recursos

Naturales y Pesca (Secretariat of Environment,

Natural Resources and Fisheries) in the Diario

Oficial de la Federación (Federal Register) on

December 26, 1995. The standard is available at www.ine.gob.mx/dgra/normas/

cont_at/vehiculos/no_76.htm

Passenger cars and light-duty trucks: Mexico

does not regulate the emission of particulates for passenger cars and light duty trucks.

United States

Table 4-6a and 4-6b are based on the following primary sources:

Passenger cars and light trucks: U.S. Code of

Federal Regulations. (Washington, DC: 1998).

40 CFR86.094-8 and 40 CFR86.094-9.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office

of Air and Radiation. Mobile Source Emissions

Standards Summary. (Washington, DC: 1992).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office

of Air and Radiation. Office of Mobile Sources,

Vehicle Programs and Compliance Division.

Tier 2 Study White Paper. (Washington, DC:

1997). Web site: www.epa.gov/orcdizux/

t2paper.htm

Heavy trucks: U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Emission

Standards Reference Guide for Heavy-Duty

and Nonroad Engines (EPA420-F-97-014) September 1997. (Washington, DC: 1997).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office

of Air and Radiation. Mobile Source Emissions

Standards Summary. (Washington, DC: 1992).

Supplementary reference on mobile source

emissions standards: http://www.epa.gov/

oms/stds-ld.htm (A summary of Federal and

California Light-Duty Exhaust Emission Standards)

Emission standards, background: Tightened

emissions standards for new cars and light

trucks (commonly referred to as the “Tier One

Standards”) began to be phased in for modelyear 1994, as called for in the 1990 Clean

Air Act Amendments. (Phase-ins for some

standards and some categories of light trucks

began later. See the U.S. Code of Federal

Regulations or the National Transportation

Statistics (NTS)-99. The U.S. emission standards presented in Table 4-6a are a simplified version of the Tier One emission standards. The 1996 Canadian standards, according to their note on Table 4-6a, are the U.S.

standards of 1988-1993 (Tier Zero standards).

The U.S. emission standards have a long and

complex history, dating back over three decades. The current and historical standards

are presented in detail in the NTS-99. The

tables in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 267 ▲

summarize the Tier 0 and Tier 1 standards,

and cover not only gasoline and diesel-fueled cars and light trucks, but also methanol, natural gas and LPG-fueled vehicles. In

addition, the Environmental Protection

Agency’s Mobile Source Emissions Standards

Summary (full citation above) provides even

more historical information, including detailed notes on exemptions and special provisions such as emissions averaging and high

altitude standards. For emission standards

for methanol, natural gas and LPG-fueled vehicles, see the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. Detailed notes are not provided here

on the emission standards and definitions

for heavy trucks. For additional information

on emissions standards of heavy trucks, see

the references listed above and see web site:

www.epa.gov/omswww.

Emission testing procedures: Manufacturers

test preproduction prototypes of new vehicle

models in order to certify that the vehicles

meet the federal emission standards. The

manufacturers submit the test results to the

Environmental Protection Agency, which confirms the accuracy of the figures they supply. The vehicles, which are fully assembled,

are driven by a professional driver under

controlled laboratory conditions, on a device

similar to a treadmill. The test used to measure emissions simulates a 7.5-mile (12-kilometer), stop and go trip with an average

speed of 20 miles per hour (32 kilometers

per hour). The trip takes 23 minutes and has

18 stops. About 18 percent of the time is

spent idling. Both cold engine starts and hot

engine starts are included in the test. For

more information on test protocols, go to

www.epa.gov/omswww.

Implementation schedules: For passenger cars,

the Tier 1 standards were phased in at a rate

of 40 percent for model-year 1994, 80 percent for model year 1995 and 100 percent

for model year 1996. The same schedule

applies to LTD2, with the exception of particulates, which were phased in at a rate of

40 percent for 1995, 80 percent for 1996 and

100 percent for 1997. The rates apply to

each motor vehicle manufacturer. For the

implementation schedules for LDT1, LDT3

and LDT4, see NTS-99 or the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. (LDT refers to light duty

trucks.)

Useful life: Useful life refers to the time or

mileage over which the standards must be

met. Motor vehicle manufacturers are required to produce cars and trucks that meet

the standards for the specified years/miles.

Consider the case of passenger cars: the vehicle must meet the first set of standards for

5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes

first, and then the second set of standards

for 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever

comes first. If there is no intermediate useful life standard (an example is the case of

Nitrogen Oxide for diesel LDT2s (see below)),

then the full useful life standard applies immediately. EPA checks that the vehicles are

meeting the emissions standards for the intermediate and full useful lives through a

program of recalls and testing. After the full

useful life is met, federal emissions standards do not apply. However, as part of their

inspection and maintenance procedures, the

individual states may choose to require cars

that have passed their full useful life (as defined by the federal emissions standards) to

meet some kind of emissions standards. This

would be part of a state’s efforts to meet

ambient air quality standards in local areas.

For the Tier 1 Standards (i.e., the U.S. standards in Table 4-6a), the useful lives are as

follows:
268 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Passenger cars and LDT1 and LDT2 light

trucks:

Intermediate useful life: 5 years/ 50,000

miles

Full useful life: 10 years/100,000 miles (10

years/161,000 kilometers)

(See NTS-99 for the useful lives for the Tier 0

standards and for the Tier 1 standards for

LDT3 and LDT4 trucks. For the useful lives

of heavy trucks, see U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation,

Emission Standards Reference Guide for HeavyDuty and Nonroad Engines (EPA420-F-97-014)

(September 1997) or the NTS-99.)

Passenger cars and light trucks, data coverage and definitions: Table 4-6a presents only

the standards for gasoline-fueled passenger

cars and light trucks. Moreover, the table

presents standards only for one of the four

classes of light trucks, LDT2. The standards

for diesel-fueled light vehicles differ from

those in Table 4-6a as follows:

Passenger cars, nitrogen oxides: The standards are 0.62 g/km for intermediate useful

life (i.e., the Tier 0 standard remains in force)

and 0.78 g/km for full useful life.

Light trucks, nitrogen oxides, intermediate useful life: No nitrogen oxide standard for LDT2.

(However, the full useful life nitrogen oxide

standard in Table 4-6a does apply to dieselfueled LDT2s.)

Cold-temperature carbon monoxide: Standards do not apply to diesel-fueled passenger cars or light trucks. (The Cold-Temperature Carbon Monoxide standard is measured

at 20 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 7 degrees

Centigrade) rather than 75 degrees (24 degrees Centigrade), and is applicable for a 5-

year/50,000 mile useful life. (50,000 miles

= 80,500 kilometers.)

Categories of light trucks: Starting in 1994,

there are four categories of light trucks, LDT1

through LDT4, with LDT1 the lightest. Because of the constraints of space in Table 4-

6a, only the standards for LDT2 have been

presented. In 1996, LDT2s accounted for

more than 60 percent of the sales of new light

trucks. (See the NTS-99 or the EPA’s Tier 2

Study White Paper, or the U.S. Code of Federal

Regulations for the LDT1, LDT3 and LDT4

standards.) During 1988-1993, light duty

trucks were divided into two subcategories,

which correspond to the current LDT1 and

the LDT2// LDT3//LDT4 categories.

LDT1 and LDT2 are defined in regulations as

having a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)

of up to 6,000 pounds (2,722 kilograms).

(GVWR is the value specified by the manufacturer as the maximum design loaded

weight of the vehicle.) The LDT1 and LDT2

categories differ in their Loaded Vehicle

Weights (LVW). (LVW is the vehicle curb weight

plus 300 pounds (136 kilograms)). LDT1 has

a LVW of 0 to 3,750 pounds (0 to 1,701 kilograms) and LDT2 has a LVW of 3,751 to 5,750

pounds (1,701 to 2,608 kilograms). LDT3 and

LDT4 are defined in regulations as having a

GVWR of 6,001 pounds to 8,500 pounds

(2,722 kg to 3,856 kg). LDT3 and LDT4 are

divided according to their Adjusted Loaded

Vehicle Weight. For more detail, see the EPA

Tier 2 Study White Paper. Trucks weighing

8,501 pounds (3,856 kilograms) and more are

defined as Heavy Duty Trucks.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 269 ▲

SECTION 5: DOMESTIC FREIGHT ACTIVITY

Tables 5-1 and 5-2

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode

(Metric Tons)

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode

(Metric Ton-Kilometers)

Canada

Tables 5-1 and 5-2 are based on the following primary sources:

Air: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.:

various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland

waterway and rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate based on Statistics Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue 55-201-XPB, and Gas Utilities

Transport and Distribution Systems, Catalogue

57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis

Directorate based on Statistics Canada data.

(Ottawa, Ont.: 1998)

Road: Statistics Canada. Trucking in Canada,

Catalogue 53-222-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

years).

Air: Air data reflect Level I to III Canadian air

carriers that transported 1,000 or more metric tons of revenue goods, or 5,000 or more

revenue passengers, between airports located within Canada. In Table 5-1, air data

are in millions of metric tons. Actual tonnage is as follow: 1990: 386,749 metric tons;

1995: 416,171; and 1996: 447,313. In Table

5-2, data are in billions of metric ton-kilometers. Actual movements in thousands of

metric ton-kilometers are as follows: 1990:

532,396; 1995: 584,824; and 1996: 603,771.

Pipeline: Pipeline data include the amounts

and metric ton-kilometers of oil and natural

gas transported via domestic pipelines.

These are calculated based upon determination of a percentage allocation between domestic and export deliveries. This split in

volumes and distance is based on total volumes delivered, multiplied by the relative

percentage of domestic deliveries. A conversion factor of 0.711 was used to convert cubic foot quantities of oil and natural gas

moved by pipeline to metric ton equivalents.

Rail: Rail data are based on Class I and II rail

loadings and unloadings. Class I includes

Canadian National (CN) and Canadian Pacific

(CPR) railways. Class II includes other railways involved in Canadian rail transportation operations. In Table 5-1 tonnage data

exclude exports, imports and Class I carrier

interline tonnage. In Table 5-2, the data for

metric ton-kilometers similarly exclude exports, imports and Class I interline tonnage.

(Freight interlined with Class II carriers was

included while interline duplication between

CN and CPR was removed).

Road: Road data are based on the Quarterly

For-Hire Trucking (Commodity Origin/Destination) Survey. This survey measures outputs

of the Canadian for-hire trucking industry by

providing estimates of intercity commodity

movements. Output variables include metric tons transported, commodities carried,

revenues generated and origins and destinations of shipments. The target population

consists of all shipments transported by Canadian domiciled for-hire motor carriers with

annual transportation revenues derived from

intercity trucking of $1 million or more. Courier and messenger services are not covered

by this survey.
270 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Water transport: All water data are based on

domestic shipping information that is collected by means of the S.1 Domestic Shipping

Report and the S.4 Towboat and Ferry Operators Shipping Report (the S.4 report is used

on the West Coast only). A record of activity

is filed with Statistics Canada for each vessel entering or leaving a Canadian port in

domestic shipping, with the exception of

cargo vessels under 15 net registered tons,

tugs or other vessels under 15 gross registered tons, Canadian naval or fishing vessels,

research vessels, ballast movements for towboats and ferry operators on the West Coast.

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de

Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en

Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones

y Transportes. Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos

Mexicanos en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Based on data from

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series

estadísticas 1990,1995 and 1996. (Mexico

City, D.F.: various years).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de

Autotransporte Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1997).

Air: Data include shipments transported by

domestic airlines under scheduled service

and freight charters (shipments carried by

air taxis are not included).

Water transport: Data include shipments

made through the ports of the Pacific, the

Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. In Table

5-2 an average distance of 630 kilometers

for coastal sailing was assumed. Although

this number is a 1988 estimate made by the

former Dirección General de Obras Marítimas

(Office of Maritime Works), the coastal sailing structure in Mexico has not changed much

since then, so the figure remains a reasonable estimate.

Rail: Exports and imports are excluded from

the rail data. Data represent the activity of

all railroad systems. For Table 5-2 data were

based on the average distances for the total

system freight activity. For each year, the

data were calculated using the following formula:

Ton-km transported in domestic traffic = (total ton-km transported/total ton transported)

x ton transported in domestic traffic.

Road: Data are based on estimates of the number of freight vehicles registered to travel on

the federal highway network in the Sistema

Integral de Información del Autotransporte

Federal (SIIAF) (Integral Information System

of Federal Motor Carriers) of the Secretaría

de Comunicaciones y Transportes, plus surveys that provide data on the actual average

payload per vechicle per trip in tons and the

number of trips per vehicle per week. Data

for metric tons are calculated using the following formula:

Transported tons per year = Number of vehicles x average load per trip x average trips

per vehicle per week x 52

These survey data are included in the document Estadística Básica del Autotransporte

Federal (Basic Statistics of Federal Motor Carriers) prepared by Dirección General de

Autotranspoorte Federal (Federal Motor Carrier General Directorate) of the Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 271 ▲

For table 5-2, the estimate of metric tons is

multiplied by the average distance that

freight vehicles travel. The average distance

is derived from a survey conducted by the

Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal

of the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes, and takes into consideration

origin/destination information.

United States

Table 5-1 is based on the following primary

sources:

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of

Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic

Statistics. (Washington, DC: various years).

Page 2.

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland

waterways: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., Part 5.

(New Orleans, LA: Annual issues). Section 1,

Table 1-4.

Pipeline, crude oil and petroleum products:

Association of Oil Pipe Lines. Shifts in Petroleum Transportation. (Washington, DC: various years). Table 1.

Pipeline, natural gas: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Bureau of Transportation

Statistics. Special tabulation based on Department of Energy data. (Washington, DC: 1999).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Page 27.

Road: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.

Transportation in America, 1997. (Lansdowne,

VA: 1997). Page 44.

Table 5-2 is based on the following primary

sources:

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of

Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics. (Washington, DC: various years). Page 2.

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland

waterways: U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers.

Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., Part 5.

(New Orleans, LA: Annual issues). Section 1,

Table 1-4.

Pipeline: Association of Oil Pipe Lines. Shifts

in Petroleum Transportation. (Washington, DC:

various years). Table 1.

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Page 27.

Road: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.

Transportation in America, 1997. (Lansdowne,

VA: 1997). Page 44.

Air: Air data are measured in enplaned revenue-tons and revenue ton-kilometers.

These data include cargo, mail and express

shipments. They include cargo being carried

by the large certified domestic air carriers

and some cargo airlines. Data for cargo carried by express carriers such as FedEx, DHL

and UPS may be underrepresented. Air tonnage and ton-kilometers data represent the

scheduled and nonscheduled activity of all

large certified carriers. The large certificated

air carriers operate aircraft with seating capacity of more than sixty seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 8,165

kilograms (18,000 pounds.) (See technical

notes under Table 4-2 for a more complete

definition of the large certificated air carriers.) Data for commuter and foreign air carriers are not included. Data exclude military cargo moved by civilian carriers. Tonkilometer data in Table 5-2 include U.S. and

foreign mail and courier (express) services.
272 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Water transport (coastal shipping, Great Lakes,

and inland waterways): All water data are

based on domestic waterborne traffic movements that are reported to the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers (USACE) by all vessel operators of record. Beginning in 1996, data on

fishing are excluded for internal waterways

traffic. Domestic ton-kilometers equal the

cargo tonnage multiplied by the distance between the point of loading on the water and

the point of unloading on the water. Specifically, for U.S.-Canada movements on the Great

Lakes, ton-kilometers equal the tonnage multiplied by the distance between the U.S. and

Canadian locations.

Great Lakes data include waterborne traffic

between the United States ports on the Great

Lakes system. The Great Lakes system is

treated as a separate waterway system rather

than as a part of the inland waterway system. Coastal shipping data include domestic traffic over the ocean, or the Gulf of

Mexico (e.g., New Orleans to Baltimore, New

York to Puerto Rico, San Francisco to Hawaii,

or Alaska to Hawaii). Traffic between Great

Lakes ports and seacoast ports, when having

a carriage over the ocean, also is included in

Coastal Shipping data. Inland waterways data

represent the sum of the USACE categories

of internal and intraport waterways. For

USACE definitions of internal and intraport

waterways, see the annual USACE publication,

Waterborne Commerce of the U.S. Part 5.

Pipeline: Pipeline data in Table 5-1 are for

domestic crude oil, petroleum products and

natural gas shipments. Natural gas data in

Table 5-1 are a BTS estimate based on Department of Energy data. Natural gas is typically measured in volumes using cubic feet,

but has been converted to metric tons for

purpose of this table. BTS converted the standard natural gas unit of measurement from

cubic feet to metric tons, using a conversion

factor of 1 metric ton to approximately

36,775 cubic feet. This conversion factor is

based on assumptions about the relative

composition of natural gas: proportions of

methane, ethane, propane and other hydrocarbons.

Pipeline data for ton-kilometers in Table 5-2

include crude oil, petroleum products and

natural gas shipments. Ton-miles for natural gas are estimates based on an approximate mile per ton rate for crude oil transported by pipelines. The crude petroleum

and petroleum products data in both tables

represent information from the Association

of Oil Pipe Lines based on Annual Report

(Form 6) data that oil pipeline companies submit to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Note that the pipeline data for

Table 5-2 will not correspond to pipeline data

for ton-kilometers (ton-miles) in the annual

BTS publication, National Transportation Statistics. This is because the NTS data for pipeline ton-miles only include crude oil and petroleum products.

Rail: Rail data are measured in revenue tonkilometers and tons originated and is for

Class I railroads only. In 1996 (Class I railroads had annual gross operating revenues

in approximate excess of $256 million and

comprise only 2 percent of the railroads in

the U.S., but account for 71 percent of the

industry’s distance operated, 89 percent of

its employees and 91 percent of its freight

revenues. Rail data reflect shipments that

originated in the United States. The final

destination of these shipments may or may

not have been within the continental United

States. The source of tonnage data in Table

5-1 are the freight commodity statistics re-
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 273 ▲

ports that Class I carriers are required by

law to annually report to the Surface Transportation Board. The source of ton-kilometers in Table 5-2 are annual reports

(R-1) that individual Class I carriers must also

file with the Surface Transportation Board.

The Association of American Railroads (AAR)

then aggregates and releases a total figure

for ton-kilometers by all Class I carriers on

an annual basis.

Road: Road data represent an estimate of intercity trucking traffic only. The Eno Transportation Foundation (Eno) estimates truck

tonnage based on truck tonnage trends reported by the American Trucking Association

(ATA) and by truck vehicle-kilometers trends

reported by the Federal Highway Administration at the U.S. Department of Transportation. Eno estimates truck ton-kilometers

based on both actual changes in truck tonkilometers as reported by the former Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and as

based on changes in vehicle-kilometers of

combination and large single-unit trucks on

U.S. nonurban highways as reported annually

by FHWA. To estimate truck ton-kilometers,

Eno multiples vehicle-kilometers by an estimated average load figure.

Table 5-3a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight

Commodities by Mode: 1996

Canada

Table 5-3a is based on the following primary

sources:

Pipeline, crude oil and petroleum products:

Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue 55-201-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

Pipeline, natural gas: Statistics Canada. Gas

Utilities, Transport and Distribution Systems,

Catalogue 57-205-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1997).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue 52-216-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.:1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special ”For-Hire” Trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic

Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

(Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

Pipeline data include amounts of oil, natural

gas and petroleum products transported via

domestic pipelines and is calculated based

upon determination of a percentage allocation between domestic and export deliveries. This split in volumes is based on total

volumes delivered, multiplied by the relative

percentage of domestic deliveries. A conversion factor of .711 was used to convert

cubic foot quantities of oil and natural gas

products moved by pipeline to metric ton

equivalents. Rail data in this table are based

on Canadian Class I and II carriers.

Table 5-3b

Top Mexican Domestic Freight

Commodities by Mode: 1996

Mexico

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes based on data from the

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series

Estadísticas, 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte

based on the vehicle’s weight and dimensions

study. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1997).
274 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1997).

Rail and water transport: The principal

transported goods are listed as individual

products, not as major groupings of products. Data come from railroad bills of lading

and maritime cargo manifests.

Road: Groups of similar products are listed.

The numbers are derived from a sample using field measurements and surveys on the

federal highways for the year 1993. For 24

hours during 3 consecutive days, survey and

weighing stations were set up at strategic

locations on the federal highway network,

which covers the main routes of the country.

The numbers include, but do not identify,

commodities traded internationally. The

data are included here because they represent the main commodities transported by

road within the country.

Table 5-3c

Top U.S. Domestic Freight

Commodities by Mode: 1993

United States

Air, road and rail: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1993 Commodity

Flow Survey. Special tabulation. (Washington,

DC: 1998).

Pipeline: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Special

tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).

Waterborne Commerce of the United States,

Calendar Year 1996; Part 5—National Summaries. (New Orleans, LA: 1997).

Air, rail, road and intermodal data: Data for

these modes are from the 1993 Commodity

Flow Survey (CFS) and are based on the Standard Transportation Commodity Classification (STCC) code. The CFS collects information on the commodities shipped by domestic U.S. manufacturing, mining, wholesale

trade and selected retail and service industries. The survey excludes shipments by

most service industries, governments, households and establishments classified as farms

and construction. The CFS includes exports

but not imports. Air data in table 5-3c represent shipments by both air and truck/air

combination. Rail data represent rail single

mode shipments. Road data represent shipments moved by private truck and for-hire

truck. Intermodal data represent shipments

moved by intermodal truck and rail combination.

Pipeline: Crude oil and petroleum products

data are estimates from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), based on information from the Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission. Natural gas data are BTS estimates based on information on natural gas

delivered to consumers from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Natural Gas Annual. BTS

converted the standard natural gas unit of

measurement from cubic feet to metric tons,

using a conversion factor of 1 metric ton to

approximately 36,775 cubic feet. This conversion factor is based on assumptions about

the relative composition of natural gas: proportions of methane, ethane, propane and

other hydrocarbons. In 1993, pipelines

transported about 18.5 trillion cubic feet.

Water transport: Water data are from the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) publication, Waterborne Commerce of United States

and are based on USACE waterborne commodity codes.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 275 ▲

Table 5-4a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight

Interprovincial Pairs by Mode: 1996

Canada

Table 5-4a is based on the following primary

sources:

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis

Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont: 1998). (Rail data

adapted by Transport Canada from Statistics

Canada Sources.)

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special “For-Hire” Trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic

Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

(Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

Rail data in this table are based on Canadian

Class I and Class II carriers. Class I includes

Canadian National (CN) and Canadian Pacific

(CPR) railways. Class II includes other railways involved in Canadian rail transportation operations.

Table 5-4b

Top U.S. Domestic Freight Interstate

Pairs by Mode: 1993

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census

Bureau. 1993 Commodity Flow Survey. Special

tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998). CD-CFS93-2.

All modal data presented in this table are

from the 1993 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS),

which collects information on the commodities shipped by domestic U.S. manufacturing,

mining, wholesale trade and selected retail

and service industries. The survey excludes

shipments by most service industries, governments, households and establishments

classified as farms and construction. The CFS

includes exports but not imports.

Air data represent shipments by both air and

truck/air combination. Pipeline data are nonexistent because the CFS data do not fully represent crude petroleum shipments by pipelines and there is no origin and destination

information for pipeline shipments. Rail data

represent rail single mode shipments. Road

data represent shipments moved by private

truck and for-hire truck. Water data include

freight movements on inland, Great Lakes and

deep-sea waterways. Intermodal data represent shipments moved by intermodal truck

and rail combination.

Table 5-5a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Area

Pairs by Mode: 1996

Canada

Table 5-5a is based on the following primary

sources:

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special “For-Hire” Trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic

Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

(Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

For road and water transport data, see technical notes for Tables 5-1 and 5-2.
276 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Table 5-5b

Top Mexican Domestic Freight Area

Pairs by Mode: 1996

Mexico

Air: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based

on speical tabulaation of the Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes. (Sanfandila,

Qro: 1999). Dirección General de Aeronáutica

Civil.

Rail: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte.

Evaluación Económica de Mejoras a la

Infraestructura del Sistema Nacional

Ferroviario, Publicación Técnica No. 82. Estimates included in this document based on information from the Ferrocarriles Nacionales

de México. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1996).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special tabulation from Estudio de pesos y

dimensiones de los vehículos de carga que

circulan en la red nacional de carreteras, 1994.

(Sanfandila, Qro.: 1999.)

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones

y Transportes. Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1997).

Rail: The original data source document is

the Informe de Tráfico de Flete Comercial por

Artículos Clasificados por Estaciones

Remitentes y Receptoras (Report on Commercial Fleet Traffic per Classified Items sent to

Receiving Stations), previously collected by

the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Data

include all rail movements within Mexico,

and may include some cargo with foreign

destinations. Data shown are major interurban movements. The two highest rail freight

pairs were excluded, because they owe their

ranking to the transportation of raw materials for the production process of particular

firms: (1) the transportation of 2,237,000 tons

of limestone between Huehuetoca and

Tlalnepantla, both in the State of Mexico; and

(2) 1,784,000 tons of coal between Nueva

Rosita and Monclova, Coahuila.

Road: Figures come from field surveys on the

federal highways for the year 1993. For 24

hours during 3 consecutive days, survey and

weighing stations were set up at strategic

locations on the federal highway network,

which cover the main routes of the country.

Figures include, but do not identify, commodities traded abroad. The data are included here because they represent the main

origin/destination pairs for road transportation of goods within the country.

SECTION 6: NORTH AMERICAN

MERCHANDISE TRADE

Table 6-1a

Canadian Merchandise Trade With

Mexico and the United States by Mode

of Transportation

(Current U.S. dollars)

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Merchandise trade, data collection and sources:

The primary objective of the Canadian International Merchandise Trade Statistical Program is to measure the change in the stock

of material resources of the country resulting from the movement of merchandise into

or out of Canada. When goods are imported

into or exported from Canada, declarations

must be filed with Canadian Customs giving

such information as description and value

of the goods, origin and port of clearance of

commodities and the mode of transport. In

1990, Canada entered into a Memorandum of

Understanding (MOU) with the United States
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 277 ▲

concerning the exchange of import data. As a

consequence, each country is using the

other’s import data to replace its own export

data. Canada’s international merchandise

trade statistics are, therefore, no longer derived exclusively from the administrative

records of Revenue Canada, Customs and

Excise, but from U.S. Customs records as well.

Merchandise trade, definitions: Canadian merchandise trade statistics are compiled according to the “General” system of trade defined

by the United Nations Statistical Office. Under this system, imports include all goods

that have crossed Canada’s territorial boundary, whether for immediate consumption in

Canada or stored in bonded Custom warehouses. Domestic exports include goods

grown, extracted or manufactured in Canada,

including goods of foreign origin that have

been materially transformed in Canada, including foreign goods withdrawn for export

from bonded customs warehouses. Total exports are the sum of domestic exports and

reexports. Thus the general trade system, in

principal, presents all goods entering through

the country (imports) and all goods leaving

the country (exports).

Valuation of imports: For Customs purposes,

imports are recorded at values established

according to the provisions of Canada’s Customs Act, which, since January 1985, reflect

valuation methods based on the General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Valuation Code System. It generally requires the

value for duty of imported goods be equivalent to the transaction value or the price actually paid. To determine the transaction

value of imported goods, all transportation

and associated costs arising prior to and at

the place of direct shipment to Canada are

to be added to the price of the goods. Therefore, Canadian imports are valued f.o.b. (free

on board), place of direct shipment to Canada.

This valuation excludes the freight and insurance costs in bringing the goods into

Canada from the point of direct shipment.

Valuation of exports: To countries other than

the United States, exports are, in principal,

valued or recorded at the values declared on

export documents, which usually reflect the

transaction value; i.e., the actual selling price,

or for specific transactions, the transfer price

used for company accounting purposes. Canadian exports to overseas countries are valued at f.o.b. (free on board), port of exit, including domestic freight charges to the port

of exit, but net of discounts and allowances.

As of January 1990, Canadian exports to the

United States are valued f.o.b., point of exit

from Canada.

Method of transportation: For exports, the

mode of transport information represents

the mode of transport by which the international boundary is crossed. For Canadian

exports via the United States to Mexico, the

mode reported would be the mode used to

cross the Canadian/U.S. border. If, for example, Canadian export shipments destined

for Mexico travel by truck through Fort Erie,

Ontario, then the mode reported in this table,

and in Canadian international trade data, will

be truck.

For imports, the mode of transport information represents the last mode of transport

by which the cargo was transported to the

port of clearance in Canada and is derived

from the cargo control documents of Canadian Customs. This may not be the mode of

transport by which the cargo arrived at the

Canadian port of entry in the case of inland

clearance. If, for example, Canadian import

shipments from Mexico crossed the Canadian/U.S. border by rail, but are not cleared

by Canadian Customs until they reach an-
278 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

other city by truck, the mode reported, in

Canada’s international trade statistics, will

be truck.

In this and similar tables and for both import and export shipments, the category of

pipeline and other are, for the most part, pipeline movements. Other represents mail and

parcel post and other miscellaneous modes

of transport.

Table 6-1b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With

Canada and the United States by Mode

of Transportation

(Current U.S. dollars)

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Estadística.

Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas. Based

on data developed through an interagency

working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, Banco de México and

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Total trade: Total export and import figures

are final. Figures on exports and imports by

mode of transportation are preliminary. Totals differ from the sum of the modes because data for “Postal and other” modes were

not included in the modal subcategories, but

were included in the overall totals.

Maquiladora trade: The Maquiladora industry accounted for 39.1 percent and 38.5 percent of the total value of exports for 1995

and 1996, respectively, and 35.2 percent and

33.2 percent of imports for those 2 years.

Table 6-1c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada

and Mexico by Mode of Transportation

(Current U.S. dollars)

United States

Total trade: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the

United States. (Washington, DC: 1990, 1995

and 1996).

Air and water: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. FT920

Report, U.S. Merchandise Trade: Selected Highlights (Washington, DC: December 1990, 1995

and 1996).

Road, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Bureau of Transportation

Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

For a detailed documentation on U.S. international trade data, see the U.S. Census

Bureau’s Guide to Foreign Trade Statistics

(available at http://www.census.gov/foreigntrade/www/ftd.stat.guide.html).

Merchandise trade, data collection and sources:

Data on the value of U.S. air, maritime and

land imports and exports are captured from

administrative documents required by the

Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In

1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Canada

concerning the exchange of import data. As

a consequence, each country is using the

other’s import data to replace its own export

data. The United States’ international merchandise trade statistics are, therefore, no

longer derived exclusively from the administrative records of the Departments of Commerce and Treasury, but from Revenue

Canada, Customs and Excise as well. Historically, merchandise trade data were obtained

from import and export paper documents that
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 279 ▲

the U.S. Customs Service collected at a port

of entry or exit. However, an increasing

amount of import and export statistical information is now being captured electronically. Approximately 98 percent of U.S. import and 60 percent of U.S. export data are

collected electronically.

Merchandise trade, definitions: Data represent

merchandise trade activity between the

United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin

Islands and Canada and Mexico. These statistics do not include traffic between Guam,

Wake Island and America Samoa and Canada

and Mexico.

Valuation of imports and exports: Import values represent the value of merchandise for

duty (or Customs) purposes. It is usually the

selling price in the foreign country of origin,

and excludes freight costs, insurance and

other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise from the foreign port of export to

the United States. For exports to all countries except Canada, export values represent

the value of the merchandise, usually the

selling price, plus insurance, inland freight

costs and other charges incurred in bringing

the merchandise to the U. S. port of export.

This is generally called the f.a.s. (free alongside ship) value. These export values exclude

the cost of loading the merchandise aboard

the exporting carrier at the port of export

and also exclude freight, insurance, and any

charges or transportation costs beyond the

U.S. port of exportation. Because the United

States does not collect information for U.S.

exports to Canada from its own trade documents, the value of these exports represents

the transaction value of the merchandise,

plus a Statistics Canada imputed estimate of

the costs of insurance, inland freight and

other charges. Statistics Canada estimate is

based on 4.5 percent of the export merchandise transaction value.

Method of Transportation: Method of transportation is based on the method of transportation in use when the merchandise arrived at the U.S. Customs port of entry or

departed a U.S. Customs port of exit. In some

instances, shipments between the United

States and countries abroad enter or depart

the United States through Canada or Mexico.

These are called transshipments. Such transshipments are recorded under the method

of transportation by which they enter or depart a U.S. Customs port regardless of the

transportation mode used between Canada

or Mexico and the final country of origin or

destination. For U.S. exports via Canada to

other overseas countries, the mode reported

would be the mode used to cross the U.S./

Canadian border. If, for example, export shipments that are destined for the United Kingdom travel by truck through Buffalo/Niagara,

NY, and are then shipped by water from a

Canadian port to the United Kingdom, the

mode reported in U.S. international trade

data would be truck.

For the time period April 1993 through December 1996, transshipments were included

in official U.S. trade data for land modes of

transportation, and it is impossible to exclude these transshipments at an individual

modal level. Because the land modes include

transshipment data, the sum of the modal

categories exceeds total U.S. trade with

Canada and Mexico for 1995 and 1996. Moreover, it is not possible to calculate modal

percentage shares for 1995 and 1996. Beginning in January 1997, transshipments are no

longer included in the U.S. trade figures for

land modes of transportation. Thus, the

modal shares for 1997 can be calculated.

The 1997 modal shares for total U.S. merchandise trade with Canada and Mexico are:

air (5.8 percent); water (4.6 percent); road

(68.0 percent); rail (14.7 percent); pipeline

(3 percent); and other (3.9 percent).
280 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

In contrast to transshipments, intransit shipments are goods declared by the shipper as

moving through the United States from one

foreign country to another and are not included in the official U.S. international merchandise trade statistics, and therefore are

not included in this data for this table. In a

North American context, intransit shipments

would include, for example, a Canadian export to Mexico, which moves by truck through

the United States. This type of activity, again,

is not considered to be part of U.S. international trade, and is not reflected in official

U.S. merchandise trade statistics, or in the

data in this table.

The following modes are included in U.S.

merchandise trade statistics: air, maritime

vessel, truck, rail, pipeline, government mail,

flyaway aircraft (aircraft moving from the

aircraft manufacturer to a customer and not

carrying any freight), powerhouse electricity, pedestrians carrying freight, foreign trade

zones (for imports only) miscellaneous and

unknown. Data for land modes (i.e., truck,

rail, pipeline, mail and other) of transportation are nonexistent prior to April 1993. Government mail, flyaway aircraft, powerhouse

electricity, pedestrians carrying freight, foreign trade zones, miscellaneous and unknown methods of transportation have not

 1995, total 1995, total 1996, total 1996, total

 with without with without

 transshipments transshipments transshipments transshipments

U.S. trade

with Canada

Exports to 129,884.1 108,311.1 139,109.7 117,341.8

Canada

Imports from 143,669.5 135,212.2 156,206.6 146,374.3

Canada

U.S. trade

with Mexico

Exports to 42,662.2 42,294.5 51,753.4 51,252.7

Mexico

Imports from 54,048.9 51,489.7 63,312.2 62,188.1

Mexico

*Land modes of transportation include truck, rail, pipeline, government mail, flyaway aircraft

(aircraft moving from the aircraft manufacturer to a customer and not carrying any freight),

powerhouse electricity, pedestrians carrying freight, foreign trade zones (for imports only)

miscellaneous and unknown.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Transborder

Surface Freight Data (www.bts.gov/transborder)

U.S. Trade With Canada and Mexico by Land Modes of Transportation*

(Millions of current U.S. dollars)
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 281 ▲

been included as specific categories for U.S.

merchandise trade in Sections 6 and 7 of this

publication. However, these modes of transportation are included in the overall U.S.

merchandise trade figures.

Table 6-2a

Canadian Merchandise Trade With

Mexico and the United States by Mode

of Transportation

(Metric tons)

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Merchandise trade, weight data: The International Trade Division (ITD) of Statistics

Canada publishes monthly trade statistics for

both exports and imports. The data are drawn

from Revenue Canada (Customs) administrative files that are used for applying import/

export and tariff regulations. A variety of

trade characteristics are reported monthly

for each commodity, with the main ones being country, commodity, mode of transport

and value. The capture and reporting of

weight information by commodity is generally given less priority than value and country data. Weight and quantity information

currently reported by ITD depend, for the

most part, on what commodity is being reported. For instance, most bulk commodities e.g., wheat, coal, potash, are reported in

metric tons. Commodities of a more finished

nature tend to be reported in various units

of quantity or weight, generally using one of

the international units of measure published

in the Statistics Canada report, Imports by

Commodity (65-007-XPB).

Merchandise trade, weight data collection: With

the current system used by Revenue Canada

Customs to report international trade data;

i.e., using the B3 reporting form (for imports)

and the B13 reporting form (for exports to

overseas countries), there is no requirement

for custom brokers to report in one consistent unit of weight measurement. Except for

exports to the United States, Canadian exporters and importers are not required to

report a shipping weight for each commodity shipped. The requirement is to report an

overall gross and net weight for each record,

which may include one or multiple commodities on any one form. Value and mode of

transport are always captured for each commodity and quantity is frequently captured.

Trade data by mode of transport are published in value terms only.

Weight conversion methodology and factors:

Canada and the United States capture and

exchange import trade data as part of a bilateral data exchange agreement. On a

monthly basis, Canada sends to the United

States data on its imports from the United

States and, in turn, receives from the United

States data covering imports from Canada.

As both countries record imports using different trade documents, with different requirements, the data elements collected are

not consistent in all areas. For instance, the

United States collects weight data for each

import commodity by all modes of transportation for merchandise trade with all

countries. If relevant to the commodity type,

the United States also collects quantity information on all merchandise imports. However, the weight and quantity information

captured by Revenue Canada depends on the

type of commodity.

A variety of validation and edit checks are

performed on the U.S. imports from Canada,

before the data are sent back to Canada as

part of the U.S.-Canada data exchange. From
282 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

this edited file, relationships can be derived

between quantities, value and shipping

weight for each commodity. Statistics Canada

has used these relationships in the development of a weight conversion methodology

and factors. Use of the Harmonized System

(HS) for commodity classification has been

an important component in the development

of these conversions. At the six-digit HS level,

exports and imports are essentially the same,

and likely possess similar weight characteristics. Statistics Canada conversion methodology involves the development of factors

for converting the value or quantity of international trade commodities to metric tons

for six-digit HS codes. Trade commodities

reported in nonmetric units for imports from

all countries (including the U.S.) as well as

exports to all countries (excluding the U.S.)

are converted using one of the following conversion factors: quantity to shipping weight

(quantity conversion factor); or value to shipping weight (value conversion factor). If

quantity information is available, the quantity conversion factor is used. If not, the value

conversion factor is used. Because exports

to the United States already provided shipping weight information and served as the

source of Statistics Canada’s conversion factors, they are accepted as is.

Method of transportation: For exports, the

mode of transport information represents

the mode of transport by which the international boundary is crossed. For Canadian

exports via the United States to Mexico, the

mode reported would be the mode used to

cross the Canadian/U.S. border. If, for example, Canadian export shipments destined

for Mexico travel by truck through Fort Erie,

Ontario, then the mode reported in this table,

and in Canadian international trade data, will

be truck.

For imports, the mode of transport information represents the last mode of transport

by which the cargo was transported to the

port of clearance in Canada and is derived

from the cargo control documents of Canadian Customs. This may not be the mode of

transport by which the cargo arrived at the

Canadian port of entry in the case of inland

clearance. If, for example, Canadian import

shipments from Mexico crossed the Canadian/U.S. border by rail, but are not cleared

by Canadian Customs until they reach another city by truck, the mode reported, in

Canada’s international trade statistics, will

be truck.

In this and similar tables and for both import and export shipments, the category of

pipeline and other are, for the most part, pipeline movements. Other represents mail and

parcel post and other miscellaneous modes

of transport.

Table 6-2b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With

Canada and the United States by Mode

of Transportation

(Metric tons)

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica

Civil. Special tabulation. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1997).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones

y Transportes. Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1998).

Road and rail, 1996: Instituto Mexicano del

Transporte. Special tabulations based on

data from the Secretaría de Comercio y
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 283 ▲

Fomento Industrial and U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

See also Juan Manuel Trejo. Una metodología

para valuar los beneficios económicos de

mejoras en los sistemas de transporte (A Methodology to Evaluate the Economic Benefits of

Improving the Transportation Systems), M.S.

Thesis, Querétaro Autonomous University,

Qro.

Road and rail, 1996: The Instituto Mexicano

del Transporte (IMT) estimated the figures

based on data provided by the Secretaría de

Comercio y Fomento Industrial in Mexico and

the Bureau of Transportation Statistics in the

United States. For 1995, the IMT estimates

that 4,023 million tons were exported from

Mexico to the north, and 11,005 million tons

were imported into Mexico from the north.

The United States was the origin and destination of the vast majority of these shipments, although some shipments originated

in, or were destined for, Canada. There is no

way of quantifying the specific proportion

allocated to Canada versus the United States.

For 1996, 5,482 million tons were exported

from Mexico to the north by rail. Of this,

4,813 million tons were shipped to the United

States. The remaining 669 million tons were

either shipped to Canada or (although originating in Mexico as rail shipments) were ultimately transshipped via air or sea through

U.S. or Canadian ports. Also in 1996, 12,933

million tons were imported into Mexico from

the north by rail. Of this, 10,307 million tons

came from the United States. The remaining

2,626 million tons came either from Canada

or from a third country, but reached Mexico

as a transshipment from Canadian or U.S.

ports.

Table 6-2c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada

and Mexico by Mode of Transportation

(Metric tons)

United States

Total trade: U.S. Department of Commerce.

U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the

United States. (Washington, DC: 1990, 1995

and 1996).

Air and water: U.S. Department of Commerce.

U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division.

FT920 U.S. Merchandise Trade. (Washington,

DC: December 1990, 1995 and 1996).

Road, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Bureau of Transportation

Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Shipping weight: Shipping weight represents

the gross weight in kilograms of shipments,

including the weight of commodities and

packaging (such as wrappings, crates, boxes

and containers). For air, maritime vessel and

imports by land modes of transportation,

shipping weight information is a required

data element on the merchandise trade documents of the Departments of Commerce and

Treasury. Currently, data on the shipping

weight of exports by land modes of transportation (truck, rail, pipeline, mail and

other) are not required to be collected if the

exporter or broker files a paper trade documentation, known as the Shipper’s Export

Declaration. (At present, approximately 30-

40 percent of U.S. export data are collected

via paper trade documents). Under new automated filing procedures through the Automated Export System (AES), shipping weight

for exports will be required. In addition, because shipping weight for imports from

Mexico by land modes of transportation only
284 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

became available in April 1995, calendar year

1995 data are not available for inclusion in

Table 6-2c. For additional explanation, see

notes for Table 6-1c.

Method of transportation: Method of transportation is based on the method of transportation in use when the merchandise arrived at

the U.S. Customs port of entry or departed a

U.S. Customs port of exit. In some instances,

shipments between the United States and

countries abroad enter or depart the United

States through Canada or Mexico. These are

called transshipments. Such transshipments

are recorded under the method of transportation by which they enter or depart a U.S.

Customs port regardless of the transportation mode used between Canada or Mexico

and the final country of origin or destination. For U.S. exports via Canada to other

overseas countries, the mode reported would

be the mode used to cross the U.S./Canadian

border. If, for example, export shipments that

are destined for the United Kingdom travel

by truck through Buffalo/Niagara, NY, and are

then shipped by water from a Canadian port

to the United Kingdom, the mode reported

in U.S. international trade data would be

truck.

For the time period April 1993 through December 1996, transshipments were included

in official U.S. trade data for land modes of

transportation, and it is impossible to exclude these transshipments, measured in

weight, at either a total land trade or individual modal level. Because of this inclusion

of transshipment data for the land modes of

transportation, a summation of the individual

modal categories will exceed the U.S. total

trade with Canada and Mexico for 1995 and

1996. Beginning in January 1997, transshipments are no longer included in the U.S. trade

figures for land modes of transportation.

In contrast to transshipments, intransit shipments are goods declared by the shipper as

moving through the United States from one

foreign country to another and are not included in the official United States international merchandise trade statistics, and

therefore are not included in this data for

this table. In a North American context,

intransit shipments would include, for example, a Canadian export to Mexico, which

moves by truck through the United States.

This type of activity, again, is not considered

to be part of U.S. international trade, and is

not reflected in official U.S. merchandise

trade statistics, or in the data in this table.

Table 6-3a

Top Canadian Gateways for North

American Merchandise Trade by

Mode: 1996

(Current U.S. dollars)

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998). See notes for Table 6-1a.

Table 6-3b

Top Mexican Gateways for North

American Merchandise Trade by

Mode: 1996

(Current U.S. dollars)

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Estadística.

Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas. Based

on data developed through an interagency

working group including the Secretaría de

Hacienda y Crédito Público, Banco de México

and Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1999).
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 285 ▲

This table shows the information by mode

registered at the principal custom ports (or

custom “houses”) in Mexico. Land transportation includes shipments by both road and

rail. In addition, data from inland customs

ports (and those not considered “principal”)

are added to the overall figures for the principal customs ports shown in Table 6-3b.

Table 6-3c

Top U.S. Gateways for North American

Merchandise Trade by Mode: 1996

(Current U.S. dollars)

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. Transportation Branch. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Annual Waterborne Databanks 1996 (formerly TA 305/

705). (Washington, DC: 1998).

Road, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Bureau of Transportation

Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

For additional explanation, see notes for

Table 6-1c.

Air data for specific airports may include a low

(generally less than 2-3 percent of the total

value) level of small user-fee airports located

in the same regional area. In addition, data

for nearby individual courier operations are

included in the certain airport totals to prevent disclosure. Land port totals include transshipment data. Port totals reflect the mode of

transportation in use at the time the shipment

entered or exited a U.S. Customs port.

Table 6-4a

Top Mexican Maritime Intransit

Shipment Ports: January-June 1997

Mexico

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special

tabulation based on 1997 data from the Journal of Commerce. Port Import Export Reporting Service (PIERS). (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

Table 6-4b

Top U.S. Maritime Intransit Shipment

Ports: 1996

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime

Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Annual Waterborne

Databanks 1996 (formerly TA 305/705).

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Intransit shipments are goods declared by

the shipper as moving through the United

States from one foreign country to another

and are not included in the official U.S. international merchandise trade statistics or in

the United States balance of trade of goods

and services. Although U.S. international

merchandise trade statistics cover all methods of transportation, the intransit statistics

cover only goods, which enter or leave the

United States by maritime vessel. Goods may

arrive by vessel and depart by air, land or

vessel, or arrive by land or air and depart by

maritime vessel. Therefore, inbound and outbound intransit statistics may not cover the

same intransit movements and these movements of goods do not present a full picture

of the intransit trade. (For example, an

intransit shipment that entered the United

States by truck and exited by rail would not

be included in these statistics at all.) In addition, the value data for intransit statistics
286 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

are estimated based on the type of commodity and its’ shipping weight. Intransit data

tend to be dutiable commodities since the

United States Customs Service requires that

shipments transiting through the United

States be handled under a Customs bond (inbond).

Table 6-5a

Top Land Freight Crossing Ports,

Canadian-U.S. Border: 1996

North and southbound:

Data for trucks represent the number of truck

crossings, not the number of unique vehicles.

(For example, one truck may cross back and

forth across the border several times in a

day.)

Northbound (Canadian data source): Statistics Canada. Culture, Tourism and the Center for Education Statistics Division. Special

tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Table 6-5a is based on data collected through

Statistics Canada’s Frontier Count program.

All ports of entry across Canada participate

in determining the number of cars, trucks,

motorcycles and bicycles in the case of highway and ferry points as well as the number

of travelers by selected categories and by

type of transportation. These surveys are

conducted on a census basis except for seven

ports of entry that are using sampling

schemes to estimate automobiles and motorcycle flows. The sample is intended to estimate U.S. and Canadian vehicles and travelers by country of residence. The samples

are selected among the seven ports in order

to represent all days of the month over the

region. Customs officials at these ports provide the count of automobiles and cycle traffic by country of residence for those sample

days. These counts are then weighted to the

total flows provided by toll authorities.

Southbound (U.S. data source): U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Data reflect all trucks and trains that entered

the United States, across the U.S.-Canadian

border, regardless of carrier nationality.

Table 6-5b

Top Land Freight Crossing Ports,

Mexican-U.S. Border: 1996

North and southbound:

Data for trucks represent the number of truck

crossings, not the number of unique vehicles.

(For example, one truck may cross back and

forth across the border several times in a

day.)

Northbound (U.S. Data Source): U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Data reflect all trucks and rail cars that entered the United States, across the U.S.-Mexican border, regardless of carrier nationality.

Southbound:

Trucks: Data compiled by Texas A&M International University, Texas Center for Border

Economic and Enterprise Development based

on original data from bridge operators. Web

site: www.tamiu.edu/coba/txcntr/

Rail: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte.

Manual Estadístico del Sector Transporte 1996.

(Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 287 ▲

Table 6-6a

Top Canadian Merchandise Trade

Commodities by Mode With Mexico:

1996

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1a.

Table 6-6b

Top Canadian Merchandise Trade

Commodities by Mode With the United

States: 1996

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1a.

Table 6-7a

Top Mexican Merchandise Trade

Commodities by Mode With Canada:

1996

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Estadística.

Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas. Based

on data developed through an interagency

working group including the Secretaría de

Hacienda y Crédito Público, Banco de México

and Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1999).

Table 6-7b

Top Mexican Merchandise Trade

Commodities by Mode With the United

States: 1996

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Estadística.

Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas. Based

on data developed through an interagency

working group including the Secretaría de

Hacienda y Crédito Público, Banco de México

and Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1999).

Table 6-8a

Top U.S. Merchandise Trade

Commodities by Mode With Canada:

1996

United States

Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Maritime Administration.

Office of Statisticaland Economic Analysis.

Special tabulation based on U.S. Department

of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign

Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1996. (Washington,

DC: 1998).

Road and rail: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Transborder Surface Freight Data. (Washington, DC: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1c.

Table 6-8b

Top U.S. Merchandise Trade

Commodities by Mode With Mexico:

1996

United States

Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Maritime Administration.

Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis.

Special tabulation based on U.S. Department

of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign

Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1996. (Washington,

DC: 1998).
288 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Road and rail: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Transborder Surface Freight Data. (Washington, DC: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1c.

SECTION 7: INTERNATIONAL

MERCHANDISE TRADE BETWEEN

NORTH AMERICA AND THE REST OF

THE WORLD

In all the tables in this section, intra-North

American trade is excluded (e.g., Canada’s

trade with Mexico and the United States is

excluded; Mexico’s trade with Canada and

the United States is excluded; and the United

State’s trade with Mexico and Canada is excluded). For the series of weight based

commodity tables (7-5), data were not

available for Mexico that excluded trade

with Canada and the United States. A table

for Mexico has been included in the technical notes section for the table series 7-5,

which provides data for Mexico’s top international trade commodities by weight for

all of its international trade. This table is

included between the Canadian and U.S.

technical notes for Tables 7-5a and

7-5b.

Table 7-1

International Merchandise Trade

Between North America and the Rest of

the World by Value

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

See notes for Table 6-1a and 7-1.

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Estadística.

Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas. Based

on data developed through an interagency

working group including the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, Banco de México and

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Data refer to exports to and imports from

outside North America: i.e., Canada and the

United States are excluded. Figures are preliminary and approximate, and stem from a

study made by Instituto Nacional de

Estadística, Geografía e Informática, based

on foreign trade data tapes provided by the

Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público.

Other modes of transportation include mail

and miscellaneous modes.

United States

Air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of

Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special

tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

See also notes for Tables 6-1c.

Method of transportation: Method of transportation is based on the method of transportation in use when the merchandise arrived at

the U.S. Customs port of entry or departed a

U.S. Customs port of exit. Data in Table 7-1

exclude U.S. trade with Canada and Mexico.

For Table 7-1, data are only available for air

and water modes of transportation, and the

total trade represents a sum of these two

modes.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 289 ▲

In some instances, shipments between the

United States and countries abroad enter or

depart the United States through Canada or

Mexico. These are called transshipments.

Such transshipments are recorded under the

method of transportation by which they enter or depart a U.S. Customs port regardless

of the transportation mode used between

Canada or Mexico and the final country of

origin or destination. For U.S. exports via

Canada to other overseas countries, the

mode reported would be the mode used to

cross the U.S./Canadian border. If, for example, export shipments that are destined

for the United Kingdom travel by truck

through Buffalo/Niagara, NY, and are then

shipped by water from a Canadian port to

the United Kingdom, the mode reported in

U.S. international trade data would be truck.

For the time period April 1993 through December 1996, transshipments were included

in official U.S. trade data with Canada and

Mexico for land modes of transportation, and

it is impossible to exclude these transshipments at an individual modal level. Therefore, data are nonexistent for land modes of

transportation (road, rail, pipeline and other)

for Table 7-1. Beginning in January 1997,

transshipment totals by truck and rail, became available for the value of U.S. transshipments through Canada and Mexico. Data

for these are included in the monthly detailed data files of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ Transborder Surface Freight

Data (www.bts.gov/transborder)

Table 7-2

International Merchandise Trade

Between North America and the Rest

of the World by Weight

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

See also notes for Tables 6-1a and 6-2a.

Method of transportation, imports: For imports,

the mode of transport information represents

the last mode of transport by which the cargo

was transported to the port of clearance in

Canada and is derived from the cargo control

documents of Canadian Customs. This may

not be the mode of transport by which the

cargo arrived at the Canadian port of entry, if

the cargo are cleared by Canadian Customs

at an inland port. If, for example, commodities imported from the United Kingdom arrived by ship in Toronto, Ont., but are not

cleared in Canada until they reach another

city by truck, the mode reported in Canadian

international trade statistics will be truck.

Method of transportation, exports: Exports by

land modes of transportation in this table

represent Canadian trade with a second country that were transshipped via a third country, generally the United States. For exports,

the mode of transport information represents the mode of transport by which the international boundary is crossed. For Canadian exports via the United States to other

overseas countries, the mode reported would

be the mode used to cross the Canadian/U.S.

border. If, for example, export shipments that

are destined for the United Kingdom travel

by truck through Fort Erie, Ontario, and are

then shipped by water from a U.S. port to the

United Kingdom, the mode reported in Canadian international trade data in this table will

be truck.
290 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

 Mexico

The following table provides data for Mexico’s overall international trade by mode,

measured in millions of metric tons. Data in this table include trade with Canada and the

United States.

Mexico’s International Merchandise Trade by Weight

(Millions of metric tons)

Mexico

 1990 1995 1996

Total trade U U U

Exports U U U

Imports U U U

 Air trade, total 0.1 0.2 U

Exports U U U

Imports U U U

 Water trade, total 107.9 123.0 145.1

Exports 88.9 103.3 117.6

Imports 19.0 19.7 27.5

 Road trade, total 17.7 33.5 U

Exports 7.7 14.4 U

Imports 10.0 19.1 U

 Rail trade, total 16.2 21.7 28.6

Exports 4.4 7.0 9.1

Imports 11.8 14.7 19.5

U = Data are unavailable.

Air: Cargo carried by domestic and foreign companies under scheduled international service. Freight charters are excluded.

Water: Data comprise cargo shipments through the ports of the Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico

and the Caribbean.

Road: Data refer to international shipments that were shipped via the Mexican federal

highway system. Data for 1995 were unavailable. Data in the table represent 1994.

Rail: Cargo imported and exported without making any distinction whether bound to the

United States or Canada.

Sources

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil.

La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras, 1989-1995. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1996).

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y

Marina Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Manual Estadístico del Sector Transporte, 1997.

(Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series estadísticas 1990,1995 and 1996. (Mexico

City, D.F.: various years).
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 291 ▲

For the time period April 1993 through December 1996, transshipments were included

in official U.S. trade data with Canada and

Mexico for land modes of transportation, and

it is impossible to exclude these transshipments at an individual modal level. Therefore, data are nonexistent for land modes of

transportation (road, rail, pipeline and other)

for Table 7-2.

Table 7-3a

Top Canadian International

Merchandise Trade Gateways by Mode:

1996 (Excluding Trade With Mexico and

the United States)

(Current U.S. dollars)

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1a and 7-1.

Table 7-3b

Top U.S. International Merchandise

Trade Gateways by Mode: 1996

(Excluding Trade With Canada and

Mexico)

(Current U.S. dollars)

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. Transportation Branch. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Annual Waterborne Databanks 1996 (formerly TA 305/

705). (Washington, DC: 1998).

For additional explanation, see notes for

Table 6-1c and 7-1.

United States

Air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of Merchandise,

December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

See also notes for Tables 6-1c and 6-2c.

Method of transportation: Method of transportation is based on the method of transportation in use when the merchandise arrived at

the U.S. Customs port of entry or departed a

U.S. Customs port of exit. Data in Table 7-2

exclude U.S. trade with Canada and Mexico.

For Table 7-2, data are only available for air

and water modes of transportation, and the

total trade represents a sum of these two

modes.

In some instances, shipments between the

United States and countries abroad enter or

depart the United States through Canada or

Mexico. These are called transshipments.

Such transshipments are recorded under the

method of transportation by which they enter or depart a U.S. Customs port regardless

of the transportation mode used between

Canada or Mexico and the final country of

origin or destination. For U.S. exports via

Canada to other overseas countries, the mode

reported would be the mode used to cross

the U.S./Canadian border. If, for example,

export shipments that are destined for the

United Kingdom travel by truck through Buffalo/Niagara, NY, and are then shipped by

water from a Canadian port to the United

Kingdom, the mode reported in U.S. international trade data would be truck.
292 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Air data for specific airports may include a

low (generally less than 2-3 percent of the

total value) level of small user-fee airports

located in the same regional area. In addition, data for nearby individual courier operations are included in the certain airport

totals to prevent disclosure. Port totals reflect the mode of transportation (air or water) in use at the time the shipment entered

or exited a U.S. Customs port.

Table 7-4a

Top Canadian International Trade

Commodities by Value: 1996 (Excluding

Trade With Mexico and the United

States)

(Current U.S. dollars)

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1a and 7-1.

Table 7-4b

Top Mexican International Trade

Commodities by Value: 1996

(Excluding Trade With the United

States and Canada)

(Current U.S. dollars)

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática. Dirección General de Estadística.

Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas. Based

on data developed through an interagency

working group including the Secretaría de

Hacienda y Crédito Público, Banco de México

and Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1999).

Table 7-4c

Top U.S. International Trade

Commodities by Value: 1996 (Excluding

Trade With Canada and Mexico)

(Current U.S. dollars)

United States

Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special tabulation based upon U.S. Department

of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign

Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and

1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1c and 7-1.

Table 7-5a

Top Canadian International Trade

Commodities by Weight: 1996

(Excluding Trade With Mexico and the

United States)

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Tables 6-1a, 6-2a and 7-2.

Top Mexican International Trade

Commodities by Weight: 1996

Mexico

International trade data excluding trade with

Canada and the United States are not available with commodity detail. The table below

shows all international merchandise trade for

Mexico by weight. The headings of each column indicate the year. (Data are not based

on the two-digit Harmonized Schedule (HS)

but on the common name of the product.)
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 293 ▲

Top Mexican International Trade

Commodities by Weight, Various Years

(Thousands of metric tons)

OVERALL 1993

Exports 108,079

Crude oil 69,117

Regular salt 6,200

Fuel oil 3,117

Gypsum 2,869

Bar or ingot iron 1,379

Imports 50,144

Fuel oil 4,364

Sorghum 3,745

Soybean seed 2,171

Wheat 1,741

Cellulose pulp for 1,510

 paper manufacturing

AIR

Air exports

U U

Air imports

U U

LAND (rail only) 1995

Land exports (rail only) 5,482

Assembled motor vehicles 1,348

Cement 1,078

Beer 548

Disassembled motor vehicles 130

Iron and steel sheets and plates 389

Land imports (rail only) 12,933

Soybeans 1,406

Maize 1,257

Paper and cardboard waste 917

Wheat 601

Sorghum 582

WATER 1996

Water exports 117,598

Oil and by-products 82,662

Regular salt 7,270

Limestone 5,978

Gypsum 3,587

Cement 1,874

Water imports 27,533

Oil and by-products 4,857

Limenite 3,797

Sorghum 1,311

Wheat 1,104

Phosphoric rock and fertilizer 967

Sources

Overall: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte.

Manual Estadístico del Sector Transporte, 1996.

(Sanfandila, Qro.: 1998). Based on the Sumario

Estadístico de la Revista Comercio Exterior,

April 1993 and March 1994, Banco Nacional

de Comercio Exterior.

Land (rail only): Instituto Mexicano del

Transporte. Manual Estadístico del Sector

Transporte, 1996. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1998).

Based on information from Ferrocarrilles

Nacionales de México.

Water: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte.

Manual Estadístico del Sector Transporte, 1996.

(Sanfandila, Qro.: 1998). Based on information from the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes, Dirección General de Puertos y

Marina Mercante; i.e., based on information

from the Sectretaria de Communicaciones y

Transportes, Dirección General.

Table 7-5b

Top U.S. International Trade

Commodities by Weight: 1996

(Excluding Trade With Canada and

Mexico)

United States

Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Maritime Administration.

Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis.

Special tabulation based upon U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports

of Merchandise, December 1990, 1995

and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

See notes for Table 6-1c, 6-2c and 7-2.
294 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

SECTION 8: DOMESTIC PASSENGER

TRAVEL

Data do not include passenger travel by

commercial freight vehicles.

Table 8-1

Domestic Passenger Travel by Mode

Canada

Table 8-1 is based on the following primary

sources:

Air: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.:

various years).

Road: Transport Canada. Minister of Public

Works and Government Services. Transportation in Canada 1997—Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

years).

Passenger-kilometers, total: The total is approximate because it is dominated by an estimated number for road, and because data

for general aviation do not exist. (Transit

also is estimated, and placed under Local

Motor Bus, under Road.)

Air: Air data reflect Canadian Level I through

Level III air carriers that, in each of the 2

calendar years immediately preceding the

report year, transported 5,000 or more revenue passengers, or 1,000 or more metric

tons of revenue goods, between airports located within Canada. Data for general aviation/noncommercial passenger travel do not

exist because this type of information is not

collected. As a result, a total for domestic

passengers transported by the air mode of

transport in Canada is also nonexistent.

Road: Road passenger-kilometer data are

based on a Transport Canada estimate for

1995 of the number of vehicle-kilometers

traveled by personal motor vehicles (includes

passenger cars, motorcycles and light trucks)

and buses. Estimates of vehicle-kilometers

are calculated based on: (1) road motor vehicle fuel sales (net sales on which taxes were

paid at road-use rates); and (2) estimates of

fuel efficiency by class of vehicle. Estimates

of average occupancy are then applied to the

estimates of vehicle-kilometers to arrive at

passenger kilometers. Buses include intercity, charter, school and local transit buses.

Rail: Rail data include Class I (VIA Rail) and

Class II (other carriers involved in Canadian

rail passenger transportation operations)

Canadian railways.

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de

Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de

Autotransportre Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1997).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990,1995 and 1996.

(Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante (Mexico City, D.F.:

1998)

For all data included in Table 8-1, the distances used to estimate indicators; i.e., passenger-kilometers, were based on routes and

traffic intensities.

Air: Data include only domestic airlines with

scheduled service. General aviation activity

is not included.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 295 ▲

Bus, total and intercity: Data for all types of

buses are nonexistent, because these data

are not collected. In Table 8-1 only data for

intercity buses are reported. These buses

use Mexico’s federal highway system, and do

not include local transit buses. Intercity bus

data for passenger-kilometers are estimates

based on the size of the vehicle fleet and the

following formula:

Passengers—kilometers = passengers transported x distance traveled.

Passengers transported = vehicle fleet x used

capacity x trips per week x weeks per year

 The vehicle fleet is the number of vehicles

that move passengers on the federal road

system. Used capacity is the average number of used seats per vehicle. Trips per week

is the average number of trips per vehicle

per week. Weeks per year is the average number of weeks an intercity bus is in service

during the year. Distance traveled is the distance between the origin and destination of

the bus.

United States

Table 8-1 is based on the following primary

sources:

Air:

Air carrier: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics. (Washington, DC: 1986-1997).

Page 2, Line 1.

General aviation: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration.

Statistical Handbook of Aviation 1996, available at www.bts.gov.

Road:

1990, 1995: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC: 1996). Table VM-201A.

1996: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway

Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Table VM-1.

Local motor bus: American Public Transit

Association (APTA). Transit Fact book. (Washington, DC: various ears).

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad

Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996.

(Washington, DC: 1996), statistical appendix.

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC:

various years).

Air: Air data comprise air carrier and general aviation passenger-kilometers. Air carrier data in the United States are based on

100 percent reporting of passengers and trip

length by the large certificated air carriers

(including the medium regional carriers).

There are some 90 air carriers that operate

aircraft with a passenger seating capacity of

more than 60, or have a payload capacity of

more than 8,165 kilograms, or operate internationally. (See the technical notes under

Table 4-2 for more information on large certificated air carriers.) The figures do not include data for all airlines; most notably, small

certificated air carriers, scheduled commuter

airlines and on-demand air taxis are excluded. If added, these might raise the totals by roughly 5 percent. Air carrier passenger-kilometers are computed by summing

the aircraft kilometers flown on each interairport segment multiplied by the number of

passengers carried on that segment. Passenger-kilometers for general aviation (which in

this table includes on-demand air taxi) are

calculated by increasing earlier figures by the

percentage change in annual hours flown by

general aviation aircraft, as published in the
296 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Federal Aviation Administration’s Statistical

Handbook of Aviation.

Road: Road data are based on statistics compiled by the Federal Highway Administration

(FHWA) at the U.S. Department of Transportation from data reported by each state.

Road passenger-kilometers are calculated by

multiplying the vehicle kilometers of travel

by the average number of occupants for each

vehicle type (as estimated by FHWA, using

various sources, especially, the Nationwide

Personal Transportation Survey). The quality of the data varies by the level of the functional road system and by each state’s effort

and adherence to FHWA methods. FHWA

edits reports that are unreasonable because

of obvious errors or large changes. In July

1997, FHWA published revised passenger-kilometers data for the road mode for several

years. The major change reflected the reassignment of some vehicles from the passenger car category to the FHWA category “other

2-axle, 4-tire vehicles” (called “light truck”

in this table). Light trucks include vans, pickup trucks, minivans and sport utility vehicles.

Passenger cars include taxis. Bus totals are

based on data from the FHWA and include

charter, intercity, local motor bus and school

bus. Local motor bus is based on data from

a private association, and is described under transit. Road data do not include passenger travel by commercial freight vehicles.

Transit: Transit data are from the American

Public Transit Association (APTA) and are

based on information in the Federal Transit

Administration’s (FTA) National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts the FTA

data to include transit operators that do not

report to this database. These nonreporting

operators typically include private, very

small and/or rural operators. There are

about 6,000 transit operators in the U.S., according to APTA; about 1,000 of these report

to FTA. However, these 1,000 operators account for approximately 90 to 95 percent of

the total transit passenger-kilometers. Reliability of the U.S. transit data varies by mode.

The numbers for rail are the most comprehensive; those for bus are less so because

there are so many more operators. Transit

passenger-kilometers are the cumulative sum

of the distances ridden by each passenger.

Transit total includes other U.S. transit categories not individually specified here, including local motor bus, trolley bus, ferries

and transit for the disabled. Transit rail includes commuter rail, heavy rail and light

rail. Local motor bus included here is not

included in the total to avoid double counting with the estimate of bus passenger vehicle-kilometers in the road data.

Intercity rail: Intercity rail data are based on

an almost 100 percent count of tickets from

the service provider in the United States

(Amtrak) and, therefore, are considered to

be very accurate.

Table 8-2a

Top Canadian Domestic Passenger

Metropolitan Area Pairs by Mode: 1996

Canada

Air: Statistics Canada. Air Passenger Origin

and Destination, Domestic Report—1996, Catalogue 51-204-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

All other modes: Statistics Canada. Micro

Data Files relating to the Canadian Travel Survey (CTS)—1996, Catalogue 87M006XCB. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Air: Air data in this table are based on scheduled domestic air passenger journeys by air

carriers, as collected by the Passenger Origin Destination Survey. Air carrier figures

refer to total outbound and inbound domestic passenger journeys in 1996. Statistics

Canada’s Aviation Statistics Centre developed
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 297 ▲

the Passenger Origin-Destination Survey to

collect air passenger statistics. The Air Passenger Origin and Destination Report, Catalogue 52-204-XPB, is published annually to

provide estimates, by directional origin and

destination, of the number of passengers

traveling on scheduled domestic commercial

flights. These passenger counts are reported

by major (Level I and certain Level II) air carriers to the Passenger Origin-Destination Survey. Approximately 85 percent of the total

commercial air passengers in Canada are serviced by air carriers that participate in the

Passenger Origin-Destination Survey. Data for

general aviation/noncommercial passenger

travel do not exist because this type of information is not collected. As a result, top

metropolitan area pairs for domestic passengers transported by all air modes of transport in Canada is also nonexistent.

The data in Table 8-2a are based on passengers flown by Level I and Level II Canadian

air carriers. To qualify as a Level I carrier,

the carrier must have transported at least

1,000,000 revenue passengers or at least

200,000 metric tons of revenue goods in each

of the 2 calendar years immediately preceding the report year. (Level I carriers are divided into Level IA and Level IB, with IA the

larger.) Level II carriers must have transported at least 50,000 revenue passengers

or at least 10,000 metric tons of revenue

goods in each of the 2 calendar years immediately preceding the report year.

Intercity rail/road/water: Data in this table

for Intercity Rail, Road, and Water are based

on “person-trips,” as collected by Statistics

Canada for its Canadian Travel Survey (CTS).

These figures refer to total outbound and

inbound domestic passenger trips in 1996.

For purposes of the CTS, a “trip” is defined

as travel by the respondent accompanied or

not by one or more household members for

any reason (except as noted below) to a Canadian destination of at least 80 kilometers

one-way from home. The following types of

travel are excluded: travel to and from work

or school (i.e., commuting); one-way travel

involving a change of residence; travel of

operating crew members of buses, airplanes,

boats, etc; travel in an ambulance to a hospital or clinic; trips that did not originate in

Canada; trips longer than a year.

The Canadian Travel Survey is a biennial survey whose purpose is to gather information

on domestic trips and travelers to measure

the volume, characteristics and economic

impact of domestic travel by Canadians. The

CTS is a supplement using the Labour Force

Survey (LFS) sampling frame and collects

more than 30 characteristics, including

socio-demographic information on travelers,

trips and expenditures. In 1996, a monthly

sample of approximately 16,000 persons was

interviewed. That same year, additional information was also collected. For the first

time, the CTS measured the number of visits

and provided allocated expenditures at the

national, provincial and subprovincial level.

The results of the Canadian Travel Survey are

published in Touriscope-Domestic Travel

(Catalogue 87-504), which is prepared by the

Tourism Statistics Program of Statistics

Canada.

Table 8-2b

Top Mexican Domestic Passenger

Metropolitan Area Pairs by Mode: 1996

Mexico

Air: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based

on data from Secretaría de Comunicaciones

y Transportes. Dirección General de

Aeronáutica Civil. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).
298 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Intercity Passenger Rail, 1996

(Thousands of passengers utilizing specific terminals)

Name of passenger rail terminal Thousands of passengers utilizing

specific terminals, 1996

Mexico City, D.F. 728

Veracruz, Ver. 181

Guadalajara, Jal. 171

Monterrey, N.L. 160

Chihuahua, Chih. 141

Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based on data from Ferrorcarriles Nacionales de

México (Querétaro, Qro. 1998)

Intercity Passenger Bus, 1996

(Thousands of passengers utilizing specific terminals)

Name of passenger bus terminal Thousands of passengers utilizing

specific terminals, 1996

Mexico City, D.F.

 Mexico City, D.F. (Terminal del Norte) 22,851

Mexico City, D.F. (Terminal Oriente) 17,164

Guadalajara, Jal. 16,501

Celaya, Gto. 13,799

Monterrey, N.L. 12,576

Acapulco, Gro. 10,087

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Direccíon General de Autoransporte

Federal. Estadisticas Básicas del Autotransporte Federal, 1996. (Mexico City, D.F. 1997)

Intercity rail and bus: Data for 1996 are for

passenger travel by interurban railroad and

by bus are presented below for the principal

terminals. The objective is to provide an idea

of the geographical distribution of passenger flows within Mexico by bus and rail.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 299 ▲

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1998).

Air and water: Air carrier is an Instituto

Mexicano del Transporte estimate based on

data provided from Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección

General de Aeronáutica Civil. Water data represent port pairs.

Table 8-2c

Top U.S. Domestic Passenger

Metropolitan Area Pairs by Mode: 1995

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of

Transportation Statistics. 1995 American

Travel Survey. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Conducted in 1995, the Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ American Travel Survey (ATS)

collected data on trips of 100 miles or more

one-way made by U.S. residents. Flows between places less than 100 miles apart are

not included in the data set. Flows are based

on person trips between metropolitan areas.

For more information on the ATS, see the web

site: www.bts.gov/ats

SECTION 9: NORTH AMERICAN

PASSENGER TRAVEL

Canada and Mexico both collect data on same

day and overnight international travel from

travel surveys and other sources. However,

the data sources for each country may differ

in definitions and methodologies. Both

Canada’s and Mexico’s data are based on country of residency. Residents of a country are

those people that are entitled to live permanently in that country. For the purposes of the

travel data included in this section, resident

travel would include travel by both citizens of

the particular country, as well as, residents of

that country.

The United States does not collect data on same

day and overnight travel to and from the United

States for all modes of transportation, and with

the same level of travel characteristics that

Canada and Mexico do. The International Trade

Administration’s Survey of International Air

Travelers captures travel characteristics data

for U.S. residents traveling abroad and for

international visitors to the United States.

However, the survey only captures travel by

air. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics’

American Travel Survey captures data on international travel of U.S. residents by all

modes of transportation. However, the distance basis of the ATS (trips of 100 miles or

more) limits its utility in the North American

context, since the majority of U.S-Canada and

U.S.-Mexico travel is same day travel with

trips of less than 100 miles. Because of these

and other data gaps, the United States agreed

to use Canadian data to represent U.S.-Canada

travel and Mexican data to represent U.S.-

Mexican data.

Table 9-1a

Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel

by Mode of Transportation

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel

between Canada and other countries

(Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Data sources: The Tourism Statistical Program at Statistics Canada collects, analyzes

and disseminates data on tourism. Tourism

is broadly defined as the business, pleasure

and leisure activities that support a person
300 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

travelling abroad. The existing method of

collecting international travel statistics is

described under the two Statistics Canada

headings of “Frontier Counts” and “Questionnaire Surveys.” Both these systems depend

greatly on the cooperation of Revenue

Canada, Customs and Excise in the collection

of the number of crossings and the distribution of travel questionnaires. Except for

Tables 9-2a and 10-1, all data in Sections 9

and 10 are based on a combination of frontier count and questionnaire sampling. Data

for all tables in Section 9 are based on travel

from Canada by Canadian residents and on

travel to Canada by U.S. or Mexican residents.

Frontier count data: All ports of entry across

Canada participate in determining the number of travelers by selected categories, by

type of transportation, as well as the number of cars, trucks, motorcycles and bicycles

in the case of highway and ferry points. These

surveys are conducted on a census basis except for seven ports of entry that are using

sampling schemes to estimate automobiles

and motorcycle flows. The sample is intended to estimate U. S. and Canadian vehicles and travelers by country of residence.

The samples are selected among the seven

ports in order to represent all days of the

month over the region. Custom officials at

these ports provide the count of automobiles

and cycle traffic by country of residence for

those sample days. These counts are then

weighted to the total flows provided by toll

authorities.

Questionnaire surveys: Questionnaire surveys

are used to secure information on the expenditures and other characteristics of an international traveler. According to prearranged

schedules, Canadian Customs distributes the

questionnaires to the travel party upon entry for nonresidents or upon reentry for Canadian residents. As part of a continuing attempt to improve travel surveys at minimal

cost, a sampling scheme is used at all major

land and air border points where a questionnaire is distributed to eligible travelers over

a period of several days. Each port involved

in the sampling scheme receives, for a specified period, a specific quantity of numbered

questionnaires and a date on which to start

the distribution. For estimation purposes, the

responses obtained through the questionnaire surveys are treated as a simple random sample from the total traffic in each

stratum (port or group of ports, by type of traffic, by quarter). The data may in fact be subjected to some degree of “distribution bias,”

due to the fact that not all categories of travelers are represented, or to a “nonresponse bias”

due to the fact that the individuals replying

may not be representative of the population.

Data from questionnaire surveys are captured and disseminated on the basis of person-trips. (Each time a nonresident traveler

enters Canada marks the beginning of a person-trip. Canada Customs records each

traveler’s entry. A person-trip concludes

when the traveler leaves Canada. For residents, each time a person departs from

Canada, a person-trip begins. The persontrip ends when the traveler returns to

Canada.) However, for the purposes of comparability with Mexican and U.S. data, data

in Sections 9 and 10 is reported on the basis

of visitors, unless otherwise noted.

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de

Investigación Económica. Dirección de

Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Data sources: The Banco de México is the responsible agency for collecting the majority

of international travel data in Mexico. Most

of these data are collected through survey
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 301 ▲

instruments. Overall, the goals of the Banco

de México tourism survey program are to collect tourism data as part of the calculation

of the balance of payments and to collect

other information in order to analyze the

behavior of tourists. To support these goals,

data on expenditures for local transportation,

lodging, food, amusement, personal care

items, souvenirs, medical care and other purchases are gathered. In addition, data such

as length of stay, income level, purpose of

trip, means of transportation, point of departure and major cities visited also are gathered. Through a sample survey, data are collected at specific international airports and

border cities. Data are collected from travelers in automobiles, buses, trains, as well

as travelers boarding and deboarding aircraft. Each individual traveler is surveyed

when leaving the country.

For the purposes of its own survey program,

the Banco de México uses specific definitions

to categorize types of visitors. However, due

to the need for use of common terminology

in Sections 9 and 10, some standard categories were used for the data tables. The category “Mexican Resident Overnight Travel to

Canada” includes Mexican resident travelers

who traveled from Mexico to Canada where

they stayed for at least 24 hours. The category “Canadian Resident Overnight Travel

to Mexico” includes Canadian resident travelers who traveled from Canada to Mexico

where they stayed for at least 24 hours.

Table 9-1b

Canada-United States/United StatesCanada Travel by Mode of

Transportation

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel

between Canada and other countries

(Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

See technical notes for Table 9-1a.

United States

For purposes of this publication, the United

States and Canada have agreed to use Canadian source data for this table. However, the

American Travel Survey (ATS) is another

source that provides data for trips made by

U.S. residents to Canada of more than 100

miles one-way in 1995. The ATS definition of

a visitor, therefore, results in a much lower

estimate of travel than reflected in the table,

particularly for same-day travel. For overnight travel the ATS estimates 9,867,000 U.S.

visitors to Canada in 1995, 76 percent of the

travel estimated in the table. The ATS estimates a higher proportion of air travel (35

percent versus 21 percent) because, on the

whole, it counts longer distance trips than in

the table, trips that are more likely to be taken

by airplane. The estimates of bus travel are

very similar in percentage terms, with the ATS

estimating 5 percent of trips versus 6 percent

in the table. The ATS estimates 96 percent of

bus trips were taken by charter or tour bus, 3

percent by intercity bus and 1 percent by

school bus. The ATS estimates less than 1

percent of overnight trips to Canada were

taken by intercity rail. For more information

on the ATS, see web site: www.bts.gov/ats

Table 9-1c

Mexico-United States/United StatesMexico Travel by Mode of

Transportation

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de

Investigación Económica. Dirección de

Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).
302 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

See technical note on Table 9-1a for additional

information on data sources.

The category “Mexican Resident Same Day

Travel to the U.S.” includes Mexican resident

travelers who traveled from Mexico to the

United States and who stayed within the border region (the border region extends 25 miles

(40 kilometers) from the U.S./Mexican border).

The category “U.S. Resident Same Day Travel

to Mexico” includes U.S. resident travelers who

traveled from the United States to Mexico and

who stayed within the border region. The category “Mexican Resident Overnight Travel to

the U.S.” includes Mexican resident travelers

who traveled from Mexico to the United

States and who stayed in the United States

for at least 24 hours. This includes Mexican

residents who stayed within the border region, as well as those who traveled further

inland into the United States for a minimum

period of 24 hours. The category “U.S. Resident Overnight Travel to Mexico” includes U.S.

resident travelers who traveled from the

United States to Mexico and who stayed in

Mexico for at least 24 hours. This includes

U.S. residents who stayed within the border

region, as well as those who traveled further

inland into Mexico for a minimum period of

24 hours.

United States

For purposes of this publication, the United

States and Mexico have agreed to use Mexican source data for this table. The American

Travel Survey (ATS) provides data for trips

made by American residents to Mexico of

more than 100 miles one-way in 1995. The

ATS definition of a visitor, therefore, results

in a much lower estimate of travel than reflected in the table, particularly for sameday travel. For overnight travel the ATS estimates 8,561,000 U.S. visitors to Mexico in

1995, 45 percent of the travel estimated in

the table. The ATS estimates a higher proportion of air travel because it counts longer

distance trips than in the table, trips that

are more likely to be taken by airplane. The

only estimates of bus travel are from the

ATS, which estimates bus accounts for 3 percent of trips. The ATS estimates 51 percent

of bus trips were taken by charter or tour

bus, 46 percent by intercity bus and 3 percent by school bus. The ATS estimates less

than 1 percent of overnight trips to Mexico

were taken by intercity rail. For more information on the ATS, see http://www.bts.gov/

ats

Table 9-2a

Top Land Passenger Ports, CanadianU.S. Border: 1996

Northbound (Canadian data source): Statistics Canada. Culture, Tourism and the Center for Education Statistics Division. Special

tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). Table 9-

2a is based on data collected through Statistics Canada’s Frontier Count program. These

data provide information on the number of

travelers by selected categories and by type

of transportation. All ports of entry across

Canada participate in determining the number of travelers by selected categories, by

type of transportation, as well as the number of cars, trucks, motorcycles and bicycles

in the case of highway and ferry points. These

surveys are conducted on a census basis except for seven ports of entry that are using

sampling schemes to estimate automobiles

and motorcycle flows. The sample is intended to estimate United States and Canadian vehicles and travelers by country of residence. The samples are selected among the

seven ports in order to represent all days of

the month over the region. Custom officials

at these ports provide the count of automobiles and cycle traffic by country of residence

for those sample days. These counts are then

weighted to the total flows provided by toll

authorities.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 303 ▲

Southbound (U.S. data source). U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Data reflect all passenger vehicles and passengers in those vehicles that entered the

United States across the U.S.-Canadian border, regardless of nationality.

Table 9-2b

Top Land Passenger Ports, Mexican-U.S.

Border: 1996

Northbound (U.S. data source): U.S. Department of Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. Office of Field Operations. Operations Management Database. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Data reflect all passenger vehicles and passengers that entered the United States across

the U.S.-Mexican border, regardless of nationality.

Southbound: Data compiled by Texas A&M

International University, Texas Center for

Border Economic and Enterprise Development

based on original data from bridge operators. Web site: www.tamiu.edu/coba/txcntr/

Table 9-3

Top North American Air Passenger City

Pairs: 1996

Canada-United States and

Mexico-United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of

Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline

Information. T-100 Database. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Data for this table are based on regulatory

reporting requirements for the large certificated U.S. air carriers and for foreign air carriers. The large certificated U.S. air carriers

are required to report traffic data for all their

aircraft operations, regardless of aircraft

size. (See the technical notes under Table 4-

2 for the definition of “large certificated air

carrier.”) By contrast, the United States does

not require foreign air carriers operating in

the United States, such as Air Canada, to file

“small aircraft” traffic operations. In the context of this table, small aircraft have 60 or

fewer passenger seats and an available payload capacity (passengers and/or cargo) of

18,000 pounds (8,165 kilograms) or less. The

United States requires foreign carriers operating in the United States to report data for

aircraft with more than 60 passenger seats

or available payload (passengers and/or

cargo) of more than 18,000 pounds (8,165

kilograms).

Table 9-4a

Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel

by Trip Purpose

Canadian data source: Statistics Canada. International Travel, travel between Canada and

other countries (Touriscope), Catalogue 66-

201-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations.

(Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Also see notes for Table 9-1a. Under Statistics Canada’s International Travel Program,

trip purposes include the following: pleasure, business, visiting friends or relatives

and other purposes. A pleasure trip includes

a holiday, vacation, visiting second home,

cottage or condo and attending events and

attractions. A business trip includes attending a meeting or convention, a conference,

trade show or seminar, or other work. A trip

for other purposes includes personal, in transit, shopping, educational study and other.
304 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Mexican data source: Banco de México.

Dirección General de Investigación

Económica. Dirección de Medición Económica.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

See notes for Table 9-1a.

Table 9-4b

Canada-United States/United StatesCanada Travel by Trip Purpose

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel

between Canada and other countries

(Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 9-1a and 9-4a.

Table 9-5a

Canada-Mexico/Mexico-Canada Travel

Characteristics: 1996

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel

between Canada and other countries

(Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 9-1a and 9-4a.

Table 9-5b

Canada-United States/United StatesCanada Travel Characteristics: 1996

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, travel

between Canada and other countries

(Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

See notes for Table 9-1a and 9-4a.

SECTION 10: INTERNATIONAL

PASSENGER TRAVEL BETWEEN NORTH

AMERICA AND THE REST OF THE WORLD

Table 10-1

Passenger Travel Between North

America and the Rest of the World by

Mode of Transportation

All Countries

Canadian, Mexican and U.S. data in this table

do not include international travel within

North America. All data in this table are

based on the traveler’s country of residency.

Residents of a country are those people that

are entitled to live permanently in that country. For the purposes of the travel data included in this section, resident travel would

include travel by both citizens of the particular country, as well as, residents of that country. Canadian data represent nonresident

visitors to Canada, excluding residents of the

United States and Mexico. U.S. data represent nonresident visitors to the United States,

excluding residents of Canada and Mexico.

Mexican data represent nonresident visitors

to Mexico, excluding residents of Canada and

the United States.

Travel from the United States is based on the

departures of U.S. residents, excluding travel

to Canada or Mexico. Travel from Mexico is

based on the departures of Mexican residents, excluding travel to Canada or the

United States. Travel from Canada is based

on Canadian resident reentry data. Canadian

resident reentry data represent Canadian

residents returning from international destinations, other than the United States or
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 305 ▲

Mexico. The reentry of Canadian residents

to Canada may be made directly from an overseas country or via the United States. Canadian resident reentry data are similar, but

not exactly comparable with U.S. and Mexican resident departure data. This is because

Canadian residents may not necessarily leave

and return by the same modes of transportation, and because Canadian residents could

depart Canada in one calendar year, and return in another.

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel

between Canada and other countries

(Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Table 10-1 is based on data collected through

Statistics Canada’s Frontier Count program.

These data provide information on the number of travelers by selected categories and

by type of transportation. All ports of entry

across Canada participate in determining the

number of travelers by selected categories,

by type of transportation, as well as the number of cars, trucks, motorcycles and bicycles

in the case of highway and ferry points. These

surveys are conducted on a census basis except for seven ports of entry that are using

sampling schemes to estimate automobiles

and motorcycle flows. The samples are selected among the seven ports in order to represent all days of the month over the region.

Custom officials at these ports provide the

count of automobiles and cycle traffic by

country of residence for those sample days.

These counts are then weighted to the total

flows provided by toll authorities.

In Table 10-1, Canadian data are based on

the traveler’s country of residency. Travel

to Canada represents nonresident visitors to

Canada, excluding residents of the United

States and Mexico. Travel from Canada is

based on Canadian resident reentry data.

Canadian resident reentry data represent

Canadian residents returning from international destinations, other than the United

States or Mexico. The reentry of Canadian

residents to Canada may be made directly

from an overseas country or via the United

States. Canadian resident reentry data are

similar, but not exactly comparable with U.S.

resident departure data. This is because Canadian residents may not necessarily leave

and return by the same modes of transportation, and because Canadian residents could

depart Canada in one calendar year, and return in another.

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de

Investigación Económica. Dirección de Medición

Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Table 10-1 is based on data collected by the

Banco de México. Most of this data are collected through survey instruments. Overall,

the goals of the Banco de México tourism survey program are to collect tourism data as

part of the calculation of the balance of payments and to collect other information in

order to analyze the behavior of tourists. To

support these goals, data on expenses on local transportation, lodging, food, amusement,

personal care items, souvenirs, medical care

and other purchases are gathered. In addition, data such as length of stay, income level,

purpose of trip, means of transportation,

point of departure and major cities visited

also are gathered. Through a sample survey

data are collected at specific international

airports and border cities. Data are collected

from travelers in automobiles, buses, trains,

as well as travelers boarding and deboarding
306 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

aircraft. Each individual traveler is surveyed

when leaving the country.

For the purposes of its own survey program,

the Banco de México uses specific definitions

to categorize types of visitors. However, due

to the need for use of common terminology

in Sections 9 and 10, some standard categories were used for the data tables. The category Travel to Mexico (Nonresident Visitors)

represents nonresident visitors to Mexico,

excluding residents of the United States and

Canada. The category Travel from Mexico

(Mexican Residents) includes departures from

Mexico by Mexican residents.

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. International

Trade Administration. Tourism Industries

Office. Summary of International Travelers to

the U.S. and 1996 Outbound Travel. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Travel to the United States: Travel to the United

States represents travel by visitors who are

not U.S. residents. Nonresident visitor data

are based on international arrivals by air to

the United States. These data are collected

by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) on form I-94. Canadian and Mexican residents are excluded from the data in

Table 10-1 for nonresident visitors travelling by air to the United States. The INS data

system makes it impossible to obtain data

for other modes without including travel by

Canadian and Mexican residents. The INS

estimates that in 1996, 303,000 visitors (including residents of Canada and Mexico)

came to the United States by water transportation. In 1995, visitors by water transportation were 269,000 and in 1990, 279,000.

Travel from the United States: Travel from the

United States represents departures by U.S.

residents. U.S. resident departures data by

air are primarily based on data collected by

the Immigration and Naturalization Service

(INS) on form I-92, supplemented by the Survey of International Air Travelers, which is

conducted by the International Trade Administration (ITA) at the Department of Commerce. The I-92 is completed by air carriers,

and provides data for the number of U.S. residents traveling abroad by air. The Survey of

International Air Travelers provides data on

the travel characteristics of U.S. residents

traveling abroad by air. Figures for U.S. resident departures in Table 10-1 excludes U.S.

residents who were departing to Canada and

Mexico.

Data for travel from the United States in Table

10-1 are based on the number of resident

departures by air, and not the number of

country visits. In addition, the total number

of air passengers (travel to and from the

United States) in this table is based on a

roundtrip and, therefore, differs from the

total number of air passengers shown in

Table 10-3, which is based on a one-way trip.

In Table 10-1 U.S. residents traveling abroad

are counted only once when they leave the

country, and foreign residents are counted

only once when they enter the country. In

Table 10-3 U.S. residents are counted twice:

once when leaving and once when returning.

Similarly, foreign residents are counted twice:

once when entering and once when leaving.

Other differences between this table and

Table 10-3 are due to the differing data

sources. (Table 10-1 is based on immigration data, supplemented by an air travel survey. Table 10-3 is based on air carrier data.)
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 307 ▲

Table 10-2

Top International Origins and

Destinations Outside of North

America: 1996

All Countries

Data in this table do not include international

travel within North America. For Canada, the

United States and Mexico are not included as

destinations. For the United States, Mexico

and Canada are not included as destinations.

For Mexico, Canada and the United States are

not included as destinations. In addition,

destination country data for all three countries include visits by their residents to one

or more countries outside North America.

For countries of origin, Canadian data exclude residents of Canada, the United States

and Mexico, even if the travel of a Canadian,

U.S. or Mexican resident originated in a third

country, such as the United Kingdom. Similarly, for countries of origin, U.S. data exclude

residents of the United States, Canada and

Mexico, even if the travel of a U.S., Canadian

or Mexican resident originated in a third

country, such as the United Kingdom. Mexican data for regions of origin exclude residents of Canada, the United States and

Mexico.

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Travel, Travel

between Canada and other countries

(Touriscope), Catalogue 66-201-XPB. (Ottawa,

Ont.: various years).

Statistics Canada. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Also see technical notes for Table 9-1a.

Country of origin: Canada Customs counts

nonresident travelers upon their entry into

Canada. A selected sample of these nonresidents receive a travel questionnaire that ask

a number of selected questions pertaining

to the type of trip taken (travel characteristics). One such characteristic is the residency

of the respondent and the length of stay

while in Canada. Country of origin data in

this table are based on visits to Canada of

one or more nights. Canadian data in Table

10-2 exclude residents of the United States

and Mexico, even if the travel of a U.S. or

Mexican resident originated in a third country, such as the United Kingdom.

Destination country: Destination country data

reflect the reported places visited by Canadian residents while travelling to foreign

destinations. Destination country visits are

for at least one night. Canadian residents,

upon there reentry to Canada, are sampled

as to the travel characteristics of the trip just

completed. Among the many travel characteristics asked of the Canadian traveler are

what countries were visited and how much

time was spent in each.

Mexico

Banco de México. Dirección General de

Investigación Económica. Dirección de

Medición Económica. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Information on the travelers country of origin and destination is not available because

it is not processed. Therefore, data have been

presented at the regional level. The region

of origin or destination is based on the region furthest in distance from Mexico or the

region where the traveler spent the most

time.

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. International

Trade Administration. Tourism Industries

Office. Summary of International Travelers to

the U.S. and 1996 Outbound Travel. (Washington, DC: 1997).
308 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Country of Origin: Origin country data represent the residency of international arrivals

based on data collected by the Immigration

and Naturalization Service (INS) on form I94. The I-94 is a requirement of all international visitors to the United States with the

exception of Canadians visiting the United

States for less than 6 months and Mexicans

travelling within the 40-kilometer border

frontier zone. U.S. country of origin data in

Table 10-2 exclude residents of Canada and

Mexico, even if the travel of a Canadian or

Mexican resident originated in a third country, such as the United Kingdom. U.S. origin

country data are based on country of residency. Hence, if a citizen of France, who is a

permanent resident of Germany, travels to

the United States from his home in Germany,

he will be recorded as a person coming from

Germany.

Destination Country: Destination countries

are based on data collected by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) on form

I-92, supplemented by the Survey of International Air Travelers, which is conducted by the

International Trade Administration (ITA) at

the Department of Commerce. The I-92 is

completed by air carriers, and provides data

for the number of U.S. residents traveling

abroad by air. The Survey of International

Air Travelers provides data on the travel characteristics of U.S. residents traveling abroad

by air.

It should be noted that destination country

data for the United States include visits by

U.S. residents to one or more countries. For

example, if a U.S. resident departed and flew

first to the United Kingdom for 3 days, then

went to France for another 7 days, and then

returned to the United States, this person’s

travel would be counted twice, in terms of

destination countries: once with a visit to the

United Kingdom and once with a visit to

France. This methodology differs from the

approach to calculate the overall number of

U.S. international passengers (nonresident

visitors plus resident departures) in Table

10-1 because Table 10-1 is based on the number of air travelers, and not the number of

country visits, which is the basis of Table

10-2.

The Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ 1995

American Travel Survey (ATS) also provides

data on the amount of international overseas

travel by U.S. residents. Data from this survey provide generally lower estimates of the

amount of overseas travel by U.S. residents

as well as a somewhat different ranking of

destination countries. Part of the difference

in the top ATS destination countries versus

the top destination countries according to

the Survey of International Air Travelers is that

the ATS is based on overseas travel by all

modes of transportation. The top ten ATS

destinations (excluding Canada and Mexico)

were, in thousands of visitors: United Kingdom (1,846), Bahamas (1,581), Jamaica (971),

France (944), Italy (833), Germany (823), Japan (608), India (508) Bermuda (487) and

Aruba (416).

Table 10-3

Top International Air Gateways,

Excluding North American Travel: 1996

Mexico

Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares. Resultado

del Movimiento Aeroportuario. EneroDiciembre, 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Data for this table are based on airline reports provided to the Aeropuertos y Servicios

Auxiliares, which is the agency responsible

for overseeing Mexico’s major airports. One
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 309 ▲

of the most important uses of this information is to plan services at airports for both

airlines and air passengers.

Data in this table differ from those in Table

10-1, because they are based on air carrier

data reported to the Aeropuertos y Servicios

Auxiliares. In contrast, the data in Table 10-

1 are survey data collected as part of the

Banco de Mexico’s tourism and travel program. For more information on this program

see the notes for Table 9-1a and 9-1c.

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of

Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline

Information. T-100 Database. (Washington,

DC: 1998).

These data are based on regulatory air carrier data and represent the total passengers

(both outbound and inbound traffic in flight

segments) in scheduled and nonscheduled

service of all U.S. and non-U.S. airlines to and

from all international cities (other than Canadian and Mexican cities). This data source

is different from the data source used for

Table 10-1 that shows the number of international passengers by air (a sum of nonresident visitors and resident departures). Table

10-1 is based on immigration data, supplemented by an air travel survey. Table 10-3

is based on air carrier data and the number

of passengers (regardless of country of residency).

In addition, data for international air travel

differ between Table 10-1 and Table 10-3

because the total number of air passengers

with international orgins and destinations in

this table is based on a round-trip and, therefore, differs from the number of air passengers (a sum of nonresident visitors and resident departures) shown in Table 10-1, which

is based on a one-way trip. Because Table

10-3 is based on air carrier data, a traveler

is counted twice: once when leaving and once

when returning. In Table 10-1, however, the

U.S. traveler is counted only once when she

leaves the country, and a foreign (nonresident) traveler is counted only once when he

enters the country.

In Table 10-3, New York consists of three airports (John F. Kennedy International (16.3

million international passengers), Newark

(3.7 million) and La Guardia (0.2 million)).

Washington, DC consists of 2 airports (Dulles

International (2.5 million) and National (0.02

million)). Data for Guam were not included

in this table, but if they were, Guam would

rank number 7 with 2.97 million international passengers.

SECTION 11: TRANSPORTATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

Table 11-1

Domestic Physical System Extent

All Countries

For road, the overall total for Canada and

the United States includes all roads (highways, local and others). However, the road

total for Mexico does not include local roads.

For the road subcategories, Canada cannot

disaggregate its data for local roads into

paved and unpaved. The rail data represent

the length of track, including yard tracks, sidings and parallel lines. The transit rail data

refer to one-way, fixed guideways.

Canada

Table 11-1 is based on the following primary

sources:

Road: Transportation Association of Canada.

Transportation in Canada: A Statistical Overview—1995. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).
310 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Great Lakes and inland waterways: Transport

Canada. Marine Distance Library, 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue 55-201-XPB and Gas Utilities,

Transport and Distribution Systems, Catalogue

57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

years).

Road: It is not possible to present data according to the subcategories of major roads

and local roads, which are included in Table

11-1. However, an overall total number as

well as an overall number for paved and unpaved roads is available. For these figures,

road length is based on a concept of a “two

lane equivalent,” where a “two-lane equivalent” is a length of road measured as if there

were only two lanes. For example, in this

table, a 1-kilometer stretch of road with two

regular lanes and one passing lane down the

middle counts as 1.5 kilometers. Data for

1996 do not exist because the source of this

data for 1990 and 1995 in Table 11-1 was a

report entitled Transportation in Canada: A

Statistical Overview, prepared for the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), under contract. This particular report followed

two earlier TAC publications: Highways in

Canada, last published in 1991 and Transportation in Canada, last published in 1993.

It is not known when a subsequent edition

of Transportation in Canada; A Statistical Overview, will be issued or whether a subsequent

edition will contain road extent data beyond

year 1995.

The public road network in Canada extends

slightly more than 900,000 kilometers. Approximately 35 percent of the network is

paved, 57 percent has a gravel surface (including “surface treatment”) and only 8 percent remains unsurfaced (such as dirt and

winter roads. Winter roads are roads that

are built in the winter over frozen lakes, rivers and muskeg). The Canadian National

Highway System (NHS) consists of 24,449

route-kilometers of roads linking major cities, major international border crossings and

ports. Although it comprises less than 3 percent of the Canadian road network, the Canadian National Highway System supports the

bulk of both the interprovincial and international trade in goods and inter city passenger travel.

Great Lakes and inland waterways: Distances

for the Great Lakes and inland waterways

were calculated with use of an automated

marine distance library developed by the Economic Analysis Directorate of Transport

Canada. The total distance of Canada’s inland Waterways (2,825 kilometers) includes

that distance along the St. Lawrence River

from the Ontario-Québec border, along

Québec’s north shore to the meridian of latitude 630 West (a distance of 1,029 kilometers) and the distance in U.S. waters in the

Great Lakes system (1,796 kilometers).

The Great Lakes Region consists of those

Canadian ports that are located along the St.

Lawrence River west of the Ontario-Québec

border, and on the four Great Lakes, which

include Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron

and Lake Superior. Canada’s Inland Waterways Region consists of all rivers, lakes and

other navigable fresh waters within Canada

including the St. Lawrence River as far seaward as a straight line drawn from Cap-desRosier to West Point, Anticosti Island, and

from Anticosti Island to the north shore of

the St. Lawrence River along the meridian of

longitude 63o West. This area excludes the

Mackenzie River and its tributaries, but includes time spent in U.S. waters of the St.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 311 ▲

Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, where

the St. Lawrence River Region consists of Canadian ports located on the St. Lawrence

River from the Ontario-Québec border eastward, along the north shore to 63o West.

Pipeline: Natural gas pipeline data include

pipeline used for the gathering, transmission

and distribution of natural gas, but exclude

gathering lines for the upstream producing

industry. The length of natural gas pipeline

also excludes pipeline used for the residential distribution of natural gas. Crude oil

pipeline data include pipelines used for gathering, trunk-crude and product lines, but exclude upstream producers’ gathering lines.

Rail: Data include freight and intercity passenger rail only. Rail track length for 1990

and 1995 includes rail lines owned or operated under lease, contract, trackage rights,

or jointly owned and includes mainline,

branch line and yard trackage. Data for 1995

indicate the length of track operated as of

December 31, 1994.

Mexico

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de Evaluación.

Longitud de la Infraestructura Carretera,

1990,1995 y 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various

years).

Pipeline: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática, based on data from

the Petróleos Mexicanos. Subdirección de

Planeación and the Anuario Estadístico (various years). (Aguascalientes, Ags.: various

years).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990, 1995 y 1996. (Mexico

City, D.F.: various years).

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática, based on data collected by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo

and the Sistema de Transporte Eléctrico in

Mexico City, the Sistema de Transporte

Colectivo de la Zona Metropolitana in

Guadalajara, and the Sistema de Transporte

Colectivo in Monterrey. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road: The total length of the national road

network includes toll and nontoll roads as

well as feeder rural roads. Local roads within

municipal areas are not included.

Rail: The total length of rail under operation,

including main, secondary and private railroads.

Transit: Data include the Sistema de

Transporte Colectivo, Mexico City’s tramway

and Guadalajara’s and Monterrey’s electric

trains (Metrorrey).

United States

Table 11-1 is based on the following primary

sources:

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Great Lakes and inland waterways: U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center.

Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA: 1998).

Gas pipeline: American Gas Association. Gas

Facts. (Arlington, VA: 1997). Table 5-1 and

similar tables in earlier editions.

Oil pipeline: Eno Transportation Foundation,

Inc. Transportation in America. (Lansdowne,

VA: 1997). Page 64.

Freight rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Page 44.
312 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad

Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996.

(Washington, DC: 1996). Statistical Abstract.

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact book 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Road: Road data for “major roads” include

U.S. Interstate and arterials. Data for local

roads include both collectors and local

roads. Data for 1990 and 1995 do not include

Puerto Rico, but data for 1996 do include

Puerto Rico in all road categories.

Great Lakes and inland waterways: Data represent an estimated length of the U.S. Great

Lakes and inland waterways on which commercial traffic was reported to the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers. Great Lakes data refer

to domestic commercial traffic between U.S.

Great Lakes ports. Inland waterways are defined as those geographically located within

the boundaries of the contiguous 48 states

or within the boundaries of the State of

Alaska.

Pipeline: Gas pipeline data include transmission pipelines, distribution, main and field

gathering lines, but exclude service pipes.

Gas pipeline data are not adjusted to common diameter equivalent, and data are reported at the end of each year. Oil pipeline

data include petroleum and other liquid product lines, including gathering lines.

Rail: Rail data include length of track owned,

including yard tracks, sidings and parallel

lines by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) and Class I freight railroads. Class I railroads have annual gross

operating revenues in approximate excess of

$250 million (based on 1991 dollars) and

comprise only 2 percent of the railroads in

the U.S., but account for about 70 percent of

the industry’s distance operated (73 percent

in 1996), 90 percent of its employees and 90

percent of its freight revenues. Portions of

the freight, intercity passenger and commuter rail networks share common trackage

in the United States. Jointly used rail track

is only counted once in U.S. statistics.

Transit rail: Transit rail data include commuter rail, heavy rail and light rail. Data are

one-way, fixed guideway.

Table 11-2

Number of Airports

For all countries, data in Table 11-2 do not

include heliports, stolports (an airport specifically designed for short take-off and landing aircraft, separate from conventional airport facilities) and seaplane bases.

Canada

Table 11-2 is based on the following primary

sources:

All data, except percent of control towers:

Natural Resources Canada. Canada Flight

Supplement. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). Airport facilities information provided to Natural Resources Canada for publication in Canada

Flight Supplement by NAV CANADA. 1998.

Percent with control towers: Transport Canada.

Aircraft Movement Statistics, TP577. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998).

The number of Canadian heliports is excluded

from the data in Table 11-2. In 1990 there

were 314 heliports; in 1995 and 1996, there

were 313. Of these heliports, there were 204

(1990), 210 (1995) and 211 (1996) heliports

that were either certified and/or operated by

the Canadian Department of National Defense.

In Canada, an aerodrome is a generic name

for facilities that are registered with Trans-
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 313 ▲

port Canada as aircraft landing and take-off

sites. Aerodromes are identified and described in Canada Flight Supplement, a publication produced on a monthly basis, under

the authority of Nav Canada and Canada’s

Chief of Defense Staff, by Geometrica

Canada, Department of Natural Resources.

Most of Canada’s commercial aviation activity takes place at certified airports. Some

aerodromes are privately owned but the majority of the certified airports in Canada are

owned by municipalities, provincial/territorial governments, or the federal government.

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Certified airports: Data represent those airports managed by Aeropuertos y Servicios

Auxiliares, the Secretaría de Comunicaciones

y Transportes, the Secretaría de la Defensa

Nacional (Ministry of National Defense), the

Secretaría de Marina (Ministry of the Navy),

and state and municipal governments.

United States

Table 11-2c is based on the following primary

sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook of

Aviation 1996. (Washington DC: 1997). Web site:

api.hq.faa.gov/handbook/1996/toc96.htm

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Aviation Administration. Administrator’s Fact

Book. (Washington, DC: December 1993 and

August 1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Aviation Administration. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Total airports: Data for the number of total

airports in Table 11-2 include only civilian

and joint-use civilian-military airports in the

United States and its territories. Purely military airports are excluded. These data do not

include heliports, stolports (an airport specifically designed for short take-off and landing aircraft, separate from conventional airport facilities) and seaplane bases. If data

for heliports, stolports and seaplane bases

were added to the number of civilian and

joint-use airports, the total would be: 1990:

17,490; 1995: 18,224; and 1996: 18,292.

Certified airports: Data for certified airports

are based on those airports that serve air

carrier operations with aircraft seating more

than 30 passengers. In 1990, there were 680

certified civilian, joint-use civilian-military

and military airports. A breakout of civilian

and joint-use certified airports versus purely

military certified airports is not available for

earlier than 1994. In 1994 and 1995, there

were 95 purely military certified airports and

in 1996, there were 94 purely military certified airports.

Data sources: The data are based on information collected by the FAA Office of Airport

Safety and Standards “through physical inspections and mail solicitations, and reported on the Airport Master Record (Form

FAA 5010-1) and the FAA Landing Facilities

Information Request on Airports, Heliports,

Stolports, and Seaplane Bases (Forms FAA

5010-2 and 5010-5).” For additional definitions and more information on U.S. airports,

see chapter three of the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation.

Tables 11-2a, b and c

Top Airports by Flight Operations:

1996

Canadian and U.S. data in Tables 11-2a and

11-2c report the total number of civilian itinerant operations of commercial air carriers
314 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

and general aviation. Military operations and

local operations have been excluded. Definitions of local and itinerant operations are

as follows:

Local: Local operations are performed by aircraft that:

(1) Operate in the local traffic pattern or

within sight of the airport

(2) Are known to be departing for, or

arriving from, flight in local practice

areas located within a 20-mile (32-

kilometer) radius of the airport

(3) Execute simulated instrument

approaches or low passes at the airport.

Itinerant: Itinerant operations are all aircraft

operations other than local operations. Mexican data in Table 11-2 b report the total number of civilian local and itinerant operations

of commercial air carriers and general aviation. This differs from U.S. and Canadian data

in Tables 11-2a and 11-2c where local operations have been excluded. However, the

above definitions of local and itinerant still

apply.

Table 11-2a

Top 20 Canadian Airports by Flight

Operations: 1996

Canada

Table 11-2a is based on the following primary sources:

Flight operations: Transport Canada. Aircraft

Movement Statistics, TP 577. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Airport characteristics: Natural Resources

Canada. Canada Flight Supplement. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998) Airport facilities information

provided to Natural Resources Canada for

publication in Canada Flight Supplement by

NAV CANADA. 1998.

Table 11-2b

Top 20 Mexican Airports by Flight

Operations: 1996

Mexico

Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares. Resultado

del Movimiento Aeroportuario, EneroDiciembre de 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

The number of flight operations includes

scheduled and nonscheduled commercial

aviation and general aviation at airports

managed by the Aeropuertos y Servicios

Auxiliares.

Table 11-2c

Top 20 U.S. Airports by Flight

Operations: 1996

United States

This table is based on the following primary

sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook

of Aviation-1996. (Washington DC: 1997).

Web site: api.hq.faa.gov/handbook/1996/

toc96.htm

Flight operations: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration.

Office of Aviation Policy and Plans. Information Systems Branch. Private Communication.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Airport characteristics: U.S. Department of

Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Office of Airport Safety and Standards.

Airport Safety and Operations Division, based

on FAA Airport Master Record, Form FAA

5010. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC:

1998).
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 315 ▲

See also the G.C.R. & Associates, Inc. web site:

www.gcr1.com/ (Click on Links and then on

FAA 5010 Database.)

The data on number of flight operations (i.e.,

number of takeoffs plus number of landings)

are reported to the FAA by the airport traffic

control towers. The FAA Statistical Handbook

of Aviation reports itinerant plus local operations. However, for this table, the FAA

supplied an unpublished list showing total

civilian itinerant operations. The FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation also reports a

great deal of information on the U.S. airspace

system, including the top 50 airports (technically, the top 50 FAA-Operated Airport Traffic Control Towers) ranked in order of total

operations, with the data broken out by aviation category (air carrier, air taxi, general

aviation, military). Detailed data on activity

at individual facilities can be found in the

report, FAA Air Traffic Activity.

Table 11-3

Number of Water Ports and Facilities

Canada

Statistics Canada. Transportation Division.

Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Total ports: Data for the total number of

ports in this table include marine ports or

facilities reporting domestic and international cargo as reported on either Statistics Canada’s Domestic Shipping Report or

Revenue Canada’s Customs Declarations.

(See notes for Table 11-4a for a description of statistical instruments used by Statistics Canada to report domestic and international cargoes that are handled by

Canadian ports).

Definitions of regions: The Atlantic region

consists of Canadian ports on the Atlantic

Ocean and Arctic Waters, and that portion

of the Gulf of St. Lawrence that is east of

the inland waters as defined in the Canadian Shipping Act. Data for Canadian Atlantic ports in this table include ports in Canadian Arctic waters and facilities that are

located at Hibernia and Sable Island (offshore drilling sites). The Pacific region consists of Canadian ports located on the Pacific Coast. The Great Lakes Region consists

of Canadian ports located along the St.

Lawrence River west of the Ontario-Qúebec

border, and on the Great Lakes. Data for Canadian inland ports in this table include ports

located on the St. Lawrence River and the

Mackenzie Delta. (The St. Lawrence River

Region consists of Canadian ports located on

the St. Lawrence River from the OntarioQúebec border eastward, along the north

shore to 63o west longitude and along the

south shore to Cap-des-Rosiers.)

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos en Cifras

1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

The number of ports includes the oil facilities located in Cayo Arcas, in front of the

coast of the state of Campeche.

United States

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation

Data Center. Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA: 1998).

The number of U.S. ports for a particular year

represents any U.S. port with annual activity

of greater than one U.S. short ton, either do-
316 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

mestic or foreign. The only facility included

in this count of ports and facilities is the Louisiana Offshore Oil Platform (LOOP). The category Caribbean includes ports in Puerto

Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Table 11-4a

Top 20 Canadian Water Ports by

Tonnage (Domestic and International):

1996

Canada

Statistics Canada. Shipping in Canada, Catalogue 54-205-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Statistics Canada. Transportation Division.

Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Domestic tonnage: Information on domestic

shipping is collected from the S.1 Domestic

Shipping Report and the S.4 Towboat and Ferry

Operators Shipping Report. The S.4 report is

used on Canada’s west coast only. A record

of activity is filed with Statistics Canada for

each vessel entering or leaving a Canadian

port in domestic shipping, with the exception of: cargo vessels under 15 net registered

tons; tugs or other vessels under 15 gross

register tons; Canadian naval or fishing vessels; research vessels; and ballast movements for towboat and ferry operators on

the West Coast that are reporting on S.4 reports.

International tonnage: International commodity statistics are compiled from data collected

on the A6 General Declaration and supporting cargo reports supplied to Statistics

Canada by Revenue Canada, Customs and

Excise, or equivalent reports from shipping

lines and port authorities. Coverage extends

to all vessels entering or leaving Canadian

ports while engaged in international shipping

with the exception of: fishing vessels of both

Canadian or foreign registry for which there

is no foreign port reported on the A6 report;

maintenance and service vessels such as icebreakers; research vessels; and, other noncommercial vessels such as hospital ships.

Data include intransit shipments.

Containerized shipments/entrances and clearances: The metric tonnage of total international and domestic containerized freight in

1996 was 17,911,000 metric tons. The total

number of entrances and clearances of ships

at all Canadian ports in 1996 was 93,170

ships.

Table 11-4b

Top 20 Mexican Water Ports by

Tonnage (Domestic and International):

1996

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina

Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos en Cifras

1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Containerized cargo does not include the

containers, only their contents. Data include

in-transit shipments.

Table 11-4c

Top 20 U.S. Water Ports by Tonnage

(Domestic and International): 1996

United States

Tonnage: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Waterborne Commerce of the United States,

National Summaries, Part 5. (New Orleans, LA:

1996).

Percent of containerized shipments: U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data

Center. Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA:

1998).
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 317 ▲

Domestic tonnage: Domestic tonnage data by

port are based on domestic waterborne traffic movements that are reported to the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) by all vessel operators of record. In summarizing domestic commerce, certain movements are

excluded: cargo carried on general ferries;

coal and petroleum products loaded from

shore facilities directly into bunkers of vessels for fuel, and insignificant amounts of

government materials moved on government

owned equipment in support of USACE

projects. Domestic tonnage data are based

on the traffic of the contiguous and noncontiguous U.S. states and territories constituting the geographical space upon which domestic commerce may be transported. This

includes Hawaii, Alaska, the 48 contiguous

states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,

Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island and U.S.

Trust Territories. The subtotal for domestic

tonnage of the top 20 ports represents the

total tons moving in and out of the top 20

ports, excluding duplications. (For example,

tonnage moving between Houston, TX and

Corpus Christi, TX is counted only once in

the subtotal for domestic tonnage of the top

20 ports.)

International tonnage: International tonnage

data by port are primarily based on data for

official U.S. international waterborne merchandise trade. This data include international merchandise imports to and exports

from the United States that moved by water

modes of transportation. In this table and

in data reported by the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, these data are supplemented by

intransit shipments to provide port figures

for international tonnage. Intransit shipments are shipments moving from one nonU.S. country to another non-U.S. country via a

port or facility in the United States. Intransit

shipments are not considered part of official

U.S. international merchandise trade, but

these shipments do utilize and impact U.S. port

infrastructure.

Containerized shipments/entrances and clearances: Data for containerized shipments are

based on international containerized shipments plus domestic containerized shipments. Domestic containerized shipments

are estimated based upon the vessel type

and/or the vessel operating company moving the cargo. Commercial vessel movement

into and out of water ports excludes fishing

vessels. Data represent both loaded and unloaded vessels.

Table 11-5

Toll Roads, Bridges and Tunnels

Canada

Table 11-5 is based on the following primary

source:

Transport Canada. Highway Policy Group.

Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Data in this table include 11 international

bridges and 1 international tunnel on the U.S.

Canadian border.

Mexico

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Dirección General de Evaluación. Longitud de

la Infraestructura Carretera, 1990, 1995 and

1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Data comprise the private sector (concessionaires), federal and state governments.

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Highway Administration. Toll Facilities in the

United States: Bridges, Roads, Tunnels, Ferries.

(Washington, DC: various years).

Data are based on a survey of facilities (in

operation, financed, or under construction)
318 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

conducted by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with state highway

agencies. Data include Puerto Rico. Data are

for January 1 of the reference year. Toll roads

excludes the length of roadway on toll

bridges/tunnels and parts of toll roads that

are used toll free by local residents. Toll

bridge facilities made up of more than one

bridge are counted only once. Toll tunnel

facilities made up of more than one tube are

counted only once.

SECTION 12: TRANSPORTATION

VEHICLES

Table 12-1

Number of Transportation Vehicles/

Equipment

All Countries

Data for the number of road motor vehicles

are approached differently in each of the three

countries. At the overall level, the data are

comparable. However, for the specific road

subcategories, there are some definitional

differences between Canada, Mexico and the

United States, especially in terms of light

trucks. Light trucks include vehicles such as

sports utility vehicles, vans, pick-up trucks,

mini-vans and jeeps. In Canada, light trucks

are included in the overall total for the number of road motor vehicles, but light trucks

are not included in the Canadian data for personal vehicles or in the data for commercial

freight vehicles. In the United States, light

trucks are included within personal vehicles

and can be differentiated from passenger cars.

Therefore the U.S. and Canadian data for the

number of personal vehicles are not exactly

comparable. Mexico has included light trucks

in both its overall total for road motor vehicles as well as in its total for personal vehicles, although light trucks cannot be differentiated from passenger cars. Light trucks

used for business purposes are included in

Mexico’s total for commercial freight vehicles,

while those used for personal reasons are included in Mexico’s total for personal vehicles.

Canada

Table 12-1 is based on the following primary

sources:

Air: International Civil Aviation Organization.

Civil Aircraft on Register. Digest of Statistics

No. 437. (Montréal, Que.: 1998).

Passenger cars, motorcycles, school buses:

Statistics Canada. Road Motor Vehicles, Registrations, Catalogue 53-219-XPB, 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Charter, intercity and local motor buses: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban

Transit Statistics, Catalogue 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Commercial freight vehicles: Statistics

Canada. Trucking in Canada, Catalogue 53-

222-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

years).

Transit: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and

Urban Transit, Catalogue 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Water transport: Lloyd’s Register of Shipping.

Statistical Tables—1990 Table 2 and World Fleet

Statistics—Tables 2, Editions 1995 and 1996.

(London, UK: various years).

Air: Aircraft data in this table are based on

regulatory definitions established by the

Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Commercial aircraft include the following types

of Canadian registered aircraft used by Canadian air operators that offer a “for-hire”

service to transport people or goods, or to
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 319 ▲

undertake specific tasks such as aerial photography, flight training and crop spraying:

(1) airliner (2) commuter aircraft and (3) air

taxi or specialty aircraft. For specific definitions of all of these commercial aircraft

types, refer to the technical notes for Table

3-1. General aviation aircraft, as defined by

the Transportation Safety Board of Canada,

includes Canadian registered aircraft that are

used by private operators, which include individuals flying for pleasure and companies

flying for business reasons, or state operators, which include the federal and provincial governments. Canadian air data in Table

12-1 are from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) publication, Aircraft

Register. This publication, Aircraft Register,

inventories Canada’s aircraft equipment by

type (jet/nonjet) and use (air carrier/commercial operations or general aviation).

Commercial aircraft: In Table 12-1, commercial aircraft data include jets and nonjets.

Jets include all commercial turbo-jet aircraft.

Nonjets include all commercial propeller

driven (turbine and piston) fixed wing type

aircraft and all commercial rotary wing (turbine and piston) aircraft. Jet and nonjet Canadian commercial aircraft include Canadian

registered aircraft that are used by Canadian

air operators whose air operations are

grouped by air carrier reporting levels I to

VI (which includes a rating associated with

the amount of revenue generated by their

commercial air carrier operations).

General aviation: General aviation data include all noncommercial turbo-jet aircraft;

all noncommercial propeller driven (turbine

and piston) nonjet fixed wing type aircraft;

and all noncommercial rotary wing (turbine

and piston) aircraft.

Road, total: Under road data, overall totals

include Canadian vehicle registrations recorded in the vehicle registration files of

Canada’s ten provinces and two territorial

regions and compiled by Statistics Canada

for its annual publication Road Motor Vehicles—Registrations. Vehicle type categories

in Canada’s registration files include: passenger automobiles (including taxis and for-hire

cars); trucks and truck tractors; buses (separated between school buses and other); motorcycles; registered mopeds; and, “other

road motor vehicles” (including vehicles such

as ambulances, fire trucks etc.). These categories do not correspond directly with the

vehicle type categories used in Table 12-1.

Although the total includes all registered

vehicles, the table categories of personal

vehicles, buses and commercial freight vehicles are based on data that indicate only a

portion of the total number of Canadian vehicle registrations.

Road, personal vehicles (passenger cars, motorcycles and light trucks): The total for personal vehicles represents only passenger

automobiles and motorcycles. Passenger car

data include registered passenger cars, taxis

and for-hire cars. Motorcycle data include

registered motorcycles and mopeds. Light

trucks (such as mini-vans and pick-ups) are

not a distinct category in Canada’s vehicle

registration files, but are included in the category of “trucks and truck tractors.” Light

trucks cannot be separated from the total

number of “trucks and truck tractors” in

Canada’s vehicle registration files. Therefore, separate data for light trucks are nonexistent and no light trucks have been included in the total for personal vehicles.

Road, commercial freight vehicles: The data

in this category are based on two sources;
320 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

provincial motor vehicle registration files

and Statistics Canada’s Motor Carriers of

Freight Survey. In Canada’s motor vehicle registration files, “commercial freight vehicles”

is not a unique category. As a result, the total number of commercial freight vehicles,

as well as the totals for the subcategories of

single-unit trucks and tractors, are primarily

derived from Statistics Canada’s Motor Carriers of Freight Survey, supplemented with

some data from vehicle registration files, as

described below.

Data for single-unit trucks and tractors in

Table 12-1 are based on data from Statistics

Canada’s Motor Carriers of Freight Survey.

Data from this survey represent estimated

numbers for single-unit trucks and tractors

that are operated by owner operators and/

or Canadian for-hire carriers (or trucking

companies) that earn annual revenues

greater than or equal to $25,000 Canadian

dollars.

Data for the total number of commercial

freight vehicles are based on the data from

the Motor Carriers of Freight Survey and on

the supplementary vehicle registration data.

The supplementary data from Canada’s motor vehicle registration files represent “other

motor vehicles,” such as ambulances, fire

trucks and specialized commercial motor

vehicles. It should also be noted that the

commercial freight vehicle data in Table 12-

1 do not correspond to the “trucks and truck

tractors” category in Canada’s vehicle registration files. The “trucks and truck tractors”

category in Canada’s vehicle registration files

includes smaller trucks, smaller truck tractors and light trucks (such as mini-vans and

sports utility vehicles) and also includes

trucks that are privately operated. These

types of vehicles have been included only in

the overall total for the number of road motor vehicles Table 12-1.

Road, buses: Buses include charter, intercity,

local motor (or transit) and school buses. The

overall bus total, as well as the number of

school buses, is based on provincial and territorial vehicle registration files and reported in Statistics Canada’s annual publication, Road Motor Vehicles-Registrations. Bus

data for charter, intercity and local motor

buses are based on a sample of Canadian

companies engaged in scheduled intercity

bus, urban transit, school bus and charter

and other types of bus service (Statistics

Canada’s annual Survey of the Passenger Bus

and Urban Transit Industry). Statistics Canada

conducts this survey on a quarterly basis

with an annual supplement. Prior to 1994,

the survey program was restricted to those

companies earning $500,000 Canadian dollars or more. Beginning in 1994, the survey

was expanded to included companies earning $200,000 or more.

Rail: Rail data for freight cars include Canadian Class I and Class II railways. Freight

locomotives include Class I and Class II railways and both freight and yard-type locomotives. Rail data for intercity passenger, train

cars and locomotives include Class I (VIA Rail)

and Class II railways.

Transit: Transit data are estimates of numbers of vehicles (revenue equipment operated), including rail transit vehicles and

buses owned and leased, and are derived

from a sample of Canadian companies engaged in urban transit bus service and used

in Statistics Canada’s annual Survey of the

Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Industry.

The total number of transit vehicles includes

light rail transit vehicles, heavy rail transit

vehicles, commuter rail vehicles and both

“owned” and “leased” revenue motor bus vehicles operated for urban transit passenger

service (i.e., standard motor bus, low floor
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 321 ▲

motor bus, trolley coach, articulated bus and

other buses). Data for transit railcars include

light rail vehicles, heavy rail vehicles and

commuter rail vehicles.

Water transport: Lloyd’s Register of Shipping

has granted permission for use of their data

on Canadian flag vessels for years 1990, 1995

and 1996. These data are published in Table

2 of Lloyd’s Register, Statistical Tables 1990

and in Tables 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E of Lloyd’s

Register, World Fleet Statistics (1996 and 1997

editions). The data on Canadian flag vessels

that are published in the Lloyd’s Registry are

Canadian flag vessels, registered in Canada,

in accordance with conditions identified in

Sections 6, 7 and 8 of Part 1, Canada Shipping Act (Chapter S-9).

Other passenger vessels include passenger/

ro-ro cargo and passenger/general cargo vessels. Tanker vessels include liquefied gas,

chemical, oil, oil/chemical tankers and other

liquid carriers. Dry bulk vessels include dry

bulk, ore/bulk/oil carriers, ore/bulk carriers,

self-discharging dry bulk, bulk and other dry

bulk carriers. Specialized carrier vessels includes specialized and refrigerated cargo

carriers. General cargo includes general

cargo, ro-ro cargo and other dry cargo vessels. Dry cargo/barge vessels include general cargo vessels and barges. Fishing vessels include fish catching, fishing (including

factory ships) and other fishing vessels. Fishing vessels include fish catching, fishing (including factory ships) and other fishing vessels. However there is a considerable

undercount of fishing vessels due to the exclusion of vessels under 15 gross registered

tons. Offshore vessels include offshore supply and other offshore vessels. Other vessels include research, dredging and all other

types of vessels.

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica

Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras, 1990-

1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990, 1995 and 1996.

(Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática based on data collected by the Departamento del Distrito

Federal, Dirección General de Autotransporte

Urbano, Direcciones de Policía y Tránsito

Estatales y Municipales. (Mexico City, D.F.:

various years).

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

Geografía e Informática. Dirección de

Estadísticas Económicas, based on data collected by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo

y Eléctrico in Mexico City, the Sistema de

Transporte Eléctrico de la Zona Metropolitana

in Guadalajara and the Sistema de Transporte

Colectivo in Monterrey. (Mexico City, D.F.:

various years).

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Coordinación General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1997).

Air: Commercial aircraft includes aircraft

from scheduled, charter and freight airlines

and air taxis. General aviation includes private and official aircraft. For 1990, 714 air

taxis are included in the total for commercial aircraft. The corresponding numbers for

1995 and 1996 are 1,051 and 950, respectively. It is not possible to separate air taxis

into jets and nonjets
322 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Road: Road data come from the statistics of

the Motor Vehicles Registered Under Circulation. The subcategory of personal vehicles

is comprised of private cars, some light

trucks, cabs and official vehicles. The subcategory of commercial freight vehicles represents medium and heavy trucks and also

may include some light trucks. Data for intercity buses and commercial freight vehicles

represent only vehicles that are permitted,

by regulation, to use the federal highway system.

Rail: Only a total for locomotives can be reported because they are used interchangeably, and not specifically dedicated to passenger or to freight trains.

United States

Table 12-1 is based on the following primary

sources:

Commercial aircraft:

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Aviation Administration. Administrator’s Fact

Book. (Washington, DC: August 1998 and December 1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook

of Aviation-1996. (Washington DC: 1997).

Web site: api.hq.faa.gov/handbook/1996/

toc96.htm

General aviation: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration.

Statistical Handbook of Aviation-1996. (Washington, DC: 1997). Tables 8.1, 8.2, 8.3.

Web site: api.hq.faa.gov/handbook/1996/

toc96.htm

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal

Aviation Administration. General Aviation and

Air Taxi Activity Survey. (Washington DC: April

1998). Tables 1.1 and 1.3. Web site:

api.hq.faa.gov/ga96/gatoc.htm

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway

Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Tables MV-1, 7, 9, 10 and 11.

Local motor bus: American Public Transit

Association. Transit Fact Book 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book 1996. (Washington,

DC: 1996).

Freight rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Pages 48 and 50.

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad

Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996.

(Washington, DC: 1996). Statistical Abstract.

Water transport:

Recreational and fishing boats: U.S. Department of Transportation. U.S. Coast Guard.

Office of Marine Safety. Merchant Vessels of

the United States. (Washington, DC: 1998).

All other vessels: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne

Transportation Lines of the United States, Calendar Year 1996. (New Orleans, LA: 1997).

Air: The total number of aircraft has been

rounded to the nearest 100 because the standard deviation in the number of general aviation aircraft does not allow greater precision.

(See discussion below.)

Commercial aircraft: Data for commercial aircraft in Table 12-1 include all aircraft that

are reported as being in operation by U.S. air

carriers and that carry passengers or cargo

for hire, both scheduled and nonscheduled

service. On-demand air taxis are included

with commercial aircraft in Table 12-1, as

reported in the FAA Administrator’s Fact Book.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 323 ▲

(Excluding on-demand air taxis, the commercial aircraft numbers are: 1990: 6,083; 1992:

7,320; 1995: 7,411; and 1996: 7,478. See

Chapter 5 of the FAA Statistical Handbook of

Aviation for more information on the U.S. air

carrier fleet (including the jet/nonjet breakdown) when on-demand air taxis are excluded.) The commercial aircraft data in

Table 12-1 were developed from reports collected by the FAA from the carriers; that is,

the data are a total count of the aircraft reported to the FAA as being used in air carrier

service. (Note that this is different from an

inventory of aircraft owned by the air carriers.) The FAA keeps this data in its Vital Information System (VIS).

General aviation: General aviation data are

based on a FAA mail survey, the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity (and Avionics Survey) (hereafter referred to as Survey). This

survey uses a scientifically designed random

sample that represents all general aviation

aircraft and on-demand air taxis registered

in the United States. The Survey data include

only aircraft in active use. The general aviation data in Table 12-1 exclude on-demand

air-taxis because they have been included

with commercial aircraft, as explained above.

Because the general aviation data are derived

from a sample, there is sampling error. Thus,

in some of its tables, the FAA rounds the totals to the nearest 100. The standard deviation on the Survey’s totals for general aviation aircraft plus on-demand air taxis is, however, considerably larger than 100. Standard

deviations are given explicitly in the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, chapter 8 and

in the Survey itself.

As stated above, Table 12-1 combines on-demand air taxis and air carrier aircraft into

the category commercial aircraft. Thus, to

derive the numbers for general aviation in

Table 12-1, the Survey’s data for on-demand

air taxis have been subtracted from the

Survey’s totals for general aviation aircraft

plus on-demand air taxis. (It is important to

note that the Survey underestimates on-demand air taxis, and the Survey’s numbers for

on-demand air taxis do not agree with the

on-demand air taxi data in the FAA’s Vital Information System.) If numbers for on-demand

air taxis from the Survey are included in the

total for general aviation aircraft, the totals

are, 1990: 196,800; 1992: 185,700; 1995:

182,600; and 1996: 187,300. These are the

same totals that are reported for the number of general aviation aircraft plus on-demand air taxis in chapter eight of the FAA

Statistical Handbook of Aviation and chapter

one of the Survey.

Road: Road data are based on statistics compiled by the Federal Highway Administration

(FHWA) at the U.S. Department of Transportation from reports submitted by the states.

In 1995, FHWA revised the data series for the

number of U.S. road vehicles. The new categories include passenger car, light trucks

(“other 2-axle, 4-tire vehicles”), “single-unit

2-axle 6-tire or more truck” and combination

truck tractors. Pre-1993 data were assigned

to the closest available category. Data for

light trucks or “other 2-axle, 4-tire vehicles”

include vans, pick-up trucks and sport/utility vehicles. “Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more

trucks” are on a single frame with at least

two axles and six tires, and correspond to

the category of single-unit trucks in Table

12-1. Combination truck tractors correspond

to the category of tractors in Table 12-1.

Passenger cars include taxis. The total for

buses is based on FHWA estimates and include intercity, charter, school and local motor bus. The estimate of local motor buses

is based on data from the American Public
324 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Transit Association (APTA) (see transit section for a description). All road data represent registered vehicles in the U.S., except

local motor buses that are active passenger

vehicles.

Rail: Rail data for rail freight include in-service freight cars and locomotives belonging

to Class I railroads and car companies and

freight shippers. Class I railroads have annual gross operating revenues in approximate excess of $250 million (based on 1991

dollars) and comprise only 2 percent of the

railroads in the U.S., but account for about

70 percent of the industry’s distance operated, 90 percent of its employees and 90 percent of its freight revenues. Data for intercity passenger rail only include in-service

intercity cars and locomotives. Of the total

number of freight railcars in Table 12-1, a

large share belong to shippers and railcar

companies. In 1990, 658,902 freight cars

belonged to shippers and rail car companies.

In 1995 and 1996, the corresponding numbers were 583,486 and 570,865, respectively.

Transit: Transit data are from the American

Public Transit Association (APTA) and are

based on information in the Federal Transit

Administration’s (FTA) National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts the FTA

data to include transit operators that do not

report to this database. These nonreporting

operators typically include private, very

small and/or rural operators. There are

about 6,000 transit operators in the U.S., according to APTA. Only about 1,000 of these

report to FTA. However, these 1,000 operators account for approximately 90 to 95 percent of the total transit passenger-kilometers. Reliability of the U.S. transit data varies by mode. The numbers for rail are the

most comprehensive; those for bus are less

so because there are so many more operators. Transit total includes other U.S. transit

categories not individually specified here,

including local motor bus, ferries, and transit for the disabled. Transit railcars includes

light railcars, heavy railcars and commuter

rail cars and locomotives.

Water transport: Water data for all vessels,

except other passenger vessels, recreational

boats and fishing vessels, are based on U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) data.

USACE data are derived from an annual survey of vessels available for operation in domestic waterborne trade as of December 31

of the respective year. USACE vessel data

have been organized in this table according

to the International Classification of Ship

Type (ICST) system. The ICST category for

“miscellaneous types, other” includes research vessels or dredges. Because the USACE

data represent vessels engaged in waterborne

commerce, research vessels and dredges, are

excluded from USACE data. Therefore, the

United States cannot provide data for this

ICST category. USACE data also represent U.S.

flagged vessels. A U.S. flagged vessel is one

that is U.S. operated, but not necessarily U.S.

owned.

Data on passenger vessels, recreational boats

and fishing vessels are from the U.S. Coast

Guard’s (USCG) Merchant Vessels of the United

States publication. Under USCG definitions a

recreational boat is one used for pleasure

purposes with a weight greater than 5 deadweight tons. The USCG defines fishing vessels as those that “commercially engage in

the catching, taking, or harvesting of fish or

an activity that can reasonably be expected

to result in the catching, taking, or harvesting of fish.” Data for other passenger vessels are obtained from the Coast Guard’s

Marine Safety Information System Database,

and are considered noncruise passenger vessels.
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 325 ▲

Table 12-2

Vehicle-Kilometers by Mode

Canada

Table 12-2 is based on the following primary

sources:

Road: Transport Canada. Transportation in

Canada 1997—Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

years).

Bus: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue 53-215-XPB.

(Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Domestic aircraft-kilometers for Canadian

Level I to Level IV air carriers were last reported in 1987. Road vehicle-kilometers for

personal vehicles and commercial freight

vehicles (but not for bus) are based on a

Transport Canada estimate for 1995 of the

numbers of vehicle kilometers traveled by

passenger motor vehicles, light trucks and

commercial freight vehicles. Estimates of

vehicle-kilometers are calculated based on:

(1) road motor vehicle fuel sales (net sales

on which taxes were paid at road-use rates);

and (2) estimates of fuel efficiency by class

of vehicle. Domestic intercity passenger rail

kilometers include Class I and II services. All

bus data are from a sample of Canadian companies engaged in scheduled intercity bus,

urban transit, school bus and charter and

other types of bus service from Statistics

Canada’s annual Survey of the Passenger Bus

and Urban Transit Industry.

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y

Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica

Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990, 1995 and 1996.

(Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Air data include only kilometers traveled by

national lines under scheduled operation in

domestic and international service. Rail data

include vehicle activity by the entire railroad

system, which during the years 1990, 1995

and 1996 was operated by one company.

United States

Table 12-2 is based on the following primary

sources:

Air carrier: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of

Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics. (Washington, DC: 1986-1997). Page 2, Line

27, plus Line 50.

General aviation: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration.

General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity (and Avionics) Survey. (Washington, DC: 1990, 1995 and

1996). Table 3.3. Web site: api.hq.faa.gov/

ga96/gatoc.htm

Road:

1990, 1995: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC: 1996). Table VM-201A.

1996: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway

Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Table VM-1.

Local motor bus: American Public Transit

Association (APTA). Transit Fact Book 1996.

(Washington, DC: 1996).
326 Appendix B ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Transit: American Public Transit Association.

Transit Fact Book 1996. (Washington, DC:

1996).

Freight rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Page 33.

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad

Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996.

(Washington, DC: 1996). Statistical Abstract.

National Railroad Passenger Corp. State and

Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs

Department. Private communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Air: Air total includes data for domestic air

carriers and general aviation. Air data for

domestic air carrier vehicle-kilometers in the

United States are based on 100 percent reporting of passengers and trip length by

some 90 large certificated air carriers (including the medium regional carriers) that

operate aircraft with a passenger seating capacity of more than 60, or have a payload

capacity of more than 8,165 kilograms, or

operate internationally. (For additional information on the definition of large certificated air carrier, see the technical notes for

Table 4-2). The figures do not include data

for all airlines; most notably, small certificated air carriers, scheduled commuter airlines and on-demand air taxis are excluded.

If added, these might raise the totals by

roughly 13 percent in 1995. In this table,

general aviation includes on-demand air

taxis, corporate flying, sightseeing and personal flying and some other forms of flying

but excludes military flying. Vehicle miles

are estimates derived from the Federal Aviation Administration’s General Aviation and Air

Taxi Activity Survey.

Road: Road data include passenger cars,

motorcycles and light trucks. Passenger cars

include taxis. Road data are based on statistics compiled by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) at the U.S. Department of

Transportation from reports by the states.

In 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

revised its vehicle type categories for data

from 1993 and later. The new categories include passenger car, the FHWA category

“other 2-axle, 4-tire vehicles” (called “light

truck” in this table), single unit trucks

(“single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck”) and

combination trucks. Pre-1993 data were assigned to the closest available category. Data

for light trucks include vans, pick-up trucks

and sport/utility vehicles. Single-unit trucks

are on a single frame with at least two axles

and six tires, and correspond to the category

of single-unit trucks in Table 12-2. Combination truck tractors correspond to the category of tractors in Table 12-2. In January

1997, the FHWA published revised vehiclekilometers data for the highway mode for

several years. The major change reflected

the reassignment of some vehicles from the

passenger car category to the light truck category. Bus totals are based on data from the

FHWA and include charter, intercity, local

motor bus and school bus. Local motor bus

data are based on data from a private association. (See below for a description.)

Transit: Transit data are from the American

Public Transit Association (APTA) and are

based on information in the Federal Transit

Administration’s (FTA) National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts the FTA

data to include transit operators that do not

report to this database. These nonreporting
North American Transportation in Figures Appendix B 327 ▲

operators typically include private, very

small and/or rural operators. There are

about 6,000 transit operators in the U.S., according to APTA—about 1,000 of these report to FTA. However, these 1,000 operators account for approximately 90 to 95 percent of the total transit passenger-kilometers. Reliability of the U.S. transit data varies by mode. The numbers for rail are the

most comprehensive; those for bus are less

so because there are so many more operators. Transit total includes other U.S. transit

categories not individually specified here,

including local motor bus, trolley bus, ferries and transit for the disabled. Transit rail

includes commuter rail, heavy rail and light

rail and is based on car-kilometers.

Rail: Rail freight train-kilometers are based

on Class I railroads in the United States. Class

I railroads had annual gross operating revenues in approximate excess of $250 million

(based on 1991 dollars) and comprised only

2 percent of the railroads in the U.S., but accounted for about 70 percent of the

industry’s distance operated, 90 percent of

its employees and 90 percent of its freight

revenues. Train-kilometers are based on the

distance run between terminals and/or stations.
214 Appendix A North American Transportation in Figures
se c t i on C

Reference Resources

append i x

Reference Resources

This appendix provides additional reference

materials for many of the data tables. Included

in this appendix are: acronyms for data sources,

currency exchange rates, state and provincial abbreviations, U.S.-metric conversion ratios,

land port names for the Canadian-U.S. and

Mexican-U.S. borders and the two-digit commodity codes and descriptions of the Harmonized Schedule for international merchandise trade.

SOURCE ACRONYMS

This acronym list represents many of the

Canadian, Mexican and U.S. government and

nongovernment sources used in this publication, but should not be viewed as exhaustive. This list of acronyms should not be

viewed as a comprehensive list of government or nongovernmental organizations and

associations that maintain and analyze transportation and transportation related data in

any of the three countries.

Canadian Identified Sources

Canadian Government Agencies

NRCan Natural Resources Canada

STC Statistics Canada

TSB Transportation Safety Board

of Canada

TC Transport Canada

Nongovernmental Organizations

CN Canadian National

CPR Canadian Pacific Railway

NAVCAN NAV CANADA

SLSMC St. Lawrence Seaway

Management Corporation

TAC Transportation Association

of Canada

Mexican Identified Sources

INEGI Instituto Nacional de

Estadística, Geografía e

Informática (National

Institute of Statistics,

Geography and Informatics)

DGCNES y P Dirección General de

Contabilidad Nacional,

Estudios Socioeconómicos y

Precios (General Directorate

of National Accounts,

Socioeconomic Studies

and Prices)

DGE Dirección General de

Estadística (General

Directorate of Statistics)

DCSE Dirección de Censos de

Sectores Económicos

(Directorate General of

Economic Census)

DECP Dirección de Estadísticas de

Corto Plazo (General

Directorate of Short Term

Statistics)

DEE Dirección de Estadísticas

Económicas (Directorate of

Economic Statistics)

DGG Dirección General de

Geografía (General

Directorate of Geography)

SCT Secretaría de

Comunicaciones y

Transportes (Ministry of

Communications and

Transportation)

ASA Aeropuertos y Servicios

Auxiliares (Airports and

Auxiliary Services)

append i x C

Appendix C 331 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Mexican Identified Sources—Continued

CGPMM Coordinatión General de

Puertos y Marina Mercante

(General Coordination of

Ports and Merchant Marine)

DGAC Dirección General de

Aeronáutica Civil (General

Directorate of Civil

Aeronautics)

DGAF Dirección General de

Autotransporte Federal

(General Directorate of

Federal Motor Carriers)

DGP Dirección General de

Planeación (General

Directorate of Planning)

DGPFC Dirección General de Policía

Federal de Caminos y

Puertos (General Directorate

of Federal Highway and Port

Patrol)

FERRONALES/

FNM

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de

México (National Railroads

of Mexico)

IMT Instituto Mexicano del

Transporte (Mexican

Institute of Transport)

BANXICO Banco de México (Bank of

Mexico)

CONAE Comisión Nacional para el

Ahorro de Energía (National

Commission for Energy

Conservation)

METRORREY Sistema de Transporte

Eléctrico de la ciudad de

Monterrey (Electric Public

Transport (Transit, Trolley

and Light Rail) System for

the Monterrey Metropolitan

Zone)

PEMEX Petróleos Mexicanos

(Mexican Petroleum

Company)

SE Secretaría de Energía

(Ministry of Energy)

Mexican Identified Sources—Continued

SECOFI Secretaría de Comercio y

Fomento Industrial (Ministry

of Trade and Industrial

Development)

SECTUR Secretaría de Turismo

(Ministry of Tourism)

SHCP Secretaría de Hacienda y

Crédito Público (Ministry of

Finance and Public Credit)

SPP Secretaría de Programación

y Presupuesto (Ministry of

Planning and Budgeting)

STC Sistema de Transporte

Colectivo (Metro) (Public

Transport (Transit) System

for the Mexico City

Metropolitan Zone)

STE Sistema de Transporte

Eléctrico (Electric Public

Transport (Transit, Trolley

and Light Rail) System for

the Mexico City Metropolitan

Zone)

STEZMG Sistema de Transporte

Eléctrico de la Zona

Metropolitana de

Guadalajara (Electric Public

Transport (Transit, Trolley

and Light Rail) System

for the Guadalajara

Metropolitan Zone)

United States Identified Sources

U.S. Government Agencies

DOC Department of Commerce

Census U.S. Census Bureau

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis

ITA International Trade

Administration

TIO Tourism Industries Office

DOD Department of Defense

USACE U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers

DOE Department of Energy

332 Appendix C ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
United States Identified

Sources—Continued

U.S. Government Agencies—Continued

EIA Energy Information

Administration

ORNL Oak Ridge National

Laboratory

DOL Department of Labor

BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics

DOT Department of

Transportation

BTS Bureau of Transportation

Statistics

FAA Federal Aviation

Administration

FHWA Federal Highway

Administration

FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety

Administration

FRA Federal Railroad

Administration

FTA Federal Transit

Administration

MARAD Maritime Administration

NHTSA National Highway Traffic

Safety Administration

OST Office of the Secretary

RSPA Research and Special

Programs Administration

STB Surface Transportation

Board

SLSDC St. Lawrence Seaway

Development Corporation

USCG United States Coast Guard

EPA Environmental Protection

Agency

NTSB National Transportation

Safety Board

United States Identified

Sources—Continued

U.S. Nongovernmental Organizations

AAR American Association of

Railroads

AGA American Gas Association

AMTRAK National Railroad Passenger

Corporation (Amtrak)

API American Petroleum

Institute

APTA American Public Transit

Association

ENO ENO Transportation

Foundation

TRB Transportation Research

Board

International Organizations

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade

IMF International Monetary Fund

ICAO International Civil Aviation

Organization

Lloyd’s

Register

Lloyd’s Register of Shipping

OECD Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development

UN United Nations

WB World Bank

WTO World Trade Organization

INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY

EXCHANGE RATES

1990 1995 1996

Canada 1.1668 1.3724 1.3635

(Units of Canadian

dollars per U.S. dollar)

Mexico 2.8126 6.4194 7.6009

(Units of Mexican

pesos per U.S.

dollar)

Source: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1997, Period Averages of Market Exchange Rates. (Washington, DC: 1998)

Appendix C 333 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
STATE AND PROVINCIAL

ABBREVIATIONS

Canadian Provinces, Territories and

Abbreviations

Province-Territory Abbreviation

Alberta Alta.

British Columbia B.C.

Manitoba Man.

NewBrunswick N.B.

Newfoundland Nfld.

Northwest Territories N.W.T.

Nova Scotia N.S.

Nunavut* Nvt.

Ontario Ont.

Prince Edward Island P.E.I.

Quebec Que.

Saskatchewan Sask.

Yukon Territory Y.T.

*Effective April 1, 1999, Nunavut was created as an

administrative/geographical region of Canada from

partitioning of the Northwest Territories.

Mexican States and Abbreviations

Mexican state Abbreviation

Aguascalientes Ags.

Baja California B.C.

Baja California Sur B.C.S.

Chihuahua Chih.

Colima Col.

Campeche Camp.

Coahuila Coah.

Chiapas Chis.

Distrito Federal D.F.

Durango Dgo.

Guerrero Gro.

Guanajuato Gto.

Hidalgo Hgo.

Jalisco Jal.

Michoacán Mich.

Morelos Mor.

México Edo. de Méx.

Nayarit Nay.

Nuevo León N.L.

Oaxaca Oax.

Puebla Pue.

Quintana Roo Q. Roo

Mexican States and Abbreviations—Continued

Mexican state Abbreviation

Querétaro Qro.

Sinaloa Sin.

San Luis Potosí S.L.P.

Sonora Son.

Tabasco Tab.

Tlaxcala Tlax.

Tamaulipas Tamps.

Veracruz Ver.

Yucatán Yuc.

Zacatecas Zac.

U.S. States and Abbreviations

U.S. state Abbreviation

Alabama AL

Alaska AK

Arizona AZ

Arkansas AR

California CA

Colorado CO

Connecticut CT

Delaware DE

District of Columbia DC

Florida FL

Georgia GA

Hawaii HI

Idaho ID

Illinois IL

Indiana IN

Iowa IA

Kansas KS

Kentucky KY

Louisiana LA

Maine ME

Maryland MD

Massachusetts MA

Michigan MI

Minnesota MN

Mississippi MS

Missouri MO

Montana MT

Nebraska NE

Nevada NV

NewHampshire NH

334 Appendix C ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
U.S. States and Abbreviations—Continued

U.S. state Abbreviation

NewJersey NJ

NewMexico NM

NewYork NY

North Carolina NC

North Dakota ND

Ohio OH

Oklahoma OK

Oregon OR

Pennsylvania PA

Rhode Island RI

South Carolina SC

U.S. States and Abbreviations—Continued

U.S. state Abbreviation

South Dakota SD

Tennessee TN

Texas TX

Utah UT

Vermont VT

Virginia VA

Washington WA

West Virginia WV

Wisconsin WI

Wyoming WY

CONVERSION RATIOS FOR METRIC-U.S. MEASURES

Metric/U.S. Conversion Factors

Length Length

1 mile = 1.609 kilometers 1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile

1 foot = 0.3048 meters 1 meter = 3.281 feet

Area Area

1 square mile = 2.590 square kilometers 1 square kilometer = 0.3861 square miles

Weight Weight

1 U.S. short ton = 2,000 pounds =

0.9072 metric tons

1 metric ton = 1,000 kilograms =

1.102 U.S. short tons

1 pound = 453.6 grams 1,000 grams =1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds

Volume Volume

1 cubic foot = 0.02832 cubic meters 1 cubic meter = 35.31 cubic feet

1 gallon = 3.785 liters 1 liter = 0.2642 gallons

1 BTU = 1055.056 joules 1,000 joules = 0.9478 BTU

1 mile per gallon = 235.2 liters per 100 kilometers

Other conversion factor: 1 barrel = 42 gallons

Appendix C 335 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
LAND PORT NAMES, CANADIAN-U.S. BORDER

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state

Canadianprovince Border crossing

Canadianport code

U.S. portcode Observatio

Alaska Yukon Territory Alcan-Beaver Creek 8902 3104

Alaska British Columbia Dalton Cache-Prince Rupert 8080 3106

Skagway-Whitehorse-Fraser 8904 3103

Washington British Columbia Point Roberts-Boundary Bay 8161 3017

Blaine-Douglas and Pacific Highway 3004

Blaine-Douglas Highway 8133 Passenger ve

(Commerciawestbound)

Blaine-Pacific Highway 8131/8132 Passenger ve

(Commerciawestbound)

Lynden-Aldergrove 8174 3023

Sumas-Huntington 8171/8173 3009 (Commercia

westbound)

Nighthawk-Chopaka 8320 3011

Oroville-Osoyoos 8191 3019Ferry-Midway 8330 3013Danville-Carson 8161 3012Frontier-Paterson 8360 3020Laurier-Cascade 8162 3016Boundary-Waneta 8400 3015Metaline Falls-Nelway 8340 3025

Idaho British Columbia Porthill-Rykerts 8370 3308

Eastport-Kingsgate 8181 3302

Montana British Columbia Roosville-Grasmere 3318Montana Alberta Piegan-Carway 7053 3316

Del Bonita-Del Bonita 7055 3322

336 Appendix C North American Transportation in Figures ▲
LAND PORT NAMES, CANADIAN-U.S. BORDER—Continued

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state

Canadianprovince Border crossing

Canadianport code

U.S. portcode Observatio

Montana—Con. Alberta—Con. Sweetgrass-Coutts 7051 3310

Whitlash-Aden 7052 3321

Montana Saskatchewan Turner-Climax 6014 3306

Morgan-Monchy 6015 3319Opheim-West Poplar 6013 3317Scobey-Coronach 6012 3309Whitetail-Big Beaver 6011 3312Raymond-Regway 6070 3301

North Dakota Saskatchewan Fortuna-Oungre 6100 3417

Ambrose-Torquay 6103 3410Noonan-Estevan 6102 3420Portal-North Portal 6021 3403Northgate-Northgate 6023 3406Sherwood-Carievale 6024 3414

North Dakota Manitoba Antler-Lyleton 5083 3413

Westhope-Coulter 5081 3419Carbury-Goodlands 5082 3421Dunseith-Boissevain 5071 3422St. John-Lena 5073 3405Hansboro-Cartwright 5072 3415Sarles-Crystal City 5091 3409Hannah-Snowflake 5092 3408Maida-Windygate 5093 3416Walhalla-Winkler 5031 3407Neche-Gretna 5030 3404Pembina-Emerson 5021 3401

Appendix C 337 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
LAND PORT NAMES, CANADIAN-U.S. BORDER—Continued

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state

Canadianprovince Border crossing

Canadianport code

U.S. portcode Observatio

Minnesota Manitoba Noyes-Emerson East 5025 3402

Pinecreek-Piney 5051 3425Roseau-South Junction 5053 3426Warroad-Sprague 5052 3423

Minnesota Ontario Baudette-Rainy River 4880 3424

International Falls-Ranier-Fort Frances 4780 3604 PedestriansGrand Portage-Pigeon River 4751 3613

Michigan Ontario Sault Ste. Marie-Sault Ste. Marie 4410 3803

Port Huron-Sarnia 4401 3802 Passenger veAlgonac-Walpole Island 4651 3814Detroit-Windsor 4530/4520 3801

Ambassador Bridge-Windsor Ambassador

Bridge

4530 3801 Passenger ve

Windsor-Detroit Tunnel-Windsor Tunnel 4520 3801 Passenger ve

NewYork Ontario Buffalo-Niagara Falls-Fort Erie and

Niagara Falls

0901

Buffalo-Fort Erie 4102/4101 0901 Passenger ve

(commercial

Niagara Falls-Niagara Falls 0901 Passenger veBuffalo, Peace Bridge-Fort Erie 4102/4101 0901 (commercialNiagara Falls, RainbowBridgeRainbowBridge 4272 0901 Passenger ve

Niagara Falls, Whirlpool RapidsBridge-Whirlpool Rapids Bridge 4271/4275 0901 Passenger ve

(commercial

Lewiston Bridge-Queenston Bridge 4273 0901 Passenger ve

Cape Vincent-Point Alexandria 0706

Alexandria Bay-Lansdowne 4560 0708Ogdensburg-Prescott 4390 0701

338 Appendix C North American Transportation in Figures ▲
LAND PORT NAMES, CANADIAN-U.S. BORDER—Continued

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state

Canadianprovince Border crossing

Canadianport code

U.S. portcode Observatio

NewYork Ontario/Québec Massena-Cornwall 4090 0704

NewYork Québec Fort Covington-Dundee 3300 0705

Trout River-Trout River and Jamieson 0715

Trout River-Trout River 3520 0715Trout River-Jamieson 3720 0715

Châteaugay-Herdman 3020 0711Champlain-Rouses Point-Lacolle

Routes (15, 221, 223) and Covey Hill

0712

Champlain-Rouses Point-Lacolle

(Route 15)

3513 0712

Champlain-Rouses Point-Lacolle

(Route 221)

3512 0712

Champlain-Rouses Point-Lacolle

(Route 223)

3511 0712

Champlain-Rouses Point-Covey Hill 3332 0712

Vermont Québec Highgate Springs-Alburg-PhillipsburgNoyan 3370 0212

Richford-Abercorn and East Pinnacle 0203

Richford-Abercorn 3180 0203Richford-East Pinnacle 3690 0203North Troy-Highwater 3340 Rail crossing

Derby Line-Rock Island (Routes 55

and 143)

0209

Derby Line-Rock Island (Route 55) 3141 0209Derby Line-Rock Island (Route 143) 3142 0209

Norton-Stanhope 3540 0211Beecher Falls-East Hereford 3620 0206

Appendix C 339 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
LAND PORT NAMES, CANADIAN-U.S. BORDER—Continued

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state

Canadianprovince Border crossing

Canadianport code

U.S. portcode Observatio

Maine Québec Jackman-Armstrong 3291 0104

Skinner-Boundary Rail crossing

Maine NewBrunswick Fort Kent-Clair 2160 0110

Madawaska-Edmundston 2130 0109Van Buren-St. Leonard 2180 0108Limestone-Gillespie 2370 0118Fort Fairfield-Andover 2140 0107Bridgewater-Centreville 2150 0127Houlton-Woodstock Road 2121 0106Vanceboro-St. Croix 2310 0105Calais-St. Stephen 2110 0115

Maine Nova Scotia Portland, Bar Harbour-Yarmouth 0101 Ferry crossin

Bar Harbour-Yarmouth 7750 PedestriansPortland-Yarmouth 7750 Pedestrians

340 Appendix C North American

Transportation in Figures

▲
LAND PORT NAMES, MEXICAN-U.S. BORDER

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state Mexican state Border crossing

U.S. portcode Observations

California Baja California San Ysidro-Puerta México (Tijuana) 2504 Passenger vehicles/ra

Otay Mesa-Mesa de Otay 2506 Primarily freightTecate-Tecate 2505 Includes railCalexico-Mexicali 2503 Includes rail

Calexico-Mexicali I

Calexico East-Nuevo Mexicali 2507 Completed 1997Andrade-Vicente Guerrero 2502

Andrade-Los Algodones

Arizona Sonora San Luis-San Luis Río Colorado 2608

Lukeville-Sonoyta 2602Sasabe-Sasabe 2606 Also known as La GariNogales-Nogales 2604 Includes rail

Nogales (DDC)-Nogales I Passenger vehicles/peNogales I (Morley Gate)-Nogales IINogales (Mariposa)-Nogales III Passenger vehicles/fre

Naco-Naco 2603Douglas-Agua Prieta 2601

NewMexico Chihuahua Columbus-Gral. 2406 Mainly passenger

Rodrigo M. QueredoAntelope Wells-El Berrendo 2406 Trade data included in 

Santa Teresa-San Jerónimo 2408 Passenger vehicles an

Texas Chihuahua El Paso-Ciudad Juarez 2402

Paso del Norte (Santa Fe Street)-Puente

Benito Juarez

One-way northbound 

Good Neighbor Bridge-Buen Vecino Bridge Also known as Stanton 

Friendship Bridge, PueCiudad Juárez-Stanton 

Appendix C 341 ▲

North AmericanTransportation in Figures
LAND PORT NAMES, MEXICAN-U.S. BORDER—Continued

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state Mexican state Border crossing

U.S. portcode Observations

Texas—Con. Chihuahua—Con. Bridge of the Americas-Puente Internacional

Córdova-Las Américas

Also known as Puente Córdova Bridge, PuentLoad limits includes r

Ysleta-Zaragoza Bridge Includes rail

Fabens-Guadalupe Bravos 2404

Fabens-Caseta-Poctor P. Parra Also known as Puente 

(northbound)

Fort Hancock-El Porvenir Mainly passenger. Trad

Fabens, Texas

Fort Hancock-El Porvenir Bridge Passenger vehicles/pe

(northbound)

Presidio-Ojinaga 2403

Presidio-Ojinaga Bridge Includes rail

Texas Coahuila Del Río-Ciudad Acuña 2302

La Linda Bridge-Puente la Linda Also known as Big Ben

Crossing.Two-lane facility with 

Del Río, Lake Amistad Dam CrossingPresa La AmistadDel Río-Ciudad Acuña International Bridge Also known as Del Río 

Puente Acuña-Ciudad 

Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras 2303

Eagle Pass Bridge-Piedras Negras I Also known as Eagle P

International Bridge.

Eagle Pass Bridge-Piedras Negras II Passenger vehicles/pe

vehicles

Eagle Pass Rail Crossing -Piedras Negras

Rail Crossing

Rail only

Texas Nuevo León Laredo-Colombia 2304

Laredo-Colombia Solidarity Bridge Also known as Laredo 

Puente Solidaridad, PuPassenger vehicles/pevehicles

342 Appendix C North American Transportation in Figures ▲
LAND PORT NAMES, MEXICAN-U.S. BORDER—Continued

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state Mexican state Border crossing

U.S. portcode Observations

Texas Tamaulipas Laredo-Nuevo Laredo 2304

Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Railroad Crossing Rail only

Gateway to the Americas BridgeNuevo Laredo I Also known as Conven

International Bridge, OLaredo Bridge 1, PuenLaredo I, Puente Viejo(Note: Beginning in Ap#2 only service passenopening of bridge #4, 

Juarez-Lincoln Bridge-Nuevo Laredo II Also known as bridge 

Bridge 2, Puente Juáre(Note: Beginning in Ap#2 only service passenopening of bridge #4, 

Falcon Heights-Nuevo Ciudad GuerreroLake Falcon Dam Crossing-Puente San Juan Also known as Falcon 

Puente Internacional dPrimarily passenger ve

World Trade Bridge Also known as bridge 

for commercial truck tsame time, bridges #1 passenger traffic.

Roma-Ciudad Miguel Alemán 2310

Roma-Ciudad Miguel Alemán Bridge Also known as Starr C

Bridge, Roma Bridge, P

Rio Grande City-Ciudad Camargo 2307

Rio Grande City-Camargo Bridge Also known as Starr-C

Camargo.Narrowtwo-lane bridgvehicles

Los Ebanos-Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Passenger ferry. The c

Ebanos International Balternative for this fer

Appendix C 343 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
LAND PORT NAMES, MEXICAN-U.S. BORDER—Continued

(In geographic order from West to East Coast. Bold font indicates the name of the Customs port. Regular inphysical border crossings associated with each Customs port)U.S. state Mexican state Border crossing

U.S. portcode Observations

Texas—Con. Tamaulipas—Con. Hidalgo-Reynosa 2305

Mc Allen-Hidalgo-Reynosa Bridge Also known as Hidalgo 

Puente Reynosa-McAllTwo structures. The oonly southbound traffbridge serves only nor

Pharr-Reynosa III International Bridge

on the Rise

Passenger vehicles/fre

Progresso-Nuevo Progreso 2309

Progreso International BridgeNuevo Progreso Also Known as B&P Br

Puente Internacional N

Brownsville-Matamoros 2301

Free Trade Bridge-Puente Internacional

Libre Comercio

Also known as Indios-Puente Lucio Blanco-L

B&M Bridge Also known as Browns

Bridge, B Y M, Puente V

Passenger vehicles/fre

Gateway International Bridge-Puerta

México

Also known as El PuenBrownsville II.

The Veterans-General Ignacio Zaragoza Also known as Los Tom

Expressway 77 BridgeBridge.

344 Appendix C North American Transportation in Figures ▲
HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE FOR INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADE

Chapter Description

1 Live Animals

2 Meat and Edible Offal

3 Fish and Crustaceans

4 Dairy Products

5 Products of Animal Origin

6 Live Trees and Plants

7 Edible Vegetables and Roots

8 Edible Fruit and Nuts

9 Coffee, Tea and Spices

10 Cereals

11 Malts, Starches and Inulin

12 Oil Seeds and Oleaginous Fruits

13 Lac, Gums, Resins and Saps

14 Vegetable Plaiting Materials

15 Animal or Vegetable Fats and Oils

16 Preparations of Fish and Meat

17 Sugars and Sugar Confectionery

18 Cocoa and Cocoa Preparations

19 Preparations of Cereals and Flour

20 Preparations of Vegetables, Fruits

and Nuts

21 Miscellaneous Edible Preparations

22 Beverages, Spirits and Vinegar

23 Food Residues and Waste

24 Tobacco and Manufactured Tobacco

25 Salt, Sulfur, Plaster and Cement

26 Ores, Slag and Ash

27 Mineral Fuels, Oils and Waxes

28 Inorganic Chemicals

29 Organic Chemicals

30 Pharmaceutical Products

31 Fertilizers

32 Tanning or Dyeing Extracts

33 Essential Oils and Resinoids

34 Soap andOrganic Surface-Active Agents

35 Albuminoidal Substances, Glues

and Enzymes

Chapter Description

36 Explosives

37 Photographic Goods

38 Miscellaneous Chemical Products

39 Plastics

40 Rubber and Articles

41 RawHides and Skins

42 Articles of Leather and Handbags

43 Furskins and Artificial Fur

44 Wood and Articles

45 Cork and Articles

46 Strawand Basketware

47 Pulp of Wood and Paperboard

48 Paper and Paperboard

49 Printed Books

50 Silk

51 Wool and Animal Hair

52 Cotton

53 Other Vegetable Fibers and Paper Yarn

54 Man-made Filaments

55 Man-made Staple Fibers

56 Wadding, Felt and Nonwovens

57 Carpets and Other Textile Floor

Coverings

58 Special Woven Fabrics

59 Impregnated Fabrics

60 Knitted or Crocheted Fabrics

61 Knitted or Crocheted Apparel

62 Not Knitted or Crocheted Apparel

63 Other Made up Textile Articles

64 Footwear

65 Headgear

66 Umbrellas and Walking Sticks

67 Feathers and Down

68 Stone, Plaster, Cement and Asbestos

69 Ceramic Products

70 Glass

Appendix C 345 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
Chapter Description

71 Pearls, Stones, Metals and Imitation

Jewelry

72 Iron and Steel

73 Articles of Iron and Steel

74 Copper and Articles

75 Nickel and Articles

76 Aluminum and Articles

78 Lead and Articles

79 Zinc and Articles

80 Tin and Articles

81 Other Base Metals and Cermets

82 Tools of Base Metal

83 Miscellaneous Articles of Base

Metals

84 Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, Machinery

and Parts

85 Electrical Machinery, Equipment

and Parts

Chapter Description

86 Locomotives and Traffic Signals

87 Vehicles Other than Railway

88 Aircraft, Spacecraft and Parts

89 Ships and Boats

90 Measuring and Testing Instruments

91 Clocks, Watches and Parts

92 Musical Instruments and Parts

93 Arms and Ammunition and Parts

94 Furniture, Lamps and Prefabricated

Buildings

95 Toys, Games and Sport Equipment

96 Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles

97 Works of Art and Antiques

98 Special Classification Provisions

99 Special Trade Transactions

346 Appendix C ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
append i se c t i onx D

Tables in U.S.

Measures

Tables in U.S. Measures

tabl e 1-2

Area

(Number of square miles)

Canada Mexico United States

Total area 3,849,674 839,145 3,717,813

Land area 3,558,097 756,470 3,536,294

Water area 291,577 82,675 181,519

SOURCES

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. GeoAccess Division. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección General de Geografía. (Aguascalientes, Ags.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1998. (Washington, DC: 1998).

append i x D

Appendix D 349 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 3-3

Motor Vehicle Fatality and Injury Rates

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Road motor vehicle fatalities, total 3,963 3,351 3,091 10,201 9,043 9,305 44,599 41,817 42,065

Road motor vehicle injuries, total 262,680 241,935 230,890 93,325 121,638 115,274 3,231,000 3,465,000 3,511,000

Road vehicle-miles, total

(billions) N e

197.0NNNN 2,144 2,423 2,482

Road motor vehicles, total

(millions) 17.0 r

17.0 r17.2 10.2 12.0 12.4 193.1 205.4 210.2

Rates per 100 million

vehicle-miles

Fatality N e

1.7 N N N N 2.1 1.7 1.7

Injury N 123 N N N N 151 143 141

Rates per 10,000 road motor

vehicles

Fatality 2.3 2.0 1.8 10.0 7.5 7.5 2.3 2.0 2.0

Injury 155 142 134 91 101 93 167 169 167

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. r = Data are revised.

SOURCES

Canada

Road vehicle-kilometers: Transport Canada. Minister of Public Works and Government Services. Transportation in Canada

1997—Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road motor vehicles: Statistics Canada. Road Motor Vehicles Registrations, Catalogue No. 53-219-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Road fatalities and injuries: Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation. Traffic Accident Information Database.

Special tabulation. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Road motor vehicles: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática based on figures from Departamento del Distrito

Federal, Dirección General de Autotransporte Urbano; state finance office and state police and traffic offices. (Mexico City, D.F.: various

years).

Road fatalities and injuries: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas, based on

data collected by the Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal and the Direcciones de Seguridad Pública y Vialidad or their

equivalent agencies at state and local levels. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Policía Federal de Caminos y Puertos. (Mexico City, D.F.: various

years).

United States

U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 1998 and National

Transportation Statistics 1999. (Washington, DC: 1998 and 1999).

350 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-1

Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector

Quads (quadrillion Btu)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Energy consumption, totala 7.43 8.14 8.51 4.89 5.20 5.59 84.12 90.86 93.87

Transportation consumption,

totalb 1.93 2.15 2.20 1.21 1.33 1.36 22.54 24.07 24.66

Transportation’s share of total

energy consumption (percent) 26.0 26.4 25.9 24.8 25.5 24.4 26.8 26.5 26.3

Fossil fuels, totalc 1.92 2.14 2.19 N N N 22.49 24.03 24.62

Natural gas 0.13 0.23 0.24 N N N 0.68 0.72 0.73

Trillion cubic feet 0.12 0.22 0.23 N N N 0.66 0.70 0.71

Petroleum 1.79 1.91 1.95 1.20 1.33 1.36 21.81 23.31 23.89

Million barrels 329 351 359 211 243 249 4,004 4,281 4,385

Electricityb b0.011 0.013 0.013 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.014 0.013 0.013

a

For all three countries, energy consumption, total includes electrical system energy losses.

b

For all three countries, transportation consumption, total and electricity do not include electrical system energy losses.

c

Coal is not included in this table, because all three countries use negligible amounts of coal for transportation.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTES

Canada

Energy consumption, total: Includes renewable energy.

Transportation consumption, total: Includes fuel used in fisheries and in private trucking, but excludes fuel consumption by public

administrations.

Mexico

Natural gas: Data are nonexistent, but natural gas consumption in Mexico is estimated to be quite small.

United States

Energy consumption, total: Includes renewable energy.

Transportation consumption, total: Total is greater than the sum of the components, because electrical system energy losses are not

listed. Fisheries are not included, but fuel consumption by public administrations is included.

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. Quarterly Report on Energy Supply-Demand in Canada, Catalogue No. 57-003-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various

editions).

Mexico

Secretaría de Energía. Balance Nacional, Energía. 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Agency. Annual Energy Review, 1997 and Monthly Energy Review, August 1998.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Appendix D 351 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-2

Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation

Trillion Btu (10 to the 12th Btu)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 1,931.4 2,150.7 2,203.8 1,208.8 1,326.1 1,360.3 22,540 24,070 24,660

Air 175.5 175.4 195.1 69.8 90.4 88.5 1,811 1,836 1,891

Jet fuel 170.3 171.5 191.3 68.1 86.8 87.4 1,769 1,803 1,857

Aviation gasoline 5.2 3.9 3.7 1.6 3.7 1.1 42 33 34

Road 1,416.4 1,546.2 1,574.3 1,087.1 1,188.1 1,221.8 N 18,268 18,726

Gasoline 1,114.6 1,150.4 1,165.3 794.2 880.4 895.1 13,691 14,633 14,939

Diesel 277.2 364.4 376.7 278.5 290.0 308.5 2,900 3,600 3,750

Other fuels 24.6 31.4 32.4 14.4 17.6 18.2 N 35 37

Pipeline 135.0 232.5 241.2 U U U 680 722 734

Natural gas 126.1 220.7 228.9 U U U 680 722 734

Electricity 8.2 10.4 10.2 UUUUU U

Diesel 0.6 1.3 2.1 UUUUU U

Rail 84.8 76.7 75.0 25.2 21.4 23.4 444 493 507

Distillate/diesel fuel 84.8 76.7 75.0 25.2 21.4 23.4 443 492 506

Freight rail 82.6 74.7 73.0 U U U 432 483 496

Intercity passenger 2.2 2.0 2.0 U U U 11 9 10

Electricity

Intercity passenger NS NS NS U U U 1 1 1

Transit 18.0 23.3 22.3 N N N N 121 119

Electricity 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.6 3.3 3.4 17 17 17

Motor fuels

Gasoline 0.5 0.4 NS N N N 4 8 8

Diesel 12.1 12.7 12.0 N N N 90 94 92

Compressed natural gas 2.5 7.4 7.4 NNNN 2 2

Water transport 101.7 96.7 96.0 N N N 1,396 1,338 1,323

Residual fuel oil 57.0 52.8 52.4 19.6 1.3 1.5 947 881 853

Distillate/diesel fuel oil 44.7 43.1 43.0 4.5 21.5 21.7 286 324 346

Gasoline NS 0.8 0.6 N N N 163 133 124

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Transportation energy consumption: Electrical systems energy losses are excluded from the overall total as well as individual modal

totals.

Transit: Canadian and U.S. data refer to all transit, including local transit buses and other road transit vehicles, which also are

reported under road. Some ferryboats also are included.

Mexico

Road, other fuels: Refers to liquified petroleum gas.

Road, gasoline, diesel, other fuels: Includes data on transit, motor fuels, and no breakdown is possible.

Rail, distillate/diesel fuel: Includes passenger and cargo services, and no breakdown is possible.

Transit, motor fuels: Data for subcategories cannot be separately identified for transit. Instead they are included in the fuel categories

for road (gasoline, diesel and other fuels).

Water transport, residual fuel oil, distillate/diesel fuel oil: In 1991, vessel fuel usage began to change. Diesel substituted for residual

fuel oil.

United States

Total: The total differs from the sum of the individual modes for reasons discussed in Appendix B.

352 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-2

Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

All modes except transit rail: Statistics Canada. Quarterly Report on Energy Supply-Demand in Canada, Catalogue No. 57-003-XPB.

(Ottawa, Ont.: various quarterly editions).

Natural Resources Canada. Canada’s Energy Outlook 1996-2020. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Transit rail: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue No. 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Secretaría de Energía. Balance Nacional, Energía. 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía. Private communication. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United States

Total: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Private Communication.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. General Aviation and Avionics Survey. (Washington, DC: various

years).

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC:

1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 1996. (Washington,

DC: 1997).

Pipeline: U.S. Department of Energy. Natural Gas Annual 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997 Edition. (Washington, DC: 1997).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. State and Local Affairs Department. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. Director of Fuel Management. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC: various years).

American Public Transit Association. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales. (Washington, DC:

various years).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Appendix D 353 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-3

Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement

Fuels for Road Motor Vehicles

(Thousand gasoline-equivalent gallons)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1992a3 1995 1996

Fuel consumption, totala 11,180,864 12,198,778 12,415,527 N N N 134,231,000 144,776,000 148,182,000

Alternative fuels, total 217,776 311,582 319,844 N N N 229,631 277,507 297,231

Liquified petroleum

gases (LPG) 197,664 252,244 260,277 N N N 208,142 232,701 239,158

Compressed natural

gas (CNG) 20,106 59,259 59,488 N N N 16,823 35,162 46,923

Liquified natural gas

(LNG) 0 0 0 N N N 585 2,759 3,247

Methanol, 85 percent

(M85) 5 80 80 N N N 1,069 2,887 3,390

Methanol, neat

(M100) 0 0 0 N N N 2,547 2,150 347

Ethanol, 85 percent

(E85) 0 0 0 N N N 21 190 694

Ethanol, 95 percent

(E95) 0 0 0 N N N 85 995 2,699

Electricity NS NS NS N N N 359 663 773

Oxygenates

Methyl tertiary butyl

ether (MTBE) NS NS NSNNN 1,175,000 2,691,200 2,749,700

Ethanol in gasohol 2,600 10,600 10,600 N N N 701,000 910,700 660,200

Traditional fuels

Gasoline 8,962,970 9,250,671 9,370,584 N N N 110,135,000 115,943,000 117,783,000

Diesel 1,997,477 2,625,957 2,714,531 N N N 23,866,000 28,555,040 30,101,430

a

U.S. data for 1990 are not available. Nearest data year is 1992.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant.

NOTES

Mexico

Alternative fuels, liquefied petroleum gases: In Table 4-2 under road, other fuels, an estimation of fuel consumption in petajoules is

shown.

SOURCES

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. Office of Energy Efficiency. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

United States

U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 1996. (Washington, DC:

1997).

354 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-4

Average Pricea of Fossil Fuel to End-Users

(Current U.S. cents per gallon)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Motor vehicle fuel

Gasoline

Leaded NA NA NA 95.5 127.3 139.4 114.9 NA NA

Unleaded premium 204.4 178.7 186.8 NA NA 158.4 134.9 133.6 141.3

Unleaded regular 189.5 152.8 161.0 134.6 132.1 143.4 116.4 114.7 123.1

Average over all types

Price with taxes UUUUUU 121.7 120.5 128.8

Taxes 74.3 73.6 75.3 U U U 24.6 36.9 37.0

Diesel

Price with taxes 163.2 116.4 119.9 81.4 96.7 106.6 U 110.9 123.5

Taxes 58.1 46.3 46.6 U U U 31.1 43.4 43.3

Aviation fuel

Gasoline 159.4 118.4 119.7 134.6 132.1 143.4 112.0 100.5 111.6

Jet fuel 83.5 53.3 58.4 95.3 67.4 88.6 76.7 54.6 64.8

Rail fuel

Diesel 89.0 59.3 64.8 81.4 96.7 106.6 69.2 60.0 67.7

Water transport

Combined fuels 54.4 38.1 43.8 30.7 24.8 49.8 U 38 42

a

Unless otherwise stated in the country notes below, prices include the cost of the fuel and taxes. Taxes are given separately in this

table only for all types of motor vehicle gasoline and for motor vehicle diesel fuel. See Appendix B for information on fuel taxes in each

country.

KEY: NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Mexico

Data refer to sales price to the public as of December 31 of each year.

United States

Motor vehicle fuel taxes: Sales weighted average of federal and state fuel taxes only. Does not include state sales taxes. If these were

included, they would raise the average tax in 1996 by roughly half a cent per liter for both gasoline and diesel. Note that the motor

vehicle fuel prices do include state sales taxes.

Aviation fuel: Does not include any taxes. Price of jet fuel is that paid by the large certified air carriers, which are defined in

Appendix B.

Rail fuel: Price includes federal fuel taxes only; no state taxes are included.

Appendix D 355 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-4

Average Pricea of Fossil Fuel to End-Users−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Natural Resources Canada. Office of Energy Efficiency. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Petróleos Mexicanos. PEMEX-Refinación. Anuario Estadístico, 1998. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1999).

Petróleos Mexicanos. PEMEX-Refinación. Subgerencia de Planeación (Mexico City, D.F.:1999)

United States

Motor vehicle fuel: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 1997. (Washington, DC:

1998).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC: 1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Aviation fuel, gasoline: U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review, 1997. (Washington, DC:

1998).

Aviation fuel, jet fuel: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Private

Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Rail fuel: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997 Edition. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Rail fuel taxes: Association of American Railroads. Private Communication. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration (MARAD). Private Communication. (Washington, DC:

1998).

356 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-5

New Model Year Fuel Efficiency for Road Motor Vehicles(Gallons per 100 miles)

Canada Mexico 

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 199

Sales weighted average

Passenger cars 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.9 3.4 3.3 3Light trucks 4.8 4.9 4.8 U U U 4

Range

Passenger cars 8.8 to 2.1 8.2 to 2.1 7.6 to 2.1 U 3.9 to 2.9 4.6 to 2.7 11.5 to 1Light trucks 9.5 to 2.9 8.0 to 3.6 7.7 to 3.6 U U U 8.4 to 3

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.NOTESAll CountriesSales weighted average: Assumes 55 percent city and 45 percent highway travel.Light trucks: Gross vehicle weight rating of zero kg to 3,856 kg (i.e., 8,500 pounds or less).Averages and ranges: United States and Canada include both domestic and imported vehicles. Mexico includes only domestic vehicles.SOURCESCanadaSales weighted average: Transport Canada. Transportation in Canada, 1997 - Annual Report, TP 13198. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Ranges: Natural Resources Canada. Canada’s Energy Outlook, 1996-2020. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

Transport Canada and Natural Resources Canada. Fuel Consumption Guide, Annual. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

MexicoSecretaría de Energía. Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía, Dirección de Transporte. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

United StatesSales weighted average: U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Consumer Programs Division, NPS-32. (W

Ranges: U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Automotive Fuel Economy Program. Twenty-second Annua(Washington, DC: various years).

U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Consumer Programs Division, NPS-32. Private Communication. (W

Appendix D 357 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-6a

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Passenger Cars

and Light Trucks: Model Year

(Grams of emissions per mile)

Total

hydrocarbons

Nonmethane

hydrocarbons

Carbon

monoxide

(CO)

Cold

temperature

CO

Nitrogen

oxides Particulates

Canada, 1996

Passenger cars 0.41 NA 3.4 NA 1.0 a

0.20

Light trucks

Under 3,751 pounds (loaded vehicle weight) 0.80 NA 10 NA 1.2 a

0.26

Over 3,750 pounds (loaded vehicle weight) 0.80 NA 10 NA 1.7 a

0.13

Mexico, model years 1995 and later

Passenger cars 0.41 NA 3.4 NA 1.0 NA

Light trucks 1.01 NA 14.1 NA 2.3 NA

Under 8,503 pounds (gross vehicle weight)

United States, model years 1994 and later

Passenger cars

Intermediate useful life 0.41 0.25 3.4 10.0 0.4 0.08

Full useful life NA 0.31 4.2 NA 0.6 0.10

Light trucks

3,751 to 5,750 pounds (loaded vehicle weight)

Intermediate useful life NA 0.32 4.4 10.0 0.7 b

0.08

Full useful life 0.80 0.40 5.5 NA 0.97 b

0.10

a

Applies to diesel-fueled vehicles only.

b

Phase-in begins with model-year 1995.

KEY: NA = Not applicable.

NOTES

All Countries

Light trucks are vehicles of about 3,856 kg or less gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). For the United States and Canada, the exact

definition is 8,500 pounds or less, and, for the time period of this table, there are four and two categories of light trucks, respectively,

within the range of zero through 8,500 pounds.

Canada

Loaded vehicle weight (LVW): See Appendix B under the United States for definition.

From September 1, 1997, Canadian standards are harmonized with U.S. standards by regulation, for all classes of on-road vehicles.

Passenger cars and light trucks: For cars (light-duty vehicles) and light trucks (light-duty trucks, LDT), Canadian 1996 regulated

standards were technically equivalent to those of the United States for 1988 model year vehicles, but in practice, manufacturers and

importers provided vehicles meeting U.S. 1996 standards.

Mexico

Particulates: No regulations are in effect for particulates for these vehicles.

United States

Useful life: The life over which the standards must be met. See Appendix B for a more complete definition.

Coverage: This table is a simplification of the U.S. emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks.

Implementation schedules: Schedules are summarized in Appendix B. The standards were phased in over several years.

Passenger cars and light trucks: Data are for gasoline fueled vehicles only. See Appendix B for the differences for diesel fueled

vehicles.

Light trucks: There are four categories of light trucks. The regulations presented here are for the LDT2 category, which has a GVWR

up to 2,722 kg (ie., 6,000 pounds or less) and a LVW of 1701 kg to 2,608 kg (i.e., 3,751 pounds through 5,750 pounds). (GVWR and

LVR are defined in Appendix B.) In 1996, LDT2s accounted for more than 60 percent of the sales of new light trucks.

358 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 4-6a

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Passenger

Cars and Light Trucks: Model Year−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulations Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-O42-ECOL-1993. (Mexico City, D.F.:

1993).

United States

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. (Washington, DC: 1998).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Mobile Source Emissions Standards Summary. (Washington, DC:

1992).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Office of Mobile Sources, Vehicle Programs and Compliance

Division. Tier 2 Study White Paper. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Appendix D 359 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-1

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode

(Millions of U.S. short tons)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 687.1 784.6 809.8 419.0 473.2 490.8 6,701.3 7,784.5 8,069.7

Air 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.5 9.4 10.7

Water transport 66.6 55.7 53.8 33.7 35.1 34.8 1,117.8 1,086.2 1,093.3

Coastal shipping 28.9 24.9 23.3 33.7 35.1 34.8 298.6 266.6 267.4

Great Lakes 11.7 8.5 9.7 NA NA NA 110.2 116.1 114.9

Inland waterwaysa 26.0 22.3 20.8 NA NA NA 709.0 703.4 711.1

Pipeline 244.1 320.3 334.6 U U U 1,561.1 1,710.3 1,776.7

Crude oil and petroleum

products 160.7 192.4 202.2 U U U 1,057.0 1,121.0 1,177.0

Natural gas 83.3 128.0 132.4 U U U 504.1 589.3 599.7

Rail 211.4 224.8 220.5 38.3 33.8 33.3 1,424.9 1,549.6 1,610.9

Road 164.6 184.4 200.5 346.9 404.2 422.5 2,589.0 3,429.0 3,578.0

a

Commercially navigable.

KEY: NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Canada

Road: Includes only activity of Canadian domiciled for-hire carriers with annual intercity revenues greater than or equal to 1 million

Canadian dollars; excludes local (less than 24 kilometers) deliveries and deliveries made by private trucks and small for-hire carriers.

Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

Mexico

Total: Does not include data for pipelines because the data are unavailable.

Road: Includes only intercity truck activity on the Mexican federal highway system.

United States

Road: Data are for intercity for-hire and private truck only.

Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

SOURCES

Canada

Air: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue No. 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways and rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate based on Statistics

Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue No. 55-201-XPB, and Gas Utilities Transport and Distribution Systems,

Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate, based on Statistics Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Trucking in Canada, Catalogue No. 53-222-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras 1990-1996.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos

Mexicanos en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Based on data from Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990,

1995 y 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

360 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-1

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode−Continued

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., Part 5. (New

Orleans, LA: Annual issues).

Pipeline, crude oil and petroleum products: Association of Oil Pipe Lines. Shifts in Petroleum Transportation. (Washington, DC: various

years).

Pipeline, natural gas: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Special tabulation based on Department

of Energy data. (Washington, DC: 1999).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Road: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. Transportation in America, 1997. (Lansdowne, VA: 1997).

Appendix D 361 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-2

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode

(Billions (thousand millions) of ton-miles)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total 356.6 412.9 420.8 105.5 141.1 145.7 3,472.6 3,962.2 4,052.3

Air 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 7.4 10.7 10.9

Water transport 36.8 29.1 27.5 13.2 13.7 13.6 833.5 807.7 764.7

Coastal shipping 9.6 6.8 7.1 13.2 13.7 13.6 479.1 440.3 408.1

Great Lakes 5.0 3.5 3.7 NA NA NA 60.9 59.7 58.3

Inland waterwaysa 22.2 18.4 16.8 NA NA NA 293.5 307.7 298.3

Pipeline 145.3 187.6 192.2 U U U 862.7 917.1 934.7

Crude oil and petroleum

products 70.4 71.2 71.9 U U U 584.1 601.1 619.2

Natural gas 74.9 116.4 120.3 U U U 278.6 316.0 315.5

Rail 136.7 150.7 151.6 17.1 15.1 14.4 1,034.0 1,305.7 1,356.0

Road 37.5 45.1 49.0 74.6 111.5 117.0 735.0 921.0 986.0

a

Commercially navigable.

KEY: NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Canada

Road: Data include only activity of Canadian domiciled for-hire carriers with annual intercity revenues greater than or equal to 1 million

Canadian dollars. Data exclude local (less than 24 kilometers) deliveries, and deliveries made by private trucks and small for-hire

carriers. Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

Mexico

Total: Does not include data for pipelines because the data are unavailable.

Road: Includes only intercity truck activity on the Mexican federal highway system.

United States

Pipeline: Data are for both oil pipelines and natural gas.

Road: Data are for intercity for-hire and private truck only.

SOURCES

Canada

Air: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue No. 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways and rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate based on Statistics

Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue No. 55-201-XPB, and Gas Utilities Transport and Distribution Systems,

Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate, based on Statistics Canada data. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Trucking in Canada, Catalogue No. 53-222-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras 1990-1996.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos

Mexicanos en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Based on data from Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas

1990,1995 y 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

362 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-2

Domestic Freight Activity by Mode−Continued

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: various years).

Coastal shipping, Great Lakes and inland waterways: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., Part 5. (New

Orleans, LA: Annual issues).

Pipeline, crude oil and petroleum products: Association of Oil Pipe Lines. Shifts in Petroleum Transportation. (Washington, DC: various

years).

Pipeline, natural gas: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Special tabulation based on Department

of Energy data. (Washington, DC: 1999).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts, 1997. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Road: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. Transportation in America, 1997. (Lansdowne, VA: 1997).

Appendix D 363 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-3a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Commodities

by Mode: 1996

(Millions of U.S. short tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

Natural gas 132.4

Crude oil 131.1

Petroleum products 71.1

Rail

Bituminous coal 43.9

Iron ore and concentrates 41.2

Wheat 22.4

Muriate of potassium (potash) 13.5

Pulpwood and chips 12.9

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Forest products 44.4

Live animals and food products 26.5

Petroleum products 25.5

Construction materials 20.3

Steel 15.8

Water transport

Iron ore 7.8

Pulpwood and chips 7.4

Wheat 5.3

Stone and limestone 5.1

Fuel oil 4.8

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

SOURCES

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue No. 55-201-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997). Statistics Canada. Gas

Utilities, Transport and Distribution Systems, Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1997).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special for-hire trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

364 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-3b

Top Mexican Domestic Freight Commodities

by Mode: 1996

(Millions of U.S. short tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

Crude oil U

Natural gas U

Petroleum products U

Rail

Cement 10.3

Corn 6.5

Iron ore 4.3

Coal 3.1

Fuel oil 2.6

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Miscellaneous manufactured articles 56.4

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement 39.7

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes 31.9

Edible fruits and vegetables 21.9

Beverages, spirits and vinegar 20.5

Water transport

Crude oil and petroleum products 21.4

Limestone 8.0

Salt 6.9

Iron ore pellets 1.5

Cement 0.1

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Road and water transport: Data are for 1993.

Road and rail: Data include foreign trade merchandise.

SOURCES

Rail: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Based on data from the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas,

1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based on the vehicle’s weight and dimensions study. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1997).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1997).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Appendix D 365
tabl e 5-3c

Top U.S. Domestic Freight Commodities

by Mode: 1993

(Millions of U.S. short tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

Machinery, excluding electricals 0.51

Chemicals or allied products 0.36

Electrical machinery, equipment or supplies 0.28

Transportation equipment 0.26

Instruments, photographic and optical goods,

watches or clocks 0.10

Pipeline

Crude oil 1,019.6

Petroleum products 850.9

Natural gas 554.0

Rail

Coal 631.1

Farm products 174.9

Nonmetallic minerals 144.9

Petroleum or coal products 136.2

Chemicals or allied products 130.3

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Nonmetallic minerals 1,504.2

Petroleum or coal products 992.7

Food or kindred products 743.2

Lumber or wood products, excluding furniture 583.1

Chemicals or allied products 310.5

Water transport

Petroleum and petroleum products 930.6

Crude materials 360.6

Coal 300.4

Food and farm products 269.3

Chemicals and related products 131.6

Intermodal (road and rail combination)

Transportation equipment 7.6

Chemicals or allied products 2.1

Food or kindred products 1.9

Lumber or wood products, excluding furniture 1.7

Pulp, paper or allied products 1.6

SOURCES

Air, road and rail: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1993 Commodity Flow Survey. Special tabulation.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Pipeline: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Water transport: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1996; Part 5 -

National Summaries. (New Orleans, LA: 1997).

366 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-4a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Interprovincial Pairs

by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

N N

Rail

Alberta to British Columbia 32,336

Newfoundland to Québec 23,011

Saskatchewan to British Columbia 14,209

Saskatchewan to Ontario 9,093

Ontario to Québec 5,155

Road

Ontario to Québec 7,719

Mode of transportation Total

Québec to Ontario 7,545

Alberta to British Columbia 3,360

British Columbia to Alberta 2,270

Alberta to Saskatchewan 1,963

Water transport

Ontario to Québec 6,820

Québec to Ontario 6,573

Nova Scotia to Newfoundland 893

Nova Scotia to Québec 821

Nova Scotia to New Brunswick 750

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Data represent one-way flows.

SOURCES

Rail: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Rail data adapted by Transport Canada from Statistics

Canada sources.)

Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special for-hire trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Appendix D 367
tabl e 5-4b

Top U.S. Domestic Freight Interstate Pairs

by Mode: 1993

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

California to Texas 43

California to New Jersey 30

Indiana to California 24

New Jersey to California 18

California to Georgia 17

Pipeline

N N

Rail

Wyoming to Texas 41,456

West Virginia to Virginia 23,854

Wyoming to Kansas 21,464

Wyoming to Missouri 20,400

Illinois to Indiana 18,960

Road

Indiana to Illinois 28,636

Mode of transportation Total

Illinois to Indiana 19,850

Pennsylvania to New Jersey 18,729

Michigan to Ohio 16,596

New Jersey to New York 16,079

Water transport

Illinois to Louisiana 20,300

Missouri to Louisiana 12,222

West Virginia to Pennsylvania 12,057

Louisiana to Texas 9,731

Iowa to Louisiana 9,511

Intermodal

(road and rail combination)

Kentucky to Michigan 1,089

California to Michigan 345

Ohio to California 328

Illinois to California 288

Michigan to Florida 180

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Data represent one-way flows.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1993 Commodity Flow Survey. Special tabulation. (Washington, DC:

1998).

368 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 5-5a

Top Canadian Domestic Freight Area Pairs

by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

N N

Pipeline

N N

Rail

N N

Road

Hamilton, Ont. to Toronto, Ont. 2,994

Toronto, Ont. to Montréal, Que. 2,272

Montréal, Que. to Toronto, Ont. 1,789

Mode of transportation Total

Toronto, Ont. to Hamilton, Ont. 1,063

Montréal, Que. to Québec, Que. 1,013

Water transport

Sept-Îles/Pte-Noire, Que. to Hamilton, Ont. 3,631

Havre-St-Pierre, Que. to Sorel, Que. 2,697

Port-Cartier, Que. to Hamilton, Ont. 2,277

Colborne, Ont. to Clarkson, Ont. 2,010

Fraser River, B.C. to East Coast

Vancouver Island, B.C. 1,791

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTES: Data represent one-way flows.

Water data represent port to port pairs rather than metropolitan area pairs.

SOURCES: Road: Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special for-hire trucking tabulations for Transport Canada. (Ottawa, Ont.:

1998).

Water transport: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). (Tabulations derived from Statistics Canada’s

Marine Database.)

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Appendix D 369
tabl e 5-5b

Top Mexican Domestic Freight Area Pairs

by Mode: 1996

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

Mode of transportation Total

Air

Mexico City, D.F. to Guadalajara, Jal. 7

Mexico City, D.F. to Tijuana, B.C. 6

Mexico City, D.F. to Cancún, Q. Roo. 4

Guadalajara, Jal. to México City, D.F. 4

Mexico City, D.F. to Monterrey, N.L. 4

Pipeline

U U

Rail

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. to Monterrey, N.L. 1,712

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. to Mexico City, D.F. 1,401

Veracruz, Ver. to Mexico City, D.F. 885

Ciudad Sahagún, Hgo. to Mexico City, D.F. 863

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. to Guadalajara, Jal. 768

Mode of transportation Total

Road

Mexico City, D.F. to Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. 14,000

Mexico City, D.F. to Monterrey, N.L. 8,200

Mexico City, D.F. to Guadalajara, Jal. 6,700

Mexico City, D.F. to Veracruz, Ver. 5,200

Mexico City, D.F. to Toluca, Edo. de Mex. 4,900

Water transport

Guerrero Negro, B.C.S. to Isla de Cedros, B.C. 8,200

Pajaritos, Ver. to Tuxpan, Ver. 4,400

Salina Cruz, Oax. to Guaymas, Son. 2,500

Salina Cruz, Oax. to Manzanillo, Col. 2,300

Salina Cruz, Oax. to Lázaro Cárdenas, Mich. 1,400

Intermodal

N N

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Data represent one-way flows.

Rail: Figures of 1993, based on allocation studies (see Appendix B).

Road: Figures of 1994, from a survey of motor carrier vehicles on federal roads (see Appendix B).

Water transport: Data represent port to port pairs rather than metropolitan area pairs.

SOURCES

Air: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte based on special tabulations of the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección

General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1999).

Rail: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Evalucaión Económica de Mejoras a la Infraestructura del Sistema Nacional Ferroviario,

Publicación Técnica No. 82. Estimates included in this document are based on information from the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de

México. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1996).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special tabulation from Estudio de pesos y dimensiones de los vehculos de carga que

circulan en la red nacional de carreteras, 1994. (Sanfandila, Qro.: 1999).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1997).

370 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2a

Canadian Merchandise Trade With Mexico and the

United States by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

1990e 1995e 1996e

Total trade with Mexico 2,264 5,074 5,147

Air 31 81 50

Water transport 1,437 2,765 2,863

Road 459 1,046 856

Rail 320 487 413

Pipeline and othera 17 715 964

Exports to Mexico 762 2,459 2,408

Air 7 26 5

Water transport 506 2,086 2,146

Road 86 159 87

Rail 164 188 170

Pipeline and othera NS NS NS

Imports from Mexico 1,501 2,635 2,739

Air 24 55 45

Water transport 933 680 717

Road 373 887 769

Rail 155 299 243

Pipeline and othera 17 715 964

Total trade with the United States 270,960 390,600 405,635

Air 2,995 2,710 2,622

Water transport 74,839 79,912 85,286

Road 73,979 105,215 108,166

Rail 45,137 66,499 67,497

Pipeline and othera 74,011 136,264 142,065

Exports to the United States 193,589 295,955 305,922

Air 198 460 226

Water transport 44,144 49,890 53,368

Road 42,374 57,253 59,861

Rail 35,584 53,267 54,603

Pipeline and othera 71,288 135,084 137,861

Imports from the United States 77,372 94,645 99,717

Air 2,797 2,250 2,396

Water transport 30,695 30,022 31,919

Road 31,604 47,962 48,304

Rail 9,554 13,232 12,894

Pipeline and othera 2,722 1,179 4,204

a

Mostly pipeline moves; also includes mail, parcel post and other miscellaneous modes of transportation.

KEY: e = Data are estimated. NS = Not signficant.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Appendix D 371 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the

United States by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

1990 1995 1996

Total trade with Canada N N N

Air a

22 2

Water transport 1,571 b

3,778 3,095

Road N N N

Rail U U U

Pipeline NA NA NA

Exports to Canada N N N

Air a

11 1

Water transport 1,159 b

1,893 1,089

Road N N N

Rail U U U

Pipeline NA NA NA

Imports from Canada N N N

Air a

11 1

Water transport 412 b

1,885 2,006

Road N N N

Rail U U U

Pipeline NA NA NA

Total trade with the United States N N N

Air a

77 128 155

Water transport 65,334 b

79,888 99,100

Road N N 42,690

Rail U U 16,667

Pipeline U U U

Exports to the United States N N N

Air a

33 66 82

Water transport 54,784 b

68,010 85,592

Road N N 15,964

Rail U U 5,305

Pipeline U U U

Imports from the United States N N N

Air a

44 62 74

Water transport 10,550 b

11,877 13,508

Road N N 26,727

Rail U U 11,362

Pipeline U U U

a

Data for 1990 are nonexistent. Data in this table represent 1992.

b

Data for 1995 are nonexistent. Data in this table represent 1994.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

372 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2b

Mexican Merchandise Trade With Canada and the

United States by Mode of Transportation−Continued

SOURCES

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. Special tabulation. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1998).

Road and rail, 1996: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special tabulations based on data from the Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento

Industrial and U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

Appendix D 373 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico

by Mode of Transportation

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

1990 1995 1996

Total trade with Canada N N N

Air 245 278 297

Water transport 72,143 75,518 79,381

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Exports to Canada N N N

Air 188 237 248

Water transport 27,772 28,353 27,454

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Imports from Canada N N N

Air 56 42 49

Water transport 44,371 47,166 51,928

Road N 59,044 63,719

Rail N 51,004 53,809

Pipeline N 67,665 69,323

Total trade with Mexico N N N

Air 49 71 91

Water transport 57,475 79,753 83,710

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Exports to Mexico N N N

Air 29 31 41

Water transport 9,449 9,515 14,437

Road N N N

Rail N N N

Pipeline N N N

Imports from Mexico N N N

Air 20 40 51

Water transport 47,525 70,238 70,375

Road N N 15,964

Rail N N 5,307

Pipeline N N 125

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTES

Imports from Canada: The U.S. Customs Service began to require shipping weight for U.S. imports from Canada by all modes of

transportation in 1990. However, it did not become possible to disaggregate the land modes (road, rail and pipeline) until 1994.

Imports from Mexico: The U.S. Customs Service began to require shipping weight for U.S. imports from Mexico by land modes of

transportation (road, rail and pipeline) in April 1995.

Road, rail and pipeline exports: For 1990, 1995 and 1996, the U.S. Census Bureau did not require shippers to report weight for export

shipments to Canada or Mexico for these modes of transportation.

374 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-2c

U.S. Merchandise Trade With Canada and Mexico

by Mode of Transportation

SOURCES

Total trade: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States. (Washington, DC: 1990,

1995 and 1996).

Air and water: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. FT920 U.S. Merchandise Trade.

(Washington, DC: December 1990, 1995 and 1996).

Road, rail and pipeline: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Transborder Surface Freight Data.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Appendix D 375 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-4a

Top Mexican Maritime Intransit Shipment Ports:a

January-June 1997

(Thousands of U.S. dollars or U.S. short tons)

Value Weight

To/from the United States

U.S. overseas exports transshipped through Mexican maritime ports N 23.8

Port of Manzanillo, Col. N 17.3

Port of Veracruz, Ver. N 6.0

Port of Lázaro Cárdenas, Mich. N 0.3

Port of Progreso, Yuc. N 0.2

Port of Ensenada, B.C. N 0.1

U.S. overseas imports transshipped through Mexican maritime ports N 101.9

Port of Tampico, Tamps. N 55.8

Port of Tuxpan, Ver. N 25.2

Port of Veracruz, Ver. N 11.2

Port of Manzanillo, Col. N 5.1

Port of Altamira, Tamps. N 4.6

To/from Canada

Canadian overseas exports transhipped through Mexican maritime ports N 0

Canadian overseas imports transhipped through Mexican maritime ports N 0

a

Ports are ranked on total intransit shipment weight.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent.

NOTE: Data are unavailable for 1996.

SOURCE: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Special tabulation based on 1997 data from the Journal of Commerce. Port Import Export

Reporting Service (PIERS). (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

376 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 6-4b

Top U.S. Maritime Intransit Shipment Ports:a 1996

(Thousands of U.S. dollars or U.S. short tons)

Value Weight

To/from Canada

Canadian overseas exports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 199,519 80.6

Port of Los Angeles, CA 119,143 33.6

Port of Long Beach, CA 70,791 42.2

Port of Norfolk, VA 4,964 2.5

Port of New York, NY 1,111 1.0

Port of Houston, TX 822 0.4

Canadian overseas imports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 442,627 92.9

Port of Superior, WI 132,496 1.8

Port of Los Angeles, CA 83,079 12.6

Port of Duluth, MN 55,096 0.7

Port of Brownsville, TX 44,438 31.3

Port of Seattle, WA 37,781 9.1

To/from Mexico

Mexican overseas exports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 420,320 1,224.8

Port of Long Beach, CA 171,012 23.9

Port of Brownsville, TX 90,559 58.8

Port of Los Angeles, CA 46,716 14.9

Port of Charleston, SC 39,688 6.0

Port of Houston, TX 21,969 4.6

Mexican overseas imports transshipped through U.S. maritime ports 584,373 1,225.4

Port of Los Angeles, CA 161,817 48.9

Port of Long Beach, CA 133,015 50.7

Port of Portland, ME 126,073 980.6

Port Everglades, FL 34,136 2.1

Port of Miami, FL 30,612 3.3

a

Ports are ranked on total intransit shipment value.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Annual Waterborne

Databanks 1996 (formerly TA 305/705). (Washington, DC: 1998).

Appendix D 377 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-2

International Merchandise Trade Between North America

and the Rest of the World by Weight

(Millions of U.S. short tons)

Canada Mexico United States

1990e 1995e 1996e 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Total trade 263.5 241.1 259.8 U U U 831.0 911.6 906.1

Exports 197.9 169.6 188.7 U U U 374.1 406.4 384.4

Imports 65.6 71.3 71.2 U U U 456.9 505.2 521.7

Air, total trade 0.8 2.0 1.2 U U U 3.2 4.7 5.1

Exports 0.2 0.6 0.3 U U U 1.4 2.2 2.4

Imports 0.6 1.4 0.9 U U U 1.8 2.5 2.6

Water, total trade 242.2 223.1 242.7 U U 44.8 827.8 906.9 901.0

Exports 196.1 166.9 186.4 U U 34.5 372.7 404.2 382.0

Imports 46.1 56.3 56.3 U U 10.3 455.1 502.7 519.1

Road, total trade 5.5 6.8 5.0 UUUUU U

Exports 1.3 2.0 1.7 UUUUU U

Imports 4.2 4.7 3.3 UUUUU U

Rail, total trade 1.3 0.9 0.7 U 0.2 0.4 U U U

Exports 0.2 0.3 0.2 U 0.2 0.4 U U U

Imports 1.1 0.6 0.4 U NS NS U U U

Pipeline and other,

total trade 13.7 8.3 10.1 NNNUU U

Exports 0.0 NS NS NNNUU U

Imports 13.7 8.3 10.1 NNNUU U

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. NS = Not significant. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Intra-North American trade is excluded from these figures (e.g., Canada’s trade with Mexico and the United States is excluded;

Mexico’s trade with Canada and the United States is excluded; and the United State’s trade with Mexico and Canada is excluded).

Canada

All land modes: Canada export data for all land modes represent transshipments (e.g., trade shipments between Canada and a third

country that were transshipped via the United States). Canadian import data are based on the last mode of transport by which the

cargo was transported to the port of clearance in Canada.

Mexico

Total, air and road: Data were not available that excluded trade with Canada and the United States. See Appendix B for available data

for Mexican air and road trade with all countries.

Rail: Represents trade with Central American countries. Data were unavailable for 1990 that excluded trade with Canada and the

United States. See Appendix B for Mexican rail trade with all countries.

Water: Data were unavailable for 1990 and 1995 that excluded trade with Canada and the United States. See Appendix B for Mexican

water trade with all countries.

United States

Total: Includes only air and water shipments.

Road, rail and pipeline: Data for these modes are included in U.S. trade with Canada and U.S trade with Mexico. Data for these

modes are therefore shown in Table 6-6.

378 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-2

International Merchandise Trade Between North America

and the Rest of the World by Weight−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. La Aviación Mexicana en Cifras, 1989-1995.

(Mexico City, D.F.: 1996).

Water: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos en

Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Road: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Manual Estadístico del Sector Transporte, 1997. (Querétaro, Qro.: 1998).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990, 1995 y 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

United States

Air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis. Special

tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and Exports of

Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Appendix D 379 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-5a

Top Canadian International Trade Commodities

by Weight: 1996

(Excluding Trade With the United States and Mexico)

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

1996

Overall exports

Special transactions-trade (99) 66,977

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 38,313

Ores, slag and ash (26) 21,608

Cereals (10) 19,882

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 6,775

Overall imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 42,279

Special transactions-trade (99) 4,490

Ores, slag and ash (26) 3,833

Inorganic chemicals (28) 3,245

Iron and steel (72) 2,792

Air exports

Iron and steel (72) 68

Special transactions-trade (99) 64

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 39

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 35

Fish and crustaceans (03) 16

Air imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 125

Special classification provisions (98) 116

Live trees and plants (06) 113

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 93

Ores, slag and ash (26) 60

1996

Land exports (road only)

Ores, slag and ash (26) 330

Paper and paperboard (48) 170

Edible vegetables and roots (07) 111

Vehicles other than railway (87) 101

Other made up textile articles (63) 77

Land imports (road only)

Edible fruit and nuts (08) 647

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 370

Special classification provisions (98) 284

Iron and steel (72) 256

Toys, games and sporting equipment (95) 227

Water exports

Special transactions-trade (99) 66,849

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 38,304

Ores, slag and ash (26) 21,278

Cereals (10) 19,849

Pulp of wood and paperboard (47) 6,710

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 32,015

Special transactions-trade (99) 4,413

Ores, slag and ash (26) 3,619

Inorganic chemicals (28) 3,218

Iron and steel (72) 2,533

NOTES

Merchandise trade with the United States and Mexico is excluded from these data.

Commodity code: Description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

All land modes: Canada export data for all land modes represent transshipments (e.g., trade shipments between Canada and a third

country that were transshipped via the United States). Canadian import data are based on the last mode of transport by which the

cargo was transported to the port of clearance in Canada.

SOURCE: Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

380 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 7-5b

Top U.S. International Trade Commodities

by Weight: 1996

(Excluding Trade With Canada and Mexico)

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

1996

Overall exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 126

Cereals (10) 89

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits(12) 28

Wood and articles (44) 23

Food residues and waste (23) 15

Overall imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 353

Iron and steel (72) 25

Ores, slag and ash (26) 25

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 22

Inorganic chemicals (28) 10

Air exports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 548

Electrical machinery, equipment and parts (85) 364

Measuring and testing instruments (90) 140

Vehicles other than railway (87) 88

Plastics (39) 82

Air imports

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and

parts (84) 479

1996

Electrical machinery, equipment and

parts (85) 346

Not knitted or crocheted apparel (62) 219

Live trees and plants (6) 200

Knitted or crocheted apparel (61) 157

Land exports

U U

Land imports

U U

Water exports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 125,180

Cereals (10) 88,851

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (12) 27,813

Wood and articles (44) 23,597

Food residues and waste (23) 15,549

Water imports

Mineral fuels, oils and waxes (27) 353,118

Iron and steel (72) 25,831

Ores, slag and ash (26) 24,919

Salt, sulfur, plaster and cement (25) 22,155

Inorganic chemicals (28) 10,201

KEY: U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES: Merchandise trade with Canada and Mexico is excluded from these data.

Commodity code: Description based on the two-digit Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).

Total: Includes air and water shipments, excluding trade with Canada and Mexico.

Land (road and rail): Data for these modes are included in U.S. trade with Canada and U.S trade with Mexico for 1996.

SOURCES: Overall, air and water: U.S. Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Office of Statistical and Economic

Analysis. Special tabulation based on U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign Trade Division. U.S. Imports and

Exports of Merchandise, December 1990, 1995 and 1996. (Washington, DC: 1998).

▲

North American Transportation in Figures Appendix D 381
tabl e 8-1

Domestic Passenger Travel by Mode

(Billions (or thousand millions) of passenger-miles)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 r1995 1996

Passenger-miles, total N e

325 N N N N 3,543 4,130 4,252

Air N N N 6.0 8.6 e

8.1 359 414 445

Air carriers r

16 r16 r17 6.0 8.6 e8.1 346 404 435

Road N e

309 N N N N 3,159 3,690 3,779

Personal vehicles N e

290 N N N N 3,037 3,554 3,641

Passenger cars N e

229 N N N N 2,129 2,287 2,334

Motorcycles N e

1 N N N N 12 11 11

Light trucks N e

60 N N N N 896 1,256 1,296

Bus N e

19 N N N N 121 136 139

Charter N e

2NNNNNN N

Intercity N e

2 N e168.7 e238.0 e242.6 N N N

Local motor N e

8 N N N N 21 19 19

School N e

8NNNNNN N

Rail

Intercity passenger 0.9 0.9 0.9 3.3 1.2 1.1 6 6 5

Transit N a N N N N 41 40 41

Transit rail N N N N N N 19 20 21

Water transport N N N 0.12 0.12 0.12 N N N

a

Data for all transit services for 1995 are included in the estimate for local motor bus, under road. The transit rail portion of transit

services cannot be broken out.

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. p = Data are preliminary. r = Data are revised.

NOTES

All Countries

Air: The U.S. total for air represents both air carriers and general aviation. However, only the large certificated air carriers are included.

See Appendix B for a more complete explanation. The Mexican air total represents only scheduled air carriers. However, nonscheduled

and general aviation represent a very small share of passenger travel in Mexico. Canadian data for total air activity are nonexistent

because data for general aviation are not collected.

Road: Data do not include passenger travel by commercial freight vehicles.

Transit and water transport: For the United States, ferry activity is included in the total for transit. For Mexico, data for overall transit

activity are nonexistent because the data are not collected. However, Mexican data for water transport do represent ferry activity.

Canadian data for transit overall and ferry activity are nonexistent because the data are not collected.

Canada

Air carriers: Includes level I to III Canadian air carriers. For a definition of these, see Appendix B.

Mexico

Air: Data for general aviation are not included in the air total.

Intercity bus: Data refer to intercity buses utilizing Mexico’s federal highway system.

United States

Passenger-miles, total: Is not the sum of the subcategories because local motor bus is included in both the road and transit totals. This

double counting has been removed from the overall total.

382 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 8-1

Domestic Passenger Travel by Mode−Continued

SOURCES

Canada

Air carriers: Statistics Canada. Canadian Civil Aviation, Catalogue No. 51-206-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Road: Transport Canada. Ministry of Public Works and Government Services. Transportation in Canada 1997 - Annual Report. (Ottawa,

Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990,1995 y 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Water transport: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. (Mexico City,

D.F.: 1998).

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: 1986-1997).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Statistical Handbook of Aviation 1996. Web site: www.bts.gov

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC:

1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

American Public Transit Association (APTA). Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC: various years).

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact Book. (Washington, DC: various years).

Appendix D 383 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-1

Domestic Physical System Extent

(Miles)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Road 552,336 560,417 U 148,654 191,372 194,055 3,880,000 3,912,000 3,934,000

Paved 184,803 197,546 U 52,149 59,988 61,618 2,259,000 2,373,000 2,380,000

Major road system N N N 50,652 57,652 58,973 407,000 430,000 433,000

Less than four lanes N N N 47,221 52,054 53,032 280,000 291,000 292,000

Four or more lanes 9,641 10,297 U 3,431 5,599 5,942 128,000 139,000 141,000

Local NNNNNN 1,852,000 1,942,000 1,947,000

Unpaved 367,533 362,871 U 96,505 131,384 132,437 1,621,000 1,539,000 1,554,000

Great Lakes 1,654 1,654 1,654 NA NA NA 4,400 4,400 4,400

Inland waterwaysa 1,755 1,755 1,755 NA NA NA 26,000 26,000 26,000

Pipeline 170,349 192,484 195,188 11,187 9,703 9,649 1,415,646 1,462,652 1,469,534

Gas 148,556 169,554 172,223 8,049 7,118 7,050 1,206,894 1,262,152 1,269,034

Oil 21,794 22,929 22,965 3,137 2,586 2,599 208,752 200,500 200,500

Railb 53,985 49,912 48,086 16,380 16,537 16,543 200,074 180,419 176,978

Transit rail N N N 122 171 171 N 3,932 4,325

a

Commercially navigable.

b

Rail extent includes yard tracks, sidings and parallel lines.

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

All Countries

Road: The overall road total for Canada and the United States includes all roads (highways, local and others). Canada cannot

disaggregate its data for local roads into paved and unpaved, however.

Rail: Data include length of track, including yard tracks, sidings and parallel lines.

Transit rail: Data are one-way, fixed guideway

Mexico

Road: Data do not include local roads.

Road, paved: Data include major roads plus minor rural roads.

SOURCES

Canada

Road: Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation in Canada: A Statistical Overview - 1995. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Great Lakes and inland waterways: Transport Canada. Marine Distance Library, 1997. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Pipeline: Statistics Canada. Oil Pipeline Transport, Catalogue No. 55-201-XPB, and Gas Utilities, Transport and Distribution Systems,

Catalogue No. 57-205-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Mexico

Road: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Evaluación. Longitud de la Infraestructura Carretera, 1990,

1995 and 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Pipeline: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, based on data from the Petróleos Mexicanos. Subdirección de

Planeación and the Anuario Estadístico (various years). (Aguascalientes, Ags.: various years).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas 1990, 1995 y 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

Transit: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, based on data collected by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo and

the Sistema de Transporte Eléctrico in Mexico City, the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, and

the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo in Monterrey. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

384 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-1

Domestic Physical System Extent−Continued

United States

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Unpublished data. (Washington, DC: 1998).

Great Lakes and inland waterways: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA:

1998).

Gas pipeline: American Gas Association. Gas Facts. (Arlington, VA: 1997).

Oil pipeline: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. Transportation in America. (Lansdowne, VA: 1997).

Freight rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Intercity passenger rail: National Railroad Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Transit rail: American Public Transit Association. Transit Fact book 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

Appendix D 385 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-4a

Top 20 Canadian Water Ports by Tonnage

(Domestic and International): 1996

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

Port name

Total Domestic International

Containerized

shipments

(as percent of

total tonnage)

Number of

vessel

entrances/

clearances

Vancouver, B.C. 78,711 2,192 76,518 7.2 5,673

Sept-Îles/Pte-Noire, Que. 24,895 4,648 20,246 NS 615

Port-Cartier, Que. 23,952 5,657 18,295 NS 521

Saint John, N.B. 22,680 2,151 20,529 1.2 825

Montréal/Contrecoeur, Que. 21,173 5,799 15,374 41.1 1,827

Québec/Lévis, Que. 18,725 4,058 14,667 NS 740

Halifax, N.S. 14,977 2,975 12,002 29.6 1,761

Hamilton, Ont. 14,062 6,822 7,240 NS 638

Thunder Bay, Ont. 11,134 7,237 3,898 NS 518

Prince Rupert, B.C. 10,419 15 10,404 NS 561

Port Hawkesbury, N.S. 8,692 36 8,655 NS 180

Fraser River, B.C. 8,297 5,954 2,344 1.6 3,479

Come-By-Chance, Nfld. 8,191 115 8,077 NS 148

Nanticoke, Ont. 7,485 1,842 5,643 NS 305

Baie-Comeau, Que. 6,467 2,022 4,446 NS 1,089

Sorel, Que. 6,151 3,644 2,507 NS 317

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 5,679 601 5,078 NS 291

Windsor, Ont. 5,600 2,763 2,836 NS 422

Howe Sound, B.C. 5,362 5,353 9 NS 2,517

East Coast Vancouver Island, B.C. 4,478 4,478 - NS 2,467

Subtotal-top 20 ports 307,129 68,362 238,767 6.3 24,894

Tonnage, total all Canadian water ports 394,359 107,650 286,709 NA NA

Percent of tonnage of all Canadian

water ports 78 64 83 5.0 NA

KEY: NA Not applicable. NS = Not significant.

NOTE: Ports are ranked by total tonnage.

SOURCES

Statistics Canada. Shipping in Canada, Catalogue No. 54-205-XPB, 1996. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Statistics Canada. Transportation Division. Special tabulations. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

386 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-4b

Top 20 Mexican Water Ports by Tonnage

(Domestic and International): 1996

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

Port name

Total Domestic International

Containerized

shipments

(as percent of

total tonnage)

Number of

vessel

entrances/

clearances

Cayo Arcas, Camp. 34,691 4 34,686 NA 417

Pajaritos, Ver. 34,560 6,702 27,858 NA 954

Dos Bocas, Tab. 25,835 49 25,786 NA 1,145

Salina Cruz, Oax. 18,517 12,785 5,732 0.8 537

Isla Cedros, B.C. 16,297 8,277 8,019 NA 1,189

Lázaro Cárdenas, Mich. 13,235 4,102 9,134 0.8 425

Manzanillo, Col. 11,016 4,209 6,808 16.8 704

Veracruz, Ver. 10,932 696 10,236 23.2 1,396

Tampico, Tamps. 9,231 2,635 6,596 6.4 1,148

Tuxpan, Ver. 7,768 4,658 3,110 0.1 327

Guerrero Negro, B.C.S. 7,595 7,595 N NA 1,077

Guaymas, Son. 6,239 2,704 3,535 NA 496

Punta Venado, Q. Roo. 6,637 NS 6,637 NA 106

Topolobampo, Sin. 3,275 3,090 185 NA 247

San Marcos, B.C.S. 3,071 7 3,064 NA 308

Rosarito, B.C. 2,908 1,791 1,117 NA 99

Coatzacoalcos, Ver. 2,682 601 2,081 NA 267

Altamira, Tamps. 2,661 138 2,523 41.6 667

Progreso, Yuc. 2,560 1,044 1,516 3.7 462

La Paz-Pichilingue, B.C.S. 2,221 2,041 180 NS 600

Subtotal-top 20 ports 221,929 63,126 158,803 2.9 12,571

Tonnage, total all Mexican water ports 229,786 69,805 159,980 NA NA

Percent of tonnage of all Mexican

water ports 96.6 90.4 99.3 2.8 NA

KEY: N = Data are nonexistent. NA = Not applicable. NS = Not significant.

NOTE: Ports are ranked by total tonnage.

SOURCE: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Coordinación General de Puertos y Marina Mercante. Los Puertos Mexicanos

en Cifras 1990-1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1997).

Appendix D 387 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 11-4c

Top 20 U.S. Water Ports by Tonnage

(Domestic and International): 1996

(Thousands of U.S. short tons)

Port name

Total Domestic International

Containerized

shipments

(as percent of

total tonnage)

Number of

vessel

entrances/

clearances

South Louisiana, LA 189,800 106,000 83,800 NS 153,386

Houston, TX 148,200 61,100 87,100 4.0 122,329

New York, NY and NJ 131,600 75,100 56,500 12.6 228,526

New Orleans, LA 83,700 36,800 46,900 3.6 125,116

Baton Rouge, LA 81,000 45,200 35,800 NS 68,922

Corpus Christi, TX 80,500 23,800 56,600 NS 32,957

Valdez, AK 77,100 75,000 2,200 NS 3,186

Plaquemine, LA 66,900 46,200 20,700 NS 65,780

Long Beach, CA 58,400 22,400 36,000 35.0 56,465

Texas City, TX 56,400 21,100 35,300 NS 23,462

Pittsburgh, PA 50,900 50,900 - NS 118,283

Mobile, AL 50,900 25,400 25,500 NS 47,943

Tampa, FL 49,300 32,500 16,800 NS 10,234

Norfolk Harbor, VA 49,300 10,400 38,900 15.0 32,064

Lake Charles, LA 49,100 19,700 29,400 NS 49,303

Los Angeles, CA 45,700 17,900 27,800 37.8 37,226

Baltimore, MD 43,600 14,000 29,600 8.7 34,208

Philadelphia, PA 41,900 13,000 28,900 2.6 25,185

Duluth-Superior, MN and WI 41,400 30,200 11,200 NS 2,400

Port Arthur, TX 37,200 6,500 30,700 NS 12,890

Subtotal-top 20 ports 1,322,800 623,400 699,400 6.0 1,249,865

Tonnage, total all U.S. water ports 2,284,100 1,100,700 1,183,400 NA NA

Percent of tonnage of all U.S. water ports 57.9 56.6 59.1 6.0 NA

KEY: NA = Not applicable. NS = Not significant.

NOTE: Ports are ranked by total tonnage.

SOURCES

Tonnage: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, National Summaries, Part 5. (New Orleans, LA:

1996).

Percent of containerized shipments: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Special tabulation. (New Orleans, LA:

1998).

388 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 12-2

Vehicle-Miles by Mode

(Millions of vehicle miles)

Canada Mexico United States

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Air N N N N N N 8,793 8,424 8,335

Air carriers N N N 78 222 190 3,963 4,629 4,811

Road N e

197,055 NNNN 2,144,400 2,422,700 2,482,200

Personal vehicles N e

168,469 NNNN 1,992,400 2,238,100 2,292,900

Passenger cars N e

134,440 NNNN 1,408,300 1,438,300 1,467,700

Motorcycles N e

649 N N N N 9,600 9,800 9,900

Light trucks N e

33,380NNNN 574,600 790,000 815,300

Bus 887 1,042 996 N N N 5,700 6,400 6,500

Charter 62 84 97 N N N N N N

Intercity 105 96 81 N N N N N N

Local motor 478 461 445 N N N 2,130 2,184 2,165

School 242 401 373 N N N N N N

Commercial freight vehicles N e

27,545NNNN 146,200 178,200 182,800

Single-unit trucks NNNNNN 51,900 62,700 64,000

Tractor NNNNNN 94,300 115,500 118,800

Rail, train-miles 78 87 84 30 24 25 413 490 499

Freight 63 74 70 17 15 16 380 458 469

Intercity passenger 15 13 13 13 9 9 33 32 30

Transit NNNUUU 3,242 3,550 p

3,663

Transit rail N N N U U U 774 810 822

KEY: e = Data are estimated. N = Data are nonexistent. p = Data are preliminary. U = Data are unavailable.

NOTES

Canada

Road, all data except bus: The number of total road vehicle kilometers for 1995 is an estimate. See Appendix B for explanation.

Bus: All bus data are from a sample of Canadian companies engaged in scheduled intercity bus, urban transit, school bus and charter

and other types of bus service from Statistics Canada’s annual Survey of the Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Industry.

Transit: Although vehicle kilometers for transit rail are nonexistent, vehicle kilometers for local motor bus are included under road,

buses.

Mexico

Air: Includes only kilometers traveled by domestic airlines under scheduled operations serving domestic and international flights.

Road: Although no data are collected for vehicle travel on all Mexican roads, the Mexican Institute of Transport (IMT) estimates that the

total vehicle-kilometers for all types of passenger cars, trucks and buses using the main interurban road corridors (of which there are

10) is approximately 36 billion vehicle kilometers per year. Main interurban road corridors comprise 25,190 kilometers or approximately

5 percent of the Mexican national highway network. For additional information on main interurban road corridors and Mexico’s national

road network, see the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT) report, Modernization of the Main Highway System (Mexico

City, D.F.: 1998.)

SOURCES

Canada

Road: Transport Canada. Transportation in Canada 1997 - Annual Report. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998). Transport Canada. Economic Analysis

Directorate. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1998).

Rail: Statistics Canada. Rail in Canada, Catalogue No. 52-216-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Bus: Statistics Canada. Passenger Bus and Urban Transit Statistics, Catalogue No. 53-215-XPB. (Ottawa, Ont.: various years).

Appendix D 389 ▲

North American Transportation in Figures
tabl e 12-2

Vehicle-Miles by Mode−Continued

Mexico

Air: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. (Mexico City, D.F.: 1998).

Rail: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México. Series Estadísticas, 1990, 1995 y 1996. (Mexico City, D.F.: various years).

United States

Air: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Office of Airline Information. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics.

(Washington, DC: 1986-1997).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey. (Washington, DC:

1990, 1995 and 1996).

Road: U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995. (Washington, DC:

1996).

U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics, 1996. (Washington, DC: 1997).

Rail: Association of American Railroads. Railroad Facts. (Washington, DC: 1997).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. Amtrak Annual Report 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

National Railroad Passenger Corp. State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department. Private communication.

(Washington, DC: 1998).

Transit: American Public Transit Association (APTA). Transit Fact Book 1996. (Washington, DC: 1996).

390 Appendix D ▲

North American Transportation in Figures

Transports

Canada

Transport

Canada

Instituto Nacional de

Estadistica, Geograffa

e informática

Secretaría de

Comunicaciones

y Transportes

Instituto Mexicano

del Transporte

United States

Department of

Transportation

Bureau of

Transportation

Statistics

United States

Department of

Commerce

U.S. Census

Bureau

Statistique

Canada

Statistics

Canada