Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2125| April 14, 2020 Page 1 of 14

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

John Kindley

South Bend, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Curtis T. Hill, Jr.

Attorney General of Indiana

Myriam Serrano

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Presley Jermaine Brown,

Appellant-Defendant,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Plaintiff

April 14, 2020

Court of Appeals Case No.

19A-CR-2125

Appeal from the St. Joseph 

Superior Court

The Honorable Jane Woodward 

Miller, Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

71D01-1712-MR-15

Crone, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2125| April 14, 2020 Page 2 of 14

Case Summary

[1] Presley Jermaine Brown appeals his convictions for murder, a felony, and level 

3 felony attempted armed robbery. He contends that the trial court erred by 

admitting documents purportedly handwritten by Brown without 

authenticating the handwriting as Brown’s. Finding no error in the admission 

of the documents, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] On October 5, 2016, Brown asked Caleb Smith to set up a robbery to obtain

drugs or money. Tr. Vol. 2 at 75. Smith’s girlfriend Miranda Gayheart 

identified Miguel Dominguez-Campos as a potential individual to rob, and she 

contacted Dominguez via Facebook messenger to purchase marijuana. Id. at 

57, 81; Tr. Vol. 1 at 215. In the early morning hours of October 6, 2016, Smith 

drove Brown and Brown’s friend Sir Lloyd to Dominguez’ house on Meadow 

Lane. Tr. Vol. 2 at 95. Smith parked across the street from the house, and

Brown and Lloyd got out of the vehicle. About the same time, Smith saw a car 

pull into the house’s driveway. Id. at 96. Tyler Hurtle, who lived with 

Dominguez, was driving that car, and Hurtle’s girlfriend Shaelynn Martin was 

a passenger. Tr. Vol. 1 at 193, 194-95. After Hurtle parked the car, he and 

Martin walked to the front door. As Hurtle was unlocking the door, two armed 

African-American men appeared and hit Hurtle on the head. Id. at 198. Hurtle 

fell into the bushes. Martin heard gunshots and ran back toward the driveway. 

Id. 
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[3] Smith, who was still in the car, heard gunshots and got out of the car. He saw 

Brown running through the yard to the car. Tr. Vol. 2 at 97. Brown had a 

mask on and was carrying a gun, and he told Smith that his gun had jammed. 

Id. at 98. Smith also saw Lloyd running around the side of the house and 

shooting at Martin. Id. at 97. Lloyd, Brown, and Smith got into the car, and 

Smith drove them away. 

[4] Dominguez heard gunshots and came out of the house. Tr. Vol. 1 at 218. 

Dominguez saw Smith, whom he knew, standing by the car across the street 

and two men running toward it. All three men got in the car, and the car sped

away. Martin told Dominquez-Campos that Hurtle had been shot. They 

pulled Hurtle, who was unresponsive and had a small amount of blood on his 

head, out of the bushes and called the police. Id. at 222.

[5] Police and medics arrived at the crime scene. Hurtle was taken by ambulance 

to the hospital and died of multiple gunshot wounds. An autopsy revealed that 

a bullet had entered Hurtle’s left forehead and exited next to his right eye. 

Another bullet had entered the left side of Hurtle’s chest wall, traveled through 

his lung, diaphragm, and intestines, and remained lodged in the soft tissue of 

Hurtle’s hip. The bullet was recovered and came from a 9-millimeter handgun.

Tr. Vol. 2 at 160; State’s Ex. 253. 

[6] From the crime scene, police recovered four shell casings from a 9-millimeter 

handgun and seven shell casings from a .45 caliber gun. Tr. Vol. 2 at 52. A 

firearm expert determined that the .45 caliber shell casings had been fired from 
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a .45 caliber gun that Lloyd had dropped when police were pursuing him for an 

unrelated crime. Id. at 209-10, 250. The shell casings that came from a 9-

millimeter handgun and the bullet recovered from Hurtle’s body were 

determined to have been shot from a gun that had been in Brown’s possession. 

The police also obtained Brown’s cellular phone record, which showed that he 

was in the vicinity of Meadow Lane at the time of the shooting. Id. at 232.

[7] In December 2017, the State charged Brown with Count 1, murder, a felony; 

Count 2, murder while committing or attempting to commit armed robbery, a 

felony; and Count 3, level 3 felony attempted armed robbery. The State also 

filed a firearm sentencing enhancement. 

[8] While Brown was incarcerated in the St. Joseph County Jail, he relayed details 

of his crime to several fellow inmates. Brown told Byron Murray that he and 

Lloyd shot someone and that Brown was worried that Smith was going to tell 

the police because Smith had stayed in the car. Id. at 171-73. Brown also told 

Murray that he gave the gun that he used to shoot the victim to an individual 

called “BK.” Id. at 173. Brown told Javon Crockett-Berry that he went to a 

house on Meadow Lane to rob someone of marijuana, and while at the house,

a white man walked up and both Brown and Lloyd shot the man. Id. at 185. 

Brown also told Crockett-Berry that he was going to give Lloyd or Lloyd’s 

attorney a statement that he wrote blaming Smith for the murder. Id. at 188. 

Brown told Cedric Washington, Andre Pittman, Denzel Bridges, and 

Demetrius Thomas that he went to a house on Meadow Lane to rob someone 

of marijuana and ended up shooting a white man. Tr. Vol. 3 at 16, 29, 47, 58-
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59. Brown also told Thomas that he wrote a letter to Lloyd’s attorney blaming 

Smith for the murder. Id. at 60.

[9] A jury trial was held. During the State’s case in chief, the prosecutor offered as 

State’s Exhibit 401 a copy of a letter purportedly handwritten by Brown and 

sent by him to Lloyd’s attorney Jeffrey Kimmel. Id. at 37; Ex. Vol. 2 at 92-95. 

To provide a foundation for the letter’s admission, Kimmel testified that shortly 

before Lloyd’s case went to trial, Kimmel received a handwritten letter that 

purported to be from Brown in an envelope mailed from the St. Joseph County 

Jail.

1 Tr. Vol. 3 at 35-36, 39. Kimmel stated that he made a photocopy of the 

letter and turned it over to the prosecutor’s office. Id. at 36. Kimmel testified 

that Exhibit 401 looked like a photocopy of the letter that he received. Id. at 37. 

[10] Brown’s attorney objected to the admission of Exhibit 401 on the basis that

Kimmel had never seen Brown’s handwriting and could not authenticate the 

letter. Id. at 39. The prosecutor then asked the trial court to take judicial notice 

of State’s Exhibits 402 and 403 to provide the jury with a sample of Brown’s 

writing, so that the jury could determine whether Exhibit 401 had been written 

by Brown. Id. at 39. Exhibit 402 was a letter written by Brown to the St. 

Joseph County clerk of the court and the envelope in which it arrived. Ex. Vol.

2 at 97-98. In the letter, Brown asked the clerk to send Brown a certified 

chronological case summary (“CCS”) of this cause. Id. at 98. The envelope 

1 Exhibit 401 did not include the envelope that the letter was sent in.
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contained Brown’s return address, and it was stamped with “Mailed From St.

Joseph County Jail[.]” Id. at 97. The letter and envelope were both filestamped by the St. Joseph County clerk on March 19, 2019, and the filing of the 

correspondence was recorded in the CCS. Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 10.

[11] Exhibit 403 was a letter written by Brown to the trial court and the envelope in 

which it arrived. Ex. Vol. 2 at 99-101. In this letter, Brown stated that his 

court-appointed attorney Sean Hilgendorf had failed to respond to repeated 

requests for communication, and Brown did not want Hilgendorf to represent 

him any longer. Id. at 100-01. The envelope contained Brown’s return address,

and it was stamped with “Mailed From St. Joseph County Jail[.]” Id. at 99. 

The letter and envelope were both file-stamped by the St. Joseph County Clerk 

on February 13, 2018, and the filing of the correspondence was recorded in the 

CCS. Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 5.

[12] Brown’s attorney objected to Exhibits 402 and 403 on grounds that there was 

no proof that Brown wrote the letters. Tr. Vol. 3 at 39, 41. The prosecutor

stated that a hearing had been held before trial to address the contents of 

Exhibit 403. Id. at 39. After reviewing the case file, the trial court told the 

parties that the CCS showed that Exhibit 403 was filed on February 13, 2018, 

and contained an entry reflecting that on February 20, the court had issued an 

order setting a hearing on Brown’s “letter of complaint regarding attorney” for 

February 27. Id. at 69. The court stated that a hearing was held on that date

and the issue was resolved, that Brown appeared at the hearing, and that there 

was nothing in the entry of February 27 to suggest that Brown “came in and 
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declared that he had not written that document[.]” Id. at 69, 70. The court 

concluded that it had “acted upon [the letter] with [Brown] present. So, it 

seem[ed] unlikely that someone other than [Brown] wrote it.” Id. at 72. The 

court explained that the jury could do a handwriting comparison and that the 

court was “confident under these circumstances that there is sufficient 

foundation when [the court] take[s] judicial notice of the record in this case to 

warrant [it] permitting the introduction of [Exhibit] 403 as what is in essence an 

exemplar and that sufficient foundation was raised to admit [Exhibit] 401[.]” 

Id. at 74. 

[13] Prior to the admission of these exhibits, the State also introduced the testimony 

of Crockett-Berry and Thomas, who stated that Brown had told them that he 

had written a letter to Lloyd’s attorney blaming Smith for the murder. Tr. Vol. 

2 at 188; Tr. Vol. 3 at 60.

[14] In response to Exhibit 401, Brown’s attorney moved to admit Defense’s Exhibit 

B, Brown’s affidavit to deny allegation, as a handwriting sample for the jury to 

use as a comparator. Id. at 76-77; Ex. Vol. 2 at 92-96. The Court took judicial 

notice of Exhibits 402 and 403 and admitted Exhibit 401 and Defense’s Exhibit 

B. Tr. Vol. 3 at 118, 120. All the exhibits were published.

[15] The jury found Brown guilty as charged. The trial court entered judgment of 

conviction for Counts 1 and 3 and sentenced Brown to an executed term of 

sixty years for Count 1, enhanced by twenty years for the firearm enhancement, 
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and a consecutive executed term of twelve years for Count 3, for an aggregate 

term of ninety-two years. This appeal ensued.

Discussion and Decision

[16] Brown challenges the admission of Exhibits 401, 402, and 403, arguing that 

there was insufficient evidence of authentication. Our standard of review for 

the admissibility of evidence is well established:

The admission or exclusion of evidence lies within the sound 

discretion of the trial court and is afforded great deference on 

appeal. We will reverse the trial court’s ruling on the 

admissibility of evidence only for an abuse of discretion. An 

abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court’s decision is 

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances 

before it. In reviewing the admissibility of evidence, we consider 

only the evidence in favor of the trial court’s ruling and any 

unrefuted evidence in the defendant’s favor. Errors in the 

admission or exclusion of evidence are considered harmless

unless they affect the substantial rights of a party. To determine 

whether an error in the admission of evidence affected a party’s 

substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of the evidence 

on the jury. 

Whiteside v. State, 853 N.E.2d 1021, 1025 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (citations 

omitted); see also Thomas v. State, 734 N.E.2d 572, 573 (Ind. 2000) (stating that 

trial court’s ruling on sufficiency of foundation laid for admission of evidence is 

reviewed for abuse of discretion).

[17] Evidence Rule 901(a) provides, “The requirement of authentication or 

identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence 
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sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent 

claims.” Evidence Rule 901(b) includes a nonexhaustive list of examples of 

satisfactory evidence of authentication, including the following: “[a]

comparison with an authenticated specimen by an expert witness or the trier of 

fact” and “[t]he appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other 

distinctive characteristics of the item, taken together with all the 

circumstances.” Ind. Evid. Rule 901(b)(-3), (-4). “Absolute proof of 

authenticity is not required.” Wilson v. State, 30 N.E.3d 1264, 1268 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2015) (quoting Fry v. State, 885 N.E.2d 742, 748 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), 

trans. denied), trans. denied. “Rather, the proponent of the evidence must 

establish only a reasonable probability that the evidence is what it is claimed to 

be, and may use direct or circumstantial evidence to do so.” Richardson v. State, 

79 N.E.3d 958, 962 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017), trans. denied. “Once this reasonable 

probability is shown, any inconclusiveness regarding the exhibit’s connection 

with the events at issue goes to the exhibit’s weight, not its admissibility.” 

Harrison v. State, 32 N.E.3d 240, 255 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.

[18] Here, Brown objected to the admissibility of Exhibit 401 because there was 

insufficient evidence that he had written the letter. The trial court took judicial 

notice that Exhibits 402 and 403 had been written by Brown and admitted them 

as examples for the jury to determine whether Exhibit 401 had been written by 
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Brown.2

 Brown contends that the trial court erred in allowing the jury to 

determine whether he wrote Exhibit 401 by comparing the handwriting in

Exhibit 401 with that in Exhibits 402 and 403 because they had not been 

properly authenticated. 

[19] In support of his position, Brown relies on Payne v. State, 96 N.E.3d 606 (Ind. 

Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied. In that case, Payne was convicted of level 4 felony 

unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon, and on appeal he 

argued that there was insufficient evidence that he had been previously 

convicted of a qualifying felony, specifically robbery. To prove that Payne had 

been previously convicted of robbery,

the State offered certified records from a 2010 robbery conviction 

and claimed that the records proved that Payne was the 

defendant in that cause who had previously been convicted of 

robbery. The records included the charging information, probable 

cause affidavit, supplemental probable cause affidavit, plea 

agreement, the trial court’s order on plea hearing, and the trial 

court’s sentencing order, which were all labeled with the same 

2 Indiana Evidence Rule 201 authorizes a court to take judicial notice of 

(1) a fact that:

(A) is not subject to reasonable dispute because it is generally known within the trial court's 

territorial jurisdiction, or

(B) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot 

reasonably be questioned.

(2) the existence of:

(A) published regulations of governmental agencies;

(B) ordinances of municipalities; or

(C) records of a court of this state.
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cause number. The charging information included the robbery 

defendant’s name and birth date, which matched Payne’s name 

and birth date as listed in the instant cause, as well as the robbery 

defendant’s driver’s license number, which did not match the 

information in the instant cause. The plea agreement included the 

robbery defendant’s name, birth date, and signature. The trial court’s 

order on plea agreement and sentencing order contained only the 

robbery defendant’s name. The State rested its case without 

further testimony.

Id. at 609 (emphasis added).

[20] Payne argued that this certified record was insufficient to prove that he was the 

same person who had committed the robbery because the matching name and 

birth date were not sufficient to prove his identity. The majority of the Payne

court agreed that “a matching name and birth date, absent other identifying 

evidence, are not sufficient to prove identity.” Id. at 612 (citing Livingston v. 

State, 537 N.E.2d 75, 78 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989)). The State contended that it 

produced additional evidence of Payne’s identity because the plea agreement in 

the robbery cause and the signed advisement of rights form in the unlawful 

firearm possession case both contained Payne’s signature. The majority rejected 

this argument because “the signature within the plea agreement had not been 

authenticated as belonging to Payne.” Id. The majority reasoned,

[T]he State did not introduce expert or non-expert testimony to 

authenticate the signature [in the plea agreement]; nor did Payne 

admit that the signature was his. Accordingly, the signature was 

never authenticated, and the only evidence the State introduced 

to prove Payne’s identity as the defendant in the robbery cause 

was the evidence of the robbery defendant’s name and birth date.
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Id. at 613.

[21] Brown focuses on the fact that the Payne court did not rely on the signed 

advisement of rights in that cause as a means to authenticate the signature on 

the plea agreement in the robbery cause. However, the Payne court did not 

address whether the signature on the advisement of rights in that cause could 

have been used by the trier of fact to authenticate the signature on the plea 

agreement in the robbery cause because the prosecutor had not raised that 

possibility to the trial court or asked the trial court to take judicial notice that 

the signature on the advisement of rights was Payne’s. Therefore, Payne is 

inapposite to the question presented here.

[22] Instead, we find Owen v. State, 272 Ind. 122, 396 N.E.2d 376 (1979), more 

helpful. There, Owen was charged with robbery and represented himself pro se. 

The prosecutor asked the trial court to take judicial notice of Owen’s pleadings 

and filings in the cause and allow the jury to compare them to a handwritten 

note left by the robber at the scene of the robbery. Our supreme court 

concluded that it was reasonable “under the circumstances of this case, for the 

court to take judicial notice of the fact that the defendant is the one who did, in 

fact, sign these pleadings.” Id. at 129, 396 N.E.2d at 381. The Owen court 

reasoned that it was reasonable based on the following circumstances:

[Owen] acted as his own attorney in this cause throughout the 

pleading stage, tried the case before the jury, argued these matters 

and spoke of them before the jury during the trial and in final 

argument. He testified as a witness in his own behalf and never 
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denied that he was the one who actually wrote all of the 

pleadings and signed his name thereto.

Id., 396 N.E.2d at 381. The Owen court continued, “The trial judge may take 

judicial notice [that the defendant signed the pleadings], and a rebuttable 

presumption arises which requires the defendant to come forward with any 

evidence to dispute the presumption.” Id., 396 N.E.2d at 381 The court noted 

that Owen did not attempt to demonstrate that the documents judicially noticed 

were not written by him, but only objected to notice being taken of them 

because the trial judge did not personally see him sign them. Id., 396 N.E.2d at 

382. Accordingly, the Owen court concluded that the “trial court could have 

taken judicial notice that the documents were in the record filed on behalf of the 

defendant and have permitted the jury to infer that they were, in fact, signed by 

the defendant.” Id. at 130, 396 N.E.2d at 382.

[23] Although Brown did not proceed pro se as Owen did, we have no difficulty 

concluding that under the circumstances it was reasonable for the trial court to 

take judicial notice that the handwriting and signatures in Exhibits 402 and 403

were Brown’s. We first examine Exhibit 403, the 2018 letter to the trial court 

complaining about the lack of communication from Brown’s court-appointed 

attorney. The contents of the letter, that it was mailed from the jail where 

Brown was incarcerated, that a hearing was held to address the letter’s 

concerns, that Brown appeared at the hearing, and that the concerns expressed 

in the letter were resolved and a pretrial hearing was set all support the trial 

court’s decision to take judicial notice that the handwriting and signature in 
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Exhibit 403 were Brown’s. Exhibit 402, the 2019 letter from Brown, was 

mailed from the jail where Brown was incarcerated and asked the clerk to send 

Brown the CCS, and the handwriting looks like the handwriting in the 2018 

letter. Under the circumstances, it was reasonable for the trial court to take 

judicial notice that the documents filed with the court had been written by 

Brown.3

 Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the 

State’s exhibits, and we affirm Brown’s convictions.

[24] Affirmed.

Bailey, J., and Altice, J., concur.

3 A rebuttable presumption then arose that the documents had been written by Brown requiring Brown to 

come forward with evidence to dispute the presumption. Brown moved to admit Defendant’s Exhibit B, a 

separate writing sample of Brown’s, which the trial court granted. Thus, the jury was able to compare the 

handwriting in the court-filed documents and the writing sample that Brown provided to the letter Kimmel 

received to determine whether Brown wrote it.