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/

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
_O_ T_C_ LS85-194_5

THE GI_ORGE W. WOODRUFF SCHOOL OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

M E 4182

MECHANICAL DESIGN ENGINEERING

NASA/UNIVERSITY

Advanced Missions Space Design Program

SOIL EXPERIMENT

k_Y August, 1987

Linton Hutcheson

Todd Butler

Mike Smith

Charles Cline

Steve Scruggs

Nadim Zakhia

v

Georgia Institute of Technology
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. ABSTRACT

Page

Number

l-+..-ll+........l++ll+lllpl+....,..+. I

If. PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................ 3

A. Introduction ............................. 3

B. Performance Objectives ................... 4

C. Constraints .............................. 4

Ill. DESIGN DETAILS .............................. ?

A. Summary .................................. ?

B. Environmental Simulation ................. 8

C. Soil Simulant ............................ 16

D. Shear Test ............................... 20

E. Penetration Test ......................... e8

F. Test Procedure ........................... 38

G. Digging Implement Methodology ............ 45

t

IV. PARTS LIST / COS T ANALYSIS ................... #9

V. CONCLUSION .................................... 51

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................. 53

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................ 54

VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................... 55

I:_. APPENDIC;ES .................................. 57
I

I. ABSTRACT

An experimental procedure was devised to investigate the

effects of the lunar environment on the physical properties of

simulated lunai" soil. The test equipment and materials useo

consisted of a vacuum chamber, direct shear tester, static

penetrometer, and fine grained basalt as the simulant.

The vacuum chamber provides a medium for applying the

environmental conditions to the soil experiment with the

exception of gravity._T_he ultra-high vacuum will simulate the

zero atmo_pJherlc pressure which exists on the moon.

i

essentially

The vacuum wi_al_o allow for the investigation 0f outgasslng

and reduction of absoqbed gases on soil properties.

=

P_The shear strength parameters are determined by the direct

shear test._nother _'--of measuring th_shear properties is

the triaxial _ompression test. The direct shear test, however,

is the-_ost_itable method for gFa_lar materialg such as

___ Strength parameters and the resistance of soil penetration

by static loading will be investigated by the use of a static

cone penetrometer.-_This experiment can be used to determine the

soil propertiesjby rrelating the actual pressure applied to the

penetl-ometer and the afea_-df the conical tip.

-_tln order to conduct a soil experiment without going to the

moon, a suitable lunar simulant must be selected. This simulant

must resemble lunar soil in hot" composition and particle size.

The partlcle__ size of the simu!ant is an import,_t criteria t_

consider due to rye manner in _iE_ a sci ] sample may fai " . _-E

J

f

7
s_lection of th_ soil _imulant for this test procedure was based

on.L the investigation of soll samples taken during missions to the

__m_nD ._The soil that most resembles actual lunar soil is basalt.

_F_r_cioe" for tne simulant was proposed by Bromwell and Carrier

Inc.

The soil parameters, as determined by the testing apparatus,

will be used as design criteria for lunar soil engagement

equipment.
V

II PROBLEM STATEMENT

A. Introduction

With the present emphasis on space exploration of the

celestial bodies in our solar system and in particular the

use of the moon as a space station, it is necessary to learn

more about the properties of the materials which are

expected to be used on these bodies. The success cf future

lunar missions is dependent upon the correct observation and

interpretation of measur=_ents on the lunar surfaces as well

_s the proper design of vehicles and structures to be pla_ed

on the moon. Therefore, it is essential to have a basic

knowledge of the mechanical properties of lunar soil.

Because of the extreme differences between the lunar

and earth environments, the most important of which is the

absence of an atmosphere on the m_on, one would not expect

that the lunar soil would have the same properties as a

similar material on earth. An experimental procedure was

devised in order to investigate the effects of lunar

environmental conditions on the behavior of the soil

simulant which has a high probability of being

representative of actual lunar soil and to pr_Jide basic

engineering data on the properties of the soil to aid in the

design and construction of lunar engagement equipment.

Although the test procedure ha_ boen largely an

investigation of specific properties of a sele=ted s_il

simulant under pres=ribeC envlrcn_enta! ccnd_t!cns, an

important in_ec_i=_ t_r3,_g_ou= the co_irse cF desig_i_g _e

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
V

test p_ocedure has been to allow a sufficient margin in

determining to what extent the environmental conditions

should be simulated so that the data obtained from the

experiment will be useful in designing of lunar digging

implements.

B. Performance Objectives

The soil mxperiment will be designed to meet the

following performance objectives:

SOIL PARAMETERS

The soil test should yield mechanical properties of a

lunar soil simulant. The sc_l properties which need to be

determined are cohesion, internal angle of friction, bulk

density, bearing capacity, soil resistance, and porosity.

The soil test should yield all of these necessary properties

through the utilization of two types of tests, the shear

test and the static cone penetration test. These two types

of testing procedures shall be conducted on Earth in a

manner that is lea_t expensive as possible.

PROJECTION OF RESULTS

The design of a lunar digging implement is beyond the

scope of cur report; however, a methodology will be

proposed describing how our test will produce the necessary

results in crier to design a lunar digging implement. The

methodology will explain how each test result _i]l be

applie_ tc certain aspects of the digging implement.

C. Constraints

The e_vl_me_a! cnaracterls_ic_ _f :_e mocn _iffer

• ORIGINAL PaSE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
greatly from those on Earth. These characteristics will

affect the testing procedure somewhat.

The environmental conditions on the moon impose the

greatest constraints on the testing procedure. The most

important of these constraints are as follows: temperature

gradient, lack of atmosphere, radiation, and reduced

gravitational pull.

TEMPERATURE

The temperature on the moon ranges from -200 degrees

Fahrenheit in total darkness to 200 degress Fahrenheit in

the sunlight.

ATMOSPHERE

Since the atmosphere on the moon is about one

two-millionth that of the Earth, it is relatively

non-existent.

RADIATION

One of the consequences of having no atmosphere is the

fact that the moon receives much more radiation upon its

surface than the Earth. This radiation induces an

electo-static charge on the moon's surface. The moon

receives a particle radiation from the sun composed of

protons(H+) and alpha particles(He+÷). The radiation o_ the

mocn's surface is normally a_ound .5 to 1 mrad/hr. During

solar _!ares, however, this increases dra_a_ica!ly to rates

up to ? ra_ihr.

GFAV IT'¢

9_g _ IS
r

I

moon is I .&23 m/s'2.

Ear th-s gravity.

This is approximately I/6 of the
L

IIZ DESIGN DETAILS

A. SUMMARY

Since it is desirable to design digging implements

which will operate on the moon, it is necessary to test the

mechanical properties of lunar soil. It was decided by our

design group that the direct shear test and the static cone

penetration test would be the best type tests for obtaining

the necessary :esults which are required for the design of a

lunar digging implement. Since the properties of the Moon's

soil differ greatly from those on the Earth, a great deal of

research had to be conducted concerning lunar soil and lunar

environment. Also, research had to be conducted concerning

the shear tester and static cone penetrometer which are

mainly associated with Civil Engineering. The fact that a

great deal of our project dealt with Civil Engineering

resulted in an extensive amount of time spent in

familiarizing ourselves with aspects of Civil Engineering

and geology.
r

B. Environmental Simulation

The environmental conditions of the moon differ greatly

from the conditions found on Earth. The determination of

the effects of these differences and the method by which

they may be simulated are very impo: tant in properly

designing lunar equipment and in devising lunar soil

simulation tests. As previously stated the key conditions

to be considered are temperature, gravity, radiation, and

the reduced atmosphere.

TEMPERATURE

The temperature on the moon ranges from -200 degrees

Fahrenheit in total darkness to 200 degrees Fahrenheit in

the sunlight. The extreme temperatures will affect any

fluids used for the lubrication of test equipment. Any

mztal to metal contact would result in cold welding or

adhesion of the materials. In order to fully study the

effects of temperature on soil properties without narrowing

the temc_rature range due to test equipment limitatiopsj the

temperature gradient will be isolated to the soil test

sample only.

Under vacuum conditions, research has sho_n that

elevated temperature causes a fairly substantial increase in

the stiffness of the soil. Also, it has _een shown that the

increase in temperature _ill result in t_e removal of a

greater amcun_ of adscrbed gas under vacu.m Eaasir,_ an

increase :_n shea- s_ren_. Lo_ _emperat.res _1!I : esu:: '.-

a_ i_c_ease in 5he shear s_remQ_n ur2er .i:'_-_ig_ _C -_'_.

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OF POOR QUALITY"
Also it would be expected that a decrease in temperature

would result in readsorbtion of gas into the particle

sufaces. However, if th_ adsorbed r_s is mostly water,

temperature_ near the freezing point of water would cause it

to become bound more tightly to the surface and interaction

between the adsorbed layer_ cn different particles may take

place.

In order to simulate the temperature gradient for the

shear test and penetration _est, a heating and cooling

apparatus will be required (see Fig.1 and Fig.2).

The cooling mode will be achieved by flowing liquid

nitrogen through the cbils of the apparatus. The heating

mode is achieved by flowing steam through the coils. The

temperature simulation for the penetrometer test will

utulize a Whirlpool model xk-1200 heating and cooling unit.

The temperature simulation for the shear test will be

achieved by modification of the shear box apparatus (see

section D).

GRAVITY

Gravity is c-_finitely a prime consideration in th(,

d_sign of any lunar soil engaging equipment. Systems t_at

work well on Earth ma/ not function on the moon. A care.ul

for_e analysis must be performed on any system used.

A_Ser _i_n m_s_ _e pald to t_ _aCt _hat _h:le a _' _as :_e

s3ne mass on the _o_r it only has cne sixth of the fcr:o

"_ _c_ .-u_Y, #i_:e -uSt 5e a_piled _s -,:!cing l: -::_,-..

ORiGII_At pAG_ (_

OF poor QUALITY
Lack of gravity affects the bulk der.sit-y of lu,,a,- soil.

Lunar soil is less dense than a typical Earth soil and has a

density ranging from 1.36 g/cm_3 to 3.e# g/cm'3.

The KC-IE'5 aircraft will e.uab!e the efTeuts cf a

reduced gravitational pull on soil mech_L,_ic_, to be

evalua'ed. The aircraft is flown in a parabolic path from

which the reduced gravity is maintained for approximately

two minutes. This is ample time to conduct the experiment.

Parallelogram gravity simulators are available _hich

can simulate _he forte of gravity on mechanic_l systems.

This parallelogram simulator could be useo in the

development and testing stages in the production _f lunar

soil ehgaging equipment.

RADIATION

Radiation needs to be consi_,ered in the design of Ichor

soil engaging equipment. Ultraviolet radiation ar_ charged

particle radiation are particularly important in the

selection of polymers. Thi_ radiation can cause chain

scisslon of organic materials, free radi_=l fcrma.lon, cross

linkirg of organic materlals_ and secondary radi_:icn

damage. _e_als represent no radlati_n damage cr_zle_s

excep_ at extremely high doses similar to reac:or fluxes.

They are essentia!]y undamaged _y irradia:ior, _rom _a_.ral

space scurzes. "n cerA_lL -a_rlals ra_ia_Ic -- C-_E _= ls

iimite= _o -Inor surfa2:_ e_az_s. _.

90u 
lJ

interlocking between the particles would be small. For this

reason interparticle forces were considered to contribute

the major portion of the shear strength at the higher

porosities. When the soil is placed in an ultra-high vacuum

environment, adsorbed gas layers were removed permitting a

closer proximity of the surfaces resulting in an increase

the surface forces.

The environmental factor of primary concern, therefore,

is not necessarily the vacuum level in the soil pores but

rather the amount of adsorbed gas remaining on the surfaces

of the grains. Although the vacuum level in the pores

decreased when the soil was heated but increased when the

soil cooled, some gas was readsorbed on the particle

surfaces during cooling. This would account for the fact

that while the shear strength is unaffected by ult. -high

vacuum at room temperature it appears to increase at these

vacuum levels under elevated temperature.

The amount of gas removed and the magnitude of the

interparticle forces depends largely on the mineralogical

composition of the soil. This removal of adsorbed gas and

development of interparticle forces affects the soil

properties because the _il is able to maintain a higher

porosity under ultra-high vacuum than at loweT vacuum.

H_Jever, the porosity obtained at vacuum levels is less than

that obtained in atmosphere. ThiS is due to the removal of

_rictional air _Jhich results in higher impact _el_cities

_ring deposition, in any _l_en case, the porosity 3b_aire_

E

,o_CF_iS
V

under ultra-high vacuum may or may not be greater than that

obtained in atmosphere since this also depends on the

mineralogical composition of the soil. Moreover, noting

that the rapid increase in vacuum level may be attributed to

the fact ihat at higher temperature the gas is released from

the surfaces of the particles more easily and is pumped out.

As the soil is cooled, however, gas is readsorbed on the

soil grains resulting in an effective increase in speed.

An early study proved that in the porosity experiments

the soil was much less confined than in the direct shear

tests, and therefore was undoubtedly outgassed more easily.

In order to simulate the vacuum present on th_ moon, a

vacuum chamber test apparatus has been proposed. The

interior of the chamber would be a cube with dimensions of

4' X 4' X 4". The interior of :he chamber would be

constructed of stainless steel to limit the effects of

outgassing. One side of the chamber has a hinged door in

order to allow easy access.

Measurements o_ the system would be made through three

different modes. A Pyrex gl_ss win_ow six _nches jn

diameter will be installed on the chamber in order to

visually calibrate the height of the penetrometer tip above

the soil. Fassthro_ghs will be provided by elastomer seals

for an electrical current a_ a hydraulic line which are

used f_r controls an_ data a_ulsi_ion. Twc types of gauges

_!li be used to moni_or the _ressure cf the va_Jum C_amber.

A t_e_mcc_uple gauge _i !I _e _se_ f3 _ pres_u=es _o_n _

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
lo_-e torr and a cold cathode ionization gauge will provide

pressure readings down to 10^-6 torr.

The pumps for this system were designed to develop

I0_-6 tort in the chamber, which is considered the lowest

feasible pressure for our experiment because of the

outgassing effects of the soil specimen.

The pumping system for the vacuum is composed of two

parts; a roughing pump and a diffusion pump. The roughing

pump is used to take the chamber down to I0_-2 tort. At

this point the diffusion pump will cut in and take the

system down to I0 A-6 torr, the maximum vacuum.

The pumpdown time for the roughing pump and the

diffusion pump can be determined through the use of several

formulas.

T = e.3 X (V/Sn) X log(P1/Pe)

The above formula is used for the roughing pump. T is

the time required for pumpdown to I0^-2 torr, Sn is the

speed of the pump in cubic feet per minute, PI is

atmospheric pressure (approximately 750 tort), P2 is the

vacuum pressure (10^-2 torr in this case), and V is the

volume of the chamber.

The time required for the diffusion pump is more

complicated because it is dependent upon the outgassing

characteristics of the materials involved, the size cf the

materials, arc the size of the diffusion pump. A system of

equations fcr determining the pumpd_n time re_uire_ is as

follo_s:

ORIGIrVAL

OF F'FoC,._' P'qO_2 18

_,_'_ALITy
!

Q = area X outgassing coefficient

Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + ...Qn

L = the total length of connecting tubing

a = radius of the pipe

k = determined from charts using ratio L/a

T = temperature

A = area of connecting tube

C = molecular conductance

M = molecular wt. of air

Sn = pumping speed at chamber wall

Sp = pump speed at the mouth of the pump (speed given

by manufacturer)

P = final pressure of system

C = 3.64 KA X (T/M)

Sn = (Sp X C)I(Sp + C)

Sn = QIP

A system model proposed by High Vacuum Equipment

Corporation (see Fig.3) would have a pumpdown time of

approximately 16 hours (see sample calculations in

appendix). This system would have all the parameters

established at the beginning of this section. The pumps

used on this system would be the e0 inch Varian diffusion

pump with a net pumping speed of 17,500 I/see and a Stokes

21e roughing pump with a speed of a 150 cubic feet per

minute. A water cooled chevron baffle is used to minimize

backstreaming of oil molecules from the pump.

0 IRiG_'I'_ _'LQUaLiTY.

0_: pOOR
..... i • i L _ II 1 v, ,-- -\ -_ ---

C. Soil Si_lant

INTRODUCTION

In order to evaluate a lunar soil engagement device

effectivelyp the mechanical properties and/or behavior of

the soil must be modeled closely with some material. As

there is little chance of obtaining actual lunar soil in the

quantities necessary for the proposed number of tests, a

suitable simulant must be chosen. This soil simulant must

behave very nearly like lunar soil in the tests that are

proposed; the static penetration test and the direct shear

test. Several soil characteristics are involved in these

two tests which must be considered in selecting a simulart.

CRITICAL PROPERTIES

For this experiment, the soil simulant should behave

like lunar soil in the two tests proposed. In the shear

test, which will be explained in section D, the simulant

should yield values of cohesion (c) and friction angle (0)

similar to those measured on actual lunar soil. The static

penetration test should produce of values bearing capacity

for the simulant comparable to actual lunar soil.

Another important characteristic cf the soil simulant

is compressibility. Compressibility deals with the change

in density of t_e soil when it is compressed.

Compressibility will not _e Teasured directly _y the

proposed tests, hcwever it is am important characterls_iE in

the =_oice 3f soil si_ul_t.

ORIGINAL PAGE fS

OF POOR QUALITY
THE LUNAR SOIL

Tests on actual lunar soil have yielded a spectrum of

data. These data include that from the Surveyors (I:III,VI,

and VII), the Lunokhods (I and If), the Apollos

(11,12,14,15,16, and 17) and the Lunas (16 and eo). All of

this data was compiled for value_ of cohesion and friction

angle by Carrier in an as yet unpublished manuscript. Shear

strength data (which inherently includes cohesion and

friction angle) has been plotted for these missions (see

figure 4 in the appendix).

The Appolo 12 testing included soil compressibility

measurement. As a result of this testing, values of C =

0.01 to 0.11 were recommended.

RECOMMENDED SIMULANT

A lunar soil simulant has been suggested by Carrier for

earthbound mechanical properties testing. Here, a material

and a grain size distribution are suggested which closely

model lunar soil in testing. The soil simu!ant material is

basaltic sand. The grain size distribution is attained by

using different sieves on the sand. The grain size

distribution is shown _elow in Table I.

SIEVE NO. OPENING (mm) % FINER BY WEIGHT

12 1.68 95

50 0.29? 7g

lO0 0.149 c6

EO0 0.074 50

TASLE I:
i

C

from commercial quarries may not have a very large percent

of material which will go through a number 500 sieve. This

can be remedied with a grinding machine to reduce the

particle size.

SIMULANT PERFORMANCE

The performance of the lunar soil simulant in

mechanical properties testing is very important. The

simulant must be a reasonable model in terms of bulk

density, shear strength, cohesion, friction angle, and

compressibility.

On the basis of shear strength, cohesion, and friction

angle; data given by Carrier suggests that on a shear

strength versus normal load graph, the behavior of the

simulant bounds the envelope produced by the Apollo,

Lunokhod, and Surveyor missions. The shear strength

behavior is varied by changing the relative density of the

soil (see figure 4 in the appendix). Note that this

simulant models the lunar soil accurately to at least 3 m of

modelled depth caused by the normal load inthe shear test.

In terms of compressibility (C), the lunar soil

simulant suggested is not as compressible as actual lunar

soil. This is true _hether the soils are compared at the

same density or void ratio.

Bulk de_slty cf the simulant can be Jaried a great deal

to mo_el _iffere_ lunar conditions, especially depth. Tnls

ccnflr_ing Dressure. C_m_ressitility dces _o: _ocel i.n_:-

OF pOOR QUALITY.
I

J

soil exactly, however the differences are small enough to

yield accurate data.

CONCLUSION

The lunar soil simulant selected (as provided by

Carrier) Js suitable for the tests proposed. The particle

size distribution allows for the ability to vary density as

needed, as well as provide acceptable values of cohesion and

friction angle. Compressibility, while not modelled as w_ll

is acceptable for the purposes of these tests.

I

I

!
D. Shear Test

INTRODUCTION

The peak shear strength, internal angle of friction,

and cohesion are important soil characteristics which should

be considered in the design of lunar soil engagement

equipment. B_cause it is a costly and laborious task to

exactly simulate the lunar environment, it is desirable to

simulate only those aspects which show an effect on the soil

properties. It is the purpose of this section to propose a

procedure for evaluating: (1) the effects of various

environmental conditions on the shear properties of lunar

suil and, (2) to determine the extent to which these

conditions must be modelled for future tests.

The shear strength of soil is the resistance to

deformation by continuous shear displecement of soil

?articles. The shear strength CC), is given analytically by

the following straight line equation, known as Coulomb's

shear strength equation: = _ tan $ + c

where the intercept (c) is termed the cohesion of soil. The

slope of the line, tan _, is the coefficient of internal

friction and _ is the angle of internal friction.

represents th normal stress on the failure plane. This

relationship ShOwS that the shear s_rength of a soil is

proportional to the ncrma! stress on the shea _ plane.

TEST!_G _ET_CDS

OF pO0_
sample is placed in a shear box which is split horizontally

into two parts. A normal load is applied and one half of

the box is held while the other is pulled horizontally,

shearing the soil. For any one test, the normal load is

held constant while the shearing force and the shearing and

vertical strains are recorded.

Using data from a series of tests, the normal loads may

be plotted versus Failure shearing loads to obtain a line

following the Coulomb shear strength equation. In addition,

a plot of strain versus the ratio of shear stress to normal

stress for each test will yield the peak shear stress (see

figure 5 in appendix A). The peak shear stress is the

maximum value of shear stress that can be accomodated for a

given normal load.

The shear properties of a soil may also be found using

the triaxial compression test. In this test, a cylindrical

sell sample is encased in a thin rubber membrane. It is

then placed in a closed chamber and subjected to a fluid

pressure. An axial load is then apolied to both flat ends

and is increased until failure occurs. From a series of

tests, Mohr circles representing failure can be constr_cted.

The common tangent to the circles represents the Coulomb

shear strength line.

Because of the sa_y 9 relatively co_esionless nature of

basalt, an_ by extension lunar soil, _ne _irect snea _ _es:

iS th_ _DG_ 3CD_2r l_e ,_ez_o_ _cr _4a_a_ ir_ 6_e_-

Z-zze_:ies. ]ez_es: :nstr_ment Ccrzo-at:cn _a_u:3&I_-es 5

OF pO0_ QUALITY.
i

direct shear apparatus (model #$2213> and a data recording

system (model #$53281) which are suitable for the purposes

of

the experiment _see figure 6 in appendix A). The direct

shear apparatus can easily be set up for remote control and

the data recording system may be set up outside of the

vacuum chamber.

EQUIPMENT MODIFICATIONS

Equipment m_dificaticns can be divided into two

categories:

a. Those which are known to be necessary.

b. Those whose need can only be established after the

apparatus has been assembled and tested.

In the first category, a means of controlling the

sample temperature must exist. It will be necessary to

lower the sample to -200 degrees Fahrenheit and raise its

temperature to 200"degrees Fahrenheit. Cavities for fluid

flow can be drilled into the upper half of the shear box

(see figure 2 in appendix A). Liquid nitrogen can then be

pumped through the shear box to cool the sample. The sample

may be heated by pumping steam through these same cavities.

The flow rates required to achieve the desired temperature

will have to be determined experimentally (see calculations

in appendix B). Side e_fects of the previously covered

heating _nd cooling techniques may require additlcnal

equipment modifications. Heat transfer _il! primarily ta_e

_lace through c_nducSio_. The absence of air in the ',,a_u_

=ham_er prsni_:ts heat trsmsfer b'¢ c=mve_t;cr. S_e t3 t_e

retail vel'/ low %em_er_tu-e 3i :_or_ce aD_rDxZ_ate / i==__

ORIGINAL P_G_ gS

OF POOR 9UALIIY
_J

degrees Fahrenheit), radiation losses are expected to be

negligible. Heat could be conducted to the |oad cell,

vertical load shaft, cr the horizontal :oad shaft.

Thermocouples should be placed on these components during a

mock setup and their temperatures should be monitored to

evaluate the need for corrective measures. If any of these

temperatures approach an unsafe or uncalibrated temperature,

then the respective component must be heated or cooled as

needed. These components can be heated or cooled easily and

economically by wrapping four or five coils of 3/6 diameter

copper tubing around them an_ attaching the tubing witn

silver solder. Water should then be pumped through the

coils to achieve the proper temperature.

PROCEDURE

The following procedure describes the method for

actually conducting the direct shear test. The previously

described equipment modification, sample preparation, and

necessary corrective measures must be completed prior to

conductiong the tests.

1.0 Initial Setup

i.I Level machine using adjustable fee_.

1.2 Install _orizontal LVDT-dial combination. This iS

the unit with the longer _avel. Without disturbing the

position of the LVDT with rela:ion to the dlal i_ica=:r,

insert shell of L.'DT all _me _a_ i_== #Cun_Ir_ _'=C_. :_a-e

ORiGiNAL [:AGE IS

OF POOR qUALITY
cannot move. This knurled screw is also used to adjust

the zero. Plug in the electrical connector to

"Horizontal LVDT."

1.3 Remove packing material, upper loading cap and

upper porous plate from inner shear box. The two halves of

the inner shear box are held together by two screws with

large knurled tops. Tighten the knurled screws prior to

forming the sample and preconsolidation. After

preconsolidation and just prior to shearing, remove the

knurled screws. The four corner screws should now be

tightened sufficiently to slightly separate the top and

bottom of the shear box. Once preset, these four screws may

not require further adjustment on subsequent tests. The

four screws pre-load teflon pads that separate the shear box

halves with minimal friction an_ prevent metal to metal

contact with subsequent scoring. When the four screws are

preset properly, they will compress the teflon

pads sufficiently to close the gap during subsequent forming

and preconsolidation of the sample.

1.4 Install the vertical loa_ing assembly after the

sample is in the shear box: Place the loa_ing assembly over

the center of the shear box so tha_ the slots in the legs

fall onto the aIignment pinS. The i/2 " diameter r_o _ith

knurled en_ is then inserte_ _rougn the frcn_ ard rear legs

of _e zyl in_er a_o frlme. "_a_a s_e :_e _JJ gces a t_e

O_ POOR _ ...._ "--_-
\j

1.5 install vertical LVDT-dial indicator: Base of

dial indicator with tip down is inserted into dial holder

arm on air cylinder. Tighten allen screw and zero dial

after initial vertical load is placed on sample. Plug in

electrical connector to "Vertical LVDT." Position wire so

that it will not inte.-fere with test.

1.6 Preset strain rate:

a. Be sure the pin connecting load cell to loading

yoke is removed.

b. Turn on "main po_er" switch.

c. Turn "rate" control knob completely

counter-clockwise.

d. Push "start" button.

e. Turn "rate" knob clockwise to desired strain rate

as indicated on readout in inches per minute divided

by 10.

f. Push "stop" button.

1.7 Place machine in vacuum chamber.

1.8 Centering shear box housing: Remove the

anti-rotation pin on the gear box assemOly. Rotate the

hand wheel in the direction necessary to line up the holes

in the loading yoke and the load cell extens _n rcd. Insert

the pin from rear of machine. Re-insert t_e ansi-rotation

pin on the gear box assem_'ey. The load cell should ro_

read zero. If rye load _el! does not rea_ zero, turn t,_e

large Lnu e_ i_o" =eli a_j sti_g rut _n_il =e-_ -eao:ng

OF POOR QUALITY,
center position of shear box must be set at this time.

Length of travel can be set between 0 and 0.8" in both

directions. Decide deslr'ed length; select a spacer that

matches desired travel and set limits in foiling manner:

l,_osen knurled limit adjusting screws and slide limit switch

assembly away from the shear box housing. Place the spacer

against housing and slide the limit assembly towards the

spacer until a faint audible click is heard. Tighten the

knurled adjusting screw and repeat the process with the

other limit assembly.

2.0 Test Procedure

2.1 ;lake sure all three air valves a:e closed by

turning clockwise. Do not overtighten.

2.2 Connect the coil of tubing under the frame to an

appropriate air source. 200 PSI is needed to reach full

capacity of 2200 Ib vertical load. Plug in line cord to I15

t_AC outlet. Turn o_ the "main power" switch.

2.3 _ 9n the "supply valve" with gage on cabinet

indicating line pressure. Before the air system is

activated by opening the "load apply" valve, the readout

_ill show a negative load. This is due to the pressure

required to overcome the return spring in the air cylinder.

When the supply valve is opened, the _ea_out will go to zero

or a slight positive valve. If the initial valve is too

high, slightly crack th_ "vent" valve to achieve th_ deslre_

rea_i_g. _ow open the 'load apply" valve and apply t_e

initial loa_ to _he sa_?_e. The p_r_S plate s_ou_ _c_ _e

ORIGi_&L PAGE 15

OF POOR QUALITY
seated and it is important to again zero the vertical

LVDT-dlal indicator by loosening the allen screw and

retightenlng.

2.4 Applying Normal Loads:

Always close "load apply" valve before increasing

the normal load, advance the readout to the next desired

normal load by turning the regulator clockwise. When the

desired reading is reached, apply the load to the sample by

opening the "load apply" valve.

During the shearing portion of the test, the "load

apply" valve must be left open; the SMS regulator will

maintain _r_cise normal load only if the valve is open.

2.5 Shearing the Sample

Begin the shearing portion of the test by pushing

the "start" button. The rate of strain has previously been

set. The machine will cycle until the_operator determines

the test is complete.

2.6 Completion of the test

Try to end at the middle of the cycle. This

eliminates the need to recenter the shear box housing.

a. Shut the "supply" valve and open the "vent" valve.

b. Turn the rgulator counter-clockwise.

c. Shut off "main power" switch.

d. _move air cylinder--be sure to disconnect lime and

remove the vertical LVDT-dial indicator by loosening

the allen screw.

e. Remove and clean the shear box.

v

27

0_;'_:" PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
l

i .........

E. Static Cone Penetration Test

INTRODUCTION

The static cone penetration test is widely used to

determine the penetration resistance and bearing capacity of

granular soil. The accuracy of settlement determinatio_ of

granular soil depends on correspondence between those

factors that affect soil compressibility and those factors

that affect penetration resistance. Since it is unlikely

that the factors affecting compressibility and penetrat_nn

resistance are entirely the same or of equal influence on

soil compressibility and penetration resistance, settle_e_

predictions must have limited accuracy. Traditionally, most

practicing engineers continue to regard bulk density as th_

factor of overriding importance in controlling

compressibility.

The factors that affect the static cone penetration

test (SCPT) are frequently not associated with properties of

the soil. Factors which control SCPT results can be divided

into a number of groups:

a. Ground conditions

b. lemperature

c. Atmosphere

d. Gravity

e. Test method

The compressibility of g, anular soil is highly

dependent on its yielding behavior. Therefore, the

penetration resistance is largely dependent on the internal

angle cf fric=_on of the soil and its _ffective s_ress

plate.
I

J

I

MODES OF FAILURE

The penetration of a cone projectile into soil is a

very complex phenomenon which is not easily ana]yzed by

mathematical treatment. There are two ways in which the

soil may fail under the projectile. One is by compression

of the soil which is basically a reduction in void ratio or

interparticle spacing caused by rearrangement of the grain

structure. The other is by shear which consists of

deformation of the soil particle and may or may not be

assisted by a change in particle spacing. Either one or

both of these methods of failure may occur during

penetration. For a loosely packed sample, the soil below

the cone will be compressed and accelerated initially.

Depending on the force of the penetrometer, failure will

occur by compression of the cone in this region below the

cone. In a densely prepared sample, very little compression

will o_cur and failure will take place primarily by the

displacement of soil along shear planes. The amount of

energy required to cause penetration, therefore, will be

highly dependent on the relationship of the soil and its

shear strength.

PENETROMETER

Penetration tests have long been used to eva_uate soil

consistency and density. The primitive builder may have

sounded the ground with a _ointed st_ck or his h_el, as can

be sePn in tribal villages tooay. The skilled workman

forced the polnt of a pick or _rove a rod into tre _r_r=

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
°

with a mallet of known weight. Today there are numerous

penetrometers of standardized design, but all are based on

the same principle; the penetration of an object into the

soil, forcing the soil aside and developing a shear

displacement similar to the bearing capacity failure of a

founOation.

Various shapes of penetrometers are in use, including

flat-tipped rods, cones of different sizes and shapes,

augers with cone-shaped tips, and cutting edges of

thick-walled samplers. There is comparitive data available

upon the effect of shape on test results, kTwo types of

loading are used, static and dynamic. Static loading

simulates the shear developed in laboratory testing and can

be easily adapted to continuous penetration and automatic

recording. Dynamic loading is adapted to a very wide range

of soil stengths but introduces the variable effect of

dynamic shear and shock or vibration. The dynamic

penetration has long been used in terrestrial soil mechanics

as a measure of the bearing capacity. It has never,

however, given as reliable results as the static penetration

test. It is for this reason that the static penetration

test was chosen.

The type static penetrometer _e chose to use is a

Brainard Kilman type AP-2100 with a 1'-6" rod assembly (Fig.

7). The penetrometer consists of a 60 degree a_e× amgle

cone, rod assembly, head assembly amd gauge. The c_re has a

maximum section oc 1.5 cm^2 mace _f s_ainless s_eel. The _C

20

ORiG_N_L PAGE _S

OF POOR QUALITY,
i

1

degree apex angle is the maximum angle available with

utilization of the static penetrometer. This angle was

chosen because of its accuracy in obtaining results in a

cohesionless soil. A small apex angle would essentially

slide through the soil initially and give inaccurate

results. The rod assembly of the penetrometer consists of

an outer rod and an inner rod. The outer rod is made of

Centerless Ground 316 Stainless Steel. The head assembly

consists of handles and a strain gauge; however, these two

items will be modified as per equipment modifications

section. The head assembly is made from high strength,

light weight 6061-T6 Aluminum, anodized for protection.

Stainless inserts prevent rod threads from wearing.

Smoothly finished inside bore and piston account for a low

friction coefficient. The gauge is 2.5 inches in diameter

with a range of 0-1000 pounds. It has a built-in gauge

zeroing adjustment.

The static cone test implements a simple concept. The

operator pushes a simple cone-shaped steel point into the

soil with a constant velocity. He measures the thrust to

accomplish this and divides by the projected end area of the

point to give the cone bearing capacity. The

Brainard-Kilman Static Cone Penetrometer features dual rod

construction. As the inner rod functions independently Of

the outer rod, soil friction is net a factor with this unit.

Cone stress as read on the gau_e can _e easily ccrrela_eC to

fecal constants aithout having to adjus_ f_r the s=il

]i

OR|G!NAL PAGE IS

OF POOR Q_ALI'I'_.
v

friction coefficient.

Equipment Modifications

Some equipment modifications were found to be necessary

in order to achieve maximum environmental simulation. To

actuate the penetrometer manually would require an opening

to be made in the vacuum chamber that would enable the

penetrometer to move freely. This guide opening would not

allow the pressure inside the vacuum chamber to reach the

desired range. A decision was made to remotely actuate the

penetrometer hydraulically which woild eliminate having to

penetrate the chamber vacuum (see Fig.7).

Since the penetrometer will be hydraulically actuated

the head assembly will include no handles. To remove

handles from the head assembly requires only for them to be

unscrewed. The head assembly will be tapped to include four

3/8 inch steel bolts at a depth of 3/4 inch.

The maximum force that the penetrometer can withstand

before buckling is 1200 pounds for a rod length of 18

inches. The hydraulic actuator was selected from Victor

Fluid Power Inc. and has a lifting capacity of 1000 pounds.

The support truss height was determined from the length of

the penetrometer and actuator when fully extended such that

a 2 inch clearance will remain between the conical tip and

the base of the sample container (see Fig.8). The width of

the memOer was sized according to the base of _he actuator,

_hich is five inches (see appendix _ _or f_rce a_alxsls _f

support truss).

---7

ORiG!NAL PAGE IS

OF POOR O.UALITY
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V

Since the pressure gauge cannot be read through the

vacuum chamber _indow, it will be routed outside the chamber

through the prescribed outlet with the Tigon Flex tubing so

that the gauge can be read from a control panel (see Fig.9).

The temperature gradient will be isolated to the soil sample

to avoid having to apply additional modifications to the

testing equipment that might limit the simulation of

temperature. A self-contained heating and cooling unit will

be utilized in providing this temperature gradient to the

soil sample alone (see section B). The dimensions of the

self-contained temperature unit are dependent on the size of

the soil sample container (see Fig.l). With the aid of

Brainard and Kilman Inc., a series of preliminary

experiments were performed in order to determine the minimum

size soil container which _Jould have no effects on the

results. A series of test were conducted in which the

container's diameter and depth were varied in order to

obtain a container in which the edge and bottom effects

would be minimized. The size determined for the penetration

experiment, therefore, was a cylindrical container 10 inches

in diameter and 8 inches deep. This will permit the

experiments to be performed in the sample at a minimum

distance of 3 inches from the container wall and 2 inches

from the bottom of the container.

For the flight portion of our testing procedure, the

sample will _e secu_ec by a sample holder to preven_

horizontal snlr_ing an_ 3y a c_n_ai_mert ring _hlcn _-even_s

33

ORigiNAL PA_E I_

OF POOR QUAL!Ty
vertical movement (see Fig.8).

Performance

The static cone penetration test will enable the

measurement of penetration resistance and the determination

of the bearing capacity. The penetration force or

resistance can be read directly from the gauge of the

testing apparatus for various depths. The depth of

penetration can be read through the window of the vacuum

chamber. Graphs can be generated whi=h show the soil

resistance as a function of cone depth (see Fig.lO). The

penetration force, as indi=ated by the gauge, divided Ly the

base area of the cone gives the bearing capacity which is

expressed by the following equation:

qc = F/A

F = soll resistance

A = area of cone

(see sample calculations, appendix B)

The bearing capacity Is a factor of soil mechanics that

deals with normal force opposing a projectile as it shears

through the soil. The punching or penetration stress of an

ideal plastic medium as described by Prandtl can be

expressed by:

_Cp = Ns

where_ is the average penetration stress, s is the shear

resistance or stress oY the medium, and N is a coefficient

_hi_h depends on the geometry of the _oint and s_rface a_d

on the angle of internal friction _:cn is o_tai_e_ f_:_ _e

3irect shelf test. For cohesicrloss sol" Su:r. as Lasa _,

L_

OR_G!N_L P_GE IS

OF POOR QUALITY.
I

I

the internal friction angle is 30 to 50 degrees and for co,_e

angles cf 60 degrees, N is approximately 7.

The static cone penetrometer applies a static force to

a point sufficiently great to produce shear failure.

Therefore, the bearing capacity for a foundation the same

size and shape of the cone is measured directly at that

depth below the surface.

N can be found theoretically or by experiment. This

procedure allows continuous measurement of resistance with

increasing depth by advancing the cone and measuring the

necessary force. The amount of work required to force the

penetrometer a d _tance x can be determined by the following

equation.

aw =_x A_

x = penetration distance

_= penetration "stress (see sample talc., appendix B)

n = penetrometer cone area

Once the soil sample has been prepared the following

stages of a procedure will be carried out.

1.) Check apparatus

2.) Position sample container

3.) Adjust cone

4.) Sample calculations and plots

Procedure

CHECK APPARATUS

The operator should see to it that the cone point and

ro_s are clean and in _ood alignment. T_e sharpness of the

co_e poi_ _an be checked _y pushi_ 9 t_e _ i_to the hole

_nen =fusee= :;Gn:iy _::h :-e ::D :f _e finger, the :=re

OR_G_T_A!- PAGE IS

OF pOOR QUALITY
_j

should be replaced. Proper alignment should be checked so

that friction between the inner and outer r_ds doesn't

introduce error in the experiment. The hydraulic controls,

thermocouples, and heating device should be checked for

proper calibration and performance.

PLACEMENT OF SAMPLE CONTAINER

After the soil sample has been through the proper

moisture bakeout and particle distribution procedures the

sample may be placed in the self-contained heating and

cooling unit. The sample is then heated or cooled to the

desired temperature which is measured by the_mocouples.

ADJUST CONE

w The cone and its support should be carefully lowered to

the surface of the soil. Car_ mutt be taken to insure that

the test is conducted 3 inches away from the edge of the

container to avoid inducing error from the side effect of

the container.

MEASURE CONE PENETRATION

Apply the desired load and then measure the total

penetration. All of the loads include the _eight of the

cone and shaft, The corrections shall be taken care of by

subtracting the same amount from all readings.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS AND PLOTS

Cnce the penetration and direct shear test ha_e bee_

conducted _he data from these tests will be used to

calculate the beading ca_aclty a_o smear s:_ergtn _f _e

soil. The amount of _crk _cne on the penetr3me:e- zan a:s3

OF POOR QUAU.T_I
be determined. Plots of soil resistance vs. _pth can be

generated.

The static con_ penetrometer provides an Economical

method for investigating the homogeneity of foundation soil

conditions. It has proven especially useful when evaluating

the homogeneity and strength characteristics of cohesionless

soils. The soil properties obtained from this test prove

useful in determining foundations for building and digging

equipment for construction.
- I .u _ II

F. Test Procedure

SAMPLE PREPERATION

Sample preparation is the first stage in the

experimental procedure. The steps in sample preparation

involve obtaining a given particle size, eliminating

moisture_ an_ trimming the sample. The behavior of

soil is related to its particle size. The

particle size as suggested by Carrier will be obtained using

a sieve shaker, Ir_clynotype (see appendix D).

The Inclyno sieve shaker consist of a series of sieves that

have openings approximately one-half that of the coarser

above it in the nest. The nest of sieves are clamped to the

vibrating platform which vibrates in a horizontal direc{ion.

The sand samples are prepared by pouring the basalt in

to the shear box and penetr0meter container through a tube

with a slotted end piece which ensures that the velocities

of the basalt grains are close to zero as they leave the

tube. By cont°olling the velocity of the grains leaving the

tube and the tube height above the surface of the depo_ite_

soil (about 1/4 in.) an even particle spacing can be

acheived. The desired de,._ity can be acheived by applying a

uniform load to the sample and measuring the height of the

soil within the soil container itself (see appendix D).

SiNce the penetration stress is depenCent _Jpon _he

ge_me_r'! of the surface _n_ch the c_e penetr3r._epenetrates t_e sample, the sample ._:ii _e :':=,_e_ -'::] ::

is level . Ers,_ring _mat tree s_il sa_T_ e :_ :e_e _:

3_

-- ORIGINAL PAGE IS

oF POOR QUALITY
simplify the mathematics in determining the penetration

stress as previously mentioned. The sample will be levelled

with the aid of a trimming tool,_See appendix D).

The majority of the moisture in the sample will be removed

by baking the sample. An electric oven will be used to bake

the sample prior to placing it in the vacuum chamber. After

a sufficient baking period the samples will be removed from

the oven and placed irto their respective self c=ntained

heating and cooling units. Before the chamber is

depressurized the samples will be heated to remove any

moisture gained during the transfer from the oven to the

chamber. Once the moisture content of I% is reached, the

outgassing and temperature processes can be carried out.

EXPERIMENTATION

The second stage in the procedure irvolves conducting

the experiment both in a ground based laboratory and in

flight in a minilab on the maximum simulation of the lunar

environment. The aircraft follows a parabolic flight path

from _hich it can maintain a reduced gravity environment for

approximately t_o minutes. This time period is ample to

carry ou: the e×perimental procedures.

Several possible testing arrangements _ere consider to

determine which arrangements would provide the most

conclJsive resu:=S, if fun_i_ permit=eC, i: _uld 3e

possi=le =o c_n:u=t the fl_gh_ _ortion _f t_e e_er:Te_=

ORIGiNaL P/'_GE |_

OF POOR QUALITY,,
LJ

only making one flight. However, the decision was made to

use the smae testing apparatus for both flight and ground

based experiments.

There will be ten flights made by the KC-135 in which

the density of soil, soil temperature, vacuum pressure, and

a reduced gravitation pull will be varied. The first flight

experiment will simulate the maximum environmental

conditions and the mo_t densely packed soil sample. The

conditions which are to be met are as follows:

(I) reduced gravitational pull of 1.63 m/s'2

(2) soil temperature of eoo degrees Fahrenheit •

(3) vacuum pressure of 10^-6 tort

(4) soil density of 3.24 g/cm'3

The second flight experiment will vary She gravitational

pull in order to help determine to what extent gravity

influences the mechanical properties of basalt. The

following conditions are to be met#

(1) reduced gravitational pull of 4.0 m/s'2

(2) soil temperature of 200 degrees FChrenheit

(3) vacuum pressure of 10"-6 tort

(4) soll density o? 3.24 g/cm_3

Flights three, four, five, and sic will be conducted varying

the temperature from -200, -I00, 100, 200 respectively. All

other conditions will be help constant. The following

conditions are to be met for flights 3 through 6.

(1) reduced gravitational pull of 1.b3 m/s'2

(2) soil temperature of -200, -100, 100, _00 degree F.

(3) vacuum pressure of 10"-6 tort

(4) soil density of 3.24 g/cm_3

The seventh and eighth flight_ will be corlducted raring the

vacuum _r_sure w_ie keeping all other conditions c_stamt.

A:_csDher_C _res_ure (?50 torr.) _ ;0 torr _;ll _e the

PAC E WS

OF POOR Q ALIT ,
v

testing pressures.

follows:

The condition requirements are as

(1) reduced gravitational pull of 1.63 m/s_2

(2) soil temperature of eoo degree Fahrenheit

(3) vacuum pressure of 10^-3 to 750 torr

(4) soil density of 3.24 g/cm_3

In flights nine and ten the soil density will be varied so

as to aid in determing how the environmetal conditions vary

with loosely and densely packed samples. The following

conditions are to be met:

(1) reduced g.-avitational pull of 1.63 m/s^2

(2) soil temperature of 200 degree Fahrenheit

(3) vacuum pressure of 10_-6 torr

(4) soil density of 1.36 g/cm_3 to e.3 g/cm^3

Their will be eight tests conducted on earth in a

laboratory in which the environmental requirements are the

same as _he flight experiment neglecting the simulation of

gravity. Experiments on_ through eight vary the

temperature, vacuum pressure, and soil density respectively

(see following procedure steps).

The results of the tests will be compared to determine

to what extent the environmental conditions must be

simualted in order to design a digging implement that would

work most efficient in the lunar environment. The intent of

the proposed prozedure is not to limit the testing procedure

to the suggested objectives, but should be able to yeilo

data that would be representative actual lunar soil.

PROCEDURE

I Sample Prep_ratio,1

_ I) Weigh t_ I000 grams ea_ sieve which _s to _e

use_. _,akm =u_e _c_ s_eve _s clear_ bee_r _ _eig_i_g

ORIGINAL PAGE 15

OF POOR QUALITY
v"

it.

(2) Sieve the soil through a series of sieves using a

mechanical shaker.

(3) Funnel soil into their respective sample

container.

(4) Pack container to prescribed height to obtain

desired density.

(5) Trim sample to ensure a level surface.

(6) Bake sample at 500 oegree Fahrenheit for 1 hov-

(?) Place samples in self-contained heating and

cooling unit and heat at 250 degree Fahrenheit for one

hour,

(8) Simutaneously begin outgassing procedure and

temperature setting,

II. In flight environmental condition requirements

Flight I

(1) reduced gravitational pull of

(2) soil t_mperature of

(3) vacuum pressure of

(4) soil density of

1.63 m/s^2

200 degrees F

10A-6 torr

3.e4 g/c_A3

Flight II

(1) "

(E) "

(3) "

(4) "

4.9 m/sA2

200 degrees F

I0_-6 torr

3/24 g/cm^3

Flight Ill

(I) "

(2) "

(3) "

(4) "

1,65 m/s'e

-200 degrees F

10"-6 tort

3.24 g/cm_3

Flight IV

(4) "

(5) "

(3) "

(4) "

I.a3 m/sAe

-100 degrees F

I0 ^-6 tort

3.24 g/cm_3

FI ight V

(1) "

(2) "

(3) "

(4) "

1.63 m/sA2

100 degrees F

I0_-6 torr

3.24 g/cmA3

Flight VI

(I)

(2)

(4)

1.63 m/s_2

200 degrees F

10"-& tor_

3.24 glc_3

Flig_t vli

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v

V

(I)

(e)

(3)

(4)

Flight fIX

(I)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Flight IX

(I)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Flight X

(I)

(2)

(3)

(4)

III.

" 1.63 m/s'2

" 200 degrees F

" 10"-3 tort

" 3.e4 g/cm^3

" 1.63 m/s'2

" 200 degrees F

" 750 tort

" 3.24 g/cm_3

" 1.63 m/s'2

" 200 degrees F

" 10"-6 torr

" 1.36 g/cm^3

" 1.63 m/s'e

" e0o degrees F

" 10"-6 tort

" e.3 g/cm'3

Ground based environmental condition requirements

Test I

(I)

(2)

(3)

Test II

(1)

(2)

(3)

Test llI

(I)

(2)

(3)

Test IV

(I)

(2)

(3)

Test V

(I)

(2)

(3)

Test VI

(I)

_2J

,3)

soil temperature of

vacuum pressure of

soil density of

-200 degrees F

10"-6 tort

3.24 g/cm'3

-100 degrees F

1C'-& tort

3.24 g/cm^3

100 degrees F

10"-6 torr

3.24 g/cm^3

200 degrees F

lO'-& tort

3.24 g/cm'3

200 degrees F

10--3 torr

3.24 g/cm'3

200 degrees F

750 torr

3.24 g/cm'3

OF POOR QUALII_
Test VII

(1)

(e)

(3)

Test VIII

(1)

(2)

(3)

eoo degrees F

10^-6 torr

1.36 g/cm_3

200 degrees F

I0_-6 tort

_.3 g/cm_3

!

r LJ

--L.
!

i

f

S. Digging Implement Methodology

INTRDDUCTION

The results obtained from our design project

will be utilized for the design of a lunar

digging implement. The design of this implement is beyond

the scope of our project; however, a methodology will be

given to explain how the results of our design pro_ect can

be applied to the design of the implement.

CONSTRAINTS

As mentioned earlier in our report, the lunar

environment displays some very adverse conditions which will

affect equipment which might be exposed to it.

SOIL MECHANICS

Soil interaction is a very critical concept in the

design of a lunar digging implement. It must be considered

since the design will need to optimize a bucket/soil removal

system. Some of the more critical factors which must be

taken into consideration are angle of cut and bearing

capacity. The cutting of the bucket blade through the soil

is a very important feature. The angle at which the cutting

edge is designed is very critical in minimizing the forces

required to push the bucket through the soil. This angle is

the same as the internal angle of friction of the soil. The

internal angle of friction cf the soil is determined frcm

the direct s_ear test _hlch iS _es_ribed above in the

report.

Deslgr, lng the cutting edge _f the diggi_g impieme_ a: an

__ ORIGINAL PAGE IS

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_J

angle which is equal to the internal angle of Friction of

the soil not only reduces the normal forces against the

blade, but also reduces blade wear.

The bearing capacity deals with the normal forces

opposing the bucket blade as the blade shears through the

soil. Lunar soil bearing capacity increases Hith soil depth

due to numerous years of compaction. The bearing capacity

is determined from the static cone penetrometer which is

described in full detail previously in the report. The

bearing capacity is the normal force per unit area. This

can be utilized in determining the size and geometry of the

implement.

The extending force of the implement must be enough to

supply an acceleration capable of penetrating the soil. The

penetration fov_e can be read directly from the penetrometer

gage for various depths. Once the maximum force has been

determined the acceleration of the implement can be

determined from the following equation:

R = m(a-g)

R is soil penetration resistance.

m is the mass of the digging implement.

a is the acceleration of the implement.

g is the gravitational constant,

The amount of work required to force the implement a

distance _x can be determined by the following equation:

& x is the penetration distance.

_p is the penetration stress.

A is the implement a_ea.

TEMPErATUrES

As _en_Io_e_ _revi3,Jsly in _he _e_crt, the temperatures

'-= OR!GINAL P_GE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
on the moon are very extreme. They range from -200 degrees

Fahrenheit to eoo degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, an object

sitting partially in the shade will have a temperature of

-e0o degrees Fahrenheit for the the shaded portion ano a

temperature of 200 degrees Fahrenheit for the exposed

portion, creating very large thermal stresses in the

material.

WEIGHT

Due to the extreme cost of shipping material to the

moon, weight is a very important concern. In order to

minimize weight, maximization of other constraints must be

considered.

RADIATION

The main thing to conside." about radiation is its

affect on materials. Research has been conducted concerning

radiation, and it was found that radiation effects on

metals, in general, are very small. Ultimately, radiation

has almost no effect on physical properties at all.

MATERIALS

A very important criteria of the digging implement is

strength versus weight ratio. This ratio indicates the

materials which are extremely strong for their densities.

As stated above, the lunar environment displays very large

temperature variations. For this reason, any type of

ecuipment er material _orkin_ in this environment must be

able to withstand these extreme ccn_itiors.

It _as found during our resea.ch that lunar soll is

ORIGINAL PAGE Ii

OF pOOR QUALITY
x.._j

very gritty and coarse. This characteristic of the soil

will result in extreme wear on exposed surfaces and might

cause failure due to poorly designed equipment. Based on

the knowledge which our group has obtained concerning this

subject, it would be advisable to coat the digging implement

with teflon for overall wear resistance. Another important

feature which is advisable is to design the digging

implement with replaceable teeth on the cutting edge in

order to absorb wear. This will result in a major long term

cost savings and also reduce major wear on the main shell of

the digging implement.

Another important characteristic which m,,s_ be

considered is equipment elongatinn. The extreme

environmental conditions on the moon, mainly temperature,

can cause a piece of equipment to fail if the material's

elongation is not taken into corrsideration. For this

reason, thermal stress calculations must be performed in

order to determine the type material which is best suited

for lunar equipment.

The geometry too must be considered when designing a

lunar digging implement. This shape must be broken down

into optimum dimensions, internal radii, capacity, and

weight.

°

Lj

4a

oR_G_N_.L pAGE IS

OF pOOR Q,jALITY
.

r

_I_o PARTS LIST

Ouantit_

I

4

pescr!o_igD

Baseplate (aluminum)

15in.x 15in.x 3/4 in.

Insulated Isolaters

1in. dia. x 1/8 in.

Heating and Cooling Pad

12in. x 12in. x 1in.

Soil Sample Container

lOin. dia. x 8 in.

Penetrometer 18 in.

HydrauJic Actuator

1/2 ton

Model

N/A

N/A

WP-1200

N/A

B-K

AP-2100

Victor

Fluids

VF-H500

_i_

$10.00

$100.00

$20.00

$600.00

$30.00

4

4

4

1

Aluminum Support Truss

1in. x 5in. x 56in.

Steel Bolts

3/8in. x 3/4in.

Steel Bolt,

3/8in. x loin.

Steel Bolts

3/8in. × tin.

Data Aquisition Syste_

Flange lOin. dia.

x tin.

Subtotal

Eg_cen_ _odificat_o_s

Total

r_/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Brainard

Kilman

N/A

$30.00

$2.00

$4.00

$2.00

$2000.00

$2.00

$2780.00

$250.0C

$30_0.Co

ORiG]N.r_,L PAGE 1_3

OF POOR QUALITY.
Shear !e__teE :

_ua_n_ity

I Shear Test Apparatus

Data Aquisition

Model _[i_

Geotest $12200.00

$2215

Geotest $2525.00

$3281

Subtotal $14725.00

$150.00

T

I

Total

Vacuum Chamber

4ft. x 4ft. x 4ft.

$14875.00

High Vac $150000.00

Equip.Corp.

Flight of the KC-135 Estimated Flight Time= lhour/trial

Rate of Fuel Consumption=20000 Ib/hr

Price per pound of fuel=S0.20

OR,G.,_#'- ' _'""

OF pOOR QOALITY
V. CONCLUSIONS

Since the scope of this report concerns the development of a

methodology and equipment designed to carry out the e_perimentj

the conclusions are based on the methodology, equlpf_ent, and the

project in general.

The proposed methodology and equipment should yield

information allowing the most cost and time effective means for

futur_ testing and evaluation of lunar soil engaging equipment.

In simpler terms, this means that if a certain parameter does not

affect the mechanical properties in a substantial way, then that

parameter is not modeled; thus conserving time and money.

It is also concluded that this project required a great deal

of research on the basic civil engineering principles involved in

mechanical properties testing of soil. While these principles

=

are not complexj _o one in our design group had been previously

exposed to them. It was a goal of the group to give a firm

foundation in the civil engineering aspects of our project so

that subsequent work in this area will be facilitated.

In terms of the overall value of the project, the design

group feels that we benefitted in several areas. First, we all

learned of the workings of groups through our experience with "

each other. We also developed a professional attitude by dealing

with vendors and engineers in the fields of mechanical and civil

engineering. We also feel that we have learned a grea_ _ea!

about the or_aniza_icr0 a_d delegation of project duties. Las_ly

and most im_zrtan:, _e Fee! _a: .e _a.e grea_ly enha_ceC _r

s_e_ bac_ from a problem, analyze it clearly, a_c

ORIG=.NAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
J

J

.r

develop a plan for its solution.

_J

_z
_J L __

VI. RECOM_¢ENDAT]ONS

The use of Computer Aided Desigtl is a tremendous asset to the

design process. We,the_efore_ recommend that the next group

familirize themselves with the available systems as quickly as

possible.

Conservations with Nasa can be great help when a problem is

encountered. More conversations should be conducted so as to

utilize their knowledre to the design's benefit.

This project was an initial design of a new idea. the design

procedure is not finalized_ because improvements in certain areas

are possible. The following areas are recommended for further

investigation.

I). Eventhough the shear tester is a state of the art

te';ting apparatus, it utilizes an analog system. In

order to obtain better data acquisition,the system

should be converted to a digital system.

2).Obtaining a data acquisition unit for the penetrometer

was difficult since most of the data is obtained by

manual calculation.

3). Further analysis in the methodology of the testing in

terms of which parameters to vary to yield the most

information may be beneficial.

4). Recommend that next group devise more specific methods

where b l the data accumulated will be used in the

design of lunar equipment ( i.e. how _o you u_e this

information in design process, what are implications.)

ORIG_NAL p_GE IS

OF poOP, QUALITY
J

i

Vl I. _ckno_l_lg_nts

!

|

f

I

Battiste, Richard; Development Engineer, Oak Ridge National

Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennesee

Bachus, Robert: personal interview-July 22,1967, School of Civil

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

Barksdale, Richard; personal interview-July 30,1987p School of

Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

Brown, D.;personal interview, teaching assistant, School o_ Civil

Engineering

Burns, Mike; telephone interview-August 17,1987, High Vacuum

Equipment Corporation, Mass.

Carrier, David,III; telephone intervie_J, Principle, Bromwell and

Carrier Inc., Lakeland, Florida

Conrade, Don; personal interview-August 4,!987, Brainard Kilman

Inc.

Desai, P.U.; personal interview, Associate Professor, School of

Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

M--Laren, Brice;

McMurray, Gary; teaching assistant, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

P_'ten, A.; Chief Engineer, GeotesK Instrument Corporation,

Lincolnwood, Illinois

Perkins, Ed; personal interview, teaching assistant, School of

Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

Williams, Dr. W.W.; Group Advisor-Design Project, Professor,

Schonl of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of

Technology

Woldenberg, J.M., President, Geotest Instrument Corporation,

Lincolnwood, Illinois

J
VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

L/

ASTM; P_rRc_e_ure_s_F_or__Te_sti_ng_Soils , Baltimore, ASTM, 1964

ASTM; Proc_du_r_§_Eor_Ie_ting__oil_, Baltimore, ASTM, 1944

ASTM ; _Sg_eci_l__Prg;_gUE__Eg_r_I_m_ti_ng'_oil__ng_Boc_k_EQE

__ngi_n__eri_ng__u_r__o__s___t_h__itio_, easto_, Md., ASTM,

1970

ASTM; _Sx_m_o_si_u_m_o_n_!_ir__ct_-sb_e_a____T_i_ng__of__Soi!_s, New York, 1952

Baldwin, R.; !he_Ea_ce___f th_e__MR_o_n,Chicago, University of Chicago

Press, 1949

Bowles, Joseph ; _eogi_n_e_eri_ng__P___o__e__ti_o_s_o_f__s_oi!___o__!b_i_

_Me_a_sur_eme_nts, New York, Mcgraw-Hill, 1970

Carrier, David,Ill; Rough Manuscript on forthcoming book

concerning lunar materials, Lakeland, Fla., 198"7

Chamberlain, J. and Watkins, C.; Th_e__A_Rol__o_15_ Lunar Samole_s_,

Houston, The Lunar Science Institute, 197_

Costes, N. and Mitchel I, J. ; Prgc_edlngs___f__he_&unar_-sci_ence

Confer_ence_VRlum_e_3-_Phy_si__a!__Pro_er_i_, "Apol Io I I

Soil Mechanics I;._estigation", New York, Pergamon

Press, 19"70

Durgunoglu, H. and Mitchel, J.; S_tatlc Penetration Re s!_tance__of

_Soils, NASA-CR-133460, 1973

Fielder, G.; G__o_l_og__a_n_d__P_h__ics__of___h__M_{!oD, Amsterdam, Elsevier

Publishing Co., 1971

Fielder, G.; _L_u_n_ar_G_e_o_Iog_,London, Lutterworth Press, 1965

Geochemica et Cosmochemica ACTA; P_ro_c_e_e_dingsof the Second Lunar

Science Conference Vol. I , Houston, The MIT Press,

19"71

GJest, J.E. and Greeley, R.; Geologi(_on_the Moon, London, Wykeham

Publications, 1977

HabiO, Pierre; _A_n__Ou_tli_e__f__S_oil__a___d___o_k_____b__-i__s, New York,

Cambridge Press, 1983

Head. K. ; Ma_ua! of Laborator'£_Soi!_Ees_ti_ng_Vo!-1, New York,

Halstec_ Press, IgB0

_ub_a_ , 3., Gall, E. and Kahn, H . , Lunar Soll q___i_.____=___us'--" c_ ..Z

Phase B--_art I _ II , Chlo, DeD:. of _.ne Army, lq_

ORIG=,NAL FAGE _S

OF POOR QUALI_Y.
Z ̧

LJ

Jumikis, A.R.; _O_C@_K_@___@__@_!__@_i_, Princeton, NJ, Van

Nostrand Company, 1967

Karol, R.H.; _Ri!___D___g_!__DgiD_iDg, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,

Prertice Hall , 1960

Krieth, Frank; _Q_-_!_-!_Q_E, New York , Harper and Row,

1980

Kezdi, Arpad; _D_gR__g___i___b_DiE_, Amsterdam, Elsevier

Scientific, 1994

Lambe, T.; Soil TestL_g For Enq_neecs, New York, Wiley and Sons,

1951

LaPelle, R.R.; P_ac_ica!_V_cuum S_st_ms, New York, Mzgraw Hill,

197_

Lienhard, J.; __U__I_DWf_-!_S_W_W_, New Jersey,

Prentice-Hall, 1981

Lindsay, John F.; LgD___ig[_Qb___O__im_Digl_g_, New York,

Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1976

Popov, Egor; Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids, New Jersey,

Prentice-Hall, 1968

Rittenhouse, J.B. and Singletary, J._.; ___EIQ_

_D____i_i_D, Lockheed Palo-Alto Research

Laboratory

Salisbury, G.; _b_-_D_-__-_, New York, Academic Press,

1964

Shigley, J. and Mitchell, L., _Di_-_giD_Dg__gD, New

York, Mcgraw Hill, 1983

Singh, A.; Soil _g_Ei_g__-!_RE_-_D____, New York, APT

Books Inc.,1981

Symonds, W.A., Des_gn_Miss_o___d__D_i_nm_n_a__Co_!derations in

the Selection g_ Materials fo___Qa_e, Seattle, Wash.,

The Boeing Company

_JJ
I

\

IXu

Appendix A:

Appendix B:

Appendix C:

Appendix D:

Appendix E:

Appendix F:

LIST OF APPENDICES

Design Drawings

Sample Calculations

Design Decisions

After Market Equipment

Weekly Progress Reports

Miscellaneous
J

APPENDIX A

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D- 1JI6 $pccm_nCuffet. Foe 2- |i2 d,am I 1 IhJck $.zm|;l(.S NCI W! | '2 b.

ShP9 WI IIb

D-IBZ ,_uJte Specirt_n Culler For 2 • 2 . 3,4 fhJ(k $,]rr[,l(._, ?JC'I WI

I/2 Ib. Sn_J WI 1 Ib

0 190 Shear Bow CoupJ_,g Net WI 1_2 Ib. Shl_ Wl Itb

W$-I. | Ag We_hL

WS-4. 4 _p We,gM.

DS-I2. Co_eslve MJter_ds D_f# $/_ets Pkg of 100

DS-13. C..ohes_o_less Mat_ls Dat* Sheets P_g oi 100

LC-|. O_lllndicaloe. Clockw,se. I 000 • 0 (X)I

LCg. D_llndlcato#. Counlefc/ockwlse. I _<30 • 0001'

•,l_.. .'; . • .. _ . . . ..'..':_,.,.....:.. •

,._./.'. _ ,;_ .... ".:';-.:. • :, ,..., .... ,,..:..:. .... ,

i_..%.J'," ;.. "" :- -.-'.: :,;, - .. ". ". .: _ : ;.:,:_ :;'.', .. -" "

_,4,;," : _-P-,_- - ._,K,_'.._ = ,._;-_.._.: ,

,_-,.. -=. -, _d__lW_ _ ...: ..'_ .., ,:.;,:

i._:,_.--:.:-:. ,.:'-.',, '.: _ Mk\__.;_+, '-' -.'--_.,-""'.

. • -. ,.'._ .'_..<,:.." ... :..-_i'. " .'.,_,... ...,." _,,.:..... ..... ..-.,,....-:_VI_._"_.,.p,;:',,.. .....:_.-_1

. _._, _'." "_,.S k ." ";.._ ".- _ ,J ":_" ""." _'_t_.,;,- '_- _,=,._.,_ __._._'.J.C_._,_,..,

_,_-,r"'_-,.','."-',_._;_- _:',_ Ik'_.':__---._'_..,;;,-:'_./ ':'

..... :. ".;,..-_...._.., Ioo. .,a<._. ... . . :._

Hand Opera ted Direct Shear Apparatus

Function

_t4.s v_mt¢.,ll to_ ar'_ m, ar.,_tty tt_e* hor_to_tal Io_ to mmOle to

e_M_ll lira•at strer_th

Tes_g Standards

AS T M 0- 30_0

Specfficatio_s

[_ Ha.'_ 00erwteO c,$,'_ t_•, be.

•$_Meala,_ee, Nl_t O..41,e_,¢_ltoe 1CK_ tOCOI

w¢,2.'_t ._,,o '_-'.9 v-.d _._ 4_, 9

_m4w_a,o_$ 24 w • 2_ I I_ _K(tl

Mo_/s

Im¢_ SO4_,m¢'_ cufle_ ar<I _up_;_; of data sJ_ets

O-110,_L For 2" • 2 ' safeties

_.llO_. Foe2-1/2 _m samples

Weights

Net 165 Ibs : SI_;1 250 rbs

A¢cesso_leslOp[ions

[C-|2. Met.re_ O_llnd<,lto_ CIock*,$e. 25 mm• 00t men

{C.-I_I. Mtlr_ D,,llltl_li¢$tOt. Coutl_erclock_s$_. 25 _ • 0 01 rtml

Direct Shear Conversion Set

Functio_

Corrveds Har_ O¢_rate_ D.e_l Shear A_ralus (D- 110 _er,es) to mO Io-z c,,_

h_e

hlode/s

lr_lu_$ molo(,zed tr aNd_iS_ u0_il. SOtockets. clam arK_ co_nec hn,g he, ks.

cJ_m guard, revers_o and olt_t CO_troIs. a_CI assembly d_,_,,r_

_-f2J. 110vAC._0Hz. I;_

D.125._. 220v AC. 50_60 Hz. 1,-

Weights

Net 155 Ibs [703kg}. $h09 _30 I1_ [90 7 kg)

i-._ ,-... ; "._ • ....:. - ... - . ,

"" _"_r,q, ._:_-_._ ,-" _'_"'_ _;":"'-_ '" >"t_-_

,._-_.._ , , .-_. ., ,-. -':'..;, _.a:_ .... -- ....... .-,---_. - : -'

..... _ ,_.. • •,,.:.,,._-, .... _6._. L.i-....... _,:.._.. .....,,-,._ ,......... ,. :. _....,'_.,-:.., , .....

"_'_ " .,_,._,t;t" ._V_. ':_ 'm,_, : _: ,:_ .... ._.... .*..-,-.:-..-.

• -';.°,/;,,,", .t,,:-..-__-, ._"

_ _ _.. . ./.,... -, .:,v,.,

cr,_-_..-_._:,,:: _:__.r..._._, -_.-)_,.t._::,c,g¢_-._..": ".'-_.--,',","

E_l_l',_l_;_-¢"...._-'_'.._',,_- _ ." *'N" '-*--=-- __>.Tr2,__"_:.,.,,. "_'-,.-...-p.. -, [ilf_,,.:,,_r_._'X • ",:--...--7.-,,_._._;

Table Model D)ect Shear Apparatus

Fc_ction

I"t_aSur_l SJ'_ar Strength

Testing Standards

_.S TU D- 3C_O

TC.I.1_ V'•,=_F

Models

0,_30,4 Foe 2 • 2 s_m_es

D, _,20_ F_e 2._ 20.am ,_l--¢:es

We;_hf$

79

_L __ _r,,, I

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
I

• i SO! L/Oirect Shear "

ReDlacemont Parts

D-JSt. She_vBoxl'lo_lng N©IWI 81bs,Shl)g W; tOIbs

1_|8_. Distm:lShe_tBol__-112"d_m NeIWl 4 rl>s;Shp_ Y,PI t01bs

D- 183. D+te<f $/_Mt Box. 2" x 2" Ne! W1 7 Its. Shp_ Wl 10 Ib$

D +184. G¢/l_Oet A+tsem_¥, F_ 2-1/'2" d,am samples Not Wl 4 Ibs. ,_1-<_

Wt E Ibs

D- 18+!. B,onz* Po_ous Plate SoL 2ol/2"d_am. set o! two for D+ tel Gr¢_:_.

Assembly Ne; Wl I/2 lb, Shl:_ Wt IIb

Of#5. G_IppecAssemblT. Fo¢ 2"z 2"t, amp_e$ NcfWt 4 Ibs .Shag Y_1

6 |b_

|,116. Sp,ecJ'men Curler. Foq 2-112" d_,m x 1" Ihrck _mDle$ N (:t _,',/t 1,'2 It;

Shag Wt 1

D- 28Z. Squace Specin'mln Cur/e/. Four 2- • 2 x 014" thick Sampte5 Net W.

t/21b,Shl>9 +Nt 1 It)

D.PgO, SheatBo•Cou_lir_,NelWt t/21b;Shpg Wt I Ib

W$+/. f lgWe_tt¢

WS-4. 4 Jg Weight+

DS-12. Co_ Male_z"b Dala $_ts+ Pkg. o! 100

DS-13. Cohesk>n/eu MatetL'lt Darm Sheets, P'_.g of tOO.

LC-I. 1_1 _d+_JIIo+'. CI,ockwiS4_; 1 000" • 0 001 ".

LC-9. D_llndicJrfot. Co_nterck>ckwise; t.O00" • 0001".

Motorized Direct Shear Apparatus

Function

_l_Ir, vett_?,,lll lind ho_izo_lal loads to sample Io m_lsure sheM strer_lth

T_t;ng St=ndar_

.'_TM D-30_O.

Spec_fic+tior_

$+m.p_ s+z_ 2" • 2- I_,aar* c_ 2-1t2" ¢_m

0 4 S'/m=n

8 t I.,_,4_ r_f',o

F_P4 Wek_ed i_eet. ,IP4m-,IHhn,4Jh

21"w x 34" I I_ SD_O) ..

Mode/=

Inck_es SOecb_H_ cut/e< _,r,d m,p01y ol d_ta sheets

D- 12_,4. Fc* 2+ • 2"sam_es. 110vAC, 60 Ptz. 1¢r

D- 120.4-4, Fo* 2" • 2" -Jmp_s 22C_ AC. 5C,150 Hz, ; a+

D.I2OB. Fo+2-tf'2"d++u'n. sa_ IIC, vAC. 60Hz. 1_

D- ;20B-4. Fm 2.1/2" d=u_ Mingles 22Ov AC. 50/60 HZ. 1 ,_

1500 lb. _wfi_JI _ CJp._:/l/es:

D. T24A. For 2" x 2" t_n"4:_Je$ 110v AC, 60 Hz. 1_

D.I24A-4. Fo+ 2" x 2"sam_es ?'2C,v AC,5_:60 Hz. I_

D-J24B, For 2.1/'2"d_lm samples 110v/.C. 60Hz. I;Y

D.124B-4. For 2-l/2-d_lm s4t'n4_,eS 220v AC, 50/6_ Hz. 12

Weights

O..120Se_Me$ Net 2_C _:_'s(_182kgl

D._24 ,_r,es Ne_ 29C ¢"s {_31Z]k;_

ACcessories/ Options

LC. 12, ldott_c G#llnd,_Jto_. CIocJtw_e, 2.5 mmta_e • 0 01 men _+'l_u,a:.C_s

LC._3+ M41tr_c _ l'tdk'Jtol Cc_P, te_¢tOCk_,;$e. 25 mm Car_e • 001 r_m

8O t.

ORIGiN,_L PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
!

. t0AD SIUO

10 PU_P __-_.

RAM _ _ I RAM

""_-_ _ _ r 6(ARtNG PLAT(

" , "_ Lo._,,p 1-J |." .....

, I ,_q; _-- "! ._ . ¢ .... ._

4)' PLA __ I ,4

Field Direct Shear Set

Function

H_h lo_,t_ ¢aDa, cily for u_-pl'ace sheM le'shn 9 ofror_ _>CkS. mass _t_ sod

Mm¢leS _ for SDe¢_I beM,n.g apt_..at_or_s in e_.avatK)_, lun,'_el_and

tos! P_ls.

S.oecm¢.a t_ns

S_r_'s 3"

[kKr,< P_ $J4 h D. 11OOwa_J

Mode4s

$4! mCk.K_s 2 Hydraulic I,.oad_ 9 I_l_s wdh gaU_S

1 TwO.,_/:_KI. Ma/'K_I Cot'<entree I:_.lon Pump

$ VMi,lbio SDeed Elc_lt_c I_mp

2 HO,'.I4_ t2" L

2 Saherical B,_i_ Ai'*,_r,.h_.n_

D...,'BO. 4,_O.DOonb Losdu_,ln,_,'_. 110,_AC, EOHZ. 1,_.

D-|Ir_.dL 400.O(X) lb. Lo4d;n9 Rains. :_'2_ AC.$0 Hz. le

_-;i;0M. klelri¢. 180.CO0kg_,ngRsm.s 110vACI_OHz. 1#.

B-;&I_. M_t i=. '/BO.OCO k,¢ L,o_ding P_m_. 2"JPv AC. 5OHm. _#.

Net 8,_0 g_. (372 kg I. ,_Ptpg. g",_ R_ (41 t 3 kg|

Special Note

Be_'mg _late.= rmt included. Order Sel;_ll_to_ I_¢¢o_d_ to local te_tm, g

_ogr _km t_qHn_4ntlk

SOL/Direct Shear

Need product or help in a hurry?

In Continental U.S. (excluding Illinois), Puerto

Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix,

dialtoll-free:

1-800-323-1242

In Illinois, dial:

1-800-942-3374

83
l=

SOIL/Direct Shear

Shear Box Housing

Function

Costa;he s._ear box and walef to test saturaled sample in D,tec! Sl-bea_

A_,watus (Idodel Series D-110. 1:)-120.D-! 24 a,'_ D,-130).

Specff_Jtk_ls

C,onlrrlucho_ Ibta,c_med casl l_o_zf/

W,m m,O_nl,,r_ ho_et

Modets

D.IIL

We_h==

Net 8 Ib$ ; ShPg tO|b$

--_._. -."_..-......t

Direct Shear Box

Furc-tion

COrdJl_I Ilttd Shoat% Io_| s,amr.'_ L", Direct Shezr ApC,_rat_s {Model Sert_',l

D.t 106, D-t2CB. D-12_B. D-t 24¢'tar,(:l_-13_B)1

_,',pe S_m 2-tiT"dam • 1- e_:_

Coma, vctmlt Ur-'_:_ "-i_ k_*=¢,¢ r_ O_ m4KP,,N_d b*o,_zt

Mocks

D.I_?.

Weights

Net 4 ]bl.; SI'I_ I0 !_:_

Direct Shear Box

Function

_O#_lalns and shears Soil samite in D;_e¢! Shear Apparalu'S (Model Ser=e5

{:)-1toA, D-120A, [:)-124A and D-130A).

Specir_Jtions

San,p_ £,ze ;t"• 2" • 3;4 m,c_

Cwe,_,_ P,n= _J,gnugoerand_ bo, sectons

Models

D-l_3.

Weights

Nel 7 lbs ; ShDg 10 tbs.

Spare Gripper Assembly

Function

HOdS too and bot1_n o_ Io_l s4_mple it, MO_.I D-182 Shear Box _uring

shear tesJ_ng_ allows wate_ to paSS.

Specif'tc_flo_j

Sau_e S,zI. 2-;/2 Ckam

Motets

i)-18.4.

Weights

Nel 4 [bs ; Shag. 6

Replacement P_rts

O-_1,11.B/o/tze Porotn P_ateS4L W_th LraS.torqDo*r_ 1_r=l_'_.Ne'_Wl 1/2 Ib.

Shag w1. _.lb.

ORiGINP.L PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

81
SOILDirect Shear

Spare Gripper Assembly

Function

Holds top ar<l bottom of soil sample ,n Model D- 1B3 Shear Boa during shear

le_h_ a.'_l allO'_$ water I0 _.,as4

Specifications

_._.,_ 5,ze 2 • 2 _,,,..a.te

U_r $e<f,o_ RPClH_,e_ t0 receive a_ |T_n !_4_dLe_ Yc_e

Mode_J

D-II$.

Weights

Net 4 Ibt. S_D9 6 _bs

Specimen Cutters

Function

Cut soi; semple lo s;ze of shear box_

Models

D-I#6. } :_ 2.112"" d_am. • I" th.-_ samples Machined s|eel

O-liT. FLr 2' • 2""• 314- thick um_oles. M_ch,n¢--O brawl4

Weights

He[ I/2 _) ; ShDg. ! lb.

She _r Box Coupling

Funct )n

Transf(r_ $h_arir_ _ from IxOv_ng tirol [O Shear box m D,recf ,Shear

/_¢_q_s (Mode• Seq_s D-110. 0-120. O-124 and O-130|

Models

D-)_. C_at al_mi/_um cortstru, c'iK>n

Weights

Net I;2 tb. St_l:>_g 1 _b

J

Laboratory Vane Tcstsr

Functi¢_

I_lasutez _ar s_'ength of sama4e ;n mold by _o_at_r_ mserled flr, s unt'[

b,l.re

$pec _c_or4

Modets

No(e Sam¢,_ _ no( induded.

D.,_O0.

We/gt_

Nel_'51bs |11kg},Shp_ _OIt,.(qgkg)

J. ,

82

ORiGfNI_I...PAGE" IS

OF POOR 0UA_. try

'II,

/-

! !,

STORE AP-2100-'

i | _ I •

I • Rapid selection of locations for field density

tests

• Evaluating backfills in

trenches and behind

wafts

• Ughtfoundation investi.

gations

• For rapid correlation of

field CBR tests

FAST AND EASY

Brainard-Kilman's new Portable Static Cone Penetrometer is unmatched in accuracy and ease of operation

for quickly measuring soil

consistency. The Portal:'.e

Static Cone Penetrometer is specifically de:igned _or

use in l!ne-grE, neJ, soft soils

to depths as .-'uch as 30 feet!

Operation co_idn't be easier:

simply force the Cone into the

soil approximately 6 inches,

back off until the gauge reads

zero, then advance another 6

inches. Cone Stress is read

directly on the conveniently

mounted gauge.

NO SOIL FRICTION

Th_ Brainard-K;"nan Portable Static Cone Penetrometer features dual rod

construction. As the inner rod

functions independently of the

outer rod, scil friction is not a

factor with this uniL Cone

Stress as read on the gauge

can be easily correlat_cI to

local soil constants wimout

having to adjust for the soil

friction coefficient.

MEANT TO BE USED

Brainard-K_lman designed the

/

• Earthwork control for

embankments

• Muck "&soft so#probes

• Probinp shallow marine

deposits

• Probing beneath exist- •

ing shallow foundations

• Pavement subcjrade

evaluations

Portable Static Cone

Penetrometer to be an extremely rugged device, built

for day-in, day-out use. High

strength aluminum and steels

were used in the design to

protect and maintain the accuracy of the 0 - 70 KG/CM2

Gauge.

LIC-HTWEIGHT, SELF

CCNTA;NED

The basic Portable Static

Cone Penetrometer

weighs omy 5 pounds! Even

with extension rods, the device is eas!;y carried t:y 1

person. Tc:ally self ::..n.

tained, tl-e Portable Static

Cone PePetromete,

r,_:u_res "_oauxi.:ar/

e;uipme'_t.

BRAIIIARD. NltmAil

P .3 Be= ',°59. 5:one Mtn, GA 3C086

(4C,4 _9-2720 • 1-8C0-241.9468

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
STORE

i:

PART NO.

AP-2100 A

AP-21(_0 B

AP-2100-14

AP-2100-16

AP-2100-18

AP-2100-8

AP,2100-11

II I I

T III

AP-2100

SPECIFICATIONS

AP-2100 A

Portable Static Cone Penetrometer with 4' Rod Assembly

AP-2100 B

Portable Static Cone Penetrometer with 2.5' Rod Assembly

• CONE

Material:StainlessSte.4

ConeEndAngle:60o

Max. SectionArea: 1.5cm2

• ROD ASSEMBLY

Ma_=f_

Outer Rod: High Strength

4140 Chromoly tubing

Inner Rod: Centedess

Ground316S_

Steel

• HEAD ASSEMBLY

Material: HighStrength.light

I

RANGE:OcMax: 0-70KG/CM=

LOAD LIMIT: 250 LBS

I i I

weight 6061-T6 Aluminum,

Anodized fOrprotection.

Stainlessinsertpreventsrod

threadsfromwearing

Smoothlyfinished inside

bore andpistonfor lowfriction coefficient

• GAUGE

Size: 2.5"o_meter

Range:0 - 70 KG/CM2

Built-ingauge-zeroingadjustrnentand integralgauge

guardband

' 0RDERII' G INFORMATION

i I

DESCRIPTION

Penetrometerwith4' "starter"rod assembly

Penetrometerwith2.5' "staded'rod assembry

ACCESSORIES

4' "extension"rod assemb:y

2,5' "extensionrod assembly

REPLACEMENT PARTS

Cone Assembly

4' "starter"rod assembly

25' "starter"rod assembly

PRICE

$ 525.00

$ 510.00

$ 63.5O

$ 53.50

S 51.50

$ 6350

$ 53.50

I | |l

effec:;ve 6 15_87. pnces & $Decdca::on$ suo=eC !o change w,thou! nC:<:o

i t t =

BRAINARD-HILmAN P O Box 1959. S'¢ne M',n, GA 3C086

(4C.4)46:J-2,';'20-_-._-"0-24_-9468
_!"',:'-_!.':,: ."- L

" io .... .r.

IAE E" -',. " F r - - '-"_'; =" ;" [:E ; '_" f" ":

ORIGff,,I/_L PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
To: GT5812B Ga'ry yon Mcmurray

From: GT29ESB Malcolm Todd Butler

O+te: 87/06/30. 16.49.o_

Subject:Soil1

To: Or.Williams. Me EI82 Instructor.

From: Group E

Oat_: 6/31/87

Group Members: Todd Butler

Charles Cline

Linton Hutcheson

Steve Scruggs

Mike Smith

Nadim Zakhia

the objective of group k is to design a test apparatus and procedure

used to determine the mechanical properties of simulated lunar soil.

we met with gary.to define our objective since initla|ly there was

some confusion as to the guidelines the project was to follow, thus

far, we have discussed our objective, collected literature and

researched some major topics pertaining to our project, in addition

to researching literature, we plan to contact various geological

services in order to collect additional data which might be helpful

in our research.

this progress report reflects the work of each group member on an

equal basis.

\
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t

TO: Dr. W;lliams, _E E182 Instructor

i

FROM: GroupE ,

DATE: July 15. 1987

SUBJECT: Progress Report on the Soil ExperimEnt

.)

During the pas:t week, our group has been researching various

reports and data which are relevant to our study of soii mechanics.

Research has been done on the types of test that would provide the

most information on the physical properties of soll with the least

amount of test equil_nent. The shear and penetration tests were selected

because (11 they are relatively simple, (2) there is much available

terrestrial experlen_e with these types of tests. These tests would

allow for the measurement of sol) properties such as: bearing capacities.

angle of internal friction, stress-strain relationships, base roughness

and failure modes for local and general shear.

A meeting was held Tuesday the l_th to discuss some methods that

may be used to simulate the lunar test environment. Various reports

have been requested from NASA and should arrive later this week.

INDIVIDUAL INPUT=

Penetration Test: L!nton,Todd

Shear Test: Mike.Steve

Vacuum Chamber: Charles.Nadim

Cad/Cam: hike

Processing: Linton

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• Date: July 22. 1987

TO: DR. WILLIAMS, _E E182 iNSTRUCTOR

FROM: Group

SUBJECT: Progress Report on Soil Experiment

This week our group has been involved in further research

of the critical design parameters of the soll experiment. Various

sources of information pertaining to the env:ronmental conditions

of lunar soil have been investigated. The group has determined a

number of areas that are critical to the test design. Radiation has

been a major subject of our research this past week. We are not yet

sure how radiation will effect the soil, if at all, however we do

intend to find out in the very near future. Our group is also continuing with reseach of how to best simulate the lunar environment.

This seems to be one of the major problems which will have to be

solved. Each member has selected one or several of the environmental

conditions in order to galn "expertise" In that particular •ram.

Each member has also been directed to submit, In written form, •

summary of pertinent information on their area of expertise to

Linton Hutcheson who will be giving the oral presentation next week.

As seen in the Initial paragraph, our group has a general Idea

of what we will design, and now we are gathering concrete design

criteria as well as methodology for use of a soil experiment.

i

)

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i

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i

i

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/

INOVIDUAL INPUT:

Soil Simulant: Charles, Nadim

Radiation= Linton, Todd

Temperature Gradient: hike, Steve

Gravity and Atmosphere= All Members

Processing: Linton

Cad/Cam: _ike
1.

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July 2g,19_7

To: Dr. Williams, ME 4182 Instructor

From: Group

Subject: Progress Report, Soil Experiment

During the past week, we have spent time gathering information and

data for our presentation which was given by Llnton Hutcheson

on July 28. Each group member was assigned a certain topic

to research for the presentation.

group members are as follows:

TOPIC

Introduction

Environmental Conditions

Types of Tests Proposed

Equip. Design Utilizing Test

Conclusion

The topics and responsible

GROUP MEMBER

L i nton

Steve,f_ike, Char les,Nadim

Steve, Mike, Char 1 es, Had im,Todd

Todd

L i nton

In the next week, we are planning to continue the research ind start

trying to put it ell together so that we can be thinking of how we would

like to model the test in order to make it work. Each group member

will be responsible for the same topic as assigned previously.
f

fr_

_u

U_

W

o

r_
_J

To: GT5812B Gary Yon _cmurray

From: GT29_SB Malcolm Todd Butler

Date: 87/08/0k. IG.17.O)

Subject: 5o116

To , Dr. Williins. ME ;182 Instructor

From: Group

Subject: Progress Report, Soil Experiment

/

Ou-ing the past week, our group continued researching the same

topics as assigned previously. However, an effort was made to

determine exactly what the internal angle of friction is and how

it is determined. Our dran_ing for the week reflects this. We are

also at the point of starting to correlate our research material

into a rough draft. Starting this week, we plan to call additional

meetings in order to start finalizing our repcrt. Topics of the week

and responsible group members are as follows:

Top|c

Environmental conditions

Group Flember (s)

Steve,Nadim,Charles

Type Test Proposed

-Shear test

-Penetration Te_t

-Soil /4echanics

-Word Processing

-CAD/CA_

Steve,Rike

L i nton,Todd

L ; nton,Nad ;m

Todd

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!

To :GT5812B Gary Von _cmurrar

From: GT2945b Malcolm Todd Butler

Date: 87/07/07. 17.O8.17.

To: Dr.Willlams, ME 4182 Instructor

From: Group 4

Subject: Progress report concerning the test apparatus and procedure

used to determine the mechanical properties of simulated

lunar soil.

Research has been done on the environmental characteristics of the

J_oon. The environmentel conditions of the moon impose the greatest

design constraints on the testing apparatus. The most important

constraints include the following: soil mechanics, r_diation, lack of

atmosphere, temperature, and reduced gravitatlopnat pull.

Other related des|gn projects were studied in order to determine if

the digging implement designs in these reports can be used to in our

test apparatus. Various geologlca| companies were interviewed to gather

information on so|l testing procedures that may possibly be Incorporated

into our project.

We met on tuesday the 7th and discussed the following ideas concerning

our project:

1) What tests we should choose to work on.

a_ Shear test

b) Penetration test

2_ Possible meeting times that are best for everyone. We would like

to _ry and split up Into three groups of two for the more

frequent meetings and then meetings _Ith all members present.

We also composed a rough draft of our problem statement at the meeting.

L|tt of things to do:

1) Environmental conditions: Linton,Nadim,Todd

2) Soli testing apparatus: Todd, Linton, Nadim

J) Lunar excavating bucket (report):Nadim,Steve,Charles

k) Nasa soil testing literature:Steve,Mike,Charles

5) CAD/CAM:MIke
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DATE: AUG. IO. 1987

TO: Dr. Williams, ME 4182 Instructor

FROM: Group 4

SUBJECT: Progress Report on Soil Experiment

The actual testing procedure is being developed this week. A meeting

was held last thursday to layout an outline for the formal report which is

listed as follows:

I ABSTRACT

II PROBLER STATENENT$

A. INTRODUCTION

B. PERFORRANCE OBJECTIVE

C. CONSTRAINTS

. III DESIGN DETAILS

A. SURJCkRY

B. ENVIRONRENTAL SIRULATION

C. SOIL SIRULATION

D. SHEAR TEST

E. PENETRATION TEST

F. T:ST PROCEDURE

G. RETHOD OF EVALUATION / DIGGING IP,PLERENT

IV PARTS LIST / COST ANALYSIS

V CONCLUSION

VI RECORRENDATIONS

VII ACKNOWLEDGERENTS

VIII BIBLIOGRAPHY

IX APPENDICIES

INDIVIDUAL INPUT:

RIKE SRITH: This week I continued to do research on the direct shear test.

I looked through the vendor catalogs and picked some candldates for our

¢rirect shear machine. I spoke with hr. Jay Voldenberg of Geotest Instrument

Corporation. I am currently awaiting the arrival of information from him.

Gaotest has an instrumented model which outputs 0 to 2 volt signals. I am

still searching for a suitable recording device.

LINTON HUTCHESON= This past weekend I worked with Todd on finishing the

abstract and problem statement of the outline. I have located various

studies on cohesionless soil which utilize the static penetroaHeter as

the testing implement. I have gathered books which contain information

on the testing procedures involving the shear and penetration tests. I

also obtained some ball park estimates on the costs of penetrometers.

On Wednsday I am going to contact Brainard Kilman Manufacturing on

some testing apparatus.

CHARLES CLINE: Studied affects of vacuum, radiation, and temperature on

materials. Searched for vacuum chamber test facilities.

TODD BUTLER: Contacted Civil Engineering and talked with Dr. Bachus,

Dave Brown, and Ed Perkins concerning the static penetrometer and

shear test apparatus. Got information on manufacturers of testing

apparatus.

NADIR ZAKHIA: How temperature results in an increase in the shear strength

and visa versa. Also for the lower normal st-ass, the sLiffness in a vacuum

at ambient temperature is approximatly the same as for e]evated temperature

in atmosphere. ( Therefore, stiffness of soil ;s greater in a vacuum than

at atmosphere).

STEVE SCRUGG$: Attempted to call Bromwell and Carrier Inc. to get information
on basalt soil recipe to verify our assumptions about the simulant and to

find a quarry that basalt can be obtained from. Attended meeting Thursday.

Further solidlflcation on information on simulant and shear test.

J
\

DATE: AUGUST 19. 1987

TO: Dr. Williams, HE k182 Instructor

FROM= Group

SUBJECT= Progress Report for Soil Experiment

A meeting was held Sat. the 15th to discuss a deadline for the rough draft.

It was decided that the des;on discussion section of our report should

be ready to submit to Charles on Wed. the 19th for typing. The followlng list

is a breakdown of each members responsibil|ties for the final report:

TODD BUTLER: model construction, locate equipment to be used in final

presentation, editing report.

MIKE SMITH: organize and complete drawings to be used in report.

STEVE SCRUGS: aid Charles in preparing report for typing, help prepare visuals

for presentation.

NADIM ZAKHIA: outline end organize the appendlcies for report, typing

CHARLES CLINE= type report

LINTON HUTCHESON: model constuction, prepare and give oral presentation, aid

in preparing visuals, help organize final report.

INDIVIDUAL INPUT=

TODD BUTLER: Borrowed • static cone. penetrometer from Brainard Killman Inc.

Gathered materials for model and began construction. Finished rough draft

of digging implement section of report.

LINTON HUTCHESON: Arranged to borrow a direct shear test unit from the civil

engineering school. Aiding in model contruction. Located equipment needed

to modify the penetrometer for our experiment.

MIKE SMITH: Locating and confering with the manufacturers of the shear tester

to find out if the neccesary modifications can be made. Weekly drawing.

STEVE SCRUGS: Obtained information on soil simulant.

CHARLES CLINE: Located an off the self device that would both heat and

¢ool the soil sample for the penetration test. Contacted vender to size

the chamber and to specify the location of window.

NADIN ZAKHIA: Studied information of outgassing effects on soils.
II

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ORIGIr_AL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITy
SHEAR APPARATUS

INTRODUCTIONs

The direct shear test is used Co measure the shear strength

of sell under drained conditions. This test In well suited to a

consolidated drained teat because the drainase paths throush the

test specimen are short, thereby allowtn8 excess pore pressure to

be dissipated fairly rapidly. The test can be performed on all

sotl materials end on undisturbed or remolded samples. A

relatlvely thln sell specimen Is placed In 8 rlald box that is

divided horizontally tnCo two frames; the specimen is confined

under m vertical (normal) stress and a horizontal force is

applied so as to fall the specimen alan8 a horizontal plane st

Its mid point. Cenerally a minimum of 3 specimens, each under 8

different normal stress, are teated.

Several other shear testtn8 systems have evolved tn the last

few years. Some of the most elantftcent developments are

presented st the and of this section. The btexial apparatus

developed by Professors Vardoultkss and Droscher and the simple

sheer apparatus developed by Professor Budhu are available only

from Geotest. The rtn8 shear and debris flow apparatus are

available throuah exclusive 88raemants vtth the respective

maflufectnrers,

MOTORIZED DIRECT RESIDUAL SHEAR APPARATUS

Ceotast manufactures 3 different direct shear machines.

These machines offer a combination of features not available from

any other manufacturer:

Pneumatic application of consolidation load

Automatic residual sheer feature

Tension and compression load cell for measurement of shear 6nd

residual shear stress

Rapid return feature

Easy access to shear box

Dlaltal display of rate of strain

Coneol£datlon end sheer loads up to 2,200 Ibf (10 kN) standard

Speed controlled steplessly to within +/- 11

Use of corrosion resistant materiels throuahout

Extremely compact in jilt end attractive in appearance

Guaranteed easiest all defects for 2 years

Kade and serviced in U.S.A.

Applyin8 consolidation load pneueatlcelly means that

virtually any sample slze can be accommodated without chanain8

welaht sets, as Is necessary on lever loaded unite. Loads can be

appXted Instantaneously and without impact. There is no effect

from ambient vibration. Mhen plactns the shear box in position,

the vertical loadin 8 frame can be easily removed to provide easy

access to the sample.

Performin$ residual shear teats is automatic. The operator

sets a maximum travel and then besins the sheer test. When the

preset po£nt is reached, the machine automatically reverses
I

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The follovlng 3 models of motorized dlrecti residual

apparatus are available:

$2213 HOTORIZED DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS

This machine offers all features previously described.

Normal load Is indicated on a 6n diameter teat gage accurate to

I/4 of I percent. Rate of strain Is digitally displayed.

Consolidation and sheer strain are displayed by respectlve dial

indicators included. Shear and residual shear stress are soused

by • compresslon-tension load cell and displayed in I Ibf

increments or In international unite on a dlaicaZ readout vlCh s

measured 2 volt output to interface with recorder or computer.

Any single size shear box, housing, cutting shoe and extruder up

to 4X4n Is included. No •thor accessories ere necessary.

Cepaclty Is 2,200 lbf (I0 kN) for normal (_onsolldatlon) and

shear loads Speed range (strain rate) Is .0000_ to .0_0 Inch

(.OOC5 to _3 rim) per minute. A rapid return feature permits

quick ropositzonin8 st sad of test. Speed is controlled to

better then +/- IZ Of mat point. Standard voltage

characteristics are 115 VAC. For 230 VAC, specify S2213-3.

Shipping Weights 190 lbm (87 ks); 10 cu. ft.

$2215 DIGITAL DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS

This machine is a completely instrumented version of S2215.

Both dlal indicators have been replaced with LVDT-dial indicator

combinations and digital displays. The 6 w test gauge has been

replaced by • pressure transducer which o_splays normal load In 1

lbf increments or kgf on • digits1 display. All 4 displays have

measured 2 volt analog output to interface with s recorder of

computar. A fifth display with no output indicates exact race

of strain, Size and weight is Sane as $2215. Apparatus is

furnished complete with one shear box and accessories up to 4X4"

(see description of S2215). Standard voltage characteristics are

115 Vat. For 230 VAC, •pacify S2215-3,

$2216 STRESS STRAIN DIGITAL DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS

$2216 has same digital displays as S2215 but includes

additional Instrumentation to permlt performance of controlled

stress shear tests as well as controlled rats of strain tests.

An additional controller permits loud to be applied at s constant

race of stress which is set st the operators option. Size and

weight is sane as S2213 end S2215. Standard voltage

characteristics era 115 VAC. For 230 VAC, specify S2216-3.

ACCESSORIES

$2228 Outer Shear Box Housing

The houstn8 Is machined from cast nays1 bronze and is

highly resistant to corrosion. It has 8re•yes St bottom to

assist In drainage of saturation rater. This housing will

accommodate any Gsotest shesr box up to 4X4" (IOXIO cm).

S2230 Shear Box 212" (5.04 X 5.04 ca)

3

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_-°

52208 LEVER MOTORIZED DIRECT/RESIDUAL

SHEAR APPARATUS

This apparatus, not nnnufactured by Geotest, offers a lover

cost method to perform direct and residual shear tests then

$2213, 15 end 16 previously described. Its features and quality

compare very favorably to other foreisn manufactured shear

apparatus mow boise sold in the U.S.A.

Any size standard shear box up to 4x4" (100xl00 ms) can be

• ccommodated. The vertical load is •pplled to the specimen by a

lOs1 lever losdln8 system. The carriaae is mounted on low

friction ball track•. Shearln8 load is applied by an Inflnately

variable electronic drive unit vlth •cruel rate of strain

diaitslly displayed. Speeds can be varied fro• ,001 to 1.2 •n

per minute. The carria8e constructed of non-ferrous material

con_ains the 2 halves of the brass shear box.

Two dial indicator• measure respectively consolidation and

sheer strain. I provtn8 rim 8. 3 kN capacity, •ensures shear

stress. Four limit •witches prevent overrun in •my direction.

Residual shear test• •re accomplished by reversins travel.

M•xi•uu horizontal travel is 40 mm. Ippsr•tus includes •11

necessary •cce••oriee except shear box which •usa be ordered

• ep•rstely. Standard vetaht set of 50 k s total ts included.

Dtmensto•s •re 44x23x46" (l100xS80xl160 an). St•ndard voltaae is

115 VlC. "For 230 VAC, specify S2208-3.

Shtppin$ Yeiahts 570 lbs (259 ha)! 42 cu. ft.

Accessories for $2208

52208-A Shear Box 2.5" diameter.

The shear box includes 2 porous •tones and adapter

into shear machine c•rri•ae. Sample i• 1" hiah.

to flt

$2208-B Shear Box 60 nn diameter.

$2208-C Shear Box 60z60 an.

$2208-G Shear Box lOOxlO0 am.

Sample cutters and tempers for above size• are •1•o avail•hie.

S2340 POETABLE DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS (LST)

This •ppsr•tus makes it possible to study mechanism to

initiate debris flows as undrained shear of loose sediment in

sttu. LST refers to Land Slide Testina. Dr. KyoJi S•ooa is the

inventor of the LST.

The complete apparatus is carried in • ltsht, aluminum

alloy, attache type carryia8 case. Means •re provided to take

an undisturbed sample •es•urin8 20x20x10 cue saturstin8 the

• ample and immediately perfornin8 the test. Normal load is

applied by newts8 a weight ales8 s sraduated lever arm. Shesrins

force is applied vlth • hand screw Jack, The shear box has an

upper and lover portion which ere free to •eve durln8 test. A

200 ksf provin8 rims and ruler measure shesr stress and strain.

5

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILleTED
The coeplete apparatus supplied includes matched set of

proving rings, 50 k 8 of welsh•s, consolidation dlal indicator,

sample prepare•lee rlnss wlth hollow punch and porous stones.

Overall dimensions are 70x70xl_5 ca. Voltage requirements ere

115/60/I. For 230/$0/I, specify $2350-3.

Shipping Vetght: 500 lba (227 k8); 30 cu. ft. ,_

$2360 RING SHEAR TYPE DEBRIS FLOW APPARATUS

This apparatus •leo invented by Dr. KyoJt Sassa is now being

used by the U.S. Geological Survey to study mechanism in

liquified land slides including debris flov. in use a sample is

placed in a ring type sheer box referred to as 8 sample box and

saturated vith rater. The sample box consists of an upper half

ring .and • lover half ring and the sample sheers along the

Junction of the tvo rings vhen a turning •eve•eat is applied to

the lover half ring vhile the upper half ring re•sins stationary.

A v•rtic•l load is applied to the sample vhile the torque and/or

turning anglo •re being measured as the sample is sheared.

O.D. of sample box is A8 ca; I.D. is 30 c• and over •11

height of upper and lover halves is 9 ca. Shearing force is

provided by • •errs motor. The high speed range using the motor

driv• is useful in performing liquefaction taste vhile the lov

speed range is race•mended for drained shear tests. Usia8 the

serve drive provides a controlled rats of strsin test while using

the serve drive with feedback allows testing to be dons under

controlled rate of stress conditions.

V•rtical (norms1 loading) is dune pnou•atlcally vlth air

prov£dod from •n air compressor. Load is applied evenly over

o•tire top surface of sample.

Load calls measure vortical and shearing forces; turning

an$1e is measured by • potentio•eter; volume change by a dial

indicator and differentia1 transfer•or| vortical displace•eat is

measured vith • dial indicator. The following & properties are

digitally displayed on electronic readouts with outputs that will

Interface to • data recording system or computer If desired• ts

vertical load, shearing torque, turning angle and volume change.

Here detailed information on this apparatus as well ss

copies of papers presented by Dr. Sassa are available upon

request from Cosiest.

SIHPLE SHEAR APPARATUS

INTRODUCTION

A simple shear test - 8 plane strain test in vhich the

prlnclpal axes of stress and strain rotate-closely spproxleates

the conditions likely to occur in 8 sell •ass in •any practical

situations. There are seversl very interesting simple shear

devices bein 8 sold throughout the vorld. Almost all are nov

based on the Norvsgian Geotechntcal Institute (NGI) design vhtch

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
/

5. The device can be controlled manually or by s computer.

6. Digltal readouts are standard items for normsl stresses, sheer

stresses, pore water pressures, vertical and shear displacements

and volume change. For cyclic tests, a six channel high speed

strip chart recorder £s recommended and can be provided.

S2AOI BUDHU SIMPLE SHEAR APPARATUS

Vertical load is mpplled pneunatlcally in a system similar

to our direct shear apparatus ($2213, 15, 16). When placln8 the

shear box in position, the vertical loading frame can be easily

removed to provide emsy access to the sample and load cell.

Vertical and shear displacements arm measured by speclally

de•imned LVDT'm end dimitslly displayed, Normal stress, •hear

stress and pore pressures arm measured by a special load cell in

the center of the top platen 8nd di$itslly displayed with •

measured output for connection to s computer or recorder.

Additionally the apparatus has an IEEE-488 interface. Nazimum

vertical •tress is 1500 kPa. However, a higher capacity can be

provided

If cyclic and closed loop control is not required, n lower

cost drive system mtmilsr to that provided in our direct shear

apparatus can be offered. The system provided in $2401 ts •

fully automated serve-controlled apparatus with capability of

applying static or cyclic (up to 2 Hertz) simple shear loadin8 to

the sample under drained or undrained conditions to s maximum

applied shear aires• of 1500 kPa. The system is capable of

applying load under both strain-controlled and stress-controlled

conditions. Loadln$ can be controlled manually or by a computer.

To achieve sample uaturatlou, buck pressures to I000 kP8 can

bm applied. Pore pressure can be msnsurod throumhout rill test

phases. All components in contact with sample pore fluid ere of

corrosion resistent materials. Soils ramming from loose sands,

d/latent silts and soft to very stiff clays can be tested.

A separate control panel, similar in appearance to S§424.

monitors and controls back pressure, dimltally displays pore

pressure mad volume chasms.

Any size sample square (or circular if desired) can be

provided up to 70x70 mm (or 2.8 w dlsmeter). Standard sizes now

available are 45z45 and 65z65 am. The sample is enclosed within a

rubber membrane and surrounded by square articulated teflon

costed rings Apparatus Includes one size shear box and sample

preparation accessories which permit both tube and stiffer

trimmed •nmples to be conveniently installed.

The basic simple shear apparatus occuplostable space of

40z16". The control panel measures 23x12x40 1/2 w. Additional

space should be provided for s 6 channel recorder, data lesser.

printer etc. if needed. Computer software is being developed

and viii be available in a short period of time.

9

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The 8o11 specimen is a rlsht rectansular priam wlth

dimensions IAOx4Oz80 mu. Two opposite faces are supported by

walls enclosed between two rigid walls Inducln8 plane-straln

conditions. The speclnen Is surrounded by a thln rubber

membrane. The axial load Is klneaatlcally applied by an enlarsed

upper plato sulded to Frevent any tllt or eccentricity. The

bottom plate Is enlarsed and horizontally 8ulded by a linear

besrln$ parallel to the plane of deformation. All the surfaces

In contact wlth the specimen are glass lined end lubricated to

minimize friction. The assemblase Is placed Into a conventlonel

trlazlal ceil in • loadln8 frame, in order to apply the conflnlu8

pressure and to drive the top plate vertically.

Internally located 1osd-cells allow for accurate measurement

of "the azlsl force, its eccentricity and the friction alone the

side walls. LVDT displacement transducers monitor the axial and

the lateral displacements of the specimen, and the horizontal

movement of the bess plate. Additional modifications to the

apparatus will permit measurement of pore pressure and

intermediate principal stress.

$2600 is the basic btaztsl apparatus less the various

LVDTes. load calls, and transducers needed to completely

instrument tht• apparatus. The cell and instrumentation are

listed separately. The load frame recommended is SS720, $5721,

or $5722.

OTHEE SHE&R TEST APPARATUS

E-280 POCKET PENETROHETER

The pocket sotl penetronetor is 8 frequently used instrument

for clssstfytn8 soils. It is a sprin8 operated devtce used to

measure compressive strength of soil by pushin8 s 8round and

polished 1/4 a diameter loadtn8 piston into sot1 to • depth

of .25". The end ares is .OS square inch. I special adaptor

foot is available as an option for use in very sensitive 80118.

Compressive load in tons per square foot or KS per square ca

is Indicated by resdin8 ,tale on piston barrel. Haztmun rosdtn8

reached Is shown by friction flus. L plastlc csrryln8 case wlth

belt loop Is Included. Length 6 1/4".

Shlppln 8 Waisht= 11b (.45 ks) | .I cu. ft.

E-281Penetroneter A_apter Foot 1" diameter.

E-28S TORSIONAL VANE SHEAR DEVICE

This vane taster is used to rapidly detsrntne sheer etrenach

of cohesive soils in the fie1# or laboratory. Xn use the vaned

foot is inserted into a flat soil surface and the upper portion

is turned davelopin8 tncressin8 torsional force until the soil

shears. The maximum roadln8 retained by the pointer Is recorded

and then manually returned to zero. The standard vane device has

8 medium vaned foot and a scale of 0 co 1TSF or Ka/sq. cm. in .05

units. A wrench is included to replace standard vane vlch

sensitive (E-288S) or hlsh cspaclty (E-285HC) vaned foot. The

11

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ORiGI;,|AL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
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Apollo 12: Penetrometer

(Surveyor 11I)

Apollo 12: Vacuum

Direct Shear

Apollo 12: Direct

Shear (Surveyor III)

Luna 16 & 20: Direct

Shear and Coulomb Devtce

Hitche11 (1970)

N/A Jaffe (1971)

0-0.7 28-35 Carrier et al. (1972b,

1973c)

0.1-3.1 13-56 Jaffe (1973)

3.9-5.9 20-25 Leonovtch et al. (]974,

1975); Gromov et al.

(1971)

Assumed

Hean of 69 values

Hean of 25 values

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i u .._-,-.- i u_ lum, vru_l WL '.U_ '_"w'_l. CmU_"_._'l ll_l_l) II Wll.ll_llll 101" _. I,I_ 91Je _. $UilICl WDm '+---. -- .

;"'" -'- *."he,"" the°onehet.e,.-, ,e imumucnutwomlrdso(mlmcvcm mm+,i+++r.m,m++;-___m-l,,*".+.._-,;....,..,, so. --

--y co,st_ oi' _ o_ _ dm_l<kr. |IV il_'U+c Im_'_mrs. '-- ""_l _ u_, .... "_"." "" - + - - v,or_n- ego

effect hi _ to _ days. N_nt II-..'1"_ _m_.f m_v _ ,. _ " • --_.A _l_F'uture _ snows one euml_e c_.no.w ,., _"_m,_i_ _"

......... _ ..... " --- "_ 141 _ "." -- drluU¢ Iold ten cml 4urml "" .':"--- duc_r_l, sO4Pl_losl_ly lu_tmth¢]_Y • - • the Imc_hnllOft

..n¢lxl6oa mSiSULm:_S) It the suffsc_ by nine(s) olx_ned _ dlt sUmdazd _"ql | _ll"_ple pressure wnc* ml con+ naples _ .S.3 Drift

able device such Is • hydraulic or e1¢¢- l_, IAr-.-,ll4m_4/Pe_tmm_trL. _ _+IP_I'..• - .......... -'"s friction re- exceedlnl ds "

m°.. c__ .°r. w''ml nl_" " - 4.2 1 Co_ P¢_IPo_Pt+P--(#) /_lw_ l __.-_tain._soonuspossibieafterthe v'_'.'_ :" _n

I_silmfor in electr_-cemepecm_Pometer . e._ .._ I_ J. Uil_ .I • push rods

...... ..... .._.... .+ ,- ,) -, .+;_,.,

,.z r--,.---_.._....--k-4 ,.m ........ u=lxu_ummm"uPtmli ---din + ,++, ..... r--- ; .... +i d an

• -- • .,,,,._ --.,=..-.-+, _ .... ,_ n_..-- ,6 coon I_sistucl al • _I ,_--r+_ ...... I_rU -''_ o_ ""

............ ,. _ ._ :_. _-usum._ i • qlJi I_ rls_su_ceis Cmml_l P-_ ........

........ pout (see .2..I) _ rill dow_llll_ | mT_asr - " " -- -- "-'0 _a- ransm,ts u_ crusmmlr -lures to •om --" _"- _-r ro_-mlJ.JVem ,_.:---_--| ..'--. _"" - ...... ooso'_u n.

,.4- o i:_.-,,._._ _ _ u+_u_ u. _ umu=__._,+ s_;muv_ ._ im _ •..&l IO_t_ rentwomergr+: .=-...k;.

mull system. _..,_,..,,+-,.,_,+ v,+ne._-._- _..L _++_ . . -._,,_ .._..,.Jw----:, . • "- --_- -able w...,--.- nl

d ..n ----:* -_";-,'-_"- "A'----'e -'_ re- It,/_ .+,me. m_'al step tO- _ III li 413.1 I uSml continuous e_cu_ + , .,.. ,.,,

,--+ ............. cimt three o=m +sS rodsmr.ol__ikl + _ m+ thelush m<h.. ...... by

r,g over each push rod'-kul_ interval - extinded tip _ Id_anc+ it to • _ Ittco_d the LoJdlJ t_nl_S) v_th tl_ Note any on

- +

• " " " -- • " • " " " + - +. " • " "" U

_.

" _ • 4 - • y " .(20 m). . ::++-•lllm_'n_mi+mm)Omcone e+ " : +oq, on::_ i-'y" shows one desil_ for an eke- • 2 2 Fr_&m.Co_,+ Pe_tromem';I _Lt _,,,d the redsumce, or cone ._._. ,

"" " ! " " " . ......... . r-'_-" Cb

m,o_..o_, t+_. m__!. up.. .. ,m. i,m=m>m+t., d.+-.'mdm4.UI_[ i _ re+m), r.i,_ce, coot,,,- s4 w,

. l+w_rg mac4me--IDml aul+'mne sou ........ I_ --It" ....... _niCrvlls of " I_

;_ ..... ..,_..,..,.+._. _.e._.. ^_.. oo_uo two rl;lumlacl$ oanall _l_mli I_lmb deplb of note tuem iu .;v. _+._s

................ v. ..... : ......... =__ ...L .=- .._ __ - _d J).l_S *--* ........ ._---m • ...... of

el_i ___i_ llke+ m m.mll_ _,41 _ I=XlLIgU:MUCI lull Li3_ U_ 1_34_g ri_. _ . ii m no_ exce_rl_ ill uI. t_uj m Jr. elLA i_n e,

-._- i._-+, .--- +-+ v--. ,w -+-l-.- ..k,.;. m. e_ _.;cr._-. a.r;.. I_ III! at... _. • .r..+.,.A;.. obl_a • .-- r--

macmnemu._ao aneemlpeneu'om ",,J,*_,ofl_. exte_lion Wh_tl_lm_l_llk,i.-, ..r--.,: _ - 1- 412 lad check l_r_ . lso

i • coosr._t r_e while r_ mnlmmde o( _, .,._ .: ........ • _.,_ -'-wu !!_ Ikkl_ I! *-- ............ +' -'- .... rid- or surfa

.... _ .......... •....... " Ilneve oblam • second measuRm_l mw• qkmd ren_P o_ reegl_e the tip if" this check --- . -'

• . " . .--- r'-- • $clll.che"

>Ti .t--D_p _. _ .mUnip....Im_. Iotai r_stanee of thl cone plus dll ikll | |IiI sedsfletov/ fo_ d_ iccuracy des_ _ ___ IiJrellUU1L_(_f_lll¢lst:llosst431_). +..,..___,,.'-_ ._,.._ .L_., ..... "-,o-_ ; • (Ira," ...... +..s _, Jrs

• modem a_hiMs me kylkluMc pisto_l _ _im+-_uou ipvc_ tag s.ccv_ _g_+_------" ::.. II _ n_sUL_ce ¢ompooellllsJ. r+ ......

1,0. ,,+_ _ _,, No., '0--_L_= .Or.m.,-,j__:_. I m_ +.._.._ .., e,,<.,o,- +-_,;_.t "+

,, _. ..... •. m mo-gm_m m urn=up ._q_,--,. ++ m __, +tO_tlO4 OJ Ffi¢fioq _ionl r._,, _, .'el

-_e _[ _J_ st_IC--_nE'uS[ macmne re- hlcSo_ meism_alenl (_ No_ 14)..,,d,_Pl lmlll+,-,TS,t,,m .... t',h;_ frictiOn reduction l,lined a

;S • SUDS, Static rellct_lL Neon.. iI--TI_ soil kictioe &k)_l ml %-'..:,._ il Ib'-- --- t-.r-. ......... = ...... _._ th¢_ re

7 "- t-- J " - --_+'+-d - ,.l_l_n_o_edmmt_loldo_tl_ +__.j.,_l_ II +.. _mmascmepe_etrometero.epm_a_,u_,- . .

7':_.+-_ _';+_,,+:_:' co,,d -x ._+_,...<.._, ",-+"_'+.."',_IP" .o,,o,+,c, -y +e.nce, he- d++., o.

¢,.dlrlym tlm=sur_eorKir-_'_elai'+n. _+ml _ql_ I_ _ i_ll_l_| _ n_sllm:e ¢ompoa+n. determmed by ri._o, o, +e

_,, _,,+,_ • _ and electric bps us noted m 1.3. 1_ pc he

. ......... .:. _'I[ roll'reliSh the frk:doa r_ducden, iouo- l:_tmeer )b-

.l Ge_Pr_: 4.Z.J K¢cormng uora--lO OO_" • hi

i

ed

on

+ "---: ,ce

_1.'' "-- IL id-

- _ _:-"_'-.-:."._-_-.,+.,.._,,.__._._._.---_-_,_,:_-_ . -

_" + :_:::" :_: ++?=i_ ","--_-:-'-+.:-:";- .-

_- _ " - ,=._;" +, .-: ._..,i.-. "T,: " -.,-Z - . _+- "

.... ., . .+ :..+ . _ . +. , .. ..<!_,- -_':..:.,_...-+..: -" ..:.;..

+_+_:+

ORIGIP+AL PAGE IS :-'-1:

OF POOR QUALITY
_.l MecAa_cal Pemrtrometera: •$.1.1 lm_rr Rod Fr_c_on--So_ paw6cles

and conosioo can incressedie friction be.

tv,c_n inner rods and pash rods. Ip_'l_

resuhb_l _,, _l_ficunt errors in the measuremeat of the resistance _mponeot(s). C3esn

and lubricate the inner rods.

.5.1.2 Weig4t of l.aer Rods_For ira.

proved accuracy at low values o(co_e resistawe. correct the thrust data to h_cbde the

accumulated v,e[ght c_ the inner g6cls from

the tip to d_e topmost rod.

_.8.3 Jamm£qg--Sofl parities bctween

s_cUn8 surfaces or bcn_q o( the dp may jam

Cbe mechamsm dural d_e many extemk)es

and co, apses of the telescopingmechanical

tip. Stop the s_ndi_ as soonusuncu'rectaCOI_APS[D • |l Ir_llllll_l I( i JJlilll_llik_ Ct

_
• --- ._
/f

/"

-.
/

/

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ORIGII_AL PAGE _$

OF POOR QUALITY

v

CONTENTS

r

+

=

PREFACE .............................

PART I: INTRODUCTION .... • ..................

Back_ud .............. _o,._,_..." ".'..:" .'..." "." "."

Apps_tck ...........................

PART -- zQmPMr.,rr AND StATZ_AUS ...............

v_mm r,.stUty ......................

Lm_r Sotl fdmalm_ ......................

TestCoehtfesrs . • , , , • o . . , • . .... • , . • ....

PART m: 8PECTMEN PREPARATION AND TEST PROCEDURES ....

Test Bpeolmeu ....

Coutstesr t_pport In tim Workt_ Clmmt_r ............

PART IV: DISCLq_OM AND PRESrNTATION OF TEST RESULTS ....

Prelimtnmr7 Tern

l.kmti_ Effects On SLmulmst ...................

Pump Down ud OutpsstnE T._ ................

Nltrotms Overlay Tests .....................

Thooreticsl _tiou .....................

PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........

REFERENCES ............................

TABLES [ sod H

FIGU'RES I-M

APPENDIX A - DIFFUSION OF GAS THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM

3

5

9

9

9

10

12

12

,°

12

1:

14

14

:4

14

16

IS

IS

17

2O

22

23

24

f

_J
mp...._ .. _

LUNAR BOIL STIMULANT STUDY, PKASE B

PART I, OUTGASSlIqG CHARACTERISTIC8

PART h INTNODUCTION

Bac_ud

I. A st_17 to develop • lunar soft stmuls_t whose physlcsl IM_vior in the

earth's frsvity finl4 spprozfmatse the behavior of hear soil in UI r_ced _vtty

field of the moon was tniUatod in Pineal Year I_M. Tha first phase of the study

which was completed and reported(l)" in April 1966. m to dmlop a mstorinL dostpsteal Type A Lunar Soil Stmulmst. _hich. in su sevtromnnt vtuTts_ frum stmospharie to 10 tort. would have certain ptucribod properties. Tbs material developed

under this phase _u 8prmmlsr sad m composed o£ ummthered _ rock,

cruslhmd msd procmse_! to fall within ths i_lulatlon hand showu on FI/psrl i. Othsr

pertine_ properUu tnoluded the foUowb_

a. n_dk cJm_ ¢rrse fatt _ ........... t.W0-liS0 kz/mS0JS-S0

_b Particle specific jTsvlty ............. $. 02-3,16

c. _ reflecUvtty (sibodo) ............ 0.0";-0.0S

__ StnhaZe under simulated estromuts _ISht

of 0.3S2 Iq_cm 2 (6 [bs/In. 2) ........... 2. S-5 cm (I-| In.)

S. The second phase of tho overall study requires • more severe euvlronmnt

for the testing. The Typ4 A slmuhmt developod durinl the inlthd phase of the study

was uded in the PhaD B invesUl_t(ou, The required vacuum level for the PhaN B

study varies from the roul_ng z.aup to 81pproxJ.m,atoiy bd0 -5 tort. Should tim

Type A stmuhmt prove unacceptable in the Phase B euv/roumeut, it will be

modified to approxin_to certain outgass/ng end thermal properties establtabed

from _trilor sthdtoe. The Phace B tnvesusntlon is broken into two part_:

(1) outlnssinl_ chavacteristice and _) thermal properties. Phase C of tbs overtU

study will test th_ lunar soil stmulant in u envtrmunent of l0 "8 tort and below.

This vacuum level s_roncbss that of th@ lunar surface Dd will provide • severe

test of the ability of the itmar soil slmuLtnt to meet prsecrtbed properties.

Purpoge and Scc_

$. Tbs purpo_ of th/s report is to presee_ the out4_usin| cbarscterlstics of'

the i_mulAn_ produced under the first phaJ4 study. The report Is limited to • dlqcussion o( the rnult_ o( cenditJoninlG out4ptssfniG and overlay experiment8 on the crushed

• RsISe_J I_mbers In psrlmthesls//_ore_cPs.

PRECED|NG PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED

. o .........
IIIII I I

oI

dlabaso material Problem stets that should be overcome so that rash-rated vacuum

chambers may be evscuatod to • specific pressuro with a minimum of delay due to

sfmulant outpsstng sro discussed. The results reported herein consUtute the first

part o_ Lunsr SoU 8imuhmt Study, Phsse B. described sbovo.

Annroech

"o

4. The ldifh vacuum factlity svslhd)le at then Laborttories wss used to detarmine tin outpsstn_ clnrtcterlstlcs of the stmul_nt. Tits tuta tncluded the toUowt_: " .

K- _ _ time required to pomp down to • spoctfic prossu:o,

k. OutSsss_ng rate st the spoctftc pressure, snd

£. The oetpsstnS chsrulntiaUcs of tlm slmulnt under repeated pump

oyr.les cl pump down sad represmrl_tJoe.

IS. "the espertmemml spproub in sccompltsh the work in this study tnvolvod

_Biderstloe of tiM, follovtnl; boksvlor characteristics _r the sSmulsnt tn the Phase n

envlrmment:

A- Becsnss water vapor is the most dlfftcult soerce of og_tsstng to

ollminsto, the simulant should be stored so as to ezcludo moislnre.

b_. CoedNoatng of tho stmul_t should be so desllpmd ss to remove

much edoorbod wster from tho h_torlor of tho matorlal u possiblo prior to placement

ia tim _ cimmber.

8. The toctmlquos employed tncluded couslderstioo o_ the tollowlnl:

_. Coedlt/onlnt of the matsr/sls m accompl/sbed by heaU_ all quantltlu _r the matlrisl In sir. The effocthreness of tb4 _ of precoadit/o_ml wts

ovah_tod by • set/as ot plots rohtUng p_ksure to time. Analysis or this data should

provide valuable iaslSht '-to ps losds In be ant/ctpatsd for larp quantities of me"

b_. Tho _ ot nitrogen overlays between successive pump down was

exam/nod to evaluats overall systlm charscterlsUcs under simulated day to day ope.rst/ons.

-_.c 8poclal e:n_pbasls wss placed on describing pump dov_ tn the rc_i_htng

so that • ccmpleto piclztre of ps loed ts • function of time could be obtained.

10
v

jd_ A closed form ooluUoa d tho one-d[monslonli dlffuadoo equltloat

obtatn4_ and tim tboorotlcal rolstlonaddp betwo_ pro88_ro sad depth within • miss

of admulut wss plottod.

ll
"\

I II

"b

-i"

"i

I

.:

i

o,

PART H: EQUIPMENT AND MATER_L8

Vs_ Tacl11_

V. _s h_h v8_ fs_-tllty used for this study coMtsts d three m_Jor cempaun_J: forq_nnp, dtffuiae pu_ 8rid wrk_q dtuhJr. Tb mtchniul foropu_

rs_d at 7.1 liters per second (IS cfm). provJdu Jsl_tl or rm_t pumpt_ don to •

pressure of adM_ 10 -2 tOrro st uhtch point the dIHustoa pump "s put Into tbo sym

by apeaJq a pao_nstio_y opero_od pro v'_vt, A ustor ooolod obev_ befl_ Is tn8ta_ b_RMm tbO _ prop nd flu e_ Io nlmtntn b_kJ_,untq. L

lS-e_ (_-ts.) e41 _ pump vinh s Nmt_l pumpln8 speed of 1440 Iltero por

seooed fJ06o.c_) provides the eq_blll_ o(s_ ttR JdSh v_ rues. Tits

pumpi_r speed d the sys_n is sftocted by coaductsace IosNs- (s_ at tbsent_ m

1hotnesS, b) tntbolb_Md, (_ Jatbep_ovslro, rod(d0 tntbseb_befflo. The

ioeses eamb4w to Mdue tbs sot ImmpIM speed to spproxlmstsly 111 II_ Imr

(M_dm). 'rbs working ebsmb_ eouises d a _ 46-4m (lS-k.) 8ttlsless •tee!

foodtbrouSb ooUar _ by a 44J-era ftS-b_) hofor by 46-cm (l|-fL) bfSh

_ bsll _r. A butyl rubber f_skst pTovJdu tbs prfncfpb bs/l fltr soel.

8. Prtsmt_ is m_ml_ored by three pups. A thsrn, oeouplo puss phtood in

tin _ l_s prairie• eud_qs In Ibo tool_s_ xsqo, ud Is uud prettily to

Inndk:_o _dn,m_ dlffuloa lpamp _ be •a_lvsled. Aee,ld uffnods _ p_qp_

pr_ddoau 8)tlssu_nz__ eqablll_ dam'n_ _ m_ 10"/W_'r rsnq_. Tbs Imnle

Is mo_mted in tbs tbro_ _ beU_Mm tbo u_-kt_g dmmber sn_ tbo _ Bed _IU

tbondoro Jndtcsto • preesuro samovhst iouer tbn 0m prem in t_ _ork_g ares.

A dual dumber los/sstlm gstJSs is mounts! la 8hs foed_-uq_h ooLhu, and pr_vldss

preen x_ltnss In tbs _oridsg r.bamber from 8tmospbsro doun b ths mid 10 -4 Iorr

ro_o. lJo4b laeisaUm gsusu 8_ro_ to t strip chart re¢or6sr _dltch ylalds a

_ontlmmes rocord a_ proHuro _Jrsus tbne _ •tmospbsro don Io ths ultlmsto pn_-

L_u_r Soft 8tmul_t

|. Tbs Type A 8/mulut wu uNd in tbs hdtlal phase d this study aed _ss

st_red tn • polyot_l_o 11nodtool d_um. Tbo qunt_ty to bo _sted .as dro,_n fr_

tills s_ocJgtlO. The moisturo ooetut of tbs stored 81muisnt was loss tlnn 1%dry

10.

Test ca•tabors

Four Isst co_al_rs wore used in this progrsm Jusdsro dsscrtbed more
J

r

J

r

!

t

t

l

!

i

[

i

i

F

1

fully fa Isbulsr tom below. Each eyBa_r ooufm ot s _ ot studArd sluml_sa

ptpo cut to _ sad _ to u sb_ _ plats. Tim four cyUndsrs _npr_ two Stoups d oatsl_rs based on nominal volume. The tailor voluzne A oretsar m used tot _ m_ority d _sta. T_ larpr volmu _ _t_t_rl were uaod

for uoparatl_ tom to provS_ • bssls tor estfmaUq ps _ bas_! oo either

_iume or surtaos

e

Ok:nmary _ C_tst_r Dim_ee_W

CN

WeiSht d

Test D/sm_sr I_ Am ¥olsme 8/muhust

C_rs m m m s m s

A 10.16 10.16 Sl. 07

B1 Z0.16 8._8 319.25

Bz 1_. 07 |S. 40 114. ,it

B 3 15. _4 ",S. 2< 183.

_3.87 I. 18

I(L_.X3 3.82

|784.41 3. 82

_eversloa Fsetor

em x O. _104 ,, incbu

cut 2 x O. 166 - squsre bschos

cm3 x O. OSl - cubic inches

_ xZ.So3, pounds

13

i

!

$

++

\

!

t

!
_L

! •

p

r.

I

f

PART m: BPECIMEN PREPARAT/OH AND TEST PROCEDb'RE8

_,t st_c_m

11. The 1_Tpe A stmulant tskm directly from the stoc1_ wu losdod Into the

_st container throush a c_ne-shspedbopper suppiledwtthaqulckqMmJ_ valve. The

d/staace h_m tbs valve totlM_bot_m _a_ts/ser Is :_-¢m (l_-In.). The slm.lsnt

was allou_ to fall frooly into oach em_nor, _t so _ _t _ms i W assets

uniformity d placement denstt_.

S_mplo, 8111.us_madoo_(xxtdttkmodum_ IvOr_St, b/tin

eoe_, i__ly_'=___. __wzss_

__y oo the _ mama. _ _ omt_ m ma_ _ _ve

roam tsm_rUn_. • ooadltJon sppros_su_i_ '..i 1_sso.t wu dsvelop0d.

IS. The temperatures to i _ i were _ provide

t brojd _ d b d_'t d prohttJq u shmllM edju_tq. Tire Aero Vac

CorporaUou(2) k_t/f_d water vspor as cbo prtmsry caiEued_ product at pressL es

c_ tho ordor of I x 104 tort. Tbs prtmary obJocflve d the ovm boattn_ was to drive

off _lc moisture as veil s_ ale more ti851d_ adsorbed _nttsr molKulos. Vey

snd N_soe_ lnvuUsa_sd _hs compe_tl_ d the ps dssorbed durb_ tin o_tSssstn8 of

_r _nd Ix.dsrs _I m.ds u t Itnctke d tsapert_mr_. 1"oq _ 'k-t _

co_positJo, d b l_J wls q_ro:i_t_/! b ns_ br ill ,.,i _ _ t_/t

predam/ns_(xx_t/tmmtpsmltsrvspor, hrtlurmore. _stotalq.anUt_ofSu

e,_Ived b,c_ued wlth tsmperat_re to s mui_ st shout 400° C. Tts proport/on _

tb/s i _ __ to ur_tor vspor also _ to • mazhnum at this

tompers_n_. Fl_m th/s ovldm_, it rosy be inferred that bssthq the 8fmul_nt Ix)

in ez_ss o_ _ C ,dll be _ t_ ee_ustnS by supply_c enerl_y to

remove the more t/Oily boundwater moleculu sdsorbed on the shnul_t pert/cles sur-

_tCe8.

Co._.r Smoort In _, Workt_ Clamber

14. IniU_ly, ;be aontslners were placed in the vscuum chsmber o_ • stsLnless

steel ptsto that measured 40.6-c:n (16-1=.) in clbune_r. Tho pht_oNned as a positive

14

OR!G!NAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
|

i

!

!

prou_U_ for the j_n_p should say fW,_u'fnf oc_tr u4dch u_ould spill tim s/mul_t aut

of the coatnlner. _ it _ts verified that pyserb_ does not present • problem uhm

pumping occurs _ hotrod matorls], the plato was repltcod wl(b • stainless stoel mesh

c_ts_tnf0.e4-cm (0._ln.)openin_. JWoftbs 160OCrasweremsdeontbo

mesh. Altbo_h s_mo red_cttce tn pumping speed m snttcJ_ted when the plato vms

used, tlm e/_at _ not appear to Im too _t.

15

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
y

p

PART IV: DISC_SION AND PRESENTATION OF _ RZSULq_J

PreUmtnary Tern

IS. Beforo start/n8 tim rut seriss, several prol_lnary pump dons were

completod oe uncm_t/omd materiel to develop tscbniqun for control of l_m-'_qr_

if modod. Geyser_r _ts observod repeetsdly, bet was surly eoetrolled by bleedl_ dry

ultrosmb_to tbouptoslrvsl_s. TIUstsclm_esrslmdtbspressurefJlbsckamber

to t level above the crtUctl pysertnf presmre (4_J tort), and permtttod the ps to

eoeepo frem tlm 8hnulmt ud Im lmmped amty Jn s nas-vlol_t mmm6r. Tim up to air

valve muld thee be ©loood gra&mlly and Immp don pmmeded wi_mtt 8eymrtng.

Goymrl_. wbmuaeoatrolled, eeeblbequltovtolent. In mmeeam8, p_eredmato_-

lal was found s_bstqaC to tim inside tep mnq_ee d am bell Jar. u well u tbrmqbma

tbo warSdq ebsmber sad thrmt. 8ubmquaet tosts oa emditkeed mstorlad thst did mot

p3mer _ro _ bscam of errs_ bebsvior tram tbs odd osUnds 8mSm.

Tlds behavior ues s_ to stein8 bsmma tbs estbodo sad tbs snodo ef tbs 8su_.

It t8 bolleve_ tkat omno d tim tim dust emittod durl_ lge_i_nd_ was oloetroetatlesll 7

8_ Jo an eleetrod_ amJ _ the dtm_ _ 8m_e _ ud

en_ permature d_oebax_. After tboru_ _ wttb pumJ_ ebmJeal m_.vmt.

and _trama_ teelmiq_l, tim _ opemUoe m_wed to mrmal mid m dmermal

Imlmv_r wat dmorv_l tlmrmft_.

Boathz Effect8 oe Jtta_Jant

11. A color chmq_/n tl_ stmulat boesme sptMursntafter tbo matsrtal wss

bmtsd D _So C. X-ray d/ffncUoa ssslysh, on ssmpl_s o( baksd ud uabs]md s/mulsnt _ essmstlally no oa_pos/t/oml dlflhrrlee. It lsbeltmmd dmt tbs but

csused Fo l_s comslnod Is ths feldspsr msd ir_om_ to tinge from mmbtnod forra_

8rid forrio lr_ Io elUmr adl forrous Irm or all for3_ troL 8ac_ a chup _11_ners//y muse s mlmrsl to _ UKhtor ht coSor. _ ordsr _n ms/utto Ute ms4_ni_de o(

color ebmq_s, rumples _uncondlUoaod, IS0o Cces_tioeodssd:_So ¢coodldoeod

matorlsl were subJoctod to Munu_ color ebsrt ualysis, la sddlU_e to tin color ov81-

ustl_, _ reflec_vit7 mesJure_ents _re ts_s ee ssmples e_ uncou_tSmod sad

5_$o C eosdlUomd stmulat. Tbsre _ms no meeeurs/_ d_erm_s tn slbedo withl_ the

s_cumcy of _ pbo_metsr esed. Tbe remdts tre mnmrl_ u tollm_:

16

i
J

/ .-

/

/

//

/

Optical Property Chuo Due to Heatins

8sepia

CondtUoabs

History

UncondSUosod

1s0 ° C

325 ° C

Muneall Color

Deaortpttou

Moderate Olive

Gray

Dark Yellowish

Broqm

Dark Yellowish

Brown

Munsall Color

Number

sY 4/2

10YR S/2

10YR 4/4

Albodo

1'.0

7.0

pump Down ud OUtlFtntnc Tests

17. G4me_. Previous JnvesUptors have repe(4r_<l ) pump down times measured

in bouts for their etudlee. Vey And Nelsc_t°t, sad JstYet s. smoog others, required

pumping times to mtnlmlse the posalt_llt7 d disturbinz the soil structure during

cvacustkm. Pump down times were Ioq partly because o[ the cuq_asaing ot the fine

minerel powders used and partly becsuea tssUng wee to be accomplished at a Tscuum

level spproschinc that o( the lunar surface. Other invesUipttors expanded a great deml

o( effort to incure clean particle surfaces prior to teatinS. CondIUcob_ o( szuupins

prior to tostLuK bev_incindsd chemical baths(5), bekocut in vscuum(6).).(7)(_ • zrindfnz in

an inert atmospberoOJ), sad cleavalpt o( sp_imns in wun_nua_P. Although these t_hnlques are necoeaary for test/rig in be r_! vac_mm, they are not believed to be osuential

for tests to be accomplished at 1 • 10 "u tort.

18. Pump Dovn T..eats- Flpres 2 thresh 9 are m series of pressure versus

time curves showing pump down times for the two temperatures used for comllUcuing

and for the two qusntttles o( elmulant. Flip,tea 2 and 3 show the pump down curves

sfter roqhbq; for the 1. S.Iq (2.64-1b) sample for difforlnE _ of eucposure to each

o( the condlUoed_ temperst,-'el. Yk;ures 4 and S repeat these curves for the 3. 8-kK

_. 38-1b) samples placed in the 61 container. Fi_res 6 and 7 are of the same type for

the 3. 8-_ (8.38-1b) sample placed in the B2 container. Fil_re 8 compares the pump

down thnes between abe 1.2-I_ (2.64-Ib) and 3.8-kg (8.38-U)J samples baked at the

IS0 ° C temperature for 24 hours and for 64 hours. In Figure 8 the curves from

Fibres 2 through 7 are abstracted to show a band of values embracing the rsrq_ of

exposure Umea. Fil_tre 9 presents a comparison of the pump down curves bet_en the

17

ORiGTrJAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

!
L

/

I

.o

two q_nUtioe of 81mulut oxpot_d f_ 14 I_zrs to 08_ of tbo temperatures.

II. C_ttttoninE Period. The l_sults of tits outpsstnt esperimmsts sre

shown Ist Fl_ros 2 thrmq_S sndfnTsbloL Zschof tbsflpros sbov tlmt, bsseMr81,

u the pertod o( ozpoeure to the b_tod emir_.ment tnc_sees, the time ruqulred to

sttzin • 8tyro pressure decreues. For each sot d ms, bove_r, tbs relsttve

Jmprovemmt for oscb J_ont o( ezpomro time docruMe. This sulEosts tbo posslbtllty ar apUmizinf exposure Un_ rehdive to elspsed time nscesury to resch tin

vu_m hn_ldeslre_ F_ the v_m system ued md for Ibe quutflloo d simulsnt

_t_ tim _um 4NJM_[tJOtt_ tJaO W ogtlmlJod Jo b4JJ4 ]NJ_Fs.

SO. C_oadJt_ul_ Tmnnersture. The _ effect d bsstt_ the s_tsnt

Jo _o¢ ts spVarut from s compsrism _ pefn of f_uree (FlSzre Z with 3; 4 with s_

sad S u_tlt 7) _ _ s stplttmnt _ tn pmnp dram Ume rupdrml to

resck sty selected prsmre. Tbs idsbsr tsmperslure evtdsat/y tnU_du_e • 8Tester

smt d gm'ms/emrly into the mus ems_ tits mm tisktly bored 8ss _

to deso_ mm rmdfly Id be pumpod oet mm qul_dT. Those mm ffSbfly brand

ue sot s_Uvs_ toss 8zut mt marne by the lover tseqwrn_re _est,

ssd _ bioed eet ov_ s Imgu" per_ ot m_.

21. Reduct_utnP_inE'Ftm_Due_H_tb_. FIstreSmmuurl_the

e_ect d cmdtticelz_ t_npertt_ at _e apUm_m |4-boer e.zposm period for the

threequ_s_t_ofs_elznt. IssUcues, pu_ln_Umerequlredtormchlzl0 -s

terr ws redeced for mmplos eugead _o _UO C relst_ to staples espoeed to lSOO C.

q'bo sevt_ la ttme rosy bo espreseed tn tbs form of a perceata_ re6sctim tn time

bssedo_atsioeserperto_ lnsUmuJu, pempt_tmerequtredto_er.hlzl04 tort

ms reduced by sppz_tm_oly 7S5 for _ qmmttlos esposed to the htSS_ tempers_re.

A slmfl_ _ rosy be msds botNen uscoud_tSoeed sUnub_t md hosed stmuhntt.

la tbsso euu. Uto esvt_s In ttme smant to X. 65 fo_ ssmplos bN_d _n _LS_ C snd

J_ forssmplesbse_tol_0°C. Gb,_dy. evmtbsionr _mpersture ¢oedmcet_

ts ef_ ts tmprov_ o_ersU pe:Y_

_t. RedueUoutnPumntn_TtmoD_etoCoudittoeb_Pe.-tod. FlsureSccmo

paros pemp down curvoa for tbo dtf_rmt quuUtios o( stm_dant mqpoeod to sn

estlroamemt d 1S0o C for 14 bouts msd _or b6 _. Reforuce to tbi8 fl_re 8rid to

Tsblo I shows some tmps_suet In requtred pump don time for osr_h quutity. Tbs

percmtsSe reductim in ttme for tin ,q 8rid lJ_ qmumttes sre respectively S 8rid S_.

However, IRe percentile roductl_ for tbs B1 quntit7 Is 14_. Tbs wider coetstner.

B1, sppls_atly permits more ef_clmst removsl o( Ins bocsuu of tl_ fr_tor cross

sectSm_ aru ssposed to the vsctnms uvirmsment. However, the reductice of time

obUtl_d duo to tbs lot_r period of bs_t_ is not believed to be slSnttlc_nt.

J3. 4_Mly_ds o( Pump Dos_ Curves. AnsJys/8 of the sh_pos o( the pu_p down

emrves 8bo_n an Ftsure 8 bslps to dsflne tbs chsrsctsr o( m_t_ssln_. Tbs b_tUa] poL_t

18

ORiGiNAL PAGE iS

OF POOR QUALITY
fJ

f

f_

o

r - ÷ /

so

.f ./

m_ each curve is the first pressure resdl_ recorded after the diffusion pump ,mas

octl_Ltod. The final points rspreseats pressure fillips when esch test was tarm_-

,-ted, and should not be interpreted as Um ultimate pressure of tim system for the

given qpmatity of soil. Tho curves are r_soBably iinusr through most of t]Mlr lengths.

The fact that the slopes are spproxinmtsly parallel 8hews tbst the pumplqt rata Is

couianl into the low iO°$ tort rule for all qusnUflus tasSeL Tbe curves are nonlinetr st the start (lndicstJqr • bust7 lu load which must be removed before staedy

sins• pumpin z ca,, proceed), sad at tbo sad (indicating thst both virtual slid reel 8ystsm

leekslp is sppr_eldnqr tbe pmping espscity of the system).

Z4. I_ The I_gth of Ume rqulr_ll to reulh down II_rore sour•rise d tbe diffusion pump in an lmportnt indicator of the torsi time required to

reach the specified pressure level Tsbin I Usta the Umss required to mch each

of fear pressure isvols from aumespborin pressure. Tbo pressure level "Rm_dnll"

refers to the Urns •t which tbe ronghlng pump was _lvod _ and the dlfluslon pump

• m8 _ In gesersL, the correepondlnl presmum tn ths clmmber •t th/s Umo

mostbeordsroflorZxM "2 tort. it ts sppereat from tim table t]mt tim

period hJ stone funcfloa (4 tbo qum_ty elf simuisat used. lqlptre J0 presents compursU_ pmnp dram Umus Is the raq0d_ re•ices for four quusUtiss of simuisnt.

Tbe fect that tbs roul0_ing period for tbo B 2 rumples is lntermedinte betumm tbe B !

end A qlmt|litle8 guglesl8 • further reiaflollshJp wits cross 8oct/ram| •re8 iLtld/or

depths of material. In order to lnvestJpte this reiaUoushfp, • thfrd B qmtnttty

Lntermedinte in depth betweon B 1 •nd B2 wss pumped down. The B3 pump down curve

sppesrs to be incomdsteat in thst it does not fall botweea the carves for tbo eztromo

B c_emJaer8. Time did not permit sa evslusUoQ of factors other than |_otrle

and _ However • fe_ qualitative obesrvstinas may be mede despite tin sppsrm_

incm,dstaecy. All qusnt/tlu pumped down to 200 micros in essoutinlly Lbo esmo

period of Ume. There•fief, the A sad B2 ssmple8 pumped don to 80 mlermm in

spproxtmataly tl_ muno time. Ou tbo other hand, the BI sad B3 esmpiss diverlrnd

and required •bent me and a bslf times as loag to resch the iN} micr_m presum'e

level. From 80 •Jerome dram to the pressure at whinh thu dlffusloa p_.mp 1ms

acUvsted, sUB qusnUUos required substanOslly greater periods of pumping than

the A qusntity. An auseesme=t of the effect of the container on outgssstng in the

roul0dng reap wP.8 not possible at this Ume. Hoverer. the results Indicate that

simuhmt outpselng is primarily • reuthing problem, and tbst say slips taken to

sulpuest roughln_ especinlly In the redes from 100 micro•8 on down should improve

overall s_ performance.

25. Effect or (_utntlty of S|muiant 5m Pumvlnr Ttmo_ Curves showtn_ the

reistJomdflp bet_eeu quantity of simulant and roughing time. time to 5 • l0"_ torr.

time ta I • 10-S tot.s" and time to 5 x 10"6 ton- are shown in Ficure 15. it should be

noted thet the curve for tbe roughing ,ins is timer. This indicates that the pumping

Cspsclty required to pump do_s • chsmber _l,al_i_ the slmulant in • gtvec time

should be proportloaal to the quantity of slmuisnt. The curves for the time to resch

lover pressures sresot |lnesrt_t appear to sppr_tch linear behsvlor asymptotlcail.v for

inrllor quSalittss of slmulsaL Consequently. 8n estimate of the pumping time required

for uch given qu_ntity of 8tmutsnt csa he 88tlmlted If information concern|nil the

size oZ the chamber in wklch It Is to be use_. pumping system for the chamber and

19

. .

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY.

,!
w

_o

ulUmato _uum Iovel d ttn empty chsmber ts S/vm.

Z6. Cl/tostnIRiti. 11_resul_dtboeelpN_LtocslcuhJt/onsars

mbo_ oa Tibll I and lndicato C14d_1ytli ilio OUtSUSl_ sate dspond8 strm_Sy m ttw

smelt d mai_ since _ oe_ rate for _i-_ p.H _ _ _i

i__ N _ _u i _for S._ _.8 _ __t (_rs Bi _ _.

An empbmtim tor thls bebavior Jsbued on tbe dbm_doa d _ dg_dm d Sauee

_-aeqOt poroes medl8 8tyro k Appmdtz A. Frem 8bo turves it mn bo ua tlutt the

is eouidsrsbly Id_tar at a dsp4bd _J-em _.U-_) 6.... _ e. ata _d

lemovid at shy liveil prusurl limn does the sllorisr cmilnsr sad thozilo_ bu a

biihsroulpssinllrsl. Tlmiht, r6oi.oSisIsilmli_tzimilisldm_dsntllbsn I

Wrtsod b_ vJolma q_b_val d martial md ooc_.od at _ I and 10 tort prosing.

A _ _ _ pyser/_ ws observed frequem_ ca oced/tSmodmaterial _lsced tn

tho ]_t _. TbomsetofpyNrlM_v'_mtlebember b_dboonev_c_ttod

koibm_lO0 tolO0 _or_. 'r___k_Lmt,. a_lwum,wlf_dby _/

qqxm,nm_ d mwnl em_ilbio_ Imh_ _ w _mm _m,,otl_ _l_mn_ vte_ e_qk

lqiliolen Ovlrhty Tellil

ltl. Tll ovlirbly llplrimltltll rllmhl are shown on Ffllres U through 14.

l0

ORIGrI'_'AL PAGE !_

OF POOR QUALITY

o _ ..
• ./

_J

_o.

Those fisures sbev the compeer• h/story d pressure s,, • functJou ot t/me •Jut include pert•de durinj which the oh•tuber I0 let up to st••spheric pressure with

dr), nitrojsu, 'J'hopressure vfrsu0 Wme eurv•| for JJmiJJr staples pumped don

wJNllgmm_D';Jy iN pJoJedd N N fJpJ'8 be, eoDpoFJ•_, 'Jr_ _ d f_pdto84d

_arbls m_l _ Je _ of •beralld_l rJsp JJdm5 is J'JJsmW,

_. The •verity exp6rbemis were or_bmlly dulpmd to provide Inform•lice as

to bow tim sbnulant mmld bebsve under ••editions uppre_met_ K dsy to dry q_rsUoem

In • mu-retod chsmber. T_ drsmatfc improve••u• in system perform•nee wits •

brutus. Tins toclmlquo of n/tr_u overlsy _t8 limply to pump dome to • 8fveu pressure

level. •lose _ pto vstvs sad them Ja_redn,oo atTSttope _ _ werldsf :_udJer

dmm_ Ib8 _.,Io-slr u|ve, Ja •if emmJ 868 pregsm, e k8 JIMN_4dsK ebsmbet uog

smeephetje for tits dersUea d abe oveflsy poth, d. Yad_ ff summarises Ill dsts

for ofeb_ overlay up•rim•ms. Vsrlablas tested Iscludo; duzsuine o(overhty, cumber

o( overlay periods, dureUoa of pre-ooedlt/oein_ st IS0• y sad ads• d cones•nor.

pumpla_ period bepn at atmospberin prouure. The cola•ms bsadsd "Pump

Dew•" Isddi_to the _ o( time to re_eh each m_ed pressure ssd _8 me••red

from the tJme •be mocbenlcsl pump _ms curried. 'l"se cotumns batded "To_i Time

Elapsed" •re sccmnulaflve Ume periods sad laeinde both previor, s ov_y the•8 sad

provkms pemping b/story. In Ip_ersl, o_mcustl_ (Mrthe chamber at',_,_ overlay proceedod so rep/dly thst the first reliable pressure rsedfn_ could not be _Xelnod unUI

• p_ro of about ] x 10-S tort htd b44a _Ncbod. Figures U through 148x'e pregguro

versus einpNd tJme curves •or aU test nma except A-2401. Tim _ indJc_le U_

pressure rand Ume 8t which the chsmber m let up to dry alt_'ol_u for eer.h everiay.

Ffl_m !1 through 13 preseuz • compsrisou or 64 hour couditineing versus Z4 hour

ditimdn_ for mch qutnUty of slmulan_ t_ed. Ffpre 14 ohm• thst the time

required to rmch • given preset• level ms)- be sll_iflclntly rsduc,xJ by Intuq_

the c]mmber up to dry nttrolpm in the rmshlq; sia_ ud repettl_ ,i,,, overlay

proc=ss at frequent Intervets. It Is sppete_ from these results thm pump down

Urn• to • _Jve_ pl"eel_re |evol 18 •'educed after • p4_tod of overlay, •lid t]_t

pressure level ausinod for • jtveu elapsed time Is lower thss tJmtwhich would

have occurred bsd there beeu no creaky. R foUo_s thst Improve•n• In system

performance cen be obmJnodby repeat_J overlays begun after temple•lee of

snd that dry nitro•Be overlays tin be used •s • ts_'.haiquo of outSuslN_

quasLtUos d simuls_ _=storlaL These cc,ecl,uslou are empbulzed by soUn_

thst normal pump dram ca A-24 umples requires spprox/nuUdy 140 mlnstn

to sck • preJstru lo_tl of ! x 10.6 ton. "me rq_etod overJtp on Ju_ple

A-|4..3 (lrlK, 14) show ths¢t t_sl einpa4d Ltme of oel._ 122micro Including the

two l0 mhmt4 overbty periods Is requital to reich the prenurs 5 z 10"$ tore.

Thus, • stvh_ of shout 40 minutes pumpfnK t/me oc_xrs when usfng repated

overlays as • pump dos• technique. Time did no( permit • more thorough 4w'-

uaUcm of the po4Lem_lity of overlay as u aid to cuqptsslng.

31. A possible ezplamtlon of this beerier Is thst the dry sitrOl_m I_tS

acts 8s • dehydr=tting sl_mL This folbw8 flu, the fact thst 8beorbed weter is

the most difficult source of m_LKnse_qCto ell•lest• in • v_cuum system. Small

glass wtc_mm syeum_s are baked out at temp4retureo in excess of _00°C to

2i

1-t in ....

.u

:!

.!

|
jt

J

-o

t

!

i

!

)

*

i

i

|

t

** . -

rsmm tlm wsl_r sdsorbsd m the lllSs* wsUs. Tbs balsm_ Imhmm the surfsce

d ml, oeb,d nl, r mobcul# nd b d*ul_ or m=b,r d noble l_

_ msr OJm surt,_ Is dlst, rmlmMl by *b, ,ff, ctlv, _ n,fly ot tlm wst, r

lllOlllelll_to III0IIlIIXI_ h _ plllmlillll _ II01precisely _ llmtr

dlNt mn m17 Im d_ssod lmslllsUv*ly I_.

1_or_dc_ __

dapA d o_o note a 3rllu5 ll. Tb ooepflntiou uJ_J sidt viti tie, ud

permmbJllty u psxsunetets. A discus_oe d the soluttoe ts pnsuutod tn

roduoos tho Umo _ to aehlovo prossuros to tbo JO"o tort

stole st dq_J_ Is ms d _-m I_0-I_.

• II

_I " ORIGINAL PAOE !$ |

_:' OF POOR QUALITY
I I El I

Z3

l • ORiGiNAL PAGE iSl

OF POOR QUALITY
I I I I i i I

,\

TABLE 7.2.7-1. Compresstb|l|ty Parameters of Lunar Sotl

Recommended Typ|cal

Parameter Range _ : Value •

Compression Index, Cc

Loose 0.3

Dense 0.01 - 0.11 0.05

Recompress|on Index, Cr

Haxtmum Past Presure

0.000 - 0.013 0.003

Unknown

Coeff|ctent of Lateral Stress, Ko

Normally consolidated

Over-consolidated

Recompacted

0.4 - 0.5 0.45

Unknown

0.7

ec o,c' l eq
\

J

t-I v-I i-I

i_ __

, _

I I I

• w-I PI

i_e I I I

.. I

____I _ o

o

N

! I

I I

I I

0
TABLE 7.2.8-1. Estimates of Lunar Soti Cohesion and Friction Angle

(after Httche11 et al.. |972d, 1974)

Fr|ctton

Cohesion, c Angle,

• Source (k_al_ (deqrees) Re_erences

EARLY INFERRED: REHOTESENSING

24-240 0 Hal_ian (1964)

_0.007 _28 Oaffe (1964)

_0 _25 Jaffe (1965)

INFERRED: BOULDERTRACKS

_ollo 17 - North, East

and South masstfs

0.35

O.l,

O.S

1

33 Nordmyer (1967)

10-30 Hoore(1970)

21-5S (39 ÷) Hovland and Httchell

(19711

26-50 (37_) Httche11 et al. (1973a)

SURVEYOR

|: TY& Landing Data

TVI Landtn9 Data

TV & Land|ng Data

111: 5o11 Mechanics

Surface Sampler

W& Landing Data

VI: Yernter Engtne

Att|tude Jets

)0

0.]5-15

0.4 - 0.13

0 Hala.11an (1966)

SS Jaffe (1967)

30-40 Chrtstensen et al. (1967)

>3S Scott and Roberson(1968a)

0 for 4S-60

10 for 0

>0.07 for 35

0.05-1.7

Chrtstensen et al. (1968a)

Chr]stensen et al. (1968b)

Chrtstensen et al. (1968b)

III & Vl1: Sotl Hechantcs

Surface Smpler

SURVEYORHODEL

0.35-0.70 35-37 Scott and Roberson (19691

APOLLO 11

LH Landing, Bootprtnts, Crater Slope

Stab|ltty

Core Tube, Flag Pole,

SIR Shaft Penetration

APOLLO 12

IJI Landing, Bootprints, Crater Slope

Stability

Consistent wtth

Surveyor Model

0.75-2.1 37-45

Cons|stent wlth

Surveyor Hodel

Costes et al. (1969)

Costes et al. (19711

Scott et al. (1970)
Core Tube, SWCShaft

Penetration

LUHOKHOD1

VaneShear

- Lowest

Highest " .ode .

Cone Penetrometer

- Crater lall (Inner)

-'Crater Slope (outer)

- Horizontal Ground

APOLLO 14

5oll Mechanics Trench

Apollo Simple Penetrometer

HET Tracks

APOLLO)S

SRPData and Stmulattbn

Studies

SRP Data and So11

Mechanics Trench

APOLLO 16

SRP: -Statton 4

-(10-20 on depth)

SRP: Statton 10

SRP: Station )0

i)r411CoreopenHole

APOLLO 17

0r111 Core Open Hole

(Neutron Flux Probe) •

LRV

0.56-0.75 38-44

3.9-4.9 H/A

O.26-1.1 50-25

1.2 -4.8 50-25

0.64-2.6 50-2S

O.17-1,0 45-25

0.52-2.7 45-25

O.34-1.8 45-25

<0.O3-0.1 35-45

(qua1 to or greater

than Surveyor Hodel

37-47

1.0

Costes et al. (19711

_.onovfch et al. (1971,19721

-HJtchell et al. (1972d);

Hitche11 et al. (1972d);

Httche11 et al. (1971)

H|tchell et al. (19711

Mitchell et al. (19711

47.5-5].5

SO

Hitche11 et al. (1972a)

Hltche11 et al. (1972a)

0.6 46.5 Httche11 et al. (1972b)

0.37 49.S Httchell et al. (1972b)

0.25-0.60 50-4Z Mttche11 et al. (1972b)

1.3 46.5 Hitche11 et al. (1972b)

1.1-1.8 50-30 Httche11 et al. (1973a)

0.17 35 Httche11 et al. (1973a)

APOLLO HOD[I.

0.1-].0 30-50

L_ I & 11 (ave.) O.4 s 40 s

R_URH(D LUHAR SAJ4PL(S

Apollo )]: Penetromter

_r_,RC_o : _)A,ItQ CA_R,elt

H|tche11 et al. (1972d,

)974)

Leonovtch et al. (1974,

)975)

0.25-0.85 42-38 Costes et al. (1969,

1970a, b); Costes and

ORIG!!_AL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

><.
J

t

;i

j'