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PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK

DJI S‐900/A2

Operational guide for:

DJI Phantom 3 Professional

DJI Inspire 1

DJI F450

DJI F550
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Contents

DJI S-900 KEY PARAMETERS........................................................................................................................................................ 3

DJI S-900/A2 CHECKLISTS............................................................................................................................................................ 4

SECTION 1 - General......................................................................................................................................................................... 7

SECTION 2 - LIMITATIONS..........................................................................................................................................................11

SECTION 3 - EMERGENCY PROCEDURES..............................................................................................................................13

SECTION 4 - SET UP SUGGESTIONS.........................................................................................................................................14

SECTION 5 - NORMAL PROCEDURES......................................................................................................................................16

SECTION 6 - PERFORMANCE......................................................................................................................................................21

SECTION 7 - WEIGHT AND BALANCE EQUIPMENT LIST................................................................................................22

SECTION 8 - AIR VEHICLE AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION...............................................................................................23

SECTION 9 - HANDLING, SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE................................................................................................24

SECTION 10 - SUPPLEMENTS.....................................................................................................................................................26
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INTRODUCTION

EVE TeleSports submits this pilot operating handbook (POH) supplement for DJI small Unmanned 

Aircraft Systems (sUAS) or Aerial Vehicles (AV). For illustrative purposes, the POH is populated with 

technical specifications and performance details specific to the DJI S-900 as it is largest of the listed 

sUAVs. The format and much of the content is applicable to operation of each of the sUAVs and this POH 

will be used as an operating guide and/or tailored as necessary for each sUAV. In general, when operating 

any sUAV, EVE TeleSports will adhere to the checklists, limitations, emergency procedures, setup 

suggestions, normal procedures, weight and balance, air vehicle systems, as well as service and 

maintenance specific to the model of sUAV being operated.

DJI S-900 KEY PARAMETERS

Max Takeoff Weight: 18 lbs.

Approved Cameras: Sony Nex5/7, Panasonic GH3/4, Blackmagic Cinema

--- No Gimbal

13.5lbs = S900 NO Gimbal and TBM 21000

12.3lbs = S900 NO Gimbal and TBM 15000

--- Nex-7 Gimbal

17.2lbs = S900 with Nex-7 and TBM 21000

16lbs = S900 with Nex-7 and TBM 15000

--- GH3/GH4 Gimbal

17.68lbs = S900 with GH3/GH4 and TBM 21000

16.48lbs = S900 with GH3/GH4 and TBM 15000

--- BMPCC Gimbal

17.3lbs = S900 and TBM 21000

16.1lbs = S900 and TBM 15000

--- 5D Gimbal

22.5lbs = S900 and TBM 21000 - OVERWEIGHT!

21.3lbs = S900 and TBM 15000- OVERWEIGHT!

Flight Times using 90% of battery:

15,000 mah battery with gimbal and camera: 15+ min

21,000 mah battery with gimbal and camera: 20+ min

These times are averages in our tests. Individual flight times may differ based on weight and flying style.
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DJI S-900/A2 CHECKLISTS

DJI S-900 BENCH SET UP & TESTS

o All screws/bolts are tight

o Timer alarm for flight time to not exceed 80% battery capacity set properly

o Batteries are secure

o Antennas are secure

o Props balanced

o Props aligned

o Props not chipped

o Check blades, arms, etc. for cracks/damage

o Wiring Tight

o No excessive flexing of motors or booms

o Booms/motors will not twist

o Center of gravity is correct

o Warning lights set for low battery if used

o Batteries charged. Replace any battery which cycles below 80% of rated capacity

Laptop Battery

Flight Battery

Handheld Rx Battery

RC TX Battery

Video Rx Battery

Spare Laptop Battery

DJI S-900 INVENTORY CHECKLIST

o Load Flight plan

o Aircraft

o Camera with SD card

o Spare parts/tools

o Spare batteries

o Two RC transmitters

o Laptop

o Battery Charger

o Flight Controller Cable

o Video monitor, stand, battery, antennas

o Goggles

o Datalink & cable

o Battery Y-harness
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DJI S-900 PREFLIGHT CHECKLIST

o Position: GCS, S900

o Emergency LZ

o Wind

o Area secure

o Antennas

o GCS

o Lens cap

o Camera On

o SD card

o Flight battery: voltage – install - CG

o C2 TX: Switches – On - Model Selection - 5.4V+

o Photo TX – Switches – On - Model Selection - 5.4V+

o Copter On

o Calibrate? - Cycle

o Copter Voltage on GCS

o GPS Mode – Double Purple/Single Purple

o Course Lock Mode - Green

o Camera/Gimbal tests

o Upload mission

o Zero altitude

TAKEOFF CHECKLIST

o Timer

o GPS mode (Course lock?)

o Motor startup/checks

o Takeoff

o Landing Gear

LANDING CHECKLIST

o LZ clear

o Landing Gear

o Land

o Flight Time

o Copter/Camera Power down

o Adjust Params

o Power Down ____ batteries

o Motor Temps

o Logbooks
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ERROR MESSAGES

o White flashes

IMU malfunction. Land and determine cause. Possibilities:

GPS/Compass not pointing forward

IMU not pointing forward

Set up of X, Y, Z for location of IMU and Compass is incorrect

o Excessive rocking/instability possible causes:

Weak motor

Structure flexing from fatigue or cracks

Motor mount

Main frame

Booms

Loose Bolts causing flexing or misalignment

Props

Mounts

Props out of balance

Props misaligned

Excessive wind speeds or gusts

Excessive Gains

Excessive motor power. Max motor power must a little more than typical ascent power.

o Red Flashes (1, 2 or 3 flashes with pauses) – GPS loss (3 is more serious). Land if loss lasts for more 

than 30 seconds. Possible causes:

Clouds

Structures

GPS mal-function

GPS too close to electrical components

GPS vibration
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SECTION 1 - General

GENERAL

NOTE: In an effort to minimize costs and maximize spare parts availability, many COTS (commercial off the

shelf) components have been utilized. Some may have slight modifications to better suit this application. Most 

COTS products have separate data sheets, assembly manuals and instruction manuals. They are reference in this 

document, with key factors being emphasized. As with all high technology products utilizing constantly 

evolving software, it is important to periodically check for online upgrades to the COTS components, including 

hardware, firmware and software.

WARNING: Great care must be taken with the batteries. Much of this manual and supplemental information is 

devoted to the use and care of the batteries, especially the flight batteries. They are less volatile than gasoline, 

though they should be treated with the same respect. Become very familiar with proper techniques of their use.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

o Primarily for aerial data collection

o Economical due to extensive use of COTS products

o Low Visual Signature

o Low Aural Signature

o Quick Launch and Recovery

o Short Training Period

o Simple Operation

o Waypoint Navigation

o Back packable

o VTOL

o Quick Repairs

o Redundant Flight Systems

o Safety Return to Home during lost link or low battery

o High Degree of Mission Success

o GPS navigation aid

o Various sensors

o 18 lb. max takeoff weight

o Operating Temp Range: -5°C to +60°C

o Flight Modes: Manual and GPS aided waypoint navigation

o Maximum Operating Altitude: 1000 meters

o Maximum Operation Wind Conditions: 10 m/s

o Propulsion System: LiPoly batteries

o Takeoff: Manual or Automatic

o Landing: Manual or Automatic

o Takeoff/Recovery Area: 5m square
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IMPORTANT DIMENSIONS

o Distance rotor to rotor across the center: 35”

o Height with GPS/Compass folded down: 21”

o Height with GPS/Compass up: 25”

o Length of landing gear skids: 17”

o Distance between landing gear skids: 18”

o Collapsed size: 22” x 19”

IMPORTANT WEIGHTS

o --- No Gimbal

o 13.5lbs = S900 NO Gimbal and TBM 21000

o 12.3lbs = S900 NO Gimbal and TBM 15000

o --- Nex-7 Gimbal

o 17.2lbs = S900 with Nex-7 and TBM 21000

o 16lbs = S900 with Nex-7 and TBM 15000

o --- GH3/GH4 Gimbal

o 17.68lbs = S900 with GH3/GH4 and TBM 21000

o 16.48lbs = S900 with GH3/GH4 and TBM 15000

o --- BMPCC Gimbal

o 17.3lbs = S900 and TBM 21000

o 16.1lbs = S900 and TBM 15000

o --- 5D Gimbal

o 22.5lbs = S900 and TBM 21000 - OVERWEIGHT!

o 21.3lbs = S900 and TBM 15000- OVERWEIGHT!

MOTORS

o Manufacturer: DJI-Innovations

o Number of motors: 8

o Motor type: 41mm x 14mm

o Motor Model Number: 4114-11

o Motor KV/RPM: 400

o Motor max @ 25.2V: 10,000 rpm

o Motor Max Power: 500 Watts

o Power rating: 3000 Watts maximum power consumption for all 6 motors

o Current Max: 100 amps

o Amp Draw Typical Average: 55 amps

PROPELLERS

o Manufacturer: DJI-Innovations

o Material: Composite

o Number of propellers: 6

o Propeller model number: DJI 15 x 5.2

o Number of blades: 2 - folding

o Propeller Diameter: 15”

o Propeller Pitch (fixed): 5.2”

o Max rpm: 10,000 rpm

ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLS

o Manufacturer: DJI-Innovations

o Number of speed controls: 6
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o Speed control model number: DJI 40A Opto

o Rating in amps: 40 Amps continuous

o Signal Frequency: 30 - 450 Hz

o Drive PWM Frequency: 8 KHz

AUTOPILOT

o Manufacturer: DJI-Innovations

o Autopilot Model Number: DJI A2

o Components: GPS/Compass, IMU, Master Controller, Power Distribution System, LED

Indicator Lighting System, Data Transceiver, GCS Software

o Power Consumption: 5W

o Operating Temp Range: -5°C to +60°C

o Software Compatible: Windows XP sp3 / Windows 7

o Hovering Accuracy: Vertical: ± 0.5m; Horizontal: ± 2m

ANALOG WIRELESS LINKS

o Distributor: DJI-Innovations

o Frequencies:

2.4 Ghz datalink with WiFi

2.4 Ghz Command & Control

5.8 Ghz Video

o Power Consumption: <1 watt

o Usable Range: <2 km.

DIGITAL WIRELESS LINKS (Lightbridge)

o Distributor: DJI-Innovations

o Frequencies:

2.4 Ghz (C2 & Video)

o Power Consumption: <1 watt

o Usable Range: <2 km.

FLIGHT BATTERY

o Manufacturers: Various COTS suppliers

o Battery chemistry recommended: Lithium Polymer

o Battery Capacity: up to 21,000 mah or greater depending on max gross weight

o Battery cell count required: 6S (6 cells in series)

o Battery Voltage: 21V minimum during hover, 22.2V nominal, 25.2V maximum

o Battery Minimum Rated Discharge Rate: 20C minimum

o Battery Minimum Charge Rate: 1C (3C preferable)

o Battery Rest Time between discharging and charging: 0-30 minutes

o Batteries used simultaneously: typically 1

o Recommended Battery Discharge Amount: 80-90%
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FLIGHT PARAMETERS

o Flight Time: 20+ minutes typical

o Payload Max: 9.5 lbs. for battery, sensor and gimbal

WARNINGS

o Never power a video transmitter or receiver without an antenna connected or overload failure

will occur.

o Read all information regarding batteries contained in this manual and supplements.

o Batteries are highly flammable and can explode, especially when fully charged. Improper

charging, vibration, impact, high discharge, etc. can lead to explosion and fire. Batteries must

be charged under constant supervision and using proper precautions.

o Batteries fully charged must be handled with extreme care.

o Batteries must not be stored above 60% charged state.

o Store batteries between 20% - 60% charged state. Fully charge just before use.

o Fully charged batteries which are not to be used within 24 hours should be discharged to 20% - 50% 

charged state.

o Discharging LiPoly batteries in excess of 80% of their rated capacity can cause harm to the batteries.

o Using more than one battery at a time requires the proper wiring harness so that the voltage is no more 

than 25.2V. Over voltage will cause serious damage to electrical equipment.

o Using more than one battery at a time requires weight and balance checks. Proper CG is

critical to performance. Airframe must not be overloaded.

o GPS/Compass must be facing forward.

o Do not use GPS Mode without GPS lock.

o Use low strength thread locking compound on all screws.

o Wireless Video and Data ranges vary considerably on many factors including weather,

equipment and obstructions. Be prepared for com failures.
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SECTION 2 - LIMITATIONS

AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS

o Vne – Velocity to Never Exceed: 15 m/s

o Va – Typical Maneuvering Speed – 5 m/s

POWER & POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS

o 40 Amps max per motor

o 40 Amps max per speed control

o 320 Amps max total

o Do not exceed 80-90% discharge of rated battery capacity

o Do not charge batteries which are warmer than air temperature

o Allow batteries to cool after use before charging

o Leave an air gap between batteries when multiple batteries are used simultaneously

WEIGHT LIMITS

o Takeoff Weight Max: 18 lbs.

Must be checked prior to takeoff if any change in equipment is made

CENTER OF GRAVITY LIMITS

o 3mm from the center of any of the three pairs of arms

Must be checked before every flight to ensure batteries were installed in the proper

location.

Check all 4 pairs of arms before flight

MANEUVER LIMITS

o This aircraft is intended for non-aerobatic operations

o G-loading maximum: 2G

TEMPERATURE LIMITS

o Operating Temp Range: -10°C to +40°C

o In cold temperatures

Keep IMU at room temperature if possible before the flight

Keep Batteries above 5°C before flight

Do not fly with any frost or ice on the propellers

o In warm temperatures

Batteries heat up when discharged

The higher the discharge rate the higher the temperature increase during use

At temperatures above 45°C, use of 2 or more batteries is required to lower the load

on any one battery pack to keep it cooler.

WEATHER LIMITS

o Light dust and light rain require the use of a shield for the electronics in the center section.

o Light dust and light rain are acceptable for the unshielded motor and ESC.
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RANGE LIMITS

o FUEL

Energy capacity is a primary limiting factor.

Flying into the wind will use more battery power to travel the same ground distance.

Higher air speeds will be required to penetrate the wind which used more battery

power. Take this into account when flying a mission.

Where possible, fly upwind at the start of a mission and downwind at the end to avoid

depleting the battery before returning to base. Have alternative landing sites available

in case of emergency landing.

o WIRELESS LINK

Wireless links will be stable in LOS (line of sight) in most conditions

Wireless links are always susceptible to shorter ranges due to

Atmospheric conditions

Other transmission devices in the area

Jamming

Antennas not aligned properly

Improper voltage

Antenna blockage from AV in certain positions

Multipath – reflection off buildings or ground which causes multiple signals to

arrive at different times and/or phase.
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SECTION 3 - EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

MOTOR FAILURE

o Operation is possible with one motor/ESC/propeller failure

The two adjacent motors/ESCs will be increased in thrust automatically by the flight

controller to overcome the loss

In cases where the airframe is highly loaded the maximum rating of 40 amps may be

exceeded by these two motors/ESCs

Operation should be terminated as soon as possible to reduce the possibility of damage

to the remaining motors

COMMUNICATION FAILURE

o Video link failure

5.8 Ghz being the shortest wavelength in general AV use has the least ability to

penetrate. This link should be the first to be lost.

It is best to lose video first! It is the least likely to cause a crash when it fails.

5.8 Ghz can lose link with little warning.

Ensure that the GCS station antennas are perpendicular to the AV. Do not point the

antenna at the AV.

Yaw the AV to change the antenna position

Other links should still be good. Return back to the GCS until link is restored.

Transmitters produce heat when in operation. When overheated they may have

thermal protection which interrupts use temporarily. Use of a heat sink or fan may be

required especially with high ambient temperatures.

Higher gain antennas may be used, but do so with caution. High gain antennas are

directional.

Multiple antennas using “diversity” can be used. Diversity is a device which

determines the best signal, and uses that.

5.8 Ghz even at high wattages theoretically has less range than lower frequencies.

Changing to 1.3 Ghz is an option, though there are other issues to be considered.

o RC link failure

2.4 Ghz antennas can lose link with little warning.

Anything in between the two antennas can cause temporary signal loss especially a

person.

Hold the transmitter up in the air and walk in the general direction of the AV (aerial

vehicle).

Ensure that the antenna is vertical. Do not point the antenna at the AV.

The failsafe’s on the RC link should be set so that the AV returns to home. Should this

require a heading change, the antenna may move into a more desirable position and

link will be restored.

The onboard equipment may block the signal. Yaw the AV so that the antennas point

towards the GCS.

A LRS (long range system) can be used as a permanent solution. This is higher in

wattage and usually on 433 Mhz.

o Data Link Failure

900 MHz do not lose link without some warning. When drop outs are noticed to

increase in frequency that is the limit of the range.
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If using 900 MHz, this is on cell phone frequency. If a cell tower is nearby it can

swamp the signal. 900 MHz may not be usable in that area. Change to a different freq.

or remain closer to the AV

o LOW BATTERY POWER

Fail-safes can be set such that in the event of low battery power, either due to a failure

or too long of a flight, the warning light on the AV will constantly flash amber. This is

the first level of warning.

The second warning level is red flashing lights

Auto landing will occur when battery power is low. It may land in a tree or a lake, so

this is not desirable.

Landing with 80-90% of battery depleted is best. Therefore landing with 17,000 mah

used and 3,000 mah remaining of a 20,000 mah battery is desirable. Batteries should

be drawn down equally when in use if they are both charged equally and both in

relatively the same condition/age.

Do not mix partially charged batteries. Only use completely charged batteries.

Over discharging a battery below 19.8V can permanently damage the battery.

o GCS FAILURE

Takeover by the external pilot should happen ASAP using the RC link.

Most often happens due to a low battery.

Keep a spare 3 cell LiPoly battery with the appropriate plug to plug into the charge

jack for emergency use. Most chargers are 19V output which is roughly equivalent to

a 4-cell battery. 3-cell batteries may work.

o COMPASS CALIBRATION ERROR

If the compass is out of calibration the warning light will flash red. This is the same

signal as low voltage. If the voltage is correct, there is a calibration error.

Recalibrate the compass following the instruction manual

o FIRE

Fires can occur due to a short circuit or battery failure.

Disconnect the battery ASAP unless there is danger in doing so if there is any

electrical issue.

It is not possible to put out a battery fire.

Do not attempt to put out a battery fire. Use a fire extinguisher to put out fires

surrounding the battery. A CO2 fire extinguisher is better than the powder or chemical

type. CO2 does not leave a residue. Water can be used though it may cause other

electrical component failures.

o FORCED LANDINGS

If alternate emergency landing zones should be chosen ahead of time.

Be sure that the LZ is clear of people to avoid any incidents.

Land in the nearest LZ which is clear of people.

Announce your intentions of landing as loud as necessary to alert people of the

incoming AV.

SECTION 4 - SET UP SUGGESTIONS

ELECTRONICS BURN IN

o Put weights onto the landing skids to keep the copter on the ground and run the copter at about 70% 

throttle for about 2 hours to burn in the electronics. Most electronic failures occur in the first 2 hours of 

operation.

GPS/COMPASS MAST LENGTH
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o We found that the higher the mast, the better the GPS reception

Nex5N vs. Nex7 vs. Panasonic GH3

o These cameras are excellent for stills, and very good for video. The best for video is the

Panasonic GH4 with 4k capabilities.

o We found that the Nex 5N takes exceptional quality stills and video, though most

professionals use the Nex 7.

o Use the Panasonic GH4 if you primarily shoot video

RADIO SET UP

o Follow the instructions in the manual

o We prefer the switch assignment as shown in the checklists above though feel free to modify

to your liking

HEXACOPTER COMMAND AND CONTROL

o Use of a dual rate switch for main copter operation.

High rate – used to initialize the motors. The flight controller will not engage unless it

sees full down throttle, full left rudder, and full left cyclic and full back cyclic. However,

these may be too high for normal flying. On high rate it is helpful to utilize fairly high

exponential to make the stick feel soft around center. Adjust to your preference.

Low rate – used for typical flying. Set the end point adjustments such that full stick

deflection offers the maximum speed required in normal flying. If conditions require

higher flight speeds, switch to high rate. On low rate it is also helpful to utilize a small

amount of exponential to make the stick feel soft around center. Adjust to your

preference.

ZENMUSE COMMAND AND CONTROL

o Use of a dual rate switch for gimbal operation.

High rate – used to initialize the gimbal. The gimbal may not engage unless it sees full

motion. However, these may be too high for shooting video smoothly. This is best for

still photography so as to put the camera on target quickly. On high rate it is helpful to

utilize fairly high exponential to make the stick feel soft around center. Adjust to your

preference.

Low rate – used for videography. Set the end point adjustments such that full stick

deflection offers the maximum speed required for videography. If conditions require

higher gimbal speeds, switch to high rate. On low rate it is also helpful to utilize a

small amount of exponential to make the stick feel soft around center. Adjust to your

preference.

TIMERS

o Use of the countdown timer is a good backup method to ensure landing with battery power.

Set the timer for 15 minutes (or appropriate time) and have it start when the

throttle is over 1⁄4. Then adjust the timer upwards until the amount of battery used is

about 80-90% of the total available. If using 20,000 mah batteries, a total of 17,000

mah would be the target. Set the timer such that you have a minute or so to land after the alarm sounds 

so that you have adequate time to return to base. Adjust to your

preference.

BATTERIES

o Replace the transmitter standard battery with a LiPoly battery to extend use times to 8 hours. Supplied 

batteries often last about 2 hours.
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SECTION 5 - NORMAL PROCEDURES

PREFLIGHT CHECKLIST

o Confirm all communication radios are operational

Radio with ATC

Radios with others in the group

o Set a perimeter of 100 meters

Area must be clear of people to avoid collision

o Check for overhead power lines and other obstacles to avoid

o Check structural integrity

In event of prior crash, inspect all booms, props and motor mounts for excessive flex

indicating structural fatigue/failure

o Have a manual flight plan avoiding obstacles.

o Load auto flight plan if using one

Be sure that the total flight time is under 10 minutes to avoid low battery

o Clean lens

Remove lens cap

o Ensure camera has SD card installed

Many flights have been wasted due to this!

o Install batteries

Ensure that the straps are tight and the Velcro keeps the batteries from moving which

will avoid a shift in the CG (Center of Gravity – or that it balances evenly)

o Check CG (Center of Gravity)

Lift the copter on each of the 3 pairs of arms. The copter should balance properly. If

not, do not fly. Rearrange the equipment such that the CG is centered

o IMU pointing forward

The Inertial Measurement Unit is set so that it must face forward

o GPS/Compass installed, limited free play, pointing forward

This device must be installed with a screw to hold it in place. It cannot vibrate easily.

If it does not point forward, the corrections in ATTI and GPS mode will be incorrect

and it will crash. The FC will provide a warning with constant flashing white lights.

o Level copter using a bubble level with front pointing in correct direction for course lock – do not turn on

Keep in mind the best angle for pointing the landing gear in the direction that will

keep the landing gear out of the shot when flying.

o Turn on Pilot TX

o If using the rate gyro set it at the correct position. This is usually a slider switch. Gains

should have the range set from 200 – 350. Use the highest gain possible which does not cause

oscillation.

o Check Model Selection on TX to be S900

o Throttle on TX Down

o Return to Home switch Off

o Adjust gain to correct position (if required)

o Manual Flight Mode Switch to manual (not ATTI or GPS mode)

o Flight Path Switch Off – Not Course or Home or POI

o Check TX battery voltage (above 7.5v)

These settings above are required to initialize the copter properly. If the switches are

in the incorrect position, it will not initialize properly which may cause some of the

functions like course lock or GPS mode to not operate properly.

If the copter does not function properly after takeoff, land immediately and disconnect
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the copter power. Then put all the switches in the proper position for initialization and

turn the power back on to the copter.

o Count down timer should be set correctly depending on battery capacity. This can be adjusted to your 

flying style. The timer should engage at 1⁄4 throttle and trigger an alarm at the proper time. This is a backup 

alarm in case the indicator lights on the copter are not visible.

o Turn on Photography TX

o Check Model Selection on TX – should read Zenmuse

o Check TX battery voltage (above 5.4v for Futaba 14ch)

o HDMI switch Off

o Engage power to copter

Plug in the 2 battery packs. Typically the battery packs use red T-style connectors in a

parallel wire harness. This Y-harness has a yellow connector. It is preferable to

connect the batteries to the Y-harness first, and then plug in the yellow connector. This

reduces (but does not eliminate) electrical arcing.

6 quick chirps should be heard confirming 6S LiPoly batteries are recognized by the

ESCs.

Hearing less than 6 chirps indicates fewer cell battery packs are being

recognized which is incorrect. Check for improper or damaged batteries.

o Do not move or vibrate the Hexacopter until 30 seconds after full GPS Lock

Initial 3 red blinks is normal meaning no GPS lock. No red flashes indicates full GPS

lock.

Continue with checklist as you are waiting for full GPS lock, but do not move the

copter.

If the GPS takes more than 5 minutes to lock, there is a problem with the area. It is not

receiving the proper signals from the satellites. GPS signals are weak, so trees, people,

buildings, terrain, weather, have an effect. Move the copter into a more open area

where it can more easily see the satellites.

o Check Copter Voltage from both TX’s (transmitters)

The transmitters receive a signal from the corresponding receivers. The voltages are

regulated to about 5v. If the voltage is below 4.4v or above 6v do not fly. There may

be power regulation issues. The receivers cannot work outside this voltage

consistently. Also there is some issue if the voltage is outside that range which should

be resolved before flying.

o Engage Attitude Mode – Must achieve double amber flash

o Engage GPS Mode – Must achieve double purple flash

o Engage course cock mode – Must achieve double green flash

o Disengage course lock mode. Must achieve double purple flash. Stay in this mode until just

prior to takeoff, after takeoff at any time, or do not use.

o Do not engage motors. Set throttle to center position. Must achieve single purple flash when in GPS 

mode.

To verify that the sticks are all centered properly:

With throttle in the center position, use the trim buttons on the transmitter to check

that the sticks are centered. Trim the roll (the stick located on the right side of the

transmitter when moved to the right and left) to the right, counting the number of

clicks until a double flash occurs. Then center the trim. Then move the trim to the left,

counting the number of clicks until a double flash occurs. An equal number of clicks

should be counted each side of center.

Do this check for the 3 stick movements other than throttle.

Center the trim such that when the stick is in the neutral position that there are equal
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numbers of clicks in each direction. This ensures that when the sticks are neutralized

that the flight controller will recognize this signal and engage GPS mode.

o Calibrate GPS/Compass before the first flight each day or if receiving continuous red blinks

or continuous white blinks.

Flip the GPS mode switch 7 times very quickly from manual to GPS. End with the

switch in the manual position. The indicator light will be blue. Rotate the copter about

1.5 turns in a horizontal position. A green flashing light indicates that this is complete.

Then hold the copter vertically and rotate about 1.5 turns. A white flashing light

indicates that this is complete. Repeat if necessary until this is completed.

o After calibration reset the copter by cycling battery with copter pointed in the correct heading

for course lock.

o Engage Camera

o HDMI switch On

This will stop video from playing on the back of the camera and will send the video

signal to the video transmitter via the HDMI connection.

o Freestyle switch On (FPV Off)

This allows the camera to be operated freely through the transmitter

o Verify camera operation

Operate the shutter

Set the focus to auto or manual. Manual setting is usually set to infinity to stop

constant focusing of the camera.

o Verify data link if installed

Roll the copter about 45 degrees on its side by lifting one side of the copter and resting

one side of the landing gear on the ground

A corresponding roll should be seen on the gauge.

If the copter is rolled to the right, it will appear on the gauge that the horizon rolls to

the left – not the right because the view from inside the copter is that the horizon rolls

the opposite direction of the copter.

o Verify altitude is about 0 via gauge on computer

If it is not about 0, the altitude settings for the waypoints will be off by this amount.

This could cause the copter to fly at 10 meters or 30 meters if the waypoint is set for

20 meters and the altitude are off by 10 meters one way or another. If the copter thinks

it is at 10 meters when it is on the ground, then it will only rise 10 meters above the

ground to achieve what it believes it to be 20 meters above the ground.

The altitude can be reset using the ground control software by going to altitude offset.

o Alternate Emergency Landing Sites Established

NORMAL TAKEOFF

o Confirm clear for takeoff with ATC

Necessary if within 5 miles of an airport

ATC clearance is required days or weeks before flying.

o Engage GPS mode – Double purple flash when the throttle is down.

o Switch to Course Lock flight mode if required. Purple flashes are replaced with green flashes. Flying in 

course lock is not required, but helpful in many instances.

o Announce loudly: “CLEAR PROP”

o Move both of the sticks to the bottom left corners to engage the motors. Within 1 second

move the throttle up 1/8 – 1/4. The copter should not lift off until about 1⁄2 stick is reached.

o Verify data and video links before lifting off. If anything is not working properly, move the throttle stick 

to low to disengage the motors and determine a solution.
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o If all flight checks are passed, announce loudly: “TAKING OFF”

o Advance throttle to about 3/4. Copter must jump off of the ground to avoid one skid coming up before 

the other skid, and the skid on the ground getting caught and flipping the copter over sideways.

o Ascend to 3 meters. Then decrease throttle to 1⁄2 to engage the GPS hold.

o Verify links, GPS, Attitude, etc. Should be single purple flash.

o Verify that the copter is holding position within .5m in all directions.

o Verify camera operation

o Verify course lock is operational by rotating 90 degrees and pushing forward on stick.

o Verify copter stability. If unstable, land and reset gains, recalibrate, or retest as necessary.

o Proceed with manual mission or

o For autopilot operation

Ascend to 10 meters

Command AVO to proceed with mission.

Pilot should say “It’s yours”

Response from AVO “I have it”

o Manual pilot/observer must monitor the informational LED and be ready to take over in

manual mode when necessary.

White flashes indicates flight controller issue

Amber flashes indicates low battery

Red flashes indicate loss of GPS or severe battery condition

Quick decisions are required when red flashes are indicated

10 seconds or more of loss of GPS signal will stop waypoint guidance and any

GPS hold and put into manual mode.

Red indicator light battery warning requires immediate landing

o Manual pilot to request copter flight battery voltage readout from AVO periodically.

Reset the first and second indicator lights as required for your set up.

When recharging the batteries, the goal is to put 4,000 mah into a 5,000 mah battery

pack. Adjust the voltage warnings to your style of flying.

Also use the countdown timer on the transmitter. This gives a good indication of

battery level because the current used is fairly constant from flight to flight.

POST LANDING

o Note flight time from transmitter. Write this down in the log book.

o Note battery power used during the flight. Write this down in the log book.

o ALWAYS disconnect the main power to the AV first, then turn off the transmitter.

o Check motor temperatures by touching them with your fingers. Any motors which are

excessively hot should be further inspected and possibly replaced.

o Check battery temperatures by touching them with your fingers. Battery temperatures should not be hot 

to the touch. Battery temperatures should be slightly above ambient.

o Inspect all components especially the propellers for wear.

o Note in logbook which batteries were used to calculate life cycle.

AIRCRAFT FLIGHT LOG BOOK 

o Keep a log of all flights.

Date

Time of Day

Time in Operation (in hours)

Battery serial numbers

Mah used in flight

Location
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Pilot, Observer, Sensor Operator Names

Flight Objective

Remarks

AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE LOG BOOK (Can be purchased inexpensively)

o Keep a log of significant inspections, tests, repairs, alterations, equipment changes.

Date maintenance is performed

Accumulated hours of operation

Remarks

PILOT LOG BOOK (Can be purchased inexpensively)

o Keep a log of all flights. Include the following:

Aircraft flown

Aircraft serial number

Date

Time of Day

Time in Operation (in hours)

Location

Flight Objective

Remarks
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SECTION 6 - PERFORMANCE

FLIGHT TIMES

o The AV is designed to hover at high efficiency. Hovering is much less efficient than flying on a wing, 

thus flight times are low compared to fixed wing aircraft.

o All the weight of the AV is supported by power from the batteries. The amount of power available 

decreases as the battery is used in a flight. Therefore the power reserve is constantly decreasing as the 

battery is being used. Thus loading a rotorcraft above its limit is not recommended. While the AV may have 

enough power to lift off initially on a full charge, the power reserve at partial charge may be too low to 

allow for maneuvering and will result in a crash.

o High lateral speeds will add lift to slightly improve efficiency. The rotors act similar to fixed wings at 

higher speeds. This increase in efficiency may be negated by the increased power consumption of forward 

flight.

o High winds or gusts decrease efficiency/flight time. The motors work harder to hold position.

o As weight increases flight time’s decrease.

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

o Refer to the specific manuals for performance ratings.

o Wireless communications utilized provide acceptable communication for LOS.

o In general:

LOS is required

The higher the GCS antennas, the better the range

Any freq. at may have severe degradation due to location to other admitters such as

cell towers

RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) should be monitored for indication of

communication drop out.
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SECTION 7 - WEIGHT AND BALANCE EQUIPMENT LIST

CG

o CG is critical to the efficient operation of any AV

o When components are shifted, the CG will be altered.

o The main components which are moved on a regular basis are the sensors and the batteries.

o The sensors are typically in the front of the AV, and the batteries are located in the correct

position to offset all the components on the AV.

o The CG must be tested after any change to the components or their placement.

o The CG should be tested by lifting the UV with fingers on the bottom of the arms. Check all 3 pairs of 

arms. The CG should be no more than 2mm off in any on the 3 checks. The closer the CG is to the 

centerlines of the arms the more efficient and the more stable the AV will be.

WEIGHT

o Weight is critical to the operation of any aircraft

o Weight is especially critical to a rotor wing aircraft. At full throttle the motors have a finite amount of 

thrust. All the weight is lifted by the battery power; there is no wing to assist in providing lift.

o As the batteries are operated, they lose power. At full charge they have about 25v. At 20%

remaining capacity they have about 21v. This is a loss of 8% of the power available which is

significant.

o Do not overload the aircraft or there will not be sufficient reserve power to maneuver at low battery 

levels.
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SECTION 8 - AIR VEHICLE AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION

FLIGHT BATTERY REQUIRED

o Manufacturers: Various COTS suppliers

o Battery chemistry recommended: Lithium Polymer

o Battery Capacity: up to 21,000 mah or greater depending on max gross weight

o Battery cell count required: 6S (6 cells in series)

o Battery Voltage: 21V minimum during hover, 22.2V nominal, 25.2V maximum

o Battery Minimum Rated Discharge Rate: 20C minimum

o Battery Minimum Charge Rate: 1C (3C preferable)

o Battery Rest Time between discharging and charging: 0-30 minutes

o Batteries used simultaneously: typically 1

o Recommended Battery Discharge Amount: 80-90%

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

o Refer to the specific manuals for performance ratings.

o Never power a video transmitter or receiver without an antenna connected or overload failure will occur.

o Wireless communications utilized provide acceptable communication for LOS.

o In general:

o LOS is required.

o Lower frequencies penetrate objects such as trees better than higher freqs.

o Lower freqs have longer range than high freqs

o Higher freqs can transfer more data than lower freqs

o Higher freqs use smaller/shorter antennas

o The higher the GCS antennas, the better the range and reception

o Any freq at may have severe degradation due to location to other admitters such as cell towers

o Range must be constantly monitored.

o Alternate antenna types may be utilized to improve link/range. Patch, helical, omni, etc. can

be substituted. They must be verified before use.

o Alternate freqs may be utilized to improve link/range.
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SECTION 9 - HANDLING, SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE

PROPELLER CARE

o Propellers must be checked each flight for nicks or cracks

o Propellers are designed to last indefinitely if they do not impact dust, dirt or more.

BATTERY CARE AND USE

o Refer to instruction sheet included from the battery manufacturer. Typical information

follows.

o Batteries are highly flammable and can explode, especially when fully charged. Improper

charging, vibration, impact, high discharge, etc. can lead to explosion and fire. Batteries must

be charged under constant supervision and using proper precautions.

o Batteries fully charged must be handled with extreme care.

o Any battery which puffs up is considered damaged and must not be used. It is in a dangerous state. Never 

charge a puffed up battery.

o Any battery which holds less than 80% of its rated capacity should be discarded.

o Cycle test each battery after every 50 cycles or if a battery is suspected to have lost as

significant amount of its capacity to determine the current capacity.

o Properly dispose of batteries. First discharge the battery fully using a battery cycler. Bring to a recycler 

such as a home improvement store.

o Always charge flight batteries under “balance” mode.

o Flight Battery Recommended Charge Rate: 1C which takes approximately 1 hour to charge

o Flight Battery Maximum Charge Rate: May exceed 5C. Charge rates higher than 1C will

decrease life cycles. Maximum charge rating per the manufacturer will provide 300+ cycles.

Use the lowest charge rate which is practical.

o Battery Rest Time between discharging and charging: 30 minutes minimum, 1 hour

maximum.

o Do not charge if the battery is more than 2°C warmer than ambient, especially if the

temperature is above 20°C. The outer surface is cooler than the inner core after use. Damage

will occur when charging a warm battery.

o Recommended Battery Discharge Amount: 80%. Using more of the capacity of the battery

will decrease the life cycles

o As battery temperature approaches freezing the capacity of Lithium Polymer batteries

decrease. Keep warmer than 5°C before installing into the UV (unmanned vehicle).

o Battery capacity decreases at higher discharge rates. Using more batteries decreases the

discharge rate of each battery thereby extending individual battery capacity slightly.

o Lower discharge rates improve the life cycles.

o Batteries are rated at greater than 300 life cycles. 1,000+ life cycles are possible.

o Batteries must not be stored above 60% charged state for extended periods.

o Batteries should be stored below 25°C for extended periods

o Store batteries between 40% - 60% charged state. Fully charge just before use.

o Fully charged batteries which are not to be used within 24 hours should be discharged to 40% - 60% 

charged state using the battery discharger.

o Using more than one battery at a time requires the proper wiring harness so that the voltage is no more 

than 25.2V. Over voltage will cause serious damage to electrical equipment.

PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE

o ANNUAL INSPECTION 

If the airframe has in excess of 300 hours in a one year period, an annual inspection

must be completed by an approved technician.

An approved technician should disassemble the AV and inspect all components for
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wear and replace any components as required.

Test all batteries for capacity.

Upgrade firmware and software to latest revisions

o 500 HOUR PM

An approved technician should disassemble the AV and inspect all components for

wear and replace any components as required.

Replace all motors.

Test all batteries for capacity.

Upgrade firmware and software to latest revisions.
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SECTION 10 - SUPPLEMENTS

COTS components have been utilized in the construction of this AV. All instruction manuals, operating

handbooks, warning notices, and more are available as separate documents. Components which may have

separate documentation follow. Links to these documents are available on the website. Print out the significant 

documents and keep in a notebook with the copter at all times.

AIRFRAME

AUTOPILOT SYSTEM

BATTERIES

BATTERY CHARGER

CAMERA MANUAL

CAMERA GCS

DATA WIRELESS LINK

GIMBAL CAMERA MOUNT

GIMBAL CAMERA MOUNT SERVOS

LAPTOP COMPUTER

MOTORS

ONBOARD REGULATOR

PROPELLERS

RC/MANUAL COMMAND & CONTROL SYSTEM

SPEED CONTROLS (ESCs)

VIDEO CAPTURE HARDWARE

VIDEO CAPTURE SOFTWARE

VIDEO WIRELESS LINK