1

Richard Winger Curriculae Vitae

3201 Baker Street

San Francisco, California 94123

Updated Oct. 11, 2019

EDUCATION

BA, Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1966

Graduate study, Political Science, UCLA, 1966-67

EMPLOYMENT

Ballot Access News, Editor 1985-Present

Editor of newsletter covering legal, legislative and political developments of interest to 

minor parties and independent candidates. Researcher of ballot access laws of all 50 states 

from years 1888-present; well versed in how ballot access laws of each state work 

historically and how they compare to each other. Responsible for reading all statutes, 

regulations, legal opinions, and state attorney general opinions on rights of political parties 

and the publications of minor parties.

On the Editorial Board of Election Law Journal, published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 

Larchmont, N.Y., since 2001.

PUBLICATIONS

Wrote a chapter or two in each of these books:

The Best Candidate: The Law of Presidential Nomination in Polarized Times to be 

published by the Cambridge University Press, 2020, editors Eugene D. Mazo and Michael 

R. Dimino. My chapter is “The Nomination of Presidential Candidates by Minor Parties.”

America Votes! A Guide to Modern Election Law and Voting Rights, 2nd edition, 2012, 

published by the American Bar Association’s Section of State and Local Government Law, 

editor Benjamin E. Griffith.

Others, Vol. 2, Third Parties During The Populist Period, by Darcy G. Richardson (2007: 

iUniverse, Inc., New York). Wrote the book’s Appendix, “Early Ballot Access Laws for 

New and Minor Parties.”

Democracy's Moment

edited by Ronald Hayduk and Kevin Mattson (2002: Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 

Md.)

The Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America

edited by Immanuel Ness and James Ciment (2000: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., Armonk, N.Y.)

Multiparty Politics in America

edited by Paul S. Herrnson (1997: Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md.)

The New Populist Reader

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edited by Karl Trautman (1997: Praeger, Westport, Ct.)

Additional articles published in these periodicals:

University of Arkansas Little Rock Law Review, Vol. 29, #4, summer 2007

Wall Street Journal, October 1984 and also October 1988 (exact dates unknown)

The Long Term View, Mass. Sch. of Law, vol. 2 #2 (spring 1994)

American Review of Politics, U. of Akron, vol. 16, Winter 1995

California Journal, July 1977

Election Law Journal (two articles), Vol. 1 #2 (2002) and Vol. 5 #2 (2006)

Cleveland State Law Review, Vol. 45 #1 (1997)

Chronicles Magazine, November 1994

Price Costco Connection, Dec. 1995

Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol. 32 #3 (May 2005)

Fordham Law Review, Vol. 85 #3 (December 2016)

Oklahoma Politics, Vol. 8 (October 1999)

Harvard Law Record, internet, April 25, 2016

Also, I wrote “Election Law Decisions” in all issues of the newsletter of the American 

Political Science Association’s Section on Representation and Electoral Systems, 2005-

2014. The publication appeared twice each year.

I wrote articles for “Voice for Democracy”, the newsletter of Californians for Electoral 

Reform, in these issues: Spring 2012, February 2014, August 2014, November 2014, and 

February 2015.

NATIONAL INTERVIEWS on Minor Parties, Independents, Ballots and Ballot Access

NBC National Public Radio

ABC Pacifica Radio

CNN MSNBC

C-SPAN

CASES: TESTIMONY or AFFIDAVITS (political party or candidate prevailing, or case pending)

Alabama: Hall v Bennett, U.S. Dist. Ct., 212 F.Supp.3d 1148 (m.d. 2016). 

Alaska: Libertarian Party v Coghill, state superior court, 3rd dist., 3AN-92-08181, 1992:

court enjoined petition deadline for minor party presidential petitions.

Arizona: Campbell v Hull, 73 F Supp 2d 1081 (1999). Az. Libt. Party v Hull, superior ct., 

Maricopa Co. 96-13996, 1996: deadline for submitting presidential elector candidates too 

early. Nader v Brewer, 531 F 3d 1028 (9th cir., 2008). De La Fuente v Hobbs, 19-16868

(pending in 9th circuit): signature requirement for independent candidates.

Arkansas: Citizens to Establish a Reform Party v Priest, 970 F Supp 690 (E.D. Ark. 

1996). Green Party of Ark. v Priest, 159 F.Supp.2d (E.D. Ark. 2001). Green Party of Ark. 

v Daniels, U.S. District Court, 448 F.Supp 2d 1056 (E.D.Ark. 2006). Moore v Martin, 854 

F 3d 1021. Libertarian Party of Arkansas v Thurston, e.d., 4:19cv-214 (2019): signature 

requirement for new parties.

California: California Democratic Party v Jones, 530 US 567 (2000). California Justice 

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Committee v Bowen, 2012 WL 5057625 (C.D.Cal.): deadline for new party qualification 

too early.

Colorado: Ptak v Meyer, 94-N-2250, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1994. Signature requirement for 

independent legislative candidates.

Florida: Libt. Party of Fla. v Mortham, 4:96cv258-RH, n.d. 1996: Libertarian vicepresidential candidate put on ballot even though he was not on the petition. Reform Party 

v Black, 885 So.2d 303 (Fla. 2004).

Georgia: Bergland v Harris, 767 F 2d 1551 (11th cir., 1985). Remanded case back to 

U.S. District Court; before District Court acted, legislature substantially eased law, so case 

became moot. Green Party of Georgia v Kemp, 171 F Supp 3d 1340 (n.d. 2016), affirmed, 

674 F.Appx. 974 (11th cir., 2017). Libertarian Party of Georgia v Raffensperger, n.d., 

1:17cv-4660: number of signatures for U.S. House; law upheld on September 23, 2019 but 

either a rehearing request or an appeal will be filed. 

Hawaii: Libt. Party of Hi. v Waihee, cv 86-439, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1986: petition deadline for 

new parties.

Illinois: Nader v Ill. State Bd. of Elections, 00-cv-4401, U.S. Dist. Ct., N.D., 2000: 

petition deadline enjoined. Lee v Ill. State Bd. of Elections, 463 F.3d 763 (7th cir. 2006). 

Jones v McGuffage, 921 F Supp 2d 888 (N.D.. Il, 2013). Libertarian Party of Illinois v 

Scholz, 164 F Supp 3d 1023 (n.d. 2016), affirmed 872 F.3d 518 (7th cir., 2017). Gill v 

Scholz, central dist., 3:16cv-3221: case pending in 7th circuit on 5% petition requirement 

for independent candidates for U.S. House; U.S. District Court put candidate on ballot, but 

7th circuit stayed that action. Jones v McGuffage, n.d., 1:12cv-9997: number of signatures 

in special U.S. House elections; judge reduced number of signatures.

Iowa: Oviatt v Baxter, 4:92-10513, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1992: signature requirement for U.S. 

House candidates.

Kansas: Merritt v Graves, 87-4264-R, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1988: independent petition 

deadline, requirement that independent petitions not be circulated outside of circulator's 

home precinct, and requirement that voters could only register in qualified parties. This 

case should not be confused with another by the same name decided in December, 1988.

Kentucky: Libt. Pty. of Ky. v Ehrler, 776 F Supp 1200 (E.D. 1991). Sweeney v Crigler, 

e.d., 2:19cv-46 (2019): deadline for declaration of candidacy.

Maine: Libertarian Party of Me v Dunlap, 2:16cv-2: deadline for new party.

Maryland: Dixon v Md. State Adm. Bd. of Elec. Laws, 878 F 2d 776 (1989, 4th cir.).

Green Party v Bd. of Elections, 832 A 2d 214 (Md. 2003).

Michigan: Graveline v Johnson, 336 F.Supp.3d 801 (e.d. 2018), affirmed, 747 F Appx 

408 (6th circuit 2018). Number of signatures for independent candidates.

Montana: Kelly v Johnson, U.S. Dist. Ct. 08-25 (2012): independent candidate petition 

deadline. Breck v Stapleton, 259 F.Supp.3d 1126 (2017). Montana Green Party v 

Stapleton, 6:18cv-87.

Nebraska: Bernbeck v Gale, 4:18cv-3073 (2018). Number of signatures for independent 

candidates.

Nevada: Libt Pty. of Nev. v Swackhamer, 638 F Supp 565 (1986); Fulani v Lau, cv-N-92-

535, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1992: minor party and independent petition deadline.

New Jersey: Council of Alternative Political Parties v Hooks, 999 F Supp 607 (1998); 

Council of Alternative Political Parties v State Div. of Elections, 781 A 2d 1041 

(N.J.Super. A.D. 2001).

New York: Molinari v Powers, 82 F Supp 57 (E.D.N.Y. 2000). Schulz w 

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Williams, 44 F 3d 48 (2nd cir., 1994). Green Party of N.Y. v N.Y. State Bd. of 

Elections, 389 F.3d 411 (2nd cir., 2004).

North Carolina: Obie v N.C. Bd. of Elections, 762 F Supp 119 (E.D. 1991). DeLaney v 

Bartlett, 370 F.Supp.2d 373 (M.D. 2004). Edwards v Berger, Wake County Superior 

Court, 18-cvs-9749 (2018): state could not give party labels to some candidates, but not all 

candidates, for the same office.

Ohio: Libertarian Party of Ohio v Blackwell, 462 F.3d 579 (6th cir. 2006). Libertarian 

Party of Ohio v Husted, U.S. Dist. Ct., middle district, 2:13cv-935 (2014): state could not 

create a new petition in September of odd year before election and expect it to be used in 

following year. 

Oklahoma: Atherton v Ward, 22 F Supp 2d 1265 (W.D. Ok. 1998). De La Fuente v 

Ziriax, had been pending in 10th circuit, 17-6010, then legislature eased requirement for 

independent presidential candidates so case became moot.

Pennsylvania: Patriot Party of Pa. v Mitchell, 826 F Supp 926 (E.D. 1993).

South Dakota: Nader v Hazeltine, 110 F Supp 2d 1201 (2000). Libertarian Party of 

South Dakota v Krebs, 2018, 4:15cv-4111.

Tennessee: Libt Party v Goins, U.S. Dist. Ct., 793 F Supp 1064 (M.D. 2010). Green 

Party of Tennessee v Hargett, 7 F.Supp.3d 772 (m.d. 2014), aff’m, 791 F.3d 684 (6th cir. 

2015): this is the case that struck down the law on how a party remains on the ballot, and 

should not be confused with the case of the same name on the requirements for a party 

getting on the ballot.

Texas: Pilcher v Rains, 853 F 2d 334 (5th cir., 1988). 

Virginia: Libt. Pty of Va. v Quinn, 3:01-cv-468, U.S. Dist. Ct., E.D. (2001): court 

ordered state to print "Libertarian" party label on ballot next to names of candidates.

West Virginia: State ex rel Browne v Hechler, 476 SE 2d 559 (Supreme Court 1996).

Nader v Hechler, 112 F.Supp.2d 575 (S.D.W.V., 2000). McClure v Manchin, 301 F Supp 

2d 564 (2003).

CASES: TESTIMONY or AFFIDAVITS (political party or candidate not prevailing)

Alabama: Swanson v Bennett, 490 F.3d 894 (11th cit. 2007). Stein v Chapman, 774 F.3d 

689 (11th cir., 2014). De La Fuente v Merrill, m.d., 2:16cv-755: whether sore loser law 

applies to presidential primaries.

Arizona: Indp. Amer. Party v Hull, civ 96-1240, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1996: petition deadline 

for new parties. Browne v Bayless, 46 P 3d 416 (2002). Arizona Libertarian Party v 

Hobbs, 925 F.3d.1085 (2019).

Arkansas: Langguth v McKuen, LR-C-92-466, U.S. Dist. Ct., E.D., 1992: petition 

deadline for independent candidates. Christian Populist Party v Sec. of State, 650 F Supp 

1205 (E.D. 1987). Green Party of Ark. V Martin, 649 F.3d 675 (8th cir. 2011).

California: Socialist Workers Party v Eu, 591 F 2d 1252 (9th cir., 1978). Independent 

Party v Padilla, 184 F.Supp.3d 791 (Cal.,e.d. 2016). De La Fuente v Padilla, 930 F.3d 

1101 (9th cir. 2019).

D.C.: Libertarian Party v D.C. Bd. of Elections, 682 F.3d 72 (D.C. Cir. 2012).

Florida: Fulani v Smith, 92-4629, Leon Co. Circuit Court, 1992: deadline for write-in 

filing. Libertarian Party of Fla. v State of Fla., 710 F 2d 790 (11th cir., 1983). U.S. 

Taxpayers Party v Smith, 871 F.Supp. 426 (n.d. Fla. 1993).

Georgia: Libertarian Party of Ga. v Cleland, U.S. Dist. Ct., n.d., 1:94-cv-1503-

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CC, U.S. Dist. Ct., N.D. (1994): number of signatures. Amendola v Miller, U.S. Dist. Ct, 

n.d., 1:96cv-2103 (1997): number of signatures. Esco v Secretary of State, E-53493, 

Fulton Co. Superior Court, 1998: number of signatures. Cartwright v Barnes, 304 F 3d 

1138 (11th cir., 2002): number of signatures. Coffield v Kemp, 599 F.3d 1276 (2010): 

number of signatures.

Idaho: Nader v Cenarrusa, cv 00-503, U.S. Dist. Ct., 2000: number of signatures.

Illinois: Libt Party v Rednour, 108 F 3d 768 (7th cir., 1997). Nader v Keith, 385 F.3d 729 

(7th cir. 2006). Summers v Smart, 65 F.Supp. 3d 556 (n.d. Ill. 2014).

Kansas: Hagelin for President Committee v Graves, 804 F Supp 1377 (1992).

Maine: Maine Green Party v Diamond, 95-318, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1995: definition of 

qualified party. Maine Green Party v Secretary of State, 96-cv-261, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1996: 

definition of political party.

Maryland: Ahmad v Raynor, R-88-869, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1988: number of signatures. 

Creager v State Adm. Bd. of Election Laws, AW-96-2612, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1996: number of 

signatures.

Missouri: Manifold v Blunt, 863 F 2d 1368 (8th cir. 1988).

New Hampshire: Werme v Gov. of N.H., 84 F 3d 479 (1st cir., 1996).

New Mexico: Parker v Duran, 180 F Supp 3d 851 (2014).

North Carolina: Nader v Bartlett, 00-2040, 4th cir., 2000: number of signatures.

North Dakota: Libertarian Party of N.D. v Jaeger, 659 F 3d 689 (2011).

Ohio: Schrader v Blackwell, 241 F 2d 783 (6th cir., 2001). State ex rel Fockler v Husted,

State Supreme Court, 2016-1863: rules for primary ballot access. Libertarian Party of 

Ohio v Ohio Secretary of State, state appeals court, 10th dist., 16APE-07-496: definition of 

political party. 

Oklahoma: Rainbow Coalition v Okla. State Elec. Bd., 844 F 2d 740 (1988). Nader v 

Ward, 00-1340, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1996: number of signatures. Clingman v Beaver, 544 

U.S.581.

Oregon: Libt Party v Roberts, 737 P 2d 137 (Ore. Ct. of Appeals, 1987).

Tennessee: Green Party of Tennessee v Hargett, 882 F.Supp.2d 959 (m.d. 2012) and 953 

F.Supp.2d 816 (m.d. 2013) (not to be confused with the case of the same name on how a 

party remains on the ballot). The final decisions are not reported and are 2016 US Dist 

Lexis 109161 (2016) and Sixth Circuit case 16-6299 (2017).

Texas: Texas Indp. Party v Kirk, 84 F 3d 178 (5th cir., 1996). Nat. Comm. of U.S. 

Taxpayers Party v Garza, 924 F Supp 71 (W.D. 1996). Kennedy v Cascos, 214 F.Supp.3d 

559 (w.d. Tex, 2016).

Virginia: Wood v Meadows, 207 F 3d 708 (4th cir., 2000).

Washington: Washington State Republican Party v Washington State Grange, 876 F.3d 

794 (2012).

West Virginia: Fishbeck v Hechler, 85 F 3d 162 (4th cir., 1996).

Wyoming: Spiegel v State of Wyoming, 96-cv-1028, U.S. Dist. Ct., 1996: petition 

deadline.

QUALIFIED EXPERT WITNESS

Fishbeck v Hechler, 85 F 3d 162 (4th cir. 1996, West Virginia case)

Council of Alternative Political Parties v Hooks, 999 F Supp 607 (1998, N.J.)

Citizens to Establish Reform Party v Priest, 970 F Supp 690 (E.D. Ark, 1996)

Atherton v Ward, 22 F Supp 2d 1265 (W.D.Ok. 1998)

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Calif. Democratic Party v Jones, 530 US 567 (2000)

Swanson v Bennett, not reported, U.S. Dist. Ct., m.d.Ala. (02-T-644-N)

Clingman v Beaver, 544 U.S. 581.

Green Pty v N.Y. Bd. Elec., 267 F Supp 2d 342 (EDNY 2003), 389 F.3d 411 (2nd 2004) 

Lawrence v Blackwell, 430 F.3d 368 (6th cir. 2005)

Hall v Merrill, 212 F.Supp.3d 1148 (Alabama m.d. 2016)

Graveline v Johnson, 336 F.Supp.3d 801 (e.d. Mi. 2018), aff’m 747 F Appx 408 (6th cir. 

2018)

Green Party of Tennessee v Hargett, 882 F.Supp.2d 959 (m.d. Tn. 2012); also 953 

F.Supp.2d 816 (same)

De La Fuente v Padilla, 930 F.3d 1101 (9th cir. 2019)

De La Fuente v State of Arizona, 2:16cv-2419 (2019)

CASES IN WHICH DECISION MENTIONED MY EVIDENCE AND EITHER STRUCK 

DOWN OR ENJOINED THE LAW

Hall v Merrill, 212 F.Supp.3d 1148 (m.d. Ala. 2016), footnote 10. Eleventh Circuit later 

ruled that case was moot when it was decided and therefore vacated the decision, 902 F.3d 

1294. 

Citizens to Establish a Reform Party in Arkansas v Priest, 970 F.Supp.690 (e.d. 1996) 

at 695.

Green Party of Arkansas v Priest, 159 F.Supp.2d 1140 (e.d. 2001). Decision cites my 

evidence at p. 1143 but doesn’t name me.

Green Party of Arkansas v Daniels, 445 F.Supp.2d 1056 (e.d. 2006) at 1059ff

Libertarian Party of Arkansas v Thurston, e.d. 4:19cv-214 (July 3, 2019)

California Justice Committee v Bowen, 2012 WL 5057625 (Oct. 18, 2012)

Green Party of Georgia v Kemp, 171 F.Supp.3d 1340 (n.d. 2016); aff’m, 674 F Appx 

974 (11th cir. 2017)

Gill v Scholz, U.S. Dist. Ct., n.d. Ill. 16cv-3221. Court enjoined law and put candidate on 

ballot. Then the 7th circuit issued a one-sentence order removing the candidate from the 

ballot but not explaining why. Then another U.S. District Court Judge upheld law. Case is 

pending in the 7th circuit.

Jones v McGuffage, 921 F.Supp.2d 888 (2017) at 893.

Lee v Keith, 463 F.3d 763 (7th cir. 2006) at 766 (decision uses my evidence but does not 

name me)

Libertarian Party of Illinois v Illinois State Bd. of Elections, 164 F.Supp.3d 1023 (n.d. 

2016). See footnote four.

Graveline v Johnson, 336 F.Supp.3d 801, aff’m 747 F Appx 408 

(6th cir. 2018)

Breck v Stapleton, 6:18cv-87 (2017).

Green Party of N.Y. v N.Y. State Board of Elections, 389 F.3d 411 (2004) at 421

Libertarian Party of Ohio v Blackwell, 462 F.3d 579 (6th cir. 2006) at 589

Libertarian Party of Ohio v Husted, 2014 WL 11515569 (s.d. Oh. Jan. 7, 2014)(opinion 

misspells my surname as “Wagner”)

Libertarian Party of South Dakota v Krebs, 290 F.Supp.3d 902 (2018)

Libertarian Party of Tennessee v Goins, 793 F.Supp.2d 1064 (m.d. 2010) at 1068

Green Party of Tennessee v Hargett, 882 F.Supp.2d 959 (m.d. 2012) at 976ff; 

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on remand, 953 F.Supp.2d 816 (m.d. 2013) under heading “Parties’ Expert Proof)

LIST OF ALL CASES IN LAST FOUR YEARS IN WHICH I TESTIFIED AT TRIAL OR AT 

DEPOSITION

Green Party of Georgia v Kemp (deposition 2015)

Green Party of Tennessee v Hargett (trial 2016)

Libertarian Party of Illinois v Illinois State Election Board (deposition 2017)

De La Fuente v Padilla (deposition 2017, California)

Kennedy v Cascos (court hearing 2016, Texas)

Libertarian Party of South Dakota v Krebs (trial 2018)

Libertarian Party of Georgia v Raffensperger (deposition 2019)

Montana Green Party v Stapleton (deposition 2019)

Sweeney v Crigler (deposition 2019)

SPEAKING ENGAGEMENTS: Colleges and Scholarly Meetings

Panel of New York City Bar Association, 1994. Ballot access.

Amer. Political Science Assn., nat. conventions of August 1995 and August 1996. Papers.

Capital University School, law school class, Columbus, Ohio, 1996. Guest lecturer.

Cal. State U., course in political science, Hayward, 1993 and 1996. Guest lecturer.

San Francisco City College, course in political science, 1996 and 1997. Guest lecturer.

Providence College, R.I., Oct. 1997, seminar on ballot access.

Harvard U., JFK School of Gov't, Oct. 18, 1995, guest lecturer, ballot access.

Voting Integrity Project national conference, Apr. 1, 2000, speaker on ballot access.

Center for Voting & Democracy nat. conference, Nov. 30, 2003, speaker on ballot access.

Robert Dole Institute of Politics, U. of Kansas, one of 5 panel members, Oct. 25, 2007.

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