# Patent

## Title
Print engine controller for high volume pagewidth printing

## Abstract

A print engine controller includes control circuitry for permitting external clients to read and write registers and to read and write to a memory device. A data bus is connected to the memory device. A data interface is connected to the data bus to be interposed between the data bus and a microprocessor so that the microprocessor can write data to the memory device. A serial interface is connected to the data bus to be interposed between the data bus and the microprocessor so that the microprocessor can access the registers of the control circuitry and registers of the memory device. Page expansion circuitry is connected to the data bus and is configured to receive data representing compressed pages and to render that data into dot data representing dots. Formatting circuitry is connected to the data bus for receiving the dot data and for formatting the dot data for printing. A printhead interface is interposed between the formatting circuitry and the printhead chips to receive the dot data from the formatting circuitry and to communicate the dot data to the printhead chips.

## Background
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/120,350 filed on Apr. 2, 2002, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,052, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/112,767 filed on Jul. 10, 1998, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,167.


STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not Applicable
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the processing of images for high volume pagewidth printing. More particularly, this invention relates to a print engine controller for high volume pagewidth printing.
REFERENCED PATENT APPLICATIONS
The following United States applications and patents are hereby incorporated by reference:
















6,227,652
6,213,588
6,213,589
6,231,163
6,247,795


6,394,581
6,244,691
6,257,704
6,416,168
6,220,694


6,257,705
6,247,794
6,234,610
6,247,793
6,264,306


6,241,342
6,247,792
6,264,307
6,254,220
6,234,611


6,302,528
6,283,582
6,239,821
6,338,547
6,247,796


6,390,603
6,362,843
6,293,653
6,312,107
6,227,653


6,234,609
6,238,040
6,188,415
6,227,654
6,209,989


6,247,791
6,336,710
6,217,153
6,416,167
6,243,113


6,583,281
6,247,790
6,260,953
6,267,469
6,273,544


6,309,048
6,420,196
6,443,558
6,439,689
6,378,989


6,406,129
6,505,916
6,457,809
6,457,812
6,428,133


6,362,868,
6,443,555
09/422,893
6,557,977
09/425,420


09/693,703
6,550,895









BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
High volume, high-resolution printing is an objective that has been sought by the manufacturers of wide format printers for some time. Wide format printers have been available to the public for many years. Examples of popular wide format printers are the Hewlett Packard (HP) 1000/5000, the HP 3000/3500, the Epson 7000/10 000 and many others.
These printers all have a traversing printhead that traverses a print medium while depositing ink on the medium. Applicant believes that these printers suffer from inherent disadvantages, particularly when attempts are made to utilize the design of such printers in order to achieve faster printing speeds at high resolutions.
Central to the problem of achieving high printing speeds is the ability to achieve a printhead that is capable of generating the necessary number of ink dots at a suitable rate.
Further, in order to achieve accurate printing, it is desirable that a row or band of the image be created in as little print cycles as possible, and preferably in a single print cycle. It follows that it is undesirable for a traversing printhead to be used in an attempt to achieve high print speeds and that a single printhead incorporating a suitable number of inkjet nozzles is required.
Thermal printheads also referred to as bubble jet printheads and piezoelectric printheads have been available for some time. These suffer from excessive heat build up and energy consumption and have therefore been found by the applicant to not be suitable for use in a pagewidth configuration. A number of disadvantages associated with such printheads are set out in U.S. Pat. No. 6,443,555.
The applicant has developed a printhead chip that is capable of producing images having a resolution as high as 1600 dpi. These chips are manufactured using integrated circuit fabrication techniques. Details of the chips are provided in the above referenced applications and patents. Applicant believes that these printhead chips are extremely suitable for use in wide format printers. The reason for this is that such chips operate at extremely high speeds due to the large number of nozzle arrangements required in a single chip and due to the fact that such chips can be driven at an extremely high cyclical rate.
The Applicant has been faced with a number of difficulties in order to achieve the effective use of such printhead chips in wide format printers. One particular difficulty identified by the Applicant is the effective control of a number of such printhead chips to achieve accurate printing. This control must incorporate the use of effective image processing tools that are capable of processing stored images at a rate that corresponds with the physical rate of printing achievable by a number of the above printhead chips.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a print engine controller for a pagewidth printhead having at least one printhead chip that spans a print area, the controller being connectable to a memory device, a micro-processor and the, or each, printhead chip, the controller comprising
control circuitry for permitting external clients to read and write registers and to read and write to the memory device;
a data bus that is connectable to the memory device;
a data interface that is connected to the data bus to be interposed between the data bus and the microprocessor, in use, so that the microprocessor can write data to the memory device;
a serial interface that is connected to the data bus to be interposed between the data bus and the micro-processor, in use, so that the micro-processor can access the registers of the control circuitry and registers of the memory device;
page expansion circuitry that is connected to the data bus and is configured to receive data representing compressed pages and to render that data into dot data representing dots;
formatting circuitry that is connected to the data bus for receiving the dot data and for formatting the dot data for printing; and
a printhead interface that is interposed between the formatting circuitry and the printhead chips, in use, to receive the dot data from the formatting circuitry and to communicate the dot data to the printhead chips.
The control circuitry may be configured to permit the reading and writing of data in 32 bit data blocks.
The print engine controller may include a random access memory device controller that is connectable to the memory device, which is a random access memory device, such that, in use, the memory device controller may be interposed between the memory device and the data bus. A memory device interface may be interposed between the memory device controller and the data bus.
The serial interface may be is a low speed serial interface.
The page expansion circuitry may be configured to render the compressed page data into bi-level dot data.
The data interface may be a high-speed interface.
The formatting circuitry may be configured to format the dots for predetermined print lines.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of processing an image for printing, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving image data in an image storage format;
transforming the image data into print data at a rate of at least one billion pixels per second; and
communicating the print data to a printhead.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided an image processing apparatus for a printer, the image processing apparatus comprising
a data input means that is configured to receive image data in an image storage format;
a data processing means that is operatively connected to the data input means and is configured to process the image data at a rate of at least one billion pixels per second to transform the data into print data; and
a data communication means that is operatively connected to the data processing means and is configured to communicate the print data to a printhead.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided an inkjet printer that comprises
a support structure;
a platen positioned in the support structure;
a print assembly positioned operatively with respect to the platen to define a printing zone between the platen and the print assembly, the print assembly comprising

    
    
        an elongate carrier; and
        a number of printhead chips positioned on the carrier, the printhead chips together defining a printhead;
    
    


an image processing apparatus that is operatively arranged with respect to the print assembly, the image processing apparatus comprising

    
    
        a data input means configured to receive image data in an image storage format;
        a data processing means that is configured to process the image data at a rate of at least one billion pixels per second to transform the data into print data; and
        a data communication means that is configured to communicate the print data to the printhead; and
    
    


a feed mechanism positioned on the support structure for feeding a print medium though the printing zone.
The invention is now described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following description is not intended to limit the broad scope of the above summary.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings,
FIG. 1 shows a schematic, three-dimensional view of part of a printing mechanism of a print assembly incorporating an image processing apparatus, in accordance with the invention, of a printer, also in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a front view of the printing mechanism of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a rear view of the printing mechanism of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 shows a three dimensional, external view of the printer;
FIG. 5 shows a schematic, three-dimensional view of operative parts of the printer;
FIG. 6 shows a schematic, exploded view of the printer;
FIG. 7 shows a schematic, side sectioned view of a portion of the printer incorporating the print assembly;
FIG. 8 shows an exploded view of an operative portion of the printing mechanism;
FIG. 9 shows a cross sectional view of an operative portion of the printing mechanism;
FIG. 10 shows a high-level block diagram of the image processing apparatus;
FIG. 11 shows an expanded block diagram of a page expansion unit of the image processing apparatus;
FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of the image processing apparatus incorporating the page expansion unit;
FIG. 13 shows a schematic, three-dimensional view of part of a printhead chip of the print assembly of the printer, showing one nozzle arrangement of the printhead chip; and
FIG. 14 shows a schematic, three-dimensional view of a printhead module that incorporates a printhead chip.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In FIG. 4, reference numeral 10 generally indicates a printer, in accordance with the invention.
The printer 10 has a support structure 12 that supports a print assembly 14 above a substrate. The support structure 12 includes a pair of spaced feet 16 and a leg 18 extending from each foot 16. The print assembly 14 is mounted on the legs 18 to span the legs 18.
A media tray 20 is positioned between the legs 18. The media tray 20 is configured to store suitable print media, such as paper 22.
The paper 22 is fed from a media feed mechanism in the form of a media roll 166 through the print assembly 14 and on to a take up spool 24. An electronics enclosure 26 is also positioned between the legs 18 to enclose various electronic components that are described below.
The print assembly 14 includes a lid 28, with a handle 30, and a front cover 32. The lid 28 and front cover 32 are positioned between a pair of end moldings 34.
The print assembly 14 also includes a color TFT LCD 36 with touch screen navigation. A stop button 38 is also provided to enable a user to stop operation of the print assembly 14.
The print assembly 14 and its various components are shown in further detail in the remaining Figures.
In FIGS. 1 to 3, reference numeral 40 generally indicates a printing mechanism of the print assembly 14. As can be seen in the drawings, the printing mechanism 40 is segmented. In particular, the printing mechanism 40 includes an image processing apparatus, in accordance with the invention, that includes nine printed circuit boards (PCB's) 42 connected to each other with corresponding connector blocks 44.
The printing mechanism 40 further includes a printhead 41 having seventy-two printhead modules 46. Each PCB 42 is configured to control eight printhead modules 46. It follows that nine PCB's 42 are provided. The printhead modules 46 are described in further detail below.
Each PCB 42 includes a print engine controller (PEC) 48. The PEC's 48 are also described in further detail below.
Each PCB 42 also includes a memory storage device in the form of memory chips and more particularly in the form of 64 Mbit external DRAM chips 50. The DRAM chips 50 cooperate with the PEC 48 in a manner that is described below.
Further, each PCB 42 includes a quality authentication (QA) chip 52. Details of a suitable QA chip are set out in the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,868 and are therefore not set out in this description. The QA chip 52 serves to inhibit unauthorized refilling of ink in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,868, in addition to other functions such as ensuring the quality of print media used with the printer 10.
An endmost PCB 42 includes a serial connector 54 that permits serial data cables 56 to be connected to the PCB's 42.
Each PCB 42 is connected to its associated printhead modules 46 with a flexible PCB 58.
The printing mechanism 40 includes a metal chassis 60 that extends between a pair of side moldings 61 that are positioned in the end moldings 34. The PCB's 42 are mounted on the chassis 60. The chassis 60 has a generally U-shaped cross section. A channel 62 of an Invar alloy is positioned on the chassis 60.
A chassis molding 64 of a plastics material is positioned on an outside of the chassis 60 and the channel 62. Each PCB 42 is mounted on the chassis molding 64.
The chassis molding 64 defines a pair of recesses 66 on an outer side of the chassis molding 64. The recesses 66 extend a length of the chassis molding 64. A busbar 68 is positioned in each recess 66. The busbars 68 are configured to supply electrical power to the PCB's 42.
An ink reservoir assembly 70 is positioned in the Invar channel 62. The ink reservoir assembly 70 includes an ink distribution arrangement 72. Each printhead module 46 is positioned on a respective ink distribution arrangement 72. In particular, each printhead module 46 is removably mounted on its ink distribution arrangement 72 to facilitate removal and replacement when necessary.
The ink reservoir assembly 70 includes a plurality of ink reservoir moldings 76. Each ink reservoir molding 76 corresponds with an associated printhead module 46. The ink reservoir moldings 76 are positioned end-to-end along and within the Invar channel 62. Each ink reservoir molding 76 defines a plurality of elongate ink channels 74, each accommodating a differently colored ink. Thus, effective elongate ink channels extend a length of the Invar channel 62.
An end cap molding 78 is positioned on an endmost ink reservoir molding 76. The end cap molding 78 has a plurality of connectors 80 defined thereon and in alignment with respective ink channels 74 when the end cap molding 78 is positioned on said endmost ink reservoir molding 76. The connectors 80 are connectable to an ink hose connector 82. The ink hose connector 82 is, in turn, connected to each of a plurality of ink hoses 84. It follows that each hose 84 is in fluid communication with a respective ink channel 74. Each hose 84 supplies the ink reservoir assembly 70 with ink of a particular color. For example, the hoses 84 can carry Cyan (C), Magenta (M), Yellow (Y) and Black (K) inks, respectively. In this case, four hoses 84 are provided. Also, each reservoir molding 76 defines four ink channels 74. Alternatively, the hoses 84 can carry Cyan (C), Magenta (M), Yellow (Y), Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) inks, respectively. In this case, six hoses 84 are provided. Also, each reservoir molding 76 then defines six ink channels 74. Instead of six differently colored inks, the six hoses 84 can carry CMYK and Infrared (IR) inks and a fixative (F) for high speed printing so that the inks can dry rapidly.
Each hose 84 is connected to a respective ink container 86 (FIG. 5), so that each hose 84 is connected between an ink container 86 and a particular ink channel 74. The hoses 84 are connected to their respective containers 86 with T-piece connectors 94 shown in FIG. 1.
The print assembly 14 includes a plurality of capping devices 88 that correspond with respective printhead modules 46. Each capping device 88 is displaceable between an operative position in which it serves to cap its respective printhead module 46, to inhibit drying of ink, and an inoperative position in which ink can be ejected from the printhead module 46. A camshaft 90 is positioned in the chassis 60. A translating member 92 interconnects the camshaft 90 and the capping devices 88, so that rotational movement of the camshaft 90 results in reciprocal movement of the capping devices 88 between their operative and inoperative positions.
The camshaft 90 is driven with a suitable motor, indicated generally at 96 in FIG. 5.
Further detail of the print assembly 14 is shown in FIG. 7. As can be seen in this drawing, the front cover 32, the lid 28 and a rear cover 98 together define a housing 100 for the print assembly 14.
A plurality of ink cartridges 102 is positioned beneath the lid 28. Each ink cartridge 102 stores one of the inks mentioned above. Each ink cartridge 102 is positioned between a pair of clips 104 so that it can be replaced when necessary. Each ink cartridge 102 and a respective ink reservoir 86 are in fluid communication with each other, when the ink cartridge 102 is received between the clips 104.
A pair of platens, in the form of an upper platen 106 and a lower platen 108 is positioned within the housing 100. A pair of spaced primary rollers in the form of an upper primary roller 110 and a lower primary roller 112 is provided to displace the paper 22 through the print assembly 14. The upper roller 110 is positioned at an upper end of the platens 106, 108, while the lower roller 112 is positioned between the platens 106, 108. The rollers 110, 112 are configured to drive a sheet of the paper 22 over, consecutively, an inner surface of the lower platen 108 and an outer surface of the upper platen 106. Thus, the paper 22 passes over the upper roller 110, while the lower roller 112 is positioned between upwardly and downwardly moving portions of the paper 22.
A brush 114 is pivotally mounted at 116 to the housing 100. The brush 114 has an arcuate transverse profile that corresponds with the upper primary roller 110. The brush 114 is positioned in the housing 100 so that the paper 22 can pass between the brush 114 and the housing 100.
A pinch roller 118 is positioned downstream of the brush 114 to bear against the upper primary roller 110. Thus, when the paper 22 is displaced from between the brush 114 and the upper primary roller 110, the pinch roller 118 retains the paper 22 against lateral movement.
The upper platen 106 defines an upper printing zone 120 and a lower cutting zone 122. A gap 124 is defined between the upper and lower printing zones 120, 122. A plurality of spiked wheels 126 is partially received through the gap 124 to engage the paper 22 and the lower primary roller 112. A crossbar 128 is operatively positioned with respect to the spiked wheels 126 to retain the spiked wheels 126 in position. The spiked wheels 126 and the pinch roller 118 are configured so that a suitable tension is set up in the paper 22 when the paper 22 passes over the printing zone 120 of the upper platen 106.
The chassis 60 and channel 62 are positioned above the printing zone 120 of the upper platen 106. The chassis 60 and the channel 62 are connected to a displacement mechanism 129 so that the chassis 60 and channel 62 can be displaced from the printing zone 120 when necessary. In particular, the chassis 60 and channel 62 are displaceable between an operative position in which the printhead modules 46 are a distance from the printing zone 120 that is suitable for printing and an inoperative position in which the paper 22 can be released from the printing zone 120.
The chassis 60 and channel 62 are connected to the pinch roller 118 with suitable metalwork 130. Further, the chassis 60 and channel 62 are connected to the crossbar 128. It follows that, when the displacement mechanism 129 is operated, the pinch roller 118 and the spiked wheels 126 are displaced from the upper platen 106 together with the chassis 60 and the channel 62.
The displacement mechanism 129 includes a camshaft 132 and a pusher 134. The pusher 134 is connected to the chassis 60 and the channel 62 so that, upon rotation of the camshaft 132, the chassis 60 and channel 62 are displaced towards and away from the printing zone of the upper platen 106.
Upper idler rollers 136 are rotatably mounted above the upper platen 106 so that the paper 22 is received between the upper platen 106 and the upper idler rollers 136.
A lower, sprung idler roller 138 is mounted on the lower platen 108 to be partially received through a gap 140 defined in the lower platen 108. The sprung idler roller 138 is configured and positioned to bear against the lower primary roller 112. Thus, an upwardly moving portion of the paper 22 is gripped, and passes between, the lower primary roller 112 and the sprung idler roller 138.
The print assembly 14 includes a cutting mechanism 142 that is mounted in the housing 100 above the cutting zone 122 of the upper platen 106. The cutting mechanism includes a cutter 146 that traverses the paper 22 to cut the paper 22. The cutting mechanism 142 includes an optical sensor 144 so that the cutter 146 can be stopped when it reaches an end of a cutting stroke. The cutting zone 122 defines a cutting formation 148 that cooperates with the cutter 146 to facilitate cutting of the paper 22.
As can be seen in FIG. 6, the print assembly 14 includes an air impeller 150 and a motor 152 to drive the air impeller 150. The air impeller 150 serves to generate an air current within the housing 100 for cooling purposes. An air filter 153 is also positioned in the housing 100 to filter the air passing through the housing 100. The air impeller 150 also serves to generate the air current to a sufficient extent to minimize the build up of dust on the printhead modules 46.
As can further be seen in FIG. 6, the primary rollers 110, 112 are connected to a gearbox 154 that is mounted on a bracket 156. The gearbox 154 and bracket 156 are positioned on one of the legs 18 and covered with one of the end moldings 34. Thus, the primary rollers 110, 112 serve to drive the paper 22 through the print assembly 14.
A printhead bracket 157 is positioned in the housing 100 and extends between the legs 18. The printhead bracket 157 provides a support structure for the chassis 60 and channel 62. The printhead bracket 157 also provides a support structure for the upper idler rollers 136.
The housing 100 is shaped to define an opening 158 for passage of the paper 22 into and out of the print assembly 14. Feed rollers 162 are rotatably mounted on a tie bar 160 that extends between the legs 18. The feed rollers 162 are positioned so that the paper 22 passes over the feed rollers 162 when the paper is fed into the print assembly 14. The tie bar 160 also serves a structural purpose in that it provides structural rigidity to the printer 10.
Discharge rollers 164 are rotatably mounted on the upper platen 106. The discharge rollers 164 are positioned so that the paper 22 passes over the discharge rollers 164 when the paper 22 is fed from the print assembly 14.
Both the media roll 166 and the take up spool 24 are driven with a media roll drive motor 168 and a take up spool drive motor 170, respectively (FIG. 5).
The printer 10 includes a power supply unit 172 that is positioned in the electronics enclosure 26. The power supply unit 172 is configured to be powered by either a 110V or 220V power supply. Further, the power supply unit 172 is configured so that up to 90 Amps can be drawn from the power supply unit 172. The power supply unit 172 is connected with power cables 173 to various components of the printer 10, such as the various drive motors to supply the components with required operational energy.
The printer 10 includes an ATX motherboard 174 that is also positioned in the electronics enclosure 26. A printhead interface card 176 is mounted on the motherboard 174. The printhead interface card 176 is connected to the nine PCB's 42 with suitable data cables 178. Thus, conventional print data supplied to the interface card 176 from the motherboard 174 can be converted into a suitable form for reading by the various PCB's 42.
The printer 10 includes a hard drive unit 180. Conveniently, the hard drive unit 180 can have a capacity of 40 Gigabytes. This facilitates the storage of entire images to be printed. The hard drive unit 180 is connected to the motherboard 174 in a conventional fashion. The hard drive unit 180 is a conventional hard drive unit and is therefore capable of storing images in any number of formats, such as the well-known JPEG format. The manner in which the image data is read from the hard drive unit 180 is also conventional.
As is set out below, printing of the images is digitally controlled as a result of the printhead technology utilized in this invention. It follows that transferal of image data from the hard drive unit 180 to the PCB's 42, via the printhead interface card 176 can take place without the requirement of significant data transformation, in particular, without the requirement of digital to analogue signal conversion.
The interface card 176 is also connected to a motor and LCD controller PCB 182 to control operation of the various drive motors and the TFT LCD. Details of such control are set out in the above referenced applications and are therefore not provided in this description. The motor and LCD controller PCB 182 are connected to a cut off switch 184 that is, in turn, connected to the stop button 38 so that operation of the printer 10 can be halted.
As can be seen in FIG. 14, the printhead modules 46 each include a printhead chip 186. The printhead chip 186 can be in the form of any of the printhead chips described in the above referenced applications/patents. Each printhead module 46 includes a carrier 187 in which the printhead chip 186 is positioned. The carrier 187 defines a suitable connection zone for the flexible PCB 58 associated with the printhead chip 186. FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram of part of a printhead chip 186 that is suitable for use in the printer 10. Each printhead module 46 includes what are known as on-chip fiducials 258. The on-chip fiducials 258 are essentially in the form of markers to facilitate accurate alignment of the printhead modules 46 in the print assembly 14.
The printhead chip 186 is described in detail in the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,167 and will therefore not be described in such detail in this specification. Briefly, however, the chip 186 includes a wafer substrate 188. A CMOS drive circuitry layer 190 is positioned on the wafer substrate 188 and is connected to the flexible PCB 58.
A plurality of nozzle arrangements 210 is positioned on the CMOS drive circuitry layer 190. For the purposes of convenience, one such nozzle arrangement 210 is shown in FIG. 13. The printhead chip 186 comprises a multiple replication of the nozzle arrangement 210 on the wafer substrate 188. As set out in the above referenced applications and patents, the printhead chip 186 is the product of an integrated circuit fabrication technique. Replication of components in order to achieve a product is a well-known feature of such a fabrication technique. It follows that the printhead chip 186 can readily be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the field of chip fabrication.
Each nozzle arrangement 210 includes a thermal bend actuator 192 that is positioned on the CMOS layer 190 to receive an actuating signal from the CMOS layer 190. In particular, the thermal bend actuator 192 includes a support post 194 that is mounted on the CMOS layer 190 to extend from the CMOS layer 190. The thermal bend actuator 192 includes an actuator arm 196 that is fixed to, and extends from, the support post 194. The actuator arm 196 includes a heating layer 198 in the form of an electrical heating circuit of a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is such that the material is capable of performing useful work on a MEMS scale as a result of expansion upon heating. The heating layer 198 is positioned on a layer 200 of a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is less that that of the heating layer 198 defining the electrical heating circuit. The heating layer 198 is positioned intermediate the layer 200 and the substrate 188 so that the actuator arm 196 is bent away from the substrate 188 when a current is passed through the heating layer 198.
Nozzle chamber walls 202 are positioned on the CMOS layer 190. A roof wall 204 is positioned on the nozzle chamber walls 202. The nozzle chamber walls 202 and the roof wall 204 define a nozzle chamber 206. The roof wall 204 defines an ink ejection port 208 from which ink is ejected, in use.
A paddle member 212 is mounted on the actuator arm 196 to extend into the nozzle chamber 206. The paddle member 212 is configured and positioned in the nozzle chamber 206 so that, upon displacement of the actuator arm 196, as described above, ink is ejected from the nozzle chamber 206.
The actuator arm 196 is connected to the CMOS layer 190 through the support post 194 so that the heating layer 198 can receive an electrical signal from the CMOS layer 190.
As can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 9, the printhead chips 186 are each positioned at an angle with respect to a straight line running the length of the printing zone 120. This facilitates a measure of overlap at adjacent ends of the printhead chips 186 to ensure printing continuity.
It is clear from the above referenced United States applications and patents that a pagewidth printhead including printhead chips as described above can incorporate up to 84 000 nozzle arrangements. It follows that, by using the printhead chips 186, it is possible for the print assembly 14 to have over as many as 200 000 nozzle arrangements. It follows that over 200 000 dots can be printed on the paper 22 in the printing zone 120. In one particular example, the seventy-two printhead chips 186 provide a print width of 57.6 inches with 552960 nozzle arrangements 210.
The nozzle arrangements 210 of each chip 186 are positioned side-by-side in two rows in a staggered fashion. It follows that true 1600 dpi printing can be achieved with the printhead chips 186.
Each printhead chip 186 therefore includes 7680 nozzle arrangements 210. Each nozzle arrangement 210 is independently controlled by the PCB 42 to eject a 1-picolitre drop on demand. The integrated circuit fabrication technology used is based on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology that is fully described in the above referenced applications and patents. As a result of the manufacturing techniques used, each nozzle arrangement 210 can be as little as 32 microns wide. This allows each printhead chip 186 to have a surface area as little as 21 mm2.
The characteristics of each nozzle arrangement 210 are such that it is capable of being driven at a cyclical rate of up to 80 kHz by its associated PEC 48. This permits printing of up to 21.6 billion drops per second that provides thirty-five thousand square feet per hour at 1600 dpi.
Each printhead chip 186 is connected to its associated PCB 42 with the flexible PCB 58. It follows that each flexible PCB 58 is connected to the CMOS layer 190 of its associated printhead chip 186.
Each PEC 48 is a page rendering engine application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that receives input data relating to compressed page images from the printhead interface 176. The PEC 48 produces decompressed page images at up to six channels of bi-level dot data as output. It will be appreciated that each PEC 48 communicates with eight printhead chips 186 in this example. Each PEC 48 is capable, however, of communication with up to sixteen such printhead chips 186. In particular, each PEC 48 can address up to sixteen printhead chips in up to six color channels at 15 000 lines/sec. It follows that each PEC 48 allows for a 12.8-inch printhead width for full bleed printing of A3, A4 and letter pages.
Each PEC 48 is color space agnostic. This means that the PEC 48 can accept print data in any color. While each PEC 48 can accept contone data as CMYX or RGBX where X is an optional fourth channel, it can also accept contone data in any print color space. Additionally, each PEC 48 is configured to define a mechanism for arbitrary mapping of input channels to output channels. The PEC 48 is also configured for combining dots for ink optimization and the generation of channels based on any number of other channels. In this example, data input is typically based on CMYK for contone printing, K for a bi-level input, fixative, and optional further ink. The PEC 48 is also configured to generate a fixative channel for fast printing applications.
Each PEC 48 is configured to be resolution agnostic. This means that each PEC 48 simply provides a mapping between input resolutions and output resolutions by means of various scale factors. In this example, the expected output resolution is 1600 dpi. However, the PEC 48 does not store any data to this effect.
Each PEC 48 is also configured to be page-length agnostic. Each PEC 48 operates a printing band at a time and a page can have any number of bands. It follows that a “page” can have any reasonable length.
Each PEC 48 defines an interface so that it can be synchronized with other PEC's 48, as is the requirement with this invention. This allows a simple two-PEC solution for simultaneous A3/A4/Letter duplex printing. This also allows each PEC 48 to be responsible for the printing of only a portion of a page. It will be appreciated that combining synchronization functionality with partial page rendering allows multiple PEC's to be readily combined for alternative printing requirements including simultaneous duplex printing, wide format printing, commercial printing, specialist high contone resolution printing, and printing applications where more than six ink channels are required.
The following table sets out the features of each PEC 48 and its associated benefits.







TABLE 1







Features and Benefits of PEC








Feature
Benefits





Optimized print architecture in
30 ppm full page photographic quality color printing from a


hardware
desktop PC


0.18 micron CMOS
High speed


(>3 million transistors)
Low cost



High functionality


1.8 billion dots per second
Extremely fast page generation


15,000 lines per second at 1600 dpi
1.1 A4/Letter pages per PEC chip per second


1 chip drives up to 122,880 nozzles
Low cost page-width printers


1 chip drives up to 6 color planes
99% of printers can use 1 chip per page


Sophisticated internal memory
Only requires 1 external memory, leading to low cost


buffering and caching
systems


JPEG expansion
low bandwidth from PC



low memory requirements in printer


Lossless bitplane expansion
high resolution text and line art with low bandwidth from PC



(e.g. over USB)


Netpage tag expansion
Generates interactive paper


Stochastic dispersed dot dither
Optically smooth image quality



No moire effects


Hardware compositor for 6 image
Pages composited in real-time


planes


Dead nozzle compensation
Extends printhead life and yield



Reduces printhead cost


Color space agnostic
Compatible with all inksets and image sources including



RGB, CMYK, spot, CIE L*a*b*, hexachrome, YCrCbK,



sRGB and other


Color space conversion
Higher quality/lower bandwidth


Computer interface agnostic
Works with USB1, USB2, IEEE1394 (Firewire),



ethernet, IEEE1284 (Centronics)


Variable page length
Print any page length (up to 64 km)


Cascadable in resolution
Printers of any resolution


Cascadable in color depth
Special color sets e.g. hexachrome can be used


Cascadable in image size
Printers of any width


Cascadable in pages
Printers can print both sides simultaneously


Cascadable in speed
Very high speed printers can be built


Fixative channel data generation
Extremely fast ink drying without wasteage


Built-in security
Revenue models are protected


Undercolor removal on dot-by-dot
Reduced ink useage


basis


Does not require fonts for high
No font substitution or missing fonts


speed operation


Flexible printhead configuration
Many configurations of printheads are supported by one chip



type


Drives Memjet TM printheads
No print driver chips required, results in lower cost


directly


Determines dot accurate ink usaege
Removes need for physical ink monitoring system in ink



cartridges









In FIG. 10, there is shown a block diagram of the PEC 48. The PEC 48 includes a micro controller interface in the form of a high-speed interface 214 through which an external micro controller 216 can write to the 64 Mbit DRAM chip 50. The high-speed interface 214 forms part of a data input means of the PEC 48.
The PEC 48 also includes a control circuitry interface in the form of a low speed serial interface 220 through which the micro controller 216 can access registers of the PEC 48 and the DRAM chip 50.
The PEC 48 also includes page expansion circuitry in the form of a page expansion unit (PEU) 222 that receives data relating to compressed pages and renders it into data relating to bi-level dots. Line loader and line formatter circuitry in the form of a line loader/formatter unit 224 is also provided that formats dots for a given print line destined for a printhead interface 226 that communicates directly with the printhead chips 186 of each printhead module 46.
As can be seen, the PEC 48 performs three basic tasks. These are:

    
    
        a) Accepting register and DRAM access commands via the low speed interface 220 (or from the external DRAM chip 50).
        b) Accepting DRAM write accesses (typically compressed page bands and register command blocks) via the high speed interface 214.
        c) Rendering page bands from the external DRAM chip 50 to the printhead chips 186.
    
    


These tasks are independent. However, they do share the external DRAM chip 50. It follows that arbitration is required. The PEC 48 is configured so that DRAM accesses required for rendering page bands always have the highest priority.
The PEC 48 includes control circuitry in the form of a PEC controller 228 that provides external clients with the means to read and write PEC registers, and read and write DRAM in single 32 bit data chunks.
The DRAM chip 50 is connected to memory storage control circuitry in the form of an SDRAM controller 234. In turn, the SDRAM controller 234 is connected to memory storage control circuitry in the form of a DRAM interface unit 236.
The PEC 48 includes a data bus 230 and a low speed serial bus 232. Both the SDRAM controller 234 and the DRAM interface unit 236 are connected to the low speed serial bus 232. The PEC controller 228 is connected to the data bus 230. The PEC controller 228 is also connected to the low speed serial bus 232 via the low speed interface 220. The high-speed interface 214, the PEU 222 and the line loader/formatter unit are also connected to the data bus 230.
In use, since the PEC 48 prints page bands from DRAM, a given band B is loaded into DRAM via the high-speed interface 214 before printing can begin. Then, while the PEC 48 is rendering band B via the PEU, band B+1 can be loaded to DRAM. While band B+1 is being expanded and printed, band B+2 can be loaded, and so on.
In the following table, the various components of the PEC 48 mentioned above are described briefly.







TABLE 2







Units within PEC (high level)










unit

reference



acronym
unit name
numeral
description





DIU
DRAM interface unit
236
Provides the interface for DRAM read and write





access for the various PEC units. The DIU provides





arbitration between competing units and passes on





DRAM requests to the SCU.


HSI
High speed interface
214
Provides external clients (such as the microcontroller)





with the means to write to DRAM.


LLFU
Line loader formatter
224
Reads the expanded page image from line store, formatting



unit

the data appropriately for the Memjet print-





head.


LSI
Low speed interface
220
Provides external clients with the means to send





commands to the PCU and receive register reads.


PCU
PEC controller
228
Provides external clients with the means to read and





write PEC registers, and read and write DRAM in





single 32-bit chunks.


PEU
Page expansion unit
222
Reads compressed page data and writes out the





decompressed form of the same to DRAM.


PHI
Printhead interface
226
Is responsible for sending dot data to the Memjet





printhead segments and for providing line synchronization





between multiple PECs.


SCU
SDRAM controller
234
Provides the DIU with access to the external DRAM.



unit









An expanded block diagram of the PEU 222 is shown in FIG. 11. In the following table, the various components of the PEU 222 are described briefly.







TABLE 3







Units within Page Expansion Unit (high level)










unit

reference



acronym
unit name
numeral
description





CDU
Contone decoder unit
238
Expands JPEG compressed contone





layer and writes decompressed





contone to DRAM


CLBI
Contone line buffer
240
Provides line buffering between



interface

CRU and HCU


CRU
Contone reader unit
242
Reads expanded contone image from





DRAM


DNC
Dead nozzle compensator
244
Compensates for dead nozzles by





error diffusing dead nozzle data into





surrounding dots.


DWU
Dotline writer unit
246
Writes out the 6 channels of dot data





for a given printline to the line store





DRAM


HCU
Halftoner compositor unit
248
Dithers contone layer and composites





the bi-level spot 0 and position tag





dots.


LBD
Lossless bilevel decoder
250
Expands compressed bi-level layer.


SLBI
Spot line buffer interface
252
Provides line buffering between LBD





and HCU


TE
Tag encoder
254
Encodes tag data into line of tag dots.


TLBI
Tag line buffer interface
256
Provides line buffering between TE





and HCU









A first stage in page expansion occurs along a pipeline defined by the CDU 238/CRU 242, the LBD 250 and the TE 254. The CDU 238 expands a JPEG-compressed contone (typically CMYK) layer. The LBD 250 expands a compressed bi-level layer (typically K), and the TE 254 encodes data tags for rendering (typically in infra-red ink) at a later stage. The CLBI 240, the SLBI 252 and the TLBI 256 receive output data from this stage.
The HCU 248 carries out a second stage. The HCU 248 dithers a contone layer and composites position tags and a bi-level spot0 layer over a resulting bi-level dithered layer. A data stream generated by the HCU 248 is adjusted to create smooth transitions across overlapping segments or printhead chips 186. The HCU 248 is configured so that a number of options exist for the way in which compositing occurs. This stage can produce up to six channels of bi-level data. It should be noted that not all six channels might be present on the printhead chips 186. For example, the printhead chips 186 may be CMY only, with K pushed into the CMY channels and IR ignored. Alternatively, the position tags mentioned above may be printed in K if IR ink is not available or for testing purposes.
The DNC 244 carries out a third stage. In this stage, the DNC 244 compensates for dead nozzles in the printhead chips 186 by error diffusing dead nozzle data into surrounding dots.
Bi-level, six channel dot-data (typically CMYK-IRF) generated in the above stages is buffered and written out to a set of line buffers stored in the off-chip DRAM via the DWU 246.
In a final stage, the dot-data is loaded back from the DRAM, formatted for the printhead, and passed to the printhead interface 226 via a dot FIFO (not shown). The dot FIFO accepts data from the line loader/formatter unit 224 at pclk rate, while the printhead interface 226 removes data from the FIFO and sends it to the printhead chips 186 at a rate of either pclk/4, pclk/2 or pclk.
FIG. 12 simply shows the PEC 48 incorporating the exploded PEU 222.
The printing benefits associated with the printhead chips 186 are set out in detail in the above referenced applications and patents. However, some benefits are particularly important when applied to wide printing formats.
A particular benefit is the high number of nozzle arrangements 210 per printhead chip 186. This facilitates extremely rapid printing in that a single print cycle can achieve an image band. It follow that it is not necessary for further print cycles to be used to fill in “missing” dots as is the case with a scanning printhead.
The PEC's 48 provide the necessary synchronized control of the printhead chips 186 as described above. Furthermore, as is clear from a number of the above referenced applications and patents, for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,868, the printhead chips 186 allow for the conversion from analogue printing processes to fully digital processes. This allows for a substantial amount of flexibility and speed. Digital control of the printhead chips 186 is by means of the PEC's 48. The fact that the PEC's 48 digitally control the printhead chips 186 allows for the high printing speed of up to 21.6 billion drops per second. In particular, the need for separate printhead chip drivers is removed, which is key to the high printing speed of the chips 186.
The incorporation of the CMOS layer 190 serves to integrate CMOS technology with MEMS technology on each printhead chip 186. It follows that at least one off-chip connection for each nozzle arrangement 210 is not required. It will be appreciated that such a requirement would make a printhead unreliable and cost-prohibitive to manufacture.
A further important advantage associated with the printer 10 is that a width of the printing zone 120 is extremely small when compared to the length. In a particular example, the printing zone 120 can be as little as 0.5 mm thick. It will be appreciated that it is necessary to achieve extremely stable paper movement through the printing zone 120 in order to ensure that accurate printing takes place in the printing zone. The narrow width of the printing zone 120 facilitates minimal control over the paper 22 as it passes through the printing zone.
In the event that a substantially wider printing zone were provided, it would be necessary to provide further control over movement of the paper 22 through such a printing zone. This would require such devices as vacuum platens to retain the paper 22 against any form of pivotal or lateral movement as the paper 22 moves through the printing zone. This could greatly increase the cost of the wide format printer.
This highlights some reasons why thermal or bubble jet and piezoelectric printheads would not be practical choices when attempting to achieve the printing characteristics of the printer 10. As set out in the above referenced applications and patents, such printheads are not suitable for providing the high density of nozzle arrangements achieved with the printheads of the above referenced matters. It follows that, in attempting to apply thermal and piezoelectric printheads to a wide format printer, it would be necessary to have a relatively wide printing zone so that overlapping of printheads could occur to the necessary extent. This would immediately raise the problem mentioned above. Still further, especially with the thermal printheads, a suitable cooling system would be required to keep the temperature in the printing zone at a reasonable level. This would also increase the cost to an unacceptably high level.
In order to achieve an appreciation of the speed of the printer 10 at a resolution of 1600 dpi, the following comparative table is set out below. It should be noted that the purpose of the following table is simply to illustrate the speed of printing and is not intended to denigrate the various printers used for comparison.
Wide Format Printers




















Memjet
OEM Printhead Print Width (inches)
38.4
44.8
51.2
57.6
64.0
70.4
76.8



Number of Printhead Chips
48
56
64
72
80
88
96



Number of Nozzles
368,640
430,080
491,520
552,960
614,400
675,840
737,280



Max. print speed (sq ft/hr at 1600 × 1600 dpi)
17,578
20,508
23,438
26,367
29,297
32,227
35,156
















Make
Model
Resolution
Speed
Speed Advantage (# of times faster)






















Comparison
HP
1000/5000
600 × 600
120
146
171
195
220
244
269
293



HP
3000/3500
600 × 300
72
244
285
326
366
407
448
488



Epson
7000/10000
720 × 720
90
195
228
260
293
326
358
391



Encad
Novajet 800
600 × 600
96
183
214
244
275
305
336
366



Gretag
Arizona
Draft mode
444
40
46
53
59
66
73
79



Gretag
Arizona
309 × 618
220
80
93
107
120
133
146
160



Colorspan
Mach X11
600 × 600
115
153
178
204
229
255
280
306



Canon
BJW 9000
 600 × 1200
72
244
285
326
366
407
448
488



Mutoh
Albatross
792 × 792
65
270
316
361
406
451
496
541



Roland
HiFi Jet
720 × 720
96
183
214
244
275
305
336
366



Nur
Fresco
360 × 360
300
59
68
78
88
98
107
117









As is known by those of skill in the fabrication of integrated circuits, while a set up cost for the manufacture of an integrated circuit device can be high, the cost of commercial manufacture of such devices is relatively low. It follows that Applicant envisages that the cost of manufacture of a wide format printer in accordance with this invention will be comparable to the cost of manufacture of the wide format printers listed in the above table.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many obvious modifications and variations may be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A print engine controller for a pagewidth printhead having at least one fixed printhead chip that spans an expansive print area of a page, the controller being connectable to a memory device, a micro-processor and the, or each, printhead chip, the controller comprising control circuitry for permitting external clients to read and write registers and to read and write to the memory device; a data bus that is connectable to the memory device; a data interface that is connected to the data bus to be interposed between the data bus and the microprocessor, in use, so that the microprocessor can write data to the memory device; a serial interface that is connected to the data bus to be interposed between the data bus and the micro-processor, in use, so that the micro-processor can access the registers of the control circuitry and registers of the memory device; page expansion circuitry that is connected to the data bus and is configured to receive data representing compressed pages and to render that data into dot data representing dots; formatting circuitry that is connected to the data bus for receiving the dot data and for formatting the dot data for printing; and a printhead interface that is interposed between the formatting circuitry and the printhead chips, in use, to receive the dot data from the formatting circuitry and to communicate the dot data to the printhead chips for printing along the span of the expansive print area.

2. A print engine controller as claimed in claim 1, in which the control circuitry is configured to permit the reading and writing of data in 32 bit data blocks.

3. A print engine controller as claimed in claim 1, which includes a random access memory device controller that is connectable to the memory device, which is a random access memory device, such that, in use, the memory device controller is interposed between the memory device and the data bus, a memory device interface being interposed between the memory device controller and the data bus.

4. A print engine controller as claimed in claim 1, in which the serial interface is a low speed serial interface.

5. A print engine controller as claimed in claim 1, in which the page expansion circuitry is configured to render the compressed page data into bi-level dot data.

6. A print engine controller as claimed in claim 1, in which the data interface is a high-speed interface.

7. A print engine controller as claimed in claim 1, in which the formatting circuitry is configured to format the dots for predetermined print lines.