FILED

COURT OF APPEAL S

DIVISION II

2014 AUG - 5 AM IQ. 40

STATE OF WASHINGTON

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF 4 •

b e *. ON

In re the Marriage of

TODD R. BROOKS, 

v. 

ZEECHA L. BROOKS, 

DIVISION II

Appellant, 

Respondent. 

No. 44692 -8 -II

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HUNT, P. J. — Todd R. Brooks appeals the trial court' s order modifying a parenting plan. 

He argues that the trial court erred in modifying the parenting plan after a relocation proceeding

because there was no finding or evidence at trial that his former wife' s relocation required the

modification. Holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in modifying the parenting

plan, we affirm. 

FACTS

I. PARENTING PLANS

A. Original October 2010 Parenting Plan, Washington

Todd and Zeecha Brooks1 dissolved their marriage on October 22, 2010. They entered

into an agreed parenting plan for their minor son. This original plan provided that their son

would reside with Todd on alternating weekends, from Friday evening to Sunday evening, and

1 We use the first names ofthe parties for clarity. We intend no disrespect. 
No. 44692 -8 -II

every Wednesday overnight, year - round. In addition to this year -round visitation schedule, Todd

had two, nonconsecutive weeks of extended time with their son during the summer. At the time

the original parenting plan was entered, both parties resided in Cowlitz County, Washington: 

Todd, in Toutle, and Zeecha, in Kelso. Their son attended elementary school in Kelso. 

B. Mother' s Relocation to Portland; Modified December 2010 Parenting Plan

On November 3, 2010, Zeecha filed notice of her intent to relocate their son from Kelso, 

Washington, to Portland, Oregon. On December 15, the superior court entered an agreed order

modifying the parenting plan (2010 Modified Parenting Plan). This modified parenting plan ( 1) 

explicitly contemplated their son' s attendance at Portland Public Schools; ( 2) continued Todd' s

year -round residential time with their son on alternating weekends, from Friday evening to

Sunday evening, but eliminated the Wednesday overnight time; ( 3) provided Todd the option of

visiting their son in Portland one evening per week (Monday- Friday)2; ( 4) provided Todd four

additional weekends "

3

per year and three Portland Public School in- service /planning days with

their son; and ( 5) increased Todd' s additional residential summer time with their son from two

weeks to approximately 30 days. 

C. Mother' s Relocation to Kalama, WA; Temporary 2012 Parenting Plan

On May 21, 2012, Zeecha filed notice of her intent to relocate their son from Portland, 

Oregon, to Kalama, Washington; she also filed a proposed modified parenting plan. Zeecha

planned to remarry and wanted to move in with her future husband, who owned a home in

Kalama. Zeecha' s relocation to Kalama would bring her son back to Cowlitz County and closer

to Todd. 

2 This provision was intended to provide Todd with optional time to assist his son with

homework or to participate in his mid -week activities. 

3 Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 30. 

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On June 13, Todd filed an objection to Zeecha' s and their son' s relocation. He also filed

a proposed modified parenting plan, which he stated should apply in the event that the trial court

allowed modification of the existing parenting plan. At a hearing on August 24, the trial court

permitted the relocation. The trial court held a hearing for a temporary parenting plan on

September 14 and entered a temporary parenting plan on November 9. 

II. PROCEDURE

Trial; 2013 Modified Parenting Plan

A trial was scheduled for December 10, 2012. By the time of trial, Todd no longer

contested Zeecha' s relocation and contested only her proposed modified parenting plan. Todd

and Zeecha agreed that that they would have the trial court determine only the following

modified parenting plan provisions: ( 1) Todd' s additional weekends with their son, ( 2) Todd' s

Wednesday visits with their son during the summer, and ( 3) their son' s summer residential

schedule. 

Before trial, Todd filed a memorandum of law stating that the case presented a novel set

of facts for the trial court to consider and arguing that Zeecha' s relocation closer to Todd should

not allow her to reduce Todd' s residential time with their son significantly without a showing of

necessity. At trial, Todd contested Zeecha' s proposed modified parenting plan, arguing that ( 1) 

it included a 30 percent reduction in his residential time with their son; ( 2) Zeecha was

attempting to use her relocation as " carte blanche to modify a Parenting Plan," because "[ i]t' s

one of the only times where you don' t have to bridge that hurdle of Adequate Cause "; and ( 3) 

she " would never pass that hurdle but for her relocation." Verbatim Report of Proceedings

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No. 44692 -8 -II

VRP) at 6. Todd asked the trial court to maintain the 2010 Modified Parenting Plan, except for

increasing his " additional weekends "

4

from four to eight per year.

5

The trial court addressed Todd' s legal memorandum and his contention that Zeecha' s

relocation closer to Todd should not allow her to reduce Todd' s residential time significantly

without a showing of necessity: 

Well, as I stated before, this case really is a case, I think, of first

impression. This is a case that has been brought before the Court because of a

relocation that has been granted on a temporary basis, which now has been

acquiesced, but it' s a relocation, frankly, closer to the parties— brings the parties

closer, instead of making them further apart. 

In their relate —in the relocation setting, what the Court normally does is

look at the existing Parenting Plan and determine what provisions in that Plan

need to be altered, deleted, changed because of the reality of the distance resulting

from the relocation, and what provisions no longer, just simply, are practical; or, 

frankly, become illogical. And that' s what I intend to do in this case. 

T]he basic premises is the Court leaves in place those provisions that are in

existence and are not affected by the relocation; and, the Court doesn' t want to be

involved in changing provision[ s in] a Parenting Plan if it' s not necessary. The

purpose of a Parenting Plan is stability — stability for the childthe child is .. . 

who we' re talking about. 

VRPat51 -53. 

The trial court orally ruled that, consistent with the 2010 Modified Parenting Plan and the

November 9, 2012 temporary parenting plan, Todd would continue to have year -round

residential time with their son on alternating weekends from Friday evening to Sunday evening, 

four " additional weekends" per year, and an additional 30 days during the summer. Clerk' s

4 VRP at10. 

5 Todd presented the following argument in support of this modification request: 

The child' s school schedules from the Portland School District he was in, to the

current schedule under the Kalama District, results in some other losses of time. 

There were initially a lot of in- service days in the Portland District that the father

was given, now he doesn' t have those; so, he' s asking for, essentially, some

period of time, and that equals four weekends to make up for that. 

VRP at 10 -11. 

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No. 44692 -8 -II

Papers ( CP) at 169. The trial court modified the 2010 Modified Parenting Plan by striking the

provision about the Portland Public School in- service days because it was " no longer even at

issue" and by granting Todd Wednesday residential time from 5: 30 p.m. to 8: 00 p.m. during only

the school year. VRP at 55. 

The trial court explained that it did not grant Wednesday residential time during the

summer because, rather than giving Todd two weeks during the summer, as Zeecha proposed, it

gave Todd 30 days of residential time during the summer. The trial court stated: "[ I]n addition

to that, to have a Wednesday visit is simply too disruptive to what' s left of the Summer that

would be with [ Zeecha] "; and " in fact, the Parenting Plan that we' re looking at modifying

doesn' t specifically say he has them." VRP at 57 -58. Todd disagreed with the trial court' s

finding that the 2010 Modified Parenting Plan did not provide for Wednesday residential time

during the summer. Todd argued that he had been granted Wednesday residential time during

the summer under paragraph 3. 13 of the 2010 Modified Parenting Plan, which provided Todd

with the option of visiting their son one evening per week ( Monday through Friday) to interact

with him by helping with homework or participating in mid -week activities. The trial court did

not find this argument persuasive. 

On January 28, 2013, the trial court entered a modified parenting plan, consistent with its

oral rulings set forth above. Todd appeals. 

ANALYSIS

Todd contends that the trial court erred in modifying the parenting plan after the

relocation proceeding because there was no evidence at trial or trial court finding that Zeecha' s

relocation required the modification. He argues that when a relocation does not create a

substantial change in circumstances, the trial court cannot modify the parenting plan. 
No. 44692 -8 -II

Disagreeing, we hold that Todd' s argument contradicts the express statutory language of RCW

26.09.260( 6) and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in modifying the parenting plan. 

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

RCW 26.09.260 governs modifications of parenting plans. Subsection ( 6) provides that

the superior court may order adjustments to the residential portions of a parenting plan " pursuant

to a proceeding to permit or restrain a relocation of the child." RCW 26.09. 260( 6). We review a

trial court' s rulings on a parenting plan for abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Christel, 101

Wn. App. 13, 20 -21, 1 P. 3d 600 ( 2000) ( citing In re Marriage of Wicklund, 84 Wn. App. 763, 

770, 932 P. 2d 652 ( 1996)). We do, not reverse a trial court' s decision to modify a parenting plan

under RCW 26.09.260 unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an untenable or manifestly

unreasonable way. In re Marriage ofMcDole, 122 Wn.2d 604, 610, 859 P.2d 1239 ( 1993). We

do not review credibility determinations or weigh evidence on appeal. In re Marriage of

Meredith, 148 Wn. App. 887, 891 n.1, 201 P. 3d 1056, review denied, 167 Wn.2d 1002 ( 2009). 

II. 2013 MODIFIED PARENTING PLAN IN RESPONSE TO REQUESTED RELOCATION

Todd argues that the trial court erred in modifying the parenting plan because there was

no " substantial change" in circumstances, as required by RCW 26.09.260( 1). Br. of Appellant at

11. Todd is correct that for most modifications, RCW 26.09.260( 1) generally requires a finding

that a substantial change has occurred or that modification is in the best interests of the child. 

But Todd ignores RCW 26.09.440, which does not require a showing of substantial change in

circumstances or that modification is in the best interests of the child whose relocation is

intended. Rather, this statute automatically allows relocation of a child and confirmation of a

related proposed residential schedule unless the other parent moves to block the relocation or

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No. 44692 -8 -II

opposes the proposed schedule within 30 days of receiving the relocation notice.6 Consistent

with RCW 26. 09.440, RCW 26.09.260( 6) expressly does not require a hearing to determine

adequate cause in order to modify a parenting plan in response to a relocation request.? Todd' s

arguments fail.8

6

RCW 26.09.440( 2)( a) provides, in pertinent part: 

THE RELOCATION OF THE CHILD WILL BE PERMITTED AND THE

PROPOSED REVISED RESIDENTIAL SCHEDULE MAY BE CONFIRMED

UNLESS, WITHIN THIRTY DAYS, YOU FILE A PETITION AND MOTION

WITH THE COURT TO BLOCK THE RELOCATION OR OBJECT TO THE

PROPOSED REVISED RESIDENTIAL SCHEDULE AND SERVE THE

PETITION AND MOTION ON THE PERSON PROPOSING RELOCATION

AND ALL OTHER PERSONS ENTITLED BY COURT ORDER TO

RESIDENTIAL TIME OR VISITATION WITH THE CHILD." 

7 RCW 26. 09.260( 6) provides: 

The court may order adjustments to the residential aspects of a parenting plan

pursuant to a proceeding to permit or restrain a relocation of the child. The

person objecting to the relocation of the child or the relocating person' s proposed

revised residential schedule may file a petition to modify the parenting plan .. . 

without a showing of adequate cause other than the proposed relocation itself. A

hearing to determine adequate cause for modification shall not be required so

long as the request for relocation of the child is being pursued. In making a

determination of a modification pursuant to relocation of the child, the court shall

first determine whether to permit or restrain the relocation of the child using the

procedures and standards provided in RCW 26. 09.405 through 26.09. 560. 

Following that determination, the court shall determine what modification

pursuant to relocation should be made, if any, to the parenting plan or custody

order or visitation order. 

Emphasis added.) Under H.B. 2197, 63d Leg., Reg. Sess. ( Wash. 2014), changes to the

language of RCW 26.09.260( 6) have been proposed to require an " adequate cause" standard in

relocation proceedings under RCW 26.09.260( 6). See also SUBSTITUTE H.B. 2197, 63d Leg., 

Reg. Sess. ( Wash. 2014). But these changes have not yet been adopted. More importantly, they

were not in effect at the time of the modification at issue here. 

8 Todd also cites cases holding that courts should view custodial changes as highly disruptive

and that there is a strong presumption against modification. The modification at issue here, 

however, did not involve a custodial change; thus, this argument lacks merit. 

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No. 44692 -8 -II

A. " Adequate Cause," " Substantial Change in Circumstances," " Nexus" Not Required

Todd correctly concedes that "[ t]he statute waives the issue of adequate cause if a

relocation is pursued." Br. of Appellant at 11. Nevertheless, he argues that ( 1) the " analysis

does not and should not end there "; and ( 2) because "[ t]he court may make modifications

pursuant to the relocation," "[ t]he statute places a significant burden on the parent requesting the

change to show that that some practical change to the current parenting plan is necessitated by

the relocation of the child." Id. (citing RCW 26.09.260( 6)). In support of this contention, Todd

cites only RCW 26. 09.260( 6). But, contrary to his argument, RCW 26.09.260( 6) neither requires

a showing of adequate cause nor places a significant burden on the parent requesting the change

to show that the relocation necessitates modifying the parenting plan. 

Todd also relies on In re Marriage ofHoseth to support his contention that the trial court

was required to find a substantial change in circumstances before modifying the parenting plan

here. In re Marriage ofHoseth, 115 Wn. App. 563, 63 P.3d 164 ( 2003). But his reliance on

Hoseth is misplaced because Hoseth involved a minor modification of a parenting plan under

RCW 26.09.260( 5), which requires " a substantial change of circumstances grounded upon facts

occurring since entry of the prior decree or plan or were unknown to the superior court at the

time it entered that prior decree or plan." Hoseth, 115 Wn. App. at 570 ( citing RCW

26.09.260( 1)). Unlike the minor residential time modification at issue in Hoseth under

subsection ( 5) of RCW 26.09. 260, the modification at issue here occurred in connection with a

relocation proceeding under subsection ( 6), which does not require a showing of a substantial

change in circumstances. RCW 26.09.260. 

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No. 44692 -8 -II

Acknowledging that RCW 26.09.260( 6) governs this modification, Todd contends that

1) the statute' s "` pursuant to relocation "'9 language10 creates a requirement that the modification

be related to the relocation; ( 2) Zeecha' s proposed modified parenting plan represented her

unabashed desire to reduce [ his parenting] time "

11

and was not ' pursuant to "' the relocation; 

3) when a parenting plan is modified, there must be a " nexus" between the parties' practical

circumstances and the changes to the parenting plan; and ( 4) Zeecha' s requested modifications

lacked this " nexus." Reply Br. ofAppellant at 8. 

Todd relies on Zeecha' s proposed modified parenting plan and her requested changes to

support his argument that the modification lacked a sufficient " nexus. "

12 Todd' s argument lacks

merit. RCW 26.09.260( 6) expressly provides that "[ t]he court may order adjustments to the

residential aspects of a parenting plan pursuant to a proceeding to permit or restrain a relocation

of the child." ( Emphasis added). This statute does not require that the modification be related to

or have a " nexus" with the requested relocation,

13

and Todd provides no authority to support this

contention. 

9

Br. ofAppellant at 11 ( quoting RCW 26.09.260( 6)). 

10 Pertinent portions of RCW 26. 09.260( 6) provide: 

In making a determination of a modificationpursuant to relocation of the child, . . 

Following that determination, the court shall determine what modification

pursuant to relocation should be made, if any, to the parenting plan or custody

order or visitation order. 

Emphasis added.) 

11 Br. of Appellant at 13. 

12 We note, however, that the trial court did not adopt Zeecha' s proposed parenting plan. 

13 But even if the statute required such a " nexus," the trial court explicitly considered Zeecha' s

requested relocation in modifying the parenting plan. 

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No. 44692 -841

B. Changes in Todd' s Residential Time

Although Todd argues that the trial court should not have modified the 2010 Modified

Parenting Plan, his own filings and requests at trial contradict this position. The record shows

that Todd filed his own proposed parenting plan, which deviated from the 2010 Modified

Parenting Plan, and that he asked the trial court to modify the 2010 Modified Parenting Plan to

provide four more " additional weekends" to make up for his lost Portland Public School District

In- Service days. VRP at 10. 

Todd' s focus appears to be on the alleged reduction in his residential time with his son

resulting from the modified parenting plan: He argues that the trial court erred in eliminating

four of his " additional weekend" visits and his mid -week visits because the, relocation did not

necessitate a reduction in his residential time. But contrary to Todd' s assertion, the trial court

did not eliminate four of his " additional weekend" visits; rather, the trial court denied his request

to grant him four more " additional weekends." VRP at 10 ( emphasis added). Instead of

increasing to a total of eight " additional weekends," the trial court ruled that, consistent with the

2010 Modified Parenting Plan, Todd would continue to have four " additional weekends" per

year. 

Todd may have lost some school in- service days with his son as a result of the relocation

and the change in school district. But it was not unreasonable for the trial court to decline to

provide extra weekends as " make up "

14 days; and, in the modification, the trial court was not

required to grant Todd the same number of residential days as he had previously enjoyed. We

hold that Todd fails to show that the trial court abused its discretion when it struck the Portland

14VRP at11. 

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No. 44692 -8 -II

Public School in- service residential provision of the parenting plan and maintained the 2010

Modified Parenting Plan " additional weekend" provision. 

Todd also contends the trial court erred in eliminating his mid -week residential time

during the summer. As the trial court noted, the 2010 Modified Parenting Plan did not explicitly

provide Wednesday mid -week residential time. Rather, the 2010 Modified Parenting plan

contained a provision granting Todd an optional weekly visit, which provision was expressly

intended to give Todd the opportunity to assist the son with homework or other mid -week

activities. Based on this provision' s stated intent, it was not unreasonable for the trial court to

limit these midweek visits to the school year, particularly in light of its finding that these visits

would be disruptive to the limited days that Zeecha had with their son during the summer. 

Again, we hold that Todd fails to show that the trial court abused its discretion in limiting Todd' s

Wednesday visitations to the school year. 

C. Todd' s Policy Argument to Create New Statutory Requirement

Todd asserts that this is a case of first impression and expresses his concern that

parenting plan modifications that result from relocations should accommodate the relocation and

not create a " free for all" for the parties to modify parenting plans. Reply Br. of Appellant at 5. 

He contends that ( 1) if we accept the argument that RCW 26.09. 260( 6) does not require a

showing of adequate cause or substantial change in circumstances, " a move across the street

would open the door to a major modification of the parenting plan without any other basis for

doing so "

15; (

2) relocations should not automatically give rise to a modification of a parenting

plan; and ( 3) we should hold that there must be a reasonable nexus between the relocation and a

15 Reply Br. of Appellant at 5 -6. 

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No. 44692 -8 -II

modification of the parenting plan. We decline Todd' s request to read a new requirement into

relocation proceedings that the legislature has already prescribed. 

RCW 26.09. 260( 6) provides that, after determining whether to grant a relocation, the trial

court shall determine what modification " pursuant to relocation" should be made, if any, to the

parenting plan or custody order or visitation order. RCW 26. 09.260( 6) does not automatically

require modifications of parenting plans after relocation; instead, the legislature has vested the

trial courts with discretion to determine whether such a modification is appropriate. 

Here, the trial court exercised its discretion under RCW 26.09. 260( 6), as contemplated by

the legislature. The trial court considered whether to modify the parenting plan after Zeecha' s

relocation with their son: 

I]n the relocation setting, what the Court normally does is look at the existing Parenting

Plan and determine what provisions in that Plan need to be altered, deleted, changed

because of the reality of the distance resulting from the relocation, and what provisions

no longer, just simply, are practical; or, frankly, become illogical. And that' s what I

intend to do in this case. 

VRP at 52. Again, Todd fails to show that the trial court abused its discretion in modifying the

parenting plan in response to the relocation. 

III. ATTORNEY FEES

RAP 18. 1 authorizes attorney fees on appeal if provided by applicable law. After

considering the financial resources of both parties, we have discretion to award attorney fees to

the prevailing party. RCW 26.09. 140. To receive attorney fees under RCW 26.09. 140, however, 

the requesting party must show his need. In re Marriage ofKonzen, 103 Wn.2d 470, 478, 693

P. 2d 97 ( 1985). A party relying on a financial need theory for recovery of attorney fees must

submit an affidavit of need " no later than 10 days prior to the date the case is set for oral

argument or consideration on the merits." RAP 18. 1( c). • 

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No. 44692 -8 -I1

Todd requests attorney fees on appeal, relying on RCW 26.09. 140, a financial need

theory. But he has failed to provide an affidavit of need, as required by RAP 18. 1( c). Hoseth, 

115 Wn. App. at 575. Thus, we deny his request for attorney fees on appeal. RAP 18. 1( c). 

Zeecha asserts that she is entitled to attorney fees on appeal under RAP 18. 9 because

Todd filed a frivolous appeal. We disagree that Todd' s appeal was frivolous. The trial court

stated that " this [ was] a case ... of first impression," expressing concern that there was no

guidance for the court on the particular facts of this case. VRP at 51 -52. " An appeal is frivolous

if, considering the entire record, the court is convinced that the appeal presents no debatable

issues upon which reasonable minds might differ and that it is so devoid of merit that there is no

possibility of reversal." Lutz Tile, Inc. v. Kreck, 136 Wn. App. 899, 906, 151 P. 3d 219 ( 2007), 

review denied, 162 Wn.2d 1009 ( 2008). Further, all doubts as to whether an appeal is frivolous

are resolved in favor of the appellant. Id. The trial court' s comments may have given Todd the

impression that modifications related to relocations that bring the parties geographically closer

present a debatable issue. Accordingly, we hold that Todd' s appeal is not frivolous, and we deny

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Zeecha' s request for attorney fees on appeal on this basis. 

We affirm. 

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06. 040, it is so ordered. 

We concur: 

Maxa, J. 

Lee, J. 

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