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## Other Youth Topics

## Breadcrumb

            -  Youth Topics 
            -  Adolescent Health 
            -           Adolescent Development      

# Adolescent Development

Adolescence is the developmental transition to adulthood that includes rapid changes in the brain and body, often at different rates and is a time for healthy exploration of identity and learning independence. It can also be a stressful or challenging for teens because of these rapid changes.

Although every adult has gone through puberty and has personal experience with this transition, it is still important to understand the different types of changes occurring physically and psychologically during adolescence. The following overview covers the major types of development, the related changes, and common challenges that may result.

These TAG Talks address different topics related to adolescent development and learning more about what is most helpful to youth experiencing this transition:
                      - *The Power of the Adolescent Brain* : This video uses research to shine a light on adolescent brain development and explores what researchers have discovered about adolescent brain development, functioning, and capacity and provides practical suggestions for practitioners and families with adolescents.
                      - *The Changing Transition to Adulthood* : This video is about the transition to adulthood today, how it has changed over time, what skills and capacities are helpful for youth, and the roles of families, education, and employment in the process.
                      - *Adolescent-Centered Healthcare – The Mount Sinai Model* : This video is about the growing understanding that adolescents and young adults need healthcare that is geared specifically to their needs and is distinct from services provided to adults or young children.
                      - *Adolescent Substance Use, Addiction, and Treatment* : This video is about addressing substance use and addiction in adolescents and young adults and the most effective approaches to treating addiction, including opioid addiction.
                      - *The Crisis of Connection for Adolescent Boys* : This video explores the crisis of connection, its impact on the health and well-being of adolescent boys, and the implications for supporting teens.

**Physical Development**

During adolescence the body usually experiences a growth spurt, which is a time of very rapid growth in height and weight. Puberty, which also happens during adolescence, is the time period of maturation where sexual organs mature.1 Rapid changes in the body can be exciting, scary, and/or confusing. Some adolescents may mature early while others experience late maturation, both of which can cause added stress of standing out as different. This can be particularly distressing because adolescence is the peak developmental window for wanting to fit in with peers.

*Nutrition and Physical Fitness*

The rapid physical development during adolescence requires an increased number of calories for girls and boys. A challenge during this time is making sure that teens are consuming a sufficient balance of appropriate foods. Two extreme nutritional issues during adolescence are obesity and eating disorders, both of which can have negative physical and psychological effects on youth.

*The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans* recommends that children and adolescents ages six to 17 years do 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily. A lack of exercise contributes to adolescent obesity, so learning about physical activity and promoting healthy behaviors is important in helping support healthy adolescent development. Additionally, the availability of fast foods that provide large portions of high-calorie, low-nutritional value food, also contributes to adolescent obesity.2 Many neighborhoods also have little to no access to healthy food, also known as food deserts.3

The most well-known eating disorders are *anorexia-nervosa* (a dangerous psychological disorder that causes a person to eat very little and often exercise excessively), and *bulimia-nervosa* (characterized by binge-eating a lot of food and then purging this food through vomiting or laxatives). While adolescent females are more than twice as likely to experience an eating disorder than males, it is becoming a more prevalent issues among adolescent males.4

*Sleep*

Getting enough sleep during adolescence is crucial for optimal physical and cognitive development. In general, adolescents need an average of nine hours of sleep every night to feel rested. This is also when adolescents’ internal clocks shift making them want to go to bed later and sleep in later in the morning. On top of this, increasing academic and social demands (e.g., constant availability of social media through smart phones) can cause teens to go to bed later and not be able to meet these demands. Combined, this can lead to sleep deprivation, which can result in lower grades, depressive symptoms, and difficulty with mood regulation.5 The most dangerous consequence is car accidents due to drowsy driving, making driver safety an important youth topic.6

**Cognitive Development**

Adolescence is known for being a time for teens to assert their independence from family and begin to make decisions on their own. This is largely due to developmental changes in the brain that create significant advances in cognitive abilities. What is occurring during this time is large numbers of neurons are growing rapidly and there is an increase in interconnectedness between neurons, which allows for more complex and sophisticated thinking.7

What can make things notoriously volatile during adolescence is that different parts of the brain are making these changes at different times. The frontal lobe that controls “executive functions” (i.e., considering long-term consequences, controlling impulses) is one of the last parts of the brain to fully mature, which in some individuals does not occur until well into their 20s. This can cause lapses in judgement, increases in risk-taking behaviors, and mood swings.8 Figure 1 depicts a neuro imaging scan of brains at different ages and shows how the blue/purple areas (i.e., more fully-mature areas) gradually encompass most of brain, but not until 20 years old.

**Figure 1: Neuro imaging scan of brains at different ages**

*Image Source: National Institute of Mental Health; Paul Thompson, Ph.D., UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging*

**Psychosocial Development**

Abstract reasoning and adolescent rebellion are typical types of adolescent behavior. Although these behaviors can create challenges for youth, their family, and other adults who work with them, they are a normal part of psychosocial development. This area of development focuses on identity and asking the important question, “Who am I?”9

During this time, adolescents have more complex thinking abilities and can start to see how they are different from others and from their family. Issues around self-esteem are common as they begin to differentiate themselves from others while also experiencing physical changes in their body. Self-esteem can be a complex experience as some adolescents may have high self-esteem in their family life but low self-esteem among their peers, or in their academic performance.10

This is also a time for adolescents to establish their autonomy while trying different roles to figure out their identity. The quick advances in the brain will also help adolescents to become future-oriented and begin to be able to plan for their future.11

## Resources

**The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth**This report examines the neurobiological and socio-behavioral science of adolescent development and outlines how this knowledge can be applied, both to promote adolescent well-being, resilience, and development, and to rectify structural barriers and inequalities in opportunity, enabling all adolescents to flourish. The report focuses on leveraging the developmental opportunities to harness the promise of adolescence—rather than focusing myopically on containing its risks. In addition to discussing adolescent development and the impact of inequality and injustice, accompanying resources include a communication toolkit, commissioned papers, and a video series in English and Spanish with recommendations for the education, justice, child welfare, and health care systems.

**Adolescent Development Explained**This webpage from the Office of Population Affairs examines the major developmental changes that occur in adolescence and provides suggestions on how parents and caring adults can support young people as they navigate through this critical period.

**Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Data Summary and Trends Report 2007-2017**This report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH) provides data summary and trend information on varying topics, including sexual behavior, high-risk substance use, violence victimization, mental health and suicide, and minority youth.

**Bullying and Pediatricians**This fact sheet from StopBullying.gov explains how pediatricians and healthcare providers are important allies to help determine if a child is being bullied. They can alert parents to the signs of bullying and how it may impact a child’s health, and can provide resources for intervention, relief, and healing.

**Integrated Healthcare**This research summary from StopBullying.gov describes how psychosocial matters, including bullying, can be addressed during adolescent well-care visits, annual school physicals, sports physicals, and acute care.

**Physical Activity Guidelines for School-Aged Children and Adolescents**This second edition of the *Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans*, issued by the US Department of Health and Human Services, provides guidelines for physical activity for school-aged children and adolescents.

**National Youth Sports Strategy**This webpage provides details on the National Youth Sports Strategy, which is an essential resource for policymakers and key decision-makers in youth sports. It aims to unite U.S. youth sports culture around a shared vision: that one day, all young people will have the opportunity, motivation, and access to play sports — regardless of their race, ethnicity, sex, ability, or ZIP code.

**Eating Disorders**This health topic page from the National Institute of Mental Health provides comprehensive information on eating disorders, including risk factors, types of treatment, and other resources.

## References

1 Feldman, 2016a2 Feldman, 2016a3 CDC, 20174 National Institute of Mental Health, 20175 Feldman, 2016a6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019a7 Feldman, 2016b8 Feldman, 2016b9 Feldman, 2016c10 Feldman, 2016c11 Feldman, 2016c

## Other Resources on this Topic

### Agencies 

                          - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                          - Health Resources and Services Administration
                          - National Institute of Food and Agriculture
                          - National Institutes of Health
                          - Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control
                          - Office of Population Affairs (OPA)
                          - Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

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                          - Report: Moving Beyond Change Efforts: Evidence and Action to Support and Affirm LGBTQI+ Youth
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                          - Report: Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020
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                          - Report: The Condition of Education 2023
                          - Report: The Impact of COVID-19 on Juvenile Justice Systems: Practice Changes, Lessons Learned, and Future Considerations
                          - Report: Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students - U.S., 2011-2016
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                          - Reproductive Rights Task Force
                          - Research Brief: Young Adults and the Health Insurance Marketplace
                          - Research: The CDC's Division of Adolescent and School Health Approach to School-Based Sexual Health Education: 3 Decades in Review
                          - Resource: 2017 School Health Index
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                          - Resource: Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (ABES) Results
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                          - Resource: CollegeAIM—the College Alcohol Intervention Matrix
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                          - Resource: Comprehensive Systems Integration for Adolescent and Young Adult Health (CSI-AYAH)
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                          - Resource: Dear Colleague Letter on SNAP Exceptions for Youth Experiencing Homelessness and Youth Exiting Foster Care
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                          - Resource: Drugs of Abuse: A DEA Resource Guide
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                          - Resource: Fact or Fiction
                          - Resource: Factsheet on Improving Access and Care for Youth Mental Health and Substance Use Conditions
                          - Resource: FAQ on Using Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund (HEERF) Institutional Portion Grant Funds to Meet the Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Needs of Students
                          - Resource: Federal Evidence Agenda on LGBTQI+ Equity
                          - Resource: Find Support for Issues with Mental Health, Drugs, or Alcohol
                          - Resource: Flourishing in Adolescence: A Virtual Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop
                          - Resource: Flu Vaccine Social Media Toolkit
                          - Resource: Food Safety Frequently Asked Questions
                          - Resource: Food Safety Information and Resources for the Farm to School Community
                          - Resource: Framing Adolescent Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic
                          - Resource: From Crisis to Care: Building from 988 and Beyond for Better Mental Health Outcomes
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                          - Resource: Get Yourself Tested (GYT) for High Schools
                          - Resource: Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer
                          - Resource: Going to a Public Disaster Shelter During the COVID-19 Pandemic
                          - Resource: Guidance for School Administrators to Help Reduce the Spread of Seasonal Influenza in K-12 Schools
                          - Resource: Guide to the Eight Professional Competencies for Higher Education Substance Misuse Prevention
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                          - Resource: HEADS UP to Athletic Trainers: Online Concussion Training
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                          - Resource: Health Equity Guiding Principles for Inclusive Communication
                          - Resource: Health Literacy in Schools
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                          - Resource: Healthy Native Youth
                          - Resource: Healthy Native Youth Community of Practice Sessions
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                          - Resource: Highlights From the 2020 Juvenile Residential Facility Census
                          - Resource: Hispanic Heritage Month Resources
                          - Resource: Homeless Resources
                          - Resource: How to Help Children and Teens Manage Their Stress
                          - Resource: Human Trafficking Implications for Adolescent Health Outcomes Tip Sheet
                          - Resource: IAQ Knowledge to Action Professional Training Webinar Series Archive
                          - Resource: Improvables E-Learning Study Guide
                          - Resource: Increasing Adolescent Immunization Coverage
                          - Resource: Increasing Physical Education and Physical Activity: A Framework for Schools
                          - Resource: Infectious Diseases and Public Health Resources
                          - Resource: Innovate to Communicate Health Literacy Toolkit
                          - Resource: Interactive School Ventilation Tool
                          - Resource: Intra-Agency Task Force on Reproductive Health
                          - Resource: Is This Legit? Accessing Valid and Reliable Health Information
                          - Resource: Key Considerations for Applying an Equity Lens to Collaborative Practice
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                          - Resource: Know Your Reproductive Rights
                          - Resource: Leaders Talk about Health Literacy
                          - Resource: Let’s Stop HIV Together Social Media Toolkit
                          - Resource: Life Stages: Young Adults
                          - Resource: Local School Wellness Policy Refresh
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                          - Resource: Monkeypox Guidance
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                          - Resource: National Latinx AIDS Awareness Day Toolkit
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                          - Resource: New COVID-19 Guidance for K-12 Schools and Early Care and Education (ECE) Programs to Support Safe In-Person Learning
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                          - Resource: One-Fifth of Young Adults Have Tried Prescription Drugs Off-Script
                          - Resource: Online Mental Health Resources
                          - Resource: Overdose Death Rates Increased Significantly for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native People in 2020
                          - Resource: Overdose Prevention and Response Toolkit
                          - Resource: Peer Education Portal
                          - Resource: Practical Guide for Implementing a Trauma-Informed Approach
                          - Resource: Pregnancy Assistance Fund (PAF) Program Videos
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                          - Resource: Preventing Childhood Adversity Through Economic Support and Social Norm Strategies
                          - Resource: Preventing Childhood Obesity: 5 Things Families Can Do
                          - Resource: Preventing Drug Misuse Among College Students
                          - Resource: Preventing Marijuana Use Among Youth and Young Adults
                          - Resource: Prevention Profiles: Take Five - Jeff Coady, Psy.D.
                          - Resource: Prevention Profiles: Take Five – David Anderson
                          - Resource: Prevention with a Purpose
                          - Resource: Prevention with a Purpose: A Resource for Faculty Members
                          - Resource: Prevention with a Purpose: Campus Health/Counseling Center Administrators
                          - Resource: Product Recalls
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                          - Resource: Providing Culturally Competent Mental Health Care to LGBTQIA+ Youth & Young Adults
                          - Resource: Quick Conversation Guide on COVID-19 Vaccines for Children
                          - Resource: Recursos en Español
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                          - Resource: SAMHSA’s COVID-19 Guidance and Resources
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                          - Resource: School Experiences with COVID-19: June 2022
                          - Resource: School Experiences with COVID-19: May 2022
                          - Resource: School Nurses Mental Health Study
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                          - Resource: Sexual Health Resource Toolkit for Parents and Caregivers of Youth with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
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                          - Resource: Starter Guide: Trauma-Informed Care for Adolescents in Primary Care
                          - Resource: Stop Overdose
                          - Resource: Stories from the Field: The White Earth Nation
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                          - Resource: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Preparing for Changes in Student Eligibility Following the End of the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency
                          - Resource: Supporting Decision Making Recording
                          - Resource: Supporting Families with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
                          - Resource: Supporting Native Youth into Adulthood
                          - Resource: Teen Pregnancy Prevention Evidence Review
                          - Resource: The Impact of COVID-19 on College and University Students Who Self-Injure: Risks and Strategies for Mitigation
                          - Resource: The Pros and Cons of Screen Use
                          - Resource: The Surgeon General's Community Toolkit for Addressing Health Misinformation
                          - Resource: Tip Sheets on Everyday Parenting Topics
                          - Resource: Tips for Parents and Caregivers of Teens
                          - Resource: Tips to Support Healthy Routines for Children and Teens
                          - Resource: Title X Family Planning Clinic Locator
                          - Resource: Tobacco-Free Schools Toolkit
                          - Resource: Together U: Ruya
                          - Resource: Tools for Supporting Emotional Wellbeing in Children and Youth
                          - Resource: Tourette Syndrome Education & Training
                          - Resource: Turn On the Tap!
                          - Resource: U.S. Outlying Area Public Schools’ Experiences with COVID-19 - September 2022
                          - Resource: U.S. Outlying Area Public Schools’ Experiences with COVID-19: November 2022
                          - Resource: U.S. Outlying Area Public Schools’ Experiences with COVID-19: October 2022
                          - Resource: U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection
                          - Resource: UPDATED COVID-19 Guidance for School Settings
                          - Resource: USDA's COVID-19 Guidance and Resources
                          - Resource: Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program
                          - Resource: Vaping Prevention and Education: Resources for Talking with Students
                          - Resource: Water Access in Schools Microlearning Modules
                          - Resource: Wellness Policy in Action Tool
                          - Resource: What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19
                          - Resource: Why are Drugs So Hard to Quit?
                          - Resource: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 2021 Data
                          - Resource: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 2021 Data
                          - Resource: Youth Thrive Survey
                          - Resource: Youth-Led Health Center Assessment Tool
                          - Resource: Youth-Led Health Center Assessment Tool
                          - Resources for Professionals and Others Supporting Young People During Times of Uncertainty
                          - School-Based Strategies for Addressing the Mental Health and Well-Being of Youth in the Wake of COVID-19
                          - Share with Youth: Minority Fellowship Program
                          - Share with Youth: Next Legends
                          - Share with Youth: Public Health Associate Program (PHAP)
                          - Share with Youth: Tips For Social Distancing, Quarantine, And Isolation During An Infectious Disease Outbreak
                          - Supporting LGBTQ+ Youth: A Guide for Foster Parents
                          - Technical Assistance Center (TAC)
                          - Toolkit: Celebrating our Magic: Resources for American Indian/Alaska Native Transgender and TwoSpirit Youth, Their Relatives and Families, and their Healthcare Providers
                          - Toolkit: National Youth HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NYHAAD)
                          - Toolkits: Healthy Schools
                          - U.S. Department of Education Creates National Parents and Families Engagement Council to Help Ensure Pandemic Recovery Efforts Meet Students’ Needs
                          - Upcoming Event: ABCD Insights & Innovations Meeting (AIIM)
                          - Updated COVID-19 Guidance for K-12 Schools and Early Care and Education Programs
                          - Webcast Series -- Adolescent Health: Exploring Effective Screening and Referral Processes
                          - Webcast: 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
                          - Webinar Recording: Preventing Fentanyl Use by Youth and Young Adults
                          - Webinar Recording: Public Health and STEM with the CDC
                          - Webinar Series: Community of Practice with Healthy Native Youth Part 2
                          - Webinar: Evidence Innovation: How AmeriCorps Investments are Addressing the Opioid Crisis
                          - Webinars: Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT)
                          - Weekly Office Hours: COVID-19 Planning and Response for Homeless Assistance Providers
                          - Well-Being on Campus: The Role of Collegiate Recovery Programs
                          - Women’s Health Week
                          - Youth Voices Have Moved to YE4C

### Collaboration Profiles 

                          - About the Program
                          - Lessons Learned
                          - Minneapolis Youth Coordinating Board
                          - Program Collaboration
                          - Program Components
                          - References
                          - Resources
                          - Y2CONNECT.org

### Data Sources 

                          - 2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report
                          - 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Results
                          - 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Results
                          - America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well Being
                          - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
                          - Child Health USA
                          - Health: How to Access Online Statistics
                          - HHS Data Council Gateway to Data and Statistics
                          - National Center for Health Statistics
                          - Quick Health Data Online

### Departments 

                          - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

### Feature Articles 

                          - 4-H Members Raise Awareness of Meningitis
                          - Adolescent-Centered Health Care - The Mount Sinai Model: A TAG Talk
                          - America’s Young Adults, 2014
                          - Expanding Access to Health Care Services and Work-Based Experiences for Youth with Chronic Health Conditions and Disabilities
                          - Federal Government Releases Annual Statistical Report on the Well-Being of the Children and Youth
                          - Got Transition? Six Core Elements for Improving the Transition From Pediatric To Adult Health Care
                          - Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C
                          - Making Healthy Choices:  A Guide on Psychotropic Medications for Youth in Foster Care
                          - Myth Busters: National Reentry and Medicaid
                          - National Resource Center for HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Adolescents
                          - National School Breakfast Week
                          - Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century
                          - Report on Well-Being of Nation’s Children Released
                          - Sharp Increase in E-Cigarette Use among Youth over Past Year
                          - Stopping the Summer Slide with Energy Express
                          - TAG Talk Video is Honored in 20th Anniversary Digital Health Awards Spring 2018 Session
                          - The Changing Transition to Adulthood: A TAG Talk
                          - The Crisis of Connection for Adolescent Boys: A TAG Talk
                          - The Power of the Adolescent Brain: A TAG Talk
                          - We R Native. Who R U?  Submit Your Story!
                          - Youth in Foster Care Stay Active and Connected
                          - Youth-Led Health Center Assessment Tool

### Programs 

                          - Children's Health Insurance Program
                          - Food and Nutrition Service Faith-Based and Community Organizations
                          - Media-Smart Youth
                          - National Academies Board on Children, Youth, and Families
                          - National Fruit and Vegetable Program
                          - Nutrition Assistance Programs
                          - Project Launch
                          - Promise Neighborhoods
                          - Share with Youth: #0to60 — The Fastest Way to Living Healthy Starts Right Now
                          - Share with Youth: Bring Your Brave

### Publications 

                          - 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Results
                          - 2012 National Health Interview Survey
                          - 2012 School Health Profiles
                          - 2014 National Prevention Strategy Annual Status Report
                          - Accelerating HPV Vaccine Uptake: Urgency for Action to Prevent Cancer
                          - Adolescent Mental Health Fact Sheets
                          - America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being
                          - America's Young Adults: Special Issue, 2014
                          - America’s Children and the Environment, Third Edition
                          - Bright Idea: A Free Teen Clinic Reduces Barriers to Health Care
                          - Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs
                          - CDC National Health Report: Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality and Associated Behavioral Risk and Protective Factors—United States, 2005–2013
                          - Charge Up! Healthy Meals and Snacks for Teens
                          - Concussion at Play: Opportunities to Reshape the Culture Around Concussions
                          - Connecting Kids to Coverage: Ten Things Schools Can Do
                          - Coverage of Behavioral Health Services for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Significant Mental Health Conditions
                          - Fact Sheet: Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act School Meals Implementation
                          - Five Ways to Improve Youth Health
                          - Give Students What They Are Asking For: Healthier Foods, Healthier Lives
                          - Health for the World’s Adolescents
                          - Health, United States, 2013
                          - Healthy Behavior in Adolescence
                          - Healthy Homes Program Brochure
                          - HIV and Adolescents: Guidance for HIV Testing and Counselling and Care for Adolescents Living With HIV
                          - HIV Testing in the Past Year Among the U.S. Household Population Aged 15-44: 2011-2013
                          - How Are CHIPRA Quality Demonstration States Working to Improve Adolescent Health Care?
                          - Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance in the United States in 2013
                          - Keep Your Child from Getting Enterovirus D68
                          - Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality and Associated Behavioral Risk and Protective Factors — United States, 2005-2013
                          - Let’s Move Active Schools
                          - Methodology of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System-2013
                          - National Prevention Council 2013 Annual Status Report
                          - National, Regional, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13-17 — United States, 2014
                          - New Report Shows Steady Decline in Underage Drinking From 2002-2013
                          - Online Sexual Health Resources
                          - Opportunity for All: Supporting Asian American and Pacific Islander Families
                          - Physical Activity in U.S. Youth Aged 12–15 Years, 2012
                          - Prevalence of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed HIV Infection — United States, 2008–2012
                          - Prevalence of Obesity in the United States, 2009–2010
                          - Procuring Local Foods for Child Nutrition Programs
                          - Promoting Health Through Local School Wellness Policies
                          - Q&A: Amy Lin of Young Invincibles on Helping Young People Find Health Insurance
                          - Receipt of Reproductive Health Services Among Sexually Experienced Persons Aged 15–19 Years — National Survey of Family Growth, United States, 2006–2010
                          - Reducing Sodium in Children's Diets
                          - Report: E-cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General
                          - Report: Health-Related Behaviors among Students
                          - School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS) 2012
                          - School Nutrition Environment and Wellness Resources
                          - Seven Steps to a Healthy Home
                          - Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing of Teenagers Aged 15–19 in the United States
                          - Sexual Risk Behavior Differences Among Sexual Minority High School Students — United States, 2015 and 2017
                          - Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance, 2011
                          - SNAP: Clarification of Policies Barriers Facing Homeless Youth
                          - Speaking Up at the Doctor’s Office
                          - Study Finds Genetic Clue to Menopause-Like Condition in Young Women
                          - The Affordable Care Act and Adolescents
                          - The Association Between School-Based Physical Activity, Including Physical Education, and Academic Performance
                          - The Surgeon General's Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity
                          - The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer
                          - Three Words Everyone With Mental Illness Should Learn
                          - Trends in Cigarette Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults
                          - Updated School Health Index 2012
                          - Use of Selected Clinical Preventive Services to Improve the Health of Infants, Children, and Adolescents — United States, 1999-2011
                          - Weight Control Information Network/Take Charge of Your Health
                          - What Makes Homeless Youth More Likely to Get STIs? More Likely to Get Tested?
                          - Whole Grain Resource for the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs
                          - Women and Girls of Color: Addressing Challenges and Expanding Opportunity

### Resources 

                          - 2013 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance
                          - 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines Wall Chart, Pocket Guide, App, and Other Materials
                          - 2015 Summer Food Service Program Handbook
                          - 50 Years of Medicaid: Women, AI/AN, and Immigrants
                          - Access 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Data
                          - Affordable Care Act Offers Behavioral Health Services to AI/AN Communities
                          - Another Study Shows Kids Eating More Healthy Food at School, Throwing Less Food Away
                          - Better Nutrition Every Day: How to Make Healthier Food Choices
                          - Brief: School-Based Physical Fitness and the Link to Student Academic Outcomes and Improved School Climate
                          - CDC Grand Rounds: Addressing Preparedness Challenges for Children in Public Health Emergencies
                          - Coverage of Housing-Related Activities and Services for Individuals with Disabilities
                          - Data Set: Infant Mortality Statistics — 2013 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death
                          - During National Nutrition Month, Efforts to Combat Childhood Hunger
                          - E-cigarette Use Among Teens
                          - Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data from the 2014 National Health Interview Survey
                          - eCard: Flu Prevention: eCard for Pregnant Women
                          - Fetal and Perinatal Mortality: United States, 2013
                          - Fewer Young Adults Rely on the Emergency Department for Routine Care
                          - Getting the Latest Adolescent Health Facts
                          - Guidance: 2016 Medicaid Managed Care Rate Development
                          - HEADS UP Concussion and Helmet Safety App
                          - Health Insurance Coverage: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, 2014
                          - HHS Launches Innovative Digital Storytelling Project to Support Federal HIV Response
                          - HIV Among African Americans
                          - HIV Treatment Works
                          - How the Supreme Court Ruling on Health Care will Affect Coverage for Young Adults
                          - Initial Launch of the Team Up for School Nutrition Success Training Program
                          - Innovation Award Winners across HHS
                          - Letter: Policy Options for Using SNAP to Determine Medicaid Eligibility and an Update on Targeted Enrollment Strategies
                          - Measles: What Programs Serving Children and Families Should Know
                          - Media-Smart Youth PowerPoint Presentation
                          - National Health Security Strategy and Implementation Plan 2015-2018
                          - New Medicaid Expenditure Data
                          - New Service Delivery Opportunities for Individuals with a Substance Use Disorder
                          - OAH Picks: Recapping 2014 and Six Trends in Adolescent Health
                          - Online Training: A Story of Health
                          - Partnering for Nutrition in School Meals
                          - Q&A: How to Help Homeless Youth Quit Smoking
                          - Q&A: How Trauma Affects Physical Health
                          - QuickStats: Death Rates for Teens Aged 15–19 Years, by Sex — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 1999–2013
                          - QuickStats: Percentage of Adults Aged 19-25 Years with a Usual Place of Care, by Race/Ethnicity — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2010 and 2014
                          - Report: 2014 BRFSS Data
                          - Report: 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study
                          - Report: 2016 School Health Policies and Practices Study
                          - Report: A Quarter Century of Changes in the Elementary and Secondary Teaching Force: From 1987 to 2012
                          - Report: April 2016 Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility and Enrollment
                          - Report: Childhood Obesity Surveillance Practices
                          - Report: Comparison of Physical Health Conditions among Adolescents Aged 12 to 17 with and without Major Depressive Episode
                          - Report: Diabetes 2014 Report Card
                          - Report: Diagnosed HIV Infection Among Adults and Adolescents in Metropolitan Statistical Areas
                          - Report: Diagnoses and Prevalence of HIV Infection Among Hispanics or Latinos
                          - Report: Diagnoses of HIV Infection among Youth
                          - Report: Evaluation of the Impact of National HIV Testing Day
                          - Report: Exploring Cross-Domain Instability in Families with Children
                          - Report: Fulfilling America’s Future: Latinas in the U.S., 2015
                          - Report: Health, United States 2016
                          - Report: Health, United States, 2015
                          - Report: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage among Female Adolescents in Managed Care Plans
                          - Report: Increase in Suicide in the United States, 1999–2014
                          - Report: National Health Interview Survey
                          - Report: National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care Department/Agency: Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health
                          - Report: QuickStats: Prevalence of Abnormal Cholesterol Levels Among Young Persons
                          - Report: School-Level Practices to Increase Availability of Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole Grains, and Reduce Sodium in School Meals — United States, 2000, 2006, and 2014
                          - Report: Vaccination Coverage among Adolescents
                          - Report: Young Adults and Transitioning Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
                          - Resource Roundup: Helping Youth and Families Get Affordable Care Act Health Coverage
                          - Resource: 2015 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) Data
                          - Resource: 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Results
                          - Resource: A National Protocol for Sexual Abuse Medical Forensic Examinations
                          - Resource: Act Against AIDS Instagram Account
                          - Resource: Addressing the School Nutrition Environment and Services
                          - Resource: AIDSinfo Apps
                          - Resource: AIDSource
                          - Resource: Apps Help Prevent Teen Pregnancy and Promote Youth Sexual Health
                          - Resource: Cheat Sheet for Men’s Cancer Screenings
                          - Resource: Cheat Sheet for Women’s Cancer Screenings
                          - Resource: Childhood Vaccine Quiz
                          - Resource: Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness
                          - Resource: Global Effort to End AIDS Would Save Millions of Lives
                          - Resource: Health Care Coverage for Homeless and At-Risk Youth
                          - Resource: Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT) E-Learning Module
                          - Resource: Health, United States Spotlight
                          - Resource: Healthy Youth Website
                          - Resource: HIV Among Youth
                          - Resource: HIV Health Improvement Affinity Group
                          - Resource: HIV Risk Reduction Tool
                          - Resource: How Does Talking to Extended Family Influence Teens' Decisions About Sex?
                          - Resource: How to Get Food Stamps (SNAP Food Benefits)
                          - Resource: How to Keep Track of Vaccinations
                          - Resource: HPV Shots for Younger Adolescents
                          - Resource: Increasing Adolescent Immunization Coverage
                          - Resource: Increasing Physical Education and Physical Activity: A Framework for Schools
                          - Resource: Injury and Violence in the U.S. by the Numbers
                          - Resource: Low Cost Dental Care for Kids
                          - Resource: Native One Stop Website
                          - Resource: Parents for Healthy Schools Webpage
                          - Resource: Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Kids
                          - Resource: Prevention Research Centers — Updated Website
                          - Resource: Rural HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment Toolkit
                          - Resource: Snapshot of First 12 Days of Open Enrollment
                          - Resource: Social Media Resources for Open Enrollment 2017
                          - Resource: Social Security Benefits for Children
                          - Resource: STDs at Unprecedented High in the United States
                          - Resource: Strategies for Addressing Asthma in Schools
                          - Resource: Summer Food Service Program
                          - Resource: Summer Meals
                          - Resource: Updated Preteen and Teen Immunization Schedule
                          - Resource: WISQARS Fatal Injury Mapping
                          - Resource: Youth Online
                          - Resources: Updated HIV and AIDS Fact Sheets
                          - SAMHSA Enrollment and Outreach Resources
                          - Share with Youth: Apps Promote Youth Sexual Health
                          - Share with Youth: Does Breast or Ovarian Cancer Run in Your Family?
                          - Share with Youth: Girlfriends' Health
                          - Share with Youth: Recommendations About International Travel for Education Purposes and the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa
                          - Share With Youth: Run, Swim, and Have Fun Outside
                          - STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults
                          - Strategic Plan: Updated Federal Health IT Strategic Plan 2015-2020
                          - Study: Large Percentage of Youth with HIV May Lack Immunity to Measles, Mumps, Rubella
                          - Talking With Your Teens About Sex: Going Beyond “the Talk”
                          - The HHS Budget: Delivering Impact for the American People
                          - Tools for Health Literacy Research
                          - Train Juvenile Justice Staff to Educate Youth on Sexual Health
                          - USDA Announces Grants for Childhood Obesity Prevention Programs
                          - Video: Step it Up! Help Make Our Communities Walkable
                          - What You Need to Know About Kids and Concussions
                          - Why is Sleep Important?
                          - Youth Risk and Behavior Survey: Data Summary and Trends Report, 2007 - 2017
                          - YRBSS Results: Reports and Fact Sheets

### Technical Assistance 

                          - Health Center Program Technical Assistance
                          - Homelessness Resource Center
                          - National Network for Child Care
                          - Office of Minority Health

### Tools & Guides 

                          - 10 Things Americans Can Do to Combat Summer Reading Loss and Childhood Obesity
                          - CDCynergy
                          - Cheers to Five Years of Let's Move!
                          - Coordinated School Health Program
                          - Food and Nutrition Service List of State Distributing Agency Contacts
                          - Guide to Community Preventive Services
                          - Guide to Writing about Traumatic Brain Injury in News and Social Media
                          - H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): Resources for Child Care and Early Childhood Programs
                          - Healthy Youth - Evaluation
                          - HIV/AIDS Strategy: Updated to 2020
                          - Improving the Health of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Guide for States and Communities
                          - Infographic: Smart Snacks in School
                          - Maternal and Child Health Library
                          - Nutrition Facts Label: Read the Label Youth Outreach Campaign
                          - Resource: AIDSinfo Education Materials: Infographics
                          - Resource: HIV Prevention Toolkit: A Gender-Responsive Approach
                          - School Health Index (SHI)
                          - School-Located Vaccination Planning Materials and Templates
                          - Share with Youth: Body Weight Planner
                          - Share with Youth: Challenge Your Health IQ
                          - State-based Occupational Health Surveillance Clearinghouse
                          - Stop Summer Hunger
                          - Team Nutrition
                          - The Food and Nutrition Information Center
                          - The Truth About Tanning Infographic
                          - Title X Family Planning Clinic Locator
                          - Toolkit: Health Care Law

### Training Resources 

                          - Health Literacy for Health Professionals

### Videos & Podcasts 

                          - Early Detection Is Your Best Defense: AHRQ PSA
                          - Heads Up PSA
                          - Let's Talk About Sexual Health
                          - Let's Talk About Sexual Health
                          - Native VOICES
                          - Quick Tips for Kids on Reading a Nutrition Facts Label
                          - Resource: HPV Cancer Prevention
                          - Video: Talking to Teens and Young Adults About Sexually Transmitted Infections

### Websites 

                          - “The Burning Truth” Initiative
                          - Adolescent Development Explained
                          - Adolescent Health
                          - Back-to-School Vaccinations: Be a Step Ahead
                          - Best Bones Forever!
                          - Burning Truth Initiative
                          - CDC Revamps GetTested Website
                          - ChooseMyPlate.gov
                          - College Health and Safety
                          - Federal Network for Young Worker Safety and Health
                          - Fitness.gov
                          - Five Key Ways the Affordable Care Act Affects Young People
                          - Girls Health
                          - Health and Academic Achievement
                          - Healthcare.gov
                          - Healthy People 2020
                          - Healthy Youth
                          - Healthy Youth - Childhood Obesity
                          - Healthy Youth - Nutrition
                          - Injury and Violence Prevention and Control
                          - InsureKidsNow.gov
                          - Interagency Council on Homelessness
                          - Kids.gov
                          - National Immunization Program
                          - Preteen and Teen Vaccines
                          - Resource: AIDS.gov Changes Name to HIV.gov
                          - Resource: Federal Food Assistance
                          - Resource: Healthy Schools Website
                          - Resource: Leaders Talk about Health Literacy
                          - Resource: Sortable Stats
                          - Resources for Pre-Teen and Teen Vaccinations
                          - Smoke Free Teen
                          - Stay Healthy at College With MyPlate On Campus
                          - Step it Up! Promoting Walking and Walkable Communities
                          - SuperTracker is Now Mobile
                          - Take Action Today: How Faith Leaders Can Support Bullying Prevention Efforts in the Community
                          - Understanding the ACA and Insurance Marketplaces
                          - When Schools Improve Meals, Positive Results Follow

### Youth Topics 

                          - About Take Action for Adolescents
                          - Adolescent Health: Think, Act, Grow® (TAG)
                          - Share Take Action for Adolescents
                          - Take Action for Adolescents — A Call to Action for Adolescent Health and Well-Being

## Youth Briefs

How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities
Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.

Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference
Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people

How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues
Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.

Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions
Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.

Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs
Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.

Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth
Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).

## Main navigation

- Adolescent Health
- Federal Data
- Adolescent Development
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- Disparities and Resiliency in Adolescent Health
- Adolescent Decision-Making Research
- Take Action for Adolescents
- References

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### Announcements

Resource: Cannabis: The Facts You Need to Know

Share with Youth: American Connection Corps

Community Programs for Outreach and Intervention with Youth and Young Adults at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (Funding Opportunity)

### Collaboration Profiles

References

Resources

Lessons Learned

### Data Sources

2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report

2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report

2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report

### Feature Articles

Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century

Adolescent-Centered Health Care - The Mount Sinai Model: A TAG Talk

Sharp Increase in E-Cigarette Use among Youth over Past Year

### Publications

Sexual Risk Behavior Differences Among Sexual Minority High School Students — United States, 2015 and 2017

Report: E-cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General

Report: Health-Related Behaviors among Students

### Resources

YRBSS Results: Reports and Fact Sheets

Youth Risk and Behavior Survey: Data Summary and Trends Report, 2007 - 2017

Resource: Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT) E-Learning Module

### Youth Topics

Share Take Action for Adolescents

About Take Action for Adolescents

Take Action for Adolescents — A Call to Action for Adolescent Health and Well-Being