Supreme Court of Florida

____________

No. SC17-127

____________

KENNETH DARCELL QUINCE,

Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF FLORIDA,

Appellee.

[April 12, 2018]

REVISED OPINION

PER CURIAM.

Kenneth Darcell Quince, a prisoner under sentence of death, appeals the trial 

court’s order summarily denying his renewed motion for a determination of 

intellectual disability as a bar to execution, which was filed under Florida Rule of 

Criminal Procedure 3.203 and section 921.137, Florida Statutes (2015). We have 

jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the reasons we explain, we 

affirm the denial of relief.

I. BACKGROUND

In 1980, Quince pleaded guilty to first-degree felony murder and burglary of 

a dwelling and, after waiving his right to a penalty phase jury, was sentenced to 
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death. We affirmed Quince’s death sentence on direct appeal. Quince v. State, 

414 So. 2d 185, 189 (Fla. 1982). Quince filed an initial motion for postconviction

relief, the denial of which was eventually affirmed on appeal. See Quince v. State, 

732 So. 2d 1059 (Fla. 1999); Quince v. State, 592 So. 2d 669 (Fla. 1992); Quince 

v. State, 477 So. 2d 535 (Fla. 1985). In 2004, Quince filed a successive motion for 

postconviction relief under Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure 3.851 and 3.203, 

in which he sought to vacate his death sentence on the ground that he is 

intellectually disabled and therefore ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins v. 

Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), and section 921.137, Florida Statutes (2003).1 In 

2008, an evidentiary hearing was held, at which the trial court heard evidence 

regarding all three prongs of the intellectual disability standard and thereafter 

denied the motion based solely on Quince’s failure to meet the significantly 

subaverage general intellectual functioning prong. The denial of relief was 

affirmed on appeal. Quince v. State, No. SC11-2401, 2012 WL 6197458, at *1-2 

(Fla. Dec. 10, 2012) (116 So. 3d 1262 (table)), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2695 

(2014).

 

1. Section 921.137 requires a defendant to establish his or her intellectual 

disability by demonstrating the following three factors: (1) significantly 

subaverage general intellectual functioning; (2) concurrent deficits in adaptive 

behavior; and (3) manifestation of the condition before age eighteen. § 921.137(1), 

Fla. Stat. The defendant has the burden to prove that he or she is intellectually 

disabled by clear and convincing evidence. § 921.137(4), Fla. Stat.
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In 2014, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Hall v. 

Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986, 1990 (2014), in which it held that Florida’s interpretation 

of its statute prohibiting the imposition of the death sentence upon an intellectually 

disabled defendant as establishing a strict IQ test score cutoff of 70 “creates an 

unacceptable risk that persons with intellectual disability will be executed, and thus 

is unconstitutional.” Instead of applying the strict cutoff when assessing the 

subaverage intellectual functioning prong of the intellectual disability standard, 

courts must now take into account the standard error of measurement (SEM) of IQ 

tests. See Hall, 134 S. Ct. at 2001. And “when a defendant’s IQ test score falls 

within the test’s acknowledged and inherent margin of error, the defendant must be 

able to present additional evidence of intellectual disability, including testimony

regarding adaptive deficits.” Id.

In the wake of Hall, Quince filed a renewed motion for a determination of 

intellectual disability as a bar to execution in 2015. Quince did not request another

evidentiary hearing or seek to present any new evidence of his alleged intellectual 

disability but simply asked the trial court to review the record from the 2008 

intellectual disability hearing in light of Hall. Quince also argued that although the 

current state of the law requires a defendant to prove his or her intellectual 

disability by clear and convincing evidence, the trial court should allow Quince to 

prove his intellectual disability by a preponderance of the evidence because, he 
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alleged, “the ‘clear and convincing evidence’ requirement runs afoul of Atkins and 

the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.” 

At the hearing held on Quince’s renewed motion, the trial court 

acknowledged that although it had heard evidence regarding all three prongs of the 

intellectual disability standard at Quince’s 2008 hearing, it denied Quince’s initial 

intellectual disability claim based solely on his failure to demonstrate that he meets 

the significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning prong. The trial court 

agreed with Quince that Hall should be applied retroactively to his case but 

disagreed that Quince should be allowed to prove his intellectual disability by a 

preponderance of the evidence instead of clear and convincing evidence. The trial 

court stated that it would review the record and evidence from Quince’s 2008 

intellectual disability hearing and reconsider his intellectual disability claim in 

light of Hall. After reviewing the record and considering written memoranda from 

both parties, the trial court concluded that Quince failed to prove that he is 

intellectually disabled because none of the three IQ scores he had presented—79, 

77, and 79—fell within the SEM and Quince “was not precluded from presenting 

additional evidence of intellectual disability, including testimony regarding 

adaptive deficits.” This appeal follows.

II. ANALYSIS
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Quince contends that the trial court erred in failing to find that he meets the 

first prong of the intellectual disability standard—significantly subaverage general 

intellectual functioning—because it did not adjust his IQ scores to account for the 

Flynn effect.2 According to Quince, because Hall requires courts assessing IQ to 

allow professional standards to inform their decisions, the trial court was required 

to apply the Flynn effect to adjust his IQ scores down. Although the only IQ 

scores Quince has presented are a 79 (obtained using the WAIS in 1980), a 77 

(obtained using the WAIS-R in 1984), and a 79 (obtained using the WAIS-III in 

2006), he claims that when the Flynn effect is applied and the SEM is taken into 

account as required by Hall, his 1980 IQ score of 79 becomes a range from 65-75, 

his 1984 IQ score of 77 becomes a range of 70-80, and his 2006 IQ score of 79 

becomes a range of 71-81. He asserts that all of these “ranges contain a score on 

which a finding of significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning is 

warranted.” 

At the evidentiary hearing on Quince’s initial intellectual disability claim in 

2008, Dr. Oakland, a psychologist, testified that he relied on the Flynn effect to 

adjust Quince’s 1980 IQ score from a 79 to a 70. But Dr. Oakland admitted that 

 

2. The Flynn effect refers to a theory in which the intelligence of a 

population increases over time, thereby potentially inflating performance on IQ 

examinations. The accepted increase in scoring is approximately three points per

decade or 0.33 points per year.
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there is no scientific way to determine whether or not the Flynn effect is operating 

on a particular person’s intelligence score and that he could only say that it was 

“within the realm of probability” that the Flynn effect impacted Quince’s 1980 IQ 

score. Dr. Oakland did not dispute the accuracy of Quince’s unadjusted 1984 IQ 

score of 77 or his unadjusted 2006 IQ score of 79 and did not testify that those 

scores should be adjusted for the Flynn effect. At the same 2008 hearing, another 

psychologist, Dr. McClaren, testified that because Quince’s IQ scores remained

virtually the same across time and are “tightly clustered near the upper bounds of 

the borderline level of intellect,” the Flynn effect had no impact on them. Dr. 

McClaren testified that the Flynn effect does not apply on an individual basis, that 

it is not general clinical practice to subtract the “Flynn number” from an attained 

IQ score, and that the most recent publication from the American Association on 

Mental Retardation (which has since been renamed the American Association of 

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)) at the time did not advise 

doing so. Dr. McClaren also testified that it would not only be inappropriate but 

would make no sense to simply add the Flynn number and the SEM together and 

subtract them from an IQ score because they are not totally independent of one 

another. After the hearing, the trial court declined to apply the Flynn effect to 

adjust Quince’s IQ scores and concluded that Quince did not establish that he 

suffers from significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning.
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We previously considered and rejected Quince’s argument that the trial court 

erred in failing to apply the Flynn effect to his IQ scores when Quince appealed the 

denial of his initial intellectual disability claim. See Quince, 116 So. 3d 1262 

(table); Initial Brief of the Appellant at 50, Quince v. State, 116 So. 3d 1262 (Fla. 

2012) (table) (No. SC11-2401). Quince again argues that the trial court erred in 

failing to adjust his scores for the Flynn effect when considering his renewed 

intellectual disability claim. Quince now relies on a 2015 publication of the 

AAIDD, The Death Penalty and Intellectual Disability (Edward A. Polloway, ed. 

2015) (DPID), which states that there is “a consensus that individually obtained IQ 

test scores derived from tests with outdated norms must be adjusted to account for 

the Flynn Effect, particularly in Atkins cases.” Quince argues that under “Hall, 

courts assessing ID must allow professional standards to inform their decisions”

and that “[i]t is clear that both the professional community and the legal 

community recommend adjusting for the Flynn Effect in the context of Atkins

cases.” He asserts that if both the Flynn effect and the SEM are applied to his IQ 

scores as he claims Hall requires, he will have established that he meets the 

significantly subaverage intellectual functioning prong of the intellectual disability

standard.

As many courts have already recognized, Hall does not mention the Flynn 

effect and does not require its application to all IQ scores in Atkins cases. E.g., 
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Black v. Carpenter, 866 F.3d 734, 746 (6th Cir. 2017) (noting that Hall does not 

even mention the Flynn effect and does not require that IQ scores be adjusted for 

it), petition for cert. filed, No. 17-8275 (U.S. Mar. 26, 2018); Smith v. Duckworth, 

824 F.3d 1233, 1246 (10th Cir. 2016) (“Hall says nothing about application of the 

Flynn Effect to IQ scores in evaluating a defendant’s intellectual disability.”), cert. 

denied, 137 S. Ct. 1333 (2017); Ledford v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic & 

Classification Prison, 818 F.3d 600, 639 (11th Cir. 2016) (“Hall did not mention 

the Flynn effect. . . . There is no ‘established medical practice’ of reducing IQ 

scores pursuant to the Flynn effect. The Flynn effect remains disputed by medical 

experts, which renders the rationale of Hall wholly inapposite.”), cert. denied, 137 

S. Ct. 1432 (2017). Although the AAIDD’s DPID publication may now advocate 

the adjustment of all IQ scores in Atkins cases that were derived from tests with 

outdated norms to account for the Flynn effect, “Hall indicated that being informed 

by the medical community does not demand adherence to everything stated in the 

latest medical guide.” Moore v. Texas, 137 S. Ct. 1039, 1049 (2017). Because 

Quince has not demonstrated that Hall requires that his IQ scores be adjusted for 

the Flynn effect, and there is competent, substantial evidence in the record to 

support the trial court’s decision not to apply the Flynn effect to adjust Quince’s IQ 

scores, Quince is not entitled to relief on this claim.
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Next, Quince claims that the trial court erred in failing to consider all three

prongs of the intellectual disability standard in tandem before denying his renewed 

intellectual disability claim. At the 2016 hearing on Quince’s renewed intellectual 

disability motion, the trial court acknowledged that it denied Quince’s initial

intellectual disability claim under the applicable law at the time based exclusively 

on its finding that Quince failed to meet the significantly subaverage intellectual 

functioning prong of the intellectual disability standard, but the trial court 

announced that it would apply Hall retroactively to Quince’s case, review the 

record of the 2008 intellectual disability hearing, and reconsider all of the evidence 

presented in light of Hall. After reviewing the record and considering written 

memoranda from both parties, the trial court concluded that because “none of 

[Quince’s IQ] scores are within the tests’ acknowledged and inherent margin of 

error, and the defendant was not precluded from presenting additional evidence of 

intellectual disability, including testimony regarding adaptive deficits,” Quince is

not entitled to relief under Hall. We agree that Quince is not entitled to relief on 

this basis. 

In response to a specific question asked by Quince at the 2016 hearing about 

the extent of the court’s review of his renewed intellectual disability claim, the trial

court said that it would review the record from the 2008 evidentiary hearing, reevaluate the evidence regarding the second and third prongs, and reconsider all of 
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the evidence in light of Hall. The trial court’s order denying his renewed 

intellectual disability claim did not make any specific factual findings as to 

whether Quince had established that he meets either the second or third prongs of 

the intellectual disability standard, but under the circumstances presented, such 

specific findings were unnecessary. Although Hall requires courts to consider all 

three prongs of intellectual disability in tandem, we have recently reiterated that 

“[i]f the defendant fails to prove any one of these components, the defendant will 

not be found to be intellectually disabled.” Salazar v. State, 188 So. 3d 799, 812

(Fla. 2016); accord Williams v. State, 226 So. 3d 758, 773 (Fla. 2017), petition for 

cert. filed, No. 17-7924 (U.S. Feb. 26, 2018); Snelgrove v. State, 217 So. 3d 992, 

1002 (Fla. 2017). And while Hall requires a holistic hearing, “defendants must 

still be able to meet the first prong of [the intellectual disability standard].” Zack v. 

State, 228 So. 3d 41, 47 (Fla. 2017), petition for cert. filed, No. 17-8134 (U.S. Mar. 

12, 2018). Thus, because Quince failed to meet the significantly subaverage 

intellectual functioning prong (even when the SEM is taken into account), he could

not have met his burden to demonstrate that he is intellectually disabled. 

Finally, Quince argues that section 921.137(4), Florida Statutes, which 

requires that defendants prove their intellectual disability by clear and convincing 

evidence, is unconstitutional under Atkins and the Eighth and Fourteenth 

Amendments to the United States Constitution, and that he should have been 
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permitted to prove his intellectual disability claim by the more lenient 

preponderance of the evidence standard instead. Because we conclude that 

Quince’s intellectual disability claim would have failed even under the 

preponderance of the evidence standard, we need not address the constitutionality 

of the clear and convincing evidence standard of section 921.137(4), Florida 

Statutes. See Singletary v. State, 322 So. 2d 551, 552 (Fla. 1975) (“[C]ourts should 

not pass upon the constitutionality of statutes if the case in which the question 

arises may be effectively disposed of on other grounds.”). 

III. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order denying Quince’s

renewed motion for a determination of intellectual disability as a bar to execution.

It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, CANADY, POLSTON, and 

LAWSON, JJ., concur.

QUINCE, J., dissents.

NO MOTION FOR REHEARING WILL BE ALLOWED.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Volusia County, 

Joseph G. Will, Judge - Case No. 642017CF101850XXXADL

James Vincent Viggiano, Jr., Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, Raheela 

Ahmed, Maria Christine Perinetti, Lisa Marie Bort, and Reuben Andrew Neff, 

Assistant Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, Middle Region, Temple Terrace, 

Florida,

for Appellant
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Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Doris Meacham, 

Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, Florida,

for Appellee