### In re Jose MENDEZ-Moralez, Respondent

File A41 940 178 - Lincoln

Decided April 12, 1996

U.S. Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review Board of Immigration Appeals

(1) In assessing whether an applicant has met his burden of establishing that a grant of a waiver

of inadmissibility is warranted in the exercise of discretion under section 212(h)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(h)(1)(B) (1994), the Immigration Judgemust balance the adverse factors evidencing an alien’s undesirability as a permanent resident with the social and humane considerations presented on his behalf to determine whether the grant of relief in the exercise of discretion appears to be in the best interests of this country. (2) Establishing extreme hardship and eligibility for section 212(h)(1)(B) relief does not create

any entitlement to that relief; extreme hardship, once established, is but one favorable discretionary factor to be considered.(3) The equities that the applicant for section 212(h)(1)(B) relief must bring forward to establish that he merits a favorable exercise of administrative discretion will depend in each case on the nature and circumstances of the ground of exclusion sought to be waived and on the presence of any additional adverse matters, and as the negative factors grow more serious, it becomes incumbent upon the applicant to introduce additional offsetting favorable evidence. (4) Taking responsibility and showing remorse for one’s criminal behavior does constitute

some evidence of rehabilitation, although an alien who claims innocence and does not express remorse is not precluded from ever presenting persuasive evidence of rehabilitation by other means. (5) While the lack of persuasive evidence of rehabilitation may not in itself be an adverse fac

tor, the absence of this equity in the alien’s favor may ultimately be determinative in a given case concerning the exercise of discretion under section 212(h)(1)(B) of the Act, particu

larly where an alien has engaged in serious misconduct and there are questions whether the alien will revert to criminal behavior; and conversely, evidence of rehabilitation in some cases may constitute the factor that raises the significance of the alien’s equities in total so as to be sufficient to counterbalance the adverse factors in the case and warrant a favorable exercise of discretion.

FOR RESPONDENT: Clayton H. Brant, Esquire, Lincoln, Nebraska

FOR THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE: Paul R. Sctultz, District Counsel

296 Interim Decision #3272

Interim Decision #3272BEFORE: Board En Banc: DUNNE, Vice Chairman; VACCA, HEILMAN, HOLMES, HURWITZ, VILLAGELIU, FILPPU, COLE, and MATHON, Board Members. Concurring and Dissenting Opinion: SCHMIDT, Chairman, joined by, GUENDELSBERGER, Board Member. Dissenting Opinion: ROSENBERG, Board Member.

VACCA, Board Member:



### I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY In a decision dated November 22, 1994, an Immigration Judge found the respondent deportable as charged under section 241(a)(2)(A)(i) of the Immi

gration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(i) (1994), as an alien convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within 5 years of entry into the United States. He also denied his application for adjustment of status under section 245(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a) (1994), as well as his corresponding application for a waiver of inadmissibility under section 212(h) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h) (1994), and ordered him deported from the United States to Mexico. The respondent has appealed from that decision. The appeal will be dismissed.



### II. ISSUE PRESENTED The respondent, a 42-year-old native and citizen of Mexico, was first admitted to the United States as a lawful permanent resident on May 2, 1988. He was convicted in a Nebraska court by a jury verdict on November 19, 1992, of first degree sexual assault, in violation of section 28-319(1)(c) of the Nebraska Revised Statutes. For this crime, committed in April or May 1992, the respondent was sentenced on January 5, 1993, to an indeterminate sen

tence of 2 to 3 years. Reportedly, he was released from prison on parole in January 1995, after having served 1 year of his sentence. The respondent con

ceded his deportability during the proceedings and has not contested his deportability on appeal. The only issue before us is whether the Immigration Judge properly denied the respondent’s application for adjustment of status under section 245 of the Act and, in the exercise of discretion, the corre

sponding waiver of inadmissibility under section 212(h) of the Act. We find that he did.



### III. ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS UNDER SECTION 245 Section 245 of the Act provides that the Attorney General may in her dis

cretion adjust the status of an alien inspected and admitted or paroled into the United States to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the alien applies for adjustment, the alien is eligible to receive an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for permanent residence, and an immigrant visa is immediately available. An alien subject to deportation pro

ceedings may also apply for adjustment of status before the Immigration

297 Interim Decision #3272Judge and, if inadmissible under section 212(a) of the Act, may also apply for a waiver of the ground of inadmissibility. See 8 C.F.R. § 242.17(a) (1995). In the case before us the respondent’s application for adjustment of status is based on his February 20, 1987, marriage to a United States citizen and the immediate relative visa petition she filed on his behalf, which was approved by the Immigration and Naturalization Service on November 21, 1994. As such, it appears that the respondent is eligible for an immigrant visa that is immediately available to him. The fact that he is a lawful permanent resident does not preclude him from applying for adjustment of status under section 245. Tibke v. INS , 335 F.2d 42 (2d Cir. 1964); Matter of Parodi , 17 I&N Dec. 608 (BIA 1980); Matter of Loo Bing Sun , 15 I&N Dec. 307 (BIA 1975); Mat

ter of Krastman, 11 I&N Dec. 720 (BIA 1966); see also Matter of Gabryelsky, 20 I&N Dec. 750 (BIA 1993).



### IV. WAIVER OF INADMISSIBILITY UNDER SECTION 212(h)

However, the respondent is not admissible to the United States as required for eligibility under section 245. By virtue of his conviction for a crime involving moral turpitude, he is inadmissible under section 212(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) of the Act. An alien who is inadmissible under this section as an alien convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude may seek a waiver of inadmissibility under section 212(h) of the Act. Section 212(h) may be used to waive inadmissibility which would otherwise preclude adjustment of
status. See Osuchukwu v. INS, 744 F.2d 1136, 1139 (5th Cir. 1984); Matter of Goldeshtein, 20 I&N Dec. 382 (BIA 1991), rev’d on other grounds , 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 1993); Matter of Parodi, supra; Matter of Sanchez, 17 I&N Dec. 218 (BIA 1980); Matter of Shaughnessy , 12 I&N Dec. 810 (BIA 1968). Section 212(h) provides:
The Attorney General may, in his discretion, waive the application of subparagraphs (A)(i)(I), (B), (D), and (E) of subsection (a)(2) and subparagraph (A)(i)(II) of such subsec

tion insofar as it relates to a single offense of simple possession of 30 grams or less of mari

juana if - (1)(A) in the case of any immigrant it is established to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that - (i) the alien is excludable only under subparagraph (D)(i) or (D)(ii) of such subsec

tion or the activities for which the alien is excludable occurred more than 15 years before the date of the alien’s application for a visa, entry, or adjustment of status, (ii) the admission to the United States of such alien would not be contrary to the national welfare, safety, or security of the United States, and
(iii) the alien has been rehabilitated; or (B) in the case of an immigrant who is the spouse, parent, son, or daughter of a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if it is established to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that the alien’s exclusion would result in extreme hard

ship to the United States citizen or lawfully resident spouse, parent, son, or daughter of such alien; and

298 Interim Decision #3272(2) the Attorney General, in his discretion, and pursuant to such terms, conditions and pro

cedures as he may by regulations prescribe, has consented to the alien’s applying or reap

plying for a visa, for admission to the United States, or adjustment of status. No waiver shall be provided under this subsection in the case of an alien who has been convicted of (or who has admitted committing acts that consti

tute) murder or criminal acts involving torture. The amended version of section 212(h) essentially creates two categories of immigrants eligible for section 212(h) relief. The first category includes any immigrant who meets eligibility criteria that largely concern the type of exclusion ground involved or when the excludable activity occurred, as well as issues of the alien’s rehabilitation and the national welfare, safety, or secu

rity of the United States. The second category includes immigrants who dem

onstrate the requisite relationship to a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident, and establish that their exclusion would result in extreme hardship to that relative. See Matter of Alarcon, 20 I&N Dec. 557 (BIA 1992). In the case at hand, the respondent, who is assimilated to the position of an immigrant for purposes of seeking adjustment of status, is married to a United States citizen and has three United States citizen children. As such, hemay demonstrate eligibility under section 212(h)(1)(B) of the Act by establishing extreme hardship to his United States citizen wife or children if he were excluded. In his decision the Immigration Judge in fact found that extreme hardshipto the wife and children had been established, and that the respondent consequently was eligible for section 212(h) relief. However, he denied the section212(h) waiver in the exercise of discretion, and accordingly found him ineligible for adjustment of status because of his inadmissibility resulting from his criminal conviction. 

### A. Exercise of Discretion Under Section 212(h)(1)(B): Factors Considered
On appeal, the respondent has contested the discretionary denial of relief, arguing that he merited a favorable exercise of discretion in light of his equi

ties and the hardship to his family if he were deported. In the respondent’s view, the Immigration Judge erred in ruling that he had not demonstrated rehabilitation and in placing too much emphasis on his claim of innocence of the crime of which he was convicted. According to the respondent, the Immi

gration Judge also erred in requiring that rehabilitation be shown. As is true for other discretionary forms of relief, the burden is on the appli

cant to establish that a grant of a waiver of inadmissibility under section 212(h)(1)(B) of the Act is warranted in the exercise of discretion. See Matter of Fernandez, 14 I&N Dec. 24 (BIA 1972). This has been held to be the case for other waivers of inadmissibility. See Matter of Marin, 16 I&N Dec. 581 (BIA 1978) (section 212(c) waiver). As is also true for other waivers of inad

missibility that would allow an alien to be admitted to the United States as a

299 Interim Decision #3272lawful permanent resident, the Immigration Judge must balance the adverse factors evidencing an alien’s undesirability as a permanent resident with the social and humane considerations presented on his behalf to determine whether the grant of relief in the exercise of discretion appears to be in the best interests of this country. See id. We find this use of Matter of Marin, supra, as a general guide to be appro

priate. For the most part, it is prudent to avoid cross application, as between different types of relief, of particular principles or standards for the exercise of discretion. Id . However, our reference to Matter of Marin, supra, is only for the purpose of the approach taken in that case regarding the balancing of favorable and unfavorable factors within the context of the relief being sought under section 212(h)(1)(B) of the Act. See, e.g., Palmer v. INS , 4 F.3d 482 (7th Cir. 1993) (balancing of discretionary factors under section 212(h)). We find this guidance to be helpful and applicable, given that both forms of relief address the question of whether aliens with criminal records should be admitted to the United States and allowed to reside in this country permanently. What we do not find applicable is the analysis for determining whether adjustment of status under section 245 of the Act is warranted in the exercise of discretion, as set forth in Matter of Arai , 13 I&N Dec. 494 (BIA 1970). There, the Board ruled that generally where there are adverse factors present, favorable factors such as family ties, hardship, length of residence in the United States, etc., will be considered as countervailing factors meriting a favorable exercise of discretion, and that in the absence of adverse factors, adjustment will be ordinarily granted in discretion. See also Matter of Blas, 15 I&N Dec. 626 (BIA 1974; A.G. 1976). This approach has no application to relief under section 212(h) of the Act. A waiver of inadmissibility under section 212(h) necessarily involves at least one adverse consideration, spe

cifically the criminal conviction or activity constituting the ground of exclu

sion sought to be waived. See Matter of Marin, supra , at 585. Thus, there can be no presumption that relief is warranted in the exercise of discretion. Fur

ther, this criminal conviction or activity would usually be more severe than any adverse factor present in the application for adjustment of status, presum

ing admissibility and general eligibility for adjustment of status. These principles taken from Matter of Marin, supra , are to be applied in the context of the particular considerations that will arise in an application for section 212(h)(1)(B) relief. Section 212(h)(1)(B) relief is its own distinct form of waiver, with the balancing of factors to be undertaken in view of the particular purposes either stated or inherent in the statute. To exemplify, we would emphasize two considerations that do not often arise in an application for section 212(c) relief. First, a section 212(h) applicant seeking to adjust his status need not be, and in most cases is not already, a lawful permanent resi

dent, and those lawful permanent residents that do apply may not necessarily have the length of residency attained by those eligible for section 212(c)

300 Interim Decision #3272relief. Secondly, those found eligible for relief under section 212(h)(1)(B) will by definition have already established extreme hardship to qualified family members, which would be a factor favorable to the alien in exercising discretion. We emphasize that establishing extreme hardship and eligibility for sec

tion 212(h)(1)(B) relief does not create any entitlement to that relief. Extreme hardship is a requirement for eligibility, but once established it is but one favorable discretionary factor to be considered. We would note, however, that an application for discretionary relief, including a waiver under section 212(h), may be denied in the exercise of discretion without express rulings on the question of statutory eligibility. Matter of Goldeshtein, supra; see also Silva v. Carter, 326 F.2d 315, 320 (9th Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 917 (1964); cf. INS v. Rios-Pineda , 471 U.S. 444, 449 (1985); INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976). We also emphasize that the discretion

ary analysis discussed is specifically applicable only to those aliens applying for relief under subsection (B) of 212(h)(1), subsection (A) having particular eligibility criteria that, if met, will affect the exercise of discretion.In evaluating whether section 212(h)(1)(B) relief is warranted in the exercise of discretion, the factors adverse to the applicant include the nature and underlying circumstances of the exclusion ground at issue, the presence ofadditional significant violations of this country’s immigration laws, the existence of a criminal record and, if so, its nature, recency and seriousness, and the presence of other evidence indicative of an alien’s bad character or undesirability as a permanent resident of this country. See e.g., Matter of Marin, supra , and cases cited therein. The favorable considerations include family ties in the United States, residence of long duration in this country (particularly where the alien began his residency at a young age), evidence of hardship to the alien and his family if he is excluded and deported, service in this country’s Armed Forces, a history of stable employment, the existence of property or business ties, evidence of value and service to the community, evidence of genuine rehabilitation if a criminal record exists, and other evi

dence attesting to the alien’s good character (e.g., affidavits from family, friends, and responsible community representatives). See, e.g., id., and cases cited therein. Upon review of the record as a whole, the Immigration Judge is required to balance the equities and adverse matters to determine whether discretion should be favorably exercised. The basis for the Immigration Judge’s deci

sion must be enunciated in his opinion. See, e.g., id. The equities that the applicant for section 212(h)(1)(B) relief must bring forward to establish that he merits a favorable exercise of administrative discretion will depend in each case on the nature and circumstances of the ground of exclusion sought to be waived and on the presence of any additional adverse matters, and as the negative factors grow more serious, it becomes incumbent upon the applicant to introduce additional offsetting favorable evidence. See, e.g., id.

301 Interim Decision #3272The underlying significance of the adverse and favorable factors is also to be taken into account. For example, if the alien has relatives in the United States, the quality of their relationship must be considered in determining the weight to be awarded this equity. Further, the equity of a marriage and the weight given to any hardship to the spouse is diminished if the parties married after the commencement of deportation proceedings, with knowledge that the alien might be deported. Ghassan v. INS , 972 F.2d 631 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 971 (1993). Similarly, if the alien has a history of employ

ment, it is important to consider the type of employment and its length and stability. Further, when looking at the length of the alien’s presence in the United States, the nature of his presence during this period must be evaluated. For example, a period of residency marked by a term of imprisonment dimin

ishes the significance of the period of residency. See generally Douglas v. INS, 28 F.3d 241 (2d. Cir. 1994) (residency marked by criminal activity).


### B. Exercise of Discretion in Respondent’s Case
Having reviewed the record and the Immigration Judge’s decision, and the contentions made on appeal, we agree with the Immigration Judge that afavorable exercise of discretion is not warranted. The respondent has demonstrated equities that may be characterized as substantial. Although he has only been in this country lawfully for a little more than 7 years, he does have significant family ties, including his United States citizen wife of 8 years. His United States citizen children include a 9-year-old stepson, a 7-year-old daughter, and a 4-year-old son. According to the wife’s testimony, therespondent has been a loving father and the children are close to him emotionally. The respondent also has a consistent history of employment as an agricultural worker and mechanic at various ranches, and he has testified that his most recent employer has assured him of a position as a mechanic at $6 an hour upon his release from prison. The record also reflects that the respon

dent has continuously supported his family financially before his incarcera

tion, except for a period in 1991 when he injured his back. The family began receiving food stamps that year, and since his incarceration they have also received welfare payments and housing assistance as well. The respondent’s wife last worked as a cashier for a department store from 1989 to 1991, when she was terminated from her employment because she was pregnant. The respondent also has other family ties in the United States, including two lawful permanent resident brothers living in Colorado and Kansas, a sis

ter living in Colorado, and his lawful permanent resident parents, who also live in Colorado and who are self-supporting. The respondent testified that his sister was not a lawful permanent resident, but he did not elaborate as to her specific status in this country. The respondent also testified that he has two children in Mexico, but he has no contact with them and does not know their whereabouts.

302 Interim Decision #3272As noted above, the Immigration Judge found that the respondent’s depar

ture would cause extreme hardship to his wife and children, as they are dependent upon him financially and are emotionally close to him. The wife testified that if her husband were deported she would remain in the United States with the children and likely move to Kansas with her adoptive father. She also testified that she was receiving psychiatric treatment for depression, noting that she had attempted to commit suicide in 1992 after the criminal charges were filed against her husband, and observing that she was attempt

ing to obtain disability payments. She also observed that she had a medical condition involving her spine and hips that precluded her from lifting things. In sum, the respondent has demonstrated substantial equities in his favor, including hardship to his wife and children if he were deported. Some hard

ship to the respondent is also apparent in view of his ties to this country and the poor economic conditions in Mexico, as documented by news articles submitted by the respondent, although he has not demonstrated that he would be virtually precluded from finding employment in Mexico. However, his equities must be balanced against the adverse factors in his case, particularly the serious crime of which he was convicted. The seriousness of his crime can be seen from a reading of the statute under which he was convicted and the surrounding circumstances. The Nebraska statute in question provides: Sexual assault; first degree; penalty.
(1) Any person who subjects another person to sexual penetration and (a) overcomes the victim by force, threat of force, express or implied, coercion or deception, (b) knew or should have known that the victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of his or her conduct, or (c) the actor is nineteen years of age or older and the victim is less than sixteen years of age is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree. (2) Sexual assault in the first degree is a Class II felony. The sentencing judge shall consider whether the actor shall have caused serious personal injury to the victim in reaching his decision on the sentence. (3) Any person who shall be found guilty of sexual assault in the first degree for a second time shall be sentenced to not less than twenty-five years and shall not be eligible for parole. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-319 (1992). The respondent was convicted under section 28-319(1)(c) of sexually pen

etrating a victim under the age of 16. In fact the record before the Immigra

tion Judge made clear that the respondent’s victim was 13 years old at the time of the sexual assault, at a time when he was 40 years of age. 1 The young girl, who lived in the same apartment building, frequented the respondent’s home. Apparently she practically lived there, reportedly because her own mother was mentally disabled to some degree and did not exert much

303 Interim Decision #3272

1 While the Immigration Judge and this Board may not go beyond the record of conviction to determine the guilt or innocence of the alien, it is proper to look to probative evidence outside the record of conviction in inquiring as to the circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime in order to determine whether a favorable exercise of discretion is warranted. Matter of Edwards, 20 I&N Dec. 191 (BIA 1990).parental control, and the respondent and his wife were not willing to force her to leave. The respondent has acknowledged that their unwillingness to force her to leave led to situations where the young girl was present when he and his wife were watching sexually explicit movies or engaging in sexual inter

course themselves. He has also admitted soliciting the victim’s mentally dis

abled mother for sex, as repayment for money the mother had borrowed from him. According to the respondent, he did this in order to discourage her from asking to borrow more money. The circumstances of his crime clearly show its egregiousness. We point out that as a matter of law, a 13-year-old child is incapable of consent where the act is being perpetrated by a grown man 27 years older. Where a statute makes sexual acts with a child under a specified age a crime, without regard to consent, such statutes are construed as fixing the age of consent. The purpose of these statutes is to protect children from illicit acts by rendering them incapable of consenting. See Matter of Dingena, 11 I&N Dec. 723 (BIA 1966). Given the nature of the respondent’s crime, we do not find that his equities are sufficient to counterbalance its seriousness. We find this to be particularlyso given that his equities do not include any persuasive evidence of rehabilitation. We do not find his release from prison after 1 year due to his good conduct in following prison rules in a controlled setting to be persuasive evidence of rehabilitation from his criminal act of sexually assaulting a young child. At his hearing, the respondent denied that the sexual assault ever occurred, stated that he had been “falsely accused,” and did not express remorse for his crime. In addition, when asked whether he had attempted to get any “sexual offender treatment,” he responded, “I believe that I do not have a sexual problem.” The respondent argues on appeal that his assertion of innocence should not be used against him because he is, in fact, innocent and the criminal justice system makes mistakes, and he therefore should not be forced to be dishonest with himself. However, in ascertaining the effect of a criminal conviction, neither the Board nor the Immigration Judge may go beyond the judicial record to determine the guilt or innocence of an alien. See Matter of Edwards, 20 I&N Dec. 191 (BIA 1990); Matter of Khalik, 17 I&N Dec. 518 (BIA 1980). He must be considered guilty of the crime. Taking responsibility and showing remorse for one’s criminal behavior does constitute some evidence of rehabilitation. See Gonzalez v. INS , 996 F.2d 804 (6th Cir. 1993); Villareal-San Miguel v. INS , 975 F.2d 248 (5th Cir. 1992); Akrap v. INS, 966 F.2d 267 (7th Cir. 1992). This is not to say that an alien who claims innocence and does not express remorse could never present persuasive evidence of rehabilitation by other means. But the fact remains that in the case before us, there is no evidence of remorse or of acknowledgement of guilt. Moreover, the claim of innocence is inconsistent with the jury verdict and the

304 Interim Decision #3272respondent’s own pre-trial admission that he had engaged in sexual inter

course with the victim. 2 The Board acknowledges the humanitarian concerns in this case, particu

larly the hardship to the respondent’s wife and children, but the Board also has the obligation to consider the welfare and safety of the other citizens and residents of this country in making its discretionary determination. In the case before us, we have an individual who sexually assaulted a 13-year-old girl. After serving a short period of imprisonment, he has not offered any sig

nificant evidence that he is rehabilitated from his criminal behavior. As pointed out by the respondent on appeal, a showing of rehabilitation is not an absolute prerequisite in all cases involving an alien with a criminal record. However, rehabilitation or the lack thereof is a factor to be considered in the exercise of discretion, and it may be ultimately determinative in some

cases. See Matter of Edwards, supra. There will be cases where such a show

ing is necessary before a favorable exercise of discretion is warranted in view of the other aspects of the case. Thus, while the lack of persuasive evidence of rehabilitation may not in itself be an adverse factor, the absence of this equityin the alien’s favor may ultimately be determinative in a given case, particularly where an alien has engaged in serious misconduct and there are questions whether the alien will revert to criminal behavior. Conversely, evidenceof rehabilitation in some cases may constitute the factor that raises the significance of the alien’s equities in total so as to be sufficient to counterbalance the adverse factors in the case and warrant a favorable exercise of discretion. However, having weighed the respondent’s equities in this case, which donot include persuasive evidence of rehabilitation, against the extremely serious nature of his criminal behavior involving a sexual offense against a child, the Board agrees that the respondent has not met his burden of establishing that a grant of section 212(h) relief is warranted in the exercise of discretion. Accordingly, the appeal will be dismissed. 

### ORDER: The appeal is dismissed.

305 Interim Decision #3272

2 The respondent underwent a polygraph examination in July 1992. A copy of the polygraph report was admitted into evidence at the deportation hearing without objection. The report reflects that following the questioning of the respondent, he acknowledged to the examiner that he had engaged in a sexual act with the victim. When questioned about this by the Immigration Judge, the respondent acknowledged this admission, but testified that the polygraph examiner kept “moving the needles with his finger s . . . and after that [he] was forced to say yes.” In his decision, the Immigration Judge found that the respondent’s testimony in this regard was not credible. On appeal, the respondent does not challenge, or even reference, this evidence and adverse finding by the Immigration Judge.

### CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION: Paul W. Schmidt, Chairman, in which John W. Guendelsberger, Board Member, joined

I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part. I concur in the analysis of the general criteria to be applied in exercising discretion under section 212(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(h) (1994), as con

tained in parts I, II, III, and IV(A) of the majority opinion. However, I dissent from the application of those criteria to the facts of this case, as contained in Part IV(B) of the majority opinion. As recognized by the majority, the respondent has very substantial family equities in the United States. He has a United States citizen wife of 8 years, two United States citizen children, a 7-year-old daughter and a 4-year-old son, and a 9-year-old United States citizen stepson. His wife suffers from severe depression and other medical conditions. She has not worked in 4 years. There has been a finding that the respondent’s deportation would cause extreme hardship to his wife and children, as they are dependent upon him financially and are emotionally close to him. The respondent also has other family ties to the United States, includingtwo lawful permanent resident brothers and lawful permanent resident parents. The majority acknowledges that the respondent’s economic outlook in Mexico is bleak, thereby inhibiting his ability to contribute to the support of his family in the United States. It also seems unlikely that his family will be able to afford to visit the respondent in Mexico. The respondent’s ability to visit his family in theUnited States will depend upon the willingness of the United States Department of State to recommend, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service to grant, a waiver of inadmissibility to an inadmissible nonimmigrant. More

over, from my experience, it is quite possible that, even with a waiver, the respondent would be precluded from future visits as a nonimmigrant because the presence of an immediate family in the United States would be consid

ered evidence of a lack of “proper nonimmigrant intent” on the respondent’s part. Therefore, the respondent’s deportation is likely to permanently sever the family unit. The respondent’s crime is serious, involving sexual misconduct with a minor. However, the respondent, who is 42 years old with no known prior history of sexual offenses, was required to serve only 1 year of a potential 3-year sentence. That indicates at least some confidence on the part of the State of Nebraska that the respondent’s sexual offense was unlikely to be repeated and that its citizens did not need the extra protection from the respondent that a longer sentence might have offered. As described by the majority, the respondent was convicted under a Nebraska statute that made the element of consent by the minor irrelevant. It appears that the rather unusual interrelationship between the respondent’s family and the victim’s family, which provided the context for the sexual

306 Interim Decision #3272assault on the 13-year-old victim, no longer exists and is unlikely to be repli

cated. Therefore, although we all admittedly lack clairvoyance, there is some reason, based on this record, to believe that a repetition of the respondent’s serious sexual misconduct is unlikely. In addition to the nature of the crime, the majority’s other primary reasons for denying relief are interrelated and involve the respondent’s failure to demonstrate remorsefulness, truthfulness, and rehabilitation when con

fronted with his crime during the hearing before the Immigration Judge. These interrelated adverse considerations, while serious, do not, in my opin

ion, warrant a denial of the section 212(h) waiver to the respondent. See Mat

ter of Edwards, 20 I&N Dec. 191 (BIA 1990). This is admittedly a close case. However, I believe that the extreme hard

ship that will be suffered by the respondent’s United States citizen family, his extensive family ties to the United States, and the evidence of record suggest

ing a relatively low risk of recidivist behavior outweigh the adverse factors relied upon by my colleagues in the majority. I therefore would grant the respondent a section 212(h) waiver.Consequently, I respectfully dissent from Part IV(B) of the majority decision which denies the section 212(h) waiver in the exercise of discretion.



### DISSENTING OPINION: Lory D. Rosenberg, Board Member

I respectfully dissent. This case involves an individual who has been convicted of one seriouscrime of moral turpitude. As a result he has applied for a waiver and demonstrated that he is statutorily qualified for the waiver he needs, as his wife and children will suffer extreme hardship in the event of his deportation. Despite this, the Immigration Judge denied his waiver application and the majority of this Board affirms that denial. At issue in the resolution of this appeal is this Board’s interpretation of the statute governing applications for waivers under section 212(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h) (1994), and this Board’s application of the standard it employs in the exercise of discretion in such cases. My quarrel with the reasoning and conclusion adopted by the majority goes beyond a disagreement over the weight to be given the favorable and adverse factors of record and the outcome of that balancing exercise. In my view, the majority makes a fundamental error when it embraces exclusively this Board’s articulation of discretionary factors which make up the entirety of a waiver adjudication under section 212(c) of the Act. Matter of Marin , 16 I&N Dec. 581 (BIA 1978). Such an analysis fails to give meaning to the unique statutory language which characterizes a waiver under section 212(h) and distinguishes it from other waivers provided by the Act. While the major

ity cautions that “it is prudent to avoid cross-application” between different principles or standards for the exercise of discretion, these well-intentioned

307 Interim Decision #3272words of caution do not prevent its inevitable descent down this slippery slope.



### I. IMPROPER CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATUTE The starting point of any interpretation begins with a construction of the
statute. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc., v. Natural Resources Defense Council Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). If the statutory language is clear, both the courts and the Board must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress. Matter of Farias , 21 I&N Dec. 269 (BIA 1996) (Holmes, Rosenberg, concur

ring); Matter of Hou , 20 I&N Dec. 513, 519-20 (BIA 1992); see also K Mart v. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281, 291 (1988) (in ascertaining “plain meaning,” the Board must look not only to the statutory language at issue, but to the lan

guage and design of the statute as a whole). The text of the particular section at issue here, which provides a discre

tionary waiver for acts of prostitution and crimes involving moral turpitude, is found in the opinion of the majority. Notably, as most recently amended in1990, it contains two subsections: one, section 212(h)(1)(A), governs applications by persons who seek a waiver for offenses which occurred more than15 years before the application and explicitly requires a showing of rehabilitation, but does not require either that certain family relationships exist or that a showing of extreme hardship to those persons be made as a predicate for the exercise of discretion. The other, section 212(h)(1)(B), with which weare concerned here, does require both the existence of specific family relationships and evidence of extreme hardship to those designated persons in theabsence of a waiver. There is no statutory requirement either that any particular amount of time must have passed since the offense giving rise to the need for the waiver, or that rehabilitation be demonstrated or that admission be in the national interest. This Board, acknowledging the principle underlying the Supreme Court’s decision in INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 449 (1987), has stated: “It is a well-established rule of statutory construction that, in cases in which Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits that language in another . . ., a presumption arises that the disparate inclusion and exclusion was intentional and purposeful.” Matter of Hou, supra . I believe that the reasoning employed and the result reached by the majority in this case depart without reason from this important maxim. In my opinion, to best effectuate the intent of Congress as expressed by the statutory language of any discretionary waiver within the Act, the equities should be weighed and balanced differently relative to the statutory eligibil

ity factors required. If that is not done in this case, then the statutory language distinct to section 212(h)(1)(B), as compared to other waivers provided by the statute, is rendered meaningless.

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### A. Section 212(h)(1)(B) Explicitly Requires Evidence of Extreme Hardship to Family Members
In a section 212(h)(1)(B) case, the statutory emphasis is on the existence of specified close family members and a showing of extreme hardship to those family members. Close family ties and a compelling level of economic, personal, or professional harm or suffering amounting to extreme hardship are statutory predicates for the exercise of discretion. By contrast, in section 212(c) applications, they are no more than individual considerations, albeit important and arguably primary ones, in the overall exercise of discretion. While it might constitute a reasonable exercise of discretion to deny a waiver under section 212(c) despite evidence of close family ties and hard

ship on the basis that these are merely factors on the positive side of the dis

cretionary equation, I cannot conclude that comparable treatment of the same factors in a section 212(h) waiver case would be appropriate. The majority tends to ignore the statutory distinction between these waiver provisions, andfails to treat the section 212(h) waiver applicant as entering into the discretionary arena already having met a significant mandatory standard which itself necessitates the assembly of impressive favorable factors. Rather, themajority appears to give little if any weight in the subsequent exercise of discretion to the fact that a section 212(h) applicant has already established close family ties and extreme hardship. 1 Further, I take issue with the conclusion of the majority that the precedentdecisions issued by this Board pertaining to adjustment of status under section 245 of the Act are inapposite. A waiver under section 212(h) historically and literally arises in connection with an application for admission, since, to date, this Board has not recognized the availability of this waiver to those within the United States only seeking to avoid deportation. Cf. Yeung v. INS, 76 F.3d 337 (l1th Cir. 1996). The typical waiver applicant either is not yet a lawful permanent resident or is a lawful permanent resident seeking that sta

tus anew. See Matter of Gabreylsky , 20 I&N Dec. 750 (BIA 1994). 2 While some immigrant visas are provided for those approved in asylee, refugee, or employment-based categories, over two-thirds of immigration to the United States is based upon family relationships, and family reunification is a

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1 The majority’s citation to INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976), and Matter of Goldeshtein , 20 I&N Dec. 382 (BIA 1991), rev’d on other grounds , 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 1993), for the proposition that an adjudicator need not even address the statutory “extreme hardship” predicate for the exercise of discretion in suspension and section 212(h) adjudications is misleading in the context of this case. While it is true that an adjudicator need not make express rulings concerning statutory eligibility, and may skip ahead to a discretionary denial in appropriate cases, this does not provide the adjudicator with a license to ignore relevant factors in rendering that discretionary determination.

2 The respondent has resided in the United States since 1983 and has held the status of a lawful permanent resident for over 7 years. He is applying for lawful resident status anew, in conjunction with his application for a waiver.fundamental purpose underlying the terms of Act. I cannot agree that our decisions concerning the exercise of discretionary factors involving the admission of close family relatives have no applicability here. 3



### B. Section 212(h)(1)(B) Explicitly Does Not Require Evidence of Rehabilitation
The majority finds not only that the statutory standard has been satisfied but that substantial equities exist. That being the case, one might ask, why then does the majority conclude the waiver is not warranted? The only bases articulated by the majority are the nature of the conviction involved and the issue of rehabilitation in the respondent’s case. While these are not improper factors for consideration in the ultimate discretionary equation in either a sec

tion 212(c) or a section 212(h) case, it is notable that the factor of rehabilita

tion specifically is not a statutory prerequisite to the exercise of discretion in a section 212(h) application submitted under section 212(h)(1)(B).In my view, however, by importing without distinction the established discretionary factors applicable in a section 212(c) adjudication (where rehabilitation is an equity, see Matter of Marin, supra ) into a section 212(h) adjudication, the majority has skewed the basis for a reasonable adjudicationconsistent with the governing statutory section and the fair exercise of discretion. 4 Not only does the majority consider rehabilitation in this case, but it elevates rehabilitation as at least one of two determinative factors in its denial. A reading of the majority decision suggests that the statutorily required elements of close family ties and extreme hardship pale next to the presence or absence of rehabilitation. Moreover, I believe that the emphasis given its finding that rehabilitation is not present (which I dispute) constitutes an improper assessment of rehabilitation contrary to our holdings in both Matter of Arreguin, 21 I&N Dec. 38 (BIA 1995) (stating that absence of one or more favorable factors does not convert such factors into adverse consid

erations), and Matter of Edwards , 20 I&N Dec. 191 (BIA 1990) (holding that absolute rehabilitation is not required).

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3 It appears that the reason the majority dismisses as inapplicable the discretionary evaluations conducted in Matter of Arai , 13 I&N Dec. 494, 495-96 (BIA 1970), modifying Matter of Ortiz-Prieto , 11 I&N Dec. 317 (BIA 1965) (holding that adjustment of status could be granted only when outstanding equities were present), is that the adverse factor which triggers the need for a section 212(h) waiver is a criminal conviction. Nonetheless, I believe it instructive that we found that Ortiz-Prieto was “too broad in its impact and probably more demanding than necessary,” and concluded that factors such as family ties, hardship, and length of residence constitute countervailing factors warranting a favorable exercise of discretion. Matter of Arai, supra , at 495.

4 For example, the majority states that “he has only been in the United States for a little more than 7 years.” (Emphasis added.) While this may be relevant in a section 212(c) case, in fact, a waiver under section 212(h) was originally contemplated to provide a means of overcoming excludability for a new immigrant who has not been in the United States at all.

### II. IMPROPER BALANCING OF DISCRETIONARY FACTORS A. Undue Emphasis on Admission of Guilt
While rehabilitation is not a statutory requirement, it is not unreasonable to consider this factor in light of the fact that a section 212(h)(1)(B) waiver overcomes excludability based upon either criminal conduct or a conviction. However, in its discretionary determination, the majority follows the course set by the Immigration Judge and treats the absence of an outright admission of guilt by the respondent as dispositive of the absence of rehabilitation. Cf. Matter of Roberts , 20 I&N Dec. 294 (BIA 1991). In my view, this constitutes an impermissible treatment of the rehabilitative element of remorse, contrary to the decisions of this Board and the courts of appeals. See Guillen-Garcia v. INS , 999 F.2d 199 (7th Cir. 1993); Matter of Edwards, supra . I am inclined to adopt the reasoning of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which was articulated most recently in Canales-Lopez v. INS , 76 F.3d 381 (7th Cir. 1996), 5 that reliance on a failure or refusal to acknowledge guilt, no matter how framed, “does not constitute adequate consideration of all the circumstances surrounding the petitioner’s efforts to demonstrate rehabilitation.” Id . (citing Guillen-Garcia v. INS, supra , at 205); see also Guillen-Garcia v. INS , 60 F.3d 340, 344-45 (7th Cir. 1995) (upholding BIA on other grounds), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 775 (1996). Elevation of a claim of innocence as dispositive of a lack of rehabilitation actually does what we say we will not do—redetermine guilt or innocence. Cf. Matter of Roberts, supra. Matter of Roberts states clearly that for discretionary purposes we may look behind the conviction—but we may not redetermine guilt or innocence. Id. at 301. If we are allowed to look at mitigating factors (and lack of culpability going to an inability to express remorse for something one has not done would fall into that zone), we should not penalize an alien who testifies to innocence under oath, barring a showing that he has intentionally given false testimony. An individual faces an untenable situa

tion if subsequent discretionary relief—be it sentencing disposition or collat

eral immigration benefits—is conditioned upon an admission of guilt. As a result, some federal courts have long recognized that even after conviction, when post-conviction options may have been exhausted, it continues to be unfair and unreasonable to require a defendant to admit guilt (contrary to his testimony in the criminal proceedings), as to do so also might be to require him to admit perjury. 6

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5 While I understand that Canales-Lopez v. INS, supra , is an unpublished decision, it provides a compelling analysis of this Board's consideration of the element of an admission of guilt in the context of establishing rehabilitation as a discretionary equity, one which I adopt for purposes of my dissent in this case.

6 See Thomas v. United States , 368 F.2d 941, 945 (5th Cir. 1966), in which the court determined that the defendant was “between the devil and the deep blue sea,” when the districtIn this case, the respondent did not plead guilty in his criminal trial but maintained his innocence and was found guilty. In the record before us, the respondent admitted to aspects of the criminal conduct in question and denied the explicit charges underlying his conviction. 7 The Immigration Judge acknowledged that the respondent testified that he recognizes the crime involved to be a serious one, for which someone should be punished. The majority emphasizes the fact of the respondent’s responses on the lie detector test administered prior to trial as compared with his testimony before the Immigration Judge. 8 This not only appears to contravene this Board’s position in Matter of Roberts, supra, but the majority fails to indicate the ulti

mate significance of either the respondent’s statement or the results of the
test. 9 This is particularly so, in light of the fact that the majority itself acknowledges in the same paragraph that one who claims innocence is not categorically foreclosed from establishing that he has taken steps towards rehabilitation. Matter of Edwards, supra

. In assessing rehabilitation, we are making “an estimate or prediction of an individual’s future conduct.” Palacios-Torres v. INS, 995 F.2d 96, 99 (7th Cir. 1993). The respondent and his wife are well aware of the poor judgment and unacceptable conduct which characterized their former living situation. The family has moved away from the area in which the circumstances giving

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court told him to repent or receive a longer sentence. See also Miller v. United States , 589 F.2d 1117, 1138 (1st Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 958 (1979); Scott v. United States , 419 F.2d 264 (D.C. Cir. 1969). In fact, the Scott court noted that a glib willingness to admit guilt in order to secure something in return may indicate quite the opposite of repentance.

7 Evidence in the record, contained in the investigating officer’s report and in a pre-trial polygraph report, reflects that an unorthodox situation had developed in the apartment complex, that the assaulted child was in counseling with a social worker, that she received no parental control or guidance, that rumors of a sexual relationship between the child and the respondent had been circulated by the child throughout the apartment complex, and that a prior investigation had revealed no evidence of such a relationship. The respondent does not deny having improperly touched the child or having allowed her to remain in his family’s apartment, and he admits that he wrestled with her and even that he had, in his wife’s presence, lain on top of her.

8 The report of the lie detector examination reveals that upon admitting having had sexual intercourse with the complainant, the respondent explained further that the complainant, a neighbor’s daughter, approached him in his apartment, and lay down on his bed next to him. While I don’t doubt that the alleged sexual contact occurred, I can understand how, in the hearing before the Immigration Judge, the respondent, not being legally trained to understand the concept of a minor’s lack of consent, and given the unorthodox situation which preceded this incident, would not think of his conduct necessarily as forcible sex or a sexual assault, as the charge and conviction is worded.

9 Under the circumstances, he could honestly admit the act but deny the charge as entitled in the record of conviction without being inconsistent or incredible. See Canales-Lopez v. INS,
supra, at 2 (Board’s denial of relief as being on account of lack of credibility rather unacceptable, as relief cannot be denied on this basis alone, and lack of credibility for failing to acknowledge guilt is not a separate ground supporting a denial). See also Guillen-Garcia v. INS, supra , at 205.rise to the respondent’s crime occurred. There is no evidence of any criminal conduct whatsoever by the respondent prior to the situation which underlies the respondent’s conviction. Further, there is no evidence of recidivism dur

ing the pendency of the criminal charges or since his release for good behav

ior following a 1-year period of incarceration, an early release from a 3-year
sentence. 10 The majority contends that it is not holding that one who claims innocence and fails to express remorse is precluded from ever showing persuasive evi

dence of rehabilitation. However, here the respondent has presented his role in his family, his productive employment, and the absence of any other crimi

nal conduct. The majority’s failure to articulate any other basis for its rejec

tion of the respondent’s claim of rehabilitation, however, renders its treatment of the absence of an admission of guilt as being determinative of an insufficient level of rehabilitation. Canales-Lopez v. INS, supra; cf. Matter of Edwards, supra. I believe that reliance upon the absence of evidence of remorse, coupled only with the serious nature of the single criminal offense giving rise to this respondent’s need for a waiver is not a sound basis on which to deny relief in this case.


### B. Undue Weight Given Criminal Offense
This is a waiver we are adjudicating. It presupposes a violation of the immigration laws. An application under section 212(h) comes before us only when there has been either conduct involving prostitution or conviction or admission of a crime involving moral turpitude. No applicant will ever appear before us who has not committed an offense which we consider, in some degree, reprehensible. In my opinion, the result reached by the majority certainly appears to approach an impermissible per se basis in which to deny a discretionary waiver. See Gonzales v. INS, 996 F. 2d 804, 810 (6th Cir. 1993); cf. Matter of Burbano , 20 I&N Dec. 872, 877-78 (BIA 1995). But see Yepes-Prado v. INS , 10 F.3d 1363, 1371-72 (9th Cir. 1993). Indeed, I believe we contravene the statute when we so readily engage in the practice of finding the offense to be waived an adequate basis alone on which to deny relief. 11 Moreover, I don’t believe that one can read the

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10 The record reflects that while in prison the respondent achieved “exemplary unit conduct and observed work performance,” and that he had no infractions and conducted himself according the institution’s rules and orders.

11 I recognize that we have said consistently in the section 212(c) context that a single factor may be so egregious as to overwhelm any existing equities. Matter of Marin, supra, at 584-85. I do not disagree with that principle nor do I disagree with the majority that we must also consider the safety and well-being of others in our society. I do not foreclose the possibility that, based on concrete evidence of recidivism, a propensity for violence, or actual harm that will be caused by allowing an offender to remain in this country, denial based upon a single underlying offense might not be appropriate. However, I read Matter of Marin to mean that when dealing with the offense to be waived, such a result, while not impermissible, must be the exceptionmajority opinion without concluding that it has relegated the significant and compelling factors of family ties and extreme hardship to the back burner. I cannot find that dismissing statutory prerequisites or treating them as no more than a threshold for a discretionary adjudication which demands other factors to overcome the adverse factor of the offense giving rise to the need for a waiver is either reasonable in the exercise of discretion or consistent with the statute. The respondent is in violation of the immigration laws on account of a sin

gle, albeit serious, conviction, giving rise to his need for a section 212(h) waiver. His crime, statutory rape of a young teenager, is not to be dismissed lightly and it should be punished—in the criminal justice system, and exam

ined further—in the exercise of our discretion to waive his deportation. Whether it is an offense such that under no circumstances should this man be allowed to remain in the United States with his family as a lawful permanent resident after being released from prison with good conduct reports and when his wife and children want and need him is another story. The respondent has established, as the majority concedes, substantial equities relating to the statutory qualifications of close family ties andextreme hardship to be suffered by the family members should the respondent be deported. His wife begs us to allow him to remain, and there is ampleevidence in the record that she has suffered depression on account of the circumstances and other hardships due to his absence, which will only be exacerbated by his deportation. Further, his deportation would mean not only aloss of financial support to the household and his children’s loss of the presence of their father, but the permanent disruption of this family. In addition to the factors emphasized explicitly by Congress, the record reflects that the respondent has resided in the United States for 13 years and has been a lawful permanent resident since 1987. There is evidence that he is a responsible husband and father who previously was regularly employed and supported his family, and that he has employment to which he will return. While in prison he studied towards receiving his GED. The record also con

tains enthusiastic commendations of his character and of his being an honest, hardworking individual. Each of these factors individually and cumulatively indicates that he has the character and family base from which he can return to society as a contributor rather than a predator, and that he has taken steps towards rehabilitation from the conduct resulting in his conviction. With regard to his conviction, I believe he attempted to provide an expla

nation for his criminal conduct, and while his unwillingness to acknowledge his offense squarely may be the product of shame or denial, I don’t find him to be either an outright liar or an unrepentant criminal. Nor do I conclude, as

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rather than the rule. See also Braun v. INS , 992 F.2d 1016, 1020 (9th Cir. 1993); Matter of Alonzo , 17 I&N Dec. 292 (Comm. 1979) (if underlying offense is considered, a waiver could be denied in every case).apparently the majority does, that his failure to acknowledge culpability to their satisfaction is a reliable indicia of either rehabilitation or future conduct. With the exception of the poor exercise of judgment in condoning the situa

tion which led to his commission of the crime in question, there is no evi

dence that the respondent lived other than a normal lifestyle. He has no criminal record of any kind other than the offense giving rise to these pro

ceedings. He has no prior immigration violations. He provided evidence of good conduct while in prison. I note that this crime was an aberration in his otherwise law-abiding his

tory and appeared connected to the unorthodox circumstances of the family’s living situation in relation to their former neighbors. That living situation no longer exists. In my opinion there is absolutely no reason to conclude that he would not move on from this incident, which I view as an aberration in an otherwise regular record, and continue to be a provider for his family and a contributing member of our society. I do not contend that this Board may not or should not address either theoffense itself or rehabilitation in the course of adjudicating a waiver application under section 212(h) of the Act. However, in this case, the majority not only fails to address any other aspect of rehabilitation present in the record, but concludes, without citing any evidence of record or other authority, that the nature of the crime for which this applicant already has been convicted and imprisoned is serious enough to make him an undesirable member of our society in the future. I conclude that such a treatment of the record not only constitutes an abuse of our discretion, but does violence to the statutory language.



### III. CONCLUSION I believe it is reasonable to look at the statute in a way which gives mean

ing and reason to its separate provisions overall. In my view the majority’s failure to truly distinguish section 212(h) from other waiver provisions according to its statutory components impermissibly skews and distorts the majority’s discretionary assessment. I believe that discretionary assessment is flawed further by the majority’s over-reliance on an admission of culpabil

ity and the specific crime involved in lieu of a fair consideration, on balance, of the overwhelming evidence of strong family ties and the hardship the fam

ily faces without the respondent, as well as the respondent’s role as a pro

vider, reports of his good conduct, affirmations of his good character, and no evidence of anything other than a good prognosis for the future. I would grant the relief requested in the exercise of discretion.

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