UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

________________________

No. ACM 40426

________________________

UNITED STATES

Appellee

v.

Joshua A. PATTERSON

Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant

________________________

Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary

Decided 27 September 2024

________________________

Military Judge: Christina M. Jimenez (pretrial motion); Colin P. Eichenberger.

Sentence: Sentence adjudged 8 December 2022 by GCM convened at Hill

Air Force Base, Utah. Sentence entered by military judge on 27 January 

2023: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 17 years, forfeiture of all 

pay and allowances, reduction to E-1, and a reprimand.

For Appellant: Major Kasey W. Hawkins, USAF; Major Frederick J. 

Johnson, USAF.

For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Pete Ferrell, USAF; Major Olivia B. 

Hoff, USAF; Major Jocelyn Q. Wright, USAF; Captain Kate E. Lee, 

USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.

Before JOHNSON, GRUEN, and WARREN, Appellate Military Judges.

Chief Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which 

Judge GRUEN joined. Judge WARREN filed a separate opinion concurring in part and in the judgment. 

________________________

This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as 

precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.

________________________
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

2

JOHNSON, Chief Judge:

A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members found 

Appellant guilty, contrary to his pleas, of three violations of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920, including one specification of rape,1 one specification of aggravated sexual contact,2 and one specification of abusive sexual contact;

3 one specification of rape of a child in violation of Article 120b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b;4 and one specification of assault 

consummated by a battery in violation of Article 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 928.5,6

The court-martial sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 17 years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to the grade 

of E-1, and a reprimand. The convening authority took no action on the findings and approved the sentence in its entirety.

Appellant raises five issues on appeal, which we have re-ordered: (1) 

whether the convening authority impermissibly considered the race and gender of potential court members when detailing members to the court-martial; 

(2) whether the military judge erred in denying a defense motion to compel the 

appointment of an expert consultant in digital forensics; (3) whether the findings of guilty as to rape of a child (Specification 1 of Charge II) and aggravated 

sexual contact (Specification 2 of Charge I) are legally and factually insufficient; (4) whether trial counsel engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during 

sentencing argument by encouraging the members to sentence Appellant for 

uncharged misconduct; and (5) whether Appellant was denied a constitutional 

right to a unanimous verdict.7 In addition, although not raised as an assignment of error, we consider whether Appellant is entitled to relief for unreasonable appellate delay.

We have carefully considered issue (5) and conclude it warrants neither 

discussion nor relief. See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 

1 See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2008 ed.).

2 See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.).

3 See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.).

4 See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2012 ed.).

5 Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the UCMJ, the Rules for Courts-Martial, 

and the Military Rules of Evidence are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States

(2019 ed.).

6 The court-martial found Appellant not guilty of one specification of sexual assault of 

a child in violation of Article 120b, UCMJ, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States

(2016 ed.).

7 Appellant personally raises issue (5) pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 

431 (C.M.A. 1982).
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

3

1987); see also United States v. Anderson, 83 M.J. 291, 302 (C.A.A.F. 2023)

(holding an accused servicemember does not have a constitutional right to a 

unanimous court-martial verdict), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 1003 (2024).

As to the remaining issues, we find neither issues (1) nor (2) warrant relief, 

and we find Appellant’s conviction for aggravated sexual contact legally and 

factually sufficient. However, we find Appellant’s conviction for rape of a child 

is factually insufficient; accordingly, we set aside the finding of guilty as to 

Specification 1 of Charge II and the sentence. Because we further find remand 

for a new sentencing proceeding is appropriate in light of the changed findings, 

we do not address issue (4). 

I. BACKGROUND

The court-martial convicted Appellant of offenses against three victims: his 

former wife, AD; his former stepdaughter by a second marriage, CH; and CH’s 

friend, SE.

A. AD

In the spring of 2008, while Appellant was stationed at Nellis Air Force 

Base (AFB), Nevada, he met and began dating AD. AD was also an active duty 

servicemember at the time.8 They married in July 2008. According to AD, their 

relationship began to deteriorate after AD became pregnant in September 

2009. AD gave birth to a son in May 2010.

AD testified that in July 2010, approximately six weeks after AD gave 

birth, she and Appellant attended a party at the home of one of Appellant’s coworkers, JD. AD and Appellant both consumed alcohol at the party and became 

intoxicated. AD and Appellant spent the night in JD’s house on an air mattress 

in a downstairs room. During the night, Appellant wanted to engage in sexual 

intercourse with AD, which they had not done since before AD had given birth. 

A doctor had told the couple they were “allowed” to have sex beginning six 

weeks after the birth, but AD felt she “wasn’t ready, physically, mentally, [or] 

emotionally.” AD told Appellant she was not ready and that she did not want 

to have sex. However, Appellant got on top of her and penetrated her vagina 

with his penis. AD physically resisted Appellant by trying to push him off her 

and by trying to roll off the mattress, but Appellant held her arms and her 

head so that she could not move, and AD stopped resisting. 

AD did not report this incident at the time. She testified that she did not 

want to remain with Appellant, but she tried to “be a good wife and be a good 

mother” for the sake of their son. AD testified that after the July 2010 incident, 

8 AD had separated from the military by the time of Appellant’s trial in December 2022.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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she would repeatedly awaken at night to find Appellant “either trying to penetrate [her] [with his penis] or actually having sex with [her].” AD testified that 

“[m]ost of the time” when this happened, when she awoke Appellant had already “insert[ed] his penis into [her] vagina.” AD could not estimate how many 

times this occurred, other than that it happened “a lot.” This behavior continued until Appellant departed for a one-year remote assignment overseas in 

mid-2011. AD filed for divorce while Appellant was overseas, and the divorce 

was finalized in 2012.

AD testified she maintained a “civil” relationship with Appellant after the 

divorce until 2019, when AD’s new husband adopted her son. Appellant 

stopped contacting AD’s son in December 2019. AD did not report the July 2010 

rape until she was contacted by investigators in 2020, after CH and SE reported the offenses described below.

B. CH and SE

In mid-2012, around the time that Appellant was divorced from AD, he 

transferred to Shaw AFB, South Carolina. There he met RP, a single civilian 

woman with two daughters, one of whom was CH.9 Appellant and RP began a 

relationship and eventually married. Appellant, RP, and CH moved into a 

house near Shaw AFB with a detached garage. In January 2015, RP became 

pregnant.

At trial, CH described a night in “roughly spring/summer of 2015,” when 

CH was 12 years old, when she and Appellant were in the garage working together on a “go kart.” Appellant was drinking alcohol and offered CH “a couple 

of drinks,” which she accepted. After CH drank the alcohol, she started to feel 

hot and dizzy and her head was “spinning.” She lay down on a futon in the 

garage and closed her eyes. Appellant turned off the light and “slowly [got] on 

top of [CH].” CH kept her eyes closed and pretended to be asleep as she felt 

Appellant remove her shorts and put his fingers inside her vagina. Then CH 

heard her mother RP walking toward the garage, and felt a blanket thrown 

over her. RP knocked on the door. Appellant “got up really fast and opened the 

door.” RP asked Appellant what was going on, and Appellant said CH had lay 

down because she was not feeling well. RP suggested they wake CH up and 

take her inside, but Appellant said he would carry CH. CH “remember[ed] [Appellant] carrying [her] inside the house with the blanket still wrapped around 

[her], so [her] mother couldn’t see that [CH] was unclothed from the waist 

down.”

9 RP’s other daughter, CH’s sister, lived primarily with her father and played no significant role in any events recounted at Appellant’s court-martial.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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CH could not recall when exactly this incident occurred. When asked how 

she knew it happened in 2015, CH explained it was after RP had become pregnant in January 2015 but before her brother T was born in late September 

2015, and she again described it as “during spring [or] early summer.” She 

further remembered the weather was not cold and “was good for T-shirts and 

basketball shorts and anything.” At a later point in her testimony, CH described her mother as “probably five [or] six months” pregnant at the time.

CH did not report this incident to her mother. However, after it occurred, 

CH began spending more time with friends and neighbors, away from her 

home. 

CH testified that in the years following this incident, on multiple occasions 

she awoke in her bed and found Appellant lying next to her and touching her 

inappropriately. On some occasions, Appellant would have his hand under her 

shirt, or wrapped around her torso holding her breast. On other occasions, Appellant would be touching her “vaginal area” over her clothing. On some of 

these occasions Appellant would be asleep; on other occasions he would be 

awake and actively touching her. CH testified these incidents started in South 

Carolina, where she estimated they occurred “once or twice a month,” but they 

became more frequent in late 2018 after the family moved to Hill AFB, Utah,

where it occurred approximately weekly. CH testified she responded to these 

incidents in various ways such as by shifting her body, leaving her bed to sleep 

elsewhere, or—as she got older—dragging Appellant out of the bed. CH also 

testified that on multiple occasions Appellant slapped her on her buttocks and 

said her “butt” looked “nice.” CH did not directly confront Appellant regarding 

these incidents, nor did she tell her mother about them.

In Utah, CH became close friends with another girl, SE. CH, SE, Appellant, 

RP, CH’s young brother T, JR (an adult friend), and JR’s boyfriend went on a 

camping trip together in July 2019. At trial, CH, SE, and JR testified about 

this trip. On the second day of the trip RP became intoxicated and increasingly 

belligerent, getting into arguments with multiple people. As a result, that 

night JR and her boyfriend drove RP and T back to their home on Hill AFB

while Appellant, CH, and SE remained at the campsite. CH and SE went to 

sleep in the tent they shared. SE testified Appellant later entered the tent and 

“stuck his hand down [SE’s] pants,” touching “the top part of [her] vagina.” SE 

grabbed Appellant’s arm and tried to pull it away, but Appellant locked his 

arm in place so she could not move it and continued to touch her for approximately ten minutes. SE then woke up CH and showed CH that Appellant had 

his hand in SE’s pants. CH testified she then said “hey” and pushed Appellant’s 

arm; in response, Appellant “jumped up really fast and acted like he didn’t 

know what was going on, and immediately laid back down to sleep.” CH and 

SE “didn’t really talk about [the incident] much after,” and neither of them 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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further confronted Appellant about it or reported it to RP or anyone else at the 

time.

In October 2019, Appellant got into an argument with CH at their on-base 

house regarding her phone. CH testified Appellant “got mad and ran up really 

fast and he grabbed [CH] by the back of [her] hair and threw [her] off of the 

couch onto the floor.” CH then ran out of the house, pursued by Appellant who 

grabbed her by the back of the neck. CH yelled, which caused several people 

nearby to look at them, and Appellant let go of CH. CH then ran away from 

Appellant, departed the base, and soon thereafter traveled back to South Carolina to live with a former neighbor, KB.

Shortly after CH arrived in South Carolina, she received a text message 

from Appellant asking if she was planning to go back to school. CH responded 

with a lengthy text message expressing how she felt mistreated by Appellant 

and her mother, RP, including the following: 

And if you do call me in as a run away and y’all don’t send me 

my papers for school I will go to court and I will explain everything because I will not go back into that house . . . . You put 

your hands on me josh you have hurt me physically and I never 

thought you would do that and don’t even let me bring up how 

[you] hurt me the other time (multiple times). . . .

In response, Appellant wrote: “Hey we just want you to be happy so we will 

help you out. Love you.” CH further testified that at a later point in time Appellant called her late at night and “apologiz[ed] for the things that he[ had]

done and [said] that if [CH] came back, [she] would never have to worry about 

anything like that again.” KB evidently overheard part of this conversation 

and testified she heard Appellant say, “[CH], if you come back, I’ll give you 

whatever you want, I will stay out of your bed and I will quit touching you.” 

In January 2020, CH agreed to return to Utah and resumed living with 

Appellant and RP. CH resumed her friendship with SE, who “basically lived” 

with CH in Appellant’s house. CH testified Appellant did not touch her inappropriately after she returned to Utah.

SE testified that one night in March 2020, Appellant, RP, and SE were 

drinking alcohol in Appellant’s garage. RP went into the house to go to bed, but 

Appellant and SE continued drinking in the garage. Appellant began to “flirt” 

with SE and offered her $100.00 for a “lap dance.” SE surreptitiously began 

recording audio of the incident using the videorecording feature on her phone.10

10 Although these were video recordings, the phone’s camera was not directed toward 

either CH or Appellant, and in effect the recordings capture only audio of the incidents.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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Appellant continued to ask SE for a “lap dance” and for “sex” and said “he was 

willing to pay [her],” despite SE telling him no. Appellant then reached over to 

SE, who had her legs crossed, and touched her “vaginal area” over her clothes. 

Appellant then asked to see SE’s breasts. When SE did not comply, Appellant 

“proceeded to lift up [her] shirt and put his mouth on [her] breast area.” SE did 

not consent to this and felt “[v]ery, very, very violated and disrespected.” Appellant later went to get another beer, and SE went inside the house. SE informed CH about the recording, but did not otherwise report the incident at 

that time. At trial, the Government introduced a copy of the audio recording 

SE made of the incident.

Several weeks later, Appellant and RP agreed to let CH move in with her 

then-boyfriend MR. As CH and MR were moving CH’s belongings out of Appellant’s house, RP repeatedly asked CH and MR why CH was moving out. Eventually, as they were leaving, MR made a comment to the effect that Appellant 

“was not the man [RP] believed he was.” Later RP called CH and asked her to 

explain MR’s comment, and CH admitted Appellant had touched her inappropriately. This, in turn, led RP to angrily confront Appellant in a conversation 

CH, SE, and MR partially overheard through RP’s phone. Shortly thereafter, 

Appellant called CH in a conversation which MR overheard. According to MR, 

Appellant “said that he was sorry and that he knows that he was wrong and 

that he was going to wait there [at his house] until they got there, because he 

wasn’t going to run from it.” RP called law enforcement the same day.11

At trial, Appellant was convicted of the following offenses: rape against his 

former spouse, AD, by penetrating her vulva with his penis by force in July 

2010 (Article 120, UCMJ);12 rape of a child against CH “between on or about 

1 October 2015 and on or about 30 November 2015” by penetrating her vulva 

with his finger using force (Article 120b, UCMJ);13 aggravated sexual contact 

against CH’s friend, SE, in July 2019 by touching her vulva with his hand using unlawful force (Article 120, UCMJ); assault consummated by battery 

against CH in October 2019 by unlawfully grabbing her hair with his hand 

(Article 128, UCMJ); and abusive sexual contact against SE in March 2020 by 

touching her breast with his mouth without consent (Article 120, UCMJ).

11 RP made an initial report and statement to security forces, but eventually decided 

not to participate in Appellant’s court-martial and was not called as a witness by either 

party. 

12 Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2008 ed.).

13 Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2012 ed.).
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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II. DISCUSSION

A. Court Member Selection

1. Additional Background

Between 27 April 2021 and 1 December 2022, three convening authorities

issued a total of six special orders appointing members to Appellant’s courtmartial. Included with the record of trial are the lists of potential court-martial 

members provided to the convening authority for consideration and selection.

These documents include each individual’s name, rank, unit of assignment, 

duty title, whether the individual has prior experience serving on a court-martial or administrative board, and in the case of officers, whether they have experience as commanders. Neither the gender nor race of the individuals was

expressly indicated on these documents. The convening authority indicated the 

members he or she selected to serve on the court-martial by writing his or her

initials next to the individual’s name.

Of note, with regard to the fifth of the six appointments of court-martial 

members, the convening authority was presented with a list of nine proposed 

replacement enlisted members. Two of the members had names that suggested 

they were female; six of them had names suggesting they were male; and one 

had only the first two initials with the surname.14 On this occasion the convening authority selected both of the “female” names and two of the “male” names.

The Defense did not object to the convening authority’s court member selection process prior to his appeal before this court.

On appeal, Appellant moved to attach “data sheets” and Single Unit Retrieval Format summaries (SURFs) of personal data regarding the prospective 

court members which had been provided to the convening authority as part of 

selection process. These documents contained considerably more personal and 

career information about each individual, including an indication of their gender and race. The Government objected to the attachment of these documents

on the grounds that these documents were outside the “entire record” this court 

may consider in our review pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, and 

not “necessary to resolve an issue raised by the record,” citing United States v. 

Jessie, 79 M.J. 437 (C.A.A.F. 2020). This court granted the motion to attach, 

but advised it would defer its consideration of the applicability of Jessie until 

it conducts its Article 66, UCMJ, review.

14 The record before us indicates this ninth individual was, in fact, male.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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2. Law

Court-martial composition issues not raised at trial are forfeited and reviewed on appeal for plain error. United States v. King, 83 M.J. 115, 120–21 

(C.A.A.F. 2023), cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 190 (2023). Under the plain error standard of review, the “[a]ppellant bears the burden of establishing: (1) there is 

error; (2) the error is clear or obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced 

a substantial right.” United States v. Robinson, 77 M.J. 294, 299 (C.A.A.F. 

2018) (citation omitted). In undertaking a plain error analysis, we “consider 

whether the error is obvious at the time of appeal, not whether it was obvious 

at the time of the court-martial.” United States v. Harcrow, 66 M.J. 154, 159 

(C.A.A.F. 2008).

“When convening a court-martial, the convening authority shall detail as 

members thereof such members of the armed forces as, in his opinion, are best 

qualified for the duty by reason of age, education, training, experience, length 

of service, and judicial temperament.” 10 U.S.C. § 825(e)(2). 

In United States v. Crawford, the United States Court of Military Appeals 

held the intentional selection of African American servicemembers to serve on 

courts-martial in order to ensure fair representation of the community was 

consistent with constitutional guarantees of equal protection. 35 C.M.R. 3, 13 

(C.M.A. 1964); see also United States v. Smith, 27 M.J. 242, 249 (C.M.A. 1988) 

(“[A] commander is free to require representativeness in his court-martial panels and to insist that no important segment of the military community -- such 

as blacks, Hispanics, or women -- be excluded from service on court-martial 

panels.”).

In Batson v. Kentucky, the United States Supreme Court held a criminal 

defendant “ha[s] the right to be tried by a jury whose members are selected 

pursuant to non-discriminatory criteria,” and in particular “the Equal Protection Clause[

15] forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of their race” through the exercise of peremptory challenges. 476 U.S. 

79, 85–86, 89 (1986). Following up on Batson, in J.E.B. v. Ala. ex rel. T.B., the 

Court held that “gender, like race, is an unconstitutional proxy for juror competence and impartiality.” 511 U.S. 127, 129 (1994).

In United States v. Jeter, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed 

Forces (CAAF) overruled Crawford in light of Batson, holding “[i]t is impermissible to exclude or intentionally include prospective members based on their 

race.” 84 M.J. 68, 73 (C.A.A.F. 2023). The CAAF explained, “whenever an accused makes a prima facie showing that race played a role in the panel selection process at his court-martial, a presumption will arise that the panel was 

15 U.S. CONST. amend. XIV.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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not properly constituted,” which the Government may then attempt to rebut. 

Id. at 70. In Jeter, “trial defense counsel challenged the makeup of the panel, 

citing a ‘systematic exclusion of members based on race and gender.’ The military judge noted that ‘[i]t appears that [the panel] is all white men.’” Id. at 71

(alterations in original). On appeal, the CAAF found the appellant had made a 

“prima facie showing that gives rise to a presumption that race was allowed to 

enter the selection process.” Id. at 74. In support of this conclusion, the CAAF 

cited “racial identifiers” that were included in court member questionnaires 

provided to the convening authority, as well as “other evidence before the 

[C]ourt of [C[riminal [A]ppeals [(CCA)],” and “the command’s understandable 

belief that the Crawford case . . . was still good law.” Id. Among this other evidence before the CCA were that “two African American members on the original convening order were subsequently removed pursuant to the first amendment to the convening order; and three other courts-martial with African 

American accuseds were convened by this convening authority before all-white 

panel members.” Id. In addition, the NMCCA had obtained declarations from 

the convening authorities and staff judge advocate, but “for all intents and purposes those affidavits simply reflected that they could not recall how the venire 

panel was chosen.” Id. Under these circumstances, the CAAF found an “unrebutted inference that Appellant’s constitutional right to equal protection under 

the law was violated when the acting convening authority presumptively used 

a race-conscious selection process for panel members.” Id.

3. Analysis

Relying on Jeter, Appellant contends his court-martial panel was improperly constituted because the convening authorities inappropriately considered 

race and gender in selecting members. Appellant cites the fact that, as in Jeter, 

racial and gender identifiers for prospective court members were provided to 

the convening authorities. He also notes Jeter had not yet been decided, and at 

the time applicable precedent did not prohibit the consideration of race or gender in order to ensure a court-martial panel that was representative of the military community. Appellant additionally cites the fifth selection of court members described above, when the convening authority selected both female members and two male members for service out of a list of two females and seven 

males; Appellant contends such a result was “highly unlikely” unless the convening authority considered gender. Appellant argues these circumstances establish a prima facie showing the court members were improperly selected, 

raising an unrebutted presumption of impropriety.

In response, the Government first contends Appellant’s argument cannot 

succeed because it relies on the court member data sheets and SURFs attached 

on appeal which were not part of the “entire record” originally docketed with 

the court, and are not necessary to resolve an issue raised by the record but 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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“not fully resolvable by the materials in the record.” Jessie, 79 M.J. at 442 (citations omitted). In addition, the Government contends the “mere presence” of 

racial and gender identifiers in material provided to the convening authority 

is insufficient to make a prima facie showing that race or gender improperly 

influenced the member appointment process. The Government additionally 

notes Jeter did “not extend to claims of gender discrimination in member selection;” however, assuming arguendo the same prohibition applies to gender 

as to race, the Government denies the selection of two females and two males 

from a list of two females and seven males establishes a prima facie claim of 

gender discrimination.

Because Appellant did not object to the convening authority’s selection of 

court members at trial, we review for plain error. See King, 83 M.J. at 120–21.

For the reasons stated below, we conclude Appellant has failed to demonstrate 

plain error.

As an initial matter, although the Government is correct that Jeter specifically addressed racial discrimination, we assume for purposes of our analysis 

the same rationale applies to the selection or exclusion of members based on

gender. J.E.B. essentially put gender on the same constitutional footing as race 

in this respect, and the Government does not substantially contest the point.

Next, we will assume for purposes of our analysis Jessie does not bar our 

consideration of the member data sheets and SURFs Appellant moved to attach on appeal. The names of the members the convening authorities did and 

did not select are included in the record, and these names are some indication 

of the proportions of males and females selected. In particular, the fifth member selection—where the convening authority selected both “female” names on 

the list but only two of the remaining seven names—may be sufficient to raise, 

but not resolve, an issue as to whether the convening authority improperly 

considered at least gender in appointing court members. Accordingly, Jessie

would permit us to consider the data sheets and SURFs in order to resolve this 

issue. 79 M.J. at 442 (citations omitted).

Nevertheless, we are not persuaded Appellant has met his burden to 

demonstrate “clear” or “obvious” error in the selection process. We agree with 

the Government that the routine provision to the convening authority of professional and personal information including race and gender does not in itself 

constitute a prima facie showing the convening authority in fact improperly 

relied on such criteria in selecting members under the plain error standard of 

review. “[R]acial identifiers are neutral, [although] capable of being used for 

proper as well as improper reasons.” Jeter, 84 M.J. at 74 (citing United States 

v. Loving, 41 M.J. 213, 285 (C.A.A.F. 1994)). “We will not presume improper 

motives from inclusion of racial and gender identifiers on lists of nominees for 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

12

court-martial duty.” Loving, 41 M.J. at 285.16 Similarly, we are not persuaded 

the selection on one occasion of two females and two males from a pool of two 

female and seven male prospective members meets the “clear” or “obvious” 

standard where (1) an innocent explanation is facially plausible, and (2) Appellant has not identified a similar pattern of possible discrimination in any of 

the other five member selections in this court-martial, nor in any other courtmartial involving these convening authorities.

The circumstances in Jeter are distinguishable in several significant ways. 

First, and importantly, the appellant in Jeter did not forfeit the issue but challenged the selection process at trial, alleging “systematic exclusion of members 

based on race and gender.” 84 M.J. at 71. Moreover, the record in Jeter indicated the panel was composed entirely of “white men.” Id. Two African American members on the original convening order were subsequently removed from 

the panel by the convening authority. Id. at 74. Furthermore, “three other 

courts-martial with African American accuseds were convened by this convening authority before all-white panel members.” Id. The CAAF concluded these 

circumstances, coupled with the provision of racially identifying information 

to the convening authority, were sufficient for a prima facie showing under 

ordinary standards of review. In the instant case, we do not have equivalent 

circumstances, and Appellant’s burden to demonstrate “clear” or “obvious” error is higher. We conclude Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

B. Denial of Expert Consultant

1. Additional Background

As described in the Background supra, Appellant’s stepdaughter’s friend, 

SE, made a recording on her phone of her interactions with Appellant that 

preceded the abusive sexual contact in Appellant’s garage in March 2020. 

When SE was interviewed by Special Agent (SA) H of the Air Force Office of 

Special Investigations (OSI) in May 2020, she played this recorded video from 

her phone. Afterwards, at SA H’s request, SE delivered two files from this recording to SA H’s duty phone which were 01:07 (file 1) and 04:18 (file 2)

minutes in length. These recordings were subsequently provided to the Defense in discovery.

After certain delays, Appellant’s court-martial was scheduled to begin in 

late August 2022. After rewatching SE’s recorded OSI interview, trial defense 

counsel noticed the recordings SE played for OSI during the interview appeared to be longer than the recordings the Defense had received in discovery. 

On 19 August 2022, the Defense asked the Government to confirm the files 

16 We note Jeter did not purport to overrule Loving, which Jeter cited with evident 

approval.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

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provided in discovery were the only such files the Government possessed. The 

Government confirmed this was so, but agreed to ask SE if longer versions of 

the files existed. SE then provided the Government with a 02:40 length file (file 

3), which is essentially a longer version of file 1, and a 08:31 length file (file 4), 

which is a longer version of file 2. On 22 August 2022, the same day Appellant’s 

court-martial resumed, the Government provided files 3 and 4 to the Defense 

and indicated to trial defense counsel and the military judge it intended to introduce these newly obtained longer versions at trial. On 23 August 2022, trial 

defense counsel requested the convening authority appoint an expert in digital 

forensics examination, Mr. R, to assist the Defense in light of the production of 

these multiple versions of SE’s video recording; the convening authority 

promptly denied the request. The military judge subsequently granted a defense motion for a continuance until early December 2022. 

On 29 August 2022, the Defense moved the military judge to compel the 

Government to appoint Mr. R as a defense expert consultant digital forensic 

examiner (DFE). The Defense contended Mr. R’s assistance was necessary to 

examine files 1, 2, 3, and 4. Attached to the motion was a memorandum from 

Mr. R, who explained that although he had not yet reviewed the files, his “review [of] each file’s internal metadata . . . could reveal,” inter alia, “[t]he make 

and model of the device that created each file;” “[w]hen each file was created;” 

“[w]hen each file was modified;” “[a]pplications, tools, and processes used to 

modify the files;” “[t]echnical information and settings in use by the application(s) when the files were created and/or modified;” and “[t]he physical location of the phone at the time the files were created.” The defense motion asserted the Government intended to use these files and that they were relevant 

to the charged offense, and to the credibility of SE and CH; however, the motion

is not entirely clear as to how this analysis would definitively benefit the Defense at trial. The Defense asserted Mr. R’s analysis would “provide new data 

points for [the] Defense to reevaluate [Appellant’s] plea to Charge I, Specification 3 [(abusive sexual contact of SE)], any potential defenses to the same, and 

areas of cross examination for the Government’s witnesses.” The motion concluded:

Defense anticipates that a DFE, if appointed, will certainly testify to what is already known – that [SE] recorded [Appellant], 

modified those recordings, and showed up to OSI with four different files. DFE testimony is necessary because Defense cannot 

depend on [SE] to provide those facts. In addition, the Government cannot stipulate to those facts because, at least as far as 

has been disclosed to Defense, the Government does not know 

how or why [SE] showed up to OSI with four different recordings. A DFE is necessary to provide those objective facts to the 

panel, as well as to testify to anything else he finds after 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

14

examining the files, and to aid the Defense in audio/visual aids 

to explain any concepts associated with his examination to help 

the panel better understand the evidence.

In response, the Government contended the Defense failed to demonstrate 

the expert assistance was necessary or that denying the motion would result 

in a fundamentally unfair trial. The Government argued the Defense would 

have the opportunity to cross-examine SE (and CH) and question OSI, and 

such expertise was not necessary to challenge SE’s credibility on the grounds 

that she provided cropped recordings to OSI. The Government asserted it intended to lay the foundation for these files through SE herself and did not intend to present expert testimony. It further contended, “It is not evident from 

review of the digital files that any manipulation other than shortening has occurred. . . . Clipping videos to shorten them is a commonly known and widely 

used editing feature . . . . An expert is not required.” 

The military judge denied the motion in a written ruling on 22 September 

2022. He explained, in part:

The Defense’s primary argument to compel expert consultant assistance is that such assistance is necessary to explore potential 

manipulation of the video files, beyond merely shortening the 

initial versions transferred. Despite putting forward that theory,

the Defense has failed to sufficiently demonstrate why or how 

they believe a more significant file manipulation occurred and 

failed to sufficiently demonstrate a probability that the expert 

assistance requested would be able to discover manipulation. . . . 

Simply because multiple similar media files exist does not, per 

se, require expert evaluation and assistance. The facts before the 

[c]ourt on this motion raise, at best, only a “mere possibility” that 

an expert could be of assistance to the Defense in this case, but 

not a “reasonable probability” that the requested expert would 

be able to assist the Defense.

[ ] Exploring the possibility that certain pieces of evidence could 

have been altered by a victim is a line of inquiry and general 

theory of defense that falls within the realm of matters competent counsel can and should be equipped to handle on their own 

through effective pretrial investigation and examination of witnesses. . . .

The military judge further found the Defense failed to demonstrate denial 

would result in a fundamentally unfair trial, explaining expert digital forensic 

testimony or analysis was not a linchpin for the Government or Defense, and 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

15

that trial defense counsel were “well equipped” by the available witnesses and 

evidence to impeach SE on the theory that she may have manipulated the files.

2. Law

“A military judge’s ruling on a request for expert assistance is reviewed for 

an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Lloyd, 69 M.J. 95, 99 (C.A.A.F. 2010) 

(citing United States v. Bresnahan, 62 M.J. 137, 143 (C.A.A.F. 2005)). “An 

abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous or if the court’s decision is influenced by an erroneous view of the law.”

United States v. Freeman, 65 M.J. 451, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted). 

“The trial court abuses its discretion if its ruling is ‘arbitrary, fanciful, clearly 

unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.’” United States v. Hennis, 79 M.J. 370, 383

(C.A.A.F. 2020) (quoting Lloyd, 69 M.J. at 99).

An accused is entitled to expert assistance when necessary for an adequate 

defense. Freeman, 65 M.J. at 458. The mere possibility of assistance is not a 

sufficient basis; “[i]nstead, the accused has the burden of establishing that a 

reasonable probability exists that (1) an expert would be of assistance to the 

defense and (2) that denial of expert assistance would result in a fundamentally unfair trial.” Id. (citation omitted). “To establish the first prong, the accused ‘must show (1) why the expert assistance is needed; (2) what the expert 

assistance would accomplish for the accused; and (3) why the defense counsel 

were unable to gather and present the evidence that the expert assistance 

would be able to develop.’” Id. (quoting Bresnahan, 62 M.J. at 143). “Defense 

counsel are expected to educate themselves to attain competence in defending 

an issue presented in a particular case.” United States v. Kelly, 39 M.J. 235, 

238 (C.M.A. 1994). “A trial is fundamentally unfair where the government’s 

conduct is ‘so outrageous that due process principles would absolutely bar the 

government from invoking judicial processes to obtain a conviction.’” United 

States v. Anderson, 68 M.J. 378, 383 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (quoting United States v. 

Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 431–32 (1973)).

3. Analysis

Appellant contends the military judge abused his discretion by denying the 

Defense’s motion to compel the appointment of a DFE. We disagree.

The military judge reasonably concluded the Defense failed to meet its burden to demonstrate why expert assistance was required and what it would 

have accomplished for Appellant. The record establishes that SE possessed 

separate recordings of portions of a conversation between herself and Appellant which began and ended at different points in time. File 3 begins approximately 30 seconds before file 1 and ends approximately 01:03 later than file 1; 

file 4 begins at the same point as file 2, but ends approximately 04:13 later

than file 2. Whatever significance there was to the fact that SE had multiple 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

16

copies of the recording of different lengths, and provided the shorter version to 

OSI after playing the longer version in the interview, this information was already known to trial defense counsel for investigation, cross-examination, and 

impeachment at trial. However, the Defense failed to identify any indication 

that SE had otherwise “manipulated” the recording such that digital forensic 

analysis would provide further impeachment material or undermine the admissibility of the recording. Trial defense counsel might hope that additional 

useful information could be found, but such a result was speculation. Moreover, 

we find denial of the motion did not subject Appellant to a fundamentally unfair trial. Trial counsel became aware of the longer versions of the recordings 

at approximately the same time as the Defense, and the Government did not 

present expert testimony and evidently did not rely on digital forensic expertise in order to analyze or present the recordings. Thus, the parties were similarly situated with regard to this evidence, and the Defense obtained a continuance of over three months in order to contend with it.17

On appeal, Appellant argues the military judge “significantly oversimplified the basis for the Defense’s motion.” Appellant contends the totality of the 

circumstances—that “[l]onger videos which were more inculpatory than the 

originals emerged years after a complaining witness provided the original files 

to AFOSI”—“gives rise to a reasonable probability that the videos were manipulated, and the Defense needed expert assistance to analyze the files and determine the nature and extent of manipulation.” We are not persuaded of any 

reasonable probability SE “manipulated” the evidence. The information presented to the military judge indicated SE possessed different recordings of different lengths of the same interaction with Appellant. She played the longer 

versions during her OSI interview, and then provided the shorter versions to 

OSI. So far as the record indicates, she did not reapproach OSI or trial counsel 

with new, “manipulated” versions of the recordings. Instead, at the Defense’s 

request, the Government asked SE if longer versions of the files existed and 

she provided them. We discern no reasonable implication SE “manipulated” 

the recordings beyond creating shortened versions of the files, which was wellknown to trial defense counsel at the time of Appellant’s trial.

Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.

17 Because Appellant has not met his burden to demonstrate why expert assistance 

was needed or that its denial resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial, we decline to 

address the military judge’s conclusion the Defense failed to demonstrate trial defense 

counsel would not have been able to develop the evidence themselves. See Freeman, 65 

M.J. at 458.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

17

C. Legal and Factual Sufficiency

1. Aggravated Sexual Contact (Specification 2 of Charge I)

a. Additional Background

During direct examination, SE described Appellant’s aggravated sexual 

contact during the July 2019 camping trip. SE testified Appellant “stuck his 

hand down [her] pants,” and “touched the top part of [her] vagina.” Trial counsel asked, “so somewhere around your vagina, he touched you?” SE responded, 

“Yeah.” SE testified she “grabbed his arm” and unsuccessfully tried to pull it 

away, which she estimated went on for approximately ten minutes. Then SE 

woke up CH, and CH “helped” SE remove Appellant’s hand.

On cross-examination, civilian trial defense counsel asked SE, “[I]sn’t it 

true that [Appellant] wasn’t actually able to touch your vaginal area because 

you stopped him?” SE replied, “That is true.”

Trial counsel readdressed this point on redirect examination:

Q. The last little area that I want to talk about here is for the 

campout, what actually happened there with the touching. On 

direct when I was asking you, you had said that [Appellant] had 

touched you on the top of the vaginal area.

A. Yes, sir.

Q. But then defense counsel just asked, hey, he didn’t actually 

make it to your vaginal area; you stopped him. Can you clarify, 

where did he actually touch?

A. It was the top of my vaginal area. I just didn’t know, like, how 

deep of the question he was trying to get me to answer. So he 

didn’t, like, go in it or anything like that, just touched the top of 

it.

Q. And that’s what I want to clarify. He didn’t actually penetrate 

you, right?

A. No. No.

Q. And so when you say that you stopped him, are you referring 

to when you were holding on to his hand?

A. Yes.

Q. And so he didn’t actually penetrate, but he did touch that vaginal area?

A. Yes. No, he did not penetrate.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

18

b. Law

We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v. 

Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). “Our assessment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at 

trial.” United States v. Rodela, 82 M.J. 521, 525 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2021) 

(citation omitted).

“The test for legal sufficiency is whether, after viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have 

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Robinson, 77 M.J. at 297–98 (citation omitted). “[T]he term ‘reasonable doubt’ does 

not mean that the evidence must be free from any conflict . . . .” United States 

v. King, 78 M.J. 218, 221 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citation omitted). “[I]n resolving 

questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every reasonable inference 

from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v. 

Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted). Thus, “[t]he 

standard for legal sufficiency involves a very low threshold to sustain a conviction.” King, 78 M.J. at 221 (alteration in original) (citation omitted). 

“The test for factual sufficiency is ‘whether, after weighing the evidence in 

the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed 

the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable 

doubt.’” Rodela, 82 M.J. at 525 (second alteration in original) (quoting United 

States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987)). “In conducting this unique 

appellate role, we take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own 

independent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of 

each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Wheeler, 

76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Washington, 57 M.J. at 399), aff’d, 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018).

In order to convict Appellant of aggravated sexual contact as alleged in 

Specification 2 of Charge I, the Government was required to prove that on or 

about 20 July 2019, at or near Tooele, Utah, Appellant touched SE’s vulva with 

his hand to gratify his sexual desire by using unlawful force. See 10 U.S.C. 

§ 920(c); Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.), pt. IV, 

¶ 60.b.(2)(b)(3). “Sexual contact” includes “touching . . . either directly or 

through the clothing, the vulva . . . of any person . . . with an intent to . . . gratify the sexual desire of any person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)(2). The military judge 

instructed the court members, without objection, that “[t]he ‘vulva’ is the external genital organs of the female, including the entrance of the vagina and 

the labia majora and labia minora.” The term “force” includes, inter alia, “the 

use of such physical strength or violence as is sufficient to overcome, restrain, 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

19

or injure a person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)(4). “The term ‘unlawful force’ means an 

act of force done without legal justification or excuse.” 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)(5). 

c. Analysis

Appellant contends his conviction for aggravated sexual contact against SE 

(Specification 2 of Charge I) is legally and factually insufficient because she 

testified on cross-examination that Appellant did not “touch [her] vaginal area” 

because she stopped him. Appellant argues trial counsel’s attempt to remedy 

this deficiency on redirect failed because SE “only muddied the waters further 

by contradicting herself and using unclear terminology when she said [Appellant] touched the ‘top of [her] vaginal area.’” (Second alteration in original). 

Appellant further notes CH testified she saw Appellant’s hand in SE’s pants, 

but did not further describe what part of SE’s body Appellant was touching. 

We find a rational trier of fact could have found the elements of Specification 2 of Charge I proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Despite discrepancies in 

certain details, the combined testimony of SE, CH, and JR established the incident occurred in July 2019 at or near Tooele, Utah. SE testified Appellant 

reached into her pants to touch her vaginal area and used force to keep his 

hand there despite SE struggling for several minutes to remove it. Her testimony was significantly corroborated by CH, who saw Appellant’s hand in SE’s 

pants and who intervened to help remove it. Moreover, rational factfinders 

could also consider Appellant’s behavior was similar to the numerous instances 

CH testified to when Appellant would climb into her bed and place his hand on 

her breast or her groin while she slept, which was admitted pursuant to Mil. 

R. Evid. 413 and 414 as propensity evidence. Furthermore, under the circumstances a rational trier of fact could reasonably conclude Appellant was motivated by his sexual desires.

Specifically with respect to whether the Government proved Appellant actually touched SE’s vulva, SE did agree with a leading question by civilian trial 

defense counsel that Appellant “wasn’t actually able to touch [her] vaginal 

area.” However, on redirect examination SE clarified what she meant by this 

response: Appellant did touch the “top part of [her] vagina,” but he did not 

penetrate her vagina. A rational trier of fact could reasonably conclude SE 

meant Appellant touched the external portion of her “vaginal area” (i.e., her 

vulva), either directly or through the clothing. Such an interpretation is even 

more plausible considering Appellant used force to keep his hand in that area 

for several minutes as SE struggled to remove it.

Accordingly, we find Appellant’s conviction of Specification 2 of Charge I 

legally sufficient. Moreover, having weighed the evidence in the record of trial, 

and having made allowances that we did not personally observe the witnesses, 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

20

we are ourselves convinced of Appellant’s guilt of Specification 2 of Charge I 

beyond a reasonable doubt.

2. Rape of a Child (Specification 1 of Charge II)

a. Law

The standards for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence are stated in 

section II.C.1.b, supra.

In order to convict Appellant of rape of a child in violation of Article 120b, 

UCMJ, the Government was required to prove Appellant “commit[ted] a sexual 

act upon a child who has attained the age of 12 years by[ ] using force against 

any person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920b(a)(2) (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States

(2012 ed.) (2012 MCM)); 2012 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45b.a.(a)(2). “Sexual act” included, inter alia, “penetration, however slight, of the vulva . . . of another by 

any part of the body . . . with an intent . . . to arouse or gratify the sexual desire 

of any person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)(1)(B) (2012 MCM); see 10 U.S.C. § 920b(h)(1)

(2012 MCM) (adopting the definition of “sexual act” from Article 120(g), 

UCMJ). The term “force” includes, inter alia, “the use of such physical strength 

or violence as is sufficient to overcome, restrain, or injure a child.” 10 U.S.C. 

§ 920b(h)(2) (2012 MCM). Specification 1 of Charge II alleged:

Did, within the state of South Carolina, between on or about 1 

October 2015 and on or about 30 November 2015, commit a sexual act upon [CH], a child who had attained the age of 12 years 

but had not attained the age of 16 years, by penetrating the 

vulva of [CH] with his finger, by using force against [CH], with 

an intent to gratify the sexual desire of [Appellant].

(Emphasis added). See 10 U.S.C. § 920b(a)(2) (2012 MCM); 2012 MCM, pt. IV, 

¶ 45b.a.(a)(2). 

“The military is a notice pleading jurisdiction.” United States v. Fosler, 70 

M.J. 225, 229 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omitted). “[U]nless the date is an essential element of the offense, an exact date need not be alleged.” United States v. 

Williams, 40 M.J. 379, 382 (C.M.A. 1994) (citing Ledbetter v. United States, 170 

U.S. 606, 612 (1898)) (additional citations omitted). The CAAF “has consistently taken the position that ‘[t]he words “on or about” in pleadings mean that 

“the [G]overnment is not required to prove the exact date [of an offense], if a 

date reasonably near is established.”’” United States v. Simmons, 82 M.J. 134, 

139 (C.A.A.F. 2022) (alterations in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting 

United States v. Hunt, 37 M.J. 344, 347 (C.M.A. 1993)) (additional citations 

omitted). The CAAF “has held that ‘on or about’ connotes a range of days to 

weeks.” Id. (citing United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 137 (C.A.A.F. 2001) 

(involving a difference of “two to three days”); Hunt, 37 M.J. at 346–47 (involving a difference of three weeks); United States v. Brown, 34 M.J. 105, 106, 110 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

21

(C.M.A. 1992) (involving a difference of seven days)); see also Brown, 34 M.J. 

at 110 (“‘On or about’ . . . are words of art in pleading which generally connote 

any time within a few weeks of the ‘on or about’ date.” (citations omitted)),

overruled on other grounds by United States v. Reese, 76 M.J. 297, 332 (C.A.A.F. 

2017).

In United States v. Parker, the Government charged the appellant with, 

inter alia, committing rape and adultery in February or March of 1995. 59 M.J. 

195, 197 (C.A.A.F. 2003). However, the deposition of the alleged victim introduced at trial indicated the offenses occurred in February or March of 1993. Id. 

at 198–99. After the prosecution rested, the defense moved for a finding of not 

guilty pursuant to Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 917; the military judge 

denied the motion. Id. at 199–200. The court members found the appellant 

guilty by exceptions and substitutions of committing the rape and adultery between August 1993 and March 1995. Id. at 200. The CAAF reversed Appellant’s convictions for these two offenses and dismissed those specifications. Id. 

at 201. The CAAF explained that the Government, having chosen not to withdraw the specifications in light of the discrepancy between charged time frame 

and the deposition, “was required to prove in its case-in-chief that there was 

improper sexual activity between [a]ppellant and Ms. AL during the charged 

period in 1995.” Id. Because “[p]roof of improper sexual activity in 1993, without more, did not demonstrate directly or by reasonable inference that [the 

a]ppellant engaged in sexual activity with [the alleged victim] in 1995 . . . the 

Government’s case was legally insufficient under R.C.M. 917 to prove” the appellant committed these two offenses, and “[t]he military judge erred by not 

granting the motion to dismiss those specifications.” Id.

b. Analysis

Appellant contends the finding of guilty as to Specification 1 of Charge II 

is legally and factually insufficient because the Government failed to prove the 

offense occurred “between on or about 1 October 2015 and on or about 30 November 2015.” We agree with Appellant the finding of guilty is not factually 

sufficient.

CH was the sole witness who provided evidence as to this specification, testifying about events that occurred when she was 12 years old more than seven 

years after the fact. As described in the Background, supra, CH could not recall 

when exactly this incident occurred. She testified it was after her mother became pregnant in January 2015, but before her mother gave birth in late September 2015. CH initially testified it occurred in “roughly spring/summer of 

2015,” and later described it as “during spring [or] early summer.” CH also 

remembered the weather was not cold and “was good for T-shirts and basketball shorts and anything.” At a later point, CH estimated her mother was

“probably five [or] six months” pregnant at the time of the offense. 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

22

In order to convict Appellant of the specification as charged, the Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the offense occurred no 

earlier than “on or about” 1 October 2015. See Parker, 59 M.J. at 201 (holding 

the Government’s failure to prove the charged misconduct occurred during the 

charged date range rendered the evidence “legally insufficient”). As Appellant 

notes, all of the evidence indicates the offense occurred before 1 October 2015. 

The essential question, then, is whether the Government proved the offense 

occurred “on or about” that date. 

The CAAF recently restated that “on or about” indicates “a range of days 

to weeks.” Simmons, 82 M.J. at 139 (citation omitted). In Simmons, the CAAF 

found that amending the charged time frame of a specification by adding 279 

days was not “reasonably near” the original charged dates. Id. at 140 (citations 

omitted). On the other hand, the Government draws our attention to United 

States v. Marrie, where our predecessor court affirmed a finding of guilty where 

the appellant was charged with committing an offense “on or about November 

1990” but the evidence established it occurred on 15 February 1991. 39 M.J. 

993, 1002 (A.F.C.M.R. 1994). The analysis in Marrie on this point was rather 

terse and did not specifically address legal and factual sufficiency;18 nevertheless, Marrie can be read to imply that charging “on or about” may be sufficient 

to capture a two-and-a-half-month variation between the alleged specification 

and the proof at trial. Whether Marrie remains a valid precedent in this respect 

in light of the CAAF’s explanation in Simmons that “on or about” indicates 

days or weeks rather than months may be open to question. However, assuming arguendo that it is, the Government failed to prove the offense occurred 

within two-and-a-half months of 1 October 2015.

Considering CH’s testimony as a whole, perhaps the best estimate as to 

when the incident occurred is June 2015. This would be consistent with her 

estimate of “spring [or] early summer,” during warm weather, when her 

mother RP was approximately five months pregnant. However, June 2015 

would have been at least three months before 1 October 2015. CH’s testimony 

leaves the possibility that the offense occurred in July 2015 or later, closer in 

time to 1 October 2015. Yet, given the uncertainty of CH’s testimony regarding 

the date, it is also possible the offense occurred earlier in the spring, perhaps 

18 The court addressed the appellant’s contention that the evidence constituted a fatal 

variance, rather than analyzing the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence per se. 

Marrie, 39 M.J. at 1002. However, by affirming this finding of guilty, the court necessarily implied it found the evidence legally and factually sufficient. See id. at 1004; see 

also United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (“[U]nder Article 66(c) of 

the Uniform Code, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c), the Court of Military Review has the duty of 

determining not only the legal sufficiency of the evidence but also its factual sufficiency.”).
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

23

in April or May 2015. The essential point is that in order to convict Appellant,

the Government was required to do more than prove the facts alleged in the 

specification could be true; it was required to prove the specification—including the alleged dates of the offense—true beyond a reasonable doubt. Cf. United 

States v. Gilliam, ARMY 20180209, 2020 CCA LEXIS 236, at *8–11 (A. Ct. 

Crim. App. 15 Jul. 2020) (unpub. op.) (“Because the evidence reveals the distinct possibility that all of the acts of digital penetration could have happened 

approximately eleven months after the last date charged . . . we are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that they occurred within or even reasonably 

near to the timeframes charged by the government.”). 

As a matter of factual insufficiency, we are not persuaded the Government 

proved beyond a reasonable doubt Appellant committed the offense alleged in 

Specification 1 of Charge II “between on or about 1 October 2015 and on or 

about 30 November 2015,” as alleged. Moreover, a CCA cannot except or substitute “language [in] a specification in such a way that creates a broader or 

different offense than the offense charged at trial.” United States v. English, 

79 M.J. 116, 121 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citation omitted). Accordingly, the finding of 

guilty as to Specification 1 of Charge II must be set aside.

D. Appellate Delay

Appellant’s record of trial was originally docketed with this court on 

1 March 2023. Appellant requested and was granted 11 enlargements of time 

to file his assignments of error, over the Government’s opposition, before filing 

his brief on 24 April 2024. The Government filed a timely answer brief on 

28 May 2024, and Appellant filed a reply brief on 4 June 2024.

“[C]onvicted servicemembers have a due process right to timely review and 

appeal of courts-martial convictions.” United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 

135 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citations omitted). In Moreno, the CAAF established a 

presumption of facially unreasonable delay “where appellate review is not completed and a decision is not rendered within eighteen months of docketing the 

case before the Court of Criminal Appeals.” Id. at 142. Where there is a facially 

unreasonable delay, we examine the four factors set forth in Barker v. Wingo, 

407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972): “(1) the length of the delay; (2) the reasons for the 

delay; (3) the appellant’s assertion of the right to timely review and appeal; 

and (4) prejudice [to the appellant].” Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135 (citations omitted). 

The CAAF identified three types of cognizable prejudice for purposes of an appellant’s due process right to timely post-trial review: (1) oppressive incarceration; (2) “particularized” anxiety and concern “that is distinguishable from the 

normal anxiety experienced by prisoners awaiting an appellate decision;” and 

(3) impairment of the appellant’s grounds for appeal or ability to present a defense at a rehearing. Id. at 138–40 (citations omitted). Where there is no qualifying prejudice from the delay, there is no due process violation unless the 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

24

delay is so egregious as to “adversely affect the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice system.” United States v. Toohey, 63 

M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). We review de novo an appellant’s entitlement 

to relief for post-trial delay. United States v. Livak, 80 M.J. 631, 633 (A.F. Ct. 

Crim. App. 2020) (citing Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135).

Over 18 months have elapsed since Appellant’s record of trial was originally docketed with this court. Therefore, under Moreno, there is a facially unreasonable delay, although we note the 18-month threshold has been exceeded 

by less than one month. Accordingly, we have considered the Barker factors 

and find no violation of Appellant’s due process rights. Appellant has not specifically alleged cognizable prejudice, and we do not find any at this stage. With 

regard to oppressive incarceration, we recognize Appellant entered confinement on 8 December 2022 and we have set aside the adjudged sentence; however, it remains to be seen whether and to what extent Appellant’s adjudged 

17-year term of confinement may be reduced upon a rehearing. In addition, we 

do not perceive any particularized anxiety or concern, nor any particular reason why Appellant’s defense at a sentence rehearing or future appeal might be 

impaired due to the delay. Absent prejudice, we find the delay involved in Appellant’s case has not been so egregious as to adversely affect the perception of 

the military justice system.19 The record of Appellant’s court-martial is substantial, including nearly one thousand pages of written transcript, and the

delay in adjudicating Appellant’s appeal is primarily due to Appellant’s own 

motions for enlargements of time. Accordingly, we find no violation of Appellant’s due process rights. Furthermore, recognizing our authority under Article 

66(d), UCMJ, we have also considered whether relief for excessive post-trial 

delay is appropriate in this case even in the absence of a due process violation. 

See United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 225 (C.A.A.F. 2002). After considering 

the factors enumerated in United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 742 (A.F. Ct. 

Crim. App. 2015), we conclude no such relief is warranted.

E. Remedy

Having modified the findings, we have considered whether we may reliably

reassess Appellant’s sentence or, instead, return the record and authorize a 

rehearing as to the sentence. See United States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 

15–16 (C.A.A.F. 2013). We conclude remand is appropriate.

19 Assuming arguendo the possibility Appellant’s term of confinement on rehearing 

might be reduced below the amount of confinement he actually serves is sufficient to 

demonstrate oppressive incarceration, balancing the remaining Barker factors, we 

would still find no due process violation. 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

25

We begin our analysis with the four non-exclusive factors set forth in 

Winckelmann. Id. As to the first factor, the “penalty landscape and [Appellant’s] exposure” have not changed dramatically. With Specification 1 of 

Charge II set aside, because Appellant remains convicted of the rape of AD

Appellant’s maximum sentence remains a dishonorable discharge, confinement for life without the possibility of parole, total forfeiture of pay and allowances, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a reprimand; however, the dishonorable discharge is no longer mandatory. See 2012 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45b.e.(1); Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2008 ed.), App. 12. This factor favors 

reassessment.

As to the second factor, Appellant was sentenced by court members rather 

than a military judge. “As a matter of logic, judges of the [C]ourts of [C]riminal 

[A]ppeals are more likely to be certain of what a military judge would have 

done as opposed to members.” Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 16. This factor favors 

remand.

Consideration of the third factor—“[w]hether the nature of the remaining 

offenses capture the gravamen of criminal conduct included within the original 

offenses and, in related manner, whether significant or aggravating circumstances addressed at the court-martial remain admissible and relevant to the 

remaining offenses”—leads to mixed conclusions. Id. On one hand, Appellant 

remains convicted of four other offenses, including three sexual offenses, and 

the bulk of the evidence introduced at trial would remain admissible. On the 

other hand, the court members likely viewed the rape of CH as the most serious 

offense because the victim was Appellant’s 12-year-old stepdaughter who lived 

with him. Moreover, it was the only penetrative sexual offense against a child 

and the only sexual offense against CH of which Appellant was convicted. The 

court members might have found it particularly aggravated in that it was the 

first time Appellant sexually abused CH while she pretended to sleep, and was 

followed by a lengthy pattern of uncharged instances of Appellant touching 

CH’s breast or “vaginal area” while she was sleeping. On balance, we find this 

factor slightly favors remand.

As to the fourth factor, the remaining Article 120 and 128, UCMJ, offenses 

are of the type that the judges of this court have “experience and familiarity 

with.” Id. This factor favors reassessment.

However, recognizing the Winckelmann factors are not dispositive but illustrative considerations to be assessed alongside the other circumstances 

arising in each case, we find other considerations favor remand in this case. 

The court members sentenced Appellant to confinement for 17 years. Clearly, 

the court members found a very substantial term of confinement was warranted. Yet what part Specification 1 of Charge II, the rape of a child, played 

in the adjudged confinement is difficult to discern. Our responsibility in 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

26

reassessing is to approve a sentence no greater than that which the original 

court-martial would have approved absent the error. Thus, we must be sure 

the reassessed sentence is low enough to ensure Appellant suffered no prejudice from the erroneous finding of guilty. However, if we affirm a sentence substantially lower than what the court members would have imposed, we risk 

giving inadequate weight to the severity of the remaining offenses.

Under the particular circumstances of this case, considering inter alia that 

we are setting aside Appellant’s conviction for arguably the most serious offense, and our uncertainty as to what the court members might have done, we 

find remand for a new sentencing proceeding is appropriate.

III. CONCLUSION

The finding of guilty as to rape of a child in Specification 1 of Charge II and 

the sentence are SET ASIDE. Specification 1 of Charge II and Charge II are 

DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. The remaining findings of guilty are AFFIRMED. A rehearing as to the sentence is authorized. The record is returned 

to The Judge Advocate General for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. We will complete our Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, review when 

the record is returned to the court. 

WARREN, Judge (concurring in part and in the judgment):

Today we reverse a conviction not because of failure of the Government’s 

proof as to an essential element, but because of the inaccuracy of the Government’s pleading as to an ancillary fact. That is to say, we are compelled to set 

aside Appellant’s conviction for digitally penetrating his then 12-year-old stepdaughter not because he did not sexually abuse her as alleged in 2015, but 

because the Government pleaded the wrong months for that offense in the 

specification. I concur only in the judgment of the court insofar as we are bound 

by precedent to conclude that the Government’s evidence is “factually insufficient” due to a mere pleading error—notwithstanding the fact that the Government’s proof at trial established the statutory elements (vice non-conforming 

surplusage1in the pleading) beyond a reasonable doubt.

1 For the reasons set forth infra in my concurrence, absent precedent from our superior 

court in United States v. Parker, 59 M.J. 195 (C.A.A.F. 2003), United States v. English,

79 M.J. 116, (C.A.A.F. 2019), and United States v. Simmons, 82 M.J. 134 (C.A.A.F. 

2022), I would treat the articulation of the date of the offense as mere surplusage (i.e., 

language unnecessary to aver an essential element of the charged offenses) and 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

27

But for our superior court’s precedent in United States v. English, 79 M.J. 

116 (C.A.A.F. 2019), and United States v. Parker, 59 M.J. 195 (C.A.A.F. 2003), 

I would have adjudicated this case by applying five principles:

• The Government’s burden of proof pertains only to elements, not 

ancillary facts (i.e., surplusage). See Rule for Courts-Martial 

(R.C.M.) 920(e)(5)(D); United States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 

(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (factual sufficiency review evaluates 

whether evidence at trial proved each required element of the 

offense beyond a reasonable doubt (citation omitted)).

• The date of an offense is generally only an ancillary fact (i.e.,

relevant to jurisdiction over the offense and offender, but not itself an element), and need only be pleaded when it is an “essential element of the offense” (i.e., when time is of the essence for 

the offense). See United States v. Williams, 40 M.J. 379, 382 

(C.M.A. 1994) (citations omitted).

• To the extent a date is an “essential element” of child sex offenses because the element requires a victim to be under a certain age, that element is satisfied if the proof demonstrates it 

occurred anywhere in that age range (i.e., any time prior to the 

child turning 16 years of age). See Articles 120b(d)(2), (h)(4), 

Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. 

§§ 920b(d)(2), (h)(4) (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States

(2019 ed.) (2019 MCM)); 2019 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 62.a (prohibiting 

sexual acts with a child and defining child as “any person who 

has not attained the age of 16”).

• Inaccurate charging language involving date ranges that does 

not change the nature of an offense is a “variance” issue, not a 

proof issue. See United States v. Teffeau, 58 M.J. 62, 66 (C.A.A.F. 

2003) (stating “[m]inor variances, such as the location of the offense or the date upon which an offense is allegedly committed, 

therefore language that the Government is not obligated to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt. See United States v. Heppermann, 82 M.J. 794, 802 n.12 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 

2022) (citing United States v. Duke, 37 C.M.R. 80, 84 (C.M.A. 1966)) (additional citations omitted), rev. denied, 83 M.J. 103 (C.A.A.F. 2022); see also United States v. Miller, 

471 U.S. 130, 136 (1985) (“A part of the indictment unnecessary to and independent of 

the allegations of the offense proved may normally be treated as a ‘useless averment’

that ‘may be ignored.’” (citation omitted)); cf. English, 79 M.J. at 120 (finding the Government was required to prove alleged facts which “narrowed the scope of the charged 

offense,” specifically the type of force used in an assault (citations omitted)).
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

28

do not necessarily change the nature of the offense and in turn 

are not necessarily fatal” (citations omitted)); United States v. 

Allen, 50 M.J. 84, 86 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (“A variance between pleadings and proof exists when evidence at trial establishes the commission of a criminal offense by the accused, but the proof does 

not conform strictly with the offense alleged in the charge.” (citation omitted)).

• Even material variances with regard to divergences in dates of 

the offense pleaded from the evidence at trial only become reversible error when the accused was misled by and then detrimentally relied upon the pleading’s divergent dates such that he 

was materially inhibited from either: (a) presenting a relevant 

defense theory, (b) presenting his own evidence/witness(es), or 

(c) pursuing a relevant line of inquiry in cross-examining a government witness. See United States v. Simmons, 82 M.J. 134, 

141 (C.A.A.F. 2022).

2

Applying that framework, but for English and Parker I would have held 

that the Government’s proof established both elements of the Article 120b, 

UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b, offense as to CH. In the absence of English, I would 

have excepted the charged date range as unnecessary surplusage from the 

2 I acknowledge that since United States v. Reese, 76 M.J. 297, 302 (C.A.A.F. 2017), the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) now eschews a “prejudice” analysis for such variances. The CAAF explicitly overruled prior precedent in 

United States v. Sullivan, 42 M.J. 360, 365 (C.A.A.F. 1995), which concluded that no 

change to charging language was “major” unless the “substantial rights of the defendant are [ ] prejudiced.” See also Reese, 76 M.J. at 302 (reciting the holding for, and then 

overruling, Sullivan). However, while the CAAF now frames the analysis in terms of 

whether a “material variance” in the dates pleaded to the dates proved (i.e., whether 

the divergent dates fall within the permissible “days or weeks” timeframe endorsed by 

the CAAF in Simmons) creates a “major change” to the specification, the factors involved in considering whether a change is “major” appear to still include what impact, 

if any, it had on an appellant’s ability to effectively prepare for and present a defense 

at trial:

We conclude that this change in the Government’s theory of the case, 

which was directly predicated on—and inextricably linked with—the 

amended dates in the charge sheet likely misled the accused as to the 

offenses which he needed to defend against. Specifically, the change in 

dates likely affected the investigation the defense team otherwise 

might have conducted, the type of evidence they otherwise might have 

introduced, and the nature of the cross-examination they otherwise 

might have conducted.

Simmons, 82 M.J. at 140–41.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

29

specification. I would then have conducted a “variance” analysis and held that 

while the delta between the charged and proved timeframe was beyond the 

scope of inclusion for “on or about” language deemed acceptable by the CAAF 

in Simmons, there was still no “material variance” because Appellant was on 

actual notice of the lone instance charged in the specification. Closing arguments by both trial counsel and trial defense counsel demonstrate that their 

focus was on the credibility of CH’s assertions, not a litigation of the accuracy 

of the charged time range. Under these circumstances, the Government proved

the statutory elements that CH was over the age of 12 and had not attained 

the age of 16 years at the time Appellant digitally penetrated her vulva in 2015,

and Appellant was not misled as to the underlying event at issue by virtue of 

the charge. Further, Appellant was not prevented from presenting a defense,

nor denied the protection from double jeopardy by the combination of the 

charging language and the evidence presented at trial. See United States v. 

Lee, 1 M.J. 15, 17 (C.M.A. 1975) (“[P]rotection against double jeopardy can be 

predicated upon the evidence in the record of the prior prosecution.”). I would 

hold the proof factually sufficient, and the variance immaterial.

Instead, the current state of the law is that the date of an offense is accorded the status of an element due in part to our superior court’s decision in 

Parker. Parker is of course binding precedent on us unless and until our superior court decides otherwise. However, our status as a subordinate court does 

not render us mute. In accordance with our superior court’s suggestion in 

United States v. Allbery, 44 M.J. 226, 228 (C.A.A.F. 1996), that while a Court 

for Criminal Appeals (CCA) is obligated to follow binding precedent from the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF), the CCA may 

still “urge reconsideration of [the CAAF’s] precedent.” Id. (citation omitted). I 

respectfully invite the CAAF to revisit its determination in: (1) Parker, that 

the date of a sexual offense is (in effect) an essential element of the offense; 

and (2) English, that appellate courts may not make exceptions and substitutions on appeal, even where those exceptions and substitutions pertain not to 

the elements of the offense, but merely other non-elemental pleading language 

present in the specification solely for the purpose of facilitating notice of the 

charged misconduct.

3 In particular, I respectfully invite the CAAF to revisit 

3 I observe that on this score, standing alone, English might be distinguishable. In 

English, the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals (ACCA) originally affirmed an Article 120, UCMJ, conviction for the appellant forcing the victim to perform 

nonconsensual oral sex on him, but excepted the words “grabbing her head with his 

hands”—concluding that while the evidence supported that appellant forced the victim 

to perform oral sex on him, it did not support that he did so by using his hands to force 

down her head upon him. United States v. English, 78 M.J. 569, 576 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

30

any suggestion in their caselaw that, outside of a narrow range of cases, the 

date of an offense is an “essential element” of any offense, and that divergence 

between dates charged and dates proved would constitute any legal or factual 

insufficiency of the evidence.4 In so doing I am essentially inviting our superior 

court to return to its prior precedent which held that when divergences between the dates charged and the dates proved at trial do not change the fundamental nature of the charge (e.g., “time of war” offenses or crimes against 

children where the victim being less than a particular age is a required element), such divergences should be reviewed for what they are—“variances,” 

not failures of “proof.”

Turning first to whether the date of an offense is generally an element of 

the offense, previously our superior court held that the date of an offense is 

2018). Our superior court then reversed, holding that in excepting that mechanism of 

force language from the specification, the ACCA had created a material variance between the pleading and proof at trial. English, 79 M.J. at 121. Unlike English, where 

striking the language articulating the mechanism of “force” used arguably allowed 

more license for the Government to prove unlawful force at trial, here striking the 

words from the specification “between on or about 1 October and on or about 30 November 2015” would not expand the scope of the charged misconduct where the mechanism of the crime remained the same, and the date change divergence did not place 

the alleged child sexual assault in a higher punishment category. All of which is to say, 

while the Government’s charging language in the case before us alleged that CH was 

12 years and 10–11 months old at the time of the offense, the proof at trial demonstrated that she was only 12 years and 5–6 months old at the time of the offense—that 

did not change the nature of the offense because ultimately the statute merely requires 

that the Government prove that Appellant engaged in a sexual act with CH while she 

was over the age of 12 and had not yet attained the age of 16—the proof at trial did 

that. However, even if English could be distinguished, Parker currently forecloses the

theory given its holding that divergence in the dates proved constituted failure of an 

essential element of the offense within the meaning of R.C.M. 917.

4 I distinguish here between two separate defects which could result in reversal of a 

specification on appeal: (1) factual/legal sufficiency dealing with the adequacy of the 

Government’s proof of the essential elements of an offense; and (2) material variances 

between the proof adduced at trial which, while factually and legally sufficient to prove 

the statutory elements, diverges so significantly from the charging language that it 

deprives Appellant of due process notice of the nature of the charge and materially 

frustrates his constitutional right to present a defense to the charge. I am not calling 

upon the CAAF to reverse their holding in Simmons that a 279-day divergence is not 

fairly encompassed within “on or about” charging language, nor their conclusion that 

the divergent charging language constituted a material variance under the unique circumstances in that case, 82 M.J. at 141; rather, I am merely respectfully inviting the 

court to consider the implications of its decisions in Parker, English, and Simmons visa-vis conflation of what I would classify as “proof problems” (factual/legal sufficiency 

analysis) versus “pleading problems” (variance analysis).
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

31

generally not an essential element of an offense under the Uniform Code of 

Military Justice (Code) unless time was of the essence to the offense:

Where time is of the essence of the crime, allegations concerning 

the date of the offense become matters of substance. For example, the date of the offense would doubtless be of substance in a 

prosecution for violating a Sunday “blue law,” or possibly in a 

prosecution for statutory rape. In these instances, amendments 

which would have the effect of charging the accused with an additional offense, or of changing the nature of the crime alleged, 

are not permitted. On the other hand, where time is not of the 

essence, it is the general rule that an erroneous statement of the 

date of the offense constitutes a matter of mere form, and 

amendments are freely permitted where they do not operate to 

change the nature of the crime charged, and there is no showing 

that the defendant had been misled or prejudiced in his defense 

on the merits.

United States v. Brown, 16 C.M.R. 257, 261–62 (C.M.A. 1954) (third emphasis 

added) (citations omitted); see also Williams, 40 M.J. at 382 (“[N]either Article 

125 nor 134 of the Code makes time a material element for appellant’s criminal 

offenses.”).

5 Williams in particular was considering whether the denial of a bill 

of particulars where the defense demanded the Government specify the precise 

date on which the sexual assault occurred within the two-month charging window because the absence of that information deprived the accused of Fifth 

Amendment6 Due Process. 40 M.J. at 381–82. The CAAF found no due process 

violation, in part because “[c]ourts have consistently held that unless the date 

is an essential element of the offense, an exact date need not be alleged.” Id. at 

382 (citations omitted). Furthermore, the CAAF found no violation of the appellant’s Sixth Amendment7 right to present a defense because he was still able 

to challenge the victim’s memory as to the alleged dates of the offenses during 

5 The CAAF did not overrule Brown in Simmons—it simply distinguished it. See Simmons, 82 M.J. at 140; see also United States v. Stout, 79 M.J. 168, 174 (C.A.A.F. 2019) 

(Maggs, J., concurring in the judgment) (“Changes to the [Manual for Courts-Martial] 

since Brown was decided also have not rendered Brown obsolete.”).

6 U.S. CONST. amend. V.

7 U.S. CONST. amend. VI.
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

32

cross-examination at trial and use that uncertainty to attack her credibility.

See id. at 383.8

The CAAF appeared to retreat from that rationale in Parker. In Parker, the 

CAAF held that a rape case was “legally insufficient under R.C.M. 917” where 

the proof at trial demonstrated that, inter alia, appellant raped his adult victim 

in 1993, but the specification alleged he did so in 1995. 59 M.J at 201. Interestingly, Parker could have been analyzed as a “variance” case because the 

court members convicted Appellant by exceptions and substitutions as to the 

date (substituting in language to amend the charged time frame from “between 

1 February and 31 March 1995” to “between 1 August 1993 and 31 March 

1995”, id. at 197, 200), but the court did not analyze it that way. Instead, they 

analyzed it as an error by the military judge in applying R.C.M. 917, which 

only mandates a finding of not guilty prior to verdict “in the absence of some 

evidence which . . . could reasonably tend to establish each and every essential 

element of an offense charged.” Id. at 200 (emphasis added) (quoting R.C.M. 

917). By finding a legal insufficiency based solely upon proof of a divergent date 

of the single-instance offense, the only conclusion to be drawn is that the court 

in Parker considered the alleged date of the offense (contrary to prior precedent 

in Williams) as an “essential element” of the offense.

The issue I take with our superior court’s decisions in Parker and English

is that they conflate pleading errors with proof errors. That is to say, the court 

insists that the language of the pleading supersedes the statutory elements of 

an offense, asserting that an “[a]ppellant [is] entitled to rely on the specifications in the charge sheet as drafted.” See English, 79 M.J. at 120–21 (citing 

United States v. Reese, 76 M.J. 297, 300–01 (C.A.A.F. 2017); United States v. 

Morton, 69 M.J. 12, 16 (C.A.A.F. 2010); United States v. Medina, 66 M.J. 21, 

26–27 (C.A.A.F. 2008)). It is true enough that an appellant is entitled to rely 

upon the language of the specification for reasonable notice of the charged 

8 The CCAs generally agree with the concept that the date of an offense is generally 

not an element of an offense. See United States v. Rogers, 76 M.J. 621, 626 (A.F. Ct. 

Crim. App. 2017) (in the context of determining the date of an offense for purposes of 

applying the correct version of Article 60, UCMJ, reasoning: “We decline to adopt a 

Walters-like requirement that the court-martial make a special finding with respect to 

the date of an offense because, as noted above, the offense date is not an element of the 

crime.”); United States v. Aguirre, ARMY 20090487, 2012 CCA LEXIS 209, at *25 (A. 

Ct. Crim. App. 1 Jun. 2012) (unpub. op.) (“The date of occurrence of this specific incident is not an element of either the charged Article 120, UCMJ, offense or the lesserincluded Article 128, UCMJ, offense.”); United States v. Harris, 52 M.J. 665, 667 (A. 

Ct. Crim. App. 2000) (holding that a specification alleging a 23-month time window did 

not render the specification defective or vague because “[t]he date was not an element 

of the offense [Article 120, UCMJ, carnal knowledge] here”).
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

33

misconduct, but surplusage language of a specification cannot change the underlying statutory element which it is meant to describe.9

As our superior court has reminded us before, it is the statutory language 

that creates elements because “it is for Congress to define criminal offenses 

and their constituent parts.” United States v. Jones, 68 M.J. 465, 468 (C.A.A.F. 

2010) (citation omitted).

10 Language unnecessary to aver that element “can 

generally be disregarded as surplusage.” United States v. Heppermann, 82 M.J. 

794, 802 n.12 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2022) (quoting United States v. Duke, 37 

C.M.R. 80, 84 (C.M.A. 1966)) (additional citations omitted), rev. denied, 83 M.J. 

103 (C.A.A.F. 2022); see also United States v. Miller, 471 U.S. 130, 136 (1985)

(“A part of the indictment unnecessary to and independent of the allegations 

of the offense proved may normally be treated as a ‘useless averment’ that ‘may 

be ignored.’” (citation omitted)).

The statutory element here is that the victim was a child over the age of 12 

and had not attained the age of 16 years. See Article 120b(a)(2), UCMJ (“Any 

person subject to this chapter who . . . commits a sexual act upon a child who 

has attained the age of 12 years . . . .”); Article 120b(d)(2), UCMJ (defining a 

child as a person under the age of 16 years). To that extent, the date the offense

9 This does not mean that divergence between the pleaded language and the proof at 

trial is of no moment. The exceptions and substitutions doctrine is meant to align the 

proof at trial with the language of the specification. When that divergence is too great 

it constitutes a “material variance” and when that material variance constitutes a “major change” the verdict is not permitted to stand. That is not, strictly speaking, because 

the proof as to the elements was flawed, but rather that the language of the pleading 

inaccurately pleaded those elements. It is only when this inaccurate pleading misleads

the accused as to the nature of the offense, that it adversely affects his constitutional 

right to both reasonable notice of the offense and reasonable opportunity to present a 

lawful defense thereto. See, e.g., Simmons, 82 M.J. at 140–41.

10 The President’s illustrative recital of “elements” agrees that the element is only that 

the child was under 16 at the time of the offense—not that the offense must have occurred on any particular day during the timeframe. See Manual for Courts-Martial, 

United States (2019 ed.), pt. IV, ¶ 62.a(b)(2). While the President’s illustrative listing 

of elements for enumerated punitive articles is not binding, see Jones, 68 M.J. at 471–

72 (citations omitted), likewise the sample specification for this offense, wherein the 

President recommends alleging a date certain, does not govern whether recital of a 

specific date is therefore necessary to lawfully state the offense (i.e., to conform with 

R.C.M. 307(c)(3)’s command that a specification expressly or by implication allege all 

elements of an offense). See United States v. Fosler, 70 M.J. 225, 231 (C.A.A.F. 2011) 

(holding that trial counsel’s reliance upon the 2008 Manual for Courts-Martial sample 

specification for Article 134, UCMJ, offenses which omitted the terminal element still 

failed to properly allege all elements of the offense because “[t]he interpretation of substantive offenses in Part IV of the Manual is not binding on the judiciary.” (quoting 

United States v. Mitchell, 66 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2008)).
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

34

was committed matters as to the sufficiency of the Government’s proof that the 

child victim had not attained the age of 16 years at the time. Strictly speaking

though, alleging a specific date is not required to properly allege the elements 

of the offense. The elements of the offense are alleged by designating the alleged victim as a “a child who had attained the age of 12 years but had not 

attained the age of 16 years” in the language of the specification. After all, it 

remains the case that “[t]he military is a notice pleading jurisdiction,” and 

therefore “[a] charge and specification will be found sufficient if they, ‘first, 

contain[ ] the elements of the offense charged and fairly inform[ ] a defendant 

of the charge against which he must defend, and, second, enable[ ] him to plead 

an acquittal or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense.’”

United States v. Fosler, 70 M.J. 225, 229 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (third, fourth, and 

fifth alterations in original) (citations omitted).

The language of the specification is simply the way in which the Government claims that an accused violated statutory elements of a crime. The language of the pleading is important, because an accused has a due process right 

to notice as to the nature of the allegations so that he may have a reasonable 

opportunity to prepare his defense and protect against double jeopardy. See 

R.C.M. 307(c)(3); United States v. Turner, 79 M.J. 401, 403 (C.A.A.F. 2020) (citations omitted). However, a pleading cannot change the statutory elements of 

an offense. The Government is not obligated to prove mere surplusage in a 

specification.

My view is that whereas “factual sufficiency” is supposed to be about failures of proof as to required statutory elements and “fatal variances” are supposed to be about deficiencies in pleading that deprive an appellant of due process by depriving him of reasonable notice and opportunity to formulate a defense, Parker and English conflate the two by construing the date of an offense 

as an element of the offense. Simmons then amplifies that conflation by suggesting that charging language is elementally incomplete without alleging a 

specific date: “[s]tating on a charge sheet the date of an alleged offense with a 

certain degree of specificity and accuracy is required.” Simmons, 82 M.J. at 

141.

In dutifully applying Parker and English the majority opinion conforms to 

the role of an intermediate appellate court, that is, to apply vertical stare decisis, regardless of whether it agrees with that precedent. However, as our superior court recognized in Allbery, CCAs need not remain silent in the face of 

problematic precedent. 44 M.J. at 228. Rather, when confronted with binding

precedent which the CCA perceives to be wrongly decided our superior court 

suggested the CCA raise that to the CAAF’s attention: “If [the CCA] believed 

that the underlying logic of that decision had changed in the meantime, its 
United States v. Patterson, No. ACM 40426

35

recourse was to express that viewpoint and to urge [CAAF’s] reconsideration 

of [its] precedent.” Id.

Harkening to the CAAF’s call in Allbery, I respectfully submit that: (1) Parker conflated this fundamental distinction between proof and pleading; (2) 

English compounded that error by forbidding CCAs to conform the findings 

language to the proof at trial via exceptions and substitutions involving the 

same offense on appeal; and (3) that error was recently amplified by the Court’s 

dicta at the conclusion of Simmons declaring that all charge sheets must allege 

a date certain for the charged offenses (heedless of the fact that in most instances, the date of an offense is not an element of that offense). Nonetheless, 

as the United States Supreme Court continues to hold, mere errors in pleading 

ought not mandate dismissal of factually and legally sufficient charges absent 

material prejudice to an accused. See, e.g., United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 

625, 631–32 (2002) (holding the omission of a fact in a federal indictment that 

would enhance the maximum sentence (to wit: the quantity of drugs distributed by the appellant) is not a jurisdictional error and not a justification for a 

vacation of the sentence). 

For all these reasons, while I am duty bound by vertical stare decisis to 

concur in the judgment in this case, I respectfully request that our superior 

court re-examine their precedents in Parker, English, and Simmons. Combined, these cases currently produce the anomalous result in this case (and 

perhaps future cases) of reversing a conviction where the Government’s proof 

satisfies every statutory element of the offense, and the divergent surplusage

charging language did nothing to materially alter the nature of the charge, nor 

materially impair reasonable notice of the charged misconduct and the ability 

to present a defense.

FOR THE COURT

CAROL K. JOYCE

Clerk of the Court