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## Other Youth Topics

## Breadcrumb

            -  Youth Topics 
            -  Employment 
            -           Rules and Regulations for Youth Employment      

# Rules and Regulations for Youth Employment

Although federal law does not mandate work permits for youth, child labor rules limit how many hours a youth can work, when a youth can work, and in which jobs a youth can work. The rules vary depending on the youth’s age.1 States also have different rules and regulations.2Learn about rules that are specific to your state.

Track Your Hours. The DOL-Timesheet App helps track regular work hours, break time, and overtime hours. The new version of the app also enhances the comments capability, offers multiple pay frequency options, and additional pay calculations.

Workers are protected by federal labor laws. Learn how to file a complaint.

## Nonagricultural Jobs 

### Hour restrictions

According to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), youth must be 14 years old or older to hold a nonagricultural position.
                      - Youth  18 years or older  may perform any job, whether hazardous or not, for unlimited hours.
                      - Youth  16 or 17 years old  may perform any nonhazardous job for unlimited hours.
                      - Youth  14 or 15 years old  may work outside school hours in various nonmanufacturing, nonmining, nonhazardous jobs. They can work only between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m., except from June 1 through Labor Day, when they are able to work between the hours of 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. They may not work	                         - more than 3 hours per day on school days, including Fridays;
                        - more than 18 hours per week in school weeks;
                        - more than 8 hours per day on nonschool days; or
                        - more than 40 hours per week when school is not in session.

Under a special provision, youth 14 or 15 years old who are enrolled in an approved Work Experience and Career Exploration Program may be employed for up to 23 hours during school weeks and 3 hours on school days (including during school hours).

### Job restrictions

Child Labor Rules restrict the jobs that youth may perform on the basis of the age of the youth and the type of employment.
                      - A youth  18 years or older  may perform any job, whether hazardous or not.
                      - A youth  16 or 17 years old  may perform any job  not  identified as  hazardous  by the Secretary of Labor.
                      - A youth  14 or 15 years old  may  not  work in	                         - hazardous  jobs identified by the Secretary of Labor;
                        - manufacturing, processing, and mining occupations;
                        - communications or public utilities jobs;
                        - construction or repair jobs;
                        - operating or assisting in operating power-driven machinery or hoisting apparatus other than typical office machines;
                        - as a ride attendant or ride operator at an amusement park or a “dispatcher” at the top of elevated water slides;
                        - driving motor vehicles or helping a driver;
                        - peddling, sign waving, or door-to-door sales;
                        - poultry catching or cooping;
                        - lifeguarding at a natural environment such as a lake, river, ocean beach, quarry, or pond (youth must be at least 15 years of age and properly certified to be a lifeguard at a traditional swimming pool or water amusement park);
                        - public messenger jobs;
                        - transporting persons or property;
                        - workrooms where products are manufactured, mined, or processed;
                        - warehousing and storage;
                        - boiler or engine room work, whether in or about;
                        - cooking, except with gas or electric grills that do not involve cooking over an open flame and with deep fat fryers that are equipped with and utilize devices that automatically lower and raise the baskets in and out of the hot grease or oil;
                        - baking;
                        - operating, setting up, adjusting, cleaning, oiling, or repairing power-driven food slicers, grinders, choppers, or cutters and bakery mixers;
                        - freezers or meat cooler work, except minors may occasionally enter a freezer for a short period of time to retrieve items;
                        - loading or unloading goods on or off trucks, railcars, or conveyors except in very limited circumstances; meat processing and work in areas where meat is processed;
                        - maintenance or repair of a building or its equipment;
                        - outside window washing that involves working from window sills;
                        - all work involving the use of ladders, scaffolds, or similar equipment; or
                        - warehouse work, except office and clerical work.
                      - The jobs that  14- or 15-year-old  workers may legally perform are limited to	                         - office and clerical work;
                        - work of an intellectual or artistically creative nature;
                        - bagging and carrying out customer’s orders;
                        - cashiering, selling, modeling, art work, advertising, window trimming, or comparative shopping;
                        - pricing and tagging goods, assembling orders, packing, or shelving;
                        - clean-up work and grounds maintenance—the young worker may use vacuums and floor waxers, but he or she may not use power-driven mowers, cutters, and trimmers;
                        - as a lifeguard at a traditional swimming pool or water amusement park if at least 15 years of age and properly certified;
                        - kitchen and other work in preparing and serving food and drinks, but only limited cooking duties and no baking;
                        - cleaning fruits and vegetables;
                        - cooking with gas or electric grills that do not involve cooking over an open flame and with deep fat fryers that are equipped with and utilize devices that automatically lower and raise the baskets in and out of the hot grease or oil;
                        - clean cooking equipment, including the filtering, transporting, and dispensing of oil and grease, but only when the surfaces of the equipment and liquids do not exceed 100°F;
                        - pumping gas, cleaning, and hand washing and polishing of cars and trucks (but the young worker may not repair cars, use garage lifting rack, or work in pits);
                        - wrapping, weighing, pricing, and stocking any goods as long as he or she doesn't work where meat is being prepared and doesn't work in freezers or meat coolers;
                        - delivery work by foot, bicycle, or public transportation;
                        - riding in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle except when a significant reason for the minor being a passenger in the vehicle is for the purpose of performing work in connection with the transporting—or assisting in the transporting of—other persons or property; or
                        - loading and unloading onto and from motor vehicles, the hand tools and personal equipment the youth will use on the job site.

## Agricultural Jobs

### Hour restrictions

The restrictions for agricultural jobs are different from those for nonagricultural jobs. The hour restrictions are the same for all youth, including migrant youth.
                      - At  16 , there are no restrictions for the number of hours, the days, or the jobs that youth can work in agriculture.
                      - At  14 or 15 years old , a young person can work in agriculture, on any farm, but only during hours when school is not in session and only in nonhazardous jobs.
                      - A youth  12 or 13 years of age  can only work in agriculture on a farm if a parent has given written permission or a parent is working on the same farm. The work can be performed only during hours when school is not in session and in nonhazardous jobs.
                      - Youth  under 12  can work in agriculture on a farm only if the farm is not required to pay the federal minimum wage. 3

## Unpaid Internships

Although unpaid internships can provide opportunities for youth to explore new careers and gain on-the-job experience, the Supreme Court has ruled on the understanding of circumstances under which individuals who participate in for-profit private sector internships or training programs may do so without compensation. The determination of whether an internship or a training program meets this exclusion depends on all the facts and circumstances of each such program.

The following six criteria must be applied when making this determination:
                      - The internship, even though it includes actual operation of the facilities of the employer, is similar to training that would be given in an educational environment.
                      - The internship experience is for the benefit of the intern.
                      - The intern does not displace regular employees, but works under close supervision of existing staff.
                      - The employer that provides the training derives no immediate advantage from the activities of the intern, and on occasion its operations may actually be impeded.
                      - The intern is not necessarily entitled to a job at the conclusion of the internship.
                      - The employer and the intern understand that the intern is not entitled to wages for the time spent in the internship.

If all the factors listed above are met, an employment relationship does not exist under the FLSA, and the FLSA’s minimum wage and overtime provisions do not apply to the intern. This exclusion from the definition of employment is necessarily quite narrow because the FLSA’s definition of “employ” is very broad.

*Note: Information in this section adapted from the*U.S. Department of Labor’s Youth Rules!*and*elaws—FLSA—Child Labor Rules Advisor.

## Resources

**Youth Rules!**Youth Rules! is a youth-friendly resource that helps clarify rules and regulations for youth workers. Information is targeted at teens, parents, teachers, and employers. The site provides information on the hours and jobs that youth at different ages can work.

**Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Compliance Assistance Toolkit**The Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor provides information to help clarify the rules and restrictions for youth employment under the Fair Labor Standards Act.

**Youth@Work**This Equal Employment Opportunity Commission website has information for youth about their rights and responsibilities as workers. The site focuses on providing information on different types of employment discrimination and how they can be prevented in the workplace.

## References

1 U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.a; U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.b.2 U.S. Department of Labor, Youth Rules! Preparing a 21st Century Workforce, n.d.3 Under the FLSA, “small” farms are exempt from the minimum wage requirements. “Small” farm means any farm that did not use more than 500 “man-days” of agricultural labor in any calendar quarter (3-month period) during the preceding calendar year. “Man-day” means any day during which an employee works at least one hour. If the farm is “small,” workers under 12 years of age can be employed in nonhazardous jobs, but only during hours when school is not in session, and only with a parent’s permission.

## Other Resources on this Topic

### Agencies 

                          - AmeriCorps
                          - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                          - Employment and Training Administration, Department of Labor
                          - Office of Disability Employment Policy, Department of Labor
                          - Wage and Hour Division, Department of Labor

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### Collaboration Profiles 

                          - Navicate
                          - Program Collaboration
                          - Program Components
                          - SBIRT/YouthBuild
                          - Worcester Youth Development and Professional Leadership Symposium
                          - YouthGo.gov

### Data Sources 

                          - American FactFinder

### Feature Articles 

                          - A Hand and Paw Partnership Benefits Homeless Youth
                          - Add Us In
                          - America’s Young Adults, 2014
                          - Developing Programs for Youth in Allied Health Careers
                          - Expanding Access to Health Care Services and Work-Based Experiences for Youth with Chronic Health Conditions and Disabilities
                          - Federal Schedule A Hiring Authority Fact Sheet: Tips for Youth and Young Adults with Disabilities Interested in Starting a Career with the Federal Government
                          - Inclusive Internship Programs: A How-to-Guide for Employers
                          - Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C
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                          - Pilot Project Helps YouthBuild Address Youth Substance Abuse
                          - Share with Youth: eInternship Opportunities with IWGYP
                          - Soft Skills to Pay the Bills
                          - Supporting Summer Youth Employment Programs
                          - The CITY Project
                          - The Youth Career Café - Empowering Youth to Succeed in the Real World
                          - Training Young Adults How To Save At Work
                          - YE4C Accepting Applications for the Editorial Board
                          - Youth Speakers Share Their Hopes for the Future

### Internships 

                          - AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC)
                          - Share with Youth: #ApprenticeshipWorks

### Job Opportunities 

                          - Department of Health and Human Services: Public Policy Internship
                          - Interns Graduate Project SEARCH-NIH Program, Eight Hired at NIH
                          - Registered Apprenticeship

### Programs 

                          - 2013 Youth Jobs+ Initiative
                          - Division of Youth Services
                          - FEMA Corps
                          - Job Corps
                          - John H. Chafee Foster Care Program for Successful Transition to Adulthood
                          - National Academies Board on Children, Youth, and Families
                          - Neighborhood Networks
                          - Registered Apprenticeship College Consortium
                          - Reintegration of ExOffenders Program
                          - ServiceWorks
                          - Workforce Investment Act Youth Programs
                          - YouthBuild

### Publications 

                          - “It Changed My Life Forever”: Our Job Corps Stories
                          - 21st Century Registered Apprenticeship: A Shared Vision for Increasing Opportunity, Innovation, and Competitiveness for American Workers and Employers
                          - Aftercare Services
                          - Are You A Teen Worker?
                          - Connecting At-Risk Youth to Promising Occupations
                          - Disability Employment 101
                          - Economic Costs of Youth Disadvantage and High-Return Opportunities for Change
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                          - Employment and Unemployment Among Youth - Summer 2013
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### Resources 

                          - Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
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                          - Understanding Taxes
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### Technical Assistance 

                          - CareerOneStop Centers
                          - Homelessness Resource Center
                          - National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety
                          - National Collaborative on Workforce and Disability
                          - National Secondary Transition Technical Assistance Center
                          - PACER Center's Technical Assistance on Transition and the Rehabilitation Act (TATRA) Project

### Tools & Guides 

                          - Charting the Course: Supporting the Career Development of Youth with Learning Disabilities
                          - Child Labor Rules Advisor
                          - Explore Career and Educational Opportunities
                          - MySkillsMyFuture
                          - Occupational Outlook Handbook
                          - Regulations for Unpaid Internships
                          - State-based Occupational Health Surveillance Clearinghouse
                          - Ticket to Work Program
                          - Tunnels and Cliffs: A Guide for Workforce Development Practitioners and Policymakers Serving Youth with Mental Health Needs
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### Training Resources 

                          - Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Youth Flash Training Series

### Videos & Podcasts 

                          - Know Your Health Benefits Rights Video
                          - Saving Matters Video
                          - Share with Youth: CareerOneStop's Video Collection
                          - Share with Youth: Health Profession Opportunity Grant Spotlight on Kelly
                          - Share with Youth: Job Corps Means — Feeling Needed
                          - Share With Youth: Job Corps Voices: Kevin and Green Career Training — Career Training and Education Program
                          - TechGirls 2013: A Network of Young Innovators
                          - Video: Job Corps Voices — Brittany and Making a Better Future — Career Training and Education Program
                          - Video: Reflections on The White House Internship Program

### Websites 

                          - Apprenticeship.gov
                          - Federal Network for Young Worker Safety and Health
                          - Help Youth Connect to Internships!
                          - Interagency Council on Homelessness
                          - Kids.gov
                          - Recovery.gov
                          - Resource: Disability and Apprenticeship
                          - Resources to Assist Apprenticeship Programs
                          - Saving Matters
                          - Student Leaders Speak About Preparing for 21st Century Careers
                          - The Campaign for Disability Employment
                          - Workforce System Strategies
                          - www.MyFuture.com
                          - Young Worker Safety and Health
                          - Youth@Work
                          - Youth@Work: Talking Safety
                          - YouthBuild AmeriCorps: A Path Out of Poverty

### Youth Topics 

                          - Employment
                          - Opportunity Youth

## Youth Briefs

How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities
Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.

Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference
Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people

How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues
Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.

Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions
Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.

Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs
Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.

Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth
Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).

## Main navigation

- Employment
- Employment During COVID-19
- Experiences for Youth
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- Qualifications and Attributes Critical to Employers
- Connection to Education
- Career Exploration & Skill Development
- Federal Transition Programs
- Considerations for Youth With Disabilities
- Rules & Regulations
- Health & Safety
- References

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Report: High School Students’ Views on Who Influences Their Thinking about Education and Careers

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