# Patent

## Title
Linking in parametric encoding

## Abstract

The invention relates to a linking unit 100, a parametric encoder 400 and a method for generating linking information L indicating components of consecutive extended segments sp and sc which may be linked together in order to form a sinusoidal track. The segments sp and sc approximate consecutive segments of a sinusoidal audio or speech signal s. The linking unit comprises a calculating unit 120 for generating a similarity matrix S(m,n) in response to received sinusoidal code data and an evaluating unit 140 for receiving and evaluating said similarity matrix S in order to generate said linking information by selecting those pairs of components m,n the similarity of which is maximal. According to the invention the calculating unit 120 is adapted to calculate the similarity matrix S by additionally considering information about the phase consistency between the components of the extended previous segment sp and the extended current segment sc. In that way the selection of components suitable for being linked together is improved resulting in the definition of correct tracks.

## Background
The invention relates to a linking unit according to the preamble of claim 1. The linking unit serves for generating linking information indicating components of consecutive (typically overlapping) extended segments sp and sc which may be linked together in order to form a sinusoidal track, the segments sp and sc approximating consecutive segments of a sinusoidal audio or speech signal s.
The invention further relates to a parametric encoder according to the preamble of claim 8 and a method for generating said linking information according to the preamble of claim 9.
In the prior there are known two substantially different approaches for providing the linking information L used to establish sinusoidal tracks over consecutive segments. According to a first approach as described in the WO 00/79519 (PHN 017502 EP.P) partial signals of an original audio or speech signal are reconstructed based on sinusoidal input data including amplitude, frequency and phase information from a previous and a current segment. These reconstructed partial signals are compared with the original audio- or speech signal. The weighted mean-squared error signal was proposed as a criterion to select relevant links, i.e. to generate the linking information L.
This first approach does not only take amplitude and frequency information into account for optimally linking consecutive segments but also considers phase information of the components of the previous and the current segment. However, the drawback of this first approach is its computational burden and the fact that the original signal is required to generate the linking information.
According to a second approach known in the art the linking information is generated by only considering the amplitude and the frequency information from the sinusoidal code data from the current and the previous segment but not their phase information. Said second approach is now described by referring to FIG. 5.
FIG. 5 shows a linking unit 500 as described in the preamble of claim 1. It comprises a calculating unit 520 for generating a similarity matrix S(m,n) in response to received sinusoidal code data Dp′, Dc′. Said sinusoidal code data include information about the amplitudes and the frequencies of M components xm with m=1 . . . M of the extended previous segment sp and of N components yn with n=1 . . . N of the extended current segment sc. The similarity matrix S(m,n) represents the similarity between the m'th component Xm of said extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of said extended current segment sc for m=1 . . . M and n=1 . . . N. Said similarity matrix S(m,n) is input into an evaluating unit 540 which evaluates said similarity matrix in order to generate said linking information L by selecting those pairs of components m,n the similarity of which is maximal.
Consequently, the linking information L indicates those pairs of components of consecutive extended segments which may be linked together when restoring the audio or speech signal s after storage or transmission such that transitions between consecutive segments or components thereof are as smooth as possible. Smooth transitions lead to an improved quality of the restored signal.
Hereinafter linked components continuing over consecutive segments are referred to as sinusoidal track even if the separate components include slight variations, e.g. amplitude or frequency variations.
An advanced application of that second approach has been described by B. Edler, H. Purnhagen, and C. Ferekidis, in “ASAC-Analysis/synthesis codec for very low bit rates”, Preprint 4179 (F-6) 100th AES Convention, Copenhagen, 11–14 May, 1996.
In that article the authors propose a combination of relative distances in frequency and amplitudes as an additional criterion for generating the linking information. Expressed in other words, the linking information indicates if and which components of the previous and the current segment are considered to be local estimates belonging to the same sinusoidal crack.
Advantageously according to the second approach the generation of the linking information is done without considering the original audio or speech signal; however, since generation of the linking information according to the second approach is based on estimated sinusoidal code data only, the generated linking information may be wrong and incorrect tracks may be provided.
Starting from said second approach it is the object of the present invention to further develop a known linking unit, a parametric encoder and a method for generating linking information such that the selection of components of consecutive segments suitable for being linked together is improved resulting in a definition of a correct sinusoidal track.
That object is solved by the subject matter of claim 1. According to the characterising portion of claim 1 enlarged sinusoidal code data shall be provided comprising not only amplitude and frequency information but also information about the phase of at least some of the M components xm and at least some of N components yn. Further, the calculation unit of a linking unit is adapted to calculate the similarity matrix S(m,n) by additionally considering the phase consistency between m'th component xm of the extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of the extended current segment sc.
Advantageously, the proposed linking unit does only use estimated sinusoidal code data including phase information for generating the linking information. By additionally considering the phase information a more accurate determination of the similarity matrix and thus, a more reliable—in comparison to the second approach known in the art—determination of the linking information is possible without considering the original audio or speech signal s.
According to a first embodiment the calculating unit comprises a first pattern generating unit for generating said M complex components xm(t) of the extended previous segment sp and a second pattern generating unit for generating said N complex components yn(t) of the extended current segment sc. The explicit calculation of these complex and time-dependent components is required according to the invention in order to be able to evaluate the phase consistency between each of said components of the previous and of the current segment.
Advantageously, the calculating module is adapted to calculate the similarity matrix S(m,n) as a product of a first similarity S1 (m,n) representing the similarity in shape and a second similarity matrix S2(m,n) representing the similarity in amplitude between the components m and n. Further, advantageous embodiments of the linking unit are subject matters of the dependent claims 4 to 7.
The object of the invention is further solved by a parametric encoder according to claim 8 and a method for generating linking information according to claim 9. The advantages of the parametric encoder and of the method substantially correspond to the advantages mentioned above by referring to linking unit.



Five figures are accompanying the description, wherein
FIG. 1 shows a linking unit according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a more detailed illustration of a calculating unit of the linking U unit according to FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates the similarity of two components of two consecutive segments;
FIG. 4 shows a parametric encoder according to the present invention; and
FIG. 5 shows a linking unit known in the art.



Before a preferred embodiment of the invention will be described by referring to the figures a preliminary remark is made for providing some background information about the sinusoidal modelling of the signal segments in general.
In sinusoidal modelling, the models are typically of the form (or can be rewritten as such)




  
    
      
        
          seg
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            ∑
            
              k
              =
              1
            
            K
          
          ⁢
          
            R
            ⁢
            
              {
              
                
                  u
                  k
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
              
              }
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        0
        )
      
    
  




where seg is a segment approximating or modelling a segment of a sinusoidal signal s. In these models the segment seg is represented by an extension as given on the right-hand sight of equation (1), wherein R denotes the real part of a complex variable and uk are the K underlying sinusoidal or sinusoidal-like segment components of the segment seg.

In particular, for a pure first sinusoidal model (extension), the segment's components are

uk(t)=Akej(ωkt+μ)  (1)

with Ak, ωk and μk (real-valued) amplitude, frequency a n d phase, respectively, and j=√{square root over (−1)}

According to a second model the components of the segment are defined as:

uk(t)=Ake(σk+jωk)t+jμk  (2)

where Ak, ωk and μk are as in the pure sinusoidal model and an additional parameter σk appears. σk is a real parameter which captures amplitude changes within a segment.

A third, more elaborated known model based on polynomial is:




  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  u
                  k
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
              
              =
              
                
                  {
                  
                    
                      ∑
                      
                        m
                        =
                        0
                      
                      M
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        b
                        
                          k
                          ,
                          m
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        t
                        m
                      
                    
                  
                  }
                
                ⁢
                exp
                ⁢
                
                  {
                  
                    j
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        ∑
                        
                          n
                          =
                          0
                        
                        N
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                          φ
                          
                            k
                            ,
                            n
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          t
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                  
                  }
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
                
                  {
                  
                    
                      ∑
                      
                        m
                        =
                        0
                      
                      M
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        B
                        
                          k
                          ,
                          m
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        t
                        m
                      
                    
                  
                  }
                
                ⁢
                exp
                ⁢
                
                  {
                  
                    j
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        ∑
                        
                          n
                          =
                          0
                        
                        N
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                          φ
                          
                            k
                            ,
                            n
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          t
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                  
                  }
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        3
        )
      
    
  




with real parameters bk,m and Φk,n or complex amplitudes Bk,m=bk,mejΦk,0 

Finally, according to a fourth model, the components of the segments are defined as:




  
    
      
        
          
            u
            k
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            ∑
            
              m
              =
              0
            
            M
          
          ⁢
          
            
              C
              
                k
                ,
                m
              
            
            ⁢
            
              t
              m
            
            ⁢
            exp
            ⁢
            
              {
              
                
                  ∑
                  
                    n
                    =
                    1
                  
                  N
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    θ
                    
                      k
                      ,
                      n
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    t
                    n
                  
                
              
              }
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        4
        )
      
    
  




with real parameters θk,n and complex parameters Ck,m.

If two consecutive signal segments sp and sc (previous and current segment, respectively) are considered then there is typically an overlap in their support. Hereinafter uk in the previous segment is denoted by xm (m=1, . . . , M) and uk in the current segment is denoted by yn(n=1, . . . , N). In order that profitable (in a coding sense) links are established, it seems reasonable to speak of a link between a component m from sp and a component n from sc only if xm(t) and yn(t) are similar within the overlap area.
In the following preferred embodiments of the invention will be described by referring to FIGS. 1 to 4.
FIG. 1 shows a linking unit 100 according to the present invention. It comprises a calculating unit 120 for generating a similarity matrix S(m,n) and an evaluating unit 140 for generating linking information L. The operation of the calculating unit 120 substantially corresponds to the operation of the calculating unit 520 and the operation of the evaluating unit 140 substantially corresponds to the operation of the evaluating unit 540 known in the art and described above by referring to FIG. 5. However, there are the following differences between the operation of the linking unit 100 according to the invention and the linking unit 500 known in the art.
The calculating unit 120 does not only receive sinusoidal code data in the form of amplitude and frequency data of the previous and the current segment but receives enlarged sinusoidal code data further comprising information about the phase of all of the components xm of the previous segment sc and each of the N components yn of the current segment sc.
Consequently, the calculating unit 120 is adapted to calculate the similarity matrix S(m,n) not only by considering the amplitude and frequency data but additionally by considering the phase consistency between the m'th component xm of the extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of the extended current segment sc for m=1 . . . M and n=1 . . . N. The evaluating unit 140 receives and evaluates the similarity matrix S(m,n) output from said calculating unit 120 in order to generate said linking information L by selecting those pairs of components (m,n) the similarity of which is maximal.
FIG. 2 shows a detailed illustration of the calculating unit 120 according to the invention. It can be seen that the calculating unit 120 comprises a first pattern generating unit 122 for generating said M components xm(t) with m=1 . . . M of the extended previous segment sp in response to the previous segment's enlarged sinusoidal code data (Dp). Further, the calculating unit 120 comprises a second pattern generating unit 124 for generating said N components yn(t) with n=1 . . . N of the extended current segment sc in response to the current segment s enlarged sinusoidal code data (Dc). Finally, the calculating unit 120 comprises a calculating module 126 for calculating the similarity matrix S(m,n) on the basis of said received M components xm(t) and of said received N components yn(t) according to a predefined similarity measure. Examples for the similarity measure are given below.
The components xm(t) and yn(t) are explicitly generated and input to the calculation module 126 in order to determine the phase consistency between two components m and n and to use that phase consistency information for calculating the similarity matrix.
In the following two embodiments of the invention will be described for carrying out the calculation of the similarity matrix S(m,n). Both embodiments have in common that the similarity matrix is preferably but not necessarily calculated by multiplying a first similarity matrix S1(m,n) representing the similarity in shape between the two components m and n with a second similarity matrix S2(m,n) representing the similarity in amplitude between said components m and n. Then the similarity matrix is calculated according to:

S(m,n)=S1(m,n)S2(m,n).  (5)

S(m,n)=0 means that there is no link and the larger S(m,n) is, the more likely it is that this can be exploited profitably as a link in a sinusoidal coding scheme.

The first embodiment for calculating the similarity matrix S is based on the consideration of the similarity of the previous and the current segment within a complete overlapping area. The aim of said first embodiment is to identify components of the previous and the current segment which are similar. This can be done by a correlation method. Thus, according to the first embodiment a correlation coefficient ρm,n is defined by




  
    
      
        
          ρ
          
            m
            ,
            n
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              ∑
              t
            
            ⁢
            
              
                w
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  x
                  m
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  y
                  n
                  *
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                E
                
                  x
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  m
                
              
              ⁢
              
                E
                
                  y
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  n
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        6
        )
      
    
  




where xm(m=[1,M]) represents a set of components xm of the previous segment Sp and yn(n=[1,N]) represents the set of components yn of the current segment sc. Further, w(t) represents a window function and Exm represents the energy in the signal xm according to:





  
    
      
        
          E
          
            x
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            m
          
        
        =
        
          
            ∑
            t
          
          ⁢
          
            
              w
              ⁡
              
                (
                t
                )
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                x
                m
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                t
                )
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                x
                m
                *
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                t
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (7a)
      
    
  




Analogously, Eyn represents the energy in the component yn according to




  
    
      
        
          E
          
            y
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            n
          
        
        =
        
          
            ∑
            t
          
          ⁢
          
            
              w
              ⁡
              
                (
                t
                )
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                y
                n
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                t
                )
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                y
                n
                *
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                t
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (7b)
      
    
  




Consequently, ρm,n is a complex number which, for a link, should be close to 1. Therefore, the first similarity matrix S1(m,n) is built as a (partial) similarity measure by:




  
    
      
        
          
            S
            1
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              m
              ,
              n
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          {
          
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      
                        1
                        -
                      
                      |
                      
                        
                          ρ
                          
                            m
                            ,
                            n
                          
                        
                        -
                        1
                      
                      |
                      
                        /
                        
                          D
                          1
                        
                      
                    
                    ,
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      if
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      |
                      
                        
                          ρ
                          
                            m
                            ,
                            n
                          
                        
                        -
                        1
                      
                      |
                      
                        <
                        
                          D
                          1
                        
                      
                    
                    ,
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    0
                    ,
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  elsewhere
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        8
        )
      
    
  




with 0<D1<1.

Additionally, the equivalence in amplitude (or, more particular, in energy) can be taken into account by considering:




  
    
      
        
          R
          
            m
            ,
            n
          
        
        =
        
          min
          ⁢
          
            
              {
              
                
                  
                    E
                    
                      x
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      m
                    
                  
                  
                    E
                    
                      y
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      n
                    
                  
                
                ,
                
                  
                    E
                    
                      y
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      n
                    
                  
                  
                    E
                    
                      x
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      m
                    
                  
                
              
              }
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        9
        )
      
    
  




gain, for a link, R should be a value close to 1 (in contrast to ρm,n Rm,n is real-valued) and as similarity measure can act S2(m,n) defined by




  
    
      
        
          
            S
            2
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              m
              ,
              n
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          {
          
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        
                          (
                          
                            1
                            -
                            
                              R
                              
                                m
                                ,
                                n
                              
                            
                          
                          )
                        
                        /
                        
                          D
                          2
                        
                      
                    
                    ,
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      
                        if
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          (
                          
                            1
                            -
                            
                              R
                              
                                m
                                ,
                                n
                              
                            
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      <
                      
                        D
                        2
                      
                    
                    ,
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    0
                    ,
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    e
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    l
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    s
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    e
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    w
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    h
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    e
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    r
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    e
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        10
        )
      
    
  




with 0<D2<1.

f the previous segment sp is represented by M components and if the current segment sc is represented by N components the first matrix S1 and the second matrix S2 as well as the overall similarity matrix S are M×N matrices. The entries of said matrix S establish if there exist links and, if so, which are the most profitable ones. The most profitable ones are the ones the similarity values of which are maximal. This evaluation of the similarity matrix S(m,n) is done in the evaluating unit 140.
he second embodiment of the invention for calculating the similarity matrix S represents a simplification of the first embodiment. More specifically, not the whole overlapping region between the consecutive segment but only the mid point of said region is considered. At this point, hereinafter referred to as sample t0, it is

xm(t0)≈yn(t0)  (11)

In that second embodiment it is appreciated that in the neighbourhood of to the components are matched as well. This is realised if the progression (the stride) in the components is (nearly) the same. This is preferably evaluated by the ratio of the components of the two consecutive segments sp and sc according to





  
    
      
        
          
            
              x
              m
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                
                  t
                  0
                
                +
                1
              
              )
            
          
          
            
              x
              m
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                t
                0
              
              )
            
          
        
        ≈
        
          
            
              y
              n
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                
                  t
                  0
                
                +
                1
              
              )
            
          
          
            
              y
              n
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                t
                0
              
              )
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        12
        )
      
    
  




In order to select links the first (partial) similarity matrix is now defined as:




  
    
      
        
          
            S
            1
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              m
              .
              n
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          {
          
            
              
                
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      
                        
                        
                          
                            
                              
                                x
                                m
                              
                              ⁡
                              
                                (
                                
                                  t
                                  0
                                
                                )
                              
                            
                            
                              
                                y
                                m
                              
                              ⁡
                              
                                (
                                
                                  t
                                  0
                                
                                )
                              
                            
                          
                          -
                          1
                        
                        
                      
                      /
                      
                        D
                        3
                      
                    
                  
                  ,
                
              
              
                
                  
                    if
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                      
                        
                          
                            
                              x
                              m
                            
                            ⁡
                            
                              (
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              )
                            
                          
                          
                            
                              y
                              n
                            
                            ⁡
                            
                              (
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              )
                            
                          
                        
                        -
                        1
                      
                      
                    
                  
                  <
                  
                    D
                    3
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  0
                  ,
                
              
              
                elsewhere
              
            
          
          }
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        13
        )
      
    
  




with 0<D3<1.

Here, the amplitude similarity is involved in a relative way. This agrees with psycho-acoustic relevance and distance criteria.
The second partial similarity matrix S2 is defined as:




  
    
      
        
          
            S
            2
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              m
              ,
              n
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          {
          
            
              
                
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      
                        
                        
                          
                            
                              
                                
                                  x
                                  m
                                
                                ⁡
                                
                                  (
                                  
                                    
                                      t
                                      0
                                    
                                    +
                                    1
                                  
                                  )
                                
                              
                              
                                
                                  x
                                  m
                                
                                ⁡
                                
                                  (
                                  
                                    t
                                    0
                                  
                                  )
                                
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                                
                                  y
                                  n
                                
                                ⁡
                                
                                  (
                                  
                                    t
                                    0
                                  
                                  )
                                
                              
                              
                                
                                  y
                                  n
                                
                                ⁡
                                
                                  (
                                  
                                    
                                      t
                                      0
                                    
                                    +
                                    1
                                  
                                  )
                                
                              
                            
                          
                          -
                          1
                        
                        
                      
                      /
                      
                        D
                        4
                      
                    
                  
                  ,
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  
                    if
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                      
                        
                          
                            
                              
                                x
                                m
                              
                              ⁡
                              
                                (
                                
                                  
                                    t
                                    0
                                  
                                  +
                                  1
                                
                                )
                              
                            
                            
                              
                                x
                                m
                              
                              ⁡
                              
                                (
                                
                                  t
                                  0
                                
                                )
                              
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                              
                                y
                                n
                              
                              ⁡
                              
                                (
                                
                                  t
                                  0
                                
                                )
                              
                            
                            
                              
                                y
                                n
                              
                              ⁡
                              
                                (
                                
                                  
                                    t
                                    0
                                  
                                  +
                                  1
                                
                                )
                              
                            
                          
                        
                        -
                        1
                      
                      
                    
                  
                  <
                  
                    D
                    4
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  0
                  ,
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  elsewhere
                
              
            
          
          }
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        14
        )
      
    
  




with 0<D4<1.

The second embodiment for calculating the overall similarity matrix S differs from the first embodiment in that the components xm and yn need only to be generated at specific instances, namely t0 and t0+1.
FIG. 3 illustrates the operation of the linking unit of the present invention. It is shown that a component xm(t) of a previous segment sp at least partially overlaps with a component yn(t) of a consecutive current segment sc in an overlap region OR. The calculation unit 120 and in particular the calculating module 126 are adapted to analyze the similarity between these two components within the overlap region. If the two components are identical at least within said overlap region as shown in FIG. 3 the corresponding entry in the similarity matrix S(m,n) would be set to one or at least close to one. The amplitude, frequency and phase similarity would be recognised and evaluated by the evaluating unit 140 with the result that the linking information L generated by said evaluating unit 140 in FIG. 1 would indicate that these two components are local estimates belonging to the same sinusoidal track.
FIG. 4 shows a parametric encoder 400 according to the present invention. Said encoder serves for encoding an audio- and/or speech signal s into a data stream ds including sinusoidal code data and linking information. The encoder 400 comprises a segmentation unit 410 for segmenting said signal s into at least a previous segment sp′ and a consecutive current segment sc′. The encoder 400 further comprises a sinusoidal estimating unit 420 for generating said sinusoidal code data in the form of frequency, amplitude and phase data of M components xm with m=1 . . . M of an extended previous segment sp approximating said segment sp′ and of N components yn with n=1 . . . N of an extended current segment sc approximating said segment sc′. Said sinusoidal code data output from said sinusoidal estimating unit 420 is input to the linking unit 100 as described above by referring to FIG. 1 for generating the linking information L. Said linking information is input into an arranging unit 430 for generating the data stream by appropriately arranging or mixing, e.g. multiplexing the sinusoidal code data output from said sinusoidal estimating unit 420 with said linking information. The arranging unit 430 is preferably embodied as multiplexer.
For real audio signals it has been noted that taken in phase information improves the quality of the coded material. However, in the encoder 400 the phase information is used only if a continuation of a track parametric is searched. If a frequency from the data of the previous frame does not have a backward connection (i.e., it is not yet a track but may, after linking with the current frame date, become the start of a track) then the phase information is used but relayed on the previous linking procedures based on frequency and amplitude data only. The reason for this is that at the start of the track the phase is usually not well-defined. This means that the linking information of the previous segment sp is input to the calculating module 126 in FIG. 3 for steering purposes.
Instead of looking at (relative) differences between complex values xm and ym, also the real and imaginary parts or amplitudes and phases can be looked at and can be used to construct the similarity criterion. This has the advantage that instead of the two parameters that control the above given similarity measure, one or more parameter per considered variable is received. Therefore, expressed in real parameters instead of complex ones, it typically ends up with twice as many parameters. E.g., splitting the complex signals into amplitudes and phases has the interesting property that it is easier that the similarity measure for the phases can be made frequency-dependent.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word ‘comprising’ does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps than those listed in a claim. The invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In a device claim enumerating several means, several of these means can be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

## Claims

1. A linking unit (100) for generating linking information L indicating components of two consecutive extended segments sp and sc which partially overlap and which may be linked together in order to form a sinusoidal track, the segments sp and sc approximating consecutive segments of a sinusoidal audio or speech signal s, the linking unit comprising:
a calculating unit (120) for generating a similarity matrix S(m,n) in response to received sinusoidal code data including information about the amplitudes and the frequencies of M components xm with m=1 . . . M of the extended previous segment sp and of N components yn with n=1 . . . N of the extended current segment sc, wherein the values of said similarity matrix represent the similarity between the m'th component xm of said extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of said extended current segment sc for m=1 . . . M and n=1 . . . N; and
an evaluating unit (140) for receiving and evaluating said similarity matrix S(m,n) in order to generate said linking information L by selecting those pairs of components (m,n) the similarity of which is maximal at least within the an overlapping region;
characterised in that
the sinusoidal code data (Dp, Dc) is enlarged by further comprising information about the phase of at least some of the M components xm and at least some of the N components yn;
the calculating unit (120) is adapted to calculate the similarity matrix S(m,n) by additionally evaluating the phase consistency between the m'th component xm of the extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of the extended current segment sc.

2. The linking unit according to claim 1, characterised in that the calculating unit comprises:
a first pattern generating unit (122) for generating said M components xm(t) with m=1 . . . M of the extended previous segment spin response to the previous segment's enlarged sinusoidal code data (Dp);
a second pattern generating unit (124) for generating said N components yn(t) with n=1 . . . N of the extended current segment sc in response to the current segment's enlarged sinusoidal code data (Dc); and
a calculation module (126) for calculating the similarity matrix S(m,n) on the basis of said received M components xm(t) and of said received N components yn(t) according to a predefined similarity measure.

3. The linking unit according to claim 2, characterised in that the calculating module (126) is adapted to calculate the overall similarity matrix S(m,n) according to:


S(m,n)=S1(m,n)S2(m,n)


wherein the first similarity matrix S1(m,n) represents the similarity in shape and the second similarity matrix S2(m,n) represents the similarity in amplitude or energy between the components m and n.

4. The linking unit according to claim 3, characterised in that the similarity S1(m,n) is defined according to:




  
    
      S
      1
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        ,
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  
                  
                    
                      ρ
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
                /
                
                  D
                  1
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              
                if
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                  
                    
                      ρ
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
              
              <
              
                D
                1
              
            
            ,
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
  




with 0<D1<1
and with




  
    ρ
    
      m
      ,
      n
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        ∑
        t
      
      ⁢
      
        
          w
          ⁢
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            x
            m
          
          ⁢
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            y
            n
            *
          
          ⁢
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
      
    
    
      
        
          E
          xm
        
        ⁢
        
          E
          yn
        
      
    
  




wherein:
ρm,n: is the similarity measure being a cross-correlation coefficient representing the similarity in shape between components xm(t) and yn(t);
w(t): is a window function;
y*m(t): is the complex-conjugate component ym(t);
Exm: is the energy in the signal xm with:





  
    
      E
      xm
    
    =
    
      
        ∑
        t
      
      ⁢
      
        
          w
          ⁢
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            x
            m
          
          ⁢
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            x
            m
            *
          
          ⁢
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
      
    
  
  ;



Eyn: is the energy in the signal yn with:





  
    E
    yn
  
  =
  
    
      ∑
      t
    
    ⁢
    
      
        w
        ⁢
        
          (
          t
          )
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          y
          n
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          t
          )
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          
            y
            n
            *
          
          ⁢
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        .

5. The linking unit according to claim 4, characterised in that the second similarity S2(m,n) is defined according to:




  
    
      S
      2
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        ,
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      R
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
                /
                
                  D
                  2
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              
                if
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      R
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
              <
              
                D
                2
              
            
            ,
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
  




with 0<D2<1
and wherein




  
    R
    
      m
      ,
      n
    
  
  =
  
    min
    ⁢
    
      
        {
        
          
            
              E
              xm
            
            
              E
              yn
            
          
          ,
          
            
              E
              yn
            
            
              E
              xm
            
          
        
        }
      
      .

6. The linking unit according to claim 3, characterised in that the calculating module (126) is adapted to calculate the first similarity matrix S1(m,n) according to:




  
    
      S
      1
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        .
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          x
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            t
                            0
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      
                        
                          y
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            t
                            0
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
                /
                
                  D
                  3
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              if
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                
                  
                    
                      
                        x
                        m
                      
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        
                          t
                          0
                        
                        )
                      
                    
                    
                      
                        y
                        n
                      
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        
                          t
                          0
                        
                        )
                      
                    
                  
                  -
                  1
                
                
              
            
            <
            
              D
              3
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
    }
  




with 0<D3<1.

7. The linking unit according to claim 6, characterised in that the calculating module (126) is adapted to calculate the second similarity matrix S2(m,n) according to:




  
    
      S
      2
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        ,
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          
                            x
                            m
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              +
                              1
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                          
                            x
                            m
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                          
                            y
                            n
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                          
                            y
                            n
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              +
                              1
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
                /
                
                  D
                  4
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              if
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          x
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            +
                            1
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      
                        
                          x
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            t
                            0
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        
                          y
                          n
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            t
                            0
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      
                        
                          y
                          n
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            +
                            1
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                    
                  
                  -
                  1
                
                
              
            
            <
            
              D
              4
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
  




with 0<D4<1.

8. The linking unit according to claim 3, characterised in that the similarity S1(m,n) is defined according to:




  
    
      S
      1
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        ,
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  
                  
                    
                      ρ
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
                /
                
                  D
                  1
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              
                if
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                  
                    
                      ρ
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
              
              <
              
                D
                1
              
            
            ,
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
  




with 0<D1<1
and with




  
    ρ
    
      m
      ,
      n
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        ∑
        t
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          w
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            x
            m
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            y
            n
            *
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
      
    
    
      
        
          E
          xm
        
        ⁢
        
          E
          yn
        
      
    
  




wherein:
pm,n: is the similarity measure being a cross-correlation coefficient representing the similarity in shape between components xm(t) and yn(t);
w(t): is a window function;
y*m(t) is the complex-conjugate component ym(t);
Exm: is the energy in the signal xm with:





  
    
      E
      xm
    
    =
    
      
        ∑
        t
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          w
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            x
            m
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            x
            m
            *
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
      
    
  
  ;



Eyn: is the energy in the signal yn with:





  
    E
    yn
  
  =
  
    
      ∑
      t
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        w
        ⁡
        
          (
          t
          )
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          y
          n
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          t
          )
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          
            y
            n
            *
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        .

9. The linking unit according to claim 8, wherein the second similarity S2(m,n) is defined according to:




  
    
      S
      2
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        ,
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      R
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
                /
                
                  D
                  2
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              
                if
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      R
                      
                        m
                        ,
                        n
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
              <
              
                D
                2
              
            
            ,
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
  




with 0<D2<1
and wherein




  
    R
    
      m
      ,
      n
    
  
  =
  
    min
    ⁢
    
      
        {
        
          
            
              E
              xm
            
            
              E
              yn
            
          
          ,
          
            
              E
              yn
            
            
              E
              xm
            
          
        
        }
      
      .

10. Parametric encoder (400) for encoding an audio- and/or speech signal s into a datastream including sinusoidal code data and linking information L, the encoder comprising:
a segmentation unit (410) for segmenting said signal a into at least a previous segment sp′ and a consecutive partially overlapping current segment sc′;
a sinusoidal estimating unit (420) for generating said sinusoidal code data in the form of frequency and amplitude data of M components xm with m=1 . . . M of an extended previous segment sp approximating said segment sp′ and of N components yn with n=1 . . . N of an extended current segment sc approximating said segment sc′;
a calculating unit (120) for generating a similarity matrix S(m,n) in response to said received sinusoidal code data wherein the values of said similarity matrix represent the similarity between the m'th component xm of said extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of said consecutive extended current segment scform=1 . . . M and n=1 . . . N;
an evaluating unit (140) for receiving and evaluating said similarity matrix S(m,n) in order to generate said linking information L indicating those pairs of components m1n the similarity of which is maximal;
an arranging unit (430) for generating the datastream representing the original audio- or speech signal by appropriately arranging said amplitude, frequency and linking information;
characterised in that
the sinusoidal code data estimating unit (420) is adapted to further generate information about the phase of at least some of the M components xm and of at least some of the N components yn; and
the calculation unit (120) is adapted to calculate the similarity matrix S(m,n) by additionally considering the phase consistency between the m'th component xm of the extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of the extended current segment sc.

11. A method for generating linking information L indicating components of consecutive partially overlapping extended segments sp and sc which may be linked together in order to form a sinusoidal track, the segments sp and so approximating consecutive segments of a sinusoidal audio-/or speech signal a, the method comprising the steps of:
providing sinusoidal code data including information about the amplitudes and the frequencies of M components xm with m=1 . . . M of the extended previous segment sp and of N components yn with n=1 . . . N of the extended current segment sc;
calculating the similarity matrix S(m,n) according to a predetermined similarity measure wherein the similarity matrix represents the similarity between the m'th component xm of said extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of said extended current segment sc for m=1 . . . M and n=1 . . . N; and
evaluating said similarity matrix S(m,n) in order to generate said linking information L by selecting those pairs of components m and n the similarity of which is maximal;
characterised in that
the step of providing the sinusoidal code data further includes the provision of information about the phase of at least some of the M components xm and of at least some of the N components yn; and
the similarity matrix S(m,n) is calculated by additionally considering the phase consistency between the n'th component yn of the extended previous segment sp and the m'th component xm of the extended current segment sc.

12. A linking unit adapted to link information L indicating components of two consecutive extended segments sp and sc which partially overlap and which may be linked together in order to form a sinusoidal track, the segments ap and sc approximating consecutive segments of a sinusoidal audio or speech signal s, the linking unit comprising:
a calculating unit adapted to generate a similarity matrix S(m,n) in response to received sinusoidal code data including information about the amplitudes and the frequencies of M components xm with m=1 . . . M of the extended previous segment sp and of N components yn with n=1 . . . N of the extended current segment sc, wherein the values of the similarity matrix represent the similarity between the m'th component xm of the extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of the extended current segment sc for m=1 . . . M and n=1 . . . N; and
an evaluating unit for receiving and evaluating the similarity matrix S(m,n) in order to generate the linking information L by selecting those pairs of components (m,n) the similarity of which is maximal at least within the an overlapping region;
wherein the sinusoidal code data (Dp, Dc) is enlarged by further comprising information about the phase of at least some of the M components xm, and at least some of the N components yn; and wherein the calculating unit is adapted to calculate the similarity matrix S(m,n) by additionally evaluating the phase consistency between the m'th component xm of the extended previous segment sp and the n'th component yn of the extended current segment sc.

13. The linking unit according to claim 12, wherein the calculating unit comprises:
a first pattern generating unit for generating the M components xm(t) with m=1 . . . M of the extended previous segment spin response to the previous segment's enlarged sinusoidal code data (Dp);
a second pattern generating unit for generating the N components yn(t) with n=1 . . . N of the extended current segment sc in response to the current segment's enlarged sinusoidal code data (Dc); and
a calculation module for calculating the similarity matrix S(m,n) on the basis of the received M components xm(t) and of the received N components yn(t) according to a predefined similarity measure.

14. The linking unit according to claim 13, wherein the calculating module is adapted to calculate the overall similarity matrix S(m,n) according to:


S(m,n)=S1(m,n)S2(m,n)


wherein the first similarity matrix S1(m,n) represents the similarity in shape and the second similarity matrix S2(m,n) represents the similarity in amplitude or energy between the components m and n.

15. The linking unit according to claim 14, wherein that the calculating module is adapted to calculate the first similarity matrix S1(m,n) according to:




  
    
      S
      1
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        ,
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          x
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            t
                            0
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      
                        
                          y
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            t
                            0
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
                /
                
                  D
                  3
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              if
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                
                  
                    
                      
                        x
                        m
                      
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        
                          t
                          0
                        
                        )
                      
                    
                    
                      
                        y
                        n
                      
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        
                          t
                          0
                        
                        )
                      
                    
                  
                  -
                  1
                
                
              
            
            <
            
              D
              3
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
    }
  




with 0<D3<1.

16. The linking unit according to claim 15, wherein the calculating module is adapted to calculate the second similarity matrix S2(m,n) according to:




  
    
      S
      2
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        m
        ,
        n
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              -
              
                
                  
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          
                            x
                            m
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              +
                              1
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                          
                            x
                            m
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                          
                            y
                            n
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                          
                            y
                            n
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              +
                              1
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
                /
                
                  D
                  4
                
              
            
            ,
          
        
        
          
            
              
                if
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          
                            x
                            m
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              +
                              1
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                          
                            x
                            m
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                          
                            y
                            n
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              t
                              0
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                          
                            y
                            n
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              
                                t
                                0
                              
                              +
                              1
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                      
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                  
                
              
              <
              
                D
                4
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            0
            ,
          
        
        
          elsewhere
        
      
    
  




with 0<D4<1.