United States Office of Solid Waste

Environmental and Emergency Response 

Protection Agency 

OSWER 9355.0-85 DRAFT 

Contaminated Sediment Remediation 

Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites 

NOVEMBER 2002 DRAFT DOCUMENT: 

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Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance 

for Hazardous Waste Sites 

DISCLAIMER 

EPA is issuing this draft document to ask for public comment. When finalized, this document 

will provide technical and policy guidance to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state 

staff on making risk management decisions for contaminated sediment sites. It also will provide guidance 

to the public and to the regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise its discretion in 

implementing its regulations at contaminated sediment sites. It is important to understand, however, that 

this document does not substitute for statutes EPA administers nor their implementing regulations, nor is 

it a regulation itself. Thus, even when finalized this document will not impose legally-binding 

requirements on EPA, states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation 

based upon the specific circumstances. Rather, the draft document suggests approaches that may be used 

at particular sites as appropriate, given site-specific circumstances. EPA expects to change this draft 

document based on public comment. Even after the document is finalized, however, EPA will welcome 

public comments on the document at any time and will consider those comments in any future revisions 

to the document which EPA may make without public notice. 

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Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance 

for Hazardous Waste Sites 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

This document was prepared by an Inter-Agency workgroup led by the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. In addition to EPA, the 

workgroup included representatives from the following organizations: 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

Representatives of other organizations contributed to the guidance by commenting on early 

drafts. These included the following: 

Environment Canada

U.S. Navy

U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Department of Energy

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

The following individuals led subgroups to draft various sections of the guidance or otherwise 

contributed substantially to the overall character of the guidance: 

Allison Hiltner (EPA Region 10)

Doug Johnson (EPA Region 4)

Fran Kremer (EPA ORD)

Judith McCulley (EPA Region 8)

Richard Nagle (EPA Region 5)

Michael Palermo (USACE)

The following individuals drafted sections of the guidance or assisted in various substantial ways 

in preparation of the document and EPA also sincerely appreciates their assistance: 

David Allen (USFWS)

Daniel Averett (USACE)

Ed Barth (EPA ORD)

Gary Baumgarten (EPA Region 6)

Stacey Bennett (EPA Region 6)

Barbara Bergen (EPA ORD)

Ned Black (EPA Region 9)

Richard Brenner (EPA ORD)

Daniel Chellaraj (EPA OERR)

Scott Cieniawski (EPA GLNPO)

Sherri Clark (EPA OERR)

Barbara Davis (OERR Oil)

Kevin E. Donovan (EPA OSW)

David Drake (EPA Region 7)

Bonnie Eleder (EPA Region 5)

Steve Ells (EPA OERR)

Jane Marshall Farris (EPA OST)

Joan Fisk (EPA OERR)

Tom Fredette (USACE)

Gayle Garman (NOAA)

Joanna Gibson (EPA OERR)

Ron Gouguet (NOAA)

Patricia Gowland (EPA OERR)

Jim Hahnenberg (EPA Region 5)

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Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance 

for Hazardous Waste Sites 

Earl Hayter (EPA ORD) 

Richard Healy (EPA OST) 

Glynis Hill (EPA OWOW) 

Robert Hitzig (EPA OERR) 

Michael Horne (USFWS) 

Michael Hurd (EPA OERR) 

Sheila Igoe (EPA OGC) 

Sharon Jaffess (EPA Region 2) 

Brenda Jones (EPA Region 5) 

Karen Keeley (EPA Region 10) 

Anne Kelly (EPA Region 2) 

Michael Kravitz (EPA ORD) 

Tim Kubiak (USFWS) 

Carlos Lago (EPA OSW) 

Amy Legare (EPA OSRE) 

Sharon Lin (EPA OWOW) 

John Lindsay (NOAA) 

Terry Lyons (EPA ORD) 

Kelly Madalinski (EPA TIO) 

John Malek (EPA Region 10) 

Steve Mangion (EPA Region 1) 

Dale Matey (EPA OERR) 

Bruce Means (EPA OERR)

Amy Merten (NOAA)

David Mueller (USGS)

Jan A. Miller (USACE)

William Nelson (EPA ORD)

Walter Nied (EPA Region 5)

Mary Kay O’Mara (USACE)

Charles Openchowski (EPA OGC)

David Petrovski (EPA Region 5)

Cornell Rosiu (EPA Region 1)

Fred Schauffler (EPA Region 9)

Ken Seeley (USFWS)

Betsy Shaw (EPA OERR)

Robert Shippen (EPA OST)

Craig Smith (EPA Region 7)

Mark Sprenger (EPA OERR)

Laurel Staley (EPA ORD)

Pam Tames (EPA Region 2)

Dennis Timberlake (EPA ORD)

Yolaanda Walker (EPA OSRE)

Larry Zaragoza (EPA OERR)

Craig Zeller (EPA Region 4)

Technical support for this project was provided by Rebecca Tirrell, Molly Wenner, William 

Zobel, and others at DynCorp Systems & Solutions LLC under EPA Contract Number 68-W7-0051. 

Workgroup facilitation services were provided by Kim Fletcher, Marasco Newton Group, and by Jim 

Fary (EPA OERR). EPA very much appreciates their able support. 

Ernie Watkins, Chair, Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance Workgroup 

Leah Evison, Project Manager, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Sediment Team 

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Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance 

for Hazardous Waste Sites 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Executive Summary ................................................................... i

Appendices ......................................................................... x

Highlights .......................................................................... xi

Acronyms ......................................................................... xiii

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND CONTENT ..................................................... 1-1

1.2 CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT .................................................. 1-1

1.3 RISK MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND METHODS ............................... 1-4

1.3.1 Cleanup Methods ...................................................... 1-4

1.3.2 Urban Revitalization and Reuse ........................................... 1-6

1.4 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ................................................. 1-6

1.5 TRUSTEE, STATE, AND TRIBAL INVOLVEMENT ................................. 1-6

1.6 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ................................................. 1-9

2.0 REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION CONSIDERATIONS ................................. 2-1

2.1 SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND CONCEPTUAL SITE MODELS .................... 2-1

2.2 WATERSHED CONSIDERATIONS .............................................. 2-3

2.3 PHASED APPROACHES ....................................................... 2-8

2.3.1 Source Control ........................................................ 2-8

2.3.2 Early Action ......................................................... 2-10

2.4 CLEANUP GOALS ........................................................... 2-10

2.4.1 Remedial Action Objectives ............................................. 2-10

2.4.2 Remediation Goals .................................................... 2-11

2.4.3 Cleanup Levels ....................................................... 2-13

2.5 SEDIMENT STABILITY ....................................................... 2-15

2.5.1 Empirical Data on Sediment Stability ...................................... 2-16

2.5.2 Hydrodynamic Forces .................................................. 2-17

2.5.3 Bioturbation ......................................................... 2-20

2.5.4 Predicting the Consequences of Sediment Movement ......................... 2-21

2.6 MODELING ................................................................. 2-22

2.6.1 Sediment Transport Model Characteristics .................................. 2-23

2.6.2 Determining Whether A Mathematical Model is Needed ....................... 2-26

2.6.3 Determining the Appropriate Level of Model ............................... 2-26

2.6.4 Peer Review ......................................................... 2-30

3.0 FEASIBILITY STUDY CONSIDERATIONS ........................................ 3-1

3.1 DEVELOPING SEDIMENT ALTERNATIVES ..................................... 3-1

3.1.1 Alternatives which Combine Cleanup Methods ............................... 3-2

3.1.2 The No-Action Alternative ............................................... 3-2

3.1.3 In-Situ Treatment Alternatives ............................................ 3-3

3.2 NCP REMEDY SELECTION CRITERIA ........................................... 3-3

3.3 APPLICABLE OR RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEDIMENT

ALTERNATIVES ............................................................ 3-5

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3.4 ESTIMATING COST .......................................................... 3-11

3.4.1 Capital Costs ......................................................... 3-12

3.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs ........................................ 3-14

3.4.3 Net Present Value ..................................................... 3-14

3.5 INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS ................................................. 3-15

3.5.1 Fish Consumption Advisories and Fishing Bans ............................. 3-16

3.5.2 Waterway Use Restrictions .............................................. 3-16

3.5.3 Land Use Restrictions/Structure Maintenance ............................... 3-17

4.0 MONITORED NATURAL RECOVERY ........................................... 4-1

4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 4-1

4.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ......................................... 4-2

4.3 NATURAL RECOVERY PROCESSES ............................................ 4-3

4.3.1 Physical Processes ..................................................... 4-3

4.3.2 Biological Processes ................................................... 4-5

4.3.3 Chemical Processes ..................................................... 4-7

4.4 LINES OF EVIDENCE ................................................... 4-7

4.5 ENHANCED NATURAL RECOVERY ..................................... 4-9

4.6 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................ 4-9

5.0 IN-SITU CAPPING ............................................................ 5-1

5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 5-1

5.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ......................................... 5-2

5.3 COMPONENTS OF CAPPING TECHNOLOGY ..................................... 5-3

5.3.1 Identification of Capping Materials ........................................ 5-3

5.3.2 Physical Isolation Component ........................................... 5-4

5.3.3 Stabilization/Erosion Protection Component ................................. 5-6

5.3.4 Chemical Isolation Component ............................................ 5-6

5.3.5 Geotechnical Considerations ............................................. 5-7

5.3.6 Placement Methods and Performance Monitoring ............................. 5-7

5.4 EVALUATING SITE CONDITIONS ............................................. 5-10

5.4.1 Physical Environment .................................................. 5-10

5.4.2 Sediment Characteristics ................................................ 5-11

5.4.3 Waterway Uses and Infrastructure ........................................ 5-11

5.4.4 Habitat Alterations .................................................... 5-12

6.0 DREDGING AND EXCAVATION ................................................ 6-1

6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 6-1

6.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ......................................... 6-2

6.3 EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGIES ................................................ 6-4

6.4 DREDGING TECHNOLOGIES .................................................. 6-5

6.4.1 Mechanical Dredging ................................................... 6-5

6.4.2 Hydraulic Dredging .................................................... 6-7

6.4.3 Dredge Equipment Selection ............................................. 6-8

6.4.4 Dredge Positioning .................................................... 6-10

6.4.5 Control of Dredging Losses and Residuals .................................. 6-14

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6.4.6 Containment Barriers .................................................. 6-15

6.5 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE ........................................... 6-18

6.6 TREATMENT ............................................................... 6-19

6.6.1 Pre-Treatment ........................................................ 6-20

6.6.2 Operational Treatment ................................................. 6-20

6.7 DISPOSAL .................................................................. 6-27

6.7.1 Sanitary/Hazardous Waste Landfills ....................................... 6-28

6.7.2 Confined Disposal Facilities ............................................. 6-29

6.7.3 Contained Aquatic Disposal ............................................. 6-30

6.7.4 Losses From Disposal Facilities .......................................... 6-30

6.7.5 Beneficial Use ........................................................ 6-30

6.8 SITE CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................... 6-31

6.8.1 Physical Environment .................................................. 6-31

6.8.2 Sediment Characteristics ................................................ 6-32

6.8.3 Waterway Uses and Infrastructures ....................................... 6-32

6.8.4 Habitat Alteration ..................................................... 6-34

7.0 REMEDY SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS ......................................... 7-1

7.1 NCP REMEDY SELECTION FRAMEWORK ....................................... 7-2

7.2 CONSIDERING CLEANUP METHODS ........................................... 7-2

7.3 CONSIDERING INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS ................................... 7-12

7.4 CONSIDERING NO-ACTION .................................................. 7-13

7.5 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................. 7-14

8.0 REMEDIAL ACTION AND LONG-TERM MONITORING ........................... 8-1

8.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 8-1

8.2 KEY ELEMENTS FOR SEDIMENT SITE MONITORING ............................. 8-3

8.3 POTENTIAL MONITORING TECHNIQUES ....................................... 8-8

8.3.1 Physical Measurements .................................................. 8-9

8.3.2 Chemical Measurements ................................................ 8-10

8.3.3 Biological Measurements ............................................... 8-11

8.4 REMEDY-SPECIFIC MONITORING APPROACHES ............................... 8-11

8.4.1 Monitoring Natural Recovery ........................................... 8-11

8.4.2 Monitoring In-Situ Capping ............................................. 8-13

8.4.3 Monitoring Dredging or Excavation ....................................... 8-16

9.0 REFERENCES ................................................................ 9-1

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APPENDICES 

A PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT RISKS AT HAZARDOUS

WASTE SITES ............................................................. A-1

B USGS 100-YEAR FLOOD FACT SHEET ........................................... B-1

C RADIOMETRIC DATING OF SEDIMENT ......................................... C-1

D ADDITIONAL REFERENCES REGARDING DREDGING EQUIPMENT, TREATMENT, AND

TRANSPORT .............................................................. D-1

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HIGHLIGHTS 

Highlight 1-1: Potential Sources of Contaminants in Sediment ............................... 1-2

Highlight 1-2: Major Contaminants at Superfund Sediment Sites .............................. 1-3

Highlight 1-3: Why Are Sediment Sites a Unique Challenge? ................................ 1-4

Highlight 1-4: Risk Management Principles for Contaminated Sediment ....................... 1-5

Highlight 1-5: Potential Cleanup Methods for Contaminated Sediment ......................... 1-5

Highlight 1-6: Superfund Remedial Response Process ...................................... 1-7

Highlight 1-7: National Research Council - Recommended Framework for Risk Management ....... 1-8

Highlight 1-8: Common Community Concerns about Impacts/Effects of Contaminated Sediment . . . 1-9

Highlight 1-9: Common Community Concerns about Adverse Impacts of Sediment Cleanup ....... 1-10

Highlight 1-10: Community Involvement Guidance and Advice ............................ 1-11

Highlight 2-1: Example Site Characterization Data for Sediment Sites ......................... 2-2

Highlight 2-2: Conceptual Site Model Focusing on Ecological Threats ......................... 2-4

Highlight 2-3: Pictorial-Style Conceptual Site Model Focusing on Human and Ecological Threats . . . 2-5

Highlight 2-4: Conceptual Site Model Focusing on Human Health Threats ...................... 2-6

Highlight 2-5: Examples of Early Actions at Contaminated Sediment Sites ..................... 2-11

Highlight 2-6: Example Remedial Action Objectives for Contaminated Sediment Sites ........... 2-12

Highlight 2-7: Examples of Natural and Anthropogenic Causes of Sediment Movement .......... 2-15

Highlight 2-8: Empirical Methods to Evaluate Sediment Stability ............................ 2-18

Highlight 2-9: Flood Data Information Resources ......................................... 2-20

Highlight 2-10: Example Depths of Bioturbation Activity .................................. 2-21

Highlight 2-11: Types of Sediment Transport Models ..................................... 2-24

Highlight 2-12: Conceptual Site Model Focusing on Sediment-Water Interaction ................ 2-25

Highlight 2-13: Contaminant-Exposure Modeling Framework ............................... 2-28

Highlight 2-14: Points to Remember about Modeling at Sediment Sites ....................... 2-30

Highlight 3-1: SITE Program In-situ Treatment Technology Demonstrations .................... 3-4

Highlight 3-2: Examples of Potential ARARs for Sediment Sites .............................. 3-7

Highlight 3-3: Example Categories of Capital Costs for Sediment Cleanup .................... 3-12

Highlight 4-1: General Site Conditions Appropriate for Monitored Natural Recovery ............. 4-2

Highlight 4-2: Example Natural Processes for Consideration of Monitored Natural Recovery ....... 4-4

Highlight 4-3: Points to Remember When Considering Monitored Natural Recovery ............. 4-11

Highlight 5-1: General Site Conditions Appropriate for In-Situ Capping ........................ 5-2

Highlight 5-2: Example Cap Designs ................................................... 5-5

Highlight 5-3: Example Capping Equipment and Placement Techniques ........................ 5-9

Highlight 5-4: Points to Remember When Considering In-Situ Capping ....................... 5-14

Highlight 6-1: Example Flow Diagram for Dredging/Excavation .............................. 6-1

Highlight 6-2: Excavation Following Isolation Using Sheet Piling ............................. 6-5

Highlight 6-3: Permanent or Temporary Rerouting of the Waterbody .......................... 6-6

Highlight 6-4: Examples of Mechanical Dredges .......................................... 6-7

Highlight 6-5: Examples of Hydraulic Dredges ............................................ 6-9

Highlight 6-6: Operational Characteristics of Various Dredges .............................. 6-11

Highlight 6-7: Selection of Dredges for Contaminated Sediment Removal ..................... 6-12

Highlight 6-8: Typical Configuration of Silt Curtains and Screens ............................ 6-17

Highlight 6-9: Example of Dredging Dewatering Process ................................... 6-20

Highlight 6-10: Sediment Treatment Examples ........................................... 6-22

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Highlight 6-11: NY/NJ Harbor - Treatment Technologies and Beneficial Use ................... 6-27

Highlight 6-12: Summary of Disposal Technologies ....................................... 6-28

Highlight 6-13: Cross Section of a Confined Disposal Facility Dike with a Filter Layer ........... 6-29

Highlight 6-14: Dredging/Disposal Feasibility Tests ...................................... 6-33

Highlight 6-15: Points to Remember When Considering Dredging and Excavation............... 6-35

Highlight 7-1: NCP Remedy Expectations and Their Application to Contaminated Sediment ........ 7-3

Highlight 7-2: Site Conditions Generally Consistent with Selection of Common Sediment Cleanup

Methods .................................................................... 7-4

Highlight 7-3: Examples of Some Key Differences Between Sediment Cleanup Methods .......... 7-6

Highlight 8-1: Outline of Key Elements for Sediment Site Monitoring ......................... 8-7

Highlight 8-2: Example Cap Monitoring Phases and Elements ............................... 8-14

Highlight 8-3: Points to Remember About Monitoring Sediment Sites ........................ 8-19

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ACRONYMS 

ADCP: Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

ADDAMS: Automated Dredging and Disposal Alternatives Management System

AOC: Administrative Order on Consent

ARAR: Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirement

ARCS: Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

AVS: Acid Volatile Sulfide

AWQC: Ambient Water Quality Criteria

BSAF: Biota Sediment Accumulation Factors

BEAST: Benthic Assessment of Sediment

CAD: Contained Aquatic Disposal

CAG: Community Advisory Group

CASRGW: Contaminated Aquatic Sediment Remedial Guidance Workgroup

CD: Consent Decree

CDF: Confined Disposal Facility

CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)

COC: Contaminants of Concern

CRC: Coastal Resource Coordinator

CSM: Conceptual Site Model

CSTTP: Contaminated Treatment Technology Program

CWA: Clean Water Act

DDD: Dichloro-Diphenyl-Dichloroethane

DDE: Dichloro-Diphenyl-Dichloroethylene

DDT: Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane

DGPS: Differential Global Positioning System

DNAPL: Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids

DOD: Department of Defense

DOE: Department of Energy

DOI: Department of the Interior

DQO: Data Quality Objective

EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

ESD: Explanation of Significant Difference

ESGs: Equilibrium-partitioning Sediment Guidelines

ET: Ecotox Threshold

FIELDS: Fully Integrated Environmental Location Decision Support

FFRRO: Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office

FMP: Fishery Management Plan

FS: Feasibility Study

GIS: Geographic Information System

GPS: Global Positioning System

GLNPO: Great Lakes National Program Office

HASP: Health and Safety Plan

HSRC: Hazardous Substance Research Center

HWIR: Hazardous Waste Identification Rule

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IC: Institutional Control

LTFATE: Long-Term Fate Model

MNA: Monitored Natural Attenuation

MNP: Monitored Natural Processes

MNR: Monitored Natural Recovery

NAPL: Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids

NCP: National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan

NMFS: National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency

NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

NPL: National Priorities List

NRC: National Research Council

O&M: Operation and Maintenance

OERR: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response

OGC: Office of the General Counsel

OMB: Office of Management and Budget

ORD: Office of Research and Development

OSWER: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

OU: Operable Unit

OW: Office of Water

PAH: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon

PA/SI: Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection

PBTs: Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxics

PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyl

PCLT: Pancake Column Leach Test

PIANC: Permanent International Association of Navigational Congresses

PRGs: Preliminary Remediation Goals

PRP: Potentially Responsible Party

QA/QC: Quality Assurance/Quality Control

QAPP: Quality Assurance Project Plan

RAOs: Remedial Action Objectives

RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

REACH IT: Remediation and Characterization Innovative Technologies

RGs: Remediation Goals

RI: Remedial Investigation

ROD: Record of Decision

RPM: Remedial Project Manager

RREL: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory

SAB: Science Advisory Board

SEM: Simultaneously Extracted Metals

SITE: Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation

SPC: Sediment Profile Camera

SQuiRTs: Screening Quick Reference Tables

SSFATE: Suspended Sediment Fate Model

STFATE: Short-Term Fate Model

TAG: Technical Assistance Grants

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TBC: To-Be-Considered Advisories, Criteria, or Guidance

TCLP: Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure

TMDL: Total Maximum Daily Load

TMV: Toxicity, Mobility, and Volume

TOC: Total Organic Carbon

TOSC: Technical Outreach Services for Communities

TSCA: Toxic Substances Control Act

TSS: Total Suspended Solids

UAO: Unilateral Administrative Order

USACE: United States Army Corps of Engineers

USCG: United States Coast Guard

USDA: United States Department of Agriculture

USFWS: United States Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS: United States Geological Survey

WES: USACE Waterways Experimental Station

WQLS: Water Quality Limited Segment

WRDA: Water Resources Development Act

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