Visual Acuity for High-Contrast Tri-bar Targets 

Illuminated with Spectra Simulating Night Vision Goggle 

(NVG) Displays and the No-moon Night Sky

by V. Grayson CuQlock-Knopp, Edward Bender, John Merritt, 

and Jennifer Smoot

ARL-TR-5393 November 2010

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Army Research Laboratory

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ARL-TR-5393 November 2010

Visual Acuity for High-Contrast Tri-bar Targets 

Illuminated with Spectra Simulating Night Vision Goggle 

(NVG) Displays and the No-moon Night Sky

V. Grayson CuQlock-Knopp and Jennifer Smoot

Human Research and Engineering Directorate, ARL

Edward Bender

U.S. Army RDECOM CERDEC

Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate

John Merritt

The Merritt Group

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 
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Visual Acuity for High-Contrast Tri-bar Targets Illuminated with Spectra 

Simulating Night Vision Goggle (NVG) Displays and the No-moon Night Sky

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14. ABSTRACT

This report presents two studies that measured unaided visual acuity using a 50-in square high-contrast U.S. Air Force 

(USAF) 1951 Tri-Bar chart viewed from 12 ft at luminance levels ranging from 0.00046 fL (much darker than a night vision 

goggle [NVG] display of an overcast starlight scene) to 21.5 fL (much brighter than a NVG display of a full-moon scene). To 

avoid visual noise artifacts, these studies did not use actual NVG displays. The studies were designed to support general 

modeling efforts at the U.S. Army Research Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) CommunicationsElectronics Research Development and Engineering Center (CERDEC), Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate 

(NVESD). For Study 1, the Tri-Bar chart was back-lit with a spectrum similar to the standard yellowish-green (P43) phosphor 

NVG display. In Study 2, the chart was back-lit with tungsten illumination, similar to a 2856 K blackbody spectrum. In 

addition to providing measures of unaided visual acuity, we introduced a new technique—the Green-appearance Scale—to 

determine the luminance levels at which participants transitioned from scotopic viewing of the Tri-Bar chart to mesopic 

viewing, and from mesopic viewing to photopic viewing. We describe this technique and present the data as part of the 

methodology and results of Study 1. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS

Unaided visual acuity, night vision goggles

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V. Grayson CuQlock-Knopp

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18
iii

Contents

List of Figures v

List of Tables v

1. Introduction 1

2. Study 1: Visual Acuity for High-contrast Tri-Bar Targets Illuminated with a 

Spectrum Simulating a P43 Green-phosphor NVG Display 3

2.1 Method.............................................................................................................................3

2.1.1 Target Chart.........................................................................................................3

2.1.2 The Green-appearance Scale ...............................................................................4

2.1.3 Luminance Levels ...............................................................................................5

2.1.4 Luminance-level Apparatus ................................................................................5

2.1.5 Photometric Equipment.......................................................................................6

2.2 Participants......................................................................................................................6

2.3 Procedures.......................................................................................................................6

2.4 Results.............................................................................................................................7

2.5 Green-appearance Scale ..................................................................................................9

3. Study 2: Visual Acuity for High-contrast Tri-bar Targets Illuminated with a 

Spectrum Simulating a 2856 K Display 9

3.1 Method...........................................................................................................................10

3.1.1 Participants........................................................................................................10

3.1.2 Results...............................................................................................................10

3.2 NVESD Versus Morgan for the White Illumination.....................................................14

3. Conclusions 16

4. References 18

Appendix A. Moss Green Filter Information 19

Appendix B. Tri-Bar Instructions 21
iv

Appendix C. Graphical Representation of Percentages 23

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 25

Distribution List 26
v

List of Figures

Figure 1. The position of P43 phosphor, ~2856 K blackbody, and the single layer mossgreen filter (Roscolux #89,1), which is located adjacent to the P43 in CIE space. The 

~2856 K blackbody is shown on the chart as CIE Illuminant A. ..............................................2

Figure 2. The USAF 1951 Tri-Bar resolution chart used in the study, 50 x 50 in..........................4

Figure 3. The Green-appearance Scale used to rate the appearance of the Tri-Bar chart at 

each luminance level..................................................................................................................4

Figure 4. Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the green-phosphor simulation. 

Higher numbers are better acuity...............................................................................................8

Figure 5. Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the 2856 K display simulation 

for the 16 Morgan participants.................................................................................................11

Figure 6. Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for binocular, green (31 Morgan) 

and white (16 Morgan participants) illumination. ..................................................................12

Figure 7. Tri-Bar acuity data as a function of luminance level for monocular left-eye and 

right-eye, 2856 K white-display and green-display illuminations...........................................13

Figure 8. Binocular Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the college-age 

Morgan and the older NVESD participants. ............................................................................14

Figure 9. Left-eye and right-eye Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the 

Morgan and the NVESD participants. ....................................................................................14

Figure A-1. Spectral plot for the Roscolux #89 Moss Green filter...............................................19

Figure A-2. Composite spectral plots for typical NVG phosphors and the Roscolux filter 

emulators, in both single- and dual-layer configurations.........................................................20

Figure C-1. Percentage of participants providing a rating for each luminance level and rating 

category....................................................................................................................................23

List of Tables

Table 1. The luminance levels used in Studies 1 and 2, with descriptive equivalents. ..................5

Table 2. The means and standard deviations of the P43 visual acuity scores (in cycles per 

milliradian) for the left (L)-eye, right (R)-eye, and binocular viewing of the Tri-Bar chart 

at all 15 luminance levels...........................................................................................................8

Table 3. The percentages of each of the 31 participants that made each of the five ratings on 

the Green-appearance scale for each luminance level. ..............................................................9
vi

Table 4. The means and standard deviations of the visual acuity for the L-eye, R-eye, and 

binocular viewing of the Tri-Bar chart at all 15 luminance levels for the 2856 K 

illumination for the 16 Morgan participants. ...........................................................................11

Table 5. The binocular visual acuity means (in cycles per milliradian) and standard 

deviations for or the P43 green simulation (original 31 Morgan participants) and 2856 K 

―white‖ viewing conditions (subset of 16 Morgan participants). ............................................13

Table 6. The luminance levels, means, and standard deviations of the binocular visual acuity 

for the white lighting conditions of the four NVESD participants. .........................................15

Table 7. The light levels, means, and standard deviations of the monocular visual acuity for 

the white lighting conditions of the four NVESD participants................................................16
1

1. Introduction

Models designed to predict visual task performance when using night vision devices (NVDs) are 

predicated upon a given set of human-eye performance data for viewing imagery displayed at the 

typical luminance levels experienced when using NVDs. In the case of direct-view imageintensified (I2

) systems, such as night vision goggles (NVGs), the I

2

display imagery can range in 

luminance from several foot-lamberts (fL, equivalent to ~3.426 cd/m2) under full-moon 

conditions to as little as 0.01 fL under overcast starlight conditions. One key parameter used in 

these models is visual acuity. Typically, for the assessment of visual acuity aided by NVGs, an 

observer views a high-contrast visual test chart through NVGs and his or her visual acuity, based 

on reading the chart, is recorded.* One noteworthy finding in this area is that when visual-acuity 

assessments were obtained across seven different laboratories using the same two NVGs (two 

pairs of intensifier tubes), a range of 0.41 cyc/mrad in visual acuity measurement was found 

(Task, 2001). Task attributed differences in visual acuity measurements, in part, to differences in 

the test charts and the testing procedures used for obtaining the assessments. Task and Pinkus 

(2007) and Capo ́-Aponte, Temme, and Task et al. (2009) discuss a variety of other factors that 

interfere with reproducing NVG-aided visual acuity measurements for identical types of NVGs. 

An assessment of unaided visual acuity (direct view without NVGs) is needed to separate the 

performance of the NVGs from the limits of the human visual system alone.

The objective of the present series of studies was to fulfill the U.S. Army Research Development 

and Engineering Command (RDECOM) Communications-Electronics Research Development 

and Engineering Center (CERDEC), Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD)

modelers’ need for germane unaided-eye performance data obtained using high-contrast targets 

back-illuminated with (1) a spectrum simulating the yellowish-green P43 phosphor and (2) a 

spectrum simulating 2856 K blackbody illumination. Unaided-eye performance data were 

needed for both monocular and binocular viewing conditions and for a very wide luminance 

range from dimmer than any NVG display (0.005 fL) to the bright extreme of an NVG display 

(4.0 fL). In order to control for NVG display artifacts, it was particularly important in this series 

of studies to avoid the pronounced temporal noise scintillations that would have been present if 

visual acuity had been measured while looking through NVGs under the very dim no-moon 

conditions of the luminance range used in this report. The positions of the P43 phosphor, 

~2856 K blackbody, and the filter used to simulate the P43 phosphor in the International 

Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity diagram space are shown in figure 1. 

 

*Task and Pinkus (2007) denote visual acuity assessed through the NVDs as ―NVG-aided visual acuity.‖ 
2

Figure 1. The position of P43 phosphor, ~2856 K blackbody, and the single layer moss-green filter (Roscolux

#89,1), which is located adjacent to the P43 in CIE space. The ~2856 K blackbody is shown on the 

chart as CIE Illuminant A. 

Study 1 of this report is also designed to introduce and apply a new metric for assessing the 

luminance level when participants transitioned from scotopic (rod cells only) viewing to mesopic 

(both rods and cones) viewing, and from mesopic viewing to photopic (cone cells only) viewing

of a vision chart. This new metric is described in section 2 of this report. 
3

2. Study 1: Visual Acuity for High-contrast Tri-Bar Targets Illuminated with 

a Spectrum Simulating a P43 Green-phosphor NVG Display

Study 1 was designed to support the NVESD modeling efforts by providing visual-acuity data 

for targets back-illuminated with a spectral content similar to the yellowish-green appearance of 

the typical P43 NVG. The study also introduced a new metric, the Green-appearance Scale, for 

measuring at what luminance levels observers transitioned from scotopic to mesopic to photopic 

viewing of the vision test chart. 

2.1 Method

2.1.1 Target Chart

The experimenter measured the observer’s high-contrast visual acuity using a large-size (50-in

square) U.S. Air Force (USAF) 1951 Tri-Bar resolution chart, shown in figure 2. The Tri-Bar 

chart consists of six groups with six ―elements‖ each diminishing in size steps of ~12%, with 

each element having three vertical bars and three horizontal bars. The six elements in each 

successive group are half the size of the elements in the preceding group. The Tri-Bar chart was 

chosen because it provides six small steps in target size between doublings, unlike most standard 

visual-acuity eye charts. 
4

Figure 2. The USAF 1951 Tri-Bar resolution chart used in the study, 50 x 50 in.

2.1.2 The Green-appearance Scale

The Tri-Bar chart was back-illuminated through a green filter and appeared gray when viewed 

scotopically in very dim light. As luminance levels increased, first there was a barely noticeable 

green tint to the chart, followed by an increase in the saturation and brightness of the green as 

participants transitioned from mesopic to photopic vision. We developed the ―Green-appearance 

Scale‖ shown in figure 3 as a means for encoding these transitions. 

Figure 3. The Green-appearance Scale used to rate the appearance of the Tri-Bar chart at each luminance level.

GRAY ONLY

1

GRAY GREEN

 3

DARK GREEN

 4

BRIGHT GREEN

 5

HINT OF GREEN

 2
5

We operationally defined scotopic luminance levels as a participant’s rating of 1 (―gray only‖),

which indicated that the participant could not perceive even a slight hint of green in the target. A 

transition to mesopic vision was operationally defined as a rating of 2 (hint of green). The first 

indication of clearly seeing green (photopic vision) was operationally defined as a rating of 4. 

2.1.3 Luminance Levels

Tri-Bar acuity data were collected over a range of luminance from 0.00046 to 21.5 fL, simulating 

NVG display luminance when viewing a scene that is much darker than overcast starlight to a 

scene much brighter than a full-moon scene. After photometric analysis for similarity to typical 

NVG display phosphors in common use, the following green filter was selected to provide green 

illumination for the USAF 1951 Tri-Bar chart. Acuity testing spanned a range of light levels 

typical of NVG display luminance, with additional levels above and below to determine the 

behavior of the curve at the upper and lower ends of the NVG range. Table 1 shows the 15 steps 

of target luminance that were used, and the rough correspondence to natural scene conditions for 

both aided viewing (i.e., using NVG) and unaided (naked eye) viewing. To simulate viewing the 

chart with P43 NVGs, we used one layer of the Roscolux #89 Moss Green filter, indicated on the 

CIE chart in figure 1 as Roscolux #89,1. Appendix A provides other pertinent information about 

this Moss Green filter. The green filter covered the back of the entire back-illuminated Tri-Bar 

chart to produce a spectrum similar to the standard yellowish-green (P43) phosphor. 

Table 1. The luminance levels used in Studies 1 and 2, with descriptive equivalents.

Levels fL Unaided-Eye Luminance

Condition

NVG Display Luminance

Condition

15 21.5 ~ Sunrise/sunset Small lighted areas in scene

14 10

13 4.64

12 2.15 ~ Full moon

11 1 ~ High extreme of twilight ~ 1⁄4 moon

10 0.464

9 0.215

8 0.1 ~ Deep twilight ~ Starlight

7 0.0464

6 0.0215

5 0.01 ~ Full moon ~ Overcast starlight

4 0.00464

3 0.00215

2 0.001 ~ 1⁄4 moon ~ NVG no-input background

1 0.00046

2.1.4 Luminance-level Apparatus

The Tri-Bar chart was placed in a 50-in square opening in the wall between two rooms. In the 

room behind the Tri-Bar chart, a fixture holding an array of incandescent tungsten light bulbs of 

various wattages provided an adjustable backlight approximating the spectral composition of a 

2856 K blackbody. 
6

To avoid changes in color temperature, dimmers were not used. Instead, the experimenter 

precisely controlled the luminance level steps by turning on or off combinations of switches to 

obtain the 15 repeatable luminance levels with a large variety of incandescent light bulbs that 

were running at their design voltage (120 V AC). The luminance produced by this apparatus was 

continuously monitored using a sensitive radiometer fitted with a remote photopic-luminance 

head aimed at a blank section in the center of the front of the chart, and recorded for every trial. 

The paper Tri-Bar chart was back-illuminated to achieve maximum contrast of the Tri-Bar chart

elements when viewed by the participant in the darkened room on the front side of the chart. 

2.1.5 Photometric Equipment

To ensure accurate measures of target luminance at the very low levels, the photometer used in 

this study was a Model IL-1700 Research Radiometer, purchased from International Light in 

Peabody, MA. This instrument had National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

traceability and was capable of measurements over a wide dynamic range, with excellent 

linearity from 5.8 E-6 fL up to 5.8 E+3 fL, using a High Gain Detector (SHD033) with a 

photopic Y filter and R luminance barrel. The radiometer’s photopic-luminance head was 

positioned on the front side of the Tri-Bar chart for continuous monitoring of target luminance, 

which was recorded for each trial group/element reading. 

2.2 Participants

Thirty-one Industrial Engineering students from Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 

served as participants. These participants were between 18 and 30 years of age. All participants 

had a minimum of 20/30 visual acuity (corrected or uncorrected) in both eyes, with normal color 

vision and stereoscopic depth perception. 

2.3 Procedures

The participant began the study by reading and signing a consent form. The participant was then 

screened to ensure the visual requirements were met. Prior to a 30-min dark adaptation period, 

the participant was given instructions on how to report the acuity level in terms of the group and 

element number on the Tri-Bar chart. Information related to this training appears in appendix B. 

The experimenter then confirmed the participant’s ability to read the Tri-Bar chart by pointing to 

various group and element numbers and asking the participant to name them correctly. This 

process continued until the participant gave six consecutive correct answers. Next, the 

experimenter illustrated the full range of the Green-appearance scale by showing the participant 

how the Tri-Bar chart looked at all the luminance levels. 

The participant was then seated facing the Tri-Bar chart so that the center of the Tri-Bar chart

was perpendicular to the participant’s line of sight. The participant sat 12 ft from the chart, a 

viewing distance selected so that the width of the smallest bars on the chart (Group -1/Element 6) 

subtended 0.53 min of arc, corresponding to 20/11 acuity. Next, the participant adapted to the 

dark for 30 min. The experimenter, due to dark adaptation considerations, presented the 
7

experimental conditions in ascending order of luminance. In other words, the experimenter 

started at the lowest luminance level and worked upwards to the highest luminance level. 

To complete the Tri-Bar task in this experiment, the participant reported the smallest group and 

element number where he or she could distinctly see the element’s three horizontal or vertical 

bars. The participant was trained to report the smallest element size where the three horizontal 

or vertical bars could be seen as separate bars (the ―see as three‖ criterion, not just seeing the 

orientation of the group of three bars). Since the participant already knew the orientation of all 

target elements, this was a ―trained observer‖ procedure, relying on the participant to make a 

judgment as to the smallest element that was just barely distinguishable as three separate bars. 

For each trial, the participant first reported the smallest discernable group and element number 

using the left eye only, then stated the smallest discernable group and element number viewing 

the chart with the right eye only, and finally the participant stated the smallest discernable group 

and element number viewing the chart with both eyes (binocularly). The experimenter recorded 

these responses along with the actual fL luminance level in effect for each trial. The participant 

then gave the Green-appearance Scale rating when viewing the chart with both eyes. The 

experimenter then turned on the combination of lights that produced the next higher luminance

level. Again, the participant gave the left-eye, right-eye, and binocular acuity responses, plus the 

Green-appearance Scale rating. The experimenter continued this process until the participant 

had given the last binocular acuity response and the last Green-appearance Scale rating at the 

highest luminance-level condition. 

2.4 Results

Data points for all 15 luminance levels are shown graphically in figure 4. This graph depicts the 

left-eye, right-eye, and binocular acuity for the 47,000 to 1 range of luminance viewed with the 

green filter. Error bars are not provided on the graph because the data points are too close 

together for legibility. Instead, the standard deviation and mean for each data point for each 

viewing condition and luminance level are provided in table 2. (This graph/table format is

followed for all acuity data presented in this report.) The data points covering the decades of 

primary interest (1⁄4 moon, full-moon, deep twilight, high extreme of twilight, and sunrise or 

sunset) are highlighted in yellow in table 2†. 

 

†In the tables, the P43 illumination is denoted as ―green.‖
8

Figure 4. Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the green-phosphor simulation.

Higher numbers are better acuity.

Table 2. The means and standard deviations of the P43 visual acuity scores (in cycles per milliradian) for the left 

(L)-eye, right (R)-eye, and binocular viewing of the Tri-Bar chart at all 15 luminance levels. 

Levels fL

Unaided-Eye 

Luminance 

Condition

NVG 

Display 

Luminance

Condition

Green 

L-eye

Means

Green 

L-eye 

Std.

Dev. 

Green 

R-eye

Means

Green 

R-eye

Std. 

Dev. 

Green

Binocular 

Means

Green

Binocular

Std. Dev. 

15 21.5000 ~Sunrise/sunset

Small 

lighted 

areas in 

scene

2.0977 0.7813 2.0989 0.8050 2.3345 0.7110

14 10.0000 2.0727 0.7899 2.0236 0.7877 2.2843 0.7329

13 4.64000 2.0258 0.7902 1.9943 0.7723 2.2085 0.7320

12 2.15000 ~Full moon 1.9007 0.7431 1.8664 0.7827 2.0962 0.6764

11 1.00000 ~High extreme 

of twilight ~1⁄4 moon 1.7822 0.7772 1.8078 0.8014 1.9968 0.6897

10 0.46400 1.6122 0.7949 1.6369 0.8251 1.7756 0.8142

9 0.21500 1.437 0.7916 1.436 0.7708 1.6394 0.7743

8 0.10000 ~Deep twilight ~Starlight 1.2221 0.7338 1.2131 0.7165 1.5055 0.7550

7 0.04640 1.0441 0.7824 0.9991 0.7132 1.1572 0.6642

6 0.02150 0.8477 0.3627 0.8402 0.3632 1.0111 0.7289

5 0.01000 ~Full moon ~Overcast 

starlight 0.6495 0.3144 0.599 0.1948 0.7702 0.2957

4 0.00464 0.4929 0.1927 0.4922 0.1900 0.6227 0.2189

3 0.00215 0.346 0.1402 0.3474 0.1758 0.4539 0.1990

2 0.00100 ~1⁄4 moon

~NVG noinput 

background

0.2621 0.3214 0.3056 0.3756 0.3800 0.4340

1 0.00046 0.1485 0.0520 0.148 0.0489 0.1806 0.0583

Visual Acuity for 15 levels of green luminance

0.10

1.00

10.00

0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000

Target luminance, foot-lamberts (fL) cycles/milliradian (cyc/mr)

Green L eye Green R eye Green Binocular

Snellen 20/20 = 1.72 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/40 = 0.86 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/80 = 0.43 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/160 = 0.21 cyc/mr
9

2.5 Green-appearance Scale 

For each luminance level, the percentages of each of the 31 participants that made each of the 5 

ratings on the Green-appearance Scale are given in table 3. These percentages are represented 

graphically in appendix C. The majority of the participants began to notice a hint of green at 

0.00464 fL. The majority of participants clearly perceived color at 0.464 fL. 

Table 3. The percentages of each of the 31 participants that made each of the five ratings on the Green-appearance 

scale for each luminance level.

Levels fL

Unaided-Eye 

Luminance 

Condition

NVG Display 

Luminance

Condition

Gray 

Only 

%

Hint of 

Green 

%

GrayGreen 

%

Dark 

Green 

%

Bright 

Green 

%

15 21.5000 ~Sunrise/sunset Small lighted 

areas in scene 0 0 6.5 3.2 90.3

14 10.0000 0 0 6.5 12.9 80.6

13 4.64000 0 0 6.5 19.4 74.2

12 2.15000 ~Full moon 0 3.2 6.5 38.7 51.6

11 1.00000 ~High extreme of 

twilight ~1⁄4 moon 0 6.5 12.9 61.3 19.4

10 0.46400 0 9.7 29.0 58.1 3.2

9 0.21500 0 16.1 54.8 25.8 3.2

8 0.10000 ~Deep twilight ~Starlight 3.2 19.4 64.5 12.9 0

7 0.04640 3.2 41.9 45.2 9.7 0

6 0.02150 12.9 58.1 19.4 9.7 0

5 0.01000 ~Full moon ~Overcast 

starlight 19.4 61.3 19.4 0 0

4 0.00464 45.2 48.4 6.5 0 0

3 0.00215 71.0 29.0 0 0 0

2 0.00100 ~1⁄4 moon ~NVG no-input 

background 83.9 16.1 0 0 0

1 0.00046 100 0 0 0 0

A second objective of this project was to provide data for the same 15 luminance levels using 

targets back-illuminated with tungsten illumination approximating a 2856 K blackbody spectral 

composition. This data collection is described next as Study 2, followed by a discussion of both 

studies. 

3. Study 2: Visual Acuity for High-contrast Tri-bar Targets Illuminated with 

a Spectrum Simulating a 2856 K Display

Study 2 was designed to support NVESD modeling efforts by providing visual acuity data for 

targets back-lit with a spectrum approximating 2856 K blackbody illumination. 
10

3.1 Method

3.1.1 Participants

Sixteen of the 31 Morgan participants who completed Study 1 participated again in Study 2. The 

participants were between 18 and 30 years of age. All participants had a minimum of 20/30 

acuity (corrected or uncorrected) in both eyes, with normal color vision and stereoscopic depth 

perception. The selection of the subset of 16 was based exclusively on the experimenter’s ability 

to locate the original participants, assumed to be a random selection process‡. 

In addition to recalling a subset of 16 of the original 31 participants, four NVESD subject-matter 

experts (SMEs), between the ages of 35 and 52, were included in this data collection. These four 

participants were tested prior to testing the 16 Morgan participants. The NVESD participants

had a minimum of 20/30 acuity (corrected or uncorrected) in both eyes, with normal color vision 

and stereoscopic depth perception. Their data are reported here separately from the data from the 

Morgan participants because of potential differences that could be attributable to age or 

experience in reading Tri-Bar charts. 

All procedures and apparatus for Study 2 were the same as in Study 1, except that the green filter

behind the Tri-Bar chart was removed. The chart was back-lit with the same tungsten-bulb 

apparatus, approximating the spectral composition of 2856 K blackbody illumination. 

3.1.2 Results

Figure 5 presents a graph of the left-eye, right-eye, and binocular acuity for all 15 luminance 

levels for the 16 Morgan participants viewing the Tri-Bar chart with no filter (the 2856 K-display 

simulation). Table 4 provides the means and standard deviations for the unaided visual acuity 

data using the 2856 K display for all luminance levels for the 16 Morgan participants who 

completed Study 2. In the tables, the 2856 K illumination is denoted as ―white.‖

 

‡There is no reason to believe that our ability to locate any given participant would be related to his or her visual acuity.
11

Figure 5. Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the 2856 K display simulation

for the 16 Morgan participants.

Table 4. The means and standard deviations of the visual acuity for the L-eye, R-eye, and binocular viewing of the 

Tri-Bar chart at all 15 luminance levels for the 2856 K illumination for the 16 Morgan participants. 

Levels fL

Unaided-Eye 

Luminance 

Condition

NVG 

Display 

Luminance

Condition

White

L-eye

Cyc/mr

L-eye

Std. 

Dev.

(White)

White

R-eye

Cyc/mr

R-eye

Std. 

Dev.

(White)

White

Binocular 

Cyc/mr

Binocular 

Std. Dev.

(White)

15 21.5000 ~Sunrise/

sunset

Small lighted 

areas in 

scene

2.2741 0.4852 2.3071 0.3919 2.5038 0.4632

14 10.0000 2.2439 0.4885 2.2055 0.4590 2.3833 0.4499

13 4.64000 2.1429 0.5096 2.1242 0.5043 2.2768 0.4911

12 2.15000 ~Full moon 2.0498 0.4586 2.0097 0.4789 2.2123 0.4698

11 1.00000 ~High extreme 

of twilight ~1⁄4 moon 1.8887 0.4665 1.8745 0.4677 2.0607 0.4438

10 0.46400 1.648 0.4126 1.6429 0.4398 1.8298 0.4246

9 0.21500 1.4402 0.4389 1.5045 0.4723 1.6558 0.4351

8 0.10000 ~Deep twilight ~Starlight 1.2708 0.4120 1.2629 0.3693 1.4615 0.4637

7 0.04640 1.0835 0.3314 1.0897 0.3141 1.1268 0.4411

6 0.02150 0.9402 0.2968 0.9276 0.3310 1.0438 0.3554

5 0.01000 ~Full moon ~Overcast 

starlight 0.7854 0.2849 0.7632 0.2839 0.8886 0.3702

4 0.00464 0.5645 0.3242 0.5718 0.3267 0.7136 0.3515

3 0.00215 0.4096 0.3712 0.3991 0.3675 0.5318 0.3946

2 0.00100 ~1⁄4 moon

~NVG 

no-input 

background

0.2209 0.0714 0.2279 0.0893 0.2581 0.0764

1 0.00046 0.1545 0.0479 0.1479 0.0435 0.1906 0.0816

Visual Acuity for 15 levels of white luminance

0.10

1.00

10.00

0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000

Target luminance, foot-Lamberts (fL)

cycles/milliradian (cyc/mr)

 White L eye White R eye White Binocular 

Snellen 20/20 = 1.72 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/40 = 0.86 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/80 = 0.43 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/160 = 0.21 cyc/mr
12

Figure 6 shows the binocular acuity over the wide range of luminance used for both the greendisplay simulation in Study 1 and the white luminance of Study 2. Table 5 shows the binocular 

visual acuity means and standard deviations for or the P43 green simulation and 2856 K ―white‖ 

viewing conditions. Figure 7 shows the corresponding monocular acuity scores for the left and 

right eyes. These graphs are included to allow the reader to compare acuity scores between the 

green versus 2856 K displays§. 

Figure 6. Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for binocular, green (31 Morgan) and 

white (16 Morgan participants) illumination.

 

§Recall that the ―white‖ display is the 2856 K blackbody illumination shown as illuminant A in figure 1. Note that P45 white 

phosphor (the typical phosphor in white-phosphor NVGs) is not in the same position in CIE space. 

Binocular visual acuity: white vs. green 

0.10

1.00

10.00

0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000

Target luminance, foot-lamberts (fL) cycles/milliradian (cyc/mr)

White Binocular Green Binocular

Snellen 20/20 = 1.72 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/40 = 0.86 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/80 = 0.43 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/160 = 0.21 cyc/mr
13

Table 5. The binocular visual acuity means (in cycles per milliradian) and standard deviations for or the P43 green 

simulation (original 31 Morgan participants) and 2856 K ―white‖ viewing conditions (subset of 16 Morgan 

participants). 

Levels fL

Unaided-Eye 

Luminance 

Condition

NVG Display 

Luminance

Condition

Green 1

Cyc/mr

Binocular

Std. Dev. 

(Green)

White 2 

Cyc/mr

Binocular

Std. Dev. 

(White)

15 21.5000 ~Sunrise/sunset Small lighted areas 

in scene 2.3345 0.711004 2.5038 0.463154

14 10.0000 2.2843 0.732863 2.3833 0.44993

13 4.64000 2.2085 0.732048 2.2768 0.491087

12 2.15000 ~Full moon 2.0962 0.676354 2.2123 0.469794

11 1.00000 ~High extreme of 

twilight ~1⁄4 moon 1.9968 0.689741 2.0607 0.443813

10 0.46400 1.7756 0.814189 1.8298 0.424559

9 0.21500 1.6394 0.774312 1.6558 0.435108

8 0.10000 ~Deep twilight ~ Starlight 1.5055 0.754992 1.4615 0.463724

7 0.04640 1.1572 0.664232 1.1268 0.441114

6 0.02150 1.0111 0.728885 1.0438 0.355417

5 0.01000 ~Full moon ~ Overcast starlight 0.7702 0.295696 0.8886 0.370205

4 0.00464 0.6227 0.218913 0.7136 0.351495

3 0.00215 0.4539 0.198999 0.5318 0.394648

2 0.00100 ~1⁄4 moon ~ NVG no-input 

background 0.3800 0.434036 0.2581 0.07639

1 0.00046 0.1806 0.058339 0.1906 0.081638

Figure 7. Tri-Bar acuity data as a function of luminance level for monocular left-eye and 

right-eye, 2856 K white-display and green-display illuminations.

Monocular acuity: Morgan green vs. Morgan white 

0.10

1.00

10.00

0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000

Target luminance, foot-lamberts (fL) cycles/milliradian (cyc/mr)

 Green L eye Green R eye White L eye White R eye

Snellen 20/20 = 1.72 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/40 = 0.86 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/80 = 0.43 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/160 = 0.21 cyc/mr
14

3.2 NVESD Versus Morgan for the White Illumination 

The results of the visual-acuity measurements for the four NVESD participants compared with 

the 16 Morgan participants are given in figures 8 and 9. These graphs indicate small but 

consistent differences in average acuity scores between the older NVESD participants and the 

college-age Morgan participants. Means and standard deviations for the NVESD participants are 

also provided in table 6 (binocular) and table 7 (monocular).

Figure 8. Binocular Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the college-age 

Morgan and the older NVESD participants. 

Figure 9. Left-eye and right-eye Tri-Bar acuity as a function of luminance level for the Morgan 

and the NVESD participants. 

Binocular Visual Acuity for Morgan 16 vs NVESD 4 

0.10

1.00

10.00

0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000

Target luminance, foot-lamberts (fL) cycles/milliradian (cyc/mr)

Morgan Binocular NVESD Binocular

Snellen 20/20 = 1.72 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/40 = 0.86 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/80 = 0.43 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/160 = 0.21 cyc/mr

Monocular Visual Acuity for Morgan 16 vs NVESD 4 

0.10

1.00

10.00

0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000

Target luminance, foot-lamberts (fL) cycles/milliradian (cyc/mr)

Morgan 16 L eye Morgan 16 R eye

NVESD 4 L eye NVESD 4 R eye

Snellen 20/20 = 1.72 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/40 = 0.86 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/80 = 0.43 cyc/mr

Snellen 20/160 = 0.21 cyc/mr
15

Table 6. The luminance levels, means, and standard deviations of the binocular visual acuity for the white lighting 

conditions of the four NVESD participants.

Levels fL

Unaided-Eye 

Luminance 

Condition

NVG Display 

Luminance

Condition

NVESD White

Cyc/mr

Binocular Std. 

Dev.

15 21.5000 ~Sunrise/sunset Small lighted areas in 

scene

2.165493 0

14 10.0000 2.106429 0.118129

13 4.64000 1.929235 0

12 2.15000 ~Full moon 1.876614 0.105241

11 1.00000 ~High extreme of 

twilight ~1⁄4 moon 1.718753 0

10 0.46400 1.671873 0.093759

9 0.21500 1.578114 0.093759

8 0.10000 ~Deep twilight ~Starlight 1.293818 0.140714

7 0.04640 0.96784 0.091266

6 0.02150 0.885687 0.052621

5 0.01000 ~Full moon ~Overcast starlight 0.663483 0.037208

4 0.00464 0.57836 0.086047

3 0.00215 0.407527 0.044322

2 0.00100 ~1⁄4 moon ~NVG no-input 

background 0.273301 0.041987

1 0.00046 0.198621 0.030016
16

Table 7. The light levels, means, and standard deviations of the monocular visual acuity for the white lighting 

conditions of the four NVESD participants.

Levels fL

Unaided-Eye 

Luminance 

Condition

NVG Display 

Luminance

Condition

NVESD

White

L-eye

Cyc/mr

L-eye

Std. 

Dev.

(White)

NVESD

White

R-eye

Cyc/mr

R-eye

Std. 

Dev.

(White)

15 21.5000 ~Sunrise/sunset Small lighted

areas in scene 1.9883 0.118129 1.929235 0

14 10.0000 1.929235 0 1.929235 0

13 4.64000 1.876614 0.105241 1.876614 0.105241

12 2.15000 ~Full moon 1.671873 0.093759 1.671873 0.093759

11 1.00000 ~High extreme of 

twilight ~1⁄4 moon 1.583229 0.170706 1.578114 0.093759

10 0.46400 1.48947 0.08353 1.531235 0

9 0.21500 1.447705 0.096452 1.40594 0.08353

8 0.10000 ~Deep twilight ~Starlight 1.119512 0.120707 1.119512 0.120707

7 0.04640 0.911997 0.060761 0.941529 0.106417

6 0.02150 0.768175 0.072438 0.747292 0.084463

5 0.01000 ~Full moon ~Overcast 

starlight 0.591097 0.033149 0.57633 0.062681

4 0.00464 0.50354 0.095396 0.50354 0.095396

3 0.00215 0.347395 0.070827 0.340818 0.083982

2 0.00100 ~1⁄4 moon ~NVG no-input 

background 0.245646 0.050082 0.245646 0.050082

1 0.00046 0.176952 0.026741 0.176952 0.026741

3. Conclusions

To support NVESD modeling efforts, this study was designed to collect data on unaided visual 

acuity as a function of a large range of luminance levels for two different spectral compositions. 

For Studies 1 and 2, the acuity tasks were designed to eliminate the visual noise that is typical of 

NVG displays at low light levels. For Study 1, the chart was back-lit with 2856 K blackbody 

tungsten illumination passed through a green filter. For Study 2, the green filter was removed so 

the chart was back-lit only with 2856 K blackbody tungsten illumination. We also introduced a 

new technique—the Green-appearance Scale—to determine the luminance level at which 

participants transitioned from scotopic viewing of a Tri-Bar chart to mesopic viewing, and from 

mesopic viewing to photopic viewing. For each luminance level, data points are provided 

representing the mean visual acuity scores (averaged across the participants) for L-eye, R-eye, 

and binocular viewing. Our objective was to provide descriptive data to the NVESD, rather than 

a data summary that would include inferential statistics.
17

One general comment about these data-collection activities is that the Tri-Bar chart and 

methodology used in these studies depends on an honest and consistent assessment from a 

―trained observer‖ as to the smallest element that was just barely distinguishable as three 

separate bars. We attempted to motivate the participants during the experimental-overview 

process about the importance of honest responses, and we believe we were successful. A 

verifiable method, however, would be preferred to allow the experimenter to confirm each 

participant’s performance. Future research will address this issue by using a test chart with 

Sloan characters (Ricci, Cedrone, and Cerulli, 1998). A test chart with Sloan characters requires 

a participant to identify the letters correctly, allowing the experimenter to verify the participant’s 

accuracy. 

This study provides acuity data for observers viewing a Tri-Bar chart with luminance conditions 

simulating the P43 green-phosphor and luminance conditions simulating a 2856 K display. The 

2856 K simulation was not intended, however, to provide the basis for an acuity comparison for 

P43 green-phosphor versus P45 white-phosphor displays. To address a comparison of these two 

phosphors, we conducted a study to examine the effect of phosphor type (white versus green) on 

visual acuity across a range of illumination conditions created using neutral density (ND) filters 

placed over the eyepieces of actual NVGs. This ND-filter approach allowed us to avoid the 

increasing scintillation and noise that is typical of current NVG displays operating in low 

luminance conditions. This study is described in a separate report (currently under review) 

comparing P43 and P45 phosphors. 
18

4. References

Capo ́-Aponte, J. E.; Temme, L. A.; Task, H. L. et al. Visual Perception and Cognitive 

Performance. In Helmet-Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues.

Rash, C. E.; Russo, M. B.; Letowski, T. R.; Schmeisser, E. T., eds., U.S. Army Aeromedical 

Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL, 2009, 335–390. 

Ricci, F.; Cedrone, C.; Cerulli, L. Standardized Measurement of Visual Acuity. Ophthalmic 

Epidemiology 1998, 5 (1), 41–53. 

Task, H. L. Night Vision Goggle Visual Acuity Assessment: Results of an Interagency Test. 

Proceedings of the SPIE- The International Society of Optical Engineering: Helmet- and 

Head-Mounted Displays VI, 4361, 2001, 130–137.

Task, H. L.; Pinkus, A. R. Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Night Vision Goggle Resolution 

and Visual Acuity Assessment. Proceedings of the SPIE- The International Society of 

Optical Engineering: Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays Xll, 6557, 2007, 1–11. 
19

Appendix A. Moss Green Filter Information

After photometric analysis for similarity to typical NVG display phosphors in common use, the 

following green filter was selected to provide green illumination for the USAF 1951 Tri-Bar 

chart. 

Figure A-1. Spectral plot for the Roscolux #89 Moss Green filter. 
20

Figure A-2. Composite spectral plots for typical NVG phosphors and the Roscolux filter emulators, in both 

single- and dual-layer configurations.

Phosphor Spectral Output vs. Eye Spectral Sensitivity

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

400 500 600 700

Wavelength (nm) Normalized Output

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

P-20 P-43 Moss_89_1 Moss_89_2 Pea_86_1 Pea_86_2
21

Appendix B. Tri-Bar Instructions**

To complete this study, you will be seated in this chair and will be required to state the smallest 

element that you can read on this chart, which is called a Tri-Bar chart. To complete this task, 

you must state the smallest element size where the three horizontal and vertical bars can be seen 

as three separate bars. Report the smallest set you can see-as-three, not just the smallest set 

where you can see the orientation of the group of three bars. 

I will now demonstrate how to name the group and element number. 

Now I need to check your understanding of how to read the Tri-Bar chart. I will point to an 

element and you are to state the group and element number. (The participant was required to get 

six consecutive answers correct.) Now you are ready to begin the study. You first need to adapt 

to the dark for 30 min. Then for each trial you will report the smallest discernable group and 

element number using the left-eye only, then the right-eye only, and finally using both eyes. 

 

**This appendix appears in its original form, without editorial change.

GROUP -2

GROUP -2

GROUP -1

ELEMENT 2

GROUP 0

ELEMENT 4

GROUP -2
22

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
23

Appendix C. Graphical Representation of Percentages

Figure C-1 offers a graphical representation of the percentage of participants providing a rating 

for each luminance level and rating category. 

Figure C-1. Percentage of participants providing a rating for each luminance level and rating category.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

 BRIGHT GREEN

 DARK GREEN

 GRAY-GREEN

 HINT OF GREEN

 GRAY ONLY

Lowest Luminance Highest Luminance 

Lowest Luminance Highest Luminance

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
24

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
25

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

CERDEC Communications-Electronics Research Development and Engineering Center 

CIE International Commission on Illumination

I

2

image-intensifier

ND neutral density 

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NVDs night vision devices 

NVESD Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate 

NVGs night vision goggles 

RDECOM Research Development and Engineering Command 

USAF U.S. Air Force 
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