[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 16

- 16462

________________________ D.C. Docket No s . 8:16

- cv - 00022

- EAK & 8:11

- bkc

- 22258

- MGW

IN RE: FUNDAMENTAL LONG TERM CARE, INC., Debtor.

__________________________________________________________________ ESTATE OF JUANITA JACKSON, ESTATE OF ELVIRA NUNZIATA, ESTATE OF JOSEPH WEBB, ESTATE OF ARLENE TOWNSEND, STATE OF OPAL LEE SASSER, ESTATE OF JAMES HENRY JONES, Plaintiffs

- Appellants, BETH ANN SCHARRER, Plaintiff,

versus RUBIN SCHRON, Defendant

- Appellee.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 1 of 452 ________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida

________________________ ( October 19, 2017 ) Before JORDAN and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges, and VINSON, ∗ District Judge

. JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judge : This case has a complex procedural h istory lasting more than a decade and spanning several state and federal venues

. It began when the estates of several deceased nursing

- home patients (the “ Estates” or “Appellants”) brought a series of wrongful

- death suits against a network of nursing homes

. These suits collectively resulted in $1 billion in empty

- chair j udgments against the network

. In an effort to evade enforcement of these and other liabilities , the defendant entities orchestrated

a so - called “bust out” scheme under which they tran sfer red the useful assets of the nursing

- home busin ess into a newly formed operating entity , leaving the core judgment debtor a judgment

- proof shell company. When t he E states learned that this judgment debtor had been stripped of its
assets , they filed an involuntary Chapter Seven bankruptcy petition in the Middle

∗ The Honorable C. Roger Vinson, Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District of Florida, sitting by designation.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 2 of 453 District of Florida and initiated an adversary proceeding seeking to avoid , as fraudulent, the transfer of the debtor’s assets. The complaint named seventeen entities and individuals as defend ants and described a wide

- reaching scheme in which assets were secretly diverted in order to hinder, delay, and defraud the debtor’s various judgment creditors. One of the named defendants was real

- estate investor Rubin Schron. After careful consideration of the E states’ thirty

- tw o claims for relief

— and after granting the E states an opportunity to comprehensively amend their lengthy and deficient initial complaint

— t he bankruptcy court dismissed Schron from the suit , concluding that his alleged connection with the transaction was speculative at best

. C laims against several additional defendants survived dismissal , and the case culminated in a twelve

- day bench trial. At its conclusion, the E states settled with the remaining defendants fo r $24 million. The bankruptcy court approved the

se ttlement as fair and equitable on the condition that the E states be permanently enjoined from pursuing any additional claims arising from the bust

- out scheme against Schron individually. The E states appe aled the dismissal of claims against Schron and the bankruptcy c ourt’s issuance of a permanent injunction with respect to Schron. The district c ourt for the Middle District of Florida affirmed both orders. The E states

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 3 of 454 now appeal those orders to this Cour t. After careful review, and with the benefit of oral argument , we affirm. BACKGROUND Although this appeal relates solely to the Estates’ claims against Appellee Rubin Schron, the scope of the allegations against him requires us to review in some detail the underlying transaction and the course of proceedings before the bankruptcy court. 1
I. The March 2006 Transaction Trans Healthcare, Inc. (“THI”) was founded in 1998 to operate nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and long

- term acute

- care hospita ls throughout the United States . Trans Healthcare Management, Inc. (“THMI”) was a wholly owned subsidiary of THI and provided management services to THI until March 2006. By early 2006, numerous wrongful

- death and negligence actions had been filed agains t THI and THMI on behalf of several nursing

- home patients who had died while in THI and THMI ’ s care. Anticipating adverse judgments , the entities designed a transaction that would shield their assets from potential creditors without affecting their profitable

1 While the factual and procedural background of this case is complex, the scope of the appeal before us is relatively narrow. As such, we paint in broad strokes. For a detailed narrative of the underlying sequence of events, see Estate of Jackson v. Gen . Elec. Capital Corp. ( In re Fundamental Long Term Care, Inc. ) , 507 B.R. 359, 365

– 71 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2014).

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 4 of 455 operations (the “2006 Transaction”)

. Under the direction of Leonard Grunstein, a former real

- estate lawyer, and Murray Forman, an investment banker , t wo new entities were created : Fundamental Long Term Care, Inc. (“FLTCI”) and Fundamental Long Term Care Holdings (“FLTCH”) (together, the “Fundamental Entities”) . In the first phase of the transaction, THMI sold all its assets to FLTCH for $9.9 million. In the second phase, THI sold all its stock in the stripped

- down
THMI to FLT CI. FLTCI t herefore acquired all of THMI’s liabilities but none of its assets

. THI remained an active corporation and continued operating nursing homes on a small scale following the transaction . It was ultimately placed in to a receivership and wound dow n . THMI continued to exist as an insolvent subsi diary and the sole asset of FLTCI ; both entities quickly became defunct. FLTCH, on the other hand, was left with a substantial number of productive assets and continued operating the entities’ broader network of nursing homes , generating millions of dollars of income, without being saddled with the millions of dollars in liabilities attributable to those entities

. To keep the network running, FLTCH rebranded the former THI /THMI facilities and created t wo new subsidiaries: FCC, which provided operational and clinical support; and FAS, the administrative arm of the company. Together, FLTCH, FCC, and FAS continue d to operate in the same locations, and use d the same employees and equipment, as did THI and THMI

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 5 of 456 prior to the 2006 T ransaction

. At all relevant times, FLTCH was owned by Grunstein and Forman. 2 As noted, the Estates’ complaint made allegations concerning Rubin Schron’s involvement in the above

- described 2006 Transaction. Schron is a wealthy New York real

- estate investor whose involvement with the THI network began in 2002 . That year, Grunstein and Forman

— Schron’s lawyer and banker, respectively

— allegedly convinced Schron to fund the acquisition of 120 nursing homes from an unrelated entity that was in the process of Chapter Eleven liquidation. The acquisitions were executed by an entity called ABE Briarwood, and the facilities were subsequently leased to THI. The complaint does not allege that Schron ever held a direct ownership interest in TH I, THMI, or FLTCH. Similarly, there is no allegation that Schron was involved in design ing or executin g the 2006 Transaction. T he Estates allege only that Schron was aware of Grunstein and Forman ’s involvement in the 2006 Transaction and that Grunstein and Forman acquired stakes in FLTCH as Schron’s agents , but as to this last allegation, the
Estates articulate no basis for their conclusory assertion of an agency relationship

.

2 FLTCI’s sole shareholder was an individual named Barry Saacks. Mr. Saacks is an elderly former graphic artist who currently lives in a nursi ng home. I n the adversary proceeding , Plaintiffs alleged that Grunstein deceived Saacks by placing FLTCI in Saacks’s name without his knowing involvement. In fact, it was later shown that Saacks had put forward no money to effectuate the transaction. He was an owner in name only.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 6 of 457 II. The Wrongful
- Death Judgments In the meantime, the estates of six decea sed nursing

- home patients pursued wrongful

- death actions against THI and THMI in state court , alleging that the decedent patients had been abused, neglected , and injured by the negligent and reckless operation of THI’s nursing homes in Florida and Pennsylv ania. The Estates had no knowledge at the time that the named defendants, THI and THMI, had been stripped of their assets

. To ensure that the Estates were kept in the dark, FLTCH’s goal was to use the THI receivership to conceal the linked transfers long enough for the statute of limitations to run on any available fraudulent

- transfer c laims. In furtherance of this plan, THI directed its counsel to withdraw representation of THI and THMI at around the same time as the relevant statutes of limitations ran. The liability proceedings moved forward , and the various state courts in which these claims were pending ultimately entered “empty

- chair” jury verdicts (that is, verdicts not contested by the defendants) against THI and THMI totaling more than $1 bi llion. Despite FLTCH’s efforts at concealment, the Estates eventually learned of the 2006 T ransaction and the format ion of the successor Fundamental Entities

. They responded by initiating supplementary state

- court proceedings agai nst various entities and individuals alleged to have fraudulently transferred the FLTCH
assets out of creditors’ reach . THI, THMI, the Fundamental Entities , Grunstein,

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 7 of 458 Forman , and Schron were specifically targeted

. The Estates also initiated an involuntary Chapter Seven bankruptcy proceeding, naming FLTCI as debtor

. A Trustee was appointed, and t he Estates were identified as FLTCI’s chief creditors. Shortly after the Chapter Seven proceeding began, the Trustee expressed her intent to pursue fraudulent

- transfer and rel ated actions under the Bankruptcy Code against FLTCH and other entities involved in the 2006 Transaction. This cause of action overlapped with the Estates’ already ongoing judgment

- enforcement actions , which were based primarily on state

- law fraudulent

- tr ansfer theories. In order to fend off these simultaneous actions , FLTCH filed a declaratory

- judgment action in a New York court seeking a declaration that any fraudulent

- transfer or similar claims relating to the 2006 Transaction were barred by the statut e of limitations. The bankruptcy court enjoined the declaratory

- judgment action after concluding that it would impermissibly interfere with the Trustee’s abi lity to administer the Chapter Seven proceeding and protect the assets of the estate. Having lost its bid for a New York declaratory judgment, FLTCH then sought an order from the bankruptcy court temporarily enjoining the Estates from pursuing their state

- court judgment

- enforcement actions . The bankruptcy court agreed that a multiplicity of parallel actions could lead to inconsistent outcomes and therefore entered an order establishing that all fraudulent

- transfer and similar claims against the various defendants designed to unwind the 2006 Transaction

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 8 of 459 would be litigat ed in a single adversary proceeding before the bankruptcy court (the “Venue Order”). The result was that a ll pending state actions were enjoined pending resolution of the Chapter Seven adversary proceeding.
III. The Adversary Proceeding Following the ban kruptcy court’s Venue Order, the Estates initiated an adversary proceeding with a two

- count complaint for declaratory judgment , naming THI, THMI, the Fundamental Entities, Grunstein, Forman, and Schron as defendants (collectively, the “Defendants”), in add ition to several other entities involved in the transaction. In Count I, the Estates sought a declaration that FLTCH and FLTCI were liable for the judgments against THI and THMI under a successor theory of liability. In Count II, they sought a declaration that Defendants

were directly liable for the judgments against THI and THMI under a veil

- piercing theory. The Trustee intervened in that proceeding to add a count for substantive consolidation of FLTCI and THMI. The Estates and the Trustee were later granted leave to amend the initial complaint and join their respective claims. A. First Amended Complaint In December 2013, t he Estates and Trustee (together, “Plaintiffs”) filed an enhanced First Am ended Complaint

— a 228

- page tome containing 1,201 numbered paragraphs and twenty

- two counts against Defendants and several additional entities. The twenty

- two counts in the complaint can be broken into eight

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 9 of 4510 substantive claims for relief: one count for substantive consolidation of FLTCI and THMI ; two counts for breach of fiduciary duty ; four counts for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty ; one count for successor liability ; two counts for piercing of the corporate veil ; three counts for alter

- ego liability ; eight counts for
act ual and constructive fraudulent transfer ; and one count for conspiracy to commit a fraudulent transfer. Asserting theories of direct or derivative liability, Plaintiffs’ goal was to “unwind” the 2006 Transactions and recapture the FLTCH assets

— wherever they may be held

— in order to satisfy the Estates’ various judgments against the THI/THMI network. Defendants moved to dismiss all but the substantive

- consolidation count. In a thorough opinion, the bankruptcy court upheld several counts against several de fendants and dismissed several without prejudice , granting leave to amend

. See Estate of Jackson v. Gen. Elec. Capital Corp. ( In re Fundamental Long Term Care, Inc. ) , 507 B.R. 359, 386 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2014). Specifically, the court allowed the claims f or fraudulent transfer against FLTCH, Forman, and Grunstein to go forward , declining to enforce the statute of limitations on those claims in light of allegations that these d efendants had intentionally concealed facts that would have given rise to the cla im within the limitations period

. As to the remaining claims, t he bankruptcy court found the allegations “confusing, ambiguous, generalized, [and] conclusory,” and noted overall that the pleading

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 10 of 4511 required “considerable energy to read.” Id. at 38 5

– 8 6 ( int ernal quotation marks omitted ). The court was nonetheless “not ready to conclude that the Plaintiffs could not allege additional facts that may potentially give rise to the causes of action the Court is dismissing.” Id

. at 386. The court instructed Plaintiffs to amend again and cure the pleading defects

. Id

. B. Second Amended Complaint Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Complaint in April 2014. Instead of clarifying their initial slate of allegations and rehabilitating the dismissed claims ,

as they were directed to do, the Second Amended Complaint incorporated several hundred paragraphs of the First Amended Complaint by reference and offered a

new, but largely repetitive, re statement of several claims . It then add ed four brand

new claims again st several defendants . With only two exceptions, the bankruptcy court dismissed with prejudice each of the newly pled and re

- pled claims, citing the same defects identified in the first motion to dismiss

. The court concluded that it was appropriate to dismiss the failed claims with prejudice because “any further attempts by Plaintiffs to amend their complaint would be futile or unfairly prejudicial to the Defendants.” On that point, the court observed that, as a result of the parallel judgment

- enforce ment actions the Estates had already pursued in various state courts, Plaintiffs “ had the benefit of almost complete discovery before filing their second amended complaint

. ”

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 11 of 4512 Most relevant to this appeal are the court’s conclusions as to the claims against Schron. Plaintiffs attempted in their Second Amended Complaint to revive each of their original counts against Schron and to add four more: alter

- ego liability; aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty; abuse of process;

c onspiracy to commit abuse of process; negligence; constructive fraud; and improper post

- petition transfer. The court dismissed each claim in turn, emphasizing the overarching flaw in the P laintiffs’ narrative: “ [N] owhere in the complaint .

. . is Schron alleged to have committed any act individually, ” n or did the allegations support a theory of derivative liability against Schron

. The court followed its decision with a final judgment in favor of Schron (the “Dismissal”), in which it stated that “[f]inal judgment is entered in favor of Schron on all claims that were or could have been asserted by Plaintiffs against him in the amended complaint and the second amended complaint.” C. Subsequent Proceedings Schron was the only d efendant fully dismissed fro m the adversary proceeding at the pleading stage. Three additional defendants were dismissed later via their motion s for summary judgment. In the course of pre

- trial proceedings, the bankruptcy court also granted Plaintiffs’ motion to substantively con solidate THMI with the Chapter Seven debtor, FLTCI. The bankruptcy court then proceeded to consider the surviving claims during a twelve

- day bench trial. At

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 12 of 4513 issue in the bench trial were claims against Grunstein, Forman, and several related entities for breach of fiduciary duty , aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty , successor liability , fraudulent transfer , and conspiracy to commit fraudulent transfer. At the conclusion of trial, the bankruptcy court dismissed claims again st three additional d efendants but remained “ unsure ” as to “which of the Defendants on the buyers’ side [of the 2006 Transaction ] would be liable” under a successor liability theory, which was the only remaining theory under which Plaintiffs could prevail. The court announced findings of fact and conclusions of law following trial and then ordered Plaintiffs and the remaini ng d efendants, including FLTCH, Forman, and Grunstein, to mediat e in hopes that a settlement could be reached. Mediation was successful and ultimately y ielded five settlement agreements

. U nder these agreements, Plaintiffs agreed to accept $18.5 million from FLTCH, FAS, THI, Forman, and Grunstein; $1.25 million from one of the law firms that
defended THI and THMI against the Estates’ earlier actions; $3

. 2 5 million from three additional entities involved in the 2006 Transaction; and $700,000 from
THI’s state

- court receiver. In total , these agreements yielded $23.7 million to

cover Plaintiffs ’ damages

. Having earlier been dismissed from the adversary pr oceeding at the pleading stage, Schron was the sole non

- settling Defendant. Throughout the adversary

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 13 of 4514 proceeding, the Estates had maintained their intention to pursue further state actions against Schron notwithstanding his early dismissal from the case. Schron recognized the possibility of future action against him in a different venue and accordingly opposed the various settlements unless they were accompanied by a permanent injunction preventing the Estates from reviving or bringing any new
state

- court judgment

- e nforcement a ctions against him

. Thus, Schron’s insistence on a permanent injunction reflected his legitimate fear that Plaintiffs would try to upend the resolution reached by the bankruptcy court after much litigation by the parties. Likewise concerned that Plaintiffs would attempt to undo the final resolution that had been the goal of the complex and prot rac ted adversary proceeding, t he bankruptcy court issued a permanent injunction (the “Permanent Injunction” or “Injunction”) prohibiting Plai ntiffs from “pursuing claims against Rubin Schron arising out of the nucleus of facts set forth in the adversary complaint in this proceeding.” This injunction was integral to and a condition of the court’ s approval of the settlements, as the court determ ined that a settlement of the surviving claims could not be “fair and equitable ” if it did not also finally resolve the claims against Schron

. In the bankruptcy court’s view, an injunction prohibiting further litigation against Schron in another forum was “necessary” to
pro tect the court’s prior judgment as to Schron. The court granted th is permanent

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 14 of 4515 i njunction in December 2015 and then, after approving each of the settlement agreements, issued an opinion thoroughly discussing the basis for the Injunction and the authority on which it was issued. The Estates appealed the Dismissal and the Permanent Injunction as to Schron to the Middle District of Florida, which affirmed both orders of the bankruptcy court . The Estates now appeal the district court’s affirmance, asking this Court to reverse the bankruptcy court’s orders with respect to Schron. STANDARD OF REVIEW In a bankruptcy appeal, this Court functions as a second reviewer of the bankruptcy court’s rulings and applies the same standards a s the district court , which operates as the first level of appellate review

. Brown v. Gore ( In re Brown ) , 742 F.3d 1309, 1315 (11th Cir. 2014). We therefore review a lower court’s dismissal of a pleading for failure to state a claim de novo , accepting fa ctual allegations as true and construing them in the light mo st favorable to the plaintiff. Almanza v. United Airlines, Inc. , 851 F.3d 1060, 1066 (11th Cir. 2017)

. A lower court’s decision to issue an injunction under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), is also reviewed de novo

. SFM Holdings, Ltd. v. Banc of Am. Secs.,
LLC , 764 F.3d 1327 , 1334 (11th Cir. 2014)

. We review a court’s decision to grant or deny leave to amend a deficient pleading for abuse of discretion

. Trov ille v. Venz , 303 F.3d 1256, 1259 (11th Cir. 2002)

.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 15 of 4516 DISCUSSION The Estates ask us to review the bankruptcy court’s Permanent Injunction as to Schron as well as its Dismissal of all claims alleged in the First and Second Amended Complaints against Schron. We consider each of the Estates’ challenges in turn.
I. Grant of Permanent Injunction The Estates urge this Court to reverse the bankruptcy court’s Permanent Injunction of any claims against Schron “arising out of the nucleus of facts set forth” in the Estates’ Second Amended Complaint on two grounds: that the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction to enjoin state

- law claims; and that, even if it had jurisdiction, the Permanent Injunction exceeded th e court’s authority under the All Writs Act and the Anti

- Injunction Act. We have considered these challenges de novo and conclude that the Permanent Injunction was properly issued

. It is important first to clarify the scope of the Permanent Injunction, which is broad. By its language, the Injunction covers three categories of claims: (1) any claims against Schron “arising out of the nucleus of facts set forth” in the Second Amended Complaint; (2) the Es tates’ pending state

- court j udgment

- e nforcement

a ctions against Schron, which had been temporarily enjoined pending resolution of the adversary proceeding; and (3) any claims against Schron “as the ‘real party in interest’” in three pending state

- court cas es involving three of the Estates. Thus, in

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 16 of 4517 addition to enjoining claims that the Estates had already unsuccessfully pled against Schron in their Second Amended Complaint (the “ Dismissed Claims”) , 3 the Injunction precludes th e Estates from pursuing any ne w or old state or federal actions against Schron asserting any claim arising from the 2006 Transaction , including claims the Estates did not specifically raise in the adversary proceeding. The Estates identify three types of claims that were not resolved through the adversary proceeding and were thus improperly foreclosed by the Injunction : proceedings supplementary under Florida Statutes § 56.29; 4 “real party in interest”

3 This included the foll owing claims against Schron : (1) A common

- law claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duties owed to THMI and THMI’s creditors; (2) Claims for a declaratory j udgment establishing that Schron is liable as a successor to THI, THMI, and FLTCI and under veil

- piercing and alter

- ego theories; (3) A claim for actual and constructive fraudulent transfers, as well as conspiracy to commit fraudulent transfers, under various state laws; (4) A claim for abuse of process and conspiracy to commit abuse of process under Florida state law; (5) A claim for negligence under Florida state law; and (6) A claim to avoid certain postpetition transfers under the Bankruptcy Code.

4 This statute p ermits a judgment creditor to seek avoidance of any transfers “ made or contrived by the judgment debtor to delay , hinder, or defraud creditors.” Fla. Stat. § 56.29(3)(b).

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 17 of 4518 claims under state law; 5 and actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 6 (c ollectively, the

“ Po tential Claims”)

. The Estates argue that the Potential Claims are theoretically distinct from the Dismissed Claims and thus were improperly swept into the Permanent Injunction.
A . Subject
- Matter Jurisdiction The Estates first argu e that the bankruptcy co urt lacked ju risdiction to issue the Permanent Injunction . We begin by outlining the legal principles that define the bankruptcy court ’s power to enjoin proceedings in foreign venues

. Any power by the bankruptcy court to issue the Permanent Injunction against non

- bankruptcy proceedings must necessarily derive from the federal bankruptcy jurisdictional statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1334. In relevant part, this statute provides that bankruptcy courts “shall have original

. . . jurisdiction” over “all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11,” § 1334(b), and “all the property, wherever located, of the debtor as of the

5 According to the Estates, a “real party in interest” action would involve the Est ates moving under Florida civil

- procedural rules to add Schron as the “real defendant” in the earlier liability proceedings against THI and/or THMI on grounds that Schron was “materially interested in the subject matter of [the] suit” because he contribute d to the payment of attorneys’ fees in defense of those entities.

6 Section 1983 provides: “ Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State

. . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States

. . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured.” The Estates’ theory of § 1983 liability is unclear.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 18 of 4519 commencement of such case, and of propert y of th e estate,” § 1334(e)(1)

. The bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction over cases “arising in or related to” a bankruptcy proceeding is sometimes referred to as “related

- to jurisdiction” and is the focus of our analysis on appeal.
B ankruptcy courts plainly lack jur isdiction over outside proceedings that do not affect the debtor. Celotex Corp. v. Edwards , 514 U.S. 300, 309 n. 6 (1995)

. But the phrase “related to”

— which is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code

— “must be read to give [bankruptcy courts] jurisdiction over more than simpl y proceedings involving the prope rty of the debtor or the estate. ” Id. at 308; s ee also id . at 307

– 0 8 ( “Congress did not delineate the scope of ‘related to’ jurisdiction, but its choice of words suggests a grant of some breadth.” (footnote omitted) ). The Third Circuit has held that a civil proceeding is “ ‘related to’ a [bankruptcy] proceeding if the outcome of [ the ] proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate bein g administered in bankruptcy.” Nuveen Mun. Trust ex rel. Nuv een High Yield Mun. Bond Fund v. WithumSmith Brown, P.C. , 692 F.3d 283, 293

– 94 (3d Cir. 2012) (second alternation in original) (emphasis in original) ( quoting Pacor Inc. v. Higgins , 743 F.2d 984, 994 (3d Cir. 1984)) (internal quotation marks omitted) . We have indicated our agreement with that principle. Miller v. Kemira, Inc. (In re Lemco Gypsum, Inc. ) , 910 F.2d 784, 788 (11th Cir. 1990) (“We join the majority of the circuits that have adopted the Pacor

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 19 of 4520 formulation.”) ; s ee also Celotex , 514 U.S. at 308 (agreeing “with the views expressed by the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in [ Pacor ], that ‘Congress intended to grant comprehensive jurisdiction to the bankruptcy courts so that they might deal efficiently and expeditiously with all matters connec ted with the bankruptcy estate ’ ”) ; Wortley v. Bakst , 844 F.3d 1313, 1320 (11th Cir. 2017) (applying the “conceivable effect” test from Lemco Gypsum to conclude that the bankruptcy court had related

- to jurisdiction over certain state

- law tort claims). Unde r this standard, a bankruptcy court can enjoin any civil action “if the outcome could alter the debtor’s rights, liabilities , options, or freedom of action” or

“ in any way impacts upon the handling and administration of the bankrupt estate.” Celotex , 514 U.S. at 308 n.6 ( quoting Pacor , 743 F.2d at 994) (internal quotation marks omitted) ; see also Wortley , 844 F.3d at 1318

– 20

. The overriding question, then, is whether the claims covered by the Permanent Injunction could

“ conceivably ” affect the administrat ion of the bankruptcy estate, especiall y in light of the substantive consolidation of FLTCI (the named debtor) and THMI (the Estates’ chief judgment debtor)

. We conclude that they could. Consider the simple example of a state

- law judgment under Florida Statutes § 56.29 determining that Schron was the recipient of a fraudulent transfer from THMI and is thus liable , to the extent of that transfer , for the Estates’ wrongful

death judgments against THMI. If , pursuant to that judgment, Schron were

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 20 of 4521 ordered to disgorge any prior transfer of assets , then the sum transferred would necessarily reenter , and enlarge , the joint FLTCI/ THMI bankruptcy estate

. It is clear that such an outcome would , at the least, “ conceivably ” impact the size and the administr ation of the estate

. The Estates ask us to focus on a s omewhat more complicated example: an action to avoid (that is, undo) fraudulent transfers from THI , which is THMI’s former parent and the Estates ’ secondary judgment creditor

. The Estates assert that certain of the claims they wish to bring against Schron “are individual, grounded in state law and [ ] designed to collect on the Estates’ judgments against THI

— an entity that ‘ has not been substantively consolidated into the Debtor, [or] determined to be the alt er ego of or successor to the debtor. ’ ” According to the Estates, because THI is an entirely separate entity from debtors THMI and FLTCI, any action seeking to hold Schron liable for the Estates’ judgments against THI will have “no conceivable impact” on the property of the debtor’s estate. We disagree. As noted, the Estates wish to pursue fraudulent transfer claims under state law , with the goal of recovering assets t hat were transferred by THI through FLTCI and, finally , to FLTCH. If a state court were to find those transfers to be non

- fraudulent , then the FLTCI estate would have a hard time succeeding on its own fraudulent

- transfer claim against FLTCH. In other wor ds, because THI was the entity from which the 2006 Transaction originated, a finding in state court

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 21 of 4522 that THI’s transfers were not fraudulent would undermine the debtor ’ s central avoidance claim against FLTCH

— the primary transferee of THI’s assets

. Such a result would no doubt impact the size of the estate and the parties’ various efforts to reverse the 2006 Transaction

. Si gnificant repercussions would likewise result from a state

- court judgment establishing that the transfers from THI were, indeed, fraudu lent and avoidable under state law and that Schron himself, as an alleged recipient of assets from FLTCH, wa s liable for the wrongful

- death judgments against THI. In that case, the debtor’ s avoidance claims against FLTCH would be strengthened by the possibility of recovery against Schron himself as a downstream transferee. 7 In other words, the assets that would satisfy the Estates’ judgments against THI necessarily flowed through THMI

— and t herefore through FLTCI, and therefore through the bankruptcy estate

— before reaching Schron. Any assets transferred to Schron would have to pass back through the bankruptcy estate before they could be used to satisfy the Estates’ wrongful

- death judgments. The structure

7 The bankruptcy court explained the scenari o as follows : The fact that the assets that were a llegedly transferred to Schron .

. . belonged to THMI is crucial. If that is the case, what difference does it make if the creditors are going after those assets in an attempt to collect on a judgment aga inst THI? How can the [Estates] collect on [ thei r] judgment against THI by seeking to undo a transfer of assets that belong to THMI

— whether under an alter ego or fraudulent transfer theory

— without interfering with the administration of this estate? Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 22 of 4523 of the tran saction makes it impossible to envision an action seeking recovery from Schron for the THI debts that would not implicate the THMI estate and carry the potential t o deconstruct the bankruptcy court’s resolution of the dispute

. T he Estates have identified no scenario in which a claim to recover on a judgment against THI would not impact the size and administration of the bankruptcy estat e , as well as the debtor’s potential claims with respect to the 2006 Transaction

. As a result , we conclude the bankruptcy court possessed subject

matter jurisdiction under § 1334(b) to enjoin claims against Schron arising from the 2006 Transaction.
B . Authority under the All Writs Act The next question the Estates ask us to consider is whether th e bankruptcy court had statutory authority to enjoin pending and future state

- court proceedings under the particular circumstances of this case. The bankruptcy court justified the Permanent Injunction under the All Writs Act, 28 U. S.C. § 1651, which stat es that federal courts “ may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law. ” 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a). Authority under the All Writs
Act is limited by the Anti

- Injunction Act , which provides: A court of the United States may not grant an injunction to stay proceedings in a State court except [1] as expressly authorized by Act of Congress, or [2] where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction, or [3] to protect or effectuate its j udgments. Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 23 of 4524 28 U.S.C. § 2283. If an injunction falls within one of the Anti

- Injunction Act ’s three exceptions, then it is authorized under the All Writs Act

. See Burr & Forman v. Blair , 470 F.3d 1019, 1028 (11th Cir. 2006 ) (“[T]he sole relevant inquiry is whether the injunction qualifies for one of the exceptions to the Anti

- Injunction
Act .”). The Anti

- Injunction Act exceptions “are narrow and are not [ to ] be enlarged by loose statutory construction.” SFM Holdings , 764 F.3 d at 1335 (alternation in original) ( quoting Smith v. Bayer Corp. , 131 S. Ct. 2368, 2375 (2011)) (internal quotation marks omitted). As such, “[a] ny doubts as to the propriety of a federal injunction against state court proceedings should be resolved
in f avor of permitting the state courts to proceed.” Id

. (alternation in original) ( quoting Smith , 1 31 S. Ct. at 2375) (internal quotation marks omitted). The bankruptcy court concluded that the Permanent Injunction was “necessary in aid of its jurisdiction” and necessary “to protect or effectuate its judgments” under the second and third Anti

- Injunction Act exceptions. The district court agreed with the bankruptcy court’s rationale, finding that “the Bankruptcy Court’s injunction clearly seeks to protect the integrity or enforceability of its existing orders , i.e. its order dismissing the Bankruptcy Estates’ claims against Schron, as well as the settlement agreement between the Probate Estates, the Trustee, and the remaining defendants.” We agree.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 24 of 4525 The Anti

- I njunction Act ’s third exception, often called the “relitigation exception,” permits injunction of state

- court actions “to protect or effectuate [the federal court’s] judgments.” See SFM Holdings , 764 F.3d at 1335. This exception “is designed to implement well

- recognized concepts of claim and issue preclusion.” Id . ( quoting Smith , 131 S. Ct. at 2375 ) (internal quotation marks omitted) . We have, however, acknowledged that “the reli tigation exception is
narrower” than traditional principles of claim preclusion and “only authoriz es an injunction to prevent state litigation of a claim or issue that previously was presented to and decided by the federal court.” Id. at 1336 ( quoting Smith , 131 S. Ct. at 2375) (internal quotation marks omitted). Given t his framework, there is no question that the Injunction was proper under the third Anti

- Injunction Act exception as to the Dismissed Claims

— i.e. , the claims specifically asserted in the Second A mended Complaint against Schron. These matters were “presente d to and decided by” the bankruptcy court when it considered and dismissed the Second Amended Complaint with prejudice as to Schron. The Potential Claims , on the other hand, were not asserted in the Second Amended Complaint and thus were not decided by the bankruptcy court. While the relitigation exception is therefore not applicable , we conclude that a n

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 25 of 4526 injunction directed against t he Potential Claims was “necessary in aid of [ the
court’s ] jurisdiction ” under the second Anti

- Injunction Act e xception. We have consistently held that “state in personam proceedings that threaten to make complex multidistrict litigation unmanageable” may be enjoined in aid of the court’s jurisdiction. Juris v. Inamed Corp. , 685 F.3d 1294, 1339 (11th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) ; see also Estate of Brennan ex rel. Britton v. Church of Scientology Flag Serv. Org., Inc. , 645 F. 3d 1267, 1274 (11th Cir. 2011)

. T o fall within this e xception, the injunction must be “ necessary ‘ to prevent
a state court from so interfering with a federal court’s consideration or disposition of a case as to seriously impair the federal court’s flexibility and authority to decide that case. ’ ” Wesch v. Folsom, 6 F.3d 1465, 1470 (11th Cir. 1993) (quoting Atl. Coast Line R.R . Co. v. Bhd. o f Locomotive Eng’rs , 398 U.S. 281, 295 (1970) )

. For instance, in Battle v. Liberty National Life Insurance Co. , we held that a district court that had issued a final judgment in a complex and lengthy class action, and expressly retained jur isdiction over the settlement, properly enjoined a subsequent state

- court suit involvin g substantially similar claims. 877 F.2d 877 , 880

– 83 (11th Cir. 1989)

. The u nderlying case involved “years of litiga tion and mountains of paperwork , ” and we concluded that any future state

- court judgment “would destroy the settlement” the parties had reached and “nullify [the] court’s

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 26 of 4527 work in refining its Final Judgment ” while “subject[ing] the parties to added expense and conflicting orders. ” Id

. at 882 (internal quot ation marks omitted). We agree with the bankruptcy court that “[t]his case, although not involving a class action or multi

- district litigation, falls squarely within the Eleventh Circuit’s decisions in Battle ” and subsequent, similar cases. S ee, e.g. , We sch , 6 F.3d at 1470

– 71 (affirming injunction on finding that “virtual equivalent of a res to be administered” existed where the district court had “invested a great deal of time and other resources in the arduous task of reapportioning Alabama’ s congressional districts”); Juris , 685 F.3 d at 1 3 39

– 40 ( concluding that “paradigmatically complex” litigation that ended in carefully crafted settlement “p resumpti vely satisfie[d]” the second Anti

- Injunction Act exception under Battle and Wesch ). The ba nkruptcy court’s description of the course of proceedings in this matter merits repeating : What started off as six negligence or wrongful death lawsuits has morphed into 25 lawsuits (including adversary proceedings) and 15 appeals before 11 courts and 17 judges in five states over 11 years. .

. . [ I ] t quickly became apparent the Probate Estates and Trustee were pursuing identical claims against identical parties arising out of the same nucleus of operative facts

— i.e., the March 2006 transactions

— in more th an one forum (state court, district court, and bankruptcy court). .

. . This Court (and others ) have devoted years of time and effort to this exceedingly complex litigation. .

. . The complaints in this proceeding

. . . totaled nearly 300 pages and contained more than 1,600 numbered paragraphs [and] alleged 32 claims for relief against 17 parties.

. . . The mediation produced four settlements that will bring nearly $24 million into Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 27 of 4528 the bankruptcy estate .

. . and, perhap s more important, resolve this adversary proceeding and bankruptcy case in their entirety. The scale of this proceeding, the broad scope of the Estates’ claims in the First and Second Amended Complaints, and the fact that the Estates have had several
oppor tunities to develop their claims agains t Schron justify the court’s injunction of actions that will raise claims substantially similar, if not identical, to the claims that have been dismissed. It is also important to note that the bankruptcy court’s app roval of the settlements as fair and equitable was expressly conditioned on the issua nce of the Permanent Injunction

. In the bankruptcy court’s view, a broad settlement agreement that left the door open to state actions alleging analogous claims against Schron would “unduly prejudice[] Schron

. ” The bankruptcy court’s careful consideration of the Estates’ cla ims and substantial efforts in reaching a fair, equitable, and comprehensive resolution of t his matter would be und one by future
state

- court adjudica tion s raising the same claims . And because the Estates have been unequivocal about their intent to pursue state action against Schron, the necessity of the Injunction in aid of the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction is clear

. We thus agree with the lower courts that the injunction of state

- court claims against Schron “arising out of the nucleus of facts set forth” in the Second Amended Complaint was authorized under the All Writs Act. W e therefore

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 28 of 4529 conclude that the bankruptcy court properly issued t he Permanent Injunction as to Schron , and we AFFIRM the decisions of both lower courts on these issues

. II. Dismissal of Second Amended Complaint with Prejudice The Estates also challenge the bankruptcy court’s order of final dismissal as to Schron, arguin g that the courts below failed to prop erly analyze allegations that Schron (1) is an alter ego of debtor FLTCI; (2) aided and abetted a breach of fiduciary duty by the board of directors of THMI; (3) committed and benefited from fraudulent transfers of the assets of THI and THMI, thus committing constructive fraud; and (4) committed abuse of process and conspired to commit abuse of process. If their arguments as to the merits of these claims fail, the Estates ask this Court to reverse the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss with prejudice and provide them an other opportunity to amend their complaint. We agree with the courts below that the Second Amended Complaint failed to sufficiently allege any causes of action against Schron personally, and w e find no abuse of discretion in the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss those claims with prejudice.
A . Sufficiency of the Allegations The Estates wish to revive several distinct claims against Schron that the bankruptcy court dismissed. We discuss ea ch in turn, taking the factual allegations

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 29 of 4530 contained in the Second Amended Complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the Estates. 1. Claims Arising from the 2006 Transaction Importantly, there is no allegation in the Complaint that Schron took any affirmative act with respect to the 2006 Transaction. Indeed, the Complaint states that “Grunstein and Forman undertook all the actions described [ ] regarding the transfers of the assets of THI and THMI

. ” As such, for the Complaint to have stated a claim against Schron for alter

- ego liability , 8 aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty , 9 and fraudulent conveyance 10 in connection with the 2006
T ransaction , it must have alleged that Grunstein and Forman were acting as Schron’s agents

. The bankruptcy court concluded that the Complaint failed to properly allege such an agency relationship : “The Plaintiffs, however, fail to

8 The Complaint alleged that FLTCH, Grunstein, Forman, and Schron were alter egos of FLTCI, the debtor, and that they were therefore derivatively liable for FLTCI’s debts.

9 The Complaint alleged that various entities involved in the 2006 Transaction brea ched fiduciary duties owed to THMI’s creditors and that Grunstein, Forman, and Schron aided and abetted those breaches.

10 The Estates sought to avoid the transfer of assets to FLTCH through the 2006 Transaction under a theory of fraudulent conveyance. To establish liability for a fraudulent transfer under the Bankruptcy Code and the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (which the relevant states have adopted), a plaintiff must sho w that property was transferred by the defendant for less than reasonably equiv alent value at a time when the transferor was insolvent or in a manner that left the transferor insolvent. See 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(B); see also Fla. Stat. § 726.105(1)(b). In this case, the debtor, FLTCI , was the immediat e transferor but was allegedly con trolled by its a lter egos Grunstein and Forman. The Estates alleged that Grunstein and Forman were, in turn , acting as agents of Sch ron.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 30 of 4531 sufficiently allege the facts necessary to imput e any knowledge by Forman and Grunstein to Schron or to bind him by their acts for purposes of their alter ego and aiding and abetting claims.” We agree. The Estates baldly claim that Grunstein and Forman exercised rights belonging to Schron “as Schro n’s agent, lawyer and fiduciary” in planning and executing the 2006 Transaction , but they fail to allege that Schron acknowledged , accepted, or instructed the two men to move forward with the Transaction

— nor do they make the necessary connections to demonstrate how Schron stood to gain from the Transaction

. That is, while Grunstein and Forman may have sometimes functioned as Schron’s agent, lawyer, or fiduciary in other
contexts , the Complaint does not allege that they operated in this capacity for
p urposes of the 200 6 Transaction. First , and importantly , the allegations do not plausibly establish that Schron

ever held an ownership interest in THI, THMI, FLTCI, or FLTCH. And to suffice, a factual allegation must do more than speculate that a right to relief might exist . It must “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U. S. 544, 555, 570 (2007)

. T he Complaint falls short of this standard . It states in pertinent part: “Grunstein informed Schron ab out FLTCH taking over the operations of [THI] , ” and Grunstein and Forman ultimately “agreed to give Schron an option to buy one

- third of FLTCH for a nominal amount, so that

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 31 of 4532 Schron also benefitted from the transaction.” A n option agreement was subsequently executed among FLTCH, Forman, Grunstein, and “ Schron’s entity .” ( E mphasis added). It is not clear which “enti ty” this latter allegation refers to, though the C omplaint later implies that Quality Health Services LLC (“QHS”) was the recipient of the option

. Yet, even stretching an implication into an allegation,
t he Complaint offers no explanation as to how, exactly, QHS was “Schron’s entity .” The Estates argue that the use of this possessive descriptor clearly alleged ownership, but there is no specific allegation regarding Schron’s ownership of QHS , nor is there any allegation that Schron knew that “his entity” was purchasing such an option. E lsewhere in the complaint, the Estates allege that “FLTCH is owned by Forman and Grunstein,” with no mention of a ny one - third interest held by “Schron’s entity.” Clearly, t hese allegations are in sufficient to identify Schron

as having any interest in these entities. And it is important to remember that these allegations were not made at a point in the litigation when Plaintiffs lacked the necessary knowledge to fill in the blanks. Plaintiffs had enjoyed the opportunity for extensive discovery in state

- court proceedings by the time of the Second Amended Complaint

. In another attempt to find some way to place Schro n in the Transaction, the Complaint identifies an other entity, SWC Property Holdings, LLC (“SWC”) , as “Schron’s entity” and then alleges that SWC played a role in “forcing” the sale of

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 32 of 4533 THMI. Even if it had coherently explained SWC’s involvement in the
Tra nsaction , the Complaint still fails to specify the nature of Schron’s interest in or control over SWC during the relevant timeframe. 11 The Complaint also allege s plainly contradictory facts regarding the fiduciary relationship between Schron , on the one hand, and Grunstein and Forman on the other. Oddly, t he Complaint directly incorporates several factual allegations that were contained in a separate lawsuit Schron had filed against Grunstein and Forman, in which Schron alleged that Grunstei n and Forman had executed the
2006 T ransaction “surreptitiously,” without his knowledge or involvement, and for

11 The bankruptcy court characterized the Complaint’s allegations regarding QHS and SWC as follows : As best the Court can tell, the Plaintiffs allege that one of three different people or entities actually own the one

- third option [in FLTCH that the Estates claim is Schron’s]. In one instance, the Plaintiffs allege that “[Grunstein] and Forman agreed to give Schron an option to buy one

- third of FLTCH for a nominal amount,” although they do not allege they actually gave Schron himself the option. In other instances, the Plaintiffs allege that “Schron’s entity”

— SWC Property Holdings, LLC

— received the opti on, without alleging whether Schron has any ownership interest in that entity. If that is not confusing enough, the Plaintiffs allege in still other places that “Schron’s entity”

— presumably SWC Property Holdings

— designated Quality Health Services, LLC to take title to the option. Again, there is no allegation regarding Schron’s ownership interest

— if any

— in Quality Health Services. Trying to harmonize those seemingly contradictory allegations, it appears the Plaintiffs are alleging that Schron benefitted f rom the March 2006 transaction because Forman and Grunstein contracted with SWC Property Holdings to convey a one

third option to Quality Health Services. Without any allegation that Schron actually owns SWC Property Holdings or Quality Health Services, h owever, the Plaintiffs cannot plausibly state a claim that Schron personally benefitted from the March 2006 transaction. Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 33 of 4534 their own benefit, in breach of duties they owed to him

. Plaintiffs appear to think these allegations to be an admission by Schron that the two men functioned as his agents. But, to the contrary, Schron’s Complaint alleged that the two men had failed to act as his agent in the 2006 Transaction. As the bankruptcy court noted, this is a problematic inconsistency because , at best, Plaintiffs offer only a conclusory assertion that Grunstein and Forman were acting on Schron’s behalf , which they then directly contradict by specific allegations from Shron’s incorporated complaint that assert quite the opposite. The Estates had no obligation to allege or incorporate facts from Schron’s lawsui t against Forman and Grunstein

. T hat they did so and included allegations that directly contradict the central premise of their claim

— that Grunstein and Forman were acting on Schron’s behalf

— is , to say the least, n ot helpful

. Upon careful review of the pleadings, we agree with the bankruptcy court that the Complaint’s allegations are too vague and inconsistent to successfully state a claim against Schron under a n agency theory of liability

. The failure to properly allege an agency relationship dooms the Estates’ claims for alter

- ego liability , aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and fraudulent conveyance with respect to the 2006 Transaction. We therefore AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the se claims.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 34 of 4535 2. Claims Arising from 2012 Settlement Agreement The Estates also seek to revive a separate fraudulent

- conveyance claim against Schron involving a 2012 trans action in which Schron was a direct participant. I n January 2012, the THI receiver entered into an agreement with several of the D efendants

— including Schron

— whereby the receiver assigned to the se d efendants all claims the THI estate held against any third parties (the “2012 Settlement Agreement”) . In exchange, these d efendants collecti vely paid the receiver $700,000. Schron personally supplied $200,000 of the purchase price. According to the Second Amended Complaint, these claims included “any and all claims that THI has or may have against Schron,” “THI’s rights under the attorney

- client privilege and the work

- product doctrine,” and a legal malpractice clai m against the lawyers that represented THI and TH MI in the wrongful

- death

cases that resulted in the empty

- chair judgment s . The Estates maintain that these claims

— and the malpra ctice claim in particular

—have a “potential value” of “well

over $2 billion. ” T he Complaint specifically alleged that, because the wrongful

death judgments totaled $1 billion and had been accruing interest over a number of
years, the potential malpractice claim alone could, “[w]ithout a doubt,” be worth

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 35 of 4536 more than $2 b illion. 12 Th e purported discrepancy between the supposed value of the se claims and the $700,000 purchase price

— coupled with the fact that THI was insolvent at the time of the A greement

— allegedly rendered the transfer fraudulent under various state laws

. To state a plausible fraudulent

- conveyance claim with respect to the 2012 Settlement Agreement, the Estates were required to allege facts demonstrating that the claims Schron received were not reasonably equivalent in value to the price he paid . “Reasonably equivalent value” does not mean do llar

- for

- dollar equivalence

. See Crumpton v. Stephens (In re Northlake Foods, Inc.) , 715 F.3d 1251, 125 7 (11th Cir. 2013). I nstead, courts make informed judgments as to asset valuation in light of the totality of the circumstances

. Thus, in order to have “ nudged their claims across the line from conceivable to plausible ,” Twombly , 550 U.S. at 5 70 , the Estates must have offered more than a bald as sertion that the malpractice claim (in addition to the other uniden tified claims Schron acquired ) had , as alleged, a

12 The Second Amended Complaint explained: Damages in a legal malpractice action are the amount of damages sustained by the client as [a] result of malpractice. As of the date of this filing, the THI Enterprise has sustained damages in the amount of $1.4 billion, plus accruing interest. Three of the Plaintiffs [’] Estates here still have pending litigation against the THI Enterprise. W ithout a doubt, the potential value of the THI Enterprise’s claims could be well over $2 billion. Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 36 of 4537 potential value of more than $2 billion , or at the least that the value exceeded $700,000

. We agree with both lower courts that the Second Amended Complaint failed
to allege that , under the circumstances present at the time, $700,000 was not a reasonably equivalent value for the transferred claims. While the Complaint does allege that a successful malpractice claim is theoretically worth at least the value of the underlying judgment, it d oes not address the potential costs of pursuing those claims, the likelihood that the underlying judgments might be reversed on appeal ,

or

— most importantly

— the probability of the claim succeeding

. In fact, the Complaint does not set out any facts tending to show that the claims were worth upwards of $1 billion , actually or in theory. For instance, in at least two portions of the Complaint, the Estates note that certain of the wrongful

- death judgments again st THI and THMI were subject to appeal in state and federal court

. Such allegations introduce the possibility that a portion of the underlying empty

- chair judgments may be reversed . A reversal of tho se underlying judgments would , in turn, directly diminish the value of the malpractice claim. Thus, under the allegations of the Complaint itself, the expected value of that claim cannot be 100% of its potential value. The Complaint fails to acknowledge the connection between the alleged appeals and it s valu ation of the malpractice claim , and accordingly, it fails to discount the potential value of

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 37 of 4538 the malpractice claim by the probability that those reversals will succeed . The $2
billion valuation is necessarily an overstatement

. More problematically, the Estates fail to address a glaring inconsistency between their valuation of the malpractice claim and the ir broader fraud argument

. In order to succeed, the action for legal malpractice would require Schron to step into the shoes of t he THI receiver and establish that THI’s attorneys negligently failed to prevent the $1 billion in empty

- chair judgments against THI

. This theory of liability arguably has some initial facial appeal , given the allegation that THI’s defense counsel ultimat ely withdrew its representation of THI in those actions.
But e lsewhere in the Complaint, the Estates assert that THI’s defense counsel withdrew its representation only at the express instruction of the THI receiver

— who was , in turn, acting at the behest o f Schron and the other Defendants

— in furtherance of a common scheme to conceal the 2006 Transaction from creditors. Thus, under the Estates’ description of the circumstances, establishing a viable malpractice claim would require a court to find THI’s coun sel liable to the THI receiver (and, derivatively, to Schron) for its obedience to the receiver’s direct instructions

. The chances of success on such a theory are clearly slim. And as the bankruptcy court observed, t his conceptual inconsistency is plain from the face of the Second Amended Complaint

.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 38 of 4539 Thus, the allegations contained in the Second Amended Complaint do not plausibly assert that the malpractice claim is worth the full value of the underlying empty

- chair judgments (plu s interest) , as the Complaint supposes

. Such a valuation would require an assumption that the malpractice claim has a near

absolute certain chance of succeeding. The Complaint’s own allegations make such an assumption implausible. In the absence of any countervailing allegations
to overcome these issues and shore up the $2 billion valuation, the Complaint does not state a claim that $700,000 was less than reasonably equivalent value for the claims under the circumstances. 13 For these reasons, we conclude that the Second Amended Complaint does not contain sufficient factual detail to plausibly assert that the malpractice claim , or any of the other unidentified claims transferred through the 2012 Settlement Agreement , were sold for less than reasonably equivalent value

. We therefore

13 As the bankruptcy court put it, the Estates’ valuation fails to consider, among other things, that the more than $1 billion in judgments largely consist of punitive damages claims; all but one of those judgments is currently on appeal; and Schron’s ability to prevail on the potential malpractice claims

— which are based on the allegation that the lawyers for THI and THMI negligently withdrew their defenses of those entities in the state

- court wrongful death cases

— is seriously diminished because the lawyers took their direction from the THI Receiver (and Schron would be standing in the shoes of the THI Receiver pursuing the malpractice claims). Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 39 of 4540 AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the fraudulent

- conveyance claim arising from the 2012 S ettlement A greement. 3. Abuse of Process and Conspiracy to Commit Abuse of Process Finally, the Estates argue that their abu se - of

- process claims against Schron were improperly dismisse d. T he Estates allege that Schron and the other d efendants committed an abuse of process by asserting unauthorized defenses on behalf of THMI in order to advance their own interests. These claim s relate to the
2012 Settlement Agreement between the Defendants and the THI receiver, discussed supra . In addition to assigning THI’s claims against third parties to the Defendants, the 2012 A greement purported to settle all claims that THI might have ha d against each of the Defendants. It also purported to assign to the Defen dants the right to defend THMI in state

- court proceedings against THMI brought by the
Estates. After the 2012 Settlement Agreement was executed , the Defendants took control of the defense of THMI in state court. Under Florida law, which governs this claim, “[a]buse of process involves the use of criminal or civil legal process against another primarily to accomplish a purpose for which it was not designed.” See Bothmann v. Harringt on , 458 So. 2d 1163, 1169 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984). An abuse of process has not occurred unless the process is used to accomplish an immediate purpose other than that for which it was designed. Id. The fact that a party may be motivated by incidental or

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 40 of 4541 concu rrent benefits of the use of process is not sufficient to constitute an abuse. See S & I Investments v. Payless Flea Mkt., Inc. , 36 So. 3d 909, 917 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (“There is no abuse of process

. . . when the process is used to accomplish the result for which it was created, regardless of an incidental or concurrent motive of spite or ulterior purpose

. ” (emphasis in original) ( quoting Bothmann , 458 So. 2d at 1169) )

. As both lower courts noted, the 20 12 Settlement Agreement was likely unenforceable , and Defendants’ conduct in subsequent state

- court proceedings was improper

. Indeed, the parties do not dispute that Defendants’ counsel’s representation of THMI pursuant to the 2012 Settlement A greement wa s unauthorized and that Defendants mis led various state courts w ith respect to the nature of THMI’s defense. 14 But the question before us is not whether Defendants properly exercised their rights under the Agreement or whether the Agreement itself was enforceable as a matter of law . The sole question is whether the

14 There wer e two major problems with the 2012 Settlement A greement and with the representation that followed. First, the agreement was between the Defendants and the THI receiver. But at that point in time, THI did not have an obligation or a right to indemnify or otherwise represent THMI in litigation filed against it

. In effect, then, the Agreement purported to sell Defendants a right that THI did not actually possess. As a result, none of the Defendants was authorized at any time to fund or direct the legal defense of THMI. And yet that is precisely what they did. Second, when Defendants took over the defense of THMI, they misrepresented to the courts and to the Estates that they had “a duty to indemnify and a right to defend” THMI when, in fact, they did not. According to the Second Amended Complaint, counsel representing THMI also failed to disclose that it simultaneously represented the Defendants and was, therefore, “protecting and serving the Defendants” rather than or in addition to THMI.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 41 of 4542 Complaint alleged that the Defendants’ defense of THMI under the Agreement constituted a use of civil process that was intended to achieve an immediate
purpose for which it was not designed. See Bothmann , 458 So. 2d at 1169

. T hus, t o plausibly state a claim for abuse of process, the Complaint must have alleged that the defense of THMI was not primarily designed for the simple goal of defending THMI. We agree with the bankruptcy court tha t the Complaint failed to so allege

. While Schron and the other Defendants may have hoped that the defense of THMI would serve their own, separate interests , the only immediate impact of that defense in the state

- court actions was to defend THMI. This is precisely the result for whic h such process was created

. The fact that a successful defense of THMI would yield incidental benefits to Schron and other Defendants does not convert their unauthorized defense of THMI into an abuse of process under Florida law. All that the Complaint alleges is that the Defendants asserted a defense on THMI’s behalf. This is not, by itself, sufficient to allege an abuse of
process. 15

15 As the bankruptcy court noted, It would be one thing if the Plaintiffs were alleging an abuse of process claim based on FAS allegedly orchestr ating a defense on THMI’s behalf before THMI’s counsel withdrew in 2010. At least there, the Plaintiffs would have a plausible claim that FAS (or some of the other Defendants) were not using their defense of THMI to avoid liability but rather to stall the litigation long enough for the statute of limitations to run on any fraudulent transfer claim arising out of the March 2006 transaction. That would arguably Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 42 of 4543 For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of claims of abuse of process and conspiracy to commit abuse of process against Schron. Because we find that t he Complaint fails to allege the facts necessary to support these claim s , we do not consider the alternative gro unds on which the bankruptcy court dismissed them

. 16
B . Dismissal with Prejudice The bankrup tcy court dismissed each of the claim s against Schron with prejudice . Such dismissal is reviewed for abuse of discretion, and a court generally does not abuse its discretion where future amendments would be futile or unfairly prejudicial. We find no abuse of discretion.

be an improper purpose. But asserting a defense on THMI’s behalf for the purpose of avoiding lia bility

— which is all that is alleged here

— cannot give rise to an abuse of process claim.

16 The bankruptcy court also concluded that the abuse

- of

- process claims were due to be dismissed under Florida law’s litigation privilege, which affords immunity to a llegedly tortious acts occurring during the course of a legal proceeding so long as they have some relation to the legal proceeding. See Levin, Middlebrooks, Mabie, Thomas, Mayes & Mitchell, P.A. v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co. , 639 So. 2d 606, 608 (Fla. 1994)

. Th e only way the Estates could escape the application of the litigation privilege was by proving that the defense of THMI was a “sham”

— i.e. , that the proceeding was “objectively baseless in the sense that no reasonable litigant could realistically expect suc cess on the merits.” Atico Int’l USA, Inc. v. LUV N’ Care, Ltd. , No. 09

- 60397

- CIV, 2009 WL 2589148, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 19, 2009)

. The bankruptcy court concluded that the Defendants’ efforts t o defend THMI were not a sham, as it was not unreasonable fo r them to believe they had authority to represent THMI based on the 2012 Settlement Agreement, even if the A greement was later found to be unenforceable. We do not reach this issue.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 43 of 4544 T he Estates’ First Amended Complaint spanned nearly three

- hundred pages and contained hundreds of repetitive paragraphs . Its narrative was conv oluted and difficult to track. It did not comport with Rule 8’s mandate to present a “short and plain statement of the claim.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) (“A pleading that states a claim for relief must contain : . . . a short and plain statement of the clai m showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”). The bankruptcy court nonetheless granted the Estates an opportunity to amend, acknowledging the complexity of the underlying transaction. Instead of clarifying the content of the initial pleading and r emedying its deficiencies of form , the allegations in the Estates’ Second Amended Complaint

w ere no clearer or more precise than those contained in the First Amended Complaint. T he Second Amended Complaint not only fail ed to remedy the inadequacies the bankruptcy court had identified , but it also repeated, by incorporation, numerous paragraph s contained in the First Amended Complaint and added another sixty pages of allegations , including four entirely new claims agai nst several of the Defendants. In addition to the counts already contained in the initial complaint , the Second Amended Complaint newly alleged that various defendants committed abuse of process, conspiracy to commit abuse of process, and negligence, in addition to executing an avoidabl e post

- petition transfer under a separate section of the Bankruptcy Code

. And i n support of the claims that the

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 44 of 4545 Estates had already articulated , the Estates simply restated their initial factual allegations rather than adding new facts to illuminate Schro n’s role in the 2006 Transaction. The Estates have given no indication that a third pleading would be any more fruitful than their second. If the Estates could have alleged viable claims against Schron, they already would have done so. We find no abuse of discretion in the court’s decision not to grant the Estates a third bite at the apple and AFFIRM accordingly

. CONCLUSION We conclude that the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to enjoin future claims arising from the 2006 Transaction and that it acted within the scope of its authority under the All Writs Act and the Anti

- Injunction Act in issuing the
Permanent Injunction . The Permanent Injunction was broad , but its brea dth was justified in this case. We also find the various claims a gainst Schron implausible as alleged in the Second Amended Complaint , even taking all the Estates’ allegations as true. And given the Estates’ inability or unwillingness to remedy the deficiencies in their pleadings, the bankruptcy court exercised proper discretion in dismissing the Second Amended Complaint with prejudice. We therefore AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of claim s against Schron with prejudice and its issuance of a permanent injunction with respect to claims against Schron.

Case: 16-16462 Date Filed: 10/19/2017 Page: 45 of 45