### UNITED STATES ENVIRONMEN TAL PROTECTION AGENCY National Center for Environmental Assessment

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Particulate Matter Air Qu ality Data Requested from Epidemiologic Study Authors

FROM: Lindsay Wichers Stanek, National Ce nter for Environmental Assessment Rebecca Yang, National Center fo r Environmental Assessment Beth Hassett-Sipple, Office of Ai r Quality Planning and Standards

TO: PM NAAQS Review Dockets (EPA -HQ-ORD-2007-0517 and EPA-HQ-OAR2007-0492)

DATE: July 22, 2010

This memorandum provides information regarding th e distribution of air quality data from U.S.- and Canadian-based epidemiologic studies evaluate d in the Integrated Sc ience Assessment (ISA) for particulate matter (PM), which supports the cu rrent review of the PM National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Additional descrip tive statistics beyond those reported in the published studies provide evidence for the concen trations at which hea lth effects are observed and aid the Office of Air Qual ity Planning and Standards (OAQ PS) in developing the Health Risk Assessment and Policy Assessment documents.

NCEA and OAQPS collaborated to request additional descriptive statistics from the authors of U.S.- and Canadian-based epidemiologic studies of short-term exposures to PM 2.5 

### and PM 10-2.5 

### , as well as long-term exposure to PM 2.5 

### . Additional descriptive statistics were requested for studies with the following characteristics: multi- city and single-city studies evaluating mortality and/or morbidity effects associated with short-term exposure to PM 2.5 

### and/or PM 10-2.5 

### concentrations, and studies evalua ting mortality and morbidity eff ects associated with long-term exposure to PM 2.5 

### concentrations.

On May 2, 2009 and October 20, 2009, emails were sent to study author s requesting the below information:

For multi-city studies evaluating mortality and/or morbidity effects associated with short-term PM 2.5 and/or PM 10-2. 5 concentrations, the following were requested: 1) mean; 95 th , 96 th , 97 th , 98 th

, 99 th percentile values; and minimum and maximum values (each as the average across modeled cities- e.g., the average of the 98 th percentile values across the cities evaluated); 2) if applicable, differentiate the above air quality information by specific years and regions (as defined in the study); 3) identify the air quality monitors used if they were not specified in the published study; and, 4) for PM 10-2. 5 studies, provide the above information for PM 10 if available (this phrase was added for the October email).

### 2 For single-city studies evaluating mortality and mo rbidity effects associat ed with short-term PM 2.5 ambient concentrations, the information requested for multi-city studies were also requested for the one city evaluated.

For studies evaluating mortality and morbidity effects associated with long-term PM 2.5 ambient concentrations, the following were re quested: 1) mean of the ambient PM 2.5 mean concentrations across cities reported in the study for the time period evaluated in the study; and, 2) if applicable, differentiate the above information by individual years, season (as defined in the study) and region (as defined in the study).



### It was noted that authors could alternativ ely provide air quality data sets. Follow-up correspondence occurred periodically via te lephone and/or email between May 2, 2009 and December 11, 2009. The email correspondence received from study authors has been incorporated into the ORD docket for this PM NAAQS review (EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517) and the attachment contains the document title, docu ment ID numbers, and date posted for these materials contained in the docket.

In response to the above request, study aut hors provided EPA with either the requested concentrations across all study years or the air qu ality data for each individual year included in the study. When study authors only provided air qual ity data for each individual year included in the study EPA scientists calculate d the corresponding de scriptive statistics for the entire study period. If no additional data were received from study authors, then statistics reported in the published studies were not replicated in this memorandum. Data provided for the previous PM Criteria Documents or Staff Papers have also not been replicated in this memorandum.

Tables 1-3 included in this me morandum provide the descriptive statistics for each study and are organized by size fraction and study period (short-term and long-term PM 2.5 

### exposure and shortterm PM 10-2. 5 

### exposure). The short-term PM 2.5 

### and PM 10-2.5 

### exposure tables (Tables 1 and 3) summarize the mean and upper percentile concentrations (95 th 

### -99 th 

### , maximum). When available, the overall data and the averages calculated from yearly data were included in Table 3 for PM 10-

2.5 

### . The long-term PM 2.5 

### exposure table (Table 2) summarizes mean concentrations. Studies within the tables are organized alphabetical according to the principal inves tigator and include a hyperlink to NCEA’s Health and Environmen tal Research Online (HERO) database at http://epa.gov/hero , which contains scientific literature used by the EPA in developing ISAs.

The descriptive statistics in the following tables were used within the ISA to supplement the published data provided in each study. These statistics were primarily used to summarize the air quality distribution across which PM-related heal th effects were observed in the summary figures presented in Chapter 2 of the ISA. In addition, the 98 th 

### percentiles were incorporated into some of the summary tables in Chapter 6 of the ISA to better characterize the upper percentiles of the air quality distribution. The mean concentrations provided by st udy authors were included in some of the summary tables in Chapters 6 and 7 of the ISA, if the published study did not report a mean concentration. In some instances, the descriptive statistics, either provided by study authors or calculated by EPA scient ists using the air quality data sets provided by study authors, were found to vary slightly from those reported in the published studies. However, the difference between the two concentrations was not substantial.

### 3 Table 1. Statistics for 24-hour PM 2.5 

### Concentrations from Short-term Exposure Health Studies in μg/m 3

Study Location AuthorProvided

Mean Study Mean 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% Max

Adamkiewicz et al. (2004, 087925 ) Steubenville, OH 19.7 19.7 43.6 43.8 46.1 48.4 50.3 50.7
Adar et al., (2007, 001458 ) St. Louis, MO 10.1 NP 19.9 21.3 22.2 22.4 23.0 23.2
Auchincloss et al., (2008, 156234 ) 6 U.S. cities 16.6 16.8 26.3 27.2 29.1 30.6 34.7 47.9
Bell et al., (2008, 156266 ) 202 U.S. counties 12.9 NP 27.8 29.3 31.3 34.2 38.8 66.4
Burnett et al., (2004, 086247 ) 12 Canadian cities 12.2 a 12.8 b 30.0 a 31.8 a 34.3 a 38.1 a 45.5 a 85.6 a
Diez Roux et al., (2006, 156400 ) 6 U.S. cities 16.6 NP 26.3 27.2 29.1 30.6 34.7 47.9 Dubowsky et al., (2006, 088750 ) St. Louis, MO 16.0 16 25.4 25.8 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.9
Ebelt et al., (2005, 056907 ) Vancouver, Canada 11.3 11.4 17.3 18.1 19.8 23.0 25.9 28.7
Franklin et al., (2007, 091257 ) 27 U.S. communities 15.6 15.8 c 35.5 37.8 41.0 45.8 54.7 239.0
Franklin et al., (2008, 097426 ) 25 U.S. communities 14.8 15.4 c 33.1 35.4 38.4 43.0 50.9 239.2

Gent et al., (2003, 052885 ) 4 cities in southern New England 13.1 13.1 30.7 32.4 32.7 33.2 37.6 44.2

Gent et al., (2009, 180399 ) New Haven, CT 16.6 17.0 33.7 35.8 38.6 40.9 46.3 83.4 Goldberg et al., (2003, 035202 ) Montreal, Quebec 17.4 17.4 39.5 44.3 46.5 53.0 59.0 72.0 Goldberg et al., (2006, 088641 ) Montreal, Quebec 17.4 17.4 39.5 44.3 46.5 53.0 59.0 72.0
Ito et al., (2007, 156594 ) New York, NY 15.1 15.1 32.0 34.0 36.0 39.0 43.0 81.0
Klemm et al., (2004, 056585 ) Atlanta, GA 19.6 19.6 34.5 35.4 37.3 38.9 41.8 48.0
Lisabeth et al., (2008, 155939 ) Corpus Christi, TX NP NP 17.0 17.6 19.3 23.6 27.8 41.9
Liu et al., (2009, 192003 ) Windsor, Ontario 7.1 NP 14.5 19.0 19.0 19.0 20.5 20.5
Luttmann-Gibson et al., (2006, 089794 ) Steubenville, OH 19.7 19.7 43.6 43.8 46.1 48.4 50.3 50.7
Mar et al., (2004, 057309 ) Spokane, WA NP 9.8 c 19.7 20.6 23.0 25.8 28.9 34.8
McCormack et al., (2009, 199833 ) Baltimore, MD 12.4 NP 24.9 26.0 28.7 32.0 34.1 45.2 Metzger et al., (2004, 044222 ) Atlanta, GA 19.7 c NP 35.6 c 36.5 c 38.4 c 39.8 c 42.0 a 47.8 c
O’Neill et al., (2007, 156006 ) 6 U.S. cities 16.6 16.5 26.3 27.2 29 .1 30.6 34.7 47.9

### 4 Study Location AuthorProvided

Mean Study Mean 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% Max

Ostro et al., (2006, 087991 ) 9 CA counties 19.9 19.4 c 53.0 56.9 62.0 68.2 82.0 160.0
Ostro et al., (2007, 091354 ) 9 CA counties 18.4 19.3 47.7 51.3 56.2 61.2 70.1 116.1
Ostro et al., (2008, 097971 ) 9 CA counties 18.4 19.3 47.7 51.3 56.2 61.2 70.1 116.1
Ostro et al., (2009, 191971 ) 6 CA counties 19.7 19.4 48.5 53.2 57.6 61.3 69.0 96.2
Park et al., (2005, 057331 ) Boston, MA 10.9 11.4 23.9 25.9 27.4 30.6 34.6 73.0
Park et al., (2008, 156845 ) Boston, MA 11.8 12.0 24.9 26.5 28.2 30.8 36.3 73.0
Peel et al., (2005, 056305 ) Atlanta, GA 19.7 c 19.2 35.6 c 36.5 c 38.4 c 39.8 c 42.0 c 47.8 c
Pope et al., (2008, 191969 ) 3 metropolitan areas in Utah NP 11.1 c 31.2 c 34.1 c 38.6 c 44.5 c 54.6 c 118 c
Rabinovitch et al., (2004, 096753 ) Denver, CO 10.6 c 10.8 22.3 c 23.2 c 25.9 c 29.3 c 31.7 c 43.1 c
Rabinovitch et al (2006, 088031 ) Denver, CO 7.4 c, d 7.4 c, d 13.4 c, d 14.3 c, d 14.6 c, d 17.2 c, d 21.9 c, d 22.1 c, d
Rich et al., (2004, 055631 ) Vancouver, Canada 8.2 8.2 16.3 19.1 20.0 21.3 29.7 140.3
Rich et al., (2008, 156910 ) 2 monitoring sites in NJ 13.4 NP 31.1 33.1 34.8 37.6 41.5 61.4
Rosenthal et al., (2008, 156925 ) Indianapolis, IN NP NP 30.6 a, c NP NP 36.0 a, c 41.3 a, c NP
Sarnat et al., (2006, 090489 ) Steubenville, OH 19.7 19.6 43.6 43.8 46 .1 48.4 50.3 50.7
Schreuder et al., (2006, 097959 ) Spokane, WA 10.8 10.6 25.1 26.1 27.5 29.6 32.8 45.8 Slaughter et al., (2005, 073854 ) Spokane, WA 10.8 NP 25.1 26.1 27.5 29.6 32.8 45.8 Symons et al., (2006, 091258 ) Baltimore, MD 16.5 16.0 36.6 39.8 45.2 50.1 55.8 69.3
Tolbert et al., (2007, 090316 ) Atlanta, GA 17.1 17.1 33.3 34.3 35.9 38.7 40.7 65.8
Villeneuve et al., (2006, 090191 ) Edmonton, Canada NP 8.5 19.0 19.2 21.0 24.0 30.2 103.0
Wilson et al., (2007, 091141 ) Edmonton, Canada 13.0 NP 27.0 27.8 28.9 31.6 33.4 41.0

Zanobetti and Schwartz (2009, 188462 ) 112 U.S. cities 13.2 13.3 c 28.2 29.7 31.6 34.3 38.6 57.4 Zhang et al., (2009, 191970 ) Contiguous U.S. 13.9 c 13.9 29.3 c 31.6 c 33.9 c 37.6 c 40.5 c 77.1 c

NP=not provided

a FRM data reported; TEOM data available
b Population-weighted

c Calculated from seasonal averages, yearly av erages, and/or averages over multiple locations
d TEOM data reported; FRM data available

### 5 Table 2. Statistics for 24-hour PM 2.5 

### Concentrations from Long-term Exposure Health Studies in μg/ m 3

Study Location Authorprovided

Mean Study Mean
Allen et al., (2009, 156209 ) 5 U.S. cities 16.1 15.8
Bell et al., (2007, 091059 ) 13 counties in MA and CT 12.0 11.9

Chen et al. (2005, 087942 ) Southern California 23.7 a 29.0
Diez Roux et al., (2008, 156401 ) 6 U.S. cities 18.7 21.7
Laden et al., (2006, 087605 ) 6 U.S. cities 16.4 a NP Meng et al., (2007, 093275 ) LA and San Diego Counties 19.1 NP
Miller et al., (2007, 090130 ) 36 U.S. metropolitan

areas 12.9 13.5
O’Neill et al., (2007, 156006 ) 6 U.S. cities 18.7 16.5
Rich et al., (2009, 180122 ) 20 monitoring sites in NJ 13.7 13.8 b

NP=not provided

a Calculated from seasonal averages, yearly av erages and/or averages over multiple locations
b Calculated over three pregnancy trimesters



### Table 3. Statistics for 24-hour PM 10-2.5 

### Concentrations from Short-term Exposure Health Studies in μg/m 3

Study Location Authorprovided

Mean Study Mean 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% Max

Burnett et al., (2004, 086247 ) 12 Canadian cities 11.0 11.4 a 26.9 29.0 31.5 35.0 40.5 150.9
Klemm et al., (2004, 056585 ) Calculated from yearly averages Atlanta, GA 9.7 NP 18.2 18.8 19.8 20.8 22.4 34.2

Overall 9.7 9.7 16.8 17.4 18.0 18.6 20.2 25.2 Mar et al., (2004, 057309 ) Spokane, WA NP 10.8 b 23.6 24.9 26.8 32.2 40.6 50.9 Metzger et al., (2004, 044222 ) Calculated from yearly averages Atlanta, GA 9.7 NP 18.9 19.5 20.2 20.9 22.6 34.2

Overall 9.7 NP 18.8 19.4 20.1 21.0 22.7 34.2 Peel et al., (2005, 056305 ) Calculated from yearly averages Atlanta, GA 9.7 NP 18.9 19.5 20.2 20.9 22.6 34.2

Overall 9.7 9.7 18.8 19.4 20.1 21.0 22.7 34.2

### 6 Study Location Authorprovided

Mean Study Mean 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% Max

Peng et al., (2008, 156850 ) 108 U.S. counties 12.3 NP 26.5 28.3 30.9 34.7 41.9 81.3
Tolbert et al., (2007, 090316 ) Calculated from yearly averages Atlanta, GA 9.1 NP 17.9 18.6 19.5 21.0 23.4 50.3

Overall 9.0 9.0 18.8 19.6 20.8 21.9 23.8 50.3 Zanobetti & Schwartz (2009, 188462 ) 47 U.S. cities 11.8 11.6 c 31.1 33.3 35.9 40.2 47.2 88.3

NP=not provided

a Population-weighted
b Calculated from PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations

c Calculated from seasonal averages, yearly av erages and/or averages over multiple locations

### 7 Attachment

DOCUMENT TITLE DOCUMENT ID DATE POSTED Email to authors of recent U.S. and Canadian epidemiological studies EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0050 05/21/2009

Email to authors of recent U.S. and Canadian epidemiological studies evaluating health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) from Beth Hassett-Sipple on October 20, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0104 01/15/2010

Email to Jason Sacks, USEPA - June 1, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0064 8/26/2009 Zanobetti Data: Descriptive PM2.5 in 112 Cities (By Region) EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0064.1 08/26/2009 Zanobetti Data: Descriptive PM2.5 in 112 Cities (Overall) EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0064.2 08/26/2009 Zanobetti Data: Descriptive PM-Coarse in 47 Cities (By Region) EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0064.3 08/26/2009

Zanobetti Data: Descriptive PM-C oarse in 47 Cities (Overall) EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0064.4 08/26/2009 Zanobetti Data: List Cities and Counties EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0064.5 8/26/2009 Email regarding Bell Quality Data Response to Request EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0087 01/13/2010 Email to Rebecca Yang, Student Services Contractor, USEPA from Zu-Ming Zhang on 12/02/2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0088 01/13/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, Student Services Contractor, USEPA from Synnove F. Knutsen, Professor and Chair, Loma Linda University on 12/01/2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0089 01/13/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang from Lindsay Stanek on 11/30/2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0090 01/13/2010 Email to Rebecca Yang, USEPA from Karen Fung on 12/01/2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0091 01/13/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, USEPA fr om Tim Larson, University of Washington on November 27, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0092 01/13/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA from Tim Larson, University of Washington on May 19, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0093 01/13/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA from Elizabeth Sheppard, University of Washington on July 20, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0094 01/13/2010

Email to Lindsay Stanek and Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA from Steven Dutton, USEPA on November 18, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0095 01/13/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA from Ying-Ying Meng, UCLA Center for Health Polic y Research on November 16, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0096 01/13/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, USEPA from J. Morel Symons, E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company on November 10, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0097 01/13/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, USEP A from Lynda Lisabeth, University of Michigan on November 09, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0098 01/14/2010

Email to Paul Villeneuve, Health Canada from Li Chen, Health Canada on October 29, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0099 01/14/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, USEPA from Paul Villeneuve, Health Studies on November 03, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0100 01/14/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, USEPA from Arden Pope, Brigham Young University on October 30, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0101 01/14/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, USEPA from Lyndsey Darrow, Emory University on October 30, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0102 01/14/2010

Email to Frank Rosenthal, Purdue University from Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA on October 29, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0103 01/15/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA from Karin Yeatts, University of North Carolina on June 15, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0105 01/15/2010

Email to George O'Connor, Boston University School of EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0106 01/20/2010

### 8 Medicine from Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA on October 20, 2009 Email to Rebecca Yang, Student Services Contractor, USEPA from Michael Brauer, Director, School of Environmental Health, The University of Bri tish Columbia on December 8, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-0107 01/20/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA/RTP from Bart Ostro, Chief, Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) on July 21, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-109 02/04/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA/RTP from Rick Burnett on July 21, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-110 02/12/2010

Email to Rebecca Yang, USEPA/RTP from Meridith Franklin on October 28, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-111 02/12/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA/RTP from Janneane F. Gent, Research Scientist, Yale University on October 21, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-112 02/12/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA/RTP from Cynthia Curl, MWSA Air Project Manager, University of Washington on August 10, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-113 02/12/2010

Email to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA/RTP from Greg Diette on June 25, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-114 02/12/2010

Email to Paul Villeneuve from Li Chen on October 29, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-115 02/12/2010 Email to USEPA: Beth Hassett-Sipple, Lindsay Stanek, Rebecca Yang, and Pradeep Rajan from Lyndsey Darrow

, Paige Tolbert, Emory University on October 21, 2009 EPA-HQ-ORD-2007-0517-116 02/12/2010

Email from Francine Laden, Harvard School of Public Health, to Beth Hassett-Sipple, USEPA on May 21, 2009 EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0492-0122 7/15/10