2023 IL App (1st) 221146-U 

 THIRD DIVISION

 May 10, 2023

 

No. 1-22-1146 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

MAGDALENA WIERZBICKI, ) Appeal from the 

 ) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.

 ) 

v. ) 

 ) No. 18 L 12191

URSZULA BRUS, ) 

 ) Honorable 

 Defendant-Appellant. ) Sandra Ramos,

 ) Judge Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

PRESIDING JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Reyes and Burke concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: (1) The trial court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff was not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence; (2) the trial court’s damages award for pain and suffering 

and loss of a normal life was not against the manifest weight of the evidence; (3) 

defendant forfeited her claim that the trial court abused its discretion in granting 

plaintiff’s motion in limine by failing to comply with Supreme Court Rule 

341(h)(7); and (4) the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

defendant’s motions in limine to bar the admission of plaintiff’s medical bills.

¶ 2 In November 2018, plaintiff Magdalena Wierzbicki filed a complaint alleging battery and 

negligence against defendant Urszula Brus and seeking damages in excess of $50,000 for each 
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2 

count. Following a June 2022 bench trial, the trial court entered judgment in favor of plaintiff on 

both counts and awarded damages in the amount of $225,138.88, comprised of $175,138.88 in 

medical bills, $25,000 for pain and suffering, and $25,000 for loss of a normal life. 

¶ 3 Defendant appeals, arguing that: (1) the trial court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff was 

against the manifest weight of the evidence; (2) the awards of $25,000 for pain and suffering and 

$25,000 for loss of a normal life were against the manifest weight of the evidence; (3) the trial 

court abused its discretion in granting plaintiff’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of the 

family situations and history between the parties; and (4) the trial court abused its discretion in 

denying defendant’s motions in limine allowing medical bills into evidence without a proper 

foundation. 

¶ 4 We observe that defendant’s statement of facts fails to adhere to Supreme Court Rule 

341(h)(6), which requires the brief “contain the facts necessary to an understanding of the case, 

stated accurately and fairly without argument or comment, and with appropriate reference to the 

pages of the record on appeal.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(6) (eff. May 25, 2018). Defendant’s 

statement of facts is a little over one page long and consists of four paragraphs. Rather than fully 

detailing the evidence presented at trial, the statement of facts offers a general summary and 

provides an incomplete recitation of the proceedings in the trial court. While defendant does 

discuss some facts in her argument, the recitation does not offer a full account without comment. 

¶ 5 In November 2018, plaintiff filed her complaint alleging one count of battery and one 

count of negligence against defendant. Plaintiff’s claims arose out of an alleged assault by 

defendant that occurred at the wake for Teresa Brus, defendant’s mother. Plaintiff alleged that on 

January 11, 2018, she and defendant were at the funeral home when defendant “without 

provocation willfully and wantonly” committed a battery upon plaintiff when defendant 
No. 1-22-1146 

3 

“violently struck the plaintiff in the shoulder with [her] fist and/or hand, injuring the plaintiff’s 

shoulder.” As a result of the assault and battery, plaintiff claimed she was injured and suffered 

damages. Plaintiff further alleged that defendant had a duty to exercise ordinary care not to cause 

injury to plaintiff, but notwithstanding her duty, defendant “negligently and carelessly” struck 

plaintiff in the shoulder with her fist and/or hand injuring plaintiff’s shoulder, which had been 

the object of a recent surgery. 

¶ 6 Prior to trial, the parties filed multiple motions in limine. One of plaintiff’s motions

requested the following: 

“That the Defense counsel not be allowed to discuss any of the family 

situations involved with the Plaintiff such as her granddaughter Vanessa Brus or 

her daughter except for the relationship between the deceased Teresa Brus as the 

grandmother of the granddaughter Vanessa Brus as a reason to be at the wake.”

The trial court granted plaintiff’s motion to exclude testimony of the family relationships.

¶ 7 One of defendant’s motions in limine moved to “exclude from evidence plaintiff’s unpaid 

medical bills as there [was] no expert medical testimony as to the charges being reasonable.” In a 

related motion, defendant also sought to bar the use of the business records affidavits to admit 

plaintiff’s medical bills into evidence. The trial court denied both motions on the record and in a 

written order. 

¶ 8 The following evidence was presented at the June 2022 bench trial.

¶ 9 Plaintiff, with the assistance of a Polish interpreter, testified she was born in Poland and 

had lived in the United States for over 30 years. She is a widow with one daughter and three 

granddaughters, including Vanessa Brus. Vanessa’s father is Grzegorz Brus. Defendant is 

Grzegorz’s sister and their deceased mother was Teresa Brus. 
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¶ 10 Plaintiff had two surgeries on her left shoulder in 2017. The first surgery occurred in 

February 2017 after plaintiff had been struck by a motorcycle. The second surgery took place in 

August 2017 following a fall off a bed with Vanessa. In January 2018, plaintiff was in physical 

therapy at Athletico.

¶ 11 Plaintiff was in contact with Teresa because Teresa would care for Vanessa. At some 

point, plaintiff’s daughter informed her that Teresa had cancer. On January 9, 2018, plaintiff 

found out in a text message that Teresa had passed away. She did not know who sent the text 

message. Plaintiff found Teresa’s obituary online including the information for the wake. 

Plaintiff was taking care of Vanessa and wanted to take her to the wake. She planned to take 

Vanessa’s picture at the wake to memorialize the event. Vanessa was 18 months old in January 

2018. 

¶ 12 On January 11, 2018, plaintiff had physical therapy at Athletico and then proceeded to 

Teresa’s wake with Vanessa and a friend, Jan Romanowski. They arrived at the funeral home at 

8:55 p.m., shortly before the wake ended. She was directed to the room for the visitation and did 

not see anyone in the room. Plaintiff was carrying Vanessa with her right arm. She walked 

straight to the casket and placed a small bouquet of flowers in Teresa’s hands. Plaintiff took four 

photographs of Vanessa next to the casket. She denied placing Vanessa on the casket. She 

wanted to take a picture of Vanessa with her grandmother Teresa. Plaintiff estimated that she 

spent four or five minutes in front of the casket. When she turned around, she saw a few people

in the room. 

¶ 13 As plaintiff was leaving the wake, defendant “stormed” into the room and started 

swearing at plaintiff. Defendant then struck plaintiff “very hard” on her left shoulder. Plaintiff 

was still holding Vanessa in her right arm. Plaintiff felt “a very severe pain” and Vanessa began 
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5 

to cry. Then defendant’s cousin joined defendant and both women were hitting plaintiff and 

Vanessa. Plaintiff was struck under her breast area. She could not recall the name of defendant’s 

cousin. Another woman, Sylwia Rybaltowska, had previously called plaintiff about the services, 

but at the wake, she joined in striking plaintiff. Rybaltowska bumped into plaintiff and said, 

“What the f*** are you doing here, b ?” The attack happened a few steps from the door. She 

was unable to defend herself because she was holding Vanessa. The assault lasted a few seconds. 

¶ 14 An employee from the funeral home approached plaintiff and plaintiff asked her to call 

the police, but the employee pushed her out of the funeral home. The employee told plaintiff she 

could go to the police station. Plaintiff then went to the police station and made a police report. 

She was feeling “very strong pain” in her left shoulder. 

¶ 15 The next day, plaintiff went to her previously scheduled physical therapy appointment. 

She was still in pain and described what had happened the day before to her therapist. The 

therapist told her that they would stop physical therapy. After the assault, plaintiff was unable to 

comb her hair, wash herself, or use a knife or a spoon with her left arm. She had to use her right 

arm. 

¶ 16 Plaintiff had an appointment on January 27, 2018, with her doctor, Dr. Ellis Nam and he 

ordered X-rays and an MRI. Following the MRI, Dr. Nam informed plaintiff that she needed 

another surgery for a rotator cuff tear. Dr. Nam subsequently performed the surgery on April 4, 

2018. Following the surgery, plaintiff resumed physical therapy at Athletico. She was feeling 

better but felt pain after the surgery for “quite a long time.” 

¶ 17 According to plaintiff, she had seen defendant once prior to January 2018 when she 

picked up Vanessa from Teresa’s house. Two police officers, Teresa, and Romanowski were also 

present at that time. Defendant told plaintiff that whenever plaintiff needed, she could count on 
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defendant. Plaintiff went to the house because the police asked her to take care of Vanessa. She 

did not see defendant again until January 2018. Plaintiff did not consider defendant a good 

person because she did not show any interest or have any contact with Vanessa. 

¶ 18 Jan Romanowski testified that he was retired and had known plaintiff for over 40 years. 

He was born in Poland and moved to the United States about 45 years ago. He met plaintiff when 

he first came to Chicago. He was living in Florida, but in January 2018, he came to Chicago to 

help plaintiff because she could not drive and needed help with transportation while she cared for 

Vanessa. He also helped her when she had surgery. He took care of the house and drove her to 

doctor visits and physical therapy. By the end of 2017, she could do everything on her own, 

including cooking and cleaning. According to his testimony, plaintiff was doing “very well” in 

terms of pain.

¶ 19 On January 11, 2018, Romanowski drove plaintiff to her physical therapy and then later 

to the funeral home. At 8:55 p.m., he dropped plaintiff and Vanessa off at the front door and he 

drove away to park. He then proceeded to the entrance of the funeral home. He noticed several 

people standing close to the door. Romanowski walked up to the visitation room and saw 

plaintiff and Vanessa near the casket. He did not see anyone else in the room at that time. He 

stood to the right of the door because he did not like to look at “dead people.” He saw plaintiff 

take pictures with her cell phone and pray. He never saw plaintiff place Vanessa onto the casket 

or attempt to lay her into the casket with the deceased. Plaintiff then turned towards the exit. 

They were quiet in the room out of respect. A woman in a chair near the entrance door asked 

plaintiff about Vanessa and plaintiff told the woman that Vanessa was Teresa’s granddaughter. 

Romanowski stayed near the door for them to exit. 
No. 1-22-1146 

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¶ 20 While plaintiff was speaking with this woman, Romanowski saw plaintiff being attacked. 

He identified defendant in court as the person he saw attacking plaintiff. Defendant was swearing 

and “slapped” plaintiff’s left shoulder. Defendant said, “What are you doing here, b** **, 

w ?” The slap was “a hard hit, and it made [plaintiff] stagger and sway.” A second woman 

came up and also started to hit plaintiff. Romanowski later learned the second woman was 

defendant’s cousin. He described it as a “brutal, aggressive attack” that happened “very quickly.” 

He thought plaintiff would have fallen down because she was holding Vanessa in her other arm, 

but he thought someone helped plaintiff from behind. The woman from the funeral home asked 

plaintiff to leave because the other women did not want plaintiff there. Plaintiff asked her to call 

the police, but the woman declined and told her to go to the police station. 

¶ 21 When they got to the car, it took some time to “shake off the shock of the incident.” 

Plaintiff told him her left shoulder was very painful. They went to a police station and plaintiff 

recounted what had happened. He estimated that they were at the police station for 30 to 40 

minutes.

¶ 22 The next day, Romanowski drove plaintiff to physical therapy at Athletico. Plaintiff was 

in a great deal of pain and could not use her left arm. Plaintiff was having problems feeding 

herself, bathing, and getting dressed. He extended his stay in Chicago to help plaintiff and drove 

her to doctor’s appointments. 

¶ 23 Dr. Ellis Nam testified that he is a board certified orthopedic surgeon. He discussed his 

treatment of plaintiff from August 2017 through September 2018. He performed surgery on 

plaintiff’s left shoulder on August 18, 2017, for a rotator cuff repair. Following the surgery, 

plaintiff was referred to physical therapy at Athletico. Dr. Nam estimated plaintiff’s recovery 
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from that surgery would have been at least six to nine months. In January 2018, plaintiff was 

approximately five months post-surgery. 

¶ 24 Dr. Nam testified it was possible that plaintiff’s shoulder could have been susceptible to 

further injury if she was struck in that shoulder. In his opinion, the assault “could very well have 

contributed to ** * her retear of her rotator cuff.” The records from Athletico on January 12, 

2018, indicated that plaintiff told the physical therapist that she attended a funeral the previous 

night and “was physically attacked by her son-in-law’s family as she held her granddaughter.” 

¶ 25 Dr. Nam saw plaintiff on January 17, 2018, and his notes stated that plaintiff presented 

with a left shoulder injury after she was “attacked” on January 11, 2018, in which others “shook 

and shoved her.” After that appointment, Dr. Nam ordered an MRI for imaging of plaintiff’s 

shoulder. He reviewed the films and observed a “massive retear of [plaintiff’s] rotator cuff.” He 

had an extensive conversation with plaintiff about her treatment options, including leaving it 

alone and a reverse shoulder replacement. He did not feel a repeat attempt at a repair would be 

viable. After their discussion, the plan was for surgery on April 4, 2018. 

¶ 26 The April 2018 surgery was a reverse total shoulder replacement. Dr. Nam described the 

surgery as a reverse shoulder replacement because the implant was the ball in the shoulder 

socket. Following the surgery, Dr. Nam conducted follow-up visits monthly through September 

2018. Plaintiff also continued her physical therapy through September 2018. 

¶ 27 Dr. Nam testified that the treatment rendered after January 11, 2018, was reasonable and 

necessary. He stated that it would be reasonable to conclude, within a reasonable degree of 

orthopedic certainty, that the incident on January 11, 2018, was a contributing cause of plaintiff’s 

injuries after that date. Dr. Nam further testified that it was reasonable to conclude that any rough 
No. 1-22-1146 

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physical contact with plaintiff’s left shoulder while in recovery from the prior surgery would 

have made her susceptible to the injury he treated following January 11, 2018. 

¶ 28 Dr. Nam also identified bills for his treatment of plaintiff beginning after January 17, 

2018. He testified that the bills were for usual and customary treatment of plaintiff. His records 

included several office visits, the MRI, and surgery. 

¶ 29 During cross-examination, Dr. Nam discussed his first surgery performed on plaintiff in 

February 2017 for left shoulder pain resulting from a rotator cuff tear. He had discussed with 

plaintiff that there was higher risk of failure due to the tear. Plaintiff required the second surgery 

after a fall out of bed in which she retore her rotator cuff. In August 2017, he operated on 

plaintiff’s left shoulder a second time. In his January 2018 examination, Dr. Nam observed 

weakness in plaintiff’s shoulder and arm pain with range of motion. He did not observe any 

bruises and the skin appeared normal. According to Dr. Nam, if someone were to grab an 

operative shoulder and shake or shove it, it could cause a retear of the rotator cuff after someone 

had a massive tear. On redirect, Dr. Nam testified that plaintiff’s August 2017 surgery was the 

result of falling out of a bed following her first shoulder surgery. Plaintiff was also susceptible to 

reinjuring her shoulder in January 2018. He did not perform the same surgery in April 2018 as in 

August 2017 because he thought it was highly unlikely to work a third time. The bills for Dr. 

Nam’s services were admitted without objection.

¶ 30 Erica Hardman testified that she was employed with the corporate office of Athletico 

Physical Therapy. She works as a compliance specialist and oversees the medical records 

department as well as the release of information and corrections to their documentation. She 

identified an exhibit consisting of an affidavit of records billing and various medical bills for 

plaintiff incurred at Athletico. The invoices were transmitted to Hardman in the regular course of 
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business as a regularly conducted activity. The records were made at or near the time that 

services were provided to plaintiff. The records covered services between June 2018 and 

September 2018. According to Hardman, the charges for medical care were usual and customary 

for the medical services provided. Hardman stated that the amount from June 26, 2018 through 

September 11, 2018 was $5803. Hardman admitted that she did not prepare the bills and does not 

work in accounting. The trial court admitted the bills for services provided by Athletico, over 

defendant’s objection.

¶ 31 Mary Jo Evans works as a business analyst with Ascension Illinois. She is familiar with 

the usual and customary medical charges for Presence Resurrection Medical Center and Presence 

Saint Joseph Hospital. She identified her signature on an affidavit of records. The affidavit 

detailed an itemized statement of the services and charges for care rendered by the Presence 

providers for plaintiff in February 2018 and April 2018. She testified that these records are kept 

by Presence in the regular course of a business as a regularly conducted activity. The records 

were transmitted to her in the regular course of business by someone with personal knowledge 

and the records were made at or near the time the services were provided. The total billed 

amount for the Presence Resurrection Medical Center was $19,813.42 and the total billed from 

Presence Saint Joseph Hospital was $136,570.46. Evans admitted that she did not prepare the 

bills. She can tell what kind of treatment plaintiff received by looking at the bills, but did not 

personally treat plaintiff. At the conclusion of Evans’s testimony, the trial court admitted the 

affidavit of records and bills for services provided, over defendant’s objection.

¶ 32 After plaintiff rested her case, defendant moved for a directed finding, which the trial 

court denied. 
No. 1-22-1146 

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¶ 33 Defendant testified that Teresa was her mother. She was familiar with plaintiff and had 

seen her once prior to January 11, 2018, when plaintiff picked up her granddaughter from 

defendant’s house. Nothing unusual happened at that time. She never had a conversation with 

plaintiff prior to January 11, 2018. Defendant notified plaintiff via text message that Teresa had 

passed away through Teresa’s phone. She used her mother’s phone because she did not have 

contacts for her mother’s friends. Teresa passed away on January 7, 2018. 

¶ 34 The wake took place from 3 to 9 p.m. on January 11, 2018. Many people attended 

throughout the day. At around 9 p.m., defendant was present with her son, her aunt, her cousin 

Sylwia Rybaltowska, Grazyna Kaminska, and Mariusz Marcinek. There were a few other people 

present, but defendant did not know their names. She stated that seven people were present. 

Right before 9 p.m., defendant was in the front room, about 10 steps away from the casket. She 

was standing in the room. 

¶ 35 Plaintiff arrived before 9 p.m. The family was about to line up near the casket for the last 

prayer of the day when plaintiff entered the room. Plaintiff walked straight to the casket with her 

granddaughter. Plaintiff placed the baby on the coffin and started taking pictures. Defendant 

heard plaintiff say something and assumed it was a prayer. Plaintiff also placed a flower in 

Teresa’s hands. Defendant testified that plaintiff was trying to place the baby on the coffin to 

take a picture of the child sitting on it. The family stood near the casket for plaintiff to finish 

paying her respects. As plaintiff was walking away, she became loud and “seemed upset that 

nobody informed her when or where the wake was.” Defendant stated that she told plaintiff that 

they were saying the last goodbyes to her mother and they wanted to do it peacefully. Defendant 

did not wish for any type of situation or commotion to happen in that room. Defendant then 

turned and walked back to the coffin. Defendant did not follow plaintiff nor did she see anybody 
No. 1-22-1146 

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else following plaintiff. Defendant denied seeing Romanowski in the room. She denied striking, 

pushing, or touching plaintiff. She also denied hitting plaintiff’s left arm. She was not aware that 

plaintiff had a problem with her left arm. She did not see anyone else hit or push plaintiff.

¶ 36 Sylwia Rybaltowska testified that defendant is her cousin. She did not know plaintiff 

prior to January 2018. Teresa was her aunt and Rybaltowska attended the wake on January 11, 

2018. She was present for the entire wake. Shortly before 9 p.m., Rybaltowska was in the room 

for Teresa’s wake with her husband Mariusz Marcinek, her mother, defendant, defendant’s son, 

Grazyna Kaminska, and Kaminska’s mother. Defendant was standing by the casket. 

Rybaltowska saw plaintiff enter the visitation room. She knew the person who entered was 

plaintiff because she recognized Vanessa. She did not see anyone else with plaintiff. 

Rybaltowska saw plaintiff walk to the casket and take pictures. According to Rybaltowska, 

plaintiff tried to sit Vanessa on the casket and to lay the baby in the casket, but Vanessa did not 

cooperate. Rybaltowska thought plaintiff’s actions with Vanessa were inappropriate. No one 

tried to interrupt plaintiff and no one approached her while she was taking the pictures. 

¶ 37 Rybaltowska testified that those at the wake made a comment to plaintiff that her 

behavior was inappropriate as plaintiff was exiting the room. Plaintiff then raised her voice and 

began yelling things, such as nobody had informed her of the wake. No one else spoke to 

plaintiff. Rybaltowska followed plaintiff to ensure that plaintiff left the funeral home. Marcinek, 

Rybaltowska’s husband, went to find an employee to ask plaintiff to leave. Rybaltowska testified 

that plaintiff was standing in the hallway making threats, including that “she will do us in.” 

Plaintiff then left. Rybaltowska denied hitting plaintiff and did not see anybody else hit plaintiff 

or yell at her. 
No. 1-22-1146 

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¶ 38 Grazyna Kaminska testified that she had been friends with Teresa and attended her wake 

on January 11, 2018. She was in the room for Teresa’s wake just before 9 p.m. She saw plaintiff 

enter the room with a baby in her arm and walk straight up to the casket. Plaintiff was in the 

visitation room for five minutes. Kaminska did not see anyone strike plaintiff in the visitation 

room. She did not see anyone with plaintiff in the visitation room. 

¶ 39 Mariusz Marcinek testified that he is married to Rybaltowska and was present at Teresa’s 

wake on January 11, 2018. He observed plaintiff arrive close to the end of the wake. She had a 

baby in her arms. Marcinek was present the entire time plaintiff was at the wake. He did not see 

a fight or anyone strike plaintiff at the wake. He was still there when plaintiff left. He admitted to 

speaking with defendant in the hallway that morning before the trial began.

¶ 40 Following the parties’ closing arguments, the trial court entered its findings and 

judgment. The court gave an extensive summary of the facts of the case. In its summary, the 

court observed that plaintiff’s exhibits included photographs of Vanessa “near the casket, not on 

the casket” and being held by plaintiff in one hand while plaintiff took the photograph with the 

other hand. It appeared to be the pew area in front of the casket, but it was not clear from the 

photographs. On June 24, 2022, the trial court entered her written order, stating: “Judgment is 

hereby entered in Favor of the Plaintiff, Magdalena Wierzbicki, and against the defendant, 

Urszula Brus, in the total amount of $225,138.88.

¶ 41 This appealed followed. 

¶ 42 Defendant first argues that the trial court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff was against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, defendant contends that the record does not 

support the trial court’s determination of damages and the court “failed to apply its common 

sense to the evidence presented.” According to defendant, the trial court was swayed by her 
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sympathy for plaintiff’s granddaughter Vanessa rather than the relevant evidence presented in the 

case. In response, plaintiff maintains that the trial court had ample evidence in the record to 

support her judgment. Defendant did not file a reply brief on appeal.

¶ 43 When an award of damages is made after a bench trial, we review whether the trial 

court’s judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Chicago’s Pizza, Inc. v. 

Chicago’s Pizza Franchise Ltd. USA, 384 Ill. App. 3d 849, 859 (2008). A judgment is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clear or where the trial court’s 

findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on evidence. Id. “A reviewing court 

will not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court in a bench trial unless the judgment is 

against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. 

¶ 44 As the trier of fact, the trial judge was in a superior position to judge the credibility of the 

witnesses and determine the weight to be given to their testimony. Id. “When contradictory 

testimony that could support conflicting conclusions is given at a bench trial, an appellate court 

will not disturb the trial court’s factual findings based on that testimony unless a contrary finding 

is clearly apparent.” Id. “An award of damages is not against the manifest weight or manifestly 

erroneous if there is an adequate basis in the record to support the trial court’s determination of 

damages.” 1472 N. Milwaukee, Ltd. v. Feinerman, 2013 IL App (1st) 121191, ¶ 13. 

¶ 45 Plaintiff’s complaint had alleged battery and negligence by defendant in the assault at the 

funeral home. While defendant argues that the weight of the evidence shows that the battery 

never occurred, she fails to cite any authority regarding the elements of civil battery or 

negligence. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) requires an appellant to include in its brief an 

“[a]rgument, which shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with 

citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 
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1, 2008). It is well-settled that a contention that is supported by some argument but does not cite 

any authority does not satisfy the requirements of Rule 341(h)(7), and bare contentions that fail 

to cite any authority do not merit consideration on appeal. Wasleff v. Dever, 194 Ill. App. 3d 147, 

155-56 (1990). This reviewing court is “ ‘not a repository into which an appellant may foist the 

burden of argument and research.’ ” Stenstrom Petroleum Services Group, Inc. v. Mesch, 375 Ill.

App. 3d 1077, 1098 (2007) (quoting Obert v. Saville, 253 Ill. App. 3d 677, 682 (1993)). Rather, 

the only relevant authority cited by defendant related to the standard of review. 

¶ 46 It is not this court’s role to create an appellate argument, research the issue, and then 

apply the relevant authority to the facts in order to determine whether the claims have merit. For 

these reasons, defendant’s claim falls well short of Rule 341 and has been forfeited.

¶ 47 Forfeiture aside, defendant’s claim lacks merit where the trial court had the ability to 

view all witnesses and assess their credibility before determining the appropriate judgment 

award.

¶ 48 “The elements of a claim for civil battery are: (1) an intentional act on the part of the 

defendant, (2) resulting in offensive contact with the plaintiff’s person, and (3) lack of consent to 

the defendant’s conduct.” Obermeier v. Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2019 IL App (1st) 

170553, ¶ 62. “It is the plaintiff’s burden to allege and prove all of the elements of a negligence 

claim, including a duty owed by the defendant, a breach of that duty, and that the breach was the 

proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.” Monson v. City of Danville, 2018 IL 122486, ¶ 23. 

“Liability in a personal injury action cannot be based on speculation or conjecture and the burden 

is on the plaintiff to produce evidence, either direct or circumstantial to show not only that 

injuries exist, but also that they were the result of the occurrence at issue.” Geers v. Brichta, 248 

Ill. App. 3d 398, 406 (1993). The plaintiff is not required to prove the case beyond a reasonable 
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doubt or negate entirely that the defendant’s conduct was not the cause of the injury. Id. 

¶ 49 At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court summarized the evidence presented and then 

made the following findings.

 “Now, in light of all that evidence presented, the critical point is, 

obviously, at the point where the plaintiff, after paying her respects, whether 

inappropriate or appropriate, taking ahold [sic] of the child near her grandmother, 

who she will never know because she’ll never remember, puts flowers in her

hands and then proceeds to exit. How is this perceived by all the witnesses is 

jarring to the Court because *** she was not spoken to. This is a solemn time. It’s 

a funeral. And if the plaintiff was ill-disposed of *** not being notified of the 

wake and starts talking loudly, certainly a hush, you know, reminder of where she 

is at would have been enough if indeed that would have happened.

But I heard conflicting stories about what did happen, and I have to 

determine what the facts are. And here’s how I determined them. I determined

that there’s no relationship or acknowledgment of this tiny precious gift called 

Vanessa, that this child was being taken care of by the paternal grandmother, then

the maternal grandmother. And unfortunately, the paternal grandmother was 

stricken with cancer and dies.

When being notified of this, Magdalena goes to pay her respects, tried to 

make herself as little of an issue as possible because, oddly enough, the last time 

she sees Urszula she is called by the police to pick up this child from the paternal

grandmother’s home, which is odd to this court. Why would the police be 

engaged in who would take care of this precious child? Magdalena picks this 
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child up. This is the child that she brings to the funeral home. She’s not told about 

the funeral, but she finds out, and she goes in the least, in her mind possibly, or 

the least intrusive time near the end of the funeral, which is five minutes or three 

minutes to 9:00. I’m not going to split hairs on that. And she goes *** directly to 

the casket, places flowers, takes pictures of the child with her deceased paternal 

grandmother and tries to exit.

*** [T]he Court finds that she was approached by Urszula. It’s not a very 

big room where the decedent is being waked. No one sees Mr. Romanowski, 

who’s in the back, and he’s a tiny man. I’ll give you that. And he’s -- and he was 

standing in the back, and this is -- by and large, funeral rooms are very dark, and 

this picture shows only artificial light, no window light, and it’s very dimly lit. 

He’s in the back. That someone doesn’t see someone doesn’t mean that they’re 

not there. But he was two or three feet from the confrontation.

I believe that Urszula was offended to a great degree that these photos 

were being taken, to the point where she did approach and not in a non-offensive 

way. I believe that she meant to call Magdalena, the plaintiff’s, attention to what 

she viewed was inappropriate behavior. I believe that there was an exchange of 

words given *** what appears to be a lack of interest in this child. I do believe 

that physical contact was made of an offensive nature by Urszula to the plaintiff.

Urszula is surrounded by family at that location. She contradicts the 

testimony of her own witnesses. Didn’t see [plaintiff] leave. Didn’t see anybody

leave with [plaintiff] when [defendant’s] own witnesses state that they are 

following [plaintiff] to make sure she leaves while she’s being pushed by some 
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attendant of the funeral home and then followed by the husband who, I don’t 

know, maybe muscled behind the woman carrying this child. I don’t understand 

this behavior to make sure she leaves. I don’t think you need three people to make 

sure that an elderly woman with her grandchild leaves.

I do believe that, in contradicting her own testimony, that *** Sylwia also 

made physical contact. She’s not charged, but she assisted Urszula. I do not 

believe that Grace saw nothing. Nothing ever happened. There was no exchange.

At the very least, she would have seen the exchange where allegedly 

Urszula, by her own words, the defendant, said I told her my mother should have 

a peaceable wake, and that’s what she wanted. She saw nothing. She knows 

nothing. She contributes absolutely nothing to what occurred on that date. That

physical contact being had.

I now look at the complaint because I do believe that on the date in 

question, it was not a lack of exercising ordinary care. It was an intentional 

hitting. She didn’t carelessly hit the plaintiff. She intentionally, willfully, and 

wantonly committed the battery upon the plaintiff of Magdalena Wierzbicki.

So I look at the medical documentation that’s provided, the testimony of 

the doctor, and the bills, and they have the appropriate foundation. And as such, 

the specialists, as summarized and as used by the Court submitted with their 

certification and affidavit, I’m awarding the plaintiff *** $175,138.88. That’s the 

extent of -- for bills.

I am also awarding in -- pain and suffering and the loss of [a normal] life. 

I’m awarding 25,000 as to each of those for a total of 50,000 ***.” 
No. 1-22-1146 

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¶ 50 As the trial testimony shows, this case was essentially a question of credibility between 

the parties and their witnesses. Plaintiff and Romanowski testified that defendant and 

Rybaltowska approached plaintiff unprovoked and struck her multiple times as plaintiff was 

leaving the funeral home. Plaintiff supported her position regarding the assault with the 

testimony of Dr. Nam, who testified that it was reasonable for the strikes alleged to have caused 

plaintiff’s rotator cuff to tear again. In contrast, defendant and her witnesses testified that no 

assault occurred. 

¶ 51 Defendant contends that the trial court failed to regard her testimony as well as the 

testimony of her supporting witnesses. She also asserts that the court failed to consider the bias 

of Romanowski, while disbelieving defendant’s witnesses. As discussed above, both sides 

presented conflicting accounts of the evening. Additionally, the supporting witnesses on both 

sides had a possible bias towards the respective party. Romanowski was a longtime friend of 

plaintiff while Rybaltowska was defendant’s cousin, Marcinek was Rybaltowska’s husband, and 

Kaminska was a family friend. Thus, the trial court’s credibility assessments of the witnesses 

were crucial to the judgment. “[W]here there are alternative inferences to be drawn from 

evidence, we accept the view of the trier of fact as long as it is reasonable.” Westlake v. C. House 

Corp., 2011 IL App (1st) 100653, ¶ 23. 

¶ 52 Defendant does not argue that plaintiff failed to establish any of the elements for either 

battery or negligence, but instead contends that her witnesses were more credible than plaintiff’s 

witness. Plaintiff set forth sufficient evidence that defendant committed an intentional act

resulting in offensive contact with plaintiff without plaintiff’s consent. See Obermeier, 2019 IL 

App (1st) 170553, ¶ 62. Plaintiff also presented evidence that defendant owed her a duty, she

breached that duty, and defendant’s actions proximately cause of plaintiff’s injury to her 
No. 1-22-1146 

20 

shoulder. See Monson, 2018 IL 122486, ¶ 23. Since the trial record demonstrates that plaintiff 

presented evidence to support her claims, we cannot say that the trial court’s judgment in her 

favor was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, we decline to vacate the trial 

court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff. 

¶ 53 Next, defendant asserts that the trial court’s damages award for pain and suffering and 

loss of a normal life was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, defendant 

contends that plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence to justify the court’s award of $25,000 

for pain and suffering and $25,000 for loss of a normal life. Defendant also argues that plaintiff 

failed to plead loss of a normal life in her complaint and did not move to amend her pleadings to 

conform to the proofs. However, defendant fails to cite any authority regarding damages for pain 

and suffering, loss of a normal life, or that these damages must be specifically alleged in the 

pleadings. 

¶ 54 As previously stated, Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) requires an appellant to include in its 

brief an “[a]rgument, which shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons 

therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 

341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008). It is well-settled that a contention that is supported by some 

argument but does not cite any authority does not satisfy the requirements of Rule 341(h)(7), and 

bare contentions that fail to cite any authority do not merit consideration on appeal. Wasleff, 194 

Ill. App. 3d at 155-56. This reviewing court is “ ‘not a repository into which an appellant may 

foist the burden of argument and research.’ ” Stenstrom, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 1098 (quoting Obert, 

253 Ill. App. 3d at 682). The only authority cited by defendant relates to the standard of review. 

¶ 55 Again, this court is not tasked with developing an appellate argument with relevant 

authority in order to review defendant’s contention. For these reasons, defendant’s claim falls 
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well short of Rule 341 and has been forfeited.

¶ 56 Forfeiture aside, we find no merit in defendant’s contention that the trial court’s award of 

damages for pain and suffering and loss of a normal life were manifestly erroneous. Unlike 

economic damages, such as medical expenses, an award for pain and suffering is not as readily 

calculable in money and the factfinder must draw on their real life experiences in making an 

award. Snover v. McGraw, 172 Ill. 2d 438, 448-49 (1996) (citing 2 D. Dobbs, Law of Remedies 

§ 8.1(4), at 382 (2d ed.1993)). “An award for pain and suffering is especially difficult to 

quantify.” Id. at 448. “In overturning a damage award, a reviewing court must find that the trial 

judge either ignored the evidence or that its measure of damages was erroneous as a matter of 

law.” 1472 N. Milwaukee, Ltd., 2013 IL App (1st) 121191, ¶ 13. 

¶ 57 Here, plaintiff presented evidence at trial to support the trial court’s damages award for 

pain and suffering and loss of a normal life. Plaintiff had two previous surgeries on her left 

shoulder with the most recent occurring in August 2017. Both prior surgeries occurred as a result 

of a physical injury, her initial shoulder injury happened after she was struck by a motorcycle 

and the second occurred after she fell from a bed. Neither happened without some intervening 

issue.

¶ 58 She was still in recovery in January 2018. She went to physical therapy immediately 

before attending the wake. Her medical records from Athletico on January 11, 2018, indicated 

that she stated “the shoulder is sore when trying to lift it to shoulder height.” The next day, 

however, the records stated that plaintiff had been “physically attacked” at the wake and that 

“both shoulders are painful and bothering her and she has some scratches across [left] chest.” 

She shortened her therapy session because she did not want to perform the exercises and was 

instructed to follow up with her doctor.
No. 1-22-1146 

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¶ 59 In his testimony, Dr. Nam stated that it was possible that plaintiff’s shoulder could have 

been susceptible to further injury if she was struck in that shoulder. In his opinion, the assault 

“could very well have contributed to *** her retear of her rotator cuff.” Dr. Nam saw plaintiff on 

January 17, 2018, and his notes stated that plaintiff presented with a left shoulder injury after she 

was “attacked” on January 11, 2018, in which others “shook and shoved her.” After that 

appointment, Dr. Nam ordered an MRI for imaging of plaintiff’s shoulder. He reviewed the films 

and observed a “massive retear of [plaintiff’s] rotator cuff.” He had an extensive conversation 

with plaintiff about her treatment options, including leaving it alone and a reverse shoulder 

replacement. He did not feel a repeat attempt at a repair would be viable. After their discussion, 

the plan was for was a reverse total shoulder replacement surgery on April 4, 2018. 

¶ 60 In Dr. Nam’s opinion, it would be reasonable to conclude, within a reasonable degree of 

orthopedic certainty, that the incident on January 11, 2018, was a contributing cause of plaintiff’s 

injuries after that date. It was also reasonable to conclude that any rough physical contact with 

plaintiff’s left shoulder while in recovery from the prior surgery would have made her 

susceptible to the injury he treated following January 11, 2018. 

¶ 61 Romanowski detailed how he assisted plaintiff and after the assault, he extended his stay 

to help plaintiff following her injury. The day after the wake, plaintiff was in a great deal of pain 

and could not use her left arm. He said plaintiff was having problems feeding herself, bathing, 

and getting dressed.

¶ 62 In contrast, defendant did not present any evidence to rebut plaintiff’s evidence of her 

injuries and their impact on her life. Rather, the defense denied that the assault occurred and no 

expert was called to counter Dr. Nam. 

¶ 63 In closing arguments, plaintiff’s counsel contended as follows.
No. 1-22-1146 

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 “I want to talk to you about some of the pain and suffering that the 

plaintiff suffered. Healing from the August 18, 2017, surgery was her last shot at 

having a rotator cuff repair surgery. You heard Dr. Nam testify that he wasn’t 

going to do a third surgery, that a total shoulder replacement became necessary. 

After recovering -- after spending four, and almost five months in recovery, she 

got knocked back to square one. She had to have another surgery.

*** 

That pain and suffering includes not being able to dress or bathe herself, 

the pain that she experienced, the increased pain that her document – that’s 

documented in her Athletico records, the increased pain that’s documented in Dr. 

Nam’s note of January 17, 2018, the expenses and difficulty of having a total 

shoulder replacement surgery on April 4, 2018. Those are all expenses that the 

plaintiff is entitled to recover and that cannot, under the law in Illinois, be reduced 

on account that she was recovering from surgery.” 

Plaintiff’s counsel requested $75,000 for pain and suffering and $75,000 for loss of a normal life.

¶ 64 In response, defense counsel argued that nothing occurred at the funeral and if anything 

had happened, it did not cause plaintiff’s injuries. 

¶ 65 After reviewing the evidence presented, we cannot say that the trial court’s award of 

damages was manifestly erroneous. Plaintiff presented evidence to support her claims for these 

damages and the trial court weighed that evidence. The court declined to award the full amount 

requested and instead awarded a third of the request, $25,000 each for pain and suffering and 

loss of a normal life. Accordingly, defendant’s argument fails and we affirm the damages award.

¶ 66 Defendant next raises alleges that the trial court abused its discretion with three of its
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rulings on the parties’ motions in limine. Specifically, she contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion by: (1) granting plaintiff’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of the family 

situations and history; and (2) denying defendant’s motions in limine that sought to bar plaintiff’s 

evidence of medical expenses without a proper foundation. 

¶ 67 “The circuit court is vested with broad discretion to grant a motion in limine ‘as part of its 

inherent power to admit or exclude evidence.’ ” Hawkes v. Casino Queen, Inc., 336 Ill. App. 3d 

994, 1005 (2003) (quoting City of Quincy v. Diamond Construction Co., 327 Ill. App. 3d 338, 

342-43 (2002)). “Evidentiary motions, such as motions in limine, are within the trial court’s 

discretion and are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.” Citibank, N.A. v. McGladrey 

& Pullen, LLP, 2011 IL App (1st) 102427, ¶ 13. “The trial court abuses its discretion when the 

ruling is arbitrary or unreasonable or no reasonable person would agree with the position taken 

by the court.” Id. 

¶ 68 Defendant fails to cite any relevant authority regarding our review of motions in limine. 

While defendant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion, she does not cite any authority 

regarding the standard of review. Again, Rule 341(h)(7) requires an appellant to include in its 

brief an “[a]rgument, which shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons 

therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 

341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008). As pointed out above, it is well-settled that a contention that is 

supported by some argument but does not cite any authority does not satisfy the requirements of 

Rule 341(h)(7), and bare contentions that fail to cite any authority do not merit consideration on 

appeal. Wasleff, 194 Ill. App. 3d at 155-56. This reviewing court is “ ‘not a repository into which 

an appellant may foist the burden of argument and research.’ ” Stenstrom, 375 Ill. App. 3d at

1098 (quoting Obert, 253 Ill. App. 3d at 682). “A court of review is entitled to have the issues 
No. 1-22-1146 

25 

clearly defined with pertinent authority cited.” Hawkes, 336 Ill. App. 3d at 1004. 

¶ 69 Defendant’s argument on plaintiff’s motion in limine about the family history does not 

cite any authority. She argues that plaintiff “opened the door” for the admission of this evidence, 

but does not support her argument with any citation to case law. Absent any reasoned argument 

with citation to relevant authority, defendant has not complied with Rule 341(h)(7) and this 

claim has been forfeited.

¶ 70 We next consider defendant’s contention that the trial court abused its discretion in 

denying her request to bar the admission of plaintiff’s medical bills. Defendant has cited case law 

for this argument. Defendant asserts that no testimony was presented by plaintiff that any of her 

medical bills were paid or that she was liable to pay them. 

¶ 71 An injured plaintiff is entitled to recover reasonable medical expenses. Klesowitch v. 

Smith, 2016 IL App (1st) 150414, ¶ 44. Admission of bills requires evidence that plaintiff 

necessarily incurred the medical bill because of injuries caused by the defendant's 

negligence. Arthur v. Catour, 216 Ill. 2d 72, 81-82 (2005). A plaintiff may place the entire billed 

amount into evidence, provided that the plaintiff establishes the proper foundational 

requirements to show the bill’s reasonableness. Wills v. Foster, 229 Ill. 2d 393, 414 (citing 

Arthur, 216 Ill. 2d at 81-83). 

¶ 72 When evidence is admitted, through testimony or otherwise, that a medical bill was for 

treatment rendered and that the bill has been paid, the bill is prima facie reasonable.” (Internal 

quotation marks omitted.) Arthur, 216 Ill. 2d at 82. If the bill has not been paid, a plaintiff “can 

establish reasonableness by introducing the testimony of a person having knowledge of the 

services rendered and the usual and customary charges for such services. Once the witness is 

shown to possess the requisite knowledge, the reasonableness requirement necessary for 
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admission is satisfied if the witness testifies that the bills are fair and reasonable.” (Internal 

quotation marks omitted.) Id. 

¶ 73 Defendant contends that the testimony from Hardman, Evans, and Dr. Nam was not 

sufficient to establish the necessary foundation for the admission of plaintiff’s medical bills from 

Athletico, Presence St. Joseph Hospital, Presence Resurrection, and Chicago Orthopaedics & 

Sports Medicine. In response, plaintiff argues that defendant misapprehends the foundational 

requirements for the admission of medical bills and that each of the witnesses satisfied these 

foundational requirements. The admission of medical bills into evidence does not require the 

testimony of a billing specialist, only someone with “knowledge of the services rendered and the 

usual and customary charges for such charges.” Klesowitch, 2016 IL App (1st) 150414, ¶ 45.

Plaintiff presented this requisite foundation for each of her medical providers. 

¶ 74 Hardman was a compliance specialist for Athletico and oversaw the medical records 

department. She identified an exhibit consisting of an affidavit of records billing and various 

medical bills for plaintiff incurred at Athletico. She received the invoices in the regular course of 

business as a regularly conducted activity. The records were made at or near the time that 

services were provided to plaintiff and covered services between June 2018 and September 2018. 

According to Hardman, the charges for medical care were usual and customary for the medical 

services provided.

¶ 75 Similarly, Evans was a business analyst with Ascension Illinois and was familiar with the 

usual and customary medical charges for Presence Resurrection Medical Center and Presence 

Saint Joseph Hospital. She identified her signature on an affidavit of records which detailed an 

itemized statement of the services and charges for care rendered by the Presence providers for 

plaintiff in February 2018 and April 2018. These records are kept by Presence in the regular 
No. 1-22-1146 

27 

course of a business as a regularly conducted activity and were transmitted to her in the regular 

course of business by someone with personal knowledge and the records were made at or near 

the time the services were provided. 

¶ 76 Dr. Nam also identified bills from his practice, Chicago Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, 

starting after January 17, 2018. The bills were for his treatment of plaintiff and were usual and 

customary for plaintiff’s treatment. 

¶ 77 Hardman, Evans, and Dr. Nam each testified that they were familiar with the medical 

bills as part of their normal course of business. They each had knowledge of the services 

provided and testified that the charges were usual and customary. Although the witnesses did not 

testify to the specific costs of plaintiff’s treatments, their testimony established the requisite 

knowledge of the usual and customary charges for plaintiff’s treatment. Therefore, the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion in limine to admit plaintiff’s medical 

bills.

¶ 78 Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court of Cook 

County. 

¶ 79 Affirmed.