FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

FEB 11, 2011

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 10-13000 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-00894-JEC

PROVIDENT FUNDING ASSOCIATES, LP,

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

BRIDGET OBANDE, 

and/or Occupants,

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Northern District of Georgia

 ________________________

(February 11, 2011)

Before CARNES, BARKETT, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Bridget Obande appeals pro se the district court’s order remanding a
foreclosure proceeding brought against her by Provident Funding Associates, LP,

to state court. PFA initially brought the foreclosure action in Georgia state court,

but Obande filed a notice of removal in the U.S. District Court for the Northern

District of Georgia, arguing that removal was proper under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441 and

1443. 

In contending that the district court erred in granting PFA’s motion to

remand, Obande makes two main arguments. First she argues that the district

court had removal jurisdiction under § 1441 based on diversity of citizenship. 

Second she argues that removal was proper under § 1443(1) because she alleged

that her Seventh Amendment and Due Process Clause rights were violated by

Georgia’s dispossessory laws. 

We review de novo the question of whether a district court had removal

jurisdiction. Henson v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., 261 F.3d 1065, 1068 (11th Cir. 2001). 

“Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by

attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United

States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). 

As a general rule, we cannot review a district court’s decision remanding a

case to state court. Hernandez v. Seminole County, Fla., 334 F.3d 1233, 1235

(11th Cir. 2003); 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). That rule, which is codified in § 1447(d),

2
applies when the district court concludes that it “lack[s] removal jurisdiction under

§ 1441 [because] the case is not one over which the court has original

jurisdiction.” Cogdell v. Wyeth, 366 F.3d 1245, 1248 (11th Cir. 2004).

Section 1447(d), however, expressly exempts from its coverage certain civil rights

cases removed under 28 U.S.C. § 1443. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d) (permitting

appellate review of “an order remanding a case to the State court from which it

was removed pursuant to section 1443 of this title”). Where an appellant’s

challenge to a district court’s remand order is based on the court’s having removal

jurisdiction under both §§ 1441 and 1443, we have dismissed the appeal to the

extent it challenged the remand order based on § 1441 but allowed it to proceed to

the extent it challenged the court’s determination that removal based on § 1443

was improper. Alabama v. Conley, 245 F.3d 1292, 1293 n.1 (11th Cir. 2001).

Under § 1443, a defendant may remove an action if it is brought “[a]gainst

any person who is denied or cannot enforce in the courts of such State a right

under any law providing for the equal civil rights of citizens of the United States,

or of all persons within the jurisdiction thereof.” 28 U.S.C. § 1443(1). A removal

petition filed under § 1443 must satisfy the two-prong test set out in Georgia v.

Rachel, 384 U.S. 780, 792, 794, 86 S.Ct. 1783, 1790, 1791 (1966). “First, the

petitioner must show that the right upon which the petitioner relies arises under a

3
federal law ‘providing for specific civil rights stated in terms of racial equality.’” 

Conley, 245 F.3d at 1295 (quoting Rachel, 384 U.S. at 792, 86 S.Ct. at 1790). 

“Second, the petitioner must show that he has been denied or cannot enforce that

right in the state courts.” Id. A defendant’s reliance on broad constitutional or

statutory provisions does not support removal under § 1443 when those provisions

“are phrased in terms of general application available to all persons or citizens,

rather than in the specific language of racial equality that section 1443 demands.” 

Rachel, 384 U.S. at 792, 86 S.Ct. at 1790 (holding that “the defendants’ broad

contentions under the First Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment cannot support a valid claim for removal under § 1443”).

We dismiss Obande’s appeal to the extent it challenges the district court’s

remand order under § 1441. That determination is not reviewable by this Court. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). And although we may review Obande’s claim that

removal was proper under § 1443(1), removal of her case was not authorized

under that statute because Obande did not assert that the state court proceedings

would violate a federal law providing for specific civil rights stated in terms of

racial equality. Accordingly, we dismiss in part and affirm in part.

DISMISSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART. 

4