## U NITED 

## S TATES 

## A IR 

## F ORCE 

## C OURT OF 

## C RIMINAL 

## A PPEALS

_______ _______ __________

No. ACM 40426

_______ _______ __________

UNITED STATES Appellee

v.

Joshua A. PATTERSON
S taff Sergeant (E

- 5 ) , U.S. Air Force, Appellant

_______ _______ __________ Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary

Decided 27 September 20 24

_______ _______ __________ Military Judge : Christina M. Jimenez (pretrial motion); Colin P. Eichenberger

. S entence : Sentence adjudged 8 December 2022 by GCM convened at Hill Air Force Base, Utah . Sentence entered by military judge on 27 January
2023 : Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 17 years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to E

- 1, and a reprimand.

For Appellant : Major Kasey W. Hawkins , USAF ; Major Frederick J. Johnson, USAF

. For Appellee : Lieutenant Colonel Pete Ferrell, USAF; M ajor Olivia B. Hoff , USAF; Major Jocelyn Q. Wright, USAF; Captain Kate E. Lee, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne , Esquire

. Before JOHNSON

, GRUEN , and WARREN

, Appellate Military Judges

. Chief Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the c ourt, in which Judge GRUEN joined

. Judge WARREN filed a separate opinion concurring in part and in the judgment.

_______ _______ __________

This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30 .4.

_______ _______ __________United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

2 JOHNSON , Chief Judge:
A general court

- martial composed of officer and enlisted members found Appellant guilty, contrary to his pleas, of three violations of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920 , including one specification of rape, 1 one specification of a ggravated sexual contact, 2 and one specification of abusive sexual contact ; 3 one specification of rape of a child in violation of Article 120b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920 b; 4 and one specification of assault consummated by a battery in violation of Article 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 92 8. 5

, 6 The court

- martial sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 17 years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to the grade
of E

- 1, and a reprimand. The convening authority took no action on the findings and approved the sentence in its entirety.
Appellant raises five issues on appeal , which we have re

- ordered : (1)whether the convening authority impermissibly considered the race and gender of potential court members when detailing members to the court

- martial; ( 2 ) whether the military judge erred in denying a defense motion to compel the appointment of an expert consultant in digital forensics; ( 3 ) whether the findings of guilty as to rape of a child ( Specification 1 of Charge II) and aggravated sexual contact ( Specification 2 of Charge I) are lega lly and factually insufficient; (4) whether trial counsel engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during sentencing argument by encouraging the members to sentence Appellant for uncharged misconduct; and (5) whether Appellant was denied a constitutional right to a unanimous verdict. 7 In addition, although not raised as an assignment of error, we consider whether Appellant is entitled to relief for unreasonable appellate delay.
We have carefully considered issue ( 5 ) and conclude it warrants neither discussion nor relief. See United States v. Matias , 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A.

1 See Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (2008 ed.).

2 See Manual for Courts

- Martial

, United States (20 19 ed.).

3 See Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (20 19 ed.).

4 See Manual for Courts

- Martial

, United States (201 2 ed.)

.

5 Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the UCMJ

, the Rules for Courts

- Martial

, and the Military Rules of Evidence are to the Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (2019 ed.).

6 The court

- martial found Appellant not guilty of one specification of sexual assault of a child in violation of Article 12 0 b, UCMJ

, Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (201 6 ed.)

.

7 Appellant personally raises issue (5) pursuant to United States v. Grostefon , 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982).United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

3 1987); see also United States v. Anderson , 83 M.J. 291, 302 (C.A.A.F. 2023) (holding an accused servicemember does not have a constitutional right to a
unanimous court

- martial verdict), cert. denied , 114 S. Ct. 1003 (2024).
As to the remaining issues , we find neither issues (1) nor (2) warrant relief

, and we find Appellant’s conviction for aggravated sexual contact legally and factually sufficient. However, we find Appellant’s conviction for rape of a child is factually insufficient ; accordingly, we set aside the finding of guilty as to Specification 1 of Charge II and the sentence. Because we further find remand for a new sentencing proceeding is appropriate in light of the changed findings, we do not address issue (4).

I. B ACKGROUND

The court

- martial convicted Appellant of offenses against three victims: his former wife, AD; his former stepdaughter by a second marriage, CH; and CH’s friend, SE.

A. AD
In the spring of 2008, while Appellant was stationed at Nellis Air Force Base (AFB), Nevada, he met and began dating AD . AD was also an active duty
servicemember at the time. 8 They married in July 2008. According to AD, their relationship began to deteriorate after AD became pregnant in September
2009. AD gave birth to a son in May 2010.
AD testified that in July 2010, approximately six weeks after AD gave birth, she and Appellant attended a party at the home of one of Appellant’s co

workers , JD . AD and Appellant both consumed alcohol at the party and became intoxicated. AD and Appellant spent the night in JD’s house on an air mattress
in a downstairs room. During the night, Appellant wanted to engage in sexual intercourse with AD, which they had not done since before AD had given birth. A doctor had told the couple they were “allowed” to have sex beginning six weeks after the birth, but AD felt she “ wasn’t ready, physically, mentally, [or] emotionally .” AD told Appellant she was not ready and tha t she did not want

to have sex. However, Appellant got on top of her and penetrated her vagina with his penis. AD physically resisted Appellant by trying to push him off her and by trying to roll off the mattress , but Appellant held her arms and her head so that she could not move, and AD stopped resisting.
AD did not report this incident at the time. She testified that she did not want to remain with Appellant, but she tried to “ be a good wife and be a good
mother ” for the sake of their son. AD testified that after the July 2010 incident,

8 AD had separated from the military by the time of Appellant’s trial in December 2022.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

4 she would repeatedly awaken at night to find Appellant “either trying to penetrate [her] [with his penis] or actually having sex with [her] .” AD testified that“[m]ost of the time” when this happened, when she awoke Appellant had already “ insert [ed] his penis into [her] vagina .” AD could not estimate how manytimes this occurred, other than that it happened “a lot.” This behavior continued until Appellant dep arted for a one

- year remote assignment overseas in
mid

- 2011 . AD filed for divorce while Appellant wa s overseas , and the divorce was finalized in 2012.
AD testified she maintained a “civil” relationship with Appellant after the divorce until 2019, when AD’s new husband adopted her son. Appellant stopped contacting AD’s son in December 2019. AD did not report the July 2010rape until she was contacted by investigators in 2020, after CH and SE reported the offenses described below.

B. CH and SE

In mid

- 2012, around the time that Appellant was divorced from AD, he
transferred to Shaw AFB, South Carolina. There he met RP, a single civilian woman with two daughters, one of whom was CH. 9 Appellant and RP began a relationship and eventually married. Appellant, RP, and CH moved into a house near Shaw AFB with a detached garage. In January 2015, RP became pregnant.
At trial, CH described a night in “roughly spring/summer of 2015,” whenCH was 12 years old, when she and Appellant were in the garage working together on a “go kart.” Appellant was drinking alcohol and offered CH “a couple of drinks,” which she accepted. After CH drank the alcohol, she started to feel
hot and dizzy and her head was “spinning.” She lay down on a futon in the garage and closed her eyes. Appellant turned off the light and “slowly [ got ] on top of [CH].” CH kept her eyes closed and pretended to be asleep as she felt Appellant remove her shorts and put his fingers inside her vagina. Then CH heard her mother RP walking toward the garage, and felt a blanket thrown
over her. RP knocked on the door. Appellant “got up really fast and opened the door.” RP asked Appellant what was going on, and Appellant said CH had lay down because she was not feeling well. RP suggested they wake CH up and
take her inside , but Appellant said he would carry CH. CH “remember[ed] [Appellant] carrying [her] inside the house with the blanket still wrapped around [her], so [her] mother couldn’t see that [CH] was unclothed from the waist down.”

9 RP’s other daughter, CH’s sister, lived primarily with her father and played no significant role in any events recounted at Appellant’s court

- martial.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

5 CH could not recall when exactly this incident occurred. When asked howshe knew it happened in 2015, CH explained it was after RP had become pregnant in January 2015 but before her brother T was born in late September 2015, and she again described it as “during spring [or] early summer.” She further remembered the weather was not cold and “was good for T

- shirts andbasketball shorts and anything.” At a later point in her testimony, CH described her mother as “probably five [or] six months” pregnant at the time.
CH did not report this incident to her mother. However, after it occurred, CH began spending more time with friends and neighbors, away from her
home.
CH testified that in the years following this incident, on multiple occasions
she a w oke in her bed and f ou nd Appellant lying next to her and touching her inappropriately. On some occasions, Appellant would have his hand under hershirt, or wrapped around her torso holding her breast. On other occasions, Appellant would be touching her “vaginal area” over her clothing. On some of these occasions Appellant would be asleep; on other occasions he would be
awake and activ ely touching her. CH testified these incidents started in South Carolina, where she estimated they occurred “once or twice a month,” but they
becam e more frequent in late 2018 after the family moved to Hill AFB, Utah, where it occurred approximately weekly

. CH testified she responded to the se incidents in various ways such as by shifting her body, leaving her bed to sleep elsewhere, or

— as she got older

— dragging Appellant out of the bed. CH also testified that on multiple occasions Appellant slapped her on her buttocks and said her “butt” looked “nice.” CH did not directly confront Appellant regarding these incidents, nor did she tell her mother about the m. In Utah, CH became close friends with another girl, SE

. CH, SE, Appellant, RP, CH’s young brother T, JR (an adult friend) , and JR’s boyfriend went on a camping trip together in July 2019

. At trial, CH, SE, and JR testified about this trip. On the second day of the trip RP became intoxicated and increasingly belligerent, getting into arguments with multiple people. As a result, that night JR and her boyfriend drove RP and T back to their home on Hill AFB while Appellant, CH, and SE remained at the campsite. CH and SE went to sleep in the tent they shared. SE testified Appellant later entered the tent and “stuck his hand down [ SE’s ] pants,” touching “the top part of [ her ] vagina.” SE grabbed Appellant’s arm and tried to pull it away, but Appellant locked hisarm in place so she could not move it and continued to touch her for approximately ten minutes. SE then woke up CH and showed CH that Appellant had his hand in SE’s pants. CH testified she then said “hey” and pushed Appellant’s arm; in response, Appellant “ jumped up really fast and acted like he didn’t know what was going on, and immediately laid back down to sleep.” CH and SE “didn’t really talk about [the incident] much after,” and neither of themUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

6 further confronted Appellant about it or reported it to RP or anyone else at the
time.
In October 2019, Appellant got into an argument with CH at their on

- base house regarding her phon e . CH testified Appellant “got mad and ran up really fast and he grabbed [CH] by the back of [ her ] hair and threw [ her ] off of the couch onto the floor.” CH then ran out of the house, pursued by Appellant who grabbed her by the back of the neck. CH yelled, which caused several people nearby to look at them, and Appellant let go of CH. CH then ran away fromAppellant, departed the base, and soon thereafter traveled back to South Carolina to live with a former neighbor, KB.
Shortly after CH arrived in South Carolina, she received a text message from Appellant asking if she was planning to go back to school. CH responded with a lengthy text message expressing how she felt mistreated by Appellant
and her mother, RP, including the following:
And if you do call me in as a run away and y’all don’t send memy papers for school I will go to court and I will explain everything because I will not go back into that house .

. . . You put your hands on me josh you have hurt me physically and I never thought you would do that and don’t even let me bring up how [you] hurt me the other time (multiple times).

. . . In response, Appellant wrote: “Hey we just want you to be happy so we will help you out. Love you.” CH further testified that at a later point in time Appellant called her late at night and “ apologiz [ed] for the things that he [ had]
done and [said] that if [CH] came back, [she] would never have to worry about anything like that again .” KB evidently overheard part of this conversation
and testified she heard Appellant say, “[CH], if you come back, I’ll give you whatever you want, I will stay out of your bed and I will quit touching you. ”

In January 2020, CH agreed to return to Utah and resumed living with Appellant and RP. CH resumed her friendship with SE, who “basically lived” with CH in Appellant’s house. CH testified Appellant did not touch her inappropriately after she returned to Utah

. SE testified that on e night in March 2020, Appellant, RP, and SE were drinking alcohol in Appellant’s garage. RP went into the house to go to bed , but Appellant and SE continued drinking in the garage. Appellant began to “flirt” with SE and offered her $100.00 for a “lap dance.” SE surreptitiously began recording audio of the incident using the videorecording feature on her phone. 10

10 Although these were video recordings, the phone’s camera was not directed toward either CH or Appellant, and in effect the recordings capture only audio of the incidents.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

7 Appellant continued to ask SE for a “lap dance” and for “sex ” and said “he was willing to pay [her],” despite SE telling him no. Appellant then reach ed over to SE, who had her legs crossed, and touched her “vaginal area” over her clothes. Appellant then asked to see SE’s breasts. When SE did not comply, Appellant

“ proceeded to lift up [her] shirt and put his mouth on [her] breast area .” SE did
not consent to this and felt “[v] ery, very, very violated and disrespected .” Appellant later went to get another beer, and SE went inside the house. SE informed CH about the recording, but did not otherwise report the incident at
that time. At trial, the Government introduced a copy of the audio recording
SE made of the incident.

Several weeks later, Appellant and RP agreed to let CH move in with her
then

- boyfriend MR. As CH and MR were moving CH’s belongings out of Appellant’s house, RP repeatedly asked CH and MR why CH was moving out. Eventually , as they were leaving, MR made a comment to the effect that Appellant “was not the man [RP] believed he was.” Later RP called CH and asked her to explain MR ’s comment, and CH admitted Appellant had touched her inappropriately. This, in turn, led RP to angrily confront Appellant in a conver sation CH, SE, and MR partially overheard through RP’s phone. Shortly thereafter, Appellant called CH in a conversation which MR overheard. According to MR, Appellant “ said that he was sorry and that he knows that he was wrong and that he was going to wait there [at his house] until they got there, because he wasn’t going to run from it .” RP called law enforcement the same day. 11
At trial, Appellant was convicted of the following offenses: rape against his former spouse, AD

, by penetrating her vulva with his penis by force in July 2010 (Article 120, UCMJ); 12 rape of a child against CH “between on or about

1 October 2015 and on or about 30 November 2015 ” by penetrating her vulva with his finger using force (Article 120b, UCM J ); 13 aggravated sexual contact against CH’s friend, SE

, in July 2019 by touching her vulva with his hand using unlawful force (Article 120, UCMJ); assault consummated by battery against CH in October 2019 by unlawfully grabbing her hair with his hand (Article 128, UCMJ); and abusive sexual contact against SE in March 2020 by touching her breast with his mouth without consent (Article 120, UCMJ).

11 RP made an initial report and statement to security forces, but eventually decided not to participate in Appellant’s court

- martial and was not called as a witness by either party.

12 Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (20 08 ed.)

.

13 Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (2012 ed.)

.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

8 II. D ISCUSSION

A. Court Member Selection

1. Additional Background
Between 27 April 2021 and 1 December 2022, th ree convening authorities issued a total of six special orders appointing members to Appellant’s court

martial. Included with the record of trial are the lists of potential court

- martial members provided to the convening authority for consideration and selection. These documents include each individual’s name, rank, unit of assignment, duty title, whether the individual has prior experience serving on a court

- martial or administrative board, and in the case of officers, whether they have experience as commanders. Neither the gender nor race of the individuals was expressly indicated on these documents. The convening authority indicated the
members he or she selected to serve on the court

- martial by writing his or her initials next to the individual’s name.
Of note, with regard to the fifth of the six appointments of court

- martial members, the convening authority was presented with a list of nine proposed replacement enlisted members. Two of the members had names that suggested they were female; six of them had names suggesting they were male; and one had only the first two initials with the surname. 14 On this occasion the convening authority selected both of the “female” names and two of the “male” names.
The Defense did not object to the convening authority’s court member selection process prior to his appeal before this court

. On appeal, Appellant moved to attach “data sheets” and Single Unit Retrieval Format summaries (SURF s ) of personal data regarding the prospective
court members which had been provided to the convening authority as part of
selection process. These documents contained considerably more personal and career information about each individual, including an indication of their gender and race

. The Government objected to the attachment of these documents on the grounds that these documents were outside the “entire r ecord” this court may consider in our review pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, and not “necessary to resolve an issue raised by the record,” citing United States v.
Jessie

, 79 M.J. 437 (C.A.A.F. 2020). This court granted the motion to attach, but advised it would defer its consideration of the applicability of Jessie until it conducts its Article 66, UCMJ, review.

14 The record before us indicates this ninth individual was, in fact, male.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

9 2. Law

C ourt

- martial composition issues not raised at trial are forfeited and reviewed on appeal for plain error. United States v. King , 83 M.J. 115, 120

– 21 (C.A.A.F. 2023)

, cert. denied , 144 S. Ct . 190 (2023)

. Under the plain error standard of review, the “[a] ppellant bears the burden of establishing: (1) there is error; (2) the error is clear or obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right. ” United States v. Robinson , 77 M.J. 294, 299 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (citation omitted). In undertaking a plain error analysis, we “ consider whether the error is obvious at the time of appeal, not whether it was obvious
at the time of the court

- martial. ” United States v. Harcrow , 66 M.J. 154, 159 (C.A.A.F. 2008).

“ When convening a court

- martial, the convening authority shall detail as members thereof such members of the armed forces as, in his opinion, are best qualified for the duty by reason of age, education, training, experience, length of service, and judicial temperament. ” 10 U.S.C. § 825(e)(2).

In United States v. Crawford

, the United States Court of Military Appeals
held the intentional selection of African American servicemembers to serve on

courts

- martial in order to ensure fair representation of the community was consistent with constitutional guarantees of equal protection. 35 C.M.R. 3, 13 (C.M.A. 1964) ; see also United States v. Smith , 27 M.J. 242, 249 (C.M.A. 1988) (“[A] commander is free to require representativeness in his court

- martial panels and to insist that no important segment of th e military community

-- such as blacks, Hispanics, or women

-- be excluded from service on court

- martial panels. ”).

I n Batson v. Kentucky , the United States Supreme Court held a criminal defendant “ h a[s] the right to be tried by a jury whose members are selected pursuant to non

- discriminatory criteria ,” and in particular “ the Equal Protection Clause [ 15 ] forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of their race ” through the exercise of peremptory challenges. 476 U.S. 79, 85

– 86, 8 9 (1986). Following up on Batson , i n J.E.B. v. Ala. e x rel. T.B.

, the Court held that “ gender, like race, is an unconstitutional proxy for juror competence and impartiality .” 511 U.S. 127, 129 (1994).

In United States v. Jeter , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) overruled Crawford in light of Batson , holding “[i] t is impermissible to exclude or intentionally include prospective members based on their

race. ” 84 M.J. 68 , 73 (C.A.A.F. 2023). The CAAF explained, “ whenever an accused makes a prima facie showing that race played a role in the panel selection process at his court

- martial, a presumption will arise that the panel was

15 U.S. C ONST

. amend. XIV.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

10 not properly constituted ,” which the Government may then attempt to rebut.
Id . at 70. I n Jeter

, “ trial defense counsel challenged the makeup of the panel, citing a ‘systematic exclusion of members based on race and gender.’ The military judge noted that ‘ [i]t appears that [the panel] is all white men .’” Id . at 71 (alterations in original)

. On appeal, the CAAF found the appellant had made a

“ prima facie showing that gives rise to a presumption that race was allowed to enter the selection process .” Id . at 74. In support of this conclusion, the CAAF cited “racial identifiers” that were included in court member questionnaires provided to the convening authority

, as well as “other evidence before the [C]ourt of [C[riminal [A]ppeals [ ( CCA ) ] ,” and “the command ’ s understandable belief that the Crawford case

. . . was still good law .” Id . Among th is other evidence before the CCA were that “ two African American members on the original convening order were subsequently removed pursuant to the first amendment to the convening order; and three other courts

- martial with African American accuseds were convened by this convening authority before al l

- white panel members .” Id . In addition, the NM CCA had obtained declarations from the convening authorities and staff judge advocate, but “ for all intents and purposes those affidavits simply reflected that they could not recall how the venire panel was chosen .” Id . Under these circumstances, the CAAF found an “ unrebutted inference that Appellant ’ s constitutional right to equal protection under the law was violated when the acting convening authority presumptively used

a race

- conscious selection process for panel members. ” Id

.
3. Analysis
Relying on Jeter , Appellant contends h is court

- martial panel was improperly constituted because the convening authorities inappropriately considered race and gender in selecting members. Appellant cites the fact that, as in Jeter

, racial and gender identifiers for prospective court members were provided to the convening authorities. He also notes Jeter had not yet been decided, and atthe time applicable precedent did not prohibit the consideration of race or gender in order to ensure a court

- martial panel that was representative of the military community. Appellant additionally cites the fifth selection of court members described above, when the convening authority selected both female members and two male members for service out of a list of two females and seven males; Appellant contends such a result was “highly unlikely” unless the convening authority considered gender. Appellant argue s these circumstances establish a prima facie showing the court members were improperly selected, raising an unrebutted presumption of impropriety

. In response, the Government first contends Appellant’s argument cannot
succeed because it relies on the court member data sheets and SURFs attached on appeal which were not part of the “entire record” originally docketed with the court, and are not necessary to resolve an issue raised by the record butUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

11 “not fully resolvable by the materials in the record.” Jessie , 79 M.J. at 442 (citations omitted). In addition, the Government contends the “mere presence” of racial and gender identifiers in material provided to the convening authority is insufficient to make a prima facie showing that race or gender improperly influenced the member appointment process . The Government additionally

notes Jeter did “not extend to claims of gender discrimination in member selection;” however, assuming arguendo the same prohib ition applies to gender as to race, the Government denies the selection of two females and two males from a list of two females and seven males establishes a prima facie claim of gender discrimination.
Because Appellant did not object to the convening authority’s selection of court members at trial, we review for plain error. See King , 83 M.J. at 120

– 21. For the reasons stated below, we conclude Appellant has failed to demonstrate plain error.
As an initial matter, although the Government is correct that Jeter specifically addressed racial discrimination, we assume for purposes of our analysis
the same rationale applies to the selection or exclusion of members based on gender. J.E.B. essentially put gender on the same constitutional footing as race in this respect, and the Government does not substantially contest the point.

Next, we will assume for purposes of our analysis Jessie does not bar our consideration of the member data sheets and SURFs Appellant moved to attach on appeal. The names of the members the convening authorities did and
did not select are included in the record, and these names are some indicationof the proportions of males and females selected. In particular, the fifth member selection

— where the convening authority selected both “female” names on the list but only two of the remaining seven names

— may be sufficient to raise

, but not resolve, an issue as to whether the convening authority improperly considered at least gender in appointing court members. Accordingly, Jessie would permit us to consider the data sheets and SURFs in order to resolve this
issue. 79 M.J. at 442 (citations omitt ed).
Nevertheless, we are not persuaded Appellant has met his burden to
demonstrate “ clear ” or “ obvious ” error in the selection process. We agree with the Government that the routine provision to the convening authority of professional and personal information including race and gender does not in itself constitute a prima facie showing the convening authority in fact improperly relied on such criteria in selecting members under the plain error standard of
review. “[R] acial identifiers are neutral, [although] ca pable of being used for proper as well as improper reasons .” Jeter , 84 M.J. at 74 (citing United States v. Loving , 41 M.J. 213, 285 (C.A.A.F. 1994) ). “ We will not presume improper motives from inclusion of racial and gender identifiers on lists of nominees forUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

12 court

- martial duty. ” Loving , 41 M.J. at 285. 16 Similarly, we are not persuaded
the selection on one occasion of two females and two males from a pool of two female and seven male prospective members meets the “clear” or “obvious” standard where (1) an innocent explanation is facially plausible , and (2) Appellant has not identified a similar pattern of possible discriminat ion in any of
the other five member selections in this court

- martial, n or in any other court

martial involving these convening authorities.

The circumstances in Jeter are distinguishable in several significant ways. First, and importantly, the appellant in Jeter did not forfeit the issue but challenged the selection process at trial , alleging “ systematic exclusion of members based on race and gender. ” 84 M.J. at 71. Moreover, t he record in Jeter indicated the panel was composed entirely of “white men.” Id

. Two African American members on the original convening order were subsequently removed from the panel by the convening authority. Id . at 74. Furthermore, “ three other

courts

- martial with African American accuseds were convened by this convening authority before all

- white panel members. ” Id . The CAAF concluded these circumstances, coupled with the provision of racially identifying information to the convening authority, w ere sufficient for a prima facie showing under ordinary standards of review. In the instant case, we do not have equivalentcircumstances, and Appellant’s burden to demonstrate “clear” or “obvious” error is higher. We conclude Appellant is not entitled to relief on this iss ue.

B. Denial of Expert Consultant

1. Additional Background
As described in the Background supra , Appellant’s stepdaughter’s friend,
SE

, made a recording on her phone of her interactions with Appellant that preceded the abusive sexual contact in Appellant’s garage in March 2020. When SE was interviewed by Special Agent (SA) H of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI) in May 2 020, she played this recor ded video from her phone. Afterwards, at SA H’s request, SE delivered two files from this recording to SA H’s duty phone which were 01:07 (file 1) and 04: 18 (file 2)minutes in length. These recordings were subsequently provided to the Defense in discovery.
After certain delays, Appellant’s court

- martial was scheduled to begin in late August 2022. After rewatching SE’s recorded OSI interview, trial defensecounsel noticed the recordings SE played for OSI during the interview appeared to be longer than the rec ording s the Defense had received in discovery. On 19 August 2022, t he Defense asked t he Government to confirm the files

16 We note Jeter did not purport to overrule Loving , which Jeter cited with evident approval.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

13 provided in discovery were the only such files the Government possessed. The Government confirmed this was so, but agreed to ask SE if longer versions of the files existed. SE then provided the Government with a 02:40 length file (file 3), which is essentially a longer version of file 1, and a 08:31 length file (file 4), which is a longer version of file 2. On 22 August 2022, the same day Appellant’s

court

- martial resumed, the Government provided files 3 and 4 t o the Defense
and indicated to trial defense c ounsel and the military judge it intended to introduce these newly obtained longer versions at trial. On 23 August 2022, trial defense counsel requested the convening authority appoint an expert in digital forensics examination, Mr. R, to assist the Defense in light of the production of these multiple versions of SE’s video recording; the convening authority promptly denied the request. The military judge subsequently granted a defense motion for a continuance until early December 2022.
On 29 August 2022, the Defense moved the military judge to compel the Government to appoint Mr. R as a defense expert consultant digital forensic
examiner (DFE) . The Defense contended Mr. R’s assistance was necessary to examine files 1, 2, 3, and 4 . Attached to the motion was a memorandum from
Mr. R

, who explained that although he had not yet reviewed the files, his “review [ of ] each file’s internal metadata .

. . could reveal,” inter alia , “[t]he make and model of the device that created each file;” “[w]hen each file was created;” “[w]hen each file was modified;” “[a]pplicat ions, tools, and processes used to modify the files;” “[t]echnical information and settings in use by the application(s) when the files were created and/or modified;” and “[t]he physical location of the phone at the time the files were created.” The defense motion asserted the Government intended to use th ese files and that they were relevant to the charged offense, and to the credibility of SE and CH; however, the motionis not entirely clear as to how this analysis would definitively benefit the Defense a t trial . The Defense asserted Mr. R’s analysis would “provide new datapoints for [the] Defense to reevaluate [Appellant’s] plea to Charge I, Specification 3 [(abusive sexual contact of SE)] , any potential defenses to the same, andareas of cross examination for the Government’s witnesses.” The motion concluded:
Defense anticipates that a DFE , if appointed, will certainly testify to what is already known

– that [ SE ] recorded [Appellant],modified those recordings, and showed up to OSI with four different files. DFE testimony is necessary because Defense cannot depend on [ SE ] to provide those facts. In addition, the Government cannot stipulate to those facts because, at least as far as has been disclosed to Defense, the Government does not know how or why [ SE ] showed up to OSI with four different recordings. A DFE i s necessary to provide those objective facts to the panel, as well as to testify to anything else he finds afterUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

14 examining the files, and to aid the Defense in audio/visual aids to explain any concepts associated with his examination to help the panel better understand the evidence.

In response, t he Government contended the Defense failed to demonstrate the expert assistance was necessary or that denying the motion would result in a fundamentally unfair trial. The Government argued the Defense would have the opportunity to cross

- examine SE (and CH) and question OSI , and such expertise was not necessary to challenge SE’s credibility on the grounds that she provided cropped recordings to OSI. The Government asserted it intended to lay the foundation for these files through SE herself and did not intend to present expert testimony. It further contend ed, “It is not evident fromreview of the digital files that any manipulation other than shortening has occurred.

. . . Clipping videos to shorten them is a commonly known and widely used editing feature .

. . . An expert is not required.”
The military judge denied the motion in a written ruling on 22 September
2022. He explained, in part:
The Defense’s primary argument to compel expert consultant assistance is that such assistance is necessary to explore potential manipulation of the video files, beyond merely shortening the initial versions transferred. Despite putting forward that theory, the Defense has failed to sufficiently demonstrate why or how they believe a more significant file manipulation occurred and
failed to sufficiently demonstrate a probability that the expert assistance requested would be able to discover manipulation.

. . . Simply because multiple similar media files exist does not, per se, require expert evaluation and assistance. The facts before the [c] ourt on this motion raise, at best, only a “mere possibility” that an expert could be of assistance to the Defense in this case, but not a “reasonable probability” that the requested expert would
be able to assist the Defense.
[ ] Exploring the possibility that certain pieces of evidence could have been altered by a victim is a line of inquiry and generaltheory of defense that falls within the realm of matters competent counsel can and should be equipped to handle on their ownthrough effective pretrial investigation and examination of witnesses.

. . . The military judge further found the Defense failed to demonstrate denial would result in a fundamentally unfair trial, explaining expert digital forensic testimony or analysis was not a linchpin for the G overnment or D efense, andUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

15 that trial defense counsel were “well equipped” by the available witnesses and
evidence to impeach SE on the theory that she may have manipulated the files.

2. Law

“ A military judge ’ s ruling on a request for expert assistance is reviewed for
an abuse of discretion. ” United States v. Lloyd , 69 M.J. 95, 99 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Bresnahan , 62 M.J. 137, 143 (C.A.A.F. 2005)). “ An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court ’ s findings of fact are clearly erroneous or if the court ’ s decision is influenced by an erroneous view of the law. ”
United States v. Freeman , 65 M.J. 451, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted)

.

“ The trial court abuses its discretion if its ruling is ‘ arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous. ’” United States v. Hennis

, 79 M.J. 370, 383 (C.A.A.F. 20 2 0) (quoting Lloyd , 69 M.J. at 99 ).
An accused is entitled to expert assistance when necessary for an adequate
defense. Freeman , 65 M.J. at 458. The mere possibility of assistance is not a sufficient basis; “ [i]nstead, the accused has the burden of establishing that a reasonable probability exists that (1) an expert would be of assistance to thedefense and (2) that denial of expert assistance would result in a fundamentally unfair trial. ” Id . (citation omitted). “ To establish the first prong, the accused ‘ must show (1) why the expert assista nce is needed; (2) what the expert assistance would accomplish for the accused; and (3) why the defense counsel were unable to gather and present the evidence that the expert assistance would be able to develop. ’” Id

. (quoting Bresnahan , 62 M.J. at 143). “ Defense counsel are expected to educate themselves to attain competence in defending an issue presented in a particular case. ” United States v. Kelly , 39 M.J. 235, 238 (C. M.A. 1994). “ A trial is fundamentally unfair where the g overnment ’ s conduct is ‘ so outrageous that due process principles would absolutely bar the government from invoking judicial processes to obtain a conviction. ’” United States v. Anderson , 68 M.J. 378, 383 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (quoting United States v.
Russell , 411 U.S. 423, 431

– 32 (1973) ).

3. Analysis
Appellant contends the military judge abused his discretion by denying the Defense’s motion to compel the appointment of a DFE

. We disagree

. The military judge reasonably concluded the Defense failed to meet its burden to demonstrate why expert assistance was required and what it would have accomplished for Appellant. T he record establishes that SE possessed separate recordings of por tions of a conversation between herself and Appellant which began and ended at different points in time. File 3 begins approximately 30 seconds before file 1 and ends approximately 01:03 later than file 1 ; file 4 begins at the same point as file 2, but ends approxim ately 04:13 later than file 2. Whatever significance there was to the fact that SE had multipleUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

16 copies of the recording of different lengths, and provided the shorter version toOSI after playing the longer version in the interview, this information was already known to trial defense counsel for investigation, cross

- examination, and impeachment at trial . However, the Defense failed to identify any indication that SE had otherwise “manipulated” the recording such that digital forensicanalysis would provide further impeachment material or undermine the admissibility of the recording. Trial defense coun sel might hope that additional useful information could be found, but such a result was speculation. Moreover,we find denial of the motion did not subject Appellant to a fundamentally unfair trial. Trial counsel became aware of the longer versions of the recordings at approximately the same time as the Defense, and the Government did not present expert testimony and evidently did not rely on digital forensic expertise in order to analyze or present the recordings. Thus

, the parties were similarly situated with regard to this evidence, and the Defense obtained a continuance of over three months in order to contend with it. 17
On appeal, Appellant argues the military judge “significantly oversimplified the basis for the Defense’s motion.” Appellant contends the totality of the
circumstances

— that “[l]onger videos which were more inculpatory than the originals emerged years after a complaining witness provided the original files to AFOSI”

— “gives rise to a reasonable probability that the videos were manipulated, and the Defense needed expert assistance to analyze the files and determine the nature and extent of manipulation.” We are not persuaded of any reasonable probability SE “manipulate d ” the evidence. The information presented to the military judge indicated SE possessed different recordings of different lengths of the same interaction with Appellant

. She played the longer
version s during her OSI interview, and then provided the shorter versions to OSI. So far as the record indicates, she did not reapproach OSI or trial counsel with new, “manipulated” versions of the recordings. Instead, at the Defense’s request
, the Government asked SE if longer versions of the files existed and she provided them. We discern no reasonable implication SE “manipulated” the recordings beyond creating shortened versions of the files, which was well

known to trial defense counsel at the time of Appellan t’s trial.
Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.

17 Because Appellant has not met his burden to demonstrate why expert assistance was needed or that its denial resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial, we decline to address the military judge’s conclusion the Defense failed to demonstrate trial defense counsel would not have been able to develop the evidence themselves. See Freeman , 65 M.J. at 458.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

17 C. Legal and Factual Sufficiency

1. Aggravated Sexual Contact (Specification 2 of Charge I )

a. Additional Background
During direct examination, SE described Appellant’s a ggravated sexual contact during the July 2019 camping trip. SE testified Appellant “stuck hishand down [her] pants,” and “touched the top part of [her] vagina.” Trial counsel asked , “so somewhere around your vagina, he touched you?” SE responded, “Yeah.” SE testified she “grabbed his arm” and unsuccessfully tried to pull it away, which she estimated went on for approximately ten minutes. Then SE
woke up CH, and CH “helped” SE remove Appellant’s hand.

On cross

- examination, civilian trial defense counsel asked SE, “[I]sn’t it true that [Appellant] wasn’t actually able to touch your vaginal area because you stopped him?” SE replied, “That is true.”

Trial counsel readdressed this point on redirect examination:
Q. The last little area that I want to talk about here is for the campout, what actually happened there with the touching. On direct when I was asking you, you had said that [Appellant] had touched you on the top of the vaginal area.

A. Yes, sir.
Q. But then defense counsel just asked, hey, he didn’t actually make it to your vaginal area; you stopped him. Can you clarify, where did he actually touch?
A. It was the top of my vaginal area. I just didn’t know, like, how deep of the question he was trying to get me to answer. So he didn’t, like, go in it or anything like that, just touched the top of
it.
Q. And that’s what I want to clarify. He didn’t actually penetrate you, right?

A. No. No.
Q. And so when you say that you stopped him, are you referring to when you were holding on to his hand?

A. Yes.
Q. And so he didn’t actually penetrate, but he did touch that vaginal area?
A. Yes. No, he did not penetrate.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

18 b. Law
We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v. Washington , 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). “Our assessment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at trial.” United States v. Rodela , 82 M.J. 521, 525 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2021) (citation omitted).
“The test for legal sufficiency is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Robinson , 77 M.J. at 297

– 98 (citation omitted). “[T]he term ‘reasonable doubt’ does not mean that the evidence must be free from any conflict .

. . .” United States v. King , 78 M.J. 218, 221 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citation omitted). “[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bou nd to draw every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v.
Barner , 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted). Thus, “[t]hestandard for legal sufficiency involves a very low threshold to sustain a conviction.” King , 78 M.J. at 221 (alteration in original) (citation omitted).
“The test for factual sufficiency is ‘whether, after weighing the evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Rodela , 82 M.J. at 525 (second alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Turner , 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987)). “In conducting this uniqueappellate role, we take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Wheeler

, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Washington , 57 M.J. at 399), aff’d , 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
In order to convict Appellant of a ggravated sexual contact as alleged in Specification 2 of Charge I, the Government was required to prove that on or about 20 July 2019, at or near Tooele, Utah, Appellant touched SE’s vulva with his hand to gratify his sexual desire by using unlawful force. See 10 U.S.C. § 920(c); Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (2019 ed.), pt. IV, ¶ 60 .b.( 2 )( b ) (3)

. “Sexual contact” includes “touching .

. . either directly or through the clothing, the vulva .

. . of any person .

. . with an intent to .

. . gratify the sexual desire of any person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920( g ) (2). The military judge instructed the court members, without objection, that “[t]he ‘vulva’ is the external genital organs of the female, including the entrance of the vagina and the labia majora and labia minora.” The term “force” includes, inter alia , “the
use of such physical strength or violence as is sufficient to overcome, restrain,United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

19 or injure a person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)( 4 )

. “ The term ‘ unlawful force ’ means an act of force done without legal justification or excuse .” 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)( 5 ).

c. Analysis
Appellant contends his conviction for aggravated sexual contact against SE ( Specification 2 of Charge I) is legally and factually insufficient because she
testified on cross

- examination that Appellant did not “touch [her] vaginal area” because she stopped him. Appellant argues trial counsel’s attempt to remedy this deficiency on redirect failed beca use SE “only muddied the waters further by contradicting herself and using unclear terminology when she said [Appellant] touched the ‘top of [her] vaginal area.’ ” (Second alteration in original). Appellant further notes CH testified she saw Appellant’s hand in SE’s pants,
but did not further describe what part of SE’s body Appellant was touching.
We find a rational trier of fact could have found the elements of Specification 2 of Charge I proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Despite discrepancies incertain details, the combined testimony of SE, CH, and JR established the incident occurred in July 201 9 at or near Tooele, Utah. SE testified Appellant reached into her pants to touch her vaginal area and used force to keep hishand there despite SE struggling for several minutes to remove it. Her testimony was significantly corroborated by CH, who saw App ellant’s hand in SE’s pants and who intervened to help remove it. Moreover, rational factfinders could also consider Appellant’s behavior was similar to the numerous instances CH testified to when Appellant would climb into her bed and place his hand on her breast or her groin while she slept, which was admitted pursuant to Mil.R. Evid. 413 and 414 as propensity evidence. Furthermore, under the circumstances a rational trier of fact could reasonably conclude Appellant was motivated by his sexual desires.
Specifically with respect to whether the Government proved Appellant actually touched SE’s vulva, SE did agree with a leading question by civilian trial defense counsel that Appellant “wasn’t actually able to touch [her] vaginal area.” However, on redirect examination SE clarified what she meant by this response: Appellant did touch the “top part of [ her ] vagina,” but he did not
penetrate her vagina. A rational trier of fact could reasonably conclude SE

meant Appellant touched the external portion of her “v aginal area” ( i.e. , her vulva), either directly or through the clothing. Such an interpretation is even more plausible considering Appellant used force to keep his hand in that area for several minutes as SE struggled to remove it.
Accordingly, we find Appellant’s conviction of Specification 2 of Charge I legally sufficient. Moreover, having weighed the evidence in the record of trial, and having made allowances that we did not personally observe the witnesses,United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

20 we are ourselves convinced of Appellant’s guilt of Specification 2 of Charge I beyond a reasonable doubt.

2. Rape of a Child (Specification 1 of Charge II )

a. Law
The standards for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence are stated in
section II.C.1. b

, supra

. In order to convict Appellant of rape of a child in violation of Article 120b, UCMJ, the Government was required to prove Appellant “commit[ted] a sexual act upon a child who has attained the age of 12 years by[ ] using force against any person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920b(a)(2) ( Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (2012 ed.) (2012 MCM ) ); 2012 MCM

, pt. IV, ¶ 45b.a.(a)(2) . “Sexual act” included, inter alia , “penetration , however slight, of the vulva .

. . of another by any part of the body

. . . with an intent

. . . to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.” 10 U.S.C. § 920( g )( 1 ) (B) (2012 MCM ) ; see 10 U.S.C. § 920b(h)(1) (2012 MCM

) (adopting the definition of “sexual act” from Article 120(g), UCMJ). The term “force” includes, inter alia , “the use of such physical strength or violence as is sufficient to overcome , restrain, or injure a child .” 10 U.S.C. § 920 b ( h )( 2 ) (2012 MCM )

. Specification 1 of Charge II alleged:

Did, within the state of South Carolina, between on or about 1 October 2015 and on or about 30 November 2015 , commit a sexual act upon [CH], a child who had attained the age of 12 years but had not attained the age of 16 years, by penetrating the vulva of [CH] with his finger, by using force against [CH], with an intent to gratify the sexual desire of [Appellant].
(Emphasis added). See 10 U.S.C. § 920b(a)(2) (2012 MCM ) ; 2012 MCM

, pt. IV, ¶ 45b

. a

. (a) (2)

.

“ The military is a notice pleading jurisdiction. ” United States v. Fosler , 70 M.J. 225, 229 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omitted). “[U]nless the date is an essential element of the offense, an exact date need not be alleged.” United States v.
Williams , 40 M.J. 379, 382 (C.M.A. 1994) (citing Ledbetter v. United States , 170 U.S. 606, 612 (1898) ) (additional citations omitted). The CAAF “ has consistently taken the position that ‘ [t]he words “ on or about ” in pleadings mean that

“ the [G] overnment is not required to prove the exact date [of an offense], if a date reasonably near is established. ”’” United States v. Simmons , 82 M.J. 134, 139 (C.A.A.F. 2022) (alteration s in original) ( emphasis omitted) (quoting United States v. Hunt , 37 M.J. 344, 347 (C.M.A. 1993)) (additional citations omitted). The CAAF “ has held that ‘ on or about ’ connotes a range of days to
weeks. ” Id

. (citing United States v. Barner , 56 M.J. 131, 137 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (involving a difference of “two to three days”); Hunt

, 37 M.J. at 346

– 47 (involving a difference of three weeks); United States v. Brown , 34 M.J. 105, 106, 110United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

21 (C.M.A. 1992) (involving a difference of seven days)) ; see also Brown , 34 M.J.

at 110 ( “‘On or about’ .

. . are words of art in pleading which generally connote any time within a few weeks of the ‘on or about’ date.” (citations omitted) )

, overruled on other grounds by United States v. Reese , 76 M.J. 297, 332 (C.A.A.F. 2017).

In United States v. Parker , the Government charged the appellant with,
inter alia , committing rape and adultery in February or March of 1995. 59 M.J.195, 197 (C.A.A.F. 2003). However, the deposition of the alleged victim introduced at trial indicated the offense s occurred in February or March of 1993. Id

. at 198

– 99. After the prosecution rested, the defense moved for a finding of not guilty pursuant to Rule for Courts

- Martial ( R.C.M. ) 917; the military judge
denied the motion. Id . at 199

– 200. The court members found the appellant guilty by exceptions and substitutions of committing the rape and adultery between August 1993 and March 1995. Id . at 200. The CAAF reversed Appellant’s convictions for these two offenses and dismissed those specifications

. Id

. at 201. The CAAF explained that the G overnment, having chosen not to withdraw the specifications in light of the discrepancy between charged time frame and the deposition, “ was required to prove in its case

- in

- chief that there was improper sexual activity between [a] ppellant and Ms. AL during the charged period in 1995 .” Id . Because “[p]roof of improper sexual activity in 1993, without more, did not demonstrate directly or by reasonable inference that [the a]ppellant engaged in sexual activity with [the alleged victim] in 199 5 .

. . the G overnment’s case was legally insufficient under R.C.M. 917 to prove” the appellant committed these two offenses, and “[t]he military judge erred by not granting the motion to dismiss those specifications.” Id

. b. Analysis
Appellant contends the finding of guilty as to Specification 1 of Charge II is legally and factually insufficient because the Government failed to prove the offense occurred “between on or about 1 October 2015 and on or about 30 November 2015 .” We agree with Appellant the finding of guilty is not factually
sufficient.
CH was the sole witness who provided evidence as to this specification

, testifying about events that occurred when she was 12 years old more than seven years after the fact. As described in the Background, supra , CH could not recallwhen exactly this incident occurred. She testified it was after her mother became pregnant in January 2015, but before her mother gave birth in late September 2015. CH initially testified it occurred in “ roughly spring/summer of
2015 ,” and later described it as “during spring [o r] early summer.” CH also
remembered the weather was not cold and “was good for T

- shirts and basketball shorts and anything.” At a later point, CH estimated her mother was “probably five [or] six months” pregnant at the time of the offense.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

22In order to convict Appellant of the specification as charged, the Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the offense occurred no earlier than “on or about” 1 October 2015. See Parker , 59 M.J. at 201 (holding the Government’s failure to prove the charged misconduct occurred during the charged date range rendered the evidence “legally insufficient”). As Appellant notes, all of the evidence indicates the offense occurred before 1 October 2015. The essential question, then, is whether the G overnment proved the offense occurred “on or about” that date.

T he CAAF recently restated that “on or about” indicates “a range of days
to weeks

. ” Simmons

, 82 M.J. at 139 (citation omitted). In Simmons , the CAAF found that amending the charged time frame of a specification by adding 279 days was not “reasonably near” the original charged dates. Id . at 140 (citations omitted). On the other hand, the Government draws our attention to United States v. Marrie

, where our predecessor court affirmed a finding of guilty where the appellant was charged with committing an offense “on or about November 1990” but the evidence established it occurred on 15 February 1991. 39 M.J. 993, 1002 (A.F.C.M.R. 1994). The analy sis in Marrie on this point was rather terse and did not specifically address legal and factual sufficiency; 18 nevertheless, Marrie can be read to imply that charging “on or about” may be sufficient to capture a two

- and

- a

- half

- month variation between the alleged specification and the proof at trial. Whether Marrie remains a valid precedent in this respect in light of the CAAF’s explanation in Simmons that “on or about” indicates days or weeks rather than months may be open to question. However , assuming arguendo that it is, the Government failed to prove the offense occurred
within two

- and

- a

- half months of 1 October 2015.
Considering CH’s testimony as a whole, perhaps the best estimate as to
when the incident occurred is June 2015. This would be consistent with her estimate of “spring [ or ] early summer,” during warm weather, when her mother RP was approximately five months pregnant. However, June 2015 would have been at least three months before 1 October 2015. CH’s testimony leaves the possibility that the offense occurred in July 2015 or later, closer in
time to 1 October 2015. Yet , given the uncertainty of CH’s testimony regarding the date, it is also possible the offense occurred earlier in the spring, perhaps

18 The court addressed the appellant’s contention that the evidence constituted a fatal variance, rather than analyzing the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence per se. Marrie , 39 M.J. at 1002. However, by affirming this finding of guilty, the court necessarily implied it found the evidence legally and factually sufficient. See id . at 1004 ; see also United States v. Turner , 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (“[U] nder Article 66(c) of the Uniform Code, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c), the Court of Military Review has the duty ofdetermining not only the legal sufficiency of the evidence but also its factual sufficiency .”).United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

23 in April or May 2015. The essential point is that in order to convict Appellant

, the Government was required to do more than prove the facts alleged in the specification could be true; it was required to prove the specification

— including the alleged dates of the offense

— true beyond a reasonable doubt

. Cf. United States v. Gilliam , ARMY 20180209, 2020 CCA LEXIS 236, at *8

– 11 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 15 Jul. 2020) (unpub. op.) (“ Because the evidence reveals the distinct possibility that all of the acts of digital penetration could have happened approximately eleven months after the last date charged

. . . we are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that they occurred within or even reasonably near to the timeframes charged by the government. ”).
As a matter of factual insufficiency, we are not persuaded the Government proved beyond a reasonable doubt Appellant committed the offense alleged in Specification 1 of Charge II “ between on or about 1 October 2015 and on or
about 30 November 2015 ,” as alleged. Moreover, a C CA cannot except or substitute “language [in] a specification in such a way that creates a broader or different offense than the offense charged at trial. ” United States v. English

, 79 M.J. 116, 121 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citation omitted). Ac cordingly, the finding of guilty as to Specification 1 of Charge II must be set aside.

D. Appellate Delay
Appellant’s record of trial was originally docketed with this court on

1 March 2023. Appellant requested and was granted 11 enlargements of time to file his assignments of error, over the Government’s opposition, before filing his brief on 24 April 2024. The Government filed a timely answer brief on
28 May 2024, and Appellant filed a reply brief on 4 June 2024.
“[C]onvicted servicemembers have a due process right to timely review and appeal of courts

- martial convictions.” United States v. Moreno , 63 M.J. 129, 135 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citations omitted). In Moreno , the CAAF established apresumption of facially unreasonable delay “where appellate review is not completed and a decision is not rendered within eighteen months of docketing the case before the Court of Criminal Appeals.” Id . at 142. Where there is a facially unreasonable delay, we examine the four factors s et forth in Barker v. Wingo

, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972): “(1) the length of the delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) the appellant’s assertion of the right to timely review and appeal; and (4) prejudice [to the appellant].” Moreno , 63 M.J. at 135 (citations omitted).The CAAF identified three types of cognizable prejudice for purposes of an appellant’s due process right to timely post

- trial review: (1) oppressive incarceration; (2) “particularized” anxiety and concern “that is dist inguishable from the

no rmal anxiety experienced by prisoners awaiting an appellate decision;” and(3) impairment of the appellant’s grounds for appeal or ability to present a defense at a rehearing. Id . at 138

– 40 (citations omitted). Where there is no qualifying prejudice from the delay, there is no due process violation unless theUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

24delay is so egregious as to “adversely affect the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice system.” United States v. Toohey , 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). We review de novo an appellant’s entitlement to relief for post

- trial delay. United States v. Livak , 80 M.J. 631, 633 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Moreno , 63 M.J. at 135).
Over 18 months have elapsed since Appellant’s record of trial was originally docketed with this court . T herefore, under Moreno , there is a facially unreasonable delay , although we note the 18

- month threshold has been exceeded by less than one month

. Accordingly, we have considered the Barker factors and find no violation of Appellant’s due process rights. Appellant has not specifically alleged cognizable prejudice, and we do not find any at this stage. With regard to oppressive incarceration, w e recognize Appellant entered confinement on 8 December 2022 and we have set aside the adjudged sentence; however, it remains to be seen whether and to what extent Appellant’s adj udged
17

- year term of confinement may be reduced upon a rehearing. In addition, wedo not perceive any particularized anxiety or concern, nor any particular reason why Appellant’s defense at a sentence rehearing or future appeal might be impaired due to the delay. Absent prejudice, we find the delay involved in Appellant’s case ha s not been so egregious as to adversely affect the perception of the military justice system. 19 The record of Appellant’s court

- martial is substantial, including nearly one thousand pages of written transcript, and the delay in adjudicating Appellant’s appeal is primarily due to Appellant’s own motions for enlargements of time. Accordingly, we find no violation of Appellant’s due process rights. Furthermore, recognizing our authority under Article 66(d), UCMJ, we have also considered whether relief for excessive post

- trial delay is appropriate in this case even in the absence of a due process violation. See United States v. Tardif , 57 M.J. 219, 225 (C.A.A.F. 2002). After considering
the factors enumerated in United State s v. Gay , 74 M.J. 736, 742 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015) , we conclude no such relief is warranted.

E. Remedy
Having modified the findings, we have considered whether we may r eliably reassess Appellant’s sentence or, instead, return the record and authorize a rehearing as to the sentence

. See United States v. Winckelmann , 73 M.J. 11,
15

– 16 (C.A.A.F. 2013). We con clude remand is appropriate.

19 Assuming arguendo the possibility Appellant’s term of confinement on rehearing might be reduced below the amount of confinement he actually serves is sufficient to demonstrate oppressive incarceration , balancing the remaining Barker factors, we would still find no due process violation.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

25 We begin our analysis with the four non

- exclusive factors set forth in
Winckelmann

. Id. As to the first factor, the “penalty landscape and [Appellant’s] exposure” have not changed dramatically. With Specification 1 of Charge II set aside, because Appellant remains convicted of the rape of AD Appellant’s maximum sentence remain s a dishonorable discharge, confinement for life without the possibility of parole, total forfeiture of pay and allowances, reduction to the grade of E

- 1, and a reprimand; however, the dishonorable discharge i s no longer mandatory. See 2012 MCM , pt. IV, ¶ 45b. e .( 1 ) ; Manu al for Courts

- Martial, United States (20 08 ed.), App. 12. This factor favors

reassessment.
As to the second factor, Appellant was sentenced by court members rather than a military judge. “ As a matter of logic, judges of the [C] ourts of [C] riminal [A] ppeals are more likely to be certain of what a military judge would have done as opposed to members. ” Winckelmann , 73 M.J. at 16. This factor favors
remand.

Consideration of the third factor

— “[w] hether the nature of the remaining offenses capture the gravamen of criminal conduct included within the originaloffenses and, in related manner, whether significant or aggravating circumstances addressed at the court

- martial remain admissible and relevant to the remaining offenses ”

— leads to mixed conclusions. Id

. On one hand, Appellant remains convicted of four other offenses, including three sexual offenses, and the bulk of the evidence introduced at trial would remain admissible. On the other hand, the court members likely viewed the rape of CH as the most s erious offense because the victim was Appellant’s 12

- year

- old stepdaughter who lived
with him . Moreover, it was the only penetrative sexual offense against a child and the only sexual offense against CH of which Appellant was convicted. The court members might have found it particularly aggravated in that it was the first time Appellant sexually abused CH while she pretended to sleep

, and was followed by a lengthy pattern of uncharged instances of Appellant touching CH’s breast or “vaginal area” while she was sleeping. On balance, we find this factor slightly favors remand.
As to the fourth factor, the remaining Article 120 and 128, UCMJ, offenses
are of the type that the judges of this court have “experience and familiarity with.” Id. This factor favors reassessment.

However, r ecognizing the Winckelmann factors are not dispositive but illustrative considerations to be assessed alongside the other circumstances arising in each case, we find other considerations favor remand in this case. The court members sentenced Appellant to confinement for 17 years. Clearly,
the court members found a very substantial term of confinement was warranted. Yet what part Specification 1 of Charge II, the rape of a child, played in the adjudged confinement is difficult to discern. Our respo nsibility inUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

26 reassessing is to approve a sentence no greater than that which the original

court

- martial would have approved absent the error. Thus

, we must be surethe reassessed sentence is low enough to ensure Appellant suffered no prejudice from the erroneous finding of guilty. However, if we affirm a sentence substantially lower than what the court members would have imposed, we risk giving inade quate weight to the severity of the remaining offenses.
Under the particular circumstances of this case, considering inter alia that we are setting aside Appellant’s conviction for arguably the most serious offense

, and our uncertainty as to what the court members might have done, we find remand for a new sentencing proceeding is appropriate.

III. C ONCLUSION
The finding of guilty as to rape of a child in Specification 1 of Charge II and
the sentence are SET ASIDE

. Specification 1 of Charge II and Charge II are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE

. The remaining findings of guilty are AFFIRMED

. A rehearing as to the sentence is authorized. The record is returned to The Judge Advocate General for further proce edings consistent with this opinion. We will co mplete our Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, review when
the record is returned to the court.

WARREN, Judge (concurring in part and in the judgment):
Today we reverse a conviction not because of failure of the G overnment’s proof as to an essential element, but because of the inaccuracy of the G overnment’s pleading as to an ancillary fact. That is to say, we are compelled to set aside Appellant’s conviction for digitally penetrating his then 12

- year

- old stepdaughter not because he did not sexually abuse her as alleged in 2015, but
because the G overnment ple a d ed the wrong month s for that offense in the specification. I concur only in the judgment of the court insofar as we are bound by precedent to conclude that the G overnment’s evidence is “factually insufficient” due to a mere pleading error

— notwithstanding the fact that the G overnment’s proof at trial established the statutory elements (vice non

- conforming surplus age 1 in the pleading) beyond a reasonable doubt.

1 For the reasons set forth infra in my concurrence, absent precedent from our superior

court in United States v. Parker , 59 M.J. 195 (C.A.A.F. 2003), United States v. English

, 79 M.J. 116, (C.A.A.F. 2019), and United States v. Simmons

, 82 M.J. 134 (C.A.A.F. 2022)

, I would treat the articulation of the date of the offense as mere surplusage ( i.e.

, language unnecessary to aver an essential element of the charged offenses ) andUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

27 But for our superior court’s precedent in United States v. English , 79 M.J. 116 (C.A.A.F. 2019)

, and United States v. Parker

, 59 M.J. 195 (C.A.A.F. 2003), I would have adjudicated this case by applying five principles:

• The Government ’s burden of proof pertains only to elements, not ancillary facts ( i.e.

, surplusage)

. S ee Rule for Courts

- Martial ( R.C.M. ) 920(e)(5)(D) ; United States v. Wheeler , 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (factual sufficiency review evaluates whether evidence at trial proved each required element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt (citation omitted) )

.

• The date of an offense is generally only an ancillary fact ( i.e.

,relevant to jurisdiction over the offense and offender, but not itself an element) , and need only be ple a d ed when it is an “essential element of the offense” ( i.e.

, when time is of the essence for the offense)

. S ee United States v. Williams , 40 M.J. 379, 382 (C.M.A. 1994) (citations omitted)

.

• To the extent a date is an “essential element” of child sex offenses because the element requires a victim to be under a certain age, that element is satisfied if the proof demonstrates it occurred anywhere in that age range ( i.e.

, any time prior to the child turning 16 years of age ). S ee Articles 120b(d)(2), (h)(4), Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 920b(d)(2), (h)(4) (

Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM )); 2019 MCM

, pt. IV, ¶ 62.a (prohibiting
sexual acts with a child and defining child as “any person who has not attained the age of 16”).

• Inaccurate charging language involving date ranges that does not change the nature of an offense is a “variance” issue, not a proof issue

. S ee United States v. Teffeau , 58 M.J. 62, 66 (C.A.A.F.2003) (stating “[m]inor variances, such as the location of the offense or the date upon which an offense is allegedly committed,

therefore language that the Government is not obligated to prove beyond a reasonable doubt

. See United States v. Hepperma n n , 82 M.J. 794, 802 n.12 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2022) (citing United States v. Duke , 37 C.M.R. 80, 84 (C.M.A. 1966) ) ( additional citations omitted )

, rev. denied

, 83 M.J. 103 (C.A.A.F. 2022) ; s ee also United States v. Miller

, 471 U.S. 130, 136 (1985) ( “ A part of the indictment unnecessary to and independent of the allegations of the offense proved may normally be treated as a ‘ useless averment ’ that ‘ may be ignored. ’” ( citation omitted )) ; cf. English , 79 M.J. at 120 (finding the Government was required to prove alleged facts which “ narrowed the scope of the charged offense, ” specifically the type of force used in an assault (citations omitted) ).United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

28 do not necessarily change the nature of the offense and in turn are not necessarily fatal” (citations omitted)); United States v.
Allen , 50 M.J. 84, 86 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (“A variance between pleadings and proof exists when evidence at trial establishes the commission of a criminal offense by the accused, but the proof does not conform strictly with the offense alleged in the charge.” (citation omitted)).

• Even material v ariances with regard to divergences in dates of
the offense pleaded from the evidence at trial only become reversible error when the accused was misled by and then detrimentally relied upon the pleading’s divergent date s such that he

was materially inhibited from either: (a) presenting a relevant defense theory, (b) presenting his own evidence/witness(es), or (c) pursuing a relevant line of inquiry in cross

- examining a g overnment witness

. S ee United States v. Simmons , 82 M.J. 134,
141 (C.A.A.F. 2022)

. 2
Applying that framework, but for English and Parker I would have held that the Government’s proof established both elements of the Article 120b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b

, offense as to CH . In the absence of English , I would have excepted the charged date range as unnecessary surplusage from the

2 I acknowledge that since United States v. Reese , 76 M.J. 297, 302 (C.A.A.F. 2017), the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( CAAF ) now eschews a “prejudice” analysis for such variances

. The CAAF explicitly overruled prior precedent in United States v. Sullivan , 42 M.J. 360, 365 (C.A.A.F. 1995)

, which concluded that nochange to charging language was “major” unless the “substantial rights of the defendant are [ ] prejudiced.” See also Reese , 76 M.J. at 302 (reciting the holding for, and then overruling, Sullivan ). However, while the CAAF now frames the analysis in terms of whether a “material variance” in the dates pleaded to the dates proved ( i.e.

, whether the divergent dates fall within the permissible “days or weeks” timeframe endorsed by the CAAF in Simmons ) creates a “major change” to the specification, the factors involved in considering whether a change is “major” appear to still include what impact, if any, it had on an a ppellant’s ability to effectively prepare for and present a defense at trial:
We conclude that this change in the Government ’ s theory of the case, which was directly predicated on

— and inextricably linked with

— the amended dates in the charge sheet likely misled the accused as to the offenses which he needed to defend against. Specifically, the change in dates likely affected the investigation the defense team otherwise might have conducted, the type of evidence they otherwise might have introduced, and the nature of the cross

- examination they otherwise might have conducted.

Simmons , 82 M.J

. at 140

– 41.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

29 specification. I would then have conducted a “variance” analysis and held that while the delta between the charged and proved timeframe was beyond the scope of inclusion for “on or about” language deemed acceptable by the CAAF
in Simmons , there was still no “material variance” because Appellant was onactual notice of the lone instance charged in the specification. Closing arguments by both trial counsel and trial defense counsel demonstrate that their focus was on the credibility of CH’s assertions, not a li ti gation of the accuracy of the charged time range. Under these circumstances, the G overnment proved
the stat ut or y element s that CH was over the age of 12 and had not attained
the age of 16 years at the time Appe l lant digitally penetrated her vulva in 2015,
and Appellant was not misled as to the underlying event at issue by virtue of the charge . Further, Appellant was not prevented from presenting a defen s e , nor denied the protect ion from double je opardy b y t he combination of the charging language and the evidence presented at trial

. S ee Uni t e d States v.
L ee , 1 M.J. 15, 17 (C.M.A. 1975) (“ [P] rotection against double jeopardy can be predicated upon the evidence in the record of the prior prosecution

. ” )

. I would hold the proof factually sufficient, and the varian ce immaterial

.Instead, the current state of the law is that the date of an offense is accorded the status of an element due in part to our superior court ’s decision in
Parker

. Parker is of course binding precedent on us unless and until our superior court de cide s otherwise. However, our status as a subordinate court does
not render us mute

. In accordance with our superior court’s suggestion in
United States v. A l lbery

, 44 M.J. 226, 228 (C.A.A.F. 1996), that while a Court for Criminal Appeals ( CCA ) is obligated to follow binding precedent from the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( CAAF ) , the CCA may still “urge reconsideration of [the CAAF’s] precedent

. ” I d . (citation omitted)

. I respectfully invite the CAAF to revisit its determination in : (1) Parker

, that the date of a sexual offense is (in effect) an essential element of the offense; and (2) English

, that appellate courts may not make exceptions and subst itutions on appeal, even where those exceptions and substitutions pertain not to the elements of the offense, but merely other non

- elemental pleading language present in the specification solely for the purpose of facilitating notice of the charged misconduct

. 3 I n particular, I respectfully invite the CAAF to revisit

3 I observe that on this score

, standing alone, English might be distinguishable

. In English

, the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals (ACCA) originally affirmed an Article 120, UCMJ

, conviction for the a ppellant forcing the victim to perform nonconsensual oral se x on him, but excepted the words “grabbing her head with his hands”

— concluding that while the evidence supported that appellant forced the victi m to perform oral sex on him, it did not support th at he d i d so by using his hands to force down her head upon him. United States v. English , 7 8 M. J

. 569, 576 (A. Ct. Crim. App.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

30 any suggestion in their caselaw that

, outside of a narrow range of cases

, the
date of an offense is an “essential element” of any offense

, and that divergence between dates charged and dates prove d would constitute any legal or factual insufficiency of the evidence. 4 In so doing I am essentially inviting our superior

court to return to its prior precedent which held that when divergences between the dates charged and the dates proved at trial do not change the fundamental nature of the charge ( e.g. , “time of war” offenses or crimes againstchildren where the victim being less than a particular age is a required element), such divergences should be reviewed for what they are

— “variances

, ” not failures of “proof.”
Turning first to whether the date of an offense is generally an element of the offense, p reviously our superior court held that the date of an offense is

2018). Our superior court then reversed, holding that in excepting that mechanism of force language from the specification, the ACCA had created a material variance betw een the pleading and proof at trial. English , 79 M.J. at 121. U nlike English

, where striking the language articulating the mechanism of “ force” used arguably allowed more license for the G overnment to prove unlawful force at trial, here striking thewords from the specification “between on or about 1 October and on or about 30 November 2015” would not expand the scope of the charged misconduct w here the mechanism of the crime remained the same, and the date change divergence did not place the alleged child sexual assault in a higher punishment category. All of w hich is to say, while the G overnment’s charging language in the case before us alleged that CH was 12 years and 10

– 11 months old at the time of the offense, the proof at trial demonstrated that she was only 12 years and 5

– 6 months old at the time of the offense

— that did not change the nature of the offense because ultimately the sta tute merely requires that the G overnment prove that Appellant engaged in a sexual act with CH while she

was over the age of 12 and had not yet attained the age of 16

— the proof at trial did that

. However, even if English could be distinguished, Parker currently forecloses th e theory given its holding that divergence in the dates proved constituted failure of an essential element of the offense within the meaning of R.C.M. 917

.

4 I distinguish here between two separate defects which could result in reversal of a specification on appeal: (1) factual/legal sufficiency dealing with the adequacy of the G overnment’s proof of the essential elements of an offense; and (2) material variances between the proof adduced at trial which, while factually and legally sufficient to prove the statutory elements

, diverges so significantly from the charging language that it deprives Appellant of due process notice of the nature of the charge and materially frustrates his constitutional right to present a defense to the charge. I am not calling upon the CAAF to reve rse their holding in Simmons that a 279

- day divergence is not fairly encompassed within “on or about” charging language, nor their conclusion that the divergent charging language constituted a material variance under the unique circumstances in that case

, 82 M.J. at 141 ; r ather, I am merely respectfully inviting the

c ourt to consider the implications of its decisions in Parker

, English

, and Simmons vis

a

- vis conflation of what I would classify as “proof problems” (factual/legal sufficiency analysis) versus “pleading problems” (variance analysis).United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

31 generally not an essential element of an offense under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (Code) unless time was of the essence to the offense:

Where time is of the essence of the crime, allegations concerning
the date of the offense become matters of substance. For example, the date of the offense would doubtless be of substance in a prosecution for violating a Sunday “ blue law, ” or possibly in a prosecution for statutory rape. In these instances, amendmentswhich would have the effect of charging the accused with an additional offense, or of changing the nature of the crime alleged, are not permitted. On the other hand, where tim e is not of the

e ssence, it is the general rule that an erroneous statement of the date of the offense constitutes a matter of mere form, and amendments are freely permitted where they do not operate to change the nature of the crime charged, and there is no showing that the defendant had been misled or prejudiced in his defense
on the merits.

United States v. Brown , 16 C.M.R. 257, 261

– 62 (C.M.A. 1954) ( third emphasis added) (citations omitted) ; s ee also Williams , 40 M.J. at 382 (“ [N] either Article 125 nor 134 of the Code makes time a material element for appellant ’ s criminal offenses.” )

. 5 Williams in particular was considering whether the denial of a b ill of p articulars where the d efense demanded the G overnment specify the precise
date on which the sexual assault occurred within the two

- month charging window because the absence of that information deprived the a ccused of Fif th Amendment 6 Due Process

. 40 M.J. at 381

– 82

. The CAAF found no due process violation, in part because “ [c] ourts have consistently held that unless the date is an essential element of the offense, an exact date need not be alleged.” Id

. at
382 (citations omitted)

. Furthermore, the CAAF found no violation o f the a ppellant’s Six th Amendment 7 right to present a defense because he was still able to challenge the victim’s memory as to the alleged dates of the offenses during

5 The CAAF did not overrule Brown in Simmons

— it simply distinguished it. See Simmons , 82 M.J. at 140 ; s ee also United States v. Stout , 79 M.J. 168, 174 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (Maggs, J., concurring in the judgment) (“ Changes to the [ Manual for Courts

- Martial ] since Brown was decided also have not rendered Brown obsolete. ” ).

6 U.S. C ONST

. amend. V.

7 U.S. C ONST

. amend. VI.United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

32 cross

- exam ination at trial and use that uncertainty to attack her credibility. See id. at 383. 8

Th e CAAF appeared to retreat from that rationale in Parker

. In Parker

, the CAAF held that a rape case was “legally insufficient under R.C.M. 917” where the proof at trial demonstrated that

, inter alia

, a ppellant raped his adult victim in 1993, but the specification alleged he did so in 1995. 59 M.J at 201. Interestingly, Parker could have been analyzed as a “variance” case because the

court members convicted Appellant by exceptions and substitutions as to the date ( substituting in language to amend the charged time frame from “between

1 February and 31 March 1995 ” to “ between 1 August 1993 and 31 March
1995 ”

, id . at 197, 200 ), but the court did n o t analyze it that way. Instead, they analyzed it as an error by the military judge in applying R.C.M. 917

, which only mandates a finding of not guilty prior to verdict “in the absence of some
evidence which .

. . could reasonably tend to establish each and every essential
element of an offense charged.” Id. at 200 (emphasis added) ( quo ting R.C.M. 917). By finding a legal insufficiency based solely upon proof of a divergent date of the single

- instance offense, the only conclusion to be drawn is that the court
in Parker considered the alleged date of the offense (contrary to prior precedent
in Williams ) as an “essential element” of the offense.
The issue I take with our superior court’s decision s in Parker and English
is th at they conflat e pleading errors with proof errors. That is to say, the c ourt insist s that the language of the pleading supersedes the statutory elements of
an offense , asserting that an “ [a] ppellant [is] entitled to rely on the specification s in the charge sheet as drafted .” See English , 79 M.J. at 120

– 21 (citing United S t ates v. Reese , 76 M.J. 297, 300

– 01 (C.A.A.F. 2017) ; United States v.
Morton , 69 M.J. 12, 16 (C.A.A.F. 2010) ; Un i ted States v. Medina , 66 M.J. 21,
26

– 27 (C.A.A.F. 2008)). It is t rue enough that an a ppellant is entitled to rely upon the language of the specification for reasonable notice of the charged

8 The CCAs generally agree with the concept that the date of an offense is generally not an element of an offense. See United States v. Rogers , 76 M.J. 621, 626 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) ( i n the context of determining the date of an offense for purposes of applying the correct version of Article 60, UCMJ, reasoning: “We decline to adopt a Walters

- like requirement that the court

- martial make a special finding with respect to the date of an offense because, as noted above, the offense date is not an element of the crime .” ) ; United States v. Agui r re , ARMY 20090487, 2012 CCA LEXIS 209, at *25 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 1 Jun

. 2012) (unpub. op.) (“The date of occurrence of this specific incident is not an element of either the charged Article 120, UCMJ, offense or the lesser

included Article 128, UCMJ, offense.”) ; United States v. Harris , 52 M.J. 665, 667 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2000) (holding that a specification alleging a 23

- month time window did not render the specification defective or vague because “[t]he date was not an element of the offense [Article 120 , UCMJ, carnal knowledge] here ”).United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

33 misconduct, but surplus age language of a specification cannot change the underlying statutory element which it is meant to describe. 9

A s our superior court has reminded us before, it is the statutory language
that creates elements because “ it is for Congress to define criminal offenses
and their constituent parts.” United States v. Jones , 68 M.J. 465, 468 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation omitted)

. 10 Language unnecessary to aver that element “ can generally be disregarded as surplusage

. ” United States v. Hepperma n n , 82 M .J

. 794, 802 n.12 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2022) ( quoting United States v. Duke , 37 C.M.R. 80, 84 (C.M.A. 1966) ) (additional citations omitted)

, rev. denied , 83 M.J. 103 (C.A.A.F. 2022) ; see also United States v. Miller

, 471 U.S. 130, 136 (1985) ( “ A part of the indictment unnecessary to and independent of the allegations of the offense proved may normally be treated as a ‘ useless averment ’ that ‘ may be ignored. ’” ( c itation omitted) ).

The statutory element here is that the victim was a child over the age of 12
and had not attained the age of 16 years

. See Article 120b(a)(2) , UCMJ ( “ Any person subject to this chapter who

. . . commits a sexual act upon a child who has attained the age of 12 years

. . . . ”); Article 120b(d)(2) , UCMJ (defining a child as a person under the age of 16 years ). To that extent, the date the offense

9 This does not mean that divergence between the pleaded language and the proof at trial is of no moment. The exceptions and substitutions doctrine is meant to align the proof at trial with the language of the specification. When that divergence is too great it constitutes a “material variance” and when that material variance constitutes a “major change” the verdict is not permitted to stand. That is not, strictly speaking, because the proof as to the elements was flawed, but rather that the language of the pleading inaccurately ple a d ed those elements

. It is only when this inaccurate pleading misle a d s the accused as to the nature of the offense, that it adversely affect s his constitutional right to both reasonable notice of the offense and reasonable opportunity to present a lawful defense thereto. See

, e.g. , Simmons , 82 M.J. at 140

– 41.

10 The President’s illustrative recital of “elements” agrees that the element is only that the child was under 16 at the time of the offense

— not that the offense must have occurred on any particular day during the timeframe. See M anual for Courts

- Martial, United States (2019 ed. ), p t

. IV

, ¶ 62.a(b)(2). While the President’s illustrative listing of elements for enumerated punitive articles is not binding

, see Jones

, 68 M.J. at 471

– 72 (citations omitted)

, likewise the sample specification for this offense, wherein the President recommends alleging a date certain, does not govern whether recital of a specific date is therefore necessary to lawfully state the offense ( i.e

. , to conform with R.C.M. 307(c)(3)’s command that a specification expressly or by implication allege all elements of an offense). See United States v. Fosler

, 70 M.J. 225, 2 31 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (holding that trial counsel’s reliance upon the 2008 M anual for C

ourts

- M artial sample specification for Article 134 , UCMJ, offenses which omitted the terminal element still failed to properly allege all elements of the offense because “ [t] he interpretation of substantive offenses in Part IV of the Manual is not binding on the judiciary

. ” ( q uoting United States v. Mitchell , 66 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2008)).United States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

34 was committed matters as to the sufficiency of the G overnment’s proof that the
child victim had not attained the age of 16 years at the time . S trictly speaking though , alleging a specific date is not required to properly allege the elements of the offense. The elements of the offense are alleged by designating the alleged victim as a “ a child who had attained the age of 12 years but had not attained the age of 16 years ” in the language of the specification. After all, it
remains th e case that “ [ t ] he militar y is a notice pleading jurisdiction

, ” and therefore “[a] charge and specification will be found sufficient if they, ‘ first, contain[ ] the elements of the offense charged and fairly inform[ ] a defendant of the charge against which he must defend, and, second, enable[ ] him to plead an acquittal or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense. ’ ”
United States v. Fosler , 70 M.J. 225, 2 29 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (third, fourth, and fifth alterations in original) (citations omitted).

T he language of the specification is simply the way in which the G overnment claims that an a ccused violated statutory elements of a crime

. The language of the pleading is important, because an a ccused has a due process right to notice as to the nature of the allegations so that he may have a reasonable opportunity to prepare his defense and protect against double jeopardy

. See R.C.M. 307(c)(3); United States v. Turner , 79 M.J. 401, 403 (C.A.A.F. 2020) (citations omitted)

. However, a pleading cannot change the statutory elements of
an offense. The G overnment is not obligated to prove mere surplusage in a specification

. My view is that w hereas “ factual sufficiency ” is supposed to be about failures of proof as to required statutory elements and “ fatal variances ” are supposed to be about deficiencies in pleading that deprive an a ppellant of due process by depriving him of reasonable notice and opportunity to formulate a defense

, Parker and English conflate the two by construing the date of an offense
as an element of the offense. Simmons then amplifies that conflation by suggesting that charging language is elementally incom plete without alleging a specific date: “ [s] tating on a charge sheet the date of an alleged offense with a certain degree of specificity and accuracy is required. ” Simmons , 82 M.J. at
141.
In dutifully applying Parker and English the majority opinion conforms tothe role of an intermediate appellate court, that is, to apply vertical stare decisis, regardless of whether it agrees with that precedent. However, as our superior court recognized in Allbery

, CCA s need not remain silent in the face of problematic precedent

. 44 M.J. at 228. R ather, when confronted with binding precedent which the CCA perceives to be wrongly decided our superior court suggested the CCA raise that to the CAAF’s attention: “ If [the CCA] believed
that the unde rlying logic of that decision had changed in the meantime, itsUnited States v. Patterson , No. ACM 40426

35 recourse was to express that viewpoint and to urge [CAAF’s] reconsideration of [its] precedent. ” Id

. Harkening to the CAAF’s call in Allbery , I respectfully submit that : (1) Parker conflated this fundamental distinction between proof and pleading ; (2) English compounded that error by forbidding CCAs to conform the findings language to the proof at trial via exceptions and substitutions involving the same offense on appeal ; and (3) that error was recently amplified by the C ourt’s
dicta at the conclusion of Simmons declaring that all charge sheets must allege a date certain for the charged offenses (heedless of the fact that in most instances, the date of an offense is not an element o f that offense)

. Nonetheless,
as the United States Supreme Court continues to hold, m ere errors in pleading ought not mandate dismissal of factually and legally sufficient charges absent
material prejudice to an accused. See

, e.g

. , United States v. Cotton , 535 U.S.
625 , 631

– 32 (2002) (holding t he omission of a fact in a federal indictment that
would enhance the maximum sentence (to wit: the quantity of drugs distributed by the appellant) is not a jurisdictional error and not a justification for a
vacation of the sentence ).
For all these reasons, while I am duty b oun d by vertical stare decisis to concur in the judgment in this case, I respectfully request that our superior

court re

- examine their precedents in Parker

, English

, and Simmons

. Combined, these cases currently produce the anomalous result in this case (and perhaps future cases) of reversing a conviction where the G overnment’s proof
satisfies every statutory element of the offense

, and the divergent surplus age charging language did nothing to materially alter the natu re of the charge, nor materially impair reasonable notice of the charged misconduct and the ability to present a defense.

FOR THE COURT

CAROL K. JOYCE Clerk of the Court