IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

August 14, 2013 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JENNIFER HANNAH

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County

No. 2008-D-4138 Steve Dozier, Judge

No. M2012-00842-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 14, 2014

Appellant,Jennifer Hannah, wasindicted by the Davidson County Grand Jury for four counts

of child neglect, one count of first degree felony murder during the perpetration or attempt

to perpetrate aggravated child neglect, and two counts of delivering a controlled substance

to a minor. At the conclusion of a jury trial, she was found guilty of all counts as charged.

The trial court sentenced her to an effective sentence of life imprisonment. On appeal,

Appellant argues: (1) the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of Michael Orman under

the provisions of Rule 404(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence; (2) the trial court erred

in denying Appellant’s motion for continuance; (3) the trial court erred in denying her motion

to suppress statements made to law enforcement officers; (4) the trial court erred in denying

her request for an instruction regarding lost or destroyed evidence; (5) the trial court erred

in instructing the jury on the elements of aggravated child neglect; and (6) the trial court

erred in allowing the admission of an audio recording of a deceased witness. After a

thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Trial Court are Affirmed..

JERRY L. SMITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR.

and ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Patrick T. McNally, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jennifer Hannah.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Leslie E. Price, Assistant Attorney

General; Victor S. Johnson, District Attorney General, and Brian Holmgren, Assistant

District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Factual Background
On June 27, 2008, Davidson County emergency personnel were sent to Appellant’s

home in Nashville. Prior to the dispatch, the emergency communications center received two

911 calls, one from Appellant and one from Appellant’s husband. The calls indicated that

the victim, A.H. , was barely breathing. The 911 operator told Appellant how to perform

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CPR until the paramedics arrived.

When Scott Hessey, a firefighter and EMT with the Nashville Fire Department,

arrived at the residence at 4:34 p.m., he was directed to the second floor. He was

accompanied by Daryl Kirby. Mr. Hessey discovered a sixteen-month-old child not

breathing and lying on the floor. When Mr. Hessey checked the victim, he realized that she

did not have a pulse, was not breathing, and was a blue color. Mr. Hessey noticed that there

was vomit inside the victim’s mouth and on the floor near where the victim was lying. The

EMT attempted to give the victim oxygen, but the victim’s status did not change. When Mr.

Hessey asked Appellant if the victim had been sick recently, she responded that she had not.

James Scott Reinard arrived at the residence in an ambulance. Mr. Hessey carried the

victim out to the ambulance. Mr. Reinard noticed that A.H. was “lifeless and limp.” He

stated that when he connected her to the cardiac monitor, her heart had no electrical activity.

Therefore, he decided to stop CPR at 4:45 p.m.

Officer Kevin Cooley was a detective in the Youth Services Division with the

Metropolitan Police Department at the time of the victim’s death. Officer Cooley testified

that whenever there is a child’s death in Davidson County, the Youth Services Division

responds to the situation and investigates as a matter of protocol. Officer Cooley was

assigned to investigate A.H.’s death. He stated that it was his first death investigation.

He arrived at Appellant’s residence at 5:45 p.m. and was informed that the victim had

been taken to Southern Hills Hospital. At that point, Officer Cooley had no indication as to

what had caused the victim’s death. He began his investigation by interviewing the people

who had been with the victim that day, namely Appellant and her husband, Michael Hannah.

Officer Cooley interviewed Mr. Hannah in Officer Cooley’s car. Officer Cooley

testified that Mr. Hannah was distraught and was crying during the interview. He told

Officer Cooley that he gave CPR to A.H. Mr. Hannah did not indicate that there had been

any trauma involved with A.H.’s death. Officer Cooley stated that he recorded the interview.

It is the policy of this Court to refer to minor victims by their initials.

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Officer Cooley also interviewed Appellant separately from Mr. Hannah. Officer

Cooley stated that he spoke with her in the foyer of the home. He asked Appellant to show

him where she found the victim. Appellant took him to the bonus room. The bonus room

was the setting for the remainder of the interview. Officer Cooley stated that he also

recorded his interview with Appellant. He began recording when he entered the house until

the interview ended. The recording lasted about one hour and twenty minutes. The

recording included a re-enactment that occurred at the end of Appellant’s interview. Officer

Cooley testified that Appellant was never advised of her Miranda rights because at the time

of the interview, the officers were not aware that they were dealing with a crime. Appellant

was also never restrained or arrested.

Officer Cooley stated that there were two other detectives present, Selene Julia and

Don Long, who first responded to the hospital and subsequently came to Appellant’s house.

Detective Julia was primarily responsible for taking photographs in the house. Latasha

Bryant, who was working for the Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”), was also

there. An investigator working for the medical examiner also came to the scene.

Officer Cooley stated that Appellant had been crying a lot and was slightly erratic.

He stated Appellant was overwhelmed and sobbing. He stated that she would speak to him

in a calm manner, then get a telephone call and start sobbing. When she would get off of the

telephone she would speak calmly again. Appellant directed the officers to the playpen

where the victim was found, to the medications that Appellant was taking at the time, and to

other pertinent locations around the house.

Officer Cooley stated that Ms. Bryant was with him when Appellant brought up her

prescription medications. Officer Cooley testified that Appellant told him she was taking

Oxycontin, Percocet, and Oxycodone. He did not recall Appellant stating thatshe was taking

Xanax. Ms. Bryant went through the medications and found insufficient pills in the

prescription bottle for at least one medication. Appellantstated that she had been out of town

and divided up her prescription because she was afraid that her family would steal pills from

her prescription. However, Appellant could not tell the investigators where the missing pills

were located. Officer Cooley said that he did not notice any prescription medication on

furniture or table surfaces in the house.

Appellant told Officer Cooley that she and A.B., the victim’s sister, were present

during the day that the victim died. Appellant stated that she fed the victim some blueberry

muffins around 10:00 a.m. Mr. Hannah had not spent the night at the house the previous

night, but he came by in the morning. He came by a second time that day, and that is when

the victim was discovered unresponsive in the playpen. Appellant told Officer Cooley that

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the victim was asleep when Mr. Hannah came to visit the first time. Appellant told the

officer that she had been the only one to feed the victim that day.

Officer Cooley testified that he asked Appellant and Mr. Hannah to participate in a

re-enactment of how they found the victim. In addition to being included on the audio

recording, the re-enactment was recorded on video. However, the video recording was lost

before trial.

Officer Cooley stated that the medical examiner collected a sippy cup used by the

victim immediately prior to her death. He said that the sippy cup was in the playpen where

the victim had been found. Officer Cooley did not know if the medical examiner collected

any other items.

Officer Cooley stated that he did not interview A.B., the victim’s sister. He stated that

interviews of children typically are conducted by DCS. Officer Cooley believed that DCS

had conducted an interview of A.B.

The day after the victim wasfound and the interviews were conducted, Officer Cooley

heard from the medical examiner about the autopsy on the victim. Through the course of the

conversation, he was told that two types of drugs, Oxycontin and “Benzo’s,” were found in

the victim’s urine. This conversation prompted him to obtain a search warrant and return to

Appellant’s residence. He stated that the source of the drugs was the object of the search.

During the search of Appellant’s residence, the officers recovered multiple prescriptions for

various medicines prescribed to both Appellant and Mr. Hannah. Among Appellant’s

prescriptions were Oxycontin and Alprazolam. The officers checked the contents of the

bottles against the amount prescribed. Most of the bottles did not have the correct number

of pills had the pills been taken as prescribed. Some bottles had more pills, and some bottles

had fewer pills than there should have been. Officer Cooley stated that the officers found

multiple pills and prescriptions throughout Appellant’s house. For the most part, the

medication was contained in pill bottles, but he also found some loose pills.

Krista Myers is an investigator with the medical examiner’s office. She testified that

her role is to collect as much information from the scene of a death as possible because the

medical examiner cannot be there. This is especially true in the case of the death of an

infant. She stated that typically when an infant death is involved, the body is taken to the

hospital and police respond to the scene. She stated that it is typical for a re-enactment to be

done using a doll to demonstrate the position of the infant when last seen alive and when

found. The investigators are responsible for completing a Sudden Unexplained Infant Death

Investigation (“SUIDI”) form.

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She stated that she went to Southern Hills hospital on June 27, 2008, at 6:30 p.m. She

was informed that the victim was found unresponsive at 4:00 or 4:15 p.m. that same day.

Ms. Myers stated that she conducted an external examination of the victim. She found vomit

on the side of the victim’s face and on her clothes. There were no signs of trauma. Ms.

Myers took photographs of the body.

Ms. Myers also went to Appellant’s house and found Officer Cooley and Ms. Bryant

already interviewing Appellant. She described Appellant as “extremely distraught at times”

and “mostly agitated.” Ms. Myers stated that Appellant’s mood shifted as she answered

questions regarding the victim. When there was a break in Officer Cooley’s questions, Ms.

Myers introduced herself and asked additional questions. Appellant told Ms. Myers that she

fed the victim blueberry muffins, cereal, and milk in a sippy cup. Appellant said that she had

also given the victim Children’s Tylenol before her nap. She said that the victim had been

having “screaming fits” recently. Appellant told Ms. Myers she went to check on the victim

around 4:00 p.m. because the victim usually did not sleep so long. She found the victim in

her playpen with a comforter, toys, pacifier, and a sippy cup. Ms. Myers collected the sippy

cup, some dry cereal, the Children’s Tylenol, and a dirty diaper.

Appellant told Ms. Myers thatshe suffered from a blood-clotting disorder and chronic

back pain. She said that she had been prescribed both Oxycontin and Oxycodone for these

maladies. Ms. Myers testified that she did not remember Appellant’s stating that she took

Xanax, also known as Alprazolam.

Ms. Myers conducted a re-enactment with Mr. Hannah and Appellant. Appellant

demonstrated how she had placed the victim in the playpen for her nap. Mr. Hannah

demonstrated the victim’s position in the playpen when she was found. He also

demonstrated that he got her out of the playpen and began to perform CPR.

Dr. Amy McMasters performed an autopsy on the victim on June 28, 2008. Dr.

McMasters is the Chief Medical Officer for Forensic Medical Management Services, which

is a private company under contract with Davidson County. At the time of death, the victim

was sixteen months old. There were no obvious signs of trauma.

She stated that she obtained fluid samples of heart blood, chest blood, bile, urine,

stomach, and the vitreous fluid from the victim’s eyes. She sent these samples to Aegis

Laboratory for testing. She specifically requested testing for drugs. She later cancelled the

request for testing of the chest blood because the heart blood is a better representation of the

concentration of drugs in the system. The results of the heart blood test were that the sample

was positive for Alprazolam in a concentration of 47 milligrams per milliliters. Dr.

McMasters opined that the drug had been ingested within hours of her death. She testified

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that this dose would not be lethal to an adult, but it was unknown if it would be lethal to a

child. The test results also showed that the victim’s heart blood contained Oxycodone in a

concentration of 1350 milligrams per milliliter. Dr. McMasters stated that this dose would

be lethal for an adult, as well as a child. She stated that the concentration indicated that the

victim had ingested the Oxycodone within hours of her death.

Dr. McMasters also received the results of the sample she collected of the victim’s

stomach contents. The results showed that the victim’s stomach contained Alprazolam,

Oxycodone, and a small amount of acetominophen. The concentration of Alprazolam was

3390 milligrams per milliliter. The concentration of Oxycodone was 94,000 milligrams per

milliliter. Dr. McMasters testified that the level present indicated that there were many pills

ingested by the victim. She said one or two pills would not cause this concentration, but

instead many pills would be needed. Dr. McMasters could not determine if it was a case of

many pills at once or over a period of time. She stated that the level present would be

considered higher than normal even for an adult.

The victim’s urine was also sent for testing. The urine sample tested positive for the

presence of Alprazolam metabolite, Oxycodone, and an Oxycodone metabolite. A metabolite

is present when a person’s body has begun processing drugs that have been ingested. The

level of Oxycodone was higher than that of the metabolite. This fact indicated that there had

been more recent usage of Oxycodone.

Dr. McMasters testified that she sent the bile and urine samples to confirm the blood

results that showed drugs in the victim’s system. She also wanted to test the stomach

contents in order to determine how the drugs were given to the victim. The fact that the

victim’s stomach contents tested positive for the presence of Alprazolam and Oxycodone led

Dr. McMasters to conclude that the victim had ingested the drugs. In addition, she testified

that the fact that evidence of the drugs was in her blood indicated that she had ingested the

drugs within hours her death. However, the fact that evidence of the drugs was present in

her urine also indicated that drugs had been in the victim’s system long enough for the drugs

to have been processed by the victim’s body.

Dr . McMasters testified that the contents of the sippy cup which was retrieved from

the victim’s crib tested positive for Oxycodone. The concentration of Oxycodone in the

contents was 113 milligrams per milliliter. According to the test results, Alprazolam was not

present in the sippy cup.

Dr. McMasters opined that the cause of the victim’s death was a drug overdoes of

Alprazolam and Oxycodone. She stated that the death was a homicide. The effect upon the

victim as a result of the combined drugs would have been “sedation, possibly coma, stupor,

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difficulty breathing and eventually death.” She said that such an overdose often affects

breathing patterns and can cause snoring. Once breathing ceases, it takes only three to five

minutes for irreversible brain damage to occur.

Travis Curtis was the manager for the crime submission unit at Aegis where the sippy

cup and bodily fluid samples were sent for testing. He is also a forensic scientist. In his

position of manager, he oversaw the testing in the laboratory and ensured that it was

completed in an appropriate manner. He stated that he received a request from Dr.

McMasters to test the above items. He stated that the laboratory tested the sippy cup and the

victim’s heart blood for opiates, benzodiazepines, and acetaminophen. The sippy cup tested

positive for Oxycodone in a concentration of 113 nanograms per milliliter. The sippy cup

tested negative for acetaminophen and benzodiazepines.

Mr. Curtis testified that the heart blood was negative for acetaminophen, but it tested

positive for Alprazolam and Oxycodone. The concentration of Alprazolam was 50

nanograms per milliliter. According to Mr. Curtis, the toxic range for Alprazolam was 90

nanograms to about 1000 nanograms in an adult. The concentration of Oxycodone in the

victim’s heart blood was 1350 nanograms per milliliter. Such a concentration of Oxycodone

is in the toxic range for adults. He said that in the only other infant death from an Oxycodone

overdose of which he was aware, the infant’s Oxycodone concentration was half that of the

victim. Mr. Curtis testified that Oxycodone and Alprazolam are not combined in any pill

together. Therefore, they must be taken in at least two separate pills.

Mr. Curtis testified that the laboratory also tested the victim’s bile from her

gallbladder to determine if benzodiazepines and opiates were present. The bile tested

positive for Alprazolam as well as Alphahydroxy-alprazolam, which is a metabolite of

Alprazolam. The test also showed that Oxycodone, as well as Oxymorphone, a metabolite

of Oxycodone. The metabolites are a result of the body breaking down chemicals ingested.

The body breaks down the original chemical into other compounds before they are eliminated

by the body. Mr. Curtis testified that the half life of Oxycodone is three hours and that half

of the drug would have been metabolized in this time period.

He testified that the laboratory tested the victim’s urine and gastrics contents. It tested

positive for Alphahydroxy-alprazolam, the metabolite. This fact indicated that some time

had passed since the ingestion of the Alprazolam because the victim’s body had already

begun the process of breaking down the original chemical.

Although the tests showed the presence of the metabolites in the victim’s bile and

urine, Mr. Curtis could not state with any certainty how long the original chemicals had been

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present in the victim’s body. He stated that the metabolites could have been consistent with

the victim’s ingesting the drugs from a sippy cup during the course of the day.

The laboratory also tested the gastric contents of the victim. Mr. Curtis testified that

the tests revealed the presence of Oxycodone and Acetaminophen. He stated that

Acetaminophen is often prescribed with Oxycodone. However, he could not determine from

the tests whether the Acetaminophen was derived from Tylenol or in conjunction with the

Oxycodone.

With regard to the sippy cup, Mr. Curtis testified that the sippy cup was submitted to

the laboratory for testing. He stated that the standard procedure is to keep samples for a one

year period. After that time, any samples are destroyed. He stated that up until the samples

are destroyed, they are available for testing. The sippy cup was kept for one year and

destroyed just prior to trial.

Detective Michael Donaldson works for the Metropolitan Police Department. On

June 28, 2008, he executed a search warrant of Appellant’s home. The police collected 96

pill bottles. The majority of the bottles were empty. Fifteen different doctors had prescribed

the medications. Based on the search, Detective Donaldson concluded that on June 28, 2008,

Appellant had filled prescriptions for: (1) Alprazolam, sixty pills, two milligrams each, a

thirty-day supply; (2) Oxycodone, 130 pills, 325 milligrams each, a thirty-day supply; and

(3) OxyContin, thirty pills, forty milligrams each, one a day, mixed with 10 milligrams of

acetaminophen. Detective Donaldson was also able to conclude that Appellant had filled two

other prescriptions for Alprazolam, one for fifty pills and one for sixty pills, on June 28,

2008. He found prescriptions for Appellant’s husband for both Oxycodone and OxyContin.

On September 21, 2010, a videotaped deposition wastaken of the victim’ssister, A.B.

A.B. was ten years old at the time of the deposition. On the date in question, A.B. stated that

Appellant’s husband was at work and stopped by the house a few times. A.B. said that she

fed the victim some cereal that morning. A.B. and the victim watched television, and the

victim took a nap. A.B. stated that the victim seemed fine before she took her nap. A.B. said

that she did not give the victim a sippy cup that day or prepare a sippy cup for the victim.

She said that Appellant or Appellant’s husband must have prepared the sippy cup.

In the afternoon, A.B. heard Appellant’s husband scream that the victim was dead.

Appellant told A.B. to call 911. She did so and handed the telephone to Appellant.

According to A.B., Appellant told her to hide anything that looked like it could kill the

victim. A.B. stated that Appellant kept her medicine in a closet upstairs and usually kept pill

bottles on the table. However, she did not remember seeing pill bottles on the table on the

day of the victim’s death.

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Dr. Leeanne O’Brien is a pediatrician. She saw the victim on June 25, 2008.

Appellant brought the victim to see her because Appellant reported that she was concerned

about the victim because she had been screaming, wheezing, and coughing for the two weeks

leading up to the visit. Appellant also reported asthma and vomiting. Dr. O’Brien found that

the victim had a wet or productive cough. She thought that the victim might have bronchitis

or a sinus-related issue. Dr. O’Brien prescribed an antibiotic. However, she did not know

if Appellant had the prescription filled. She stated that she had never prescribed Xanax for

a child the victim’s age and would never prescribe Oxycodone for a child the victim’s age.

Because this was the first time Dr. O’Brien had examined the victim, she told

Appellant that the victim needed a full physical examination. Dr. O’Brien did not find any

developmental abnormalities or any indication of narcotic usage. She ordered a urinalysis

because of a family history of kidney disease. However, the urinalysis did not include a drug

screen.

Dr. O’Brien received an extensive social history from Appellant. She learned that

Appellant was in the process of separating from her husband and was depressed. Appellant

stated that she was raising two children, she had recently lost her grandparents, and her

former husband recently moved to California. Dr. O’Brien recommended social workers

with experience in drug and alcohol rehabilitation. She recommended rehabilitation for

Appellant and her husband.

On August 11, 2008, Detective Tom Rollins with the Metropolitan Police Department

was assigned to the case at hand. He attended a custody hearing regarding A.B. in December

2008. Detective Rollins heard the testimony of Appellant regarding the victim’s death. At

the custody hearing, she testified that she had prepared the sippy cup of milk for the victim.

She categorically denied that her husband had prepared the cup. She wondered if the victim

could have put a pill in her mouth and that the pill had gone into the sippy cup. Later in her

testimony she admitted that this scenario was not possible because liquid could not flow back

into the sippy cup. Appellant also testified at the custody hearing that her husband was not

living in the home at the time of the victim’s death. She stated that she kept her medicine in

her purse, a closet in the bonus room, and on top of a mantel. She agreed that her husband

had asked her on previous occasions to keep medicine away from the victim.

Michael Orman also testified at the trial. He stated that he worked with Appellant’s

husband. In the spring of 2007, he and his girlfriend, Carissa Desorbo, visited Appellant and

her husband to see their new baby, the victim. They all went upstairs in the house. Mr.

Orman overheard Appellant tell Ms. Desorbo that “they” were in her purse. Mr. Orman saw

Ms. Desorbo pull pill bottles out of Appellant’s purse and put the bottles on the counter along

with her own pill bottles. Mr. Orman said that it appeared that Appellant and Ms. Desorbo

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were trading pills. Later in the day, he saw Ms. Desorbo crushing pills on the counter while

Appellant stood next to her. Ms. Desorbo got another pill out of one of the bottles and held

it up next to a baby bottle. Mr. Orman said it appeared that Ms. Desorbo was measuring the

pill against the numbers on the baby bottle. Mr. Orman asked Ms. Desorbo what she was

doing. Ms. Desorbo put the baby bottle down and said she was getting ready to take a

Xanax. Mr. Orman said that the encounter led him to conclude that Appellant and Ms.

Desorbo were getting ready to put drugs in the baby’s bottle. Mr. Orman left shortly

thereafter.

Mr. Orman testified that before he left he heard a fight between Appellant and her

husband. He stated that the argument was about which one of them was going to change the

baby’s diaper. Appellant told her husband, “[T]his f***ing baby has been keeping me up

every night.”

Melissa Kibler-Sircy stated that she had been a friend of the Appellant since 1999.

She stated at one time she and Appellant were very close. Ms. Kibler-Sircy stated that after

the victim was born, she often visited Appellant to help care for the victim and do chores

such as laundry and house cleaning. When Ms. Kibler-Sircy was at the house, Appellant

watched television or slept. Ms. Kibler-Sircy stated that Appellant was very depressed at that

time. Appellant would often stay up drinking all night long. The victim usually stayed in the

playpen in the bonus room.

Ms. Kibler-Sircy stated that she knew that Appellant took various medications. She

admitted that she had seen medication on the end table in the bonus room, however, she did

not see any medication lying out in the weeks prior to the victim’s death. She said that at the

time of her death, the victim would not have been able to remove childproof lids from pill

bottles.

Ms. Kibler-Sircy testified that she did not know Ms. Desorbo. She said that she had

heard Appellant talk about Desorbo. Appellant told Ms. Kibler-Sircy that Ms. Desorbo gave

her baby Xanax so that the baby would go to sleep. Ms. Kibler-Sircy suggested that

Appellant call the authorities, but Appellant did not respond to her suggestion. Ms. KiblerSircy recalled that in the weeks before the victim’s death, Appellant said that the victim was

throwing tantrums and acting like a brat.

On the day in question, Ms. Kibler-Sircy was traveling to Gatlinburg with her friend

Tracy Masterson. Ms. Kibler-Sircy called Appellant on the way to Gatlinburg and heard the

victim babbling in the background. Ms. Kibler-Sircy arrived in Gatlinburg around 3:30 or

4:00 p.m. Shortly after arriving, Appellant’s husband called her screaming that the victim

was dead. Appellant called immediately after her husband. Ms. Kibler-Sircy said that based

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on the telephone calls she thought Appellant and her husband were panicking. Ms. KiblerSircy returned to Nashville.

Sometime after the victim’s death, Appellant told Ms. Kibler-Sircy that she had

prepared the sippy cup for the victim the day that she died. Appellant told Ms. Kibler-Sircy

that she poured the milk directly into the sippy cup.

Ms. Kibler-Sircy stated that Appellant’s relationship with her husband began to

deteriorate after the victim was born. Ms. Kibler-Sircy admitted that she had engaged in a

sexual relationship with Appellant’s husband.

Tracy Masterson also testified at trial. She stated that she met Appellant through Ms.

Kibler-Sircy and that she and Appellant were very close. Ms. Masterson said that Appellant

and her husband accused each other of infidelity. Ms. Masterson said in June 2008 she saw

Appellant’s husband use steroids and other drugs.

Ms. Masterson said that she went to Gatlinburg with Ms. Kibler-Sircy. She said that

Ms. Kibler-Sircy called Appellant and that Ms. Masterson and Ms. Kibler-Sircy considered

stopping by Appellant’s house because they were concerned about her physical condition and

whether she could care for the victim. She said that when she visited Appellant’s home

Appellant was on the couch, and the victim was in the playpen.

Ms. Masterson said she was with Ms. Kibler-Sircy when she received the telephone

call informing her that the victim was dead. They headed back to Nashville and arrived at

Appellant’s house around 8:00 or 9:00 p.m. She stated that the police would not let them into

the house.

Tommy Hannah is the father of Appellant’s husband, Michael Hannah. Mr. Hannah

testified that he told Michael prior to the victim’s death that he was worried that the victim

could get to various medications because they were left on the end table in the bonus room.

He told Michael that he needed to fix the issue, and that if he did not, Mr. Hannah threatened

to take action. After he spoke with Michael, Mr. Hannah stated that he did not see anymore

pills. Mr. Hannah stated that Michael committed suicide in September 2010. After

Michael’s death, Mr. Hannah acquired a digital recorder that belonged to Michael. Mr.

Hannah stated that the recorder included several conversations between Appellant and her

husband. The recordings were played for the jury.

Jeremiah Luke Bryant, Appellant’s brother, testified on behalf of Appellant. He stated

that on the date in question, his father called him at work to tell him that the victim had died.

He said that he and his father arrived at Appellant’s house around 6:00 p.m. He said that an

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officer at the door of the house would not let them enter the house. Mr. Bryant recalled that

the officer said they were interviewing Appellant. Mr. Bryant testified that they waited thirty

minutes to an hour before they were allowed to go inside. They went upstairs and sat with

Appellant. Ms. Kibler-Sircy, Ms. Masterson, Mr. Bryant, and his father remained with

Appellant after the investigators left.

Michael arrived and began grabbing things from the house. Mr. Bryant testified that

he had not seen Michael earlier. Mr. Bryant said that at the time of the victim’s death,

Michael was using steroids and other drugs. He said that Michael was paranoid and accused

Mr. Bryant of having an affair with his sister, Appellant.

Appellant testified on her own behalf. She denied that she put Oxycodone or

Alprazolam in the victim’s milk. Appellant denied that she killed the victim. She said that

she had previously been married to the father of A.B. Appellant stated that she married

Michael Hannah on May 5, 2006, and became pregnant almost immediately. She said that

around June 2008, her relationship with Michael was not good.

She stated that she took the victim to the pediatrician because the victim was having

screaming fits, breathing issues, and was snoring.

On June 27, 2008, Appellant stated that she woke up and fed the victim blueberry

muffins and cereal. She poured milk into the victim’s sippy cup from a milk container kept

in a refrigerator upstairs in the bonus room. Appellant said that the sippy cup was in a

bathroom upstairs. Appellant rinsed out the cup and filled it with milk. She said that she

filled it twice that day. She said that she was the victim’s primary caretaker the day of her

death. Michael stopped by the house at 1:00 p.m., but he did not feed her or pick her up. She

stated that A.B. did not give the victim a bottle or sippy cup that day.

Appellant said that the victim was in her presence the entire day except when

Appellant took a nap around 3:00 p.m. while the victim was asleep. Appellant believed that

Michael arrived around 4:15 p.m. or 4:20 p.m. He found the victim unresponsive shortly

after he arrived.

She admitted that she had suggested various ways that the victim could have ingested

the drugs. She said that she told the police that the victim could have gotten into some

medication. She said that A.B. might have given the victim drugs. She also said that drugs

must have been in the milk that was in the upstairs refrigerator. However, she did not share

this idea with the police.

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Appellant admitted that she had taken Hydrocodone from 2005 to 2008. She also

admitted that she obtained various prescriptions under three different names: her maiden

name, Bryant; her first married name, Buchanan; and her second married name, Hannah.

At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Appellant guilty as charged. The trial

court imposed a life sentence for the first degree murder conviction and scheduled a separate

sentencing hearing for the remaining convictions. The trial court ordered the remaining

sentences to run concurrently to the life sentence.

ANALYSIS

Rule 404(b)

Appellant specifically complains about the State’s motion to introduce the testimony

of Michael Orman as evidence of prior bad acts under Rule 404(b) of the Tennessee Rules

of Evidence. Appellant is referring to Mr. Orman’s testimony regarding witnessing his

girlfriend hold up a Xanax pill to the victim’s baby bottle while Appellant watched her do

so.

The Tennessee Rules of Evidence embody, and our courts traditionally have

acknowledged, “a policy of liberality in the admission of evidence in both civil and criminal

cases . . . .” State v. Banks, 564 S .W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978); see also State v. Robinson,

930 S.W.2d 78, 84 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). To be admissible, evidence must satisfy the

threshold determination of relevancy mandated by Rule 401 of the Tennessee Rules of

Evidence. See, e.g., Banks, 564 S .W.2d at 949. Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as

being “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence

to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without

the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However, relevant “evidence may be excluded if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” Tenn.

R. Evid. 403; see also Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.

The general rule is that evidence of a defendant’s prior conduct is inadmissible,

especially when previous crimes or acts are of the same character as the charged offense,

because such evidence is irrelevant and “invites the finder of fact to infer guilt from

propensity.” State v. Hallock, 875 S.W.2d 285, 290 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Tennessee

Rule of Evidence 404(b) permits the admission of evidence of prior conduct if the evidence

of other acts is relevant to a litigated issue such as identity, intent, or rebuttal of accident or

mistake, and the probative value outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice. Tenn. R. Evid.

404(b), Advisory Comm’n Cmts.; see State v. Parton, 694 S.W.2d 299, 303 (Tenn. 1985);

State v. Hooten, 735 S.W.2d 823, 824 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). However, “[e]vidence of

-13-
other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to

show action in conformity with the character trait.” Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). Before admitting

evidence under Rule 404(b), the rule provides that (1) upon request, the court must hold a

hearing outside the jury’s presence; (2) the court must determine that the evidence is

probative on a material issue and must, if requested, state on the record the material issue and

the reasons for admitting or excluding the evidence; (3) the court must find proof of the other

crime, wrong, or act to be clear and convincing; and (4) the court must exclude the evidence

if the danger of unfair prejudice outweighs its probative value. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).

Prior to trial, the State filed a notice to use evidence of Appellant’s prior conduct of

bad acts under Rule 404(b). Appellant filed a response calling for the denial of the State’s

request. The trial court held a hearing on June 27, 2011. Mr. Orman testified at the hearing.

He stated that he and his girlfriend, Ms. Desorbo, went to see the victim at Appellant’s house

when the victim was three or four months old. As soon as they got there, Ms. Desorbo asked

Appellant where the pills were. Mr. Orman witnessed Appellant and Ms. Desorbo crushing

some type of pill. He also witnessed an argument between Appellant and her husband about

the victim crying and keeping her awake at night. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Orman witnessed

his girlfriend hold a baby bottle up and hold a pill next to the bottle. He stated that Appellant

was standing next to Ms. Desorbo watching her as she held the pill up to the baby bottle.

The trial court made the following findings:

In terms of the 404(b) issues we had last week. We went through a number of

those and ended up with issues about the April, May ‘07 information provided

by Mr. Orman and involving this Carissa Desorbo . . . .

In terms of the proffer dealing with the April or May ‘07 information

from Mr. Orman; as I said the other day, there’s not been any information

evidence-wise, testimony-wise to the contrary. I mean, Mr. Orman answered

every question he was asked, appeared to be forthright with his answers. So

the State has shown, based – for this particular purpose – that this incident

occurred, those discussions and activities occurred, by clear and convincing

proof. The issue is: Is it probative of anything and if so, does it meet the

balancing test under 404(b) if one finds that [Appellant] being present

watching this Ms. DeSorbo do these things – I mean, there was no specific

information provided by Mr. Orman that [Appellant] was talking or saying

anything about okay, this is how you do it, or how much this, how much that.

I mean, there are – I understand there are circumstances that one could argue.

But if that is a bad act, being present when someone’s discussing with a baby

-14-
bottle or a cup in one hand and a Xanax in the other that something diabolical

is occurring, it is – can be, if believed, probative in terms of her, [Appellant],

having information that then becomes relevant when this situation happens in

June of ‘08. That is: Who in the world would ever put Xanax in a baby’s sippy

cup? Oh, well remember about a year ago when Ms. DeSorbo was showing

[Appellant] how to do it. That obviously is relevant and probative in terms of

identity, that is – I mean, there may be other proof that someone else has

investigated Xanax and a baby, I don’t know. But in terms of the proof on this

issue, there has been proof in terms of how that’s relevant to identity, lack of

mistake, intent, motive, purpose for doing it identity, and I don’t find that

that’s unfair prejudice. Is it prejudicial, or prove something, prove some issue

in a criminal case, some element, or disprove some element, but it’s not, in the

Court’s opinion, the fact that there is high probative value, is not outweighed

by the unfair prejudice.

Appellant bases his argument on two theories: (1) the trial court failed to follow the

proper procedure for a 404(b) question and (2) there was no bad act committed by Appellant,

and, therefore, no 404(b) issue. We agree with Appellant that Mr. Orman’s testimony did

not show a prior bad act by Appellant. For Rule 404(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence

to come into play, the prior bad act in question must have been committed by the defendant.

Parton, 694 S.W.2d at 303. In this case, Mr. Orman testified that Appellant was standing

with Ms. Desorbo while she held up the baby bottle and held a pill next to it. Therefore, we

conclude that this evidence does not demonstrate a prior bad act by Appellant and that Rule

404(b) does not apply.

If there is no Rule 404(b) issue, the question becomes whether the evidence should

have been admitted under Rules 401 and 402. State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Tenn.

1997). As stated above, to be admissible, evidence must satisfy the threshold determination

of relevancy mandated by Rule 401 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence. See, e.g., Banks,

564 S.W.2d at 949. Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as being “evidence having any

tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the

action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid.

401. However, relevant “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” Tenn. R. Evid. 403; see also Banks, 564

S.W.2d at 951. In order to be admissible, evidence must be relevant and probative to an issue

at trial. State v. McCary, 922 S.W.2d 511, 515 (Tenn. 1996); see also Tenn. R. Evid. 402.

Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would

be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However, relevant evidence may be excluded

-15-
at trial if the probative value of that evidence “is substantially outweighed . . . by

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. The determination of relevancy is left to the discretion of

the trial court, and this Court will not overturn a trial court’s determination in this regard in

the absence of an abuse of discretion. State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 449 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1995).

We conclude that Mr. Orman’s testimony is relevant and that its probative value

outweighs any unfair prejudice. Initially, we point out that Mr. Orman did not testify at the

hearing or at trial that he saw Appellant or Ms. Desorbo put any mediation into the baby

bottle. His testimony was that he saw the women exchange pills and crush the pills into

powder. He next saw Ms. Desorbo hold up a baby bottle and a pill next to each other as

Appellant watched. These are facts that are relevant to the question as to whether someone

put drugs into the victim’s bottle and how it could have been done. Therefore, we conclude

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this evidence.

Material Witness

Appellant argues that she was denied her “constitutional right of compulsory process

for obtaining a material witness.” At the hearing on the 404(b) question, the State presented

Mr. Orman as a witness. As stated above, Mr. Orman testified about Ms. Desorbo’s

activities at Appellant’s home. The assistant district attorney stated at the hearing that the

district attorney’s office could not locate Ms. Desorbo. The State offered to put on

Investigator Hugh Coleman who had interviewed Ms. Desorbo. The assistant district

attorney stated that in her interview with Investigator Coleman, Ms. Desorbo denied the

substance of Mr. Orman’s version of events. The assistant district attorney stated that they

would make Investigator Coleman available for the defense. The assistant district attorney

also stated that it would stipulate to Ms. Desorbo’s denial of the facts testified to by Mr.

Orman.

Later in the hearing, Appellant’s counsel stated that they were trying to locate Ms.

Desorbo. Trial counsel stated that they had contacted Ms. Desorbo’s sister and brother-inlaw and had hired a private investigator. However, they had not located her by the time of

hearing. The trial court pointed out to Appellant that the defense had had nine months prior

to the hearing to locate Ms. Desorbo. Appellant asked for a continuance, and the trial court

denied it. However, at the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court stated that it would

address the 404(b) issue in a few days, on Monday.

When the trial court revisited the issue the next Monday, Appellant still had not

located Ms. Desorbo. Appellant asked for a four week continuance but admitted that there

-16-
were no leads as to her whereabouts and had no idea when or if she could be located. The

trial court denied the continuance and stated that the trial could be continued until Christmas,

but Appellant still would not know if Ms. Desorbo could be located. Therefore, the request

was denied.

On appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court’s denial of her motion for a

continuance was a violation of her constitutional right to compulsory process for obtaining

a material witness. The granting of a continuance rests within the sound discretion of the

trial court. State v. Odom, 137 S.W.3d 572, 589 (Tenn. 2004). We will reverse the denial

of a continuance only if the trial court abused its discretion and the defendant was prejudiced

by the denial. State v. Hines, 919 S.W.2d 573, 579 (Tenn. 1995). In order to show prejudice,

the defendant must demonstrate that a different result might reasonably have been reached

if the trial court had granted the continuance or that the denial of the continuance denied the

defendant a fair trial. Id. Moreover, a defendant who asserts that the denial of a continuance

constitutes a denial of due process or the right to counsel must establish actual prejudice.

Odom, 137 S.W.3d at 589. This Court has recognized that a continuance might be

appropriate in order to afford a defendant a “reasonable opportunity” to locate a witness.

State v. Morgan, 825 S.W.2d 113, 117 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). However, the burden rests

with the defendant to show that a continuance might have reasonably resulted in locating the

witness. Id.; see also Brown v. State, 489 S.W.2d 855, 857 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972).

Criminal defendants are afforded the “right . . . to have compulsory process for

obtaining witnesses in his favor.” U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9; T.C.A. §

40-17-105; see State v. Brown, 29 S.W.3d 427, 432 (Tenn. 2000); see also Chambers v.

Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 (1973) (“Few rights are more fundamental than that of an

accused to present witnesses in his own defense.”). With regard to compulsory attendance

of witnesses, the Supreme Court has stated the following:

The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance,

if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present

the defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so

it may decide where the truth lies. Just as an accused has the right to confront

the prosecution’s witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he

has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense. This right is

a fundamental element of due process of law.

Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19 (1967).

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The foundation of a claim of denial of compulsory process is that the witness or the

evidence the Defendant seeks to offer is material to the defense. See, e.g., United States v.

Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. 858, 867 (1982). Furthermore, if a defendant attempts to

establish a violation of his right to compulsory process, he “must at least make a plausible

showing of how [the witness’s] testimony would have been both material and favorable to

his defense . . . .” Id. at 867.

In the case at hand, the State filed a notice on September 13, 2010, that it intended to

present the testimony of Mr. Orman. The 404(b) hearing in question was held on June 23

and 27, 2011. Therefore, the hearing was a full nine months after Appellant had notice of

the intention to present Mr. Orman as a witness. Appellant’s counsel stated that he had

spoken to Ms. Desorbo’s family, conducted a records check, and hired a private investigator.

However, trial counsel did not state that there had been any progress in locating Ms.

Desorbo. In addition, on the first day of the hearing, the assistant district attorney also stated

that the State had searched for Ms. Desorbo to no avail.

As stated above, to prevail on a claim Appellant must prove that her rights were

violated. However, based upon our review of the record, we can find no presentation of

evidence by Appellant demonstrating what Ms. Desorbo would have testified if presented

as a witness. The State offered to bring in the investigator to testify regarding his previous

interview of Ms. Desorbo and her denial of Mr. Orman’s claims. However, Appellant did

not present the investigator at the subsequent hearing on June 27, 2011. Furthermore, we

cannot tell whether Appellant presented any evidence regarding Ms. Desorbo’s expected

testimony at the motion for new trial because no transcript of the motion for new trial was

included in the record. Therefore, Appellant has not proven that Ms. Desorbo was a material

witness. For this reason, she has also failed to prove that the trial court denied its discretion

in denying her motion for continuance. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

Denial of Motion to Suppress Statement

Appellant argues on appeal that the trial court erred when it denied her motion to

suppress her statements made to officers the evening that the victim was found. The State

disagrees.

Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress her statements made to law

enforcement personnel the evening that the victim was found dead. As set out above, after

911 was called, various members of law enforcement arrived and began asking Appellant and

her husband questions regarding the circumstances of the victim’s death. They were asked

to participate in a re-enactment of how they found the victim. In addition, an interview was

conducted of Appellant and her husband that occurred in the bonus room of the house. The

-18-
interview was surreptitiously recorded. Appellant was allowed to receive telephone calls

during the interview and move around. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the

motion. The trial court denied the motion to suppress by written order.

“This Court will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing unless

the evidence preponderates otherwise.” State v. Hayes, 188 S.W.3d 505, 510 (Tenn. 2006)

(citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). On appeal, “[t]he prevailing party

in the trial court is afforded the ‘strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable

and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.’” State v. Carter, 16

S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998)).

“Questions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and

resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of

fact.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. Our review of a trial court’s application of law to the facts

is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. State v. Walton, 41 S .W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn.

2001) (citing State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Yeargan, 958

S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997)). When the trial court’s findings of fact are based entirely on

evidence that does not involve issues of witness credibility, however, appellate courts are as

capable as trial courts of reviewing the evidence and drawing conclusions, and the trial

court’s findings of fact are subject to de novo review. State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217

(Tenn. 2000). Further, we note that “in evaluating the correctness of a trial court’s ruling on

a pretrial motion to suppress, appellate courts may consider the proof adduced both at the

suppression hearing and at trial.” State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998).

A. Miranda Warnings

Appellant’s initial argument regarding the denial of her motion to suppress is that her

statements were obtained in violation of her right against self-incrimination under the Fifth

and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article 1, § 9 of the

Tennessee Constitution because they were the product of custodial interrogation without the

benefit of the warnings required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in pertinent part that

“no person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S.

Const. amend. V. Similarly, Article I, Section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution states that “in

all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall not be compelled to give evidence against

himself.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. However, an accused may waive this right against

self-incrimination. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). In Miranda, the United States

Supreme Court held that a suspect “must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the

right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he

has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will

-19-
be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.” Id. at 479. The Supreme

Court held that a suspect may knowingly and intelligently waive the right against

self-incrimination only after being apprised of these rights. Id. Accordingly, for a waiver

of the right against self-incrimination to be constitutionally valid, the accused must make an

intelligent, knowing, and voluntary waiver of the rights afforded by Miranda. Id. at 444. In

considering the totality of the circumstances a court should consider:

[T]he age of the accused; his lack of education or his intelligence level; the

extent of his previous experience with the police; the repeated and prolonged

nature of the questioning; the length of the detention of the accused before he

gave the statement in question; the lack of any advice to the accused of his

constitutional rights; whether there was an unnecessary delay in bringing him

before a magistrate before he gave the confession; whether the accused was

injured intoxicated or drugged, or in ill health when he gave the statement;

whether the accused was deprived of food, sleep or medical attention; whether

the accused was physically abused; and whether the suspect was threatened

with abuse.

State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666, 671 (Tenn. 1996) (citing State v. Readus, 764 S.W.2d

770, 774 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988)). However, no single factor is necessarily determinative.

State v. Blackstock, 19 S.W.3d 200, 208 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Fairchild v. Lockhart, 744 F.

Supp. 1429, 1453 (E.D. Ark. 1989)). Further, “[a] trial court’s determination that a

confession was given knowingly and voluntarily is binding on the appellate courts unless the

defendant can show that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s ruling.” State

v. Keen, 926 S.W.2d 727, 741 (Tenn. 1994).

In the case at hand, Appellant argues that she was in custody during the interview and,

for that reason, Miranda warnings are required in order for her statements to be introduced

at trial.

As this Court stated in State v. Cooper, 912 S.W.2d 756 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995):

Whether one is in custody turns not on whether the interrogation occurred in

a “coercive environment” but on whether the accused was “deprived of his

freedom of action in any significant way.” Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492

(1977). Under California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983), the ultimate

inquiry to determine whether a person is “in custody” for purposes of receiving

-20-
Miranda protection is “simply whether there is a ‘formal arrest or restraint of

freedom of movement’ of the degree associated with a formal arrest.”

912 S.W.2d at 762. “[T]he test is whether, under the totality of the circumstances, a

reasonable person in the suspect’s position would consider himself or herself deprived of

freedom of movement to a degree associated with a formal arrest.” State v. Anderson, 937

S.W.2d 851, 855 (Tenn. 1996).

The trial court’s findings of fact with regard to the suppression of Appellant’s

statement to the officers are as follows:

The Court finds that under the totality of the circumstances the defendant was

not in custody when she made her statements. The Court has reviewed the

audio recording of the defendant’s statements, which corroborate Detective

Cooley’s testimony that he interviewed the defendant in a casual,

conversational tone. The Court accredits the officers’ testimony that they did

not know if a crime had occurred, much less if the defendant was a suspect.

At no point did the officers ever confront the defendant with suspicion of her

guilt in a criminal act. The defendant was not transported to another location,

but was interviewed in the comfort of her own home. She moved freely to

various parts of her residence, both inside and out front. The Court accredits

the testimony of the officers that the defendant was never restrained in any

way. The defendant interrupted the interview several times to answer

incoming phone calls. The overall character of the interview was that of an

attempt to discover details that might explain how the victim died, and not

focused on whether the defendant was culpable in or perpetrated a crime.

Based on the foregoing analysis, under the totality of the circumstances, a

reasonable person in the defendant’s position would not consider herself

deprived of freedom of movement to a degree associated with a formal arrest.

Therefore, this was not a custodial interrogation as contemplated by Miranda,

and the officers were not required to read the defendant her constitutional

rights. Therefore, this issue is without merit.

1. At Beginning of Interview

Upon our review of the record at hand, we conclude that the evidence does not

preponderate against the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress. The testimony at both

the hearing and the trial show that Appellant was not in custody and, therefore, there was no

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requirement that she be advised of her Miranda rights. Witnesses for the State testified that

Appellant was interviewed in her home in her bonus room. She was allowed to freely roam

the house and allowed to receive telephone calls from relatives. She was not isolated. Her

husband and other family members and friends were present during parts of the interview.

The tone was conversational and not antagonistic. The facts surrounding the interview do

not lead to the conclusion by a reasonable person that she would have been “deprived of

freedom of movement to a degree associated with formal arrest.” See Anderson, 937 S.W.2d

at 855. Therefore, it was not a situation in which Miranda warnings were necessary.

2. In Middle of Interview

Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress with

regard to the moment of the interview where Appellant asked whether the victim could have

accidentally ingested Appellant’s medication. Appellant argues that at this point in the

interview, it became more of an interrogation. However, we conclude, once again, that there

is no evidence to support this conclusion. There is still no evidence that a reasonable person

would have felt that she was deprived of her freedom. She was still allowed to move about

the house and take telephone calls. Therefore, we find no support for the requirement of

Miranda warnings for the introduction of the statements into evidence.

B. Voluntariness of Statement

Appellant also argues that her statement was not voluntary because she was under

extreme emotional distress and intoxicated.

Even though a statement was not given as a result of custodial interrogation, the

statement must still be voluntary in order to be admissible. See Arizona v. Fulminante, 499

U.S. 279, 286-88 (1991). In order to be considered voluntary, the statement must not be

extracted by “any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises,

however slight, nor by the exertion of any improper influence.” Bram v. United States, 168

U.S. 532, 542-43 (1897); State v. Kelly, 603 S.W.2d 726, 727 (Tenn. 1980). However, “[a]

defendant’s subjective perception alone is not sufficient to justify a conclusion of

involuntariness in the constitutional sense.” State v. Smith, 933 S.W.2d 450, 455 (Tenn.

1996). Instead, “coercive police activity is a necessary predicate to finding that a confession

is not voluntary.” Id.

Whether a statement was voluntarily given is determined by examining the totality of

the circumstances. Kelly, 603 S.W.2d at 728-29 (Tenn. 1980). “A trial court’s determination

that a confession was given knowingly and voluntarily is binding on the appellate courts

unless the defendant can show that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s

-22-
ruling.” State v. Keen, 926 S.W.2d 727, 741 (Tenn. 1994). In addition, the findings of fact

made by the trial court at a hearing on a motion to suppress will also be upheld unless the

evidence preponderates otherwise. State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996).

Questions about witness credibility and “resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters

entrusted to the trial judge.” Id.

The trial court made the following findings:

After reviewing the testimony of the witnesses, the audio recording of

the June 17, 2008 interview, and the audio recording of the juvenile hearing

held December 8, 2010, the Court finds that the defendant gave a knowing and

voluntary statement. Throughout the interview, the defendant answered

Detective Cooley’s questionsin an appropriate manner that indicated a rational

intellect. The defendant displayed a full memory and gave a detailed narrative

of past events that stayed consistent throughout the questioning. The

defendant was emotional and upset at various times during the interview, but

never for an extensive period of time. The Court notes that her overall

demeanor of the June 27, 2008 interview is very similar to that she displayed

at the juvenile hearing held December 8, 2010. The Court accredits the

testimony of Latasha Bryant and Detective Cooley that the defendant was

coherent and displayed behavior that was not indicative of being under the

influence. The Court is not convinced that the defendant’s brother and father

were even present during the relevant portions of any interview of the

defendant[ ]. After examining all the proof, the Court finds that the defendant

gave a knowing, voluntary statement that was the product of a free mind and

rational intellect.

(footnote omitted).

In State v. Morris, 24 S.W.3d 788 (Tenn. 2000); our supreme court attached this

Court’s opinion as an appendix to its own opinion. The following is stated in the appendix:

The law in this state is well-established that “[t]he ingestion of drugs

and alcohol does not in and of itself render any subsequent confession

involuntary.” See State v. Robinson, 622 S.W.2d 62, 67 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1096, 102 S. Ct. 667, 70 L. Ed.2d 636 (1981);

see also State v. [Stephen Lajuan] Beasley, No. 03C01-9509-CR-00268, 1996

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WL 591203 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Oct. 10, 1996), reh’g denied,

(Sept. 15, 1997), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. Apr. 27, 1998); State v.

[Larry Thomas] Teeters, No. 0201-9304-CC-0051, 1994 WL 29855 (Tenn.

Crim. App. at Jackson, Feb. 2, 1994). “It is only when an accused’s faculties

are so impaired that the confession cannot be considered the product of a free

mind and rational intellect that it should be suppressed.” Robinson, 622

S.W.2d at 67 (citing Lowe v. State, 584 S.W.2d 239 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979)).

The test to be applied in these cases is whether, at the time of the statement,

the accused was capable of making a narrative of past events or of stating his

own participation in the crime. [Stephen Lajuan] Beasley, No. 03C01-9509-

CR-00268 (citations omitted).

Morris, 24 S.W.3d at 805.

In the case at hand, Appellant has not proven that the evidence preponderates against

the findings of the trial court. The officers arrived at Appellant’s house and proceeded to ask

her questions in order to determine why the victim had died. There were no coercive tactics,

threats, or promises made to extract Appellant’s statements. The officers testified that at the

time they were at Appellant’s home, they did not even know that the victim’s death was a

homicide. The officers stated that it was not readily apparent to them that Appellant was

intoxicated and that she responded appropriately to their questions. They did acknowledge

that she was very distraught, but they stated that she would calmly answer their questions and

subsequently break down when speaking on the telephone with relatives.

We conclude that Appellant’s statements were voluntary and not affected by her

alleged intoxication or distress. Therefore, Miranda warnings were not necessary and

Appellant is not entitled to relief.

Loss or Destruction of Evidence

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying her request to instruct the jury

on the State’s responsibility to gather, preserve, and produce evidence. Appellant bases this

argument on the fact that the State lost the videotape of the re-enactment performed by

Appellant and her husband of how they found the victim and the destruction of the sippy cup

and its contents.

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The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution provides every defendant the right to a fair trial. To facilitate this right, a

2

defendant has a constitutionally protected privilege to request and obtain from the

prosecution evidence that is either material to guilt or relevant to punishment. Brady v.

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). Further, the prosecution has a duty to turn over

exculpatory evidence that would raise a reasonable doubt about a defendant’s guilt. United

States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 110-11 (1976).

The State has a general duty to preserve all evidence subject to discovery and

inspection as part of Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 16. The case of State v.

Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d 912 (Tenn. 1999), illustrates the procedure to examine situations in

which the State fails to preserve evidence. In Ferguson, the defendant was arrested for

driving under the influence (“DUI”). The videotape of various sobriety tests performed by

the defendant was inadvertently taped over before his trial. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 914. The

defendant appealed, arguing that the State violated his Due Process rights by failing to

preserve the videotape. In its review of defendant’s issue, our state supreme court adopted

a test for courts to use in determining whether the loss or destruction of evidence has

deprived a defendant of a fair trial. Id. at 917. The initial analytical step in this test for

determining whether there was any duty to preserve evidence was described as follows:

Whatever duty the Constitution imposes on the States to preserve evidence,

that duty must be limited to evidence that might be expected to play a

significant role in the suspect’s defense. To meet this standard of

constitutional materiality, evidence must both possess an exculpatory value

that was apparent before the evidence was destroyed, and be of such a nature

that the defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other

reasonably available means.

Id. (quoting California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 488-89 (1984)). The Court explained

that if the proof demonstrates the existence of a duty to preserve the evidence and

demonstrates that the State failed in that duty, “the analysis moves to considerations of

several factors which guide the decision regarding the consequences of the breach.” Id.

Accordingly, those factors include: “(1) The degree of negligence involved; (2) The

“As a general rule, . . . a trial lacks fundamental fairness where there are errors which call into

2

question the reliability of the outcome.” State v. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d 912, 914 n.3 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Betts

v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942); Watkins v. State, 393 S.W.2d 141, 144 (Tenn. 1965); Lofton v. State, 898

S.W.2d 246, 248 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)).

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significance of the destroyed evidence, considered in light of the probative value and

reliability of secondary or substitute evidence that remains available; and (3) The sufficiency

of the other evidence used at trial to support the conviction.” Id. at 917. “If, after

considering all the factors, the trial judge concludes that a trial without the missing evidence

would not be fundamentally fair, then the trial court may dismiss the charges.” Id. However,

dismissal is but one of the trial judge’s options. Id.

In the order denying the motion for new trial, the trial court made the following

findings with regard to this issue:

The defendant asserts a new trial isrequired because the State destroyed

and/or lost evidence in this case because the sippy cup from the defendant’s

residence alleged to contain milk with Oxycodone was destroyed. Also the

video tape of the reenactment at the scene of the Defendant’s home was lost.

The Court finds the defendant has not shown pursuant to State v. Ferguson, 2

S.W.3d 912, 914 (Tenn. 1999), of a duty of the State to preserve the evidence.

Even if the State should have preserved the evidence, the Court finds there has

not been proof of the requisite degree of negligence. The evidence at trial

showed that the evidence was destroyed as part of a routine procedure of the

lab. Also, the child’s cup was not significant in light of the secondary

evidence available and the fact that the drugs were found in the victim’s

system. There was no dispute as to the cause of death.

Sippy Cup

Appellant argues that her due process rights were violated when the State destroyed

the sippy cup recovered at her house which contained milk that later tested positive for

oxycodone. At trial, Appellant raised the issue of a need for a preservation of evidence

instruction at the conclusion of Appellant’s case. The trial court stated that there had been

no Ferguson motion, which usually precedes such an instruction request. Likewise, we have

found no such motion or objection prior to Appellant’s request for the jury instruction.

Appellant did raise the issue in her motion for new trial.

The State argues that the sippy cup did not possess exculpatory value. We agree. The

contents of the sippy cup were tested and the results were that the milk contained therein was

mixed with Oxycodone. Appellant told the officers and testified at trial that she alone fed

the victim the day of her death. We conclude that the cup of milk laced with Oxycodone that

was given to the victim whose urine, heart blood, and bile all showed the ingestion of

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Oxycodone is not exculpatory. Therefore, Appellant has failed to demonstrate that the State

had a duty to preserve the evidence.

Re-enactment Videotape

Appellant also argues that she was denied a fair trial because the State lost the

videotape of the re-enactment of how Appellant and her husband found the victim.

Appellant argues that this videotape was the “best evidence of [Appellant’s] level of

impairment during the police questioning.” The State argues that this issue is waived

because Appellant failed to raise this issue in the trial court.

When Appellant requested the instruction of the trial court, trial counsel did not raise

the issue of the re-enactment videotape. The only evidence raised as a subject of the

instruction was the sippy cup. Appellant did specifically raise the issue of the re-enactment

in her amended motion for new trial.

Upon a review of the record on appeal, we conclude that Appellant has not proven that

the loss of the re-enactment videotape deprived her of a fair trial. She has not shown that the

videotape had exculpatory value that was apparent before the videotape was lost. She

contends that the videotape would demonstrate the level of her intoxication during the

demonstration. However, even if she had been intoxicated during the re-enactment, this fact

is not relevant as to question whether she fed oxycodone and Alprazolam to the victim prior

to her death. In addition, the State’s witnesses testified that she did not appear intoxicated,

and Appellant presented her father and brother who testified that she was intoxicated. Also,

there was an audio recording of the re-enactment which could equally demonstrate if

Appellant was intoxicated by showing whether she was slurring her words or incoherent.

Furthermore, even if we assume that she meets the initial analytical step and there was

a duty to preserve the videotape, Appellant has not proven that the missing evidence affected

the fundamental fairness of the trial. As stated above, Appellant must show the degree of

negligence involved; the significance of the destroyed evidence, considering any secondary

evidence; and the sufficiency of the other evidence presented at trial. See Ferguson, 2

S.W.3d at 917.

In the record provided on appeal, Appellant has not cited to the record of the motion

for new trial. In fact, we cannot locate the transcript of the motion for new trial in the record

on appeal. Therefore, we have no evidence as to the level of negligence involved in the loss

of the videotape.

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We have already stated that there was an audio recording of the re-enactment as well

as witnesses for both the State and Appellant who testified as to whether Appellant was

intoxicated. The other evidence presented at trial was that Appellant was the only person,

according to her own statement, who fed the victim. Appellant stated that she prepared her

milk and gave it to her. At the autopsy, it was discovered that the victim had been ingesting

oxycodone for some time and had most likely ingested some within a short time period

before her death. We conclude from the record on appeal, that the loss of the re-enactment

videotape did not affect the fundamental fairness of Appellant’s trial.

Loss or Destruction of Evidence Jury Instruction

Appellant also argues that the trial court had a duty to instruct the jury on the

preservation of evidence. A trial court has a “duty to give a complete charge of the law

applicable to the facts of the case.” State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 73 (Tenn. 1992).

Anything short of a complete charge denies a defendant his constitutional right to trial by a

jury. State v. McAfee, 737 S.W.2d 304, 308 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). However, Tennessee

law does not mandate that any particular jury instructions be given so long as the trial court

gives a complete charge on the applicable law. See State v. West, 844 S.W.2d 144, 151

(Tenn. 1992). A charge is prejudicial error “if it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or if

it misleads the jury as to the applicable law.” State v. Hodges, 944 S.W.2d 346, 352 (Tenn.

1997) (citing State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 447 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); Graham v.

State, 547 S.W.2d 531 (Tenn. 1977)). In determining whether jury instructions are

erroneous, this Court must review the charge in its entirety and invalidate the charge only if,

when read as a whole, it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or misleads the jury as to the

applicable law. State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998).

We have previously determined that there was no violation under Ferguson.

Therefore, there was no basis to give an instruction on the preservation of evidence.

Negligence Jury Instructions

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the State’s

requested instruction for negligence. The following is Appellant’s argument in its entirety

regarding her allegation that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on negligence:

The State requested a special jury instruction on aggravated child

neglect. (Vol. XI, p. 176-7). The Appellant objected stating the pattern jury

instruction on aggravated child neglect should be read to the jury without the

additional language requested by the State defining neglect. (Vol. XI, p. 177).

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The trial court overruled the objection and included the superfluous negligence

definition. (Vol. XI, p. 194; Vol. XII, p. 272). The trial court instructed the

jury that

Neglect is continuing a course of knowing conduct beginning

with the first act or omission that causes adverse effects to a

child’s health or welfare. Neglect can be an act of omission or

omission. Neglect can occur when a parent or guardian neglects

or refusesto provide necessary medical,surgical, institutional or

hospital care for a child.

(Vol. XII, p. 272). The additional language unduly prejudiced the Appellant

and denied her a fair trial by improperly instructing the jury on the law of

negligence.

There is no discussion as to why the instruction was prejudicial or any citation to

authorities to demonstrate how the instruction was prejudicial. Tennessee Rule of Appellate

Procedure 27(a)(7) provides that a brief shall contain, “[an] argument . . . setting forth the

contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor,

including the reasons why the contentions require appellate relief, with citations to the

authorities and appropriate references to the record . . . relied on.” Tennessee Court of

Criminal Appeals Rule 10(b) states that, “[i]ssues which are not supported by argument,

citation to authorities, or appropriate references to the record will be treated as waived in this

court.” See also State v. Sanders, 842 S.W.2d 257, 260-61 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

Appellant does not accompany her recitation of the events surrounding the giving of the

instruction and her assertion of prejudice with any argument or citation to authorities. This

issue is waived.

Right of Confrontation

Appellant’s final argument is that her constitutional right to confrontation was

violated when the trial court allowed the playing of a tape recording in which her deceased

husband’s voice could be heard. In her brief, the heading of the argument states that the right

of confrontation is found in the Tennessee and United States Constitutions. However, these

are the only citations to any authority in this entire section of the brief. Appellant goes on

to set out the facts leading up to the denial of her motion in limine and her objection at trial

prior to the playing of the tape recording. There is no argument as to how the tape violated

her right to confrontation and there is no citation to any authority to support such an

argument.

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As stated above, an issue in a brief that fails to include an argument and cite to

applicable authority is waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7); Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R.

10(b); see also Sanders, 842 S.W.2d at 260-61. Therefore, this issue is waived.

CONCLUSION

For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

___________________________________

JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE

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