IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

FULLER STYLE, INC., a Colorado )

corporation, )

Appellant, ) No. 79181-8-I

v.

) DIVISION ONE

CITY OF SEATTLE, a Washington )

municipal corporation, )

)

Respondent, )

and

)

CANAL VIEW PROPERTIES, L.L.C., a ) PUBLISHED OPINION

Washington limited liability company, )

) FILED: December 23, 2019

Other Necessary )

Party.

_________________________________________________________________________________)

STEADY FLOATS, INC., a Washington )

corporation, )

)

Appellant,

v.

)

CITY OF SEATTLE, a Washington )

municipal corporation, )

Respondent,

and

)

COMMERCIAL MARINE CONSTRUC- )

TION CO., a Washington corporation, )

Other Necessary )

Party.
No. 79181-8-112

FULLER STYLE, INC., a Colorado )

corporation, )

)

Appellant, )

v.

CITY OF SEATTLE, a Washington )

municipal corporation, )

Respondent, )

and )

EWING STREET MOORINGS, L.L.C., a)

Washington limited liability company, )

Other Necessary )

Party. )

SMITH, J. — Appellants Fuller Style Inc. and Steady Floats Inc. filed three land

use petitions challenging the city of Seattle’s (City) Department of Construction and

Inspections’ (SDCI) orders. In the orders, the SDCI concluded that replacement of

previously existing floating on-water residences (FOWRs) constitutes substantial

development under the Shoreline Management Act of 1971 (SMA), chapter 90.58 RCW,

and the City’s corresponding Shoreline Management Plan (SMP). Specifically, the

SDCI determined that the replacements were not subject to the normal maintenance or

repair exemption from shoreline substantial development permit (SSDP) requirements.

Therefore, the SDCI required Fuller Style and Steady Floats to obtain SSDPs to replace

the existing FOWRs. Fuller Style and Steady Floats consolidated their land use

petitions in the superior court, which upheld the SDCI’s orders.

We conclude that Fuller Style and Steady Floats failed to meet their burdens to

show a violation of the Land Use Petition Act (LU PA), chapter 36.70C RCW, and that

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No. 79181-8-1/3

the SDCI did not err in its interpretation of the SMA’s definition of “development” or in its

application of the law to the facts. Therefore, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

Shoreline Management Act

Washington’s legislature enacted the SMA “to insure the development of [the

state’s] shorelines in a manner which . . . will promote and enhance the public interest.

[and] protect[] against adverse effects to the public health, the land and its vegetation

and wildlife, and the waters of the state and their aquatic life, while protecting generally

public rights of navigation and corollary rights incidental thereto.” RCW 90.58.020. The

SMA applies, with some exceptions, to the “shorelines” of the state, i.e., “the water areas

of the state” and “their associated shorelands, together with the lands underlying them.”

RCW 90.58.030(2)(e). To carry out its purpose, the SMA requires local governments to

develop and enforce an SMP. ~ RCW 90.58.080. An SMP is a comprehensive use

plan, ‘constitut[ing] use regulations for the various shorelines of the state.”

RCW 90.58.030(3)(b); RCW 90.58.100(1).

The City codified its SMP in its land use code. .~ ch. 23.60A SEATTLE

MUNICIPAL CODE (SMC). The SDCI implements and updates the City’s SMP. The SMP

applies to the “Shoreline District,” which “includes all shorelines of the City over which it

has jurisdiction.” SMC 23.60A.010(A). And “[a]ll property located within the Shoreline

District is subject both to the standards of the applicable zone and to the requirements

imposed by” the SMP. SMC 23.60A.010(B). The City’s SMP defines its purpose as

regulating development, uses, and shoreline modifications consistent with

(1) “[p]rotect[ing] the ecological functions of the shoreline areas;” (2) “[ejncourag[ingj

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No. 79181-8-114

water-dependent uses;” (3) “[p]rovid[ing] for maximum public access to, and enjoyment

of the shorelines of the City;” and (4) “[p]reserv[ing], enhanc[ing], and increas[ing] views

of the water.” SMC 23.60A.002(B).

Development on shorelines must be consistent with the policies and purpose of

the SMA as adopted in the applicable SMP or ‘shall not be undertaken.”

RCW9O.58.140(1); SMC 23.60A.O1O. Specifically, an SSDP “is required prior to

undertaking any development unless the [City] determines the development is not

substantial development or [the City] has issued an exemption.” SMC 23.60A.020(A)(1);

RCW 90.58.140(2).

One such exemption exists for FOWR5. In 2014, the legislature adopted special

SMA provisions for FOWR5. A FOWR is “any floating structure. . . that is designed or

used primarily as a residence, has detachable utilities, and is the subject of a lease or

sublease at a marina.” SMC 23.60A.912. The owner of a pre-existing FOWR must

verify the FOWR with the City in order to obtain “legal establishment of a [FOWR]

pursuant to the requirements” of the City’s SMP. SMC 23.60A.203(D). Once verified, a

FOWR is a conforming use—authorized to remain over shoreline waters, despite

nonwater dependent uses not being preferred uses in the Shoreline District under the

SMP—if prior to July 1, 2014, the floating structure “[w]as legally established as a

[FOWR]” and “[w]as moored pursuant to a lease or ownership interest at a marina. .

within the City.” SMC 23.60A.944; SMC 23.60A.203(B). A verified FOWR is not subject

to SSDP requirements where the development involves normal maintenance or repair of

the structure. SMC 23.60A.203(C)(1).

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Facts

In November and December of 2017, Fuller Style and Steady Floats sought

normal maintenance or repair exemptions for the replacement of three FOWRs:

FOWR 873, FOWR 811, and FDWR 801. It is unclear whether the FOWRs have been

constructed. However, according to the applications submitted to the SDCI, Steady

Floats would construct FDWR 873’s replacement at the Snow and Company Shipyard

in Seattle. Fuller Style would construct FOWR 811’s and FOWR 801’s replacements at

Canal Boatyard in Seattle. Thus, the replacements for all three FOWRs would be

constructed landward of the Shoreline District boundary. The replacement of the

previous FOWRs and moorage of the newly constructed FOWRs would occur within the

Shoreline District. Each FOWR replacement would be launched using a vessel launch

system and towed to its moorage, and thereafter, FOWR verification with the City would

be updated pursuant to SMC 23.60A.203(C)(1)(d).

The SDCI denied all three applications for exemptions and directed the parties to

obtain an SSDP for each replacement FOWR. Specifically, the SDCI concluded that

the replacement of the FOWRs constitutes substantial development and the normal

maintenance and repair exemption does not apply because replacement is not the

common method of repair for FOWR5. Fuller Style and Steady Floats brought three

LUPA petitions, which they later consolidated, challenging the SDCI’s orders. The

superior court denied the petitions following oral argument. Fuller Style and Steady

Floats appeal.

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No. 79181-8-1/6

ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

The parties do not contest that the denial of an SSDP exemption is a land use

decision. And LUPA governs our review of land use decisions. Ellensburci Cement

Prods., Inc. v. Kittitas County, 179 Wn.2d 737, 742, 317 P.3d 1037 (2014);

RCW 36.70C.030. This court stands “in the same position as the superior court when

reviewing” the administrative decision underlying a LUPA petition. Ellensburq Cement,

179 Wn.2d at 742.

Under LUPA, the petitioner “carrie[s] the burden of establishing one of the

standards set forth” in RCW 36.70C. 130(1), two of which are at issue in this appeal.

First, under subsection (b), the petitioner meets its burden by establishing that “[t]he

land use decision is an erroneous interpretation of the law, after allowing for such

deference as is due the construction of a law by a local jurisdiction with expertise.”

RCW 36.70C.130(1)(b). When determining whether the petitioner has met its burden

under subsection (b), the “[i]nterpretation of a statute is a question of law that this court

reviews de novo.” Ellensburq Cement, 179 Wn.2d at 743. Second, under subsection

(d), the petitioner meets its burden by establishing that “‘[t]he land use decision is a

clearly erroneous application of the law to the facts.” Ellensburq Cement, 179 Wn.2d at

743 (quoting RCW 36.70C.130(1)). That is, “[a] finding is clearly erroneous. . . when,

although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the record is left with the

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Phoenix Dev., Inc. v.

City of Woodinville, 171 Wn.2d 820, 829, 256 P.3d 1150 (2011).

As stated above, the City’s SMP is implemented to (1) “[p]rotect the ecological

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No. 79181-8-1/7

functions of the shoreline areas[,J” (2) “[e]ncourage water-dependent uses[,]” (3)

“[p]rovide for maximum public access to, and enjoyment of the shorelines[,]” and (4)

“[p]reserve, enhance, and increase views of the water.” SMC 23.60A.002(B). To that

end, the SMA and the City’s SMP are “exempt[] from the rule of strict construction” and

must “be liberally construed to give full effect to the objectives and purposes” of the

SMA. RCW 90.58.900; SMC 23.60A.014; Buechel V. Dert of Ecology, 125 Wn.2d 196,

203, 884 P.2d 910 (1994) (“The SMA is to be broadly construed in order to protect the

state shorelines as fully as possible.”).

Deference and the SMA

As an initial matter, Fuller Style and Steady Floats contend that the City was not

entitled to deference because the statute is unambiguous. We agree that the statute is

unambiguous, but we further conclude that the amount of deference owed is immaterial

to this disposition.

It is a longstanding principle of administrative law that administrative agencies

possess special expertise with regard to “interpreting and applying . . . ambiguous

statute[s] in harmony with the policies and goals the legislature sought to achieve.”

Hama Hama Co. v. Shorelines Hr’gs Bd., 85 Wn.2d 441, 448, 536 P.2d 157 (1975)

(emphasis added). Under RCW 36.70.C. 130(1 )(b), a court will defer to a city’s

construction of what is consistent with its ordinances when reviewing whether an

interpretation is “erroneous,” and under RCW 36.70C.130(1)(d), a court will defer to a

city’s implementation of its comprehensive plan, such as its SMP. See, ~ Phoenix

Dev., Inc., 171 Wn.2d at 830 (giving deference to the City’s construction of what is

consistent with its comprehensive plan and for its implementation of the comprehensive

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No. 79181-8-1/8

plan under RCW 36.70C.130(b) and (d)). However, an agency’s interpretation is not

“absolutely controlling’ on the court” and deference is owed only to the interpretation of

ambiguous statutory language. Brown v. City of Seattle, 117 Wn. App. 781, 790, 72

P.3d 764 (2003) (quoting Hama Hama Co., 85 Wn.2d at 448).

Here, the parties disagree on the interpretation of SMC 23.60A.908, which

mimics RCW 90.58.030(3)(a) and defines “development” for purposes of SSDPs.

However, the City does not contend that the definition of “development” under

RCW 90.58.030(3)(a)—or SMC 23.60A.908—is ambiguous. Thus, with regard to its

interpretation of SMC 23.60A.908, the City is not owed deference for interpretation of an

unambiguous statute. Additionally, any deference owed to the SDCI’s application of the

law to the facts is not determinative of the issues on appeal. Specifically, even without

deference, as discussed below, we conclude that the City’s determinations were

consistent with the SMA and that Fuller Style and Steady Floats failed to meet their

burden in establishing a violated standard under LUPA.

Replacement FOWRs and “Substantial Development”

Fuller Style and Steady Floats assert that the SDCI erred by concluding that

SSDPs are required for each of the FDWR replacements. Specifically, Fuller Style and

Steady Floats contend that the replacements do not constitute developments for which

SSDPs are required. The City’s determination that replacement of the existing FOWRs

constitutes construction or exterior alteration is neither an erroneous interpretation of

the law nor a clearly erroneous application of the law to the facts. Therefore, we affirm.

Under RCW 90.58.140, as discussed above, ‘[nb development may occur on a

shoreline of the state unless it is consistent with the policy of the SMA and a permit is

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No. 79181-8-1/9

first obtained.” Samuel’s Furniture, Inc. v. Dept of Ecology, 147 Wn.2d 440, 448, 54

P.3d 1194, 63 P.3d 764 (2002). Under the City’s SMP, “[nb development shall be

undertaken, no shoreline modification shall be made, and no use. . . shall be

established in the Shoreline District unless . . . it is consistent with the policy of the

[SMA] and the regulations of th[e SMP].” SMC 23.60A.012. Moreover, the restriction

on “development” within the Shoreline District “applies even if no shoreline substantial

development permit is required.” SMC 23.60A.012. “Development’ means a use

consisting of the construction or exterior alteration of structures, . . . placing of

obstructions; or any project of a permanent or temporary nature that interferes with the

normal public use of the surface of the waters.” SMC 23.60A.908. And all

developments must obtain SSDP5, unless the City “determines the development is not

substantial development or has issued an exemption.” SMC 23.60A.020(A)(1).

Here, the City concluded that (1) the replacement FOWRs were not exempt

under SMC 23.60A.020(C)(1) allowing for normal repair1 and (2) the replacement

FOWRs constitute substantial developments. We agree with the City’s determination.

First, these structures will involve “exterior alteration of [a] structure[ ]“ because the

replacement FOWRs will alter the exterior of the original FOWR. ~ SMC 23.60A.908.

Development does not require that the actual construction work that alters the exterior

occur within the Shoreline District. Indeed, the exterior alteration to a structure located

within the shoreline by replacement with an entirely new structure is an alteration for

• purposes of the City’s SMP.

The undisputed facts establish that each replacement structure differs

1 For two years, following the SMP’s effective date, the SDCI did not require

replacement FOWRs to seek SSDPs.

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No. 79181-8-1/10

substantially from the existing FOWR it will replace. Specifically, the three replacement

FOWR5 are taller, larger, and shaped differently than the pre-existing FOWR5. For

instance, as shown in figure 1 below, FDWR 801 will resemble a modern home, be over

120 square feet larger and 13 feet taller, replace a boat-like structure FOWR, and

include new features like an exterior spiral staircase.2

tz-~

Figure 1: FOWR 801 Original Structure and Proposed Replacement

FOWR 811 also will resemble a modern home, be over 120 square feet larger, and

replace a boat-like structure. And FOWR 873 will be 4 feet taller, 120 square feet

larger, and replace a FOWR that no longer exists because it began to sink. Both

FOWR 801 and 811 include an added level. Thus, these replacement FOWRs will

involve significant exterior alterations of the pre-existing structures within the Shoreline

District.

Furthermore, “[ojur duty in conducting statutory interpretation is to ‘discern and

implement’ the legislature’s intent.” Ellensburg Cement, 179 Wn.2d at 743 (quoting

State v. J.P., 149 Wn.2d 444, 450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003)). And an unambiguous statute’s

2 Figure 1 is taken from the City’s response brief in the superior court.

10

Proposed replacement:23

FOWR ~SO1

origilia2

1

,:.~
No. 79181-8-I/li

“plain meaning may be gleaned ‘from all that the Legislature has said in the statute and

related statutes which disclose legislative intent about the provision in question.”

Ellensburg Cement, 179 Wn.2d at 743 (quoting Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn,

LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 11, 43 P.3d 4 (2002)). To this end, the SMA and the City’s SMP

should be interpreted considering the impact of a development on the shoreline, not

simply construction or alteration in isolation. This interpretation is in line with legislative

intent: the SMA and the City’s SMP are intended to address more than the ecological

concerns of pollutants resulting from physical construction. Specifically, the SMA and

SMP are intended to preserve and enhance views of the shoreline, and protect public

uses. It does not matter where the construction occurs because, here, what happens at

the shoreline is the same. Importing replacement FOWR5 that differ in this magnitude

from the original FOWRs significantly alters the shorelines, the shoreline’s views, and

the shoreline’s uses. Additionally, the legislature enacted FOWR exemptions to

“[p]reserve the existence and vitality of current, floating on-water residential uses.”

LAWS OF 2014, ch. 56, § I (emphasis added). The legislation was not intended to allow

new structures that are entirely different to take the place of previously existing FOWRs.

Additionally, FOWR 811 will not be moored in the same location as the pre-existing

FOWR and thus changes the view and use in a new location, which permits moorage of

FOWRs. Therefore, we conclude that the City’s determination—that these replacement

FOWRs involve construction or exterior alteration—does not leave us with the definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.

Because we conclude that the replacement of these FOWR5 fits within the

definition of “development” as construction, exterior alteration, or obstruction of public

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No. 79181-8-1/12

use and because Fuller Style and Steady Floats concede that the replacement FOWRs

are substantial, we conclude that the City did not err in requiring SSDP5 for the

replacement FOWR5.

Fuller Style and Steady Floats disagree and contend that even though the

replacement FOWR5 are developments, they are not developments within the

shoreline. Specifically, Fuller Style and Steady Floats argue that ‘as a matter of law[,]

the construction of those structures outside of the shoreline district is not development

for which a substantial development permit must be obtained.” Fuller Style and Steady

Floats, in effect, assert that the SMA and the SMP cannot have jurisdiction over the

construction of their FOWR5 because it is not over the Shoreline District. However, the

definition of development does not state that construction or exterior alteration of a

structure must be completed within the Shoreline District. Instead, it states that a “use

consisting of the construction or exterior alteration [of] a structure[ ]“ is a development.

SMC 23.60A.908. The assertion that it must be construction over the shoreline lacks

statutory support.

However, to support their conclusion, Fuller Style and Steady Floats distinguish

Barry v. Department of Ecolociy, where the Shoreline Hearings Board concluded that

the placement of recreational park trailers (RPTs) constituted development under the

SMA. No. 12-008, 2013 WL 1294431 (Wash. Shorelines Hr’gs Bd. Mar. 14, 2013)

(Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order). Specifically, the board determined

that “[pjlacing the RPTs . . . constitutes ‘placing of obstructions’ in the shoreline” and

that the construction of stairs and the addition of “skirting and two-by-four framework . .

constructed around the bottom of the RPTs, constitute ‘construction or alteration of

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No. 79181-8-1113

structures.” Barry, 2013 WL 1294431 at *4 Fuller Style and Steady Floats argue that

in Barry, the board did not conclude that the construction of the RPTs, which occurred

outside of the Shoreline District, was development for purposes of SSDPs. This

argument is unpersuasive. In Barry, the board neither reached—nor did it need to

reach—the issue because there was actual construction that occurred within the

Shoreline District. 2013 WL 1294431. Here, while there is no physical construction

within the Shoreline District, it does not follow that no development will occur within the

shoreline. Thus, we are not persuaded.

Absolute Right

As a final matter, Fuller Style and Steady Floats contend that there is an absolute

right to replace, expand, and relocate structures. We disagree.

First, many rights that exist are subject to permitting requirements. Fuller Style

and Steady Floats acknowledge that the City may regulate FOWR construction and

placement. But they argue that the City and the SDCI’s “authority neither compels nor

allows SDCI to apply the plainly inapplicable requirements of the [SSDP} process to

FOWR replacement.” As an initial matter, as discussed above, the SSDP process is not

inapplicable to the replacement of FOWRs. Additionally, Fuller Style and Steady Floats

cite no authority to support a conclusion that permitting requirements are inconsistent

with their rights.

Furthermore, contrary to Fuller Style and Steady Float’s contentions, the results

are not absurd. The City does not contend that every time a FOWR is relocated it will

need an SSDP. Rather, if a relocation falls within the definition of development by, for

example, substantially changing the views or obstructing normal public use where it

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No. 79181-8-1114

previously was not obstructed, then a permit is required. Without oversight through the

permitting process, the City cannot know what the impacts of the proposed replacement

FOWR will be. And without knowing the impacts, the City is unable to discern whether

the replacement FOWR is consistent with the SMA and the SMP. Thus, we conclude

that the City properly required SSDPs for these replacement FOWRs.

We affirm.

4~~./A d

WE CONCUR:

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