Further Developments in Improved Sensitivity, Low-cost 

Uncooled IR Detector Focal Plane Arrays

by Wendy L. Sarney, John W. Little, Kimberley A. Olver, 

Frank E. Livingston, Krisztian Niesz, and Daniel E. Morse

ARL-TR-5389 November 2010

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 
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Army Research Laboratory

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ARL-TR-5389 November 2010

Further Developments in Improved Sensitivity, Low-cost 

Uncooled IR Detector Focal Plane Arrays

Wendy L. Sarney, John W. Little, and Kimberley A. Olver

Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, ARL

Frank E. Livingston

The Aerospace Corporation

Krisztian Niesz and Daniel E. Morse

Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies,

University of California, Santa Barbara

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Further Developments in Improved Sensitivity, Low-cost Uncooled IR Detector 

Focal Plane Arrays

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6. AUTHOR(S)

Wendy L. Sarney, John W. Little, Kimberley A. Olver, Frank E. Livingston, 

Krisztian Niesz, and Daniel E. Morse

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U.S. Army Research Laboratory

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14. ABSTRACT

The program goals for year 2-quarter 1 (Y2Q1) Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies project  ̳Lower Cost Uncooled IR 

Detector Focal Plane Arrays‘ included (1) the continued expansion of our barium titanium oxide (BaTiO3) nanomaterial 

synthesis capabilities and deposition methods, (2) laser-induced pyroelectric phase conversion studies and spectroscopic endpoint control scheme, and (3) comprehensive material characterization studies, along with electrical property characterization 

of BaTiO3 thin films. This report covers progress that took place in the three month period from May 1, 2009–July 30, 2009.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

Nanoparticles, uncooled infrared, biologically inspired

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Wendy L. Sarney

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iii

Contents

List of Figures iv

List of Tables iv

Acknowledgments v

1. Introduction 1

2. Progress by the Aerospace Corporation (Aerospace) 2

2.1 Laser-induced Photoemission Analysis of BaTiO3 Thin Films ......................................2

3. Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies (ICB) 6

3.1 Continuous Flow Reactor by Sonication Induced Vaporization .....................................6

3.2 Preparation of BaTiO3 Films for Studying Laser-induced Site-selective 

Transformation ................................................................................................................7

3.3 Future Tasks....................................................................................................................9

4. Progress by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) 10

4.1 Preparation for Electrical Characterization Measurements...........................................10

4.2 IR Absorption Layer Research ......................................................................................12

5. Plans and Goals for Year 2 Quarter 2 13

6. Metrics for Year 2 Quarter 1 14

7. References 15

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 16

Distribution List 17
iv

List of Figures

Figure 1. Project schedule...............................................................................................................1

Figure 2. Photographs that were acquired for the static laser exposure experiments at 

λ=266 nm and correspond to a BaTiO3/quartz sample (a) prior to laser irradiation and 

(b) during laser irradiation, and a quartz sample (c) during laser irradiation. ...........................3

Figure 3. Photoluminescence spectrum acquired during laser irradiation (λ=266 nm) of a 

quartz reference sample. ............................................................................................................4

Figure 4. Photoluminescence spectrum acquired during laser irradiation (λ=266 nm) of a 

BaTiO3 thin film deposited on a quartz substrate. .....................................................................5

Figure 5. Schematic of the reactor setup for continuous production of BaTiO3 nanoparticles 

by sonication-induced evaporation. ...........................................................................................6

Figure 6. SEM images of BaTiO3 films featuring 210 nm thickness prepared by spin 

coating........................................................................................................................................7

Figure 7. SEM image of BaTiO3 films featuring 5 μm thickness prepared by drop casting. ........8

Figure 8. SEM images of BaTiO3 films featuring 2 μm thickness prepared by drop casting 

and subsequent annealing at 300 °C. .........................................................................................9

Figure 9. BaTiO3/TiPt/Si multilayer structure. ...............................................................................9

Figure 10. BaTiO3 thin film following the application of a top electrical contact. ......................10

Figure 11. Close-up view of the BaTiO3 thin film showing the top electrical contact grid 

pattern. .....................................................................................................................................11

Figure 12. BaTiO3 thin film following the application of wire bonds..........................................12

Figure 13. Dry etch approach to the fabrication of black silicon nanopillars for enhanced IR 

absorption.................................................................................................................................13

List of Tables

Table 1. Highlights of Y2Q1 progress............................................................................................2
v

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support by the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies (ICB) through grant 

DAAD19-03-D-0004 from the U.S. Army Research Office, and The Aerospace Corporation 

Independent Research and Development (IR&D) Program and the Product and Development 

(PDP) Program.
vi

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
1

1. Introduction

The program goals for year 2-quarter 1 (Y2Q1) corresponded to the continued expansion of our 

barium titanium oxide (BaTiO3) nanomaterial synthesis capabilities and deposition methods, 

laser-induced pyroelectric phase conversion studies and spectroscopic end-point control scheme, 

and comprehensive material characterization studies, along with electrical property 

characterization of BaTiO3 thin films. This work took place in the three month period from 

May 1, 2009–July 30, 2009. The project schedule for year 2 is summarized in figure 1. 

Figure 1. Project schedule.
2

Respective team highlights are listed in table 1.

Table 1. Highlights of Y2Q1 progress.

Aerospace Continued investigations into the laser-induced pyroelectric cubic-tetragonal phase conversion 

of functionalized BaTiO3 nanoparticle thin films at multiple UV wavelengths, including laserscripted modulation at λ=355 nm and intensity modulation λ=266 nm. Efforts also focused on 

the development and implementation of a new dual-beam second harmonic generation (SHG) 

setup that permits phase conversion analysis during both static laser exposures and laser raster 

patterning. We expanded the capabilities of the spectroscopic detection scheme to include the 

ability to measure time-resolved photoluminescence during laser patterning—a distinct 

emission peak was observed for native BaTiO3 thin films, which may prove to be a valuable 

direct marker for phase conversion.

ICB Designed and built a continuous flow reactor to increase the throughput of BaTiO3 synthesis. 

The experimental setup uses MHz frequency sonication to induce evaporation of precursor 

molecules in the solution, forming micro-droplets in a state of a fine mist. We are aiming to use 

the increased reactivity of small droplets for improved film quality and increased particle 

production. Experiments have been carried out to deposit films, with different thicknesses, 

consisting of organic acid functionalized BaTiO3 nanoparticles on PtTi/Si substrates using spin 

coating and drop casting. 

ARL Achieved integration of electrical contacts into BaTiO3 thin film structures that are a requisite 

for measuring critical electrical properties of the perovskite thin films, including infrared (IR)

responsiveness, capacitance, and resistance, which involved evaporative deposition of TiPt and 

Au contacts, along with wire bonding on selective contact locations. Deposition of electrical 

contacts was accomplished without delamination or structural disruption of the underlying 

BaTiO3 thin film. 

All project teams have accomplished their respective planned milestones for Y2Q1, and 

highlights of the major activities are provided in the following sections. 

2. Progress by the Aerospace Corporation (Aerospace) 

2.1 Laser-induced Photoemission Analysis of BaTiO3 Thin Films

Our first quarter efforts for year 2 have focused on the continued development and 

implementation of a spectroscopic detection scheme for end-point analysis of the laser-induced 

pyroelectric activation and phase conversion process, where we have now investigated 

photoluminescence phenomena during intense laser irradiation as a potential marker for phase 

conversion. In year 1-quarter 3 (Y1Q3), we designed the optical configuration and initiated the 

development of an in situ pump-probe SHG spectroscopic detection scheme for dynamic, realtime monitoring of the pyroelectric phase conversion during laser patterning. The intent is to use 

the SHG activity associated with the non-centrosymmetric tetragonal polymorph to assess the 

extent of phase conversion from the SHG-inactive centrosymmetric cubic polymorph. In year 

1-quarter 4 (Y1Q4), we expanded upon our prior efforts and designed a dual-beam experimental 

setup that permits the simultaneous delivery of the ultraviolet (UV) laser processing beam and IR 

SHG pump-beam to a substrate under dynamic patterning conditions and static exposure 
3

conditions; these modifications will help facilitate laser pulse script optimization and refinement, 

along with improving process and quality control.

For the preliminary photoemission studies, we qualitatively examined the direct luminescence 

behavior of barium titanate thin films that were laser-irradiated at λ=266 nm under ambient 

temperature and pressure conditions. Figure 2 presents several photographic images that were 

acquired during the static laser irradiation experiments. Figure 2(a) shows the as-received cubic 

BaTiO3/quartz sample (sample #3, 3 × 20 μl spin coat, substrate lot # Apr. 2009) prior to laser 

exposure. The BaTiO3/quartz sample was approximately 10 mm × 10 mm and was mounted on a 

manual micro-XY stage assembly for sample translation and alignment. The photograph shown 

in figure 2(b) was captured while irradiating the BaTiO3 thin film at λ=266 nm, where the laser 

repetition rate was 5.0 kHz, the pulse duration was τ=520 fs, and the incident per-pulse fluence 

was ca. 7.6 mJ·cm–2. To our surprise, the cubic phase BaTiO3 thin film exhibited an intense red 

emission that was clearly visible to the naked eye and did not qualitatively appear to diminish 

with laser exposures extending to several minutes and exceeding 106pulses.

 

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2. Photographs that were acquired for the static laser exposure experiments at λ=266 nm and correspond 

to a BaTiO3/quartz sample (a) prior to laser irradiation and (b) during laser irradiation, and a quartz 

sample (c) during laser irradiation.

To examine whether the laser-induced photoluminescence was influenced by the underlying 

substrate, we also conducted laser irradiation experiments on blank quartz coupons. Figure 2(c) 

displays the photographic image that was acquired during laser irradiation of a quartz substrate 

under the same exposure conditions that were used in figure 2(b). In the absence of a BaTiO3 thin 

film overlayer, the intense red emission was not observed, instead replaced by a strong blue 

emission. Clearly, the origin and behavior of the laser-induced photoluminescence phenomenon 

are quite different for the BaTiO3/quartz sample and the quartz reference sample. 

Quantitative photoemission analyses were performed by monitoring the laser-induced 

photoluminescence signal using an ultra-fast gated charge-coupled device (CCD) detector 

coupled to an Acton 300i high resolution spectrometer. Figure 3 shows the laser-induced 

photoluminescence results for a quartz reference sample under the same experimental conditions 

that were employed for the static exposure results shown in figure 2. Two discrete, intense 
4

spectral features appear during laser irradiation at λ=266 nm, with their peaks centered at 408 nm 

and 532 nm, respectively. A broad, weak, and essentially featureless band also appears and is 

centered at approximately 650 nm. The narrow intense peak at 532 nm (bandwidth at FWHM 

Δλ=6 nm) does not correspond to direct photoemission, but rather relates to a first-order (2λ=

532 nm) reflection of the incident laser light from the diffraction grating inside the spectrometer. 

The prominent photoluminescence feature at 408 nm (bandwidth at FWHM Δλ=48 nm) 

corresponds to the blue light emission that was observed in figure 2, and is generally attributed to 

the existence of intrinsic oxygen-deficient centers (ODCs) in fused silica, which emit blue light 

under intense UV laser irradiation. The broad photoluminescence feature centered at ~650 nm is 

related to nonbridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHCs), which have been linked to plastic 

deformation and cracking of the glass network (1). 

Figure 3. Photoluminescence spectrum acquired during laser irradiation (λ=266 nm) of a quartz 

reference sample.

Figure 4 displays the photoluminescence spectrum that was measured for the BaTiO3/quartz 

sample (see figure 2) at λ=266 nm, where the per-pulse laser fluence was 8.0 mJ·cm–2. The laserinduced photoluminescence results reveal several important characteristics. First, the intense blue 

emission observed at 408 nm for the quartz substrate has been completely suppressed and is no 

longer detectable. Second, the first-order reflection of the incident laser light is again observed at 

λ=532 nm. Most important, however, is the appearance of a new distinct, intense
5

photoluminescence peak at 650 nm with a relatively narrow bandwidth of Δλ=44 nm at FWHM. 

This prominent photoluminescence peak is responsible for the intense red light that was detected 

visually (figure 2(b)), and may prove to be a valuable direct in situ marker for the structural 

phase of BaTiO3. Previous photoemission studies on bulk perovskites have suggested that the 

origin of the photoluminescence may be related to perturbations to the fundamental octahedron 

unit cell, which are caused by charge transfer processes via intrinsic defects, such as oxygen

vacancies, surface states, OH-defects, and non-centrosymmetric Ti3+ ions (2). 

Figure 4. Photoluminescence spectrum acquired during laser irradiation (λ=266 nm) of a BaTiO3 thin 

film deposited on a quartz substrate.

We have also investigated the fluence dependence of the 650 nm photoemission feature to assess 

whether the laser-induced photoluminescence is a single photon or multiple photon process. 

Figure 5 shows the measured photoluminescence intensity versus wavelength at incident laser 

fluences that ranged from F=1.5x10–2 mJ·cm–2to F=5.2 mJ·cm–2. The emission results indicate 

that the 650 nm photoluminescence intensity increases with incident laser fluence, while the peak 

maximum location remains unchanged over the range of fluencies studied. The inset in figure 5

displays the integrated peak areas for the 650 nm feature versus incident laser fluence. A thirdorder polynomial fit is provided as a visual guide, and the multiple photon dependence is 

consistent with a non-linear excitation process via intense ultra-fast pulse laser irradiation of the 

BaTiO3 thin film. 
6

Figure 5. Schematic of the reactor setup for continuous production of BaTiO3

nanoparticles by sonication-induced evaporation.

In the next quarter, we will investigate the photoluminescent properties of BaTiO3 thin film 

samples that have undergone controlled thermal treatment via conventional furnace heating and 

laser-scripted processing at multiple UV wavelengths. Our aim is to determine if thermal 

processing and cubic-tetragonal phase conversion produce photoemission features that are in 

marked contrast to the as-received native BaTiO3 samples. If successful, this photoluminescence 

approach will simplify the in situ detection of the pyroelectric phase transformation since an 

additional pump-beam (IR SHG) is not required for second harmonic generation; in this new 

scenario, the UV laser processing beam would be responsible for inducing the structural phase 

change, as well as promoting photoluminescence.

3. Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies (ICB) 

3.1 Continuous Flow Reactor by Sonication Induced Vaporization 

The experimental setup (figure 6) consists of three individual and well-separated glass parts. The 

first part is a dual-jacketed reactor filled with diluted hydrochloric acid (0.75 M), which will 

provide the reaction with the catalyst vapor by bubbling inert gas through it. The catalyst vapor 

meets with the alkoxide precursor in the 2nd chamber, where the single source BaTi double 
7

metal alkoxide is vaporized by a sonicator operated at 1.6 MHz frequency to form a fine mist 

containing micron-sized droplets. From this point, the mixed vapor (catalyst/alkoxide) is driven 

into the third vessel, which is the sample collector, by the inert gas flow. The system is currently 

under testing. 

Figure 6. SEM images of BaTiO3 films featuring 210 nm thickness prepared by spin coating.

We believe that this combination of sonication induced vaporization and the original idea of lowtemperature vapor diffusion catalysis offers several advantages, which will help us to move 

towards continuous production of valuable materials, such as the BaTiO3 nanoparticles. These 

advantages include the following:

1. MHz frequency sonication produces small droplets, including the alkoxide pool, with high 

specific surface area.

2. The flow rate of the carrier inert gas is tunable, and if chosen appropriately, it could provide 

enough time to facilitate the mixing and the reaction of the basic ingredients before reaching the 

collector vial and the gas outlet.

3. The throughput of the synthesis method highly depends on, among other factors, the 

maximum of the vaporization rate of the transducer, which is given as 10 mL/min with water. 

3.2 Preparation of BaTiO3 Films for Studying Laser-induced Site-selective 

Transformation 

BaTiO3 thin films featuring different thicknesses were deposited on platinum titanium (PtTi)/

silicon (Si) substrates and sent to Aerospace for laser-induced site-selective transformation 

experiments. Our aim was to produce a series of samples featuring thickness in the range of a 

few hundred nanomicrons up to few microns. The samples were prepared by spin coating and 

drop casting the surface functionalized BaTiO3 particles from hexane solution. During the spin 

coating experiments, the spinning speed and the ramp rate were varied between 1,500–

6,000 RPM and 200–1000 RPM/s, respectively. Spin coating using 6,000 RPM for 30 s and 
8

1,000 RPM/s ramp rate, resulting in a uniform film with around 210 nm thickness (figure 7); this

thickness was identified as best to form good quality films reproducibly and consistently. 

Figure 7. SEM image of BaTiO3 films featuring 5 μm thickness 

prepared by drop casting.

We observed a more than 50% increment in thickness from around 210 nm to 350 nm when the 

spinning speed was decreased from 6,000 RPM to 1,500 RPM. However, the film prepared at 

lower spinning speed was also characterized with larger surface roughness and, therefore,

undesired film morphology. 

Subsequent deposition of BaTiO3 nanoparticles by spin coating at 6,000 RPM resulted in only 

doubling the film thickness (210 nm–450 nm) after 10 cycles, but the surface morphology did

not changed significantly this time. 

The most reliable way to produce relatively smooth films with thickness in the micrometer range 

was through drop casting 20 μL of the mother BaTiO3/hexane suspension, followed by drying 

carried out at 50 oC (figure 8).
9

Figure 8. SEM images of BaTiO3 films featuring 2 μm thickness prepared by drop casting and subsequent annealing 

at 300 °C.

In order to make the films more compact, and to remove the embedded hexane and—at least 

partially—the hydrocarbon residue from the organic capping, an annealing process at 300 oC was 

carried out. Although the annealing attempts resulted in significant compression of the film 

(figure 9) from 5 μm to around 2 μm in thickness, an intensive cracking through the film was 

also observed. 

Figure 9. BaTiO3/TiPt/Si multilayer structure.

From our results based on the experiments with different depositions techniques, we can 

conclude that spin coating at high spinning speed and using high ramp rate is necessary to 

produce good quality thin films. However the fabrication of robust, thicker films with satisfying 

surface roughness and morphology still remains a challenging task for the future. 

3.3 Future Tasks

Continuous synthesis process: 

1. Carry out experiments to test the capability of the system to produce well-defined BaTiO3

nanoparticles. 

2. Determine the maximum throughput of the system. 

3. Investigate the sonication frequency dependency of the final product morphology by other 

tunable transducers in the 550 kHz–1.6 MHz frequency range. 
10

4. Explore the effects of including capping agents during BaTiO3 nanoparticle synthesis to 

achieve even better dispersion of the particles in films, more uniform packing, and stronger 

adhesion. 

Film deposition: 

5. Investigate the annealing process to produce thick and dense BaTiO3 films, while 

preserving process continuity. 

6. Study the possibility of using larger wafers for depositions. 

7. Carry out fundamental investigations of fabricating lead zirconate (PbZrO3) (PZ)-, lead 

titanate (PbTiO3) (PT)-, and Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 (PZT)-contained thin films for optimizing the 

pyroelectric perovskite layer in the IR detector. 

4. Progress by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL)

4.1 Preparation for Electrical Characterization Measurements

The quality of the BaTiO3 films provided by the ICB has improved to the point that we could 

begin electrical characterization. We supplied the ICB with Si wafers with an evaporated layer of 

TiPt on the surface. The TiPt serves as the bottom electrical contact and also improves the 

cohesion of the BaTiO3 to the substrate. ICB deposited BaTiO3 layers of varying thicknesses

onto several substrates (figure 10) and sent the samples back to ARL.

Figure 10. BaTiO3 thin film following the application of a top electrical contact.
11

We then applied a top electrical contact to the BaTiO3 film, as shown in figure 11. The top 

contact had to be patterned (there should be small areas of material with a deposited metallic 

layer surrounded by material with a ―bare‖ surface). We used a 3 mm transmission electron 

microscope (TEM) copper grid with 100-micron holes as a mask. Two grids were taped onto the 

film with Kapton tape. Tape was also placed at the ends of the sample. The sample was then 

placed into the evaporator and a 250 Ǻ chromium (Cr) adhesion layer was deposited, followed 

by a 2500 Ǻ gold (Au) contact layer. The Kapton tape and the grids were removed, thus 

exposing the film and leaving behind a pattern of top contacts (figure 11). In the four corners of 

the sample, the film was removed to expose the bottom TiPt contact. The images show that the 

sample is mounted onto a 68-pin leadless chip carrier (LCC). This is a type of packaging for 

integrated circuits, and is standard for packaging focal plane arrays (FPAs).

Figure 11. Close-up view of the BaTiO3 thin film showing the top electrical contact grid pattern.

The next step was to wire bond some of the square Au regions and the four exposed TiPt regions, 

so that we could measure properties such as capacitance and resistance. A wire-bonded BaTiO3

film is shown in figure 12. The film stood up to the process. A common failure mode would be 

for the film to lift off during the bonding process, or for the bond to not ―stick.‖ The BaTiO3 film 

is in its as-grown cubic polycrystalline phase. After making baseline measurements with this 

film, we will induce the phase transformation to the pyroelectrically active tetragonal phase. If 

the film is pyroelectrically active, it will have a temperature-dependent capacitance. We will test 

BaTiO3 that has undergone phase transformation via the laser processing method in the same 

manner.
12

Figure 12. BaTiO3 thin film following the application of wire bonds.

4.2 IR Absorption Layer Research

In this quarter, we also began planning for the IR absorption layer that will need to go on top of 

the structure. For our thermal detector project, we need a layer similar to a thin coating of black 

paint that absorbs a wide range of wavelengths and heats up. The heat is transferred to the 

BaTiO3 layer, and a pyroelectric voltage is generated. A candidate that is compatible with some 

of the MEMS processing, and will be required for the actual detectors, is a thin layer of black Si. 

We have developed a technique (figure 13) that uses metal nanoparticles and dry etching to 

generate the nanopillars in the Si surface that traps light of a wide range of wavelengths 

(independent of the bandgap of the Si), most of which will be absorbed by free electrons and 

turned into heat.
13

Figure 13. Dry etch approach to the fabrication of black silicon nanopillars for 

enhanced IR absorption.

5. Plans and Goals for Year 2 Quarter 2 

In the coming quarter, we will continue to expand our nanomaterial synthesis capabilities, laser 

processing techniques and spectroscopic phase conversion studies, and perovskite thin film 

electrical characterization efforts. We also intend to initiate and pursue several new areas of 

focus. ICB will explore the effects of including capping agents during BaTiO3 synthesis to 

further enhance particle dispersion, and perform fundamental investigations of fabricating lead 

oxide thins films (e.g., PbZrO3 and PbTiO3) for optimizing the pyroelectric perovskite layer in 

the IR detector. Aerospace will conduct photoluminescence studies on UV laser-processed and 

furnace-treated BaTiO3 thin films to explore the possible existence of a direct optical marker for 

pyroelectric phase transformation control; it will also expand our laser scripted processing 
14

studies to include other nanostructured thin films that are important for uncooled IR detector 

technologies, such as BaxSr1-xTiO3 and SrxBa1-x Nb2O6. ARL will perform electrical 

characterization and temperature-dependent pyroelectric measurements on ICB-provided 

functionalized BaTiO3 thin films, and investigate the use of black Si nanopillar structural layers 

for enhanced IR absorption. 

6. Metrics for Year 2 Quarter 1

1. W. L. Sarney, J. W. Little, F. E. Livingston, K. Niesz, D. E. Morse, and M. W. Cole, Low 

temperature growth and laser-induced phase transformation of BaTiO3 films for uncooled IR 

detector applications, poster accepted for presentation at the 2009 Materials Research Society 

(MRS) Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 30–Dec. 4. 

2. F. E. Livingston, W. L. Sarney, K. Niesz, and D. E. Morse, ―Laser-induced structuring of bioinspired nanomaterials for sensor technology applications,‖ accepted for presentation as an 

invited talk at the 2010 Military Sensing Symposia (MSS), Materials/Detectors Joint Session: 

Uncooled IR Detector and FPA Technology, Orlando, FL, Feb. 22–26. 
15

7. References 

1. Zoubir, A.; Rivero, C.; Grodsky, R.; Richardson, K.; Richardson, M.; Cardinal, T.; Couzi, M. 

Phys. Rev. B 2006, 73, 224117. 

2. Zhang, M.-S.; Yin, Z.; Chen, Q.; Zhang,W.; Chen, W. Solid St. Commun. 2001, 119, 659.
16

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

ARL U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

BaTiO3 barium titanium oxide

BST barium strontium titanate

CCD charge-coupled device

Cr chromium

fs femtosecond

FPA focal plane array

ICB Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies

IR infrared

nm nanometer

PbZrO3 lead zirconate

PbTiO3 lead titanate

SHG second harmonic generation

Si silicon

TiPt titanium platinum

UV ultraviolet

Y1Q4 year one, quarter four

Y2Q1 year two, quarter one

Y2Q2 year two, quarter two

Y1Q3 year one, quarter three
17

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ATTN RDRL SEE I W SARNEY

ADELPHI MD 20783-1197

TOTAL: 17 (1 ELEC, 1 CD, 15 HCS)
18

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.