TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-07-00669-CR

William Edward Hughes, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BLANCO COUNTY, 424TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. CR952, HONORABLE DANIEL H. MILLS, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

A jury found appellant William Edward Hughes guilty of four counts of sexual assault

of a child. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.011 (West Supp. 2009). The jury assessed punishment

for each count at twenty years in prison and a $10,000 fine, and the trial court ordered the sentences

to run consecutively. Appellant contends that the trial court reversibly erred by overruling his

motion to dismiss two counts of the indictment as barred by the statute of limitations and by

permitting the State to amend the indictment. He also contends that the evidence is insufficient to

sustain the convictions. We overrule these contentions and affirm the convictions.
 “A1” is a pseudonym chosen by the complainant. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 57.02 1

(West Supp. 2009).

2

LIMITATIONS

Appellant moved to dismiss counts one and two of the indictment because

prosecution of those counts was barred by limitations. Count one alleged that on or about

July 25, 1994, appellant “intentionally or knowingly cause[d] the penetration of the mouth of A1,

a child who was . . . younger than 17 years of age and not the spouse of the defendant, by defendant’s

sexual organ.” See id. § 22.011(a)(2)(B). Count two alleged that on or about July 25, 1994, 1

appellant “intentionally or knowingly cause[d] the mouth of A1, a child who was . . . younger than

17 years of age and not the spouse of the defendant, to contact the sexual organ of the defendant.”

See id. § 22.011(a)(2)(E).

The limitations periods for felonies are found in code of criminal procedure

article 12.01. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01 (West Supp. 2009). In 1994, the limitations

period for sexual assault of a child was ten years from the date of the commission of the offense.

Act of May 23, 1991, 72nd Leg., R.S., ch. 565, § 6, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 2003, 2004. In 1997, the

limitations period was changed to ten years from the eighteenth birthday of the victim of the offense.

Act of May 24, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 740, § 1, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2403. Absent legislative

intent to the contrary, a statute extending the limitations period applies to all offenses not barred at

the time the act goes into effect, so that the prosecution may be commenced at any time within the

newly established period. Rose v. State, 716 S.W.2d 162, 165 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, pet. ref’d).

A1 was born on July 25, 1978. Therefore, absent any tolling of the limitations period, an indictment
 Effective September 1, 2007, article 12.01 was amended to provide that there is no limitations 2

period for sexual assault of a child. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01(1)(B) (West Supp. 2009).

This change did not apply to an offense barred by limitations before the effective date of the

amendment. Act of May 18, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 593, § 4.01(c), 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1120,

1148. 

 The limitations period for organized criminal activity is the same as that of the most serious 3

offense that is the object of that activity. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.03(b) (West 2005).

3

for the offenses alleged in counts one and two had to be presented no later than July 25, 2006, A1’s

twenty-eighth birthday. The indictment was filed on October 3, 2007.2

At the hearing on appellant’s motion, the State urged that the running of the

limitations period had been tolled by the pendency of the indictment in a prior cause, number CR904.

See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.05(b) (West 2005) (time during pendency of indictment not

computed in period of limitations); Vasquez v. State, 557 S.W.2d 779, 784 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)

(interpreting statute). Count one of the indictment in CR904 alleged that appellant penetrated A1’s

mouth with appellant’s sexual organ on or about July 25, 1994. Count two of that indictment alleged

that appellant engaged in organized criminal activity by causing A1’s sexual organ to contact

appellant’s mouth with the intent to establish, maintain, or participate in a combination or in the

profits of a combination. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 71.02(a)(1) (West Supp. 2009). The

indictment in CR904 was filed on July 24, 2006, one day before the limitations period expired. That 3

indictment was pending at the time of appellant’s trial in this cause, and it was not dismissed until

after appellant was convicted.

Under article 12.05(b), a prior indictment tolls the statute of limitations for a

subsequent indictment when both indictments allege the same conduct, act, or transaction, even if

the two indictments do not allege the same statutory offense. Hernandez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 768,
4

774 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). The two counts of the indictment in cause number CR904 and counts

one and two of the present indictment allege the same conduct, acts, or transactions. Therefore, the

pendency of the indictment in CR904 tolled the running of the limitations period for the offenses

alleged in counts one and two of the present indictment. To that extent, the State’s opposition to

appellant’s motion to dismiss was well-taken. 

The present indictment did not, however, allege the pendency of the indictment in

cause number CR904. Code of criminal procedure article 21.02 requires that an indictment indicate

on its face that a prosecution thereunder is not barred by the statute of limitations. Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. Ann. art. 21.02(6) (West 2009); Tita v. State, 267 S.W.3d 33, 37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). If

the State wishes to rely on the tolling provision of article 12.05(b), it must plead that tolling fact in

the indictment. Tita, 267 S.W.3d at 37-38. Because the State failed to do so, the trial court erred

by overruling appellant’s motion to dismiss counts one and two. Id. at 38.

The trial court’s error is subject to harmless error review under rule 44.2(b). See id.

at 39. Under this standard, the error must be disregarded if it did not affect a substantial right.

Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b) 

Appellant does not assert any prejudice arising from the trial court’s failure to grant

the motion to dismiss, nor do we find any. As we have discussed, the pendency of the indictment

in cause number CR904 tolled the running of the limitations period, and appellant was not convicted

of a limitations-barred offense. The absence of a tolling paragraph in the indictment did not deprive

appellant of notice of the conduct or offense for which he was being prosecuted or impair his ability

to prepare an adequate defense. Had the motion to dismiss been granted, the State could have

amended the indictment to add the required tolling fact, and the prosecution could have continued
5

under the amended indictment. See Tita, 267 S.W.3d at 38 n.6 (citing Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.

art. 28.09 (West 2006)). Having concluded that the error was harmless, we overrule issue two.

AMENDMENT

Appellant contends that the trial court erred by permitting the State to amend counts

three and four of the indictment, and that the court further erred by refusing his request for a ten-day

continuance after permitting the amendment. As originally filed, count three alleged that on or about

July 25, 1994, appellant “intentionally or knowingly cause[d] the penetration of the mouth of [JW],

a child who was . . . younger than 17 years of age and not the spouse of the defendant, by defendant’s

sexual organ.” Count four alleged that on or about July 25, 1994, appellant “intentionally or

knowingly cause[d] the mouth of [JW] a child who was . . . younger than 17 years of age and not the

spouse of the defendant, to contact the sexual organ of the defendant.” 

On October 22, 2007, before jury selection began and over appellant’s objection, the

trial court granted the State’s motion to amend counts three and four to change the alleged date of

the offenses to December 24, 1998. The court interlineated the changed dates on the face of the

indictment on file, but that altered indictment does not appear in the record. Appellant requested a

ten-day continuance but the court did not rule. The following day, before the indictment was read

and appellant entered his pleas before the jury, the State announced that it was withdrawing its

motion to amend and asked to go forward on the original indictment. Over appellant’s objection,

the trial court granted the State’s request and placed in the record a copy of the original, unmodified

indictment as a substitute for the indictment altered the previous day. The court explained, “[S]ince

the trial had not commenced, the jury has not seen the indictment, the court basically views this
 In Sodipo, the court states that violations of article 28.10 are not subject to harmless error 4

analysis, but that is no longer the law. See Wright v. State, 28 S.W.3d 526, 531-32 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000); see also 41 George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and

Procedure § 21.74 (2d ed. 2004). 

6

changing this back to the wayCounts Three and Four were at the beginning of the day yesterday . . .

the Court doesn’t view this as an amendment, but just a reconsideration of its earlier ruling and the

Court withdraws its earlier ruling and returns the indictment to the state that we began on yesterday

. . . .” Appellant’s motion for a ten-day continuance was denied.

Appellant argues that the trial court’s October 23 ruling was not merely a

reconsideration of its previous day’s ruling, but another amendment of the indictment. The statute

governing amendments to charging instruments does not permit amendments on the day of, but prior

to, commencement of trial on the merits. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 28.10(c) (West 2006);

Sodipo v. State, 815 S.W.2d 551, 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). Whether the trial

court’s rulings are considered as a grant of the State’s motion to amend followed by a withdrawal

of that ruling, or as two separate but offsetting amendments to the indictment, no harm to appellant

is shown.4

An indictment may not be amended over the defendant’s objection if the effect of the

amendment is to charge the defendant with an additional or different offense, or if the substantial

rights of the defendant are prejudiced by the amendment. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 28.10(c);

see also Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b) (error that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded);

Wright v. State, 28 S.W.3d 526, 531-32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (applying harmless error rule to

article 28.10 violation). Appellant contends that his substantial rights were violated because “the

indictment date was outside the statute of limitations in at least two counts” and “[p]art of
 As we have discussed with regard to counts one and two, the limitations period in effect on July 5

25, 1994, was ten years. This period was extended in 1997 to ten years after the victim’s eighteenth

birthday. JW was born on December 25, 1981. He was twenty-five years old when the indictment

was filed on October 3, 2007, well within the limitations period. Changing the date of the alleged

offenses to December 24, 1998, would not have changed the limitations deadline.

7

Appellant’s defense had been prepared for this issue.” This argument fails for two reasons. First,

there was no limitations issue with respect to counts three and four and, in any event, changing the

date of the offenses alleged in those counts would have had no effect on the applicable limitations

period. Second, the end result of the trial court’s challenged October 22 and 23 rulings was to leave 5

the original indictment unchanged. Appellant received on October 23 what he had insisted he

wanted on October 22: trial on the original indictment. Any defense appellant might have prepared

based on the original wording of the indictment remained viable. See Wright, 28 S.W.3d at 532.

For the same reason, appellant’s substantial rights were not prejudiced by the denial of the ten-day

continuance. Issue one is overruled.

SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

Appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sustain

his convictions. His entire argument in support of this contention is as follows: “In the case at bar,

there was no evidence or factually insufficient evidence to sustain a finding of guilt, because the

charging instrument was beyond the statute of limitations as to one of the complaining witnesses.”

Appellant did not request a jury instruction on the statute of limitations defense, and

the State was therefore not obligated to prove that these prosecutions were not barred. Tita,

267 S.W.3d at 39. Further, the record shows that the prosecutions under counts one and two were

not barred because the running of the limitations period was tolled by a prior indictment, and the
8

prosecutions under counts three and four were not barred because the statutory limitations period had

not expired when the indictment was filed.

When there is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a criminal

conviction, the question presented is whether a rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979)

(legal sufficiency); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (legal

sufficiency); Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (factual sufficiency). In a

legal sufficiency review, all the evidence is reviewed in the light most favorable to the verdict; it is

assumed that the trier of fact resolved conflicts in the testimony, weighed the evidence, and drew

reasonable inferences in a manner that supports the verdict. Clayton, 234 S.W.3d at 778. In a

factual sufficiency review, all the evidence is considered equally, including the testimony of defense

witnesses and the existence of alternative hypotheses. Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996); Orona v. State, 836 S.W.2d 319, 321 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, no pet.).

Although due deference still must be accorded the fact finder’s determinations, particularly those

concerning the weight and credibility of the evidence, the reviewing court may disagree with the

result in order to prevent a manifest injustice. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000);

Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The evidence will be deemed factually

insufficient if the evidence supporting the verdict is so weak as to make the finding of guilt clearly

wrong or manifestly unjust, or if the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the

available evidence. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Johnson,

23 S.W.3d at 11.
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The events in question occurred at a monastery in Blanco County where appellant was

a monk. A1 testified that he entered the monastery as a novitiate when he was fifteen years old.

Within two or three months of entering the monastery, A1 had his first sexual encounter with

appellant. A1 testified that appellant placed his penis in A1’s mouth, or A1 placed his penis in

appellant’s mouth, “on average twice a month.” JW’s testimony was similar. He, too, entered the

monastery as a novitiate when he was fifteen years old. Within months, he was also regularly

engaging in oral sex acts with appellant. The State’s only other witness was a sheriff’s investigator.

The defense called no witnesses.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdicts, we hold that

a rational trier of fact could have found that all the elements of the offenses were proved beyond a

reasonable doubt. Viewed in a neutral light, the evidence supporting the verdicts is not so weak as

to make the findings of guilt clearly wrong or manifestly unjust, nor are the verdicts against the great

weight and preponderance of the available evidence. Issue three is overruled.

The judgments of conviction are affirmed.

__________________________________________

Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Pemberton

Affirmed

Filed: October 30, 2009

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