High-Strain Rate Mechanical 

Response of Green Insensitive 

Munitions Gun Propellants 

by Michael G. Leadore 

ARGTR-2755 June 2002 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an 

official Department of the Army position unless so 

designated by other authorized documents. 

Citation of manufacturer's or trade names does not 

constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use 

thereof. 

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not 

return it to the originator. 
Army Research Laboratory 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5069 

ARL-TR-2755 Tune 2002 

High-Strain Rate Mechanical 

Response of Green Insensitive 

Munitions Gun Propellants 

Michael G. Leadore 

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL 

A~~roved for ~ubk release: distribution is unlimited. 
Abstract 

Four lots of green insensitive munitions gun propellants were tested in uniaxial 

compression. A production lot of MI4 that is currently used in the M865 training 

round was also tested for comparison purposes. The materials were tested while 

conditioned at 21°, 63O, and -32 "C. The materials were taken to -60% strain 

using a deformation rate of 1.3 m/s. The stress at failure, strain at failure, 

compressive modulus, failure modulus, incremental energy density, and the 

fracture assessment values were recorded for each test. 
Contents 

List of Figures 

List of Tables 

Introduction 

Background 

Approach and Results 

Conclusions 

References 

Distribution List 

Report Documentation Page 

v 

vii 
~NTENTIONALLY LEm BLANK. 
List of Figures 

Figure 1. MI Abrams with 120-mm cannon. ............................................................... 1 

Figure 2. Green insensitive munitions propellant lots of gun as received. 

(Note rough surfaces and irregular shaped grains for lot RPD43A.) .............. 2 

Figure 3. Preparing to test energetic material using high-rate load frame. ............ 2 

Figure 4. Stress vs. strain plot of green insensitive munitions propellant lots 

tested at 21 "C. ............................................................................................................ 4 

Figure 5. Remains of specimens tested at 21°, 63", and -32 "C. ................................ 5 

Figure 6. Stress vs. strain plot of green insensitive munitions propellant lots 

tested at 63 "C. ............................................................................................................ 5 

Figure 7. Stress vs. strain plot of green insensitive munitions propellant lots 

tested at -32 "C ........................................................................................................... 6 
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. 
List of Tables 

Table 1. Mechanical properties of Radford manufactured green insensitive 

munitions propellant lots at 21°, 63O, and -32 "C .................................................. 3 
INTENTIONALLY LEET BLANK. 

viii 
1. Introduction 

The subject of this report is the material test systems servo-hydraulic tester 

high-rate mechanical response of Alliant Tech Systems M865 gun propellants 

(Figure 1). Four lots were designed as RPD-441, RPD-442, RPD-443A, and RPD4438. The Radford manufactured materials were a part of the Green Insensitive 

Munitions Program (test sets 21-31, FY 02). For comparative purposes, a 

production lot of M14, lot no. HCL95C025003, was also tested using similar test 

conditions. 

Figure 1. M1 Abrams with 120-mm cannon. 

2. Background 

Four lots of Radford manufactured gun propellants (Figure 2) were received 

from Alliant Tech Systems of the Radford Army Ammunition Plant. Note the 

rough and somewhat deformed grain surfaces from lot RPD-443A. Lots RPD-441 

and RPD-442 were solventless formulations, and lots RPD-443A and RPD-443B 

were manufactured using solvent. The high-energy propellants were 

manufactured in a mixer and extruded thermally into a granular configuration. 

The granular material had a diameter of -6.3 mm. Several grains from each lot 

of experimental gun propellants were shipped to Dr. Robert Lieb of the U.S. 

Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), MD. Also, a 

production lot of Radford manufactured MI4 granular propellant was procured 

from APG for comparison testing. All of these materials were tested during 

December 2001 for high-rate uniaxial compression mechanical response 

evaluation. 
p, , 

The stress at failure, strain at failure, the modulus, failure modulus, the 

incremental energy density, and the fracture assessment value were recorded for 

each test, and the average values are listed in Table 1. 

Figure 3. Preparing to test energetic material using high-rate load frame. 
Table 1. Mechanical properties of Radford manufactured green insensitive munitions 

propellant lots at 21°, 63", and -32 "C. 

Lot 

Lot 01K071870 

RPD-442 

Lot 01K071867 

RPD-443A 

Lot 01K071868 

RPD-443B 

Lot 01K071869 

MI4 

Lot 95C025003 

RPD-441 

Lot 01K071870 

RPD-442 

Lot 01K071867 

RPD-443A 

Lot 01K071868 

RPD-4438 

Lot 01K071869 

MI4 

Lot 95C025003 

J 

aThe failure modulus (slope of the curve after failure) has been added. Generally, the lower the 

value, the worse the material (i.e., a negative value indicates that the material is unable to sustain 

load). A positive value indicates a positive failure slope (i.e., the material is better able to support 

load after failure). 

Stress at 

Failure 

(MPa) 

at 63 "C 

16.12 

97.08 

91.17 

104.80 

RPD-441 

Lot 01K071870 

RPD-442 

Lot 01K071867 

RPD-443A 

Lot 01K071868 

RPD-443B 

Lot 01K071869 

M14 

Lot 95C025003 

?he incremental energy density (ED) value reported is the amount of energy per unit volume 

absorbed at 25% strain; this includes a portion of the area located beneath the stress/strain curve. 

'The tested specimens were assigned a fracture assessment value (FAV). The values range from 0 

(no observed fracturing) through 9 (severe fracturing observed). The type of fracture was also 

characterized using the following methodology: A = axial fracture, S = shear fracture, 

B = barreling/deformation, and R = radial splitting (i.e., 8AS indicates the tested specimens 

showed a severe amount of axial fracture). 

Failure 

Modulusa 

(GPa) 

at -32 "C 

11.21 

12.02 

64.74 

63.07 

76.58 

Strain at 

Failure 

(%I 

6.15 

10.01 

8.36 

4.16 

52.36 

64.20 

92.04 

99.29 

154.20 

IEDb 

(MPa) 

Modulus 

( GPa) 

6.30 

6.55 

9.22 

9.64 

3.72 

FAVC 

(MPa) 

0.402 

1.21 

1.54 

2.94 

7.25 

5.50 

8.60 

8.54 

4.33 

0.182 

0.762 

0.901 

1.27 

2.40 

0.131 

-0.0691 

-0.0950 

-0.0833 

1.37 

1.36 

1.26 

1.50 

3.63 

0.059 

0.056 

-0.032 

-0.086 

-0.081 

5.62 

18.72. 

18.90 

17.47 

0.088 

0.271 

-2.48 

-3.26 

-0.491 

1AB 

4AS 

4AS 

3AS 

3.54 

3.35 

13.23 

12.37 

16.17 

1AB 

1AB 

2AS 

2AS 

3AS 

14.20 

19.44 

6.20 

7.67 

6.78 

3A 

3A 

BAS 

BAS 

6AS 
Figure 4. Stress vs. strain plot of green insensitive munitions propellant lots tested at 

21 "C. 
Figure 6. Stress vs. strain plot of green insensitive munitions propellant lots tested at 

63 "C. 
=RAIN (W) wlb 

1,233 MErER5/5LC OLFDRMATIDN RATE 

QREEN IM PRDQRAM 

Figure 7. Stress vs. strain plot of green insensitive munitions propellant lots tested at 

-32 "C. 

Overall, all the materials' mechanical responses at 21" and 63 "C were quite good. 

At -32 OC, the RPD-441 and RPD-442 lots were clearly the better materials, 

followed by the MI4 lot, and finally the solvent produced lots RPD-443A and 

RPD-443B, which suffered prolific fracture at -32 "C. 
- -- - - 

5. References 

1. Gazonas, G. A. "The Mechanical Response of M30, XM39, and JA2 

Propellants at Strain Rates From 10-2 to 250 sec-1.'' BRL-TR-3181, U.S. Army 

Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, January 1991. 

2. Lieb, R. J. "Impact-Generated Surface Area in Gun Propellant." 

BRL-TR-2946, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving 

Ground, MD, November 1988. 

3. Lieb, R. J., and J. J. Rocchio. "High Strain Rate Mechanical Properties Testing 

on Lots of Solid Gun Propellant With Deviant Interior Ballistic Performance." 

1982 JANNAF Structures and Mechanical Behavior Subcommittee Meeting, CPIA 

Publication 368, pp. 23-38, October 1982. 

4. Leadore, M. G. "MTS Servo-Hydraulic Tester (SHT) Mechanical Properties 

Evaluation of M43 Propellants." ARL-TN-5, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1993. 

5. Leadore, M. G., and C. J. Gillich. "Material Testing System (MTS) 

Servo-Hydraulic Tester (SHT) Mechanical Response of Energetic Thermal 

Plastic Elastomer (ETPE) RDX Based Propellants." ARL-TN-28, U.S. Army 

Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1994. 

6. Leadore, M. G. "Mechanical Response of Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomer 

Low-Vulnerability Ammunition (ETPE-LOVA RDX-Based, TNAZ-Based, and 

CL-20-Based Gun Propellants." ARL-TN-64, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1996. 

7. Lieb, R. J. Personal co~munication. US. Army Research Laboratory, 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, December 2001. 
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I REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 

DN(S Hlohwm. Sub 1204. Mineon. VA 722024302. and to the Otke of Manaqmmn and Budaet. Paarworlr Roductlon ProbctlO7~~l. Washlnoton. M: 20503. 

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 1 2. REPORT DATE 1 3. REPORT NPE AND DATES COVERED 

I June 2002 1 Final, November 200 1 - Februarv 2002 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

High-Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Green Insensitive Munitions Gun 

Propellants 

5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

lL161102AH43 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Michael G. Leadore 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME@) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

ATTN: AMSRL-WM-MB 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 2 1005-5069 

8. PERFORMING ORGANWllON 

REPORT NUMBER 

ARL-TR-2755 

9. SPONSORlNGlMONlTORlNG AGENCY NAMES@) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10.SPONSORINGlMONITORlNG 

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

L 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

12a. DlSTRlBUTlONlAVAILABlLlN STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

I 

13. ABSTRACT Maxrmum 200 words) 

I Four lots of(grem insensitive munitions gun propellants were tested in uniaxial compression. A production lot of 

M14 that is currently used in the M865 training round was also tested for comparison purposes. The materials were 

tested while conditioned at 21°, 63O, and -32 OC. The materials were taken to -60% strain using a deformation rate 

of 1.3 rnk The stress at failure, strain at failure, compressive modulus, failure modulus, incremental energy density, 

and the fracture assessment values were recorded for each test. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

high-rate deformation, green insensitive munitions, mechanical properties, gun propellants, 29 

material testing system, uniaxial compression, modulus, fiacture 16. PRICE CODE 

17. SECURIN CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURIN CLASSIFICATION IS. SECURIN CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT 

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UL 

NSN 7540-01 -2805500 25 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) 

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 
~NTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.