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## Other Youth Topics

## Breadcrumb

            -  Youth Topics 
            -  Expectant and Parenting Young Families 
            -           Education and Employment      

# Education and Employment

The main educational issue that needs to be addressed for expectant and parenting young families is school completion. Teen births are strongly linked to dropping out of high school.1 Only about half of teen mothers attain their high school diploma by the time they are 22 years old, compared to about 90 percent of women who do not give birth while they are a teenager.2 Teen fathers are less likely to graduate high school than male adolescents who are not expecting and are not parenting. Research has found that teenage fathers who participate in childcare and have “breadwinning responsibilities” are more likely to graduate high school.3

Dropping out of high school because of teen pregnancy and parenting can lead to a number of issues including reduced earning potential, lack of development in employment skills, and a higher likelihood of living in poverty. These setbacks can lead to problems for the entire family, especially for the child and their physical, social, and cognitive outcomes. Children who are born to teenage mothers are more likely to have lower educational achievement outcomes, to drop out of high school, acquire more health problems, become a teen parent, and experience juvenile incarceration and unemployment in adulthood.4

There should be a concerted effort to ensure that an expectant or parenting young family has the resources and support necessary to:
                      - Graduate high school or complete their GED; and
                      - Complete post-secondary education, vocational training, and/or attain employment at a livable wage. 5

School-based interventions have been shown to help improve school retention in this population, facilitate meaningful relationships between teens and program staff, and provide comprehensive services that are easily accessible.6 The following types of programming have been found to be effective in increasing the rate of high school completion or receiving a GED:
                      - vocational training,
                      - alternative schooling,
                      - social-emotional skills training,
                      - college-oriented programming,
                      - mentoring and counseling,
                      - supplemental academic services,
                      - school and class restructuring, and
                      - attendance monitoring and contingencies. 7

## Resources

**Keeping Teen Parents on Track for Graduation**This webpage from the CDC provides a “Public Health Practice Story from the Field” and focuses on the state efforts in Connecticut to keep teen parents in school and graduate from high school. An overview of the initiative, Supports for Pregnant and Parenting Teens (SPPT), is provided as well as the program’s results.

**MN Student Parent Support Initiative: Advancing Health and Higher Education for Student Parents**This video describes centers that help Minnesota university and college students with children stay enrolled in school.

**New Heights: A Support Network for Expecting and Parenting Teens**This video describes a Washington, DC, program that builds parenting skills and is working to close the achievement gap between young parents and their peers.

**Supporting the Academic Success of Pregnant and Parenting Students****(PDF, 34 pages)**This publication from the Department of Education provides an extensive overview of how best to support expectant and parenting young families under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.

**Supporting Young Fathers**This webpage from the Office of Population Affairs describes the Fatherhood Healthy Relationships Initiative for young fathers in the Success for Expectant & Parenting Teens New Jersey (PSNJ) program. PSNJ aimed to help adolescent parents successfully complete their education, improve health outcomes, increase parenting skills, and decrease intimate partner violence.

## References

1 CDC, 20152 Perper, Peterson, & Manlove, 20103 Molborn, 20104 Hoffman, 20085 Family and Youth Services Bureau, 20126 Family and Youth Services Bureau, 20127 Hahn, Knopf, Wilson, Truman, Milstein, Johnson, et al., 2015

## Other Resources on this Topic

### Agencies 

                          - Children's Bureau
                          - Health Resources and Services Administration
                          - Office of Population Affairs (OPA)

### Announcements 

                          - 2023/2024 Prevention Resource Guide
                          - Brief: What Works in Schools: Evidence-Based Strategies for Your School
                          - Building Staff Co-Regulation to Support Healthy Relationships in Youth: A Guide for Practitioners
                          - HHS Awards $256.6 Million for Equitable and Affordable Title X Family Planning Services Nationwide
                          - Measuring Co-Regulation: A Draft Tool for Observing Educators in Youth-Serving Programs
                          - National Adoption Month 2022
                          - Observance: 2016 National Foster Care Month
                          - Observance: 2023 National Veterans and Military Families Month
                          - Permanency for Youth on Their Own Terms
                          - Report: Building Co-Regulation Capacity to Support Positive Development for Youth with Foster Care Experience
                          - Report: Promoting Healthy Futures: Afterschool Provides the Supports Parents Want for Children’s Well-Being
                          - Report: The State of Family-School Partnerships: Findings from a Survey of Public-School Parents
                          - Resource: 2016 National Foster Care Month Microsite
                          - Resource: 2022 Adoption Month Outreach Toolkit
                          - Resource: A Handbook for Military Families: Helping You with Child Support
                          - Resource: Activities for Dads and Kids
                          - Resource: Addressing Trauma and Mass Violence
                          - Resource: AFFIRM Caregiver: Affirmative Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Caregivers of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Questioning (LGBTQ+) Populations
                          - Resource: Awkward Conversations, Season 2
                          - Resource: Awkward Conversations, Season 3
                          - Resource: Back to School Checklist for Parents
                          - Resource: Back-to-school with MyPlate
                          - Resource: Be Prepared to Have the Difficult Conversation
                          - Resource: Bullying Prevention for Parents of Middle School Students
                          - Resource: Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Resource Guide
                          - Resource: Child Safety Forward Implementation Study Final Report
                          - Resource: Child Welfare in the News
                          - Resource: Children on the Autism Spectrum: Search Protocols and Questionnaire for First Responders
                          - Resource: Co-Regulation in Human Services
                          - Resource: Co-regulation: What It Is and Why it Matters Video
                          - Resource: Coaching Steps for Families
                          - Resource: Common Questions About Vaccines
                          - Resource: Connecting Conversations
                          - Resource: Considering Family Context as an Important Element in the Prevention and Intervention of the Development of Teen Dating Violence
                          - Resource: Department of Defense School Liaison Program
                          - Resource: Did You Know?
                          - Resource: Drug and Alcohol Use Video Series
                          - Resource: Emoji Drug Code: Decoded
                          - Resource: Encouraging Families to Visit a Literacy Website: A Randomized Study of the Impact of Email and Text Message Communications
                          - Resource: Epilepsy at School
                          - Resource: Essentials for Parenting Teens
                          - Resource: Establish an Emergency Action Plan
                          - Resource: Establishing Rules – Tips for Talking to Your Child about Appropriate Digital Behavior and Content
                          - Resource: Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts
                          - Resource: Family Survival Guide Video Library
                          - Resource: From Complaint to Resolution: Understanding the Child Welfare Grievance Process
                          - Resource: Get Yourself Tested (GYT) for High Schools
                          - Resource: Getting Ahead of a Problem
                          - Resource: Going to a Public Disaster Shelter During the COVID-19 Pandemic
                          - Resource: Guidance for Immigrant and Refugee Families: Parenting in a New Country
                          - Resource: Guidance for Immigrant and Refugee Families: The Child Welfare System
                          - Resource: Guides for How to Incorporate Coregulation with Older Youth in Foster Care
                          - Resource: Having the Normalcy Conversation
                          - Resource: Healthy Snacks: Quick Tips for Parents
                          - Resource: Help Your Child Stay at a Healthy Weight
                          - Resource: Helping Fathers Manage Their Children’s Screen Time
                          - Resource: How to Talk About Bullying
                          - Resource: How to Talk About Mental Health: For Parents and Caregivers
                          - Resource: How to Talk to Your Children about Conflict and War
                          - Resource: How to Text Message Parents to Reduce Chronic Absence Using an Evidence-Based Approach
                          - Resource: Improving Services for Expectant and Parenting Youth in Care
                          - Resource: In-Home Services to Strengthen Children and Families
                          - Resource: Internet Safety
                          - Resource: Intra-Agency Task Force on Reproductive Health
                          - Resource: It’s All Relative: Supporting Kinship Care Discussion Guides and Video Series
                          - Resource: Maintaining Cultural Connections  
                          - Resource: Maltreatment in Foster Care
                          - Resource: Mental Health Matters, Why Black Dad’s Positive Mental Health Is Good for Youth Academic Outcomes
                          - Resource: Most Kids with Parent in Same-Sex Relationship Live with Female Couple
                          - Resource: National Adoption Month Outreach Toolkit
                          - Resource: National Adoption Recruitment Campaign
                          - Resource: National Guidelines for Child and Youth Behavioral Health Crisis Care
                          - Resource: National School Lunch Program
                          - Resource: National Teen Driver Safety Week Materials
                          - Resource: One Pill Can Kill Campaign
                          - Resource: PAF Program Videos
                          - Resource: Parenting Your Adopted Teenager
                          - Resource: Partnering with Relatives to Promote Reunification
                          - Resource: Placement Stability
                          - Resource: Pregnancy Assistance Fund (PAF) Program Videos
                          - Resource: Prescription for Disaster: How Teens Misuse Medicine
                          - Resource: Preventing Childhood Obesity: 5 Things Families Can Do
                          - Resource: Preventing Sextortion Among Youth
                          - Resource: Prevention Matters Multimedia Gallery
                          - Resource: Promoting Family and Child Well-Being
                          - Resource: Quick Conversation Guide on COVID-19 Vaccines for Children
                          - Resource: Raise the Bar: Resources for Parents and Families
                          - Resource: Recurrence of Maltreatment
                          - Resource: Reentry to Foster Care
                          - Resource: Seat Belts
                          - Resource: Separating Poverty from Neglect in Child Welfare
                          - Resource: September 2022 Spotlight on Kinship Care
                          - Resource: Sexual Health Resource Toolkit for Parents and Caregivers of Youth with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
                          - Resource: Sleep in Middle and High School Students
                          - Resource: Social Development
                          - Resource: Social Media: Tips for Foster Parents and Caregivers
                          - Resource: Social Media: Understanding a Teen's World
                          - Resource: Standing Together to Prevent Bullying
                          - Resource: State Kinship Care Contacts and Programs
                          - Resource: Stepparent Adoption
                          - Resource: Stop Bullying on the Spot
                          - Resource: Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments
                          - Resource: Strengthening Kinship Care and Prioritizing Equitable Support for Kinship Caregivers
                          - Resource: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
                          - Resource: Supporting Families with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
                          - Resource: Take Action to Prevent Underage Alcohol Use
                          - Resource: Talking is Power: Tools for Parents
                          - Resource: Teen Driving
                          - Resource: The Indian Child Welfare Act: A Primer for Child Welfare Professionals
                          - Resource: The Power of Partnerships: What Fatherhood Programs Can Learn from Child Welfare
                          - Resource: Tip Sheets on Everyday Parenting Topics
                          - Resource: Tips for Caregivers Supporting Children on the Autism Spectrum
                          - Resource: Tips for Parents and Caregivers of Teens
                          - Resource: Tips to Support Healthy Routines for Children and Teens
                          - Resource: Title X Family Planning Clinic Locator
                          - Resource: Tribal Customary Adoption
                          - Resource: Understanding Child Welfare and the Courts
                          - Resource: Unregulated Custody Transfers of Adopted Children
                          - Resource: When Your Child Is Missing: A Family Survival Guide
                          - Resource: Why Some Youth Bully
                          - Resource: Working Virtually With Families of LGBTQ+ Youth.
                          - Resource: Working with American Indian Children and Families in Adoption
                          - Resource: Youth Acceptance Project
                          - Resource: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 2021 Data
                          - Resource: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 2021 Data
                          - Resource: Youth Voices
                          - Social Media Toolkit: National Reunification Month 2022
                          - Supporting Young Parents
                          - U.S. Department of Education Creates National Parents and Families Engagement Council to Help Ensure Pandemic Recovery Efforts Meet Students’ Needs
                          - U.S. Department of Education Disperses Funds to Support Parents of Children with Disabilities
                          - Webinar Recording: Building Parent Leadership and Power to Support Faster, Lasting Reunification and Prevent System Involvement
                          - Webinar Recording: Giving Hope: Serving and Supporting Fathers with Mental Health Challenges
                          - Working With LGBTQ+ Families in Foster Care and Adoption
                          - Youth Voices Have Moved to YE4C

### Collaboration Profiles 

                          - Lessons Learned
                          - Promising Practices/Accomplishments
                          - Second Chances - Norfolk, VA Sheriff's Office
                          - USDA and the Military: Positive Youth Development
                          - Y2CONNECT.org

### Departments 

                          - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

### Feature Articles 

                          - AdoptUsKids Project Helps 10,000 Foster Children
                          - Back to School!
                          - Father’s Day 2012 – Reconnecting Families and Dads Saturday, June 16th, 2012
                          - Healthy Youth Development through Self-Regulation and Co-Regulation
                          - HUD Father's Day Events 2014: Reconnecting Families and Dads
                          - Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C
                          - Nation's Housing Authorities to Celebrate Fathers Day
                          - National Child Abuse Prevention Month
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                          - Report on Well-Being of Nation’s Children Released
                          - Strengthening Families to Prevent Teen Drug Use

### Programs 

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                          - Project Launch
                          - Promise Neighborhoods

### Publications 

                          - A Parent's Guide to Internet Safety
                          - A Parent's Guide to Using the Internet
                          - Adventures in Parenting
                          - Birth Parents and Trauma Histories in the Child Welfare System
                          - Booklet Series: FASD Prevention
                          - Helping Students Prepare for Employment
                          - Social Security Benefits For Children With Disabilities
                          - Talking with Teens: Conversation Tools
                          - When a Child's Parent Has PTSD

### Resources 

                          - Homework Tips for Parents
                          - Report: Expenditures on Children by Families, 2015
                          - Resource: 1-2-3 Care: A Trauma-Sensitive Toolkit for Caregivers of Children
                          - Resource: 5 Resources to Support and Empower Teen Parent Slideshow
                          - Resource: Branch Military Parent Technical Assistance Center
                          - Resource: National Foster Care Month Promotes Positive Connections Between Fathers and Their Children
                          - Resource: National Responsible Fatherhood Clearinghouse
                          - Resource: Working with Non-Residential Fathers
                          - Resource: Youth-Friendly Manual Shows New Fathers the Ropes
                          - Resources: Serving and Engaging Males and Young Fathers

### Technical Assistance 

                          - National Clearinghouse on Families and Youth (NCFY)
                          - PACER Center's Technical Assistance on Transition and the Rehabilitation Act (TATRA) Project
                          - Technical Assistance ALLIANCE for Parent Centers National Office, PACER Center

### Tools & Guides 

                          - 3 Bold Steps for School Community Change
                          - Children of Incarcerated Parents Framing Paper
                          - Choice for Parents: Supplemental Educational Services
                          - Maternal and Child Health Library
                          - Resources on Children's Online Privacy
                          - Title X Family Planning Clinic Locator

### Videos & Podcasts 

                          - Keep in Touch
                          - Watch: Youth Describe Their Most Meaningful Relationships

### Websites 

                          - Adolescent Health
                          - CDC Teen Pregnancy
                          - Families, Youth, and Communities
                          - Family Well-being Across the Lifespan
                          - Military Youth on the Move
                          - National Institute on Drug Abuse - for Parents and Teachers
                          - Resource: Helping Military Parents Keep their Children Safe
                          - Start Talking before They Start Drinking
                          - StopAlcoholAbuse.gov
                          - U.S. Department of Education resources for Spanish Speakers

### Youth Topics 

                          - Children of Incarcerated Parents
                          - Expectant and Parenting Young Families

## Youth Briefs

How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities
Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.

Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference
Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people

How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues
Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.

Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions
Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.

Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs
Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.

Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth
Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).

## Main navigation

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## Latest Resources

### Announcements

Resource: Prescription for Disaster: How Teens Misuse Medicine

Resource: How to Talk About Mental Health: For Parents and Caregivers

Resource: Essentials for Parenting Teens

### Collaboration Profiles

Promising Practices/Accomplishments

Y2CONNECT.org

Lessons Learned

### Feature Articles

Healthy Youth Development through Self-Regulation and Co-Regulation

Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C

AdoptUsKids Project Helps 10,000 Foster Children

### Publications

Booklet Series: FASD Prevention

When a Child's Parent Has PTSD

Talking with Teens: Conversation Tools

### Resources

Report: Expenditures on Children by Families, 2015

Resource: National Responsible Fatherhood Clearinghouse

Resource: Youth-Friendly Manual Shows New Fathers the Ropes

### Youth Topics

Expectant and Parenting Young Families

Children of Incarcerated Parents