NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 84

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall, Editor

Volume 84

BOREAS Level-0 ER-2 Daedalus TMS Imagery:

Digital Counts in BIL Format

Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Raytheon ITSS, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Roseanne Dominguez, ATAC, Inc., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000

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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 84

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall, Editor

Volume 84

BOREAS Level-0 ER-2 Daedalus TMS Imagery:

Digital Counts in BIL Format

Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Raytheon ITSS, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Roseanne Dominguez, ATAC, Inc., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS Level-0 ER-2 Daedalus TMS Imagery: Digital Counts in BIL

Format

Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Roseanne Dominguez

Summary

The level-0 Daedalus TMS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, was collected to

provide spatially extensive information about radiant energy over the primary BOREAS study areas.

This information includes detailed land cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fPAR and LAI.

Two flights of the Daedalus TMS instrument were made onboard the ER-2 aircraft on 16-Sep-1994

and 17-Sep- 1994.

Note that the level-0 Daedalus TMS data are not contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set. An

inventory listing file is supplied on the CD-ROM to inform users of the data that were collected. See

Section 15 for information about how to acquire actual level-0 Daedalus TMS images.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS Level-0 Daedalus TMS Imagery: Digital Counts in BIL Format

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities

that were BOREAS community-level activities or required uniform data collection procedures across

sites and time. These activities included the acquisition, processing, and archiving of 12-band

Daedalus Thematic Mapper Simulator (Daedalus TMS) image data collected on the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) ER-2 aircraft.

Page 1
1.3 Objective/Purpose

For BOREAS, the Daedalus TMS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, was

collected in order to provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This

information includes detailed land cover, biophysical parameter maps such as fraction of

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fPAR) and Leaf Area Index (LAI), and surface thermal

properties.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Daedalus TMS level-0 image data in the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) contain the

following parameters: original housekeeping and calibration information and bands 1-12 in the NASA

Ames Research Center (ARC) Band Interleaved by Line (BIL) format.

1.5 Discussion

BORIS staff processed the Daedalus TMS level-0 images by:

• Extracting pertinent header information from the level-0 image product and placing it in an

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) file on disk

• Reading the information in the disk file and loading the online data base with needed

information

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS Level-0 ER-2 Aerial Photography

BOREAS Level-0 AOCI Imagery: Digital Counts in BIL Format

BOREAS RSS- 18 Level- 1B AVIRIS Imagery: At-sensor Radiance in BIL Format

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

BOREAS Staff" Science

2.2 Title of Investigation

BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Jeffrey S. Myers

Aircraft Data and Sensor Facilities

NASA Ames Research Center

MS 240-6 (Bldg. 240, Rm. 219)

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(415) 604-6253

(415) 604-4987 (fax)

jmyers@ msmail, arc .nasa. gov

Contact 2:

Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-7858

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Jeffrey.Newcomer@ gsfc.nasa.gov

Page 2
3. Theory of Measurements

The NASA Earth Resources Aircraft Program at Ames Research Center (ARC) operates the ER-2

aircraft to acquire data for Earth science research. The Daedalus TMS instrument used on the ER-2

aircraft collects radiance measurements in 10 spectral bands covering the visible and near-infrared

spectrum from 0.436 to 1.054 micrometers (pro) and two thermal-infrared bands (one set in high gain

and the other in low gain) covering 8.5 to 14.0 ]am.

Thematic considerations have dictated, within technical constraints, the choice of spectral band

position and width in the Daedalus TMS sensor. Twelve bands were selected, eight of which

correspond to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) bands. These bands were chosen after many years of

analysis for their value in discrimination of several Earth surface features. A blue (0.45 to 0.52 ]am)

band provides increased penetration of water bodies as well as supporting analyses of land use, soil,

and vegetation characteristics. The lower-wavelength cutoff is just below the peak transmittance of

clear water, while the upper-wavelength cutoff is the limit of blue chlorophyll absorption for healthy

green vegetation. Wavelengths below 0.45 ]am are substantially influenced by atmospheric scattering

and absorption.

A green (0.52 to 0.60 ]am) band spans the region between the blue and red chlorophyll absorption

bands and therefore corresponds to the green reflectance of healthy vegetation. A red (0.63 to 0.69

]am) band includes the chlorophyll absorption band of healthy green vegetation and represents one of

the most important bands for vegetation discrimination. The latter is also useful for soil and geological

boundary delineations. A reflective-infrared (0.76 to 0.90 ]am) band is especially responsive to the

amount of vegetation biomass present in a scene. It is useful for crop identification and emphasizes

soil-crop and land-water contrasts.

One mid-infrared (1.55 to 1.75 ]am) band is sensitive to the turgidity or amount of water in plants.

Such information is useful in crop drought studies and in plant vigor investigations. In addition, these

are two of the few bands that can be used to discriminate between clouds, snow, and ice, which is

very important in hydrologic research. The other mid-infrared band (2.08 to 2.35 ]am) is important for

the discrimination of geologic rock formations. It has been shown to be particularly effective in

identifying zones of hydrothermal alteration in rocks. Finally, the thermal-infrared (8.5 to 14.0 ]am)

band measures the amount of infrared radiant flux emitted from surfaces. The apparent temperature is a

function of the emissivities and true or kinetic temperature of the surface. It is useful for locating

geothermal activity, thermal inertia mapping for geologic investigations, vegetation classification,

vegetation stress analysis, and soil moisture studies.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

The Daedalus TMS- 1268 scanner is designed to simulate spectral, spatial, and radiometric

characteristics of the TM sensor on the Landsat-4 and -5 spacecraft. The Daedalus TMS is generally

flown at high altitudes aboard NASA's ER-2 aircraft based at ARC and provides 25-m resolution at

nadir at an altitude of 19,800 m (65,000 ft).

The Daedalus TMS sensor differs slightly from the Landsat TM instruments. Its 12 spectral

channels are very similar to those of the TM sensor, but it has an additional infrared channel. The 12

spectral channels of the Daedalus TMS sensor have the following bandpasses:

Page 3
Daedalus TMS Channel Wavelength, _m

1

2 (TMI)

3 (TM2)

4

5 (TM3)

6

7 (TM4)

8

9 (TM5)

i0 (TM7)

ii (TM6)

12 (TM6)

(high gain)

(low gain)

0 42

0 45

0 52

0 60

0 63

0 69

0 76

0 91

1 55

2 08

8 5

8 5

-045

-052

-060

-062

-069

-075

-090

-105

-175

-235

- 14.0

- 14.0

4.1.1 Collection Environment

As part of the BOREAS Staff" Science Data Collection Program, BORIS distributed 12-band

level-0 Daedalus TMS image data. The Daedalus TMS was flown on NASA's ER-2 aircraft during the

BOREAS mission (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and objectives).

Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of ARC. The ER-2 Experimenter's

Handbook (supplemental) produced by the High Altitude Missions Branch at ARC provides a

description of the instrument, calibration procedures, and data format.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

NASA's ER-2 Earth Resources Aircraft.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The original purpose of the Daedalus TMS was to provide high-altitude data in the visible,

near-infrared, and thermal-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum for use in land surface

remote sensing and comparing with the Landsat TM instrument.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Emitted radiation, reflected radiation, and temperature.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

None given.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Instantaneous Field-Of-View (IFOV) 1.25 mrad

Total Scan Angle 42.5 degrees

Pixels/Scan Line 716

Sensor footprint is 25.0 m x 25.0 m at nadir at 19,800 m altitude.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Daedalus Enterprises

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Page 4
4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

Thewavelengthranges(inpm) of thebandsfor theDaedalusTMSare:

Daedalus TMS Channel Wavelength, _m

1

2 (TMI)

3 (TM2)

4

5 (TM3)

6

7 (TM4)

8

9 (TM5)

i0 (TM7)

ii (TM6)

12 (TM6)

(high gain)

(low gain)

0 42

0 45

0 52

0 60

0 63

0 69

0 76

0 91

1 55

2 08

8 5

8 5

-045

-052

-060

-062

-069

-075

-090

-105

-175

-235

- 14.0

- 14.0

DESIGN DATA:

IFOV 1.25 milliradians

Across-track FOV +/- 21.25 degrees

Inflight calibration Integrating sphere and two

controllable blackbodies

Short wavelength array temperature 255 K

V/H range Variable 0.025 to 0.25

Scan rate Variable i0 to i00 scans/sec.

Scan speed ability One-third of the IFOV, scan

line to scan line

Data quantization 8 bits (256 discrete levels)

for all bands

Number of video samples/scan line 716

Roll compensation +/-15 degrees

Scan mirror 45-degree rotating mirror

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

None given.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

The ARC Sensor Calibration Laboratory measures the Spectral Response Function (SRF) of each

band several times per year using a full-aperture scanning monochromator. Radiometric calibration is

regularly performed using a 30-in. integrating sphere with a 12-in. exit aperture. The sphere is

calibrated periodically against a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard

reference source. The SRF is then convolved with the measured sphere radiance to produce in-band

radiance for bands 1-10. The thermal IR bands (11 and 12) are calibrated with the two onboard

blackbody reference sources that are viewed before and after each scan line during the data acquisition,

together with the SRF measured in the laboratory.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

Daedalus TMS data may be intentionally overscanned, e.g., operated at some integral multiple of

the desired scan rate and then subsampled in preprocessing. The subsampling factor is reported as a

"demagnification factor."

Page 5
5. Data Acquisition Methods

As part of the BOREAS Staff Science Data Collection Program, BORIS distributed 12-band level-0

Daedalus TMS image data. The Daedalus TMS was flown on NASA's ER-2 aircraft during the

BOREAS Mission (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and objectives).

Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of ARC. The ER-2 Experimenter's

Handbook (supplemental) produced by the High Altitude Missions Branch at ARC provides a

description of the instrument, calibration procedures, and data format.

6.1 Data Notes

None given.

6.2 Field Notes

None given.

6. Observations

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

The BOREAS level-0 Daedalus TMS images cover the Southern Study Area (SSA) and the

Northern Study Area (NSA), which are located in the southwest and northeast portions of the overall

BOREAS region.

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W

Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W

Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W

Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W

The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W

Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W

Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W

Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The Daedalus TMS IFOV provides a footprint of 25.0 m at nadir at an altitude of 19,800 m, which

was typical of the BOREAS flight.

Page 6
7.1.4 Projection

The level-0 Daedalus TMS images were not placed in any sort of map or geographic coordinate

projection.

7.1.5 Grid Description

The BOREAS level-0 Daedalus TMS images are stored in their original data collection frame with

increasing pixel sizes from nadir to the scanning extremes based on the scan angle.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The level-0 Daedalus TMS image data were collected on 16-Sep-1994 and 17-Sep-1994.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Study Area Dates

SSA 16-Sep-1994 NSA 17-Sep-1994

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Images were acquired only on 16-Sep-1994 and 17-Sep-1994.

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The parameter contained in the image data files is: Digital Number (DN)

The parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

ER2 MISSION ID

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

DTMS MEAN FRAME STATUS

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

Page 7
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

For the image data files:

Digital Number (DN) - The quantized DN derived by the Daedalus TMS scanning

system for the respective channel.

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

ER2 MISSION ID

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

DTMS MEAN FRAME STATUS

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

The general term used to denote the spatial area

over which the data were collected.

The date on which the data were collected.

The starting Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

The ending Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

The object (e.g., satellite, aircraft, tower,

person) that supported the instrument.

The name of the device used to make the

measurements.

The number of spectral bands in the data.

The nominal altitude of the data collection

platform above the target.

The minimum angle from the surface normal

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The maximum angle from the surface normal

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The minimum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The maximum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The mission identifier assigned to the ER2

mission in the form of YY-DDD where YY is the last

two digits of the fiscal year, and DDD is the

deployment number. An example would be 94-120.

The data analyst's assessment of the quality of

the spectral bands in the data.

The data analyst's assessment of the cloud cover

that exists in the data.

The mean frame status calculated from the

respective values on the digital tape of AOCI data

collected during the given flight.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the

north west corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

northwest corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the

northeast corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

Page 8
NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

for the data

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

northeast corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the

southwest corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southwest corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the

southeast corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southeast corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI but

questionable).

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

For theimage datafiles:Digital Number (DN) - counts

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SPATIAL COVERAGE [none]

DATE OBS [DD-MON-YY]

START TIME [HHMM GMT]

END TIME [HHMM GMT]

PLATFORM [none]

INSTRUMENT [none]

NUM BANDS [counts]

PLATFORM ALTITUDE [meters]

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

ER2 MISSION ID [none]

BAND QUALITY [none]

CLOUD COVER [none]

DTMS MEAN FRAME STATUS [unitless]

NW LATITUDE [degrees]

NW LONGITUDE [degrees]

NE LATITUDE [degrees]

NE LONGITUDE [degrees]

SW LATITUDE [degrees]

SW LONGITUDE [degrees]

SE LATITUDE [degrees]

SE LONGITUDE [degrees]

CRTFCN CODE [none]

Page 9
7.3.4 Data Source

The level-0 AOCI image bands were collected by the Daedalus TMS instrument on the ER2 aircraft.

The raw data were decommutated, processed, and sent to BORIS by personnel within the High

Altitude Aircraft Branch at NASA ARC. The source of the parameter values contained in the inventory

listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

ER2 MISSION ID

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

DTMS MEAN FRAME STATUS

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

[ER2 Flight Summary Reports and calculations

within the BORIS software using information from

the Daedalus TMS image data]

[DTMS image housekeeping data]

[DTMS image housekeeping data

[DTMS image housekeeping data]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Constant software parameter value]

[ER2 Flight Summary Reports]

[Calculated from DATE OBS, TIME OBS, and

latitude and longitude information]

[Calculated from DATE OBS, TIME OBS, and

latitude and longitude information]

[Calculated from DATE OBS, TIME OBS, and

latitude and longitude information]

[Calculated from DATE OBS, TIME OBS, and

latitude and longitude information]

[ER2 Flight Summary Reports]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Calculated with software from the DTMS image

housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

Page 10
SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Calculated from the nadir latitude and longitude,

heading, and altitude information in the Flight

Summary Report, the constant instrument scan

angle, and mean aircraft roll angle calculated

from the image housekeeping data]

[Constant data base value]

7.3.5 Data Range

The maximum range of DNs in each level-0 Daedalus TMS image band is limited from 0 to 255 8

bits and is stored in an 8 bit (byte) field. The following table gives information about the parameter

values found in the inventory table on the CD-ROM.

Column Name

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SPATIAL COVERAGE N/A N/A None None None None

DATE OBS 16-SEP-94 17-SEP-94 None None None None

START TIME 1525 1917 None None None None

END TIME 1528 1919 None None None None

PLATFORM ER2 ER2 None None None None

INSTRUMENT N/A N/A None None None None

NUM BANDS 12 12 None None None None

PLATFORM ALTITUDE 19294 20117 None None None None

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG 67.4 70.7 None None None None

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG 67.7 71 None None None None

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG 278.2 282.5 None None None None

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG 278.7 283 None None None None

ER2 MISSION ID 94-142 94-143 None None None None

BAND QUALITY N/A N/A None None None None

CLOUD COVER N/A N/A None None None None

DTMS MEAN FRAME 0 0 None None None None

STATUS

NW LATITUDE 53.30309 56.11041 None None None None

NW LONGITUDE -106.37569 -98.07578 None None None None

NE LATITUDE 53.29144 56.07513 None None None None

NE LONGITUDE -106.05544 -97.73023 None None None None

SW LATITUDE 53.04724 55.78351 None None None None

SW LONGITUDE -106.45527 -98.17967 None None None None

SE LATITUDE 53.03523 55.75309 None None None None

SE LONGITUDE -106.14049 -97.83677 None None None None

CRTFCN CODE PRE PRE None None None None

Page 11
Minimum Data Value --

Maximum Data Value --

Missng Data Value --

Unrel Data Value --

Below Detect Limit --

Data Not Cllctd --

The minimum value found in the column.

The maximum value found in the column.

The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank

N/A

None

-- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

-- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

-- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

A sample data record for the level-0 Daedalus TMS images is not available here. The following are

wrapped versions of the first few records from the level-0 Daedalus TMS inventory table on the

CD-ROM:

SPATIAL COVERAGE,DATE OBS,START TIME,END TIME,PLATFORM, INSTRUMENT,NUM BANDS,

PLATFORM ALTITUDE,MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG,MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG,MIN SOLAR AZ ANG,

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG,ER2 MISSION ID,BAND QUALITY,CLOUD COVER, DTMS MEAN FRAME STATUS,

NW LATITUDE,NW LONGITUDE,NE LATITUDE,NE LONGITUDE,SW LATITUDE,SW LONGITUDE,

SE LATITUDE,SE LONGITUDE,CRTFCN CODE

'SSA',I6-SEP-94,1638,1641, 'ER2', 'DTMS',I2,19355.0,68.0

'NOT ASSESSED', 'NOT ASSESSED',0,53.35978,-105.81133,53

-i05.84026,53.11511,-i05.58145, 'PRE'

'SSA',I6-SEP-94,1647,1653, 'ER2', 'DTMS',I2,19538.0,68.7 69.2,279.7,280.4 '94-142'

'NOT ASSESSED', 'NOT ASSESSED',0,54.22481,-104.62804,54 20971,-104.35274

53.7896,4,-i04.69562,53.7747,-i04.4232, 'PRE'

68.3,278.9,279.2 '94-142',

34787,-105.55107 53.12695,

Page 12
8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of level-0 Daedalus TMS data is a single flight line of data. Although the image

inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-0 DTMS images are not. See

Section 15 for information about how to obtain the data.

8.2 Data Format(s)

A level-0 Daedalus TMS tape contains one header file followed by up to 50 files containing data

from Daedalus TMS flight lines. The header file contains one record of 9,192 bytes that contain a

mixture of ASCII and binary values. The multibyte integer fields are stored as high-order byte first.

The contents of the header record fields are:

Bytes Description

1 - 80

81 - 90

91 - 120

121 - 150

151 - 180

181 - 182

183 - 184

185 - 186

187 - 188

189 - 198

199 - 200

201 - 224

225 - 236

237 - 238

239 - 240

241 - 244

245 - 248

Data Description (ASCII characters, e.g., 'TMS (BOREAS) Canada')

Flight Number (ASCII characters, e.g., 94-143)

Data Collection Date (ASCII characters, e.g., 16 SEPTEMBER 1994)

Data Decommutation Date (ASCII characters)

Archive Tape Creation Date (ASCII characters)

Aircraft Number (binary 16-bit integer, value of 708)

Scanner Type (ASCII characters)

Reel Number (binary 16-bit integer)

Expected Number of Reels (binary 16-bit integer)

Filler bytes

Number of Channels Processed (binary 16-bit integer)

Channel Numbers (binary 16-bit integers)

Filler bytes

Mode used to specify flight line boundaries (ASCII characters)

(AL : all data contained in one flight line)

(SL : selected scan lines) (BOREAS tape)

(GM : selected times)

Number of Operator-specified flight line intervals

(binary 16-bit integer)

Start of flight line interval number 1 (binary 32-bit integer)

Start of flight line interval number 2 (binary 32-bit integer)

437 - 440 Start of flight line interval number 50 (binary 32-bit integer)

441 - 444 End of flight line interval number 1 (binary 32-bit integer)

445 - 448 End of flight line interval number 2 (binary 32-bit integer)

637 - 640 End of flight line interval number 50 (binary 32-bit integer)

641 - 9192 Filler bytes

Each level-0 Daedalus TMS image from a given flight is contained in one tape file. A physical tape

record of 9,192 bytes contains 12 logical records of 766 bytes that contain housekeeping information

(50 bytes) and the image data (716 bytes) from the 12 Daedalus TMS spectral bands in BIL order. The

bytes of the 16-bit and 32-bit values in the housekeeping information are ordered as high-order byte

first. The detailed structure of each logical record is:

Page 13
Daedalus TMS Logical Data Record Structure

Bytes 1 - 50 Housekeeping Information

1 - 2 Data Frame Status (16-bit integer)

0 implies the data are good; nonzero implies they are bad.

i0 Interpolated data

20 Repeated data

30 Zero fill data

3 - 4 Run Number (16-bit integer)

5 - 8 Scan line count (32-bit integer)

9 - 12 Panel Thumbwheel switches (32-bit integer)

Consists of 8 digits in the form YYFFFJJJ

where YY is the last two digits of the year (e.g., 94)

FFF is the flight number (e.g., 120)

JJJ is the day of the year (e.g., 202)

13 - 14 Blackbody #i Thermal Reference Temperature (16-bit integer)

(hundredths of degrees C)

15 - 16 Blackbody #2 Thermal Reference Temperature (16-bit integer)

(hundredths of degrees C)

17 - 18 Scan Speed (16-bit integer) (tenths of scans per second)

19 - 20 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) hours (16-bit integer)

21 - 22 Minutes of the hour (16-bit integer)

23 - 24 Tenths of seconds (16-bit integer)

25 - 26 Demagnification value * i00 (16-bit integer)

(Set to i00 to indicate unity, i.e., no demagnification)

27 - 28 Filler (16-bit integer)

29 - 30 Gain Value (times i000) (16-bit integer)

31 - 32 Channel Number (16-bit integer)

33 - 36 Time (32-bit integer)

(7 digits in the form of hhmmsst where hh is the hour,

mm is the minutes, ss is the seconds, and t is the tenths

of a second)

37 - 38 Blackbody #i Response (16-bit integer) (Counts)

(What the sensor sees when it looks at Blackbody #i)

39 - 40 Blackbody #2 Response (16-bit integer) (Counts)

(What the sensor sees when it looks at Blackbody #2)

41 - 42 Aircraft Roll angle counts (16-bit integer)

(0.03 degrees per count or 0.06 degrees per pixel)

(Positive values indicate rotation of the aircraft in a

clockwise direction when viewed from the front;

negative values indicate counterclockwise rotation)

43 - 50 Filler bytes

Bytes 51 - 766 Binary Image data

51 - 766 Digital counts for pixels 1 to 716 of the scan line (8-bit)

The CD-ROM inventory listing file consists of numerical and character fields of varying length

separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no

spaces between the fields.

Page 14
9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

None.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

None.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BORIS staff processed the level-0 Daedalus TMS imagery by:

• Creating duplicate copies of the original image data tapes

• Extracting information from the tape to ASCII files on disk

• Using the extracted ASCII disk file information to inventory the images by date and location

in the online data base

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None given.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

None.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

None given.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Spectral errors could arise because of image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk,

spikes, or response normalization caused by a change in gain.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

Page 15
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS staff reviewed the Daedalus TMS images through software that summarized the

housekeeping information in the records of each flight line and histogrammed the image bands to

gather minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation values, which were then reviewed before

loading the information into the data base. No anomalous values were noted.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

Not available at this revision.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

To date, no discrepancies or problems have been noted in the data.

11.3 Usage Guidance

Not available at this revision.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None given.

12. Application of the Data Set

This data set can be used to supplement Landsat TM or other high-resolution satellite images for land

cover analyses.

None.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

BORIS staff developed software and command procedures for:

• Extracting header information from level-0 Daedalus TMS images on tape and writing it to

ASCII files on disk

• Reading the ASCII disk file and logging the level-0 Daedalus TMS image products into the

Oracle data base tables

14.2 Software Access

The software is written in C and is operational on VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100 systems at

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The primary dependencies in the software are the tape

input/output (I/O) library and the Oracle data base utility routines.

Page 16
15. Data Access

The level-0 Daedalus TMS imagery is available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information

System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center

(DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

The BOREAS level-0 Daedalus TMS data can be made available on 1600 or 6250 Bytes Per Inch

(BPI) Digital Archive Tape (DAT), 9-track, or 8-ram tapes.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-0 DTMS

images are not. See Section 15 for information about how to obtain the data.

Page 17
17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Airborne Instrumentation Research Project - Flight Summary Report Series. 1994. NASA Ames

Research Center, Airborne Missions and Applications Division, Moffett Field, California. 94035.

NASA. 1990. ER-2 Earth Resources Aircraft Experimenter's Handbook. National Aeronautics and

Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,

A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. 2000. Collected Data of The

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B.

Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal

ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year.

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9): 1549-1577.

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M.

Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T.

Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS

in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical

Research 102 (D24): 28,731-28,770.

17.3 Arehive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None given.

18. Glossary of Terms

Page 18
AOCI

ARC

ASCII

AVIRIS

BIL

BOREAS

BORIS

BPI

CCT

CD-ROM

DAAC

DAT

DN

DTMS

EOS

EOSDIS

fPAR

GIS

GMT

GSFC

IFOV

I/O

LAI

NAD

NASA

NIST

NSA

ORNL

PANP

RSS

SRF

SSA

TM

_m

URL

19. List of Acronyms

- Airborne Ocean Color Imager

- Ames Research Center

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

- Band Interleaved by Line

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Bytes Per Inch

- Computer Compatible Tape

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Digital Archive Tape

- Digital Number

- Daedalus Thematic Mapper Simulator

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation

- Geographic Information System

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- Instantaneous Field-of-View

- Input/Output

- Leaf Area Index

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- National Institute of Standards and Technology

- Northern Study Area

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Remote Sensing Science

- Spectral Response Function

- Southern Study Area

- Thematic Mapper

- micrometers

- Uniform Resource Locator

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Dates

Written: 05-Nov- 1996

Last Updated: 05-Feb- 1999

20.2 Document Review Dates

BORIS Review: 20-May- 1997

Science Review: 20-May- 1997

20.3 Document ID

Page 19
20.4 Citation

Whenusingthesedata,pleaseincludethefollowing acknowledgement aswell ascitationsof

releventpapersin Section17.2:TheBOREASlevel-0DaedalusTMS datawerecollectedand

processedfrom theoriginalaircrafttapesbypersonnelof theHighAltitudeAircraftBranchatNASA

ARC.Their contributionstoprovidingthisdatasetaregreatlyappreciated.

Also,citetheBOREASCD-ROMsetas:

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson,A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.CollectedDataof

TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.CD-ROM.NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 20
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

September 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS Level-0 ER-2 Daedalus TMS hnagery: Digital Counts in BIL Format

6. AUTHOR(S)

Jeffrey A. Newcomer and Roseanne Dominguez

Forrest G. Hall, Editor

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

923

RTOP: 923-462-33-01

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 84

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

J.A. Newcomer: Raytheon ITSS, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland;

R. Dominguez: ATAC, Inc., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The level-0 Daedalus TMS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, was collected to

provide spatially extensive information about radiant energy over the primary BOREAS study areas.

This information includes detailed land cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fPAR and LAI.

Two flights of the Daedalus TMS instrument were made onboard the ER-2 aircraft on 16-Sep-1994

and 17-Sep- 1994.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, remote sensing science, Daedalus TMS imagery.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

2O

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL

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Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

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