Study

 Report 

 2003-01

Training Requirements of Battle Staff 

NCOs in Digital Units 

 

 

 

Raymond J. Felton

Lockheed Martin Technology Systems, Inc. 

Brooke B. Schaab 

J. Douglas Dressel

U.S. Army Research Institute

 United States Army Research Institute 

 for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

 June 2003 

 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 
U.S. Army Research Institute 

for the Behavioral and Social Sciences 

A Directorate of the U.S. Total Army Personnel Command 

 ZITA M. SIMUTIS 

 Director 

Research accomplished under contract

for the Department of the Army

Lockheed Martin Technology Systems, Inc.

Technical Review by

Mark L. Wilson, Collective Training Directorate, Fort Leavenworth

Kathleen A. Quinkert, U.S. Army Research Institute 

 

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NOTE: The findings in this Study Report are not to be construed as an official

Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized documents. 
 i

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

1. REPORT DATE (dd-mm-yy)

June 2003 

2. REPORT TYPE

 Final 

3. DATES COVERED (from. . . to)

April 2002 – November 2002 

5a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER

GS-23F-0081K

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Training Requirements of Battle Staff NCOs in Digital Units 5b. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

2O262785

5c. PROJECT NUMBER

A790

5d. TASK NUMBER

209

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Raymond J. Felton (Lockheed Martin Technology Systems, 

Inc.), Brooke B. Schaab, and J. Douglas Dressel (U.S. Army 

Research Institute) 

5e. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

Lockheed Martin Technology Services Group 

1001 761st Tank Battalion Ave 

Fort Hood, TX 76544-5000 

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

10. MONITOR ACRONYM 

ARI 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social 

Sciences 

ATTN: TAPC-ARI-II 

5001 Eisenhower Avenue 

Alexandria VA 22333 5600

11. MONITOR REPORT NUMBER 

Study Report 2003-01 

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

Delivery Order Contracting Officer’s Representative, Brooke B. Schaab 

14. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words): 

The United States Army is transforming to a versatile force with the capabilities, particularly the digital technology, 

necessary to optimize the flow of information and enhance situational awareness. One vital enlisted position affected by 

the implementation of these digital technologies and equipment is assigned to Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officers. 

The Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officer course trains Noncommissioned Officers to be integral members of battle 

staffs in analog units. The current institutional training does not include instruction on how to use digital technology to 

leverage performance in Tactical Operations Centers. To determine if the role of the Battle Staff Noncommissioned 

Officer changed with the inception of digital technology, data were collected from 522 Battle Staff Noncommissioned 

Officers. Findings, based on surveys, observations, and interviews, suggest the need to include digital training within the 

Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officers Course and the need for system integration training to support the change in the 

role of the Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officer. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS 

Army Battle Command Systems Battle Staff Training Digital Operations 

Tactical Operations Center Battle Staff NCO Training 

 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 19. LIMITATION OF 20. NUMBER 21. RESPONSIBLE PERSON

16. REPORT 

Unclassified

17. ABSTRACT 

Unclassified

18. THIS PAGE 

Unclassified

ABSTRACT 

Unlimited

OF PAGES (Name and Telephone Number) 

Brooke B. Schaab 

(703) 617-0325 
ii
Study Report 2003-01 

 

Training Requirements of Battle Staff NCOs in Digital Units 

 

Raymond J. Felton 

Lockheed Martin Technology Systems, Inc. 

Brooke B. Schaab 

J. Douglas Dressel

U.S. Army Research Institute

 

Advanced Training Methods Research Unit

Franklin L. Moses, Chief 

 U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences 

 5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22333-5600 

June 2003 

Army Project Number Personnel Performance and

2O262785A790 Training Technology

 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

iii
iv 
FOREWORD

 

As part of U.S. Army transformation, advanced technology is changing how Tactical 

Operation Centers (TOCs) process vast amounts of information. This study addresses questions 

about how the role of the Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officer (BSNCO) has changed in TOCs 

supported by digital technology. The work, performed under contact No. GS-23F-0081K to 

Lockheed-Martin Integrated Systems was requested by the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine 

Command (TRADOC) and supported by the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral 

and Social Sciences (ARI).

This study was conducted by administering questionnaire surveys, performing

observations, and interviewing BSNCOs to determine how their role has changed with the 

fielding of digital technology. Interim results were presented to Mr. Robert Seger, Assistant 

Deputy Chief of Staff, Training (ADCST), TRADOC, and LTC Mark Wilson, from the office of 

Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Training, West (ADCST-W), Collective Training

Directorate. Final results have been presented to DCST-W, the Commandant, and the Command 

Sergeant Major of the Sergeant Major Academy.

 KATHLEEN A. QUINKERT

Acting Technical Director 

v 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The authors would like to thank LTC Mark L. Wilson, Deputy Chief of Staff for 

Training, West Collective Training Directorate and Dr. Kathleen A. Quinkert, TRADOC

Scientific Coordination Office for their thoughtful contributions to this report. Our most sincere

gratitude goes to the Battle Staff NCOs who unselfishly participated in this data collection effort. 

The participating units are listed below. 

 1st BDE, 4ID 

 1-5 CAV, 1CD 

 2-12 CAV, 1CD 

 544 MAINT BN, 13 COSCOM 

 3-8 CAV, 1CD 

 4th BDE, 4ID 

 1-44 ADA, 4ID 

 1CD DIVARTY CPX 

 4ID DIVARTY TOCEX 

 1-227 AVN TOC TNG, 1CD 

 2-5 CAV, 1CD 

 404 DASB, 4ID 

 1-8 CAV, 1CD 

 4th BDE, 1CD 

 DISCOM, 1CD 

 104th MI, 4ID 

 8th ENG 

 3-16 FA, 4ID 

 4-5 ADA, 1CD (Q) 

 UFL (Various analog & digital TOCs) 

 1CD Pegasus Point 

 2 BCT 4ID TOC TNG 

 UFL, 1-30 180th TRANS, 13th COSCOM 

 49th TRANS, 13th COSCOM

 UFL Setup, 

 20th ENG, 1CD 

 UFL (DTAC, DMAIN, 1CD & 4ID; 3 BCT, 4BDE, D/A, 1CD; SC 

 15th MI, 504th MI BDE 

 1st MED BDE 

 1st BDE, 1CD 

 BSNCOC # 13-02 (FT Bliss) 

 

vi 
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS OF BATTLE STAFF NCOs IN DIGITAL UNITS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Study Requirements: 

 As the U.S. Army moves towards the Objective Force, digitization is a critical aspect of

the transformation process. Current institutional training for Battle Staff Noncommissioned 

Officers (BSNCOs) does not include instruction on how to employ digital technology to leverage

performance in the Tactical Operations Center (TOC). This leads to the questions: “How does 

the role of the BSNCO change in the TOC supported by digital technology?” “How can training

best support the BSNCO in a digital environment?” and “When and where should this training

take place?” 

Procedure: 

 Data were collected from 522 active and reserve component BSNCOs. These NCOs 

were assigned to coordinating and special staff sections from battalion through corps in both 

analog and digital units. Every digital unit at Fort Hood, Texas participated in the data collection 

phase. Also included in the project were selected BSNCOs at Fort Carson, Colorado; Fort Sill, 

Oklahoma; Fort Bliss, Texas; Texas Army National Guard; and Reserve Component NCOs 

attending the BSNCOC at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. Questionnaire surveys, observations, and 

subjective opinions from NCOs and Officers obtained during group and individual interviews 

provide the basis for this report. 

Findings: 

The majority of Battle Staff NCO Course (BSNCOC) graduates responded that the current 

institutional training course is quite effective in preparing NCOs to perform in analog TOCs. 

The majority of graduates assigned to digital units believe the course is not very effective in 

preparing them to lead, train, or supervise soldiers who operate digital systems. Although the 

course does not include digital operator training, they believe that the current training (e.g. 

graphics and overlays; military decision making process) provides a foundation and is critical in 

the tactical employment of digital systems. 

Only 53 percent of NCOs assigned to BSNCO positions are BSNCO Course graduates. 

The NCOs assigned to BSNCO positions who have not attended the course feel under-qualified 

to perform their duties due to the lack of institutional training. 

Approximately two-thirds of BSNCOs in digital TOCs had some formal digital training, 

with the overwhelming majority of that training consisting of a 1-2 week New Equipment 

Training (NET) course. BSNCOs who lack formal training obtain their digital skills through onthe-job-training (OJT) during Sergeants Time Training and collective training events. 

vii 
Eighty-eight percent of BSNCOs assigned to digital TOCs responded that it would be 

beneficial to their job performance if digital systems were taught in the BSNCOC. They believe 

the training should be to a level of proficiency that provides them with the necessary digital skills 

to train and supervise their soldiers in digital TOC operations. 

BSNCOs in analog TOCs perform those tasks that are taught at the BSNCOC. The digital

tasks performed by BSNCOs in digital units are not instructed at the BSNCOC. However, they

are published in a handbook (ST 20-101-5-ABCS) developed by Warrior-T, an Army Training

Support Center training development integrator at Fort Hood, Texas. 

The role of the BSNCO has changed from the analog to the digital TOC. They are now 

multifunctional information managers who integrate all the Army Battle Command Systems 

within the TOC to effectively respond to the commander’s requests for information. 

Utilization of Findings: 

These findings should be included in decisions made regarding future course development 

of the BSNCOC and will help to define the role of the BSNCO in digital TOCs. Course 

developers and trainers should consider recommendations concerning training opportunities for 

BSNCOs and means of enhancing digital training to address what BSNCOs report are shortfalls 

in the current system. 

viii 
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS OF BATTLE STAFF NCOs IN DIGITAL UNITS

CONTENTS 

Page

The Problem........................................................................................................................ 1 

Technical Objectives........................................................................................................... 2 

Method ................................................................................................................................ 2 

Data Collection Procedures................................................................................................. 2 

Graduate Selection.......................................................................................................... 3 

Questionnaire Survey...................................................................................................... 3 

Observations ................................................................................................................... 3 

Interviews........................................................................................................................ 4 

Demographics of Participants............................................................................................. 4 

Findings and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 5 

Are NCOs assigned to BSNCO positions school trained to perform their duties? ...... 12 

When, where, and how do BSNCOs obtain training on digital systems? .................... 13 

What tasks are BSNCOs performing in analog and digital TOCs? ............................. 15 

Recommendations............................................................................................................. 16 

Battle Staff NCO Course .............................................................................................. 16 

Training opportunities for NCOs assigned to BSNCO positions................................. 17 

Digital training for BSNCOs ........................................................................................ 18 

Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 19 

References......................................................................................................................... 21

Appendix A. Battle Staff NCO Course Curriculum ....................................................... A-1 

Appendix B. Battle Staff NCO (BSNCO) Training Requirement Questionnaire ...........B-1 

Appendix C. Battle Staff NCO Training Requirement Group Interview/Discussion......C-1 

Appendix D. Battle Staff NCO Training Requirement Individual 

 Interview/Discussion............................................................................ D-1 

Appendix E. ST-20-101-5 ABCS/ABCS Digital Tasks..................................................E-1 

Appendix F. ABCS Common Core Task.........................................................................F-1 

Appendix G. Duty Locations of BSNCOs Participating ................................................ G-1 

Appendix H. List of Acronyms....................................................................................... H-1 

List of Tables 

Table 1. Comparison of the role of BSNCOs in analog and digital TOC. ........................ 6 

Table 2. Perceived differences between analog and digital TOCS from NCOs 

assigned to one versus three digital units........................................................ 8 

Table 3. Comparison of responses between analog and digital TOC BSNCOs on 

additional tasks that should be included in the BSNCOC............................. 10 

ix
List of Figures 

Figure 1. Demographics of participants............................................................................. 4 

Figure 2. Perceived effectiveness of the BSNCOC........................................................... 9 

Figure 3. Perceived effectiveness of BSNCOC training for digital TOCs...................... 10 

Figure 4. Course attendees assigned to BSNCO positions compared to non-attendees.. 12 

Figure 5. Percentage of BSNCOs using digital systems versus those trained................. 14 

Figure 6. Comparison of NCOs aware of ST 20-101-5-ABCS ....................................... 16 

x 
Training Requirements of Battle Staff NCOs in Digital Units 

The Problem

Through the Objective Force process, the United States Army is transforming to

shape and field a force prepared to meet future challenges. This versatile force will have

the capabilities, particularly the digital technology, necessary to optimize the flow of 

information and enhance situational awareness. Crucial enlisted positions affected by the 

implementation of these digital technologies and equipment includes those assigned to 

Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officers (BSNCOs) working in Tactical Operations 

Centers (TOCs). 

The role of the Battle Staff is to help the Commander recognize and anticipate

battlefield activities in order to make decisions and act faster than the enemy. In a TOC 

for the traditional Army force, Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) have a vital role in 

organizing, analyzing, managing, and presenting vast amounts of information to support 

the Commander’s decision making. Once a decision is made, the Commander depends on 

the staff to communicate the decision to subordinates in a manner that quickly focuses the 

necessary capabilities to achieve the Commander’s intent. The question is how the

NCO’s role may be changing as the Army becomes increasingly dependent on 

information technologies to support mission accomplishment. 

This study documents how information technology changes the role of the Battle 

Staff NCO by comparing digital and analog (traditional) units. This was done by

observing NCOs under working conditions in places such as the traditional TOC and the 

“digital” TOC at Fort Hood, Texas. The study compares and analyses differences 

between the traditional and the digital TOC and how to train the delta. These identified 

differences will support efforts to refine/improve digital battle staff procedures taught to 

BSNCOs. 

The BSNCO course includes a nonresident phase and a six-week resident phase 

taught at the Sergeants Major Academy at Fort Bliss, Texas. The course focuses on 

battalion and brigade level staffs, with training on plans, orders, graphics, overlays, 

intelligence preparation of the battlefield, and combat support services. The course 

culminates in a Command Post Exercise where Battle Staff NCOs apply what they have

learned. At the time of this study, institutional training for Battle Staff NCOs did not 

include instruction on how to use digital technology to leverage performance in the TOC. 

The intended audience of this study is both its sponsor, the Assistant Deputy

Chief of Staff for Training - West (ADCST-W) who is concerned with the training of the 

BSNCO operating in the digital TOC and others in the training arena who must face 

similar challenges brought about by the digitization of the military which often can result 

in more senior personnel having less technical knowledge than the junior personnel 

whom they are responsible for supervising, leading, and training. 

1 
Technical Objectives 

The following technical objectives guided the research project:

Compare role of the BSNCOs in TOCs supported by analog equipment versus 

TOCs supported by digital equipment. 

Determine how well the demonstrated task knowledge matches what is taught 

in the Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officer Course (BSNCOC) and provide

recommendations for eliminating any gaps. 

Describe how BSNCOs in digital TOCs obtain their digital skills training and 

the relevance of the digital skills training to their jobs. 

Provide recommendations that might help guide future training needs as the 

U.S. Army moves toward the Objective Force.

Method 

The research consisted of three principal efforts: (1) BSNCOC curriculum review 

(Appendix A), (2) Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) document review, and (3) 

data collection. The initial step involved reviewing the BSNCOC curriculum to 

determine tasks taught for later comparison with tasks performed in a digital 

environment. Secondly, articles relevant to the area of interest were requested from 

CALL to solicit information that could be integrated in the final report. The only article

relevant to the project returned by CALL was Commanding a Digital Brigade Combat 

Team Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures authored by COL Ricky Lynch (2001). 

Third, data collection followed the document review. 

Data collection was conducted in two phases. Phase I was the administration of a

hard copy questionnaire to BSNCOs assigned to analog (non-digital) and digital units. 

This was followed by a group interview session with the same NCOs. Each session 

consisted of completing the questionnaire (approximately 30 minutes) and a group 

interview (approximately 1 hour). Phase II consisted of individual observations and 

individual interviews. During phase II, BSNCOs were observed performing their jobs in 

tactical settings to collect data on tasks being performed. Individual interview sessions 

followed observations where possible; the tactical training scenario prevented individual 

interviews on several occasions. Details of the data collection process follow below. 

Data Collection Procedures 

The project’s goal was to collect data from approximately 300 BSNCOs in both 

analog and digital units who have (1) graduated from the BSNCOC and who were (2) 

assigned to units in which their BSNCO skills are used on a regular basis. The data

collection efforts were focused primarily on units at Fort Hood, Texas because it is home 

to the Army’s first digital division (4th Infantry Division), the ongoing fielding of the 

second digital division (1st Cavalry Division), and to various analog units. Also included 

2 
in the project were selected BSNCOs at Fort Carson, Colorado; Fort Sill, Oklahoma; Fort 

Bliss, Texas; Texas Army National Guard; and Reserve Component NCOs attending the 

BSNCOC at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. This sampling reflects the most efficient data

collection within the time and funding limits of this contractual effort. This precluded 

including Fort Lewis, an important Army digital site, from this effort. 

To expedite gaining access to units at Fort Hood, Texas for data collection, the 

study plan was briefed to the III Corps Command Sergeants Major (CSM), Major 

Subordinate Command CSMs, and separate brigade/battalion CSMs during an installation 

CSM meeting on May 9, 2002. The CSMs unanimously pledged their support to the 

study and gave permission to contact unit S-3s directly to schedule data collection visits. 

 

Graduate Selection 

 

The graduate selection process involved several steps: (1) III Corps’ Standard 

Installation/Division Personnel System rosters were reviewed to determine NCOs with 

the BSNCO ASI (2S) and their unit of assignment; (2) The selected names were crossreferenced against a United States Army Sergeants Major Academy (USASMA) roster of 

Fiscal Year 01/02 BSNCOC graduates; and (3) Personnel locator information was 

reviewed and units were contacted to determine if the selected NCOs were still assigned

to BSNCO positions. To maximize the number of participants, all NCOs with the

BSNCO ASI, regardless of graduation date and non-graduate NCOs currently assigned to

BSNCO positions were included. 

Questionnaire Survey 

A hard copy questionnaire survey (see Appendix B) was administered to 

BSNCOs to elicit data about: 

(1) The effectiveness of the BSNCO Course in preparing NCOs for their duty

positions in both analog and digital TOCs. 

(2) The impact of digital training on their roles. 

(3) The location, method, content, and the effectiveness of various digital 

training that BSNCOs assigned to digital units receive. 

Observations 

Visual observations were conducted on BSNCOs performing their jobs in tactical 

settings (Command Post Exercises, Field Training Exercises, etc.) to collect data on tasks 

being performed. The observations were conducted in analog and digital TOCs at all 

levels of command from battalion through corps. 

3 
Interviews 

Two different interview sessions were conducted: one for group and one for 

individuals. The interview questions (see Appendix C and Appendix D) for both sessions 

were structured to solicit subjective data on current training requirements, future training

needs, and the difference in the role of BSNCOs in digital and analog units. The group 

interview sessions were conducted immediately following the administration of the 

questionnaire with the same NCOs. The individual interview sessions were conducted 

with the BSNCOs who had been observed performing their jobs in tactical settings. 

 

Demographics of Participants 

Five hundred twenty-two BSNCOs assigned to coordinating and special staff 

sections from battalion through corps participated in the project. 

The participants ranged in rank from SGT (E5) to SGM (E9) with 73 percent 

reporting that they were at skill levels 40/50 (E7 through E9) (see Figure 1). 

 

They ranged in time in service from 5-32 years with an average time in 

service of 16.5 years. 

Fifty-eight percent were assigned to analog TOCs while 42 percent were

assigned to digital TOCs. 

The majority of BSNCOs, both analog (60%) and digital (80%), were in their

first TOC assignment and had not previously served in a BSNCO position. 

Two-thirds of the graduates had attended the residence phase of the course at

Fort Bliss, Texas or Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, while the remaining one-third

had attended the residence phase at one of the Video Tele-Training (VTT) 

sites (further discussion below). 

Rank by TOC Type

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

E5 E6 E7 E8 E9

Rank

Nu

mber

Analog

Digital

Figure 1. Demographics of participants 

4 
Findings and Discussion

“How does the role of the BSNCO change in the TOC supported by digital technology?” 

BSNCOs bring years of training and experience into their position. Recent 

introduction of the Army Battle Command System (ABCS) into the TOC finds many of

these experienced NCOs bemused. A recent research report observed that, “Senior 

sergeants tended to focus on basic soldier skills like field craft and NBC, and passed off

the digital tasks to younger soldiers who were more familiar with them” (Johnson, 

Leibrecht, Holder, Coffey, & Quinkert, 2002, p. 13). This report further noted that 

leaders need the show technical competence to “exercise the authority their subordinates 

expect” (p.13). 

The current institutional training course trains BSNCOs to perform as members of

a battalion or higher staff in analog TOCs. The BSNCO Course defines the role of the 

BSNCO as manager of the day-to-day operations of the TOC by performing those duties 

and tasks inherent to their staff section or functional area of assignment. BSNCOs 

synchronize all resources within the TOC. BSNCOs use manual methods and techniques 

to prepare graphics and overlays, write and publish orders, and to display tactical 

information on charts and status boards. Further, they assist the Battle Captains in 

discharging their duties. How does this role change with technology? For example, not 

only can digital systems prepare graphics and overlays and displaying tactical 

information in almost real time; these systems continuously update this information. 

When asked how they would define their role, the BSNCOs in the analog TOC 

responded largely in terms of setting up the TOC, manning the TOC, monitoring the flow 

of personnel and supplies, and tracking the battle/updating the map (see Table 1). 

Approximately half of the BSNCOs in digital TOCs indicate that there is no change in 

their role. Even with the introduction of the digital systems, they state that they are still 

performing the same tasks but with a different tool, the computer. 

 

Although about half of the NCOs reported little change in their role in the digital 

TOC, many others related new challenges in performing their duties. In addition to 

performing the analog tasks, BSNCOs in TOCs supported by digitization note their 

responsibility as maintaining/managing the different computer systems and managing the 

flow of information (see Table 1). With the transformation to digital equipment, the

BSNCO must now manage vast amounts of information output from the ABCS within 

the digital TOC or Command Information Center (CIC). The old manual methods of 

displaying tactical information through acetate overlays and PowerPoint charts have been 

replaced. Now, tactical information is projected from the various digital systems onto a 

Large Screen Display (LSD). Each ABCS system within the CIC is linked through a 

Proxima projector and controlled by a Touch Pad Controller. At the touch of a button, 

ABCS screens can be displayed from one to four digital systems at once. Battle Captains 

and BSNCOs are responsible for operating the Touch Pad Controller. They respond to 

the commander’s requests for information by controlling what is displayed from the

5 
ABCS systems. BSNCOs not only must be technical experts on the digital system that

supports their specific functional area, but must have a basic understanding and working

knowledge of all systems and how to integrate the systems in order to display the 

requested information. 

When asked to define their role as a BSNCO, the following responses were

offered by the various BSNCOs in the analog and digital TOCs (see Table 1):

Table 1. 

Comparison of the role of BSNCOs in analog and digital TOCs 

Analog 

TOC Digital TOC 

Percent Define your role as a BSNCO

Trained 

on digital 

systems 

Percent 

NOT

trained on 

digital 

systems 

Percent 

9 Supervision of TOC operations, insure that the TOC is running

smoothly. 13 10

18 Battle tracking 7 9

0 Responsible for digital communications between ABCS

equipment. (Connectivity/maintenance) 9 1

0 Ensuring flow of information up and down the chain 6 4 

0 Preparing graphics, enemy situation maps, MCOO 5 4 

0 Assist staff decision making 4 7 

7 INTEL-track/interpret/disseminate 3 7

0 Monitor personnel strength 4 4 

0 Digital operator/supervisor 3 4

6 Develop OPORDS, SITTEMP, or EVENT TEMP 2 4 

6 Track NBC 4 3

5 Manages supply: track combat trains and supplies 1 6 

0 Supervisor/trainer 1 0

7 Conducts replacement, casualty reports 0 0 

3 Manages maintenance/recovery operations 0 0

5 Assist staff officers 0 0

1 Plan movement of soldiers 0 0 

Eighteen percent of BSNCOs in analog TOCs versus eight percent of BSNCOs in 

TOCs supported by digitization more often identified tracking the battle and updating

maps as a role. This apparent difference could be more a function of this role being an 

implicit part of many digital TOC tasks (supervision of TOC operations and 

responsibility for digital communications) rather than the physical overt action of placing

symbols on an acetate overlay. Currently the main difference between the analog TOC

and the TOC supported by digitization is that the means of executing the role of the 

6 
BSNCO is greatly influenced by digitization. In other words, analog tasks are being

performed using digital equipment. 

The table depicts one striking difference in the perception of the TOC roles 

between BSNCOs who were trained on digital systems versus those who were not 

formally trained. The BSNCOs trained on digital systems believed that being responsible 

for the maintenance and connectivity between elements of the ABCS was a part of their

role as BSNCOs in the digital TOC. By contrast, only one of the BSNCOs who was not 

trained on a digital system and who was assigned to a digital TOC mentioned this as a

part of their role. 

 One questionnaire item was: “Based on my experience as a BSNCO or my

observations of the BSNCO, what is the primary difference between their role in the

analog and digital TOC.” BSNCOs surveyed appear to have two different perspectives on 

the role of the BSNCO in a digital TOC. Some see the BSNCO as assuming the complex

role of information integrator: 

BSNCOs must have the ability to get real-time situational data at anytime without 

having to track it down. All the data is just a keystroke or button click away.

BSNCOs must be competent at accomplishing multiple dynamic tasks in a short 

time span. They identify critical information and update situational awareness at a

moment’s notice. 

 Others see that their role is to oversee and maintain the equipment: 

My role as a senior NCO is to be able to understand the digital equipment and be 

able to have the systems in place and working, to troubleshoot, and to guide

operators. 

In digital TOCs, NCOs are more apt to be technicians rather than tacticians.

Responses to the item above were compared to determine if NCOs currently

assigned to a digital TOC differed in their answers based on their number of digital TOC 

assignments. Generally, responses fell into the four categories shown below: 

o Note only that digital TOCs have the ABCS 

o Revealed advantages of the digital TOC

o State no difference between the two 

o Mention disadvantages of the digital TOC 

As familiarity with Army digital systems increased (as demonstrated by

comparing those NCOs with one versus three assignments in a digital TOC), participants’

perception of TOCs incorporating digitization became more supportive (see Table 2). 

This item was added after data collection began; therefore, the number responding is 

small. Responses suggest that NCOs familiar with Army digitization have more 

confidence in this technology. 

7 
Table 2. 

Perceived differences between analog and digital TOCS from NCOs assigned to one 

versus three digital units 

 One

Assignment 

N = 33 

Three 

Assignments 

N = 10 

Presence of the ABCS 33 % 50 % 

Advantages of ABCS 36 % 50 % 

No difference 24 % 0% 

Disadvantages of ABCS 6 % 0% 

“How effective is the institutional training program in preparing BSNCOs for their duty

in analog and digital TOCs?”

The Battle Staff NCO Course (BSNCOC) is the only institutional course offered 

by the US Army to train NCO staff members how to operate as part of the battalion or 

higher battle staff. The course is an intense, fast paced, performance-oriented program of

instruction (POI) that concentrates on the battle staff duties and responsibilities of the 

coordinating and special staff sections, regardless of the NCO’s functional area 

assignment. The course consists of two phases. Phase I is a pre-resident training packet, 

consisting of 12 compact discs which the NCOs study at their home-station over a 60 day

period. Normally, the unit loses the NCO for at least half-days over this two-month 

period while the CDs are studied at the installation MOS Library. Upon completing

Phase I, the NCO attends a resident Phase II course. Course length depends on course 

location. The resident locations offered are Fort McCoy, Wisconsin; the U.S. Army

Sergeants Major Academy (USASMA) at Fort Bliss, Texas; and VTT sites certified to

receive the BSNCOC instruction at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Fort Benning, Georgia;

Fort Polk, Louisiana; Fort Riley, Kansas; Fort Sill, Oklahoma; Fort Hood, Texas; 

Schofield Barracks, Hawaii; Vilseck, Germany; and Camp Eagle Base, Bosnia. If the

resident location is Fort McCoy, Wisconsin (primarily a reserve training base), Phase II

lasts 21 consecutive days. If the resident location is Fort Bliss, Texas, Phase II lasts for 

21 academic days. If the resident location is one of the VTT sites, Phase II lasts for 24 

academic days to allow for administrative issues connected with a video-tele-training

course. There is no differentiation in course content among the three types of resident 

locations. 

When asked how well the BSNCOC prepares you to respond to the commander’s 

request for information, the majority of course graduates responded that the course 

prepared them effectively to perform their jobs (see Figure 2). Most graduates were

completely satisfied with the current course curriculum and were confident that they are

well prepared. A battalion commander emphatically stated, “BSNCOs in my unit are

very critical to the battalion’s mission success and I’m very confident in the current 

BSNCOC in preparing BSNCOs to do their job.” 

8 
 

How well did the course prepare you to respond to

commander's requests for information?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

No extent Small extent Moderate extent Quite an extent Great extent

Percent

Analog Unit Digital Unit

Figure 2. Perceived effectiveness of the BSNCOC

When asked what task taught at the BSNCOC has been the most helpful in their

current position, the overwhelming response from BSNCOs in both analog and digital 

units, was graphics and overlays. BSNCOs indicated that graphics and overlays are the 

one critical task that must be mastered in order to be a successful BSNCO. This supports 

the fact that battle tracking is the BSNCOs primary responsibility. They monitor, 

maintain, and update situation maps as the tactical situation changes. This is significant 

because technology dramatically changes how BSNCOs perform these core

responsibilities. 

When asked what additional tasks/topics/activities should be included in the 

BSNCOC to better prepare you for your current job, the majority of NCOs in both analog

units and units supported by digitization were satisfied with the content of the course. For 

those who believed content should be added, the number one response for what additional 

tasks/topics/activities was training of digital systems (See Table 3). Additionally, NCOs 

in both analog and digital TOCs had a few requests for additional training in areas such 

as: Battle Tracking, Military Decision Making Process (MDMP), Intelligence Preparation 

of the Battlefield (IPB), and Plans & Operations Orders (OPLAN/OPORD).

9 
Table 3. 

Comparison of responses between analog and digital TOC BSNCOs on additional tasks 

that should be included in the BSNCOC 

Nothing needs to be added Include training of digital 

systems 

BSNCOs in digital TOC 55 % 31 % 

BSNCOs in analog TOC 64 % 9 % 

A major responsibility of BSNCOs is supervision of subordinates. When 

BSNCOs assigned to digital TOCS were asked how well the BSNCOC prepared you to 

lead/train/supervise soldiers who operate digital systems, the majority of BSNCOs (55 

percent) responded that the course prepared them to no extent or to a small extent (see 

Figure 3). This is not surprising because the course minimally addresses operation of 

digital systems. Responses do highlight BSNCOs’ uneasiness when leading subordinates 

whose jobs they do not thoroughly understand. 

 

How well did the BSNCOC prepare you to

lead/train/supervise soldiers who operate digital 

systems?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

No extent Small extent Moderate extent Quite an extent Great extent

Percent

Figure 3. Perceived effectiveness of BSNCOC training for digital TOCs

During the resident Phase II BSNCOC, an introduction to ABCS is given. The 

block of instruction is an overview of the ABCS capabilities. Again, BSNCOs indicated

that it would be beneficial to their job performance in a digital TOC if they received

detailed training on the ABCS systems during the BSNCOC. They want the training to 

be to a level of proficiency that empowers them to supervise and train their soldiers. 

Research suggests that developing this level of proficiency is beyond the resources of any

10 
single course (Schaab & Moses, 2001; Johnson et al., 2002), as it requires continuous and 

progressive training over a wide variety of situations. 

Additionally, BSNCOs expressed a desire for training on the system pertaining to 

their individual MOS (e.g., Military Intelligence NCOs attend ASAS training). They also 

believe that the current analog tasks taught are foundational, transferable and useable on 

the digital systems. For example, an NCO stated during a group interview in a digital 

unit, “If you don’t know the basics of graphics and overlays, you will have a very

difficult time understanding MCS graphics.” The group agreed. 

In spite of the fact that the resident Phase II Course curriculum is the same

regardless of location (Forts Bliss, Texas & McCoy, Wisconsin vs. VVT Sites), many

NCOs who had attended the resident course via video-teleconferencing perceived that

the VTT training was not as effective. This is consistent with past research findings. 

Soldiers report that they prefer the resident course to the VTT. However, research has 

shown that there was no significant difference between resident and VTT graduates in 

their ability to do the job, as viewed by their supervisors (Wisher, Champagne, Pawluk, 

Eaton, & Thornton, 1999). The reasons given for preferring the resident course by the 

NCOs in this study were as follows: (1) The NCOs perceive that the Forts Bliss/McCoy

BSNCOs receive instruction on more topics and that the instruction is more in depth than

that of the VTT sites. (2) Resident courses have certified instructors assigned to 

classrooms, who are present at all times (lecture as well as practical exercises), while

most VTT resident sites have assistant instructors (AI) who are recent course graduates. 

(In fact, a certified BSNCOC instructor does present all formal blocks of instructions via 

the video-teleconference. During practical exercises, should questions arise that the AI

cannot answer, the instructor is contacted by telephone and immediately comes on line.) 

(3) NCOs attending Phase II via the VTT sites are normally doing so at their home 

station. Therefore, some still have unit requirements such as accountability formations 

and unit physical training, while attending the course. Some NCO’s dedication to duty

compels them to continue some of their unit responsibilities. A SFC BSNCOC Phase II

student at Fort Hood, TX stated, “While you are attending the VTT course, you can’t 

totally focus on your course work because you know that the unit can still reach out and 

touch you when they want to, and they often do.” 

In summary, the consensus among BSNCOs was that the BSNCO Course is

highly effective. However, for those in digital positions, the course did lack vital digital 

training. Although NCOs prefer the resident course, research shows that both forms of 

training are equally effective. 

Unfortunately, a finding incidental to this study was that many NCOs in 

authorized battle staff NCO positions are not attending the BSNCOC as they should. 

This issue is discussed below. 

11 
“Are NCOs assigned to BSNCO positions school trained to perform their duties?” 

Of the 522 BSNCOs assigned to authorized BSNCO positions, only 53 percent 

were BSNCO Course graduates (see Figure 4). On average, there are five authorized 

BSNCO positions per brigade and/or battalion staff; these are the Personnel NCO, 

Intelligence NCO, Operations NCO, Logistics NCO, and Nuclear, Biological, and 

Chemical (NBC) NCO. There were several units with no BSNCO Course graduates. 

Although the finding was not an objective of the study, it is significant because the lack 

of school qualified NCOs can adversely affect the performance of battle staffs. There are 

several contributing factors for NCOs not attending the course. These factors are 

perceptions reported by NCOs and warrant further investigation. 

 

Portion of BSNCOs who attended 

BSNCOC

53%

47% Attend

Did not attend

Figure 4. Course attendees assigned to BSNCO positions compared to non-attendees 

The command leadership in some units is convinced that the unit’s operational 

pace precludes them from allowing senior NCOs to be away from the unit for extended 

periods. One battalion CSM commented, “I can’t afford to send senior NCOs to the 

BSNCOC after they are assigned to this unit. The unit’s operational tempo (OPTEMPO)

is too high to lose a senior NCO for three months because they are too critical to the dayto-day operation. U.S. Army Personnel Command (PERSCOM) should ensure that 

NCOs projected for BSNCO slots attend the course enroute to their new duty station.” 

This belief reverberated in the units with a low number of BSNCOC graduates. 

Contributing to low attendance is a belief within the NCO Corps that when an

NCO acquires the BSNCO Additional Skill Identifier (ASI), he/she will become a career

staff NCO, thus drastically decreasing their opportunity for promotion. BSNCOs 

surveyed are convinced that assignments in troop leadership positions get you promoted, 

while assignments away from troops, especially staff positions, render NCOs noncompetitive. An E7 Operations Sergeant stated, “I will never attend the BSNCOC 

because if I get the ASI, I will be assigned to subsequent staff positions away from troops 

and I won’t be competitive for promotions.” PERSCOM could determine if soldiers

serving in repeat BSNCO positions do worse than others do. This would either dispel a 

current misperception or identify a real concern. 

12 
Another factor contributing to low attendance is that the unit leadership, unit

school personnel, and eligible NCOs do not understand the BSNCOC enrollment process. 

When unit personnel were asked why NCOs are not being scheduled to attend the 

BSNCOC, the answer given most often was, “We haven’t received a school quota for a 

very long time.” The misconception is that BSNCOC quotas are allocated from the 

Major Command (MACOM) down to units. Consequently, units are waiting for quotas 

instead of requesting available school slots. To attend BSNCOC, the NCO’s unit simply

requests attendance through its MACOM, and subsequently PERSCOM schedules them 

for the course. 

BSNCOs who have attended the course are adamant that it is imperative that

NCOs attend the BSNCOC prior to assignment or shortly after assignment to a BSNCO 

position. They believe the institutional training is extremely critical for successful job 

performance and that it is overwhelming for NCOs to have to learn all the required tasks 

inherent to a BSNCO job by on-the-job training (OJT). They further believe that the lack 

of institutional knowledge sometimes leads to officers having a lack of confidence in 

their ability, thus not fully utilizing them in TOC operations. 

“When, where, and how do BSNCOs obtain training on digital systems?” 

During BSNCOC resident Phase II, students receive “An Introduction to the 

Army Battle Command System.” Due to time and funding limitations, this informational 

brief on the ABCS and the components that comprise the system does not include 

instruction on how to operate digital systems but merely introduces BSNCOs to the

systems’ capabilities. Therefore, BSNCOs arrive in their unit with little or no digital 

skills. Not only are they expected to perform the role of a BSNCO, but they are also 

expected to operate and supervise the operators of digital systems. This creates a real

dilemma for the BSNCOs. So the questions arise as to where they should obtain the 

digital training, and when they should receive it. 

A possible solution to these shortfalls is the Institutional Digital Educational Plan

(IDEP), TRADOC’s plan for “developing trained and ready operators, integrators, and 

decision makers to units in the field” (FY03 Commander’s Curriculum Guidance). To 

date, IDEP has been largely unfunded by Headquarters, Department of the Army. 

Currently, as the new digital systems are fielded to units, operators receive New 

Equipment Training (NET). During NET, the focus for units is to train primary

operators. Although in some units the primary operators are BSNCOs, in most units they

are junior enlisted soldiers. Because of the limited number of seats in the training

courses, units usually give priority to the primary operators. Because NCOs are not the 

primary operators but are supervisors, the junior enlisted soldiers attend the training first. 

In some units, the NCO never receives formal digital training. 

When NCOs assigned to digital units were asked what level of digital competence 

the BSNCO demonstrates in digital TOCs, based on their experience as a BSNCO or 

13 
their observations of the BSNCO in the digital TOC, the majority responded that 

BSNCOs have a very limited knowledge of how to operate the digital systems. However, 

most BSNCOs agreed that they should have a high level of competence. 

 Only about half the BSNCOs who use a digital system have been formally trained 

on that system (see Figure 5). The majority of those trained attended a 1-2 week operator 

level NET. Others attended NET DELTA (changes to system due to software upgrades) 

and, in a very few cases, Advanced Individual Training (AIT). 

Percent BSNCOs Using/Trained on Army Digital 

Systems*

0

20

40

60

80

100

ASAS

AMDWS

CSSCS

MCS

AFATDS

FBCB2

Percent

n=151 Percent Using Percent Trained

Figure 5. Percentage of BSNCOs using digital systems versus those trained

For those BSNCOs who do attend formal digital training (e.g., NET), most of 

them attend the formal training after arrival in the unit, after assignment to a BSNCO 

position, and after graduation from the BSNCOC. 

BSNCOs who do not have formal digital training get their technical digital skills 

through OJT. They receive the training during Sergeant’s Time Training, field training

exercises, and other command post exercises. Since the junior enlisted operators are 

school trained, BSNCOs rely on them for the training, causing a reversal of traditional 

Army roles. These NCOs feel disadvantaged due to the lack of formal digital training

since they are supposed to be the technical experts, vice their junior enlisted counterparts. 

A cavalry battalion commander who emphasizes that his leaders attend training stated, 

“BSNCOs are critical to the success of this TOC. It is imperative that they are digitally

proficient. My NCOs are getting better now that they are attending the training courses.” 

BSNCOs indicate that an obstacle in mastering digital system operations is the

lack of basic computer skills. When they begin digital system training, many do not 

possess even the basic skills such as keyboarding (typing), mouse manipulation, and 

navigating windows and menus. They also indicate frustration in their inability to 

troubleshoot their own systems when failures occur, because NCOs are accustomed to 

14 
being able to repair their own equipment. Numerous negative comments referenced 

having to wait on civilian contractors to troubleshoot and repair system failures. 

When asked whether it would be beneficial to BSNCO job performance in the 

digital TOC if digital systems were taught at the BSNCO Course, 88 percent of BSNCOs 

assigned to digital TOCs responded that it would be. BSNCOs believe the digital training

should be to a level of proficiency that provides them with the necessary digital skills to 

train their soldiers, which they believe is operator level training. When asked to select the

best way to become proficient in using a digital system, the third highest response behind 

NET and unit OJT was to integrate digital system training into the BSNCO Course. 

“What tasks are BSNCOs performing in analog and digital TOCs?” 

During observations, BSNCOs in analog TOCs performed to standard those 

tasks/subjects that are taught at the course (see Appendix A). They were observed battle

tracking by maintaining and updating situation maps (graphics and overlays), preparing

operational reports (plans, orders, and annexes), and briefing their functional area during

battle updates and shift change briefings (military briefings). Course graduates were

competent and confident performing in their role. A cavalry battalion commander said, 

“BSNCOs at battalion level are critical to mission success, especially during dual 

missions. NCOs must do the initial planning when the unit receives a change of mission.” 

BSNCOs in digital units were performing tasks that are not taught at the

BSNCOC. The digital tasks performed on the various ABCS systems are published in a 

handbook ST 20-101-5-ABCS developed by Warrior-T (see Appendix E), the training

development integrator at Fort Hood, TX. The student textbook (ST) is a combined list 

of tasks for the current ABCS software. The handbook lists, by staff sections and system, 

tasks and procedures required to employ the digital systems. This document can be 

downloaded from the Warrior-T website at www.warrior-t.army.mil or from the Reimer 

Digital Library at http://www.adtdl.army.mil/ in Mission Training Plans (SBCT). 

Although BSNCO operators were performing tasks outlined in the aforementioned 

document, only 12 percent responded on the questionnaire that they were aware of it and 

of those, only seven individuals used it as a training tool (see Figure 6). 

15 
Are you aware of the Comon Tasks Supporting 

Handbook ST 20-101-5 ABCS?

0

20

40

60

80

100

Yes No

Percent

Analog n = 496 Digital

Figure 6. Comparison of NCOs aware of ST 20-101-5-ABCS

Recommendations 

Technology and the advantages it affords are changing the role of a vital figure, 

the BSNCO. An experienced NCO, newly assigned to a digital TOC, said, “I don’t have

anything to do. I don’t know why I’m here.” This thwarted NCO highlights both the need 

and opportunity for the Army to redefine the role of the BSNCO to take advantage of the 

way that technology alters the character of how we fight. Findings from this report, 

coupled with information such as the Army Battle Command System (ABCS) 6.2 Battle 

Staff Tasks, can assist decision makers in defining how the BSNCO will meet the Army’s

needs in the 21st century. 

 Based upon surveying over 500 BSNCOs and interviewing almost 300 of these 

personnel, either individually or in small groups, the following recommendations address 

what BSNCOs perceive as shortfalls in the current system. 

 

Battle Staff NCO Course

BSNCOs give the BSNCO Course consistently high marks for preparing them to 

meet established responsibilities of managing the TOC and aiding the TOC commander. 

Concerns occur when these NCOs are assigned to TOCs supported by Army digital 

systems. Input from NCOs helps identify reasons for disconnects between what currently

is taught and how technology changes what the NCO needs to know. At a more basic 

level, understanding how technology changes traditional responsibilities of the BSNCO 

and envisioning how to maximize these NCOs’ knowledge and experience is a challenge 

for the transforming Army. 

Below are recommendations to assist the BSNCO in gaining additional support 

for his or her position in digital TOCs. 

16 
Include an executive overview of the ABCS to familiarize all BSNCOs with their

capabilities. NCOs should receive an introduction to all of the systems in the 

ABCS, including: identifying analog tasks now performed digitally, describing

how these systems interact, and understanding advantages of the ABCS. This 

information is available in electronic format. 

Incorporate digital training within existing blocks of instruction (i.e., teach

Maneuver Control System (MCS) graphics during graphics and overlays) for 

more effective, efficient, and meaningful instruction (Schaab & Dressel, 2001). 

Trainers of Military Intelligence Analysts have very successfully integrated

training on digital systems during the first week of Advanced Individual Training

for entry-level soldiers. Informal feedback from these soldiers’ sergeants suggests 

that this type of training improves soldiers’ level of competency. A major

challenge in incorporating digital training within existing instruction is instructors 

must understand the technology. 

Make available training on the MCS and the Force XXI Battle Command Brigade

and Below (FBCB2). MCS was reported as the most widely used system by

BSNCOs in this study. MCS (used by battalion and above) capabilities include 

the ability to provide the common operating picture, develop and distribute plans 

and orders, conduct collaborative planning, and support resource management. 

These are fundamental BSNCO responsibilities. FBCB2 provides horizontal and 

vertical integration of information to leaders at brigade and below, so its use is 

widespread. 

Stress the importance of system training for NCOs on the equipment that they use. 

Operator training is not just for lower enlisted personnel. 

Provide additional instruction on the Military Decision Making Process and 

developing plans/orders/annexes. NCOs found these areas very beneficial and 

some requested focusing more time on these topics. 

Training opportunities for NCOs assigned to BSNCO positions 

A finding of this study was that a large proportion (47 percent) of NCOs in the 

BSNCO position were not BSNCO Course graduates. Although not a stated objective of 

this study, this situation needs to be addressed. During the interviews, BSNCOs offered 

many recommendations to enhance opportunities for training BSNCOs. 

Allow NCOs projected for BSNCO positions to attend the BSNCOC enroute to a

new unit during a permanent change of station. 

Within units, schedule NCOs to attend the BSNCOC when they are projected for 

or shortly after assignment to a BSNCO position. 

17 
Educate unit leadership, unit schools’ personnel, and the NCO Corps on the 

BSNCOC enrollment procedures. 

Query PERSCOM to determine if soldiers serving in repeat BSNCO positions do 

worse on promotion boards than others. Educate the NCO Corps on the 

centralized promotion system to dispel any misconception regarding BSNCOs’ 

advancement. 

Integrate battle staff NCO tasks into the Non-Commissioned Officer Education 

System (NCOES) starting at the Basic Non-Commissioned Officer Course. 

Allow Sergeants (E5) to attend the BSNCOC. Currently, only E6 and above are 

eligible to attend. 

Develop utilization strategies that will facilitate subsequent assignments to 

BSNCO positions. 

Enforce the current 12-month stabilization requirement and consider increasing

the requirement to 18-24 months. 

Digital training for BSNCOs 

To improve digital expertise of BSNCOs, provide multiple means for BSNCOs to 

acquire training on Army digital systems. Interviews with the BSNCOs resulted in a

variety of means to improve BSNCOs’ digital expertise.

Allow newly arriving NCOs to attend local digital training courses during

installation in-processing before arrival at the unit. 

Integrate digital systems training in the NCOES. 

Authorize Master Digital trainers (an expert on all digital systems) on digital unit 

MTOEs to provide the necessary digital expertise to include operator training, 

unit sustainment training, and equipment maintenance. 

Develop computer-based training or on-line distant learning courses for the ABCS

systems. 

Require BSNCOs to attend battle staff system integration training courses. 

Include training on digital system troubleshooting techniques and procedures. 

Educate units to use ST 20-101-5-ABCS as a digital training tool. 

18 
Conclusions 

As the Army continues the transformation process toward the Objective Force and 

digitization progresses, more and more units will become digitally equipped. The

digitization will alter the management of TOCs. To gain maximum benefit from the new 

technology and keep pace with the tremendous increase in flow of information, it is 

essential for BSNCOs to acquire and maintain those digital skills necessary to be 

technically proficient. 

The Battle Staff NCO Course is an excellent course that prepares BSNCOs to 

function as effective members of analog battle staffs. To continue as a viable course that

produces the quality of BSNCOs needed in the future, it must transform along with the

force. For example, several training centers successfully integrate the analog and digital

training (e.g., learn graphics simultaneously in the analog and digital mode) for more

efficient and effective training. Of course, this requires instructors to be knowledgeable in 

both areas. Many training facilities are taking advantage of technology to provide webbased support in the form of pre-training familiarization to maximize the training

experiences and post-training review to support sustainment. The BSNCO course should 

investigate ways to efficiently support digital systems’ training for NCOs who must 

employ the systems in an integrated environment. 

The Army will not be able to depend solely on the institutional course to train its 

BSNCOs to exploit the digital systems’ capabilities. Units must prepare to meet the

digital training challenges with operator and sustainment training conducted by digital 

experts. 

The role of the BSNCO has changed with the introduction of high-tech, advanced 

technology. Even as trained digital operators, BSNCOs are no longer only specialists 

primarily concerned with one functional area. They are now multifunctional information 

managers who use all the ABCS systems in an integrated manner to effectively respond 

to commanders’ requests for information (Lynch, 2001). 

19 
20 
References 

The Army training and Leader Development Panel Report (NCO): Final Report 

(2002). United States Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth.

Johnson, J. C., Leibrecht, B. C., Holder, L. D., Coffey, R. S., & Quinkert, K. A. 

(2002). Training for Future Operations: Digital Leaders’ Transformation Insights. 

(Special Report 53) U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 

Alexandria, VA. 

Lynch, R. (2001). Lessons Learned: Commanding a Digital Brigade Combat 

Team Tactics, Techniques & Procedures. Combined Army Lessons Learned special

edition Newsletter #01-21. 

Mission Training Plans (SBCT) (24 June 2002). ST 20-101-5-ABCS Army Battle

Command System (ABCS) 6.2 Battle Staff Tasks. Available on line: 

http://www.adtdl.army.mil 

Schaab, B., & Moses, F. L. (2001). Six Myths about Digital Skills Training. 

(Research Report 1774). ). U.S. Army Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences: 

Alexandria, VA. 

Schaab, B., and Dressel, J. D. (2001). Training for adaptability and transfer on 

digital systems. (Research Report 1782). U.S. Army Institute for the Behavioral and 

Social Sciences: Alexandria, VA. 

Wisher, R. A., Champagne, M. V., Pawluk, J. L., Eaton, A., & Thornton, D. M. 

(1999). Training Through Distance Learning: An Assessment of Research Findings

Research Report ARI-TR-1095. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and 

Social Sciences, Alexandria, VA. 

21 
Appendix A 

Battle Staff NCO Course Curriculum 

PHASE LESSON TITLE

I Army Operations

I The Division

I C2 Process

I C2 Facilities

I Offensive Operations

I Rear Operations

I Combat Support Operations 

I Other tactical Operations 

I Plans, Orders, and Annexes 

I Graphics and Overlays

I NBC Operations

I Introduction to Intelligence Operations 

I Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield 

I Intelligence Collection

I Intelligence Dissemination

I Combat Fire Support 

I Combat Service Support Operations 

I Maintenance Operations

I Personnel Services Operations 

I Field Services

I Military Briefings

II Small Group Process 

II Military Briefings

II Army Operations

II Command and Staff 

II Command and Control Process 

II Plans, Orders, and Annexes 

II Graphics and Overlays

II Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield 

II Intelligence Collection

II Intelligence Processing

II Intelligence Dissemination

II Supply Support Operations 

II Transportation/Tactical Movement

II Reconstitution

II Introduction to ABCS 

II Information Operations

II Fratricide

II Record Keeping

II Risk Management

22 
Appendix B

Battle Staff NCO (BSNCO) Training Requirement

Questionnaire

Name ________________ Rank: _______ Last 4 digits of SSN:_________ 

MOS/skill level: ______ Secondary MOS/skill level:_______ Unit/MSC___________ 

Time in Service: ______ Current Duty Position: Pers, Intel, Ops, Log, NBC, other________________

BSNCOC Graduation Date:_________ Type BSNCOC Attended: Residence or VTT 

Current TOC Type: Analog (without digital systems) or Digital (circle one) 

TOC Experience: 

Analog (without digital systems) 

Position Held From (month/year) To (month/year) Unit/Location 

Digital 

Position Held From (month/year) To (month/year) Unit/Location 

1. How long have you been in your current position? 

 ______ Less than 6 months 

 ______ 6-12 months 

 ______ 12-24 months 

 ______ more than 24 months 

2. Did you attend the Battle Staff NCO Course (BSNCOC) before or after assignment to your 

current position? 

 ______ Before 

 ______ After 

B-1

23 
3. How well did the BSNCOC prepare you to respond to commander’s requests for information?

(circle one) 

 |______________|________________|__________________|_______________|

 To no To a small To a moderate To quite an To a great 

 extent extent extent extent extent

4. What additional tasks/topics/duties should be included in the BSNCOC to better prepare you for

your current job?

5. What tasks/duties taught at the BSNCOC have been the most helpful in your current position? 

6. What tasks/duties taught at the BSNCOC could be eliminated? 

7. Were you trained on your digital system before or after attending the BSNCOC? 

 ______ Before 

 ______ After 

8. How well did the BSNCOC prepare you to lead/train/supervise soldiers who operate digital

systems? (circle one) 

 |______________|________________|__________________|_______________|

 To no To a small To a moderate To quite an To a great 

 extent extent extent extent extent

9. If you are assigned to a digital TOC, which system of the Army Battle Command System (ABCS) 

are you operating? (CHECK ONE) 

 _____ ASAS, _____ AMDWS, _____ CSSCS, _____ MCS, ______ AFATDS, _____ FBCB2 

 ____Other, Describe _____________________________________ 

24
10. Where did you receive the FORMAL training on your digital system? (CHECK ONE) 

 _____ AIT 

_____ NET Training (How to use the system.) 

_____ NET Delta Training (Changes to the system due to upgrade.) 

_____ CD ROM introductory/refresher training or on-line training 

 _____ Systems Integration Training

_____ Other. Describe ______________________________________

 _____ No Formal Training 

 

11. When did you receive the FORMAL training on your digital system? (CHECK ONE) 

 _____ Enroute to digital unit 

 _____ After arrival to unit, before assignment to current position 

 _____ After arrival to unit, after assignment to current position 

 _____ N/A, no formal training

12. How long was the FORMAL training on your digital system? (CHECK ONE) 

 

 ______ 1-2 weeks 

 ______ 3-4 weeks 

 ______ 5-6 weeks 

 ______ 7-8 weeks 

 ______ N/A, no formal training

13. In addition to any FORMAL training (NET, schoolhouse) on the ABCS, how did you learn to 

operate systems within the ABCS? 

14. For you, the BEST way to become proficient in using your digital system as a tool to do your job 

would be: (list your first choice as “1” AND check all others that apply) 

 ______ NET Training

 ______ Integrate the systems into BSNCOC

 ______ Unit OJT 

 ______ Exploring the system on my own, using good training aids/manuals 

 ______ Using the systems in the field exercises 

15. Would it be beneficial to your job performance in the digital TOC for the digital system be taught 

at the BSNCOC? 

 ______ Yes 

 ______ No 

25
16. Training on the ABCS systems in the BSNCOC should consist of (list your first choice as “1”

AND check all others that apply): 

 ______ A brief overview of the benefits of the system 

 ______ A familiarization with the system that I will be using

 ______ A basic understanding of the functionality of my system

 ______ A level of proficiency where I can supervise/train my soldiers 

 ______ Should not be taught in the BSNCOC 

17. To maintain proficiency on my digital system, I need to train: (SELECT ONE) 

 ______ Weekly for ______hours 

 ______ Bi-weekly for _____hours 

 ______ Monthly for ______hours 

 ______ Quarterly for ______hours 

18. Who are the primary operators of the digital systems in the TOC? 

Explain the role of the personnel who operate the digital systems in the TOC. For example, who 

updates the system? Who troubleshoots when the system is down? Who determines when/what

messages are sent forward? 

19. Based on my experience as a BSNCO or my observations of the BSNCO in the digital TOC: 

Which best describes the BSNCO:

 _____ no or very limited knowledge of how to operate the ABCS components 

 _____ familiarity with what the ABCS adds to the TOC 

 _____ operates the ABCS system(s) but others in the TOC are more proficient 

 _____ proficient at operating ABCS and can supervise/train others 

 _____ no experience in a digital TOC 

 _____ other. Please explain: __________________________________________ 

 ____________________________________________________________

 

26
20. Based on my experience (any position) in the digital TOC: The BSNCO should: 

 _____ depend on others to operate/interpret the ABCS and concentrate on other duties in the 

 TOC. 

 _____ have some familiarity with what the ABCS provides in the TOC. 

 _____ have a basic understanding of the ABCS and be able to use the systems if others are not 

 available. 

 _____ have a high level of competence in operating the ABCS and able to monitor, train, and 

 troubleshoot the system. 

 _____ no experience in a digital TOC. 

 _____ other. Please explain: __________________________________________ 

 ____________________________________________________________

21. Based on my experience as a BSNCO or my observations of the BSNCO, the primary 

differences between the role of the BSNCO in the analog and digital TOC are: 

22. Define your role as a BSNCO (what jobs/tasks do I perform? What is my duty description?). 

23. Are you aware of the Battle Staff NCOs Common Tasks Supporting Handbook, ST 20-101-5-

ABCS, published by Warrior-T? 

 

 ______ Yes

 ______ No 

24. Do you use ST 20-101-5-ABCS as a training aide in your sustainment training program? 

 ______ Yes

 ______ No 

 25. Is there anything else you’d like to express about the differences and requirements for a BSNCO 

in a digital TOC? 

27
Appendix C 

Battle Staff NCO Training Requirement

Group Interview/Discussion 

UNIT_____________ DATE____________ # NCOs_________ GRADS_____ #3-18______ 

1. If you did not receive formal training on your digital systems, how and where did you learn how to 

operate your digital system? 

2. Future digital systems will require new skills, a wider range of skills, and broader responsibility. 

How could BSNCOs acquire the new Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA)? Making the

BSNCOC longer is probably not the answer. Outside the institutional school environment, what 

are other alternatives in which BSNCOs can acquire the new KSAs? 

28 
 

3. If you are assigned to a digital TOC, what are some of the new KSAs you had to acquire to 

function effectively in a digital TOC? 

4. If you are not school trained, what specific tasks did you have to learn to be effective in your 

BSNCO position? 

5. When should a NCO attend the BSNCOC? 

6. How has the BSNCO role changed from operating in an analog TOC to operating in a digital 

TOC?

7. What should be the stabilization requirement for BSNCOs after graduation? 

29 
8. Are BSNCOs being properly utilized in your unit? 

9. What would you change to take better advantage of your years of experience? 

30 
Appendix D 

Battle Staff NCO Training Requirement

Individual Interview/Discussion 

Name ________________ Rank: ________ Last 4 digits of SSN:_________ 

MOS/skill level: ________ Secondary MOS/skill level: _________ MSC__________ 

Time in Service: _____ Current Duty Position: Pers, Intel, Ops, Log, NBC, Other________ 

BSNCOC Graduation Date:________ Type BSNCOC Attended: Residence or VTT 

Current Type Of TOC: Analog or Digital (circle one) 

DISCUSSION 

1. How long have you been in your current BSNCO position? 

 ______ Less than 6 months 

 ______ 6-12 months 

 ______ 12-24 months 

 ______ more than 24 months 

2. How would you define your role as a BSNCO in your current TOC? 

31 
3. Future digital systems will require new skills, a wider range of skills, and broader

responsibility. How could BSNCOs acquire the new Knowledge, Skills, and 

Abilities (KSA)? Making the BSNCOC longer is probably not the answer. Outside

the institutional school environment, what are other alternatives in which BSNCOs 

can acquire the new KSAs? 

4. If you are assigned to a digital TOC, what are some of the new KSAs you had to 

acquire to function effectively in a digital TOC?

5. What would you change to take better advantage of your years of experience? 

32
Appendix E 

ST-20-101-5 ABCS 

ABCS Digital Tasks 

Task ID Task Title 

03-4-5120.03-WT20 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement 

(Chemical Section)

03-4-5160.03-WT20 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5220.03-WT20 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (Chemical 

Section) 

03-4-5221.03-WT20 Process NBC Reports 

03-4-5222.03-WT20 Prepare Contamination Predictions 

03-4-5223.03-WT20 Recommend Operational Exposure Guidance 

03-4-5230.03-WT20 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) (Chemical 

Section) 

03-4-5310.03-WT20 Describe the Battlefield's Effects (IPB) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5320.03-WT20 Evaluate the NBC Threat (IPB) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5330.03-WT20 Determine Threat NBC Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) (Chemical 

Section) 

03-4-5350.03-WT20 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5360.03-WT20 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5410.03-WT20 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5420.03-WT20 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5430.03-WT20 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5450.03-WT20 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5451.03-WT20 Coordinate With Staffs On NBC Related Issues 

03-4-5452.03-WT20 Plan Chemical Unit Employment 

03-4-5500.03-WT20 Conduct Rehearsals (Chemical Section) 

03-4-5600.03-WT20 Synchronize NBC Operations 

03-4-5601.03-WT20 Coordinate Chemical/Biological Survey/Sampling Operations 

03-4-5602.03-WT20 Coordinate Radiological Survey Operations 

05-6-5120.05-WT11 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement 

(Engineer Section) (Ver 6.2.x) 

05-6-5140.05-WT10 Establish the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5160.05-WT11 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5220.71-WT11 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (Engineer

Section) 

05-6-5230.05WT10 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) (Engineer

Section) 

05-6-5300.05-WT11 Define the Battlefield Environment (IPB) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5310.05-WT11 Describe the Battlefield's Effects (IPB) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5320.20-WT11 Evaluate the Threat (IPB) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5330.05-WT11 Determine Threat Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5340.05-WT11 Decide Surface Targets to Attack (Engineer Section) 

33 
Task ID Task Title 

05-6-5350.05-WT11 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5360.05-WT11 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (Engineer Section)

05-6-5410.05-WT11 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5420.05-WT10 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5430.05-WT10 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5450.05-WT10 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (Engineer Section) 

05-6-5600.05-WT11 Synchronize Operations (Engineer Section) 

06-6-5120.06-WT08 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement 

(FSE) 

06-6-5130.06-WT08 Establish the Fire Support Element 

06-6-5140.06-WT08 Establish the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) (FSE) 

06-6-5160.06-WT08 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) (FSE) 

06-6-5220.06-WT08 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (FSE) 

06-6-5230.06-WT08 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Operations

(FSE) 

06-6-5300.06-WT08 Define the Battlefield Environment (IPB) (FSE) 

06-6-5310.06-WT08 Describe the Battlefield's Effects on Fire Support Assets (IPB) (FSE) 

06-6-5320.06-WT08 Evaluate the Fire Support Threat (IPB) (FSE) 

06-6-5330.06-WT08 Determine Threat Fire Support Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) (FSE) 

06-6-5340.06-WT08 Decide Surface Targets to Attack (FSE) 

06-6-5341.06-WT08 Detect Surface Targets to Attack (FSE) 

06-6-5342.06-WT08 Employ Fires to Influence the Will, Destroy, Neutralize, or Suppress

Enemy Forces (FSE) 

06-6-5350.06-WT08 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (FSE) 

06-6-5360.06-WT08 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (FSE) 

06-6-5410.06-WT08 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (FSE) 

06-6-5420.06-WT08 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (FSE) 

06-6-5430.06-WT08 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (FSE) 

06-6-5450.06-WT08 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (FSE) 

06-6-5500.06-WT08 Conduct Rehearsals (FSE)

06-6-5600.06-WT08 Synchronize Fire Support 

08-6-5220.08WT10 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (Surgeon) 

08-6-5221.08WT10 Develop Staff Estimate (Surgeon) 

08-6-5360.08WT10 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (Surgeon) 

08-6-5410.08WT10 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Surgeon) 

08-6-5420.08WT10 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Surgeon) 

08-6-5450.08WT10 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (Surgeon) 

08-6-5600.08WT10 Monitor the Health of the Command (Surgeon) 

08-6-5601.08WT10 Conduct Section Activities (Surgeon) 

11-4-1161 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Operations

(S6) 

11-4-1162 Define the Battlefield Environment (IPB) (S6) 

 34
Task ID Task Title 

11-4-1163 Describe the Battlefield's Effects (IPB) (S6) 

11-4-1164 Evaluate the Threat (IPB) (S6) 

11-4-1165 Determine Threat Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) (S6) 

11-4-7161 Establish Command Post (CP) Operations (S6) 

11-4-7162 Establish the Command Post (CP) Warfighter Information Network (WIN)

(S6) 

11-4-7164 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement (S6)

11-4-7362 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (S6) 

11-4-7461 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (S6) 

11-4-7462 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (S6) 

11-4-7463 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S6) 

11-4-7464 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S6) 

11-4-7465 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S6) 

11-4-7467 Produce Order or Plan (MDMP) (S6) 

11-4-7661 Synchronize Tactical Operations (S6) 

17-6-5120.17-WT02 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement (S3)

17-6-5140.17-WT02 Establish the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) (S3) 

17-6-5160.17-WT02 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) (S3)

17-6-5220.17-WT02 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (S3) 

17-6-5230.17-WT02 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) (S3) 

17-6-5300.17-WT02 Define the Battlefield Environment (IPB) (S3) 

17-6-5310.17-WT02 Describe the Battlefield's Effects on Maneuver Assets (IPB) (S3) 

17-6-5320.17-WT02 Evaluate the Maneuver Threat (IPB) (S3) 

17-6-5330.17-WT02 Determine Threat Maneuver Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) (S3) 

17-6-5340.17-WT02 Decide Surface Targets to Attack (S3) 

17-6-5350.17-WT02 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (S3) 

17-6-5360.17-WT02 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (S3) 

17-6-5410.17-WT02 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S3) 

17-6-5420.17-WT02 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S3) 

17-6-5430.17-WT02 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S3) 

17-6-5440.17-WT02 Approve Course of Action (COA) (MDMP) (S3) 

17-6-5450.17-WT02 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (S3) 

17-6-5510.71-WT02 Conduct Coordination and Liaison (S3) 

17-6-5600.17-WT02 Synchronize Maneuver Support (S3) 

27-6-5220.27-WT10 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (BOLT) 

27-6-5221.27-WT10 Develop Staff Estimates (BOLT) 

27-6-5360.27-WT10 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (BOLT) 

27-6-5450.27-WT10 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (BOLT) 

27-6-5600.27-WT10 Provide Legal Support for Operations 

34-6-5120.34-WT01 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement 

(S2/ACT) 

 35
Task ID Task Title 

34-6-5140.34-WT01 Establish the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5160.34-WT01 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5220.34-WT01 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking)(S2/ACT) 

34-6-5230.34-WT93 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5231.34-WT01 Conduct HUMINT Collection Operations (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5232.34-WT01 Conduct Counter-Intelligence Support Operations (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5300.34-WT01 Define the Battlefield Environment (IPB) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5310.34-WT01 Describe the Battlefield's Effects (IPB) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5320.34-WT01 Evaluate the Threat (IPB) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5330.34-WT01 Determine Threat Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5340.34-WT01 Decide Surface Targets to Attack (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5350.34WT01 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5360.20-WT93 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5410.34-WT01 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5420.34-WT01 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5430.34-WT01 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5450.34-WT01 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (S2/ACT) 

34-6-5600.34-WT01 Synchronize Intelligence Operations (S2/ACT) 

44-2-5120.44-WT92 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement (Air

Defense Artillery Element) 

44-2-5140.44-WT92 Establish the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) (Air Defense Artillery

Element) 

44-2-5160.44-WT92 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) (Air Defense Artillery

Element) 

44-2-5220.44-WT92 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (Air Defense 

Artillery Element)

44-2-5230.44-WT92 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) (Air Defense 

Artillery Element)

44-2-5300.44-WT92 Define the Battlefield Environment (IPB) (Air Defense Artillery Element) 

44-2-5310.44-WT92 Describe the Battlefield's Effects (IPB) (Air Defense Artillery Element) 

44-2-5320.44-WT92 Evaluate the Aerial Threat (IPB) (Air Defense Artillery Element) 

44-2-5330.44-WT92 Determine Aerial Threat Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) (Air Defense 

Artillery Element)

44-2-5350.44-WT92 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (Air Defense Artillery Element) 

44-2-5360.44-WT92 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (Air Defense Artillery Element) 

44-2-5410.44-WT92 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Air Defense Artillery

Element) 

44-2-5420.44-WT92 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Air Defense Artillery

Element) 

44-2-5430.44-WT92 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Air Defense Artillery

Element) 

44-2-5450.44-WT92 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (Air Defense Artillery Element) 

 36
Task ID Task Title 

44-2-5610.44-WT92 Coordinate Airspace Command and Control (Air Defense Artillery

Element) 

63-6-5120.63-WT10 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement 

(S1/S4/Support Operations) 

63-6-5140.63-WT10 Establish the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) (S1/S4) 

63-6-5160.63-WT10 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) (S1/S4) 

63-6-5220.63-WT10 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (Support 

Operations) 

63-6-5221.63-WT10 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (S4) 

63-6-5222.63-WT10 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (S1) 

63-6-5225.63-WT10 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) (Chaplain) 

63-6-5226.63-WT10 Develop Staff Estimates (Personnel) 

63-6-5227.63-WT10 Develop Staff Estimates (Religious Support) 

63-6-5228.63-WT10 Develop Staff Estimates (Logistics) 

63-6-5350.63-WT10 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (S1) 

63-6-5351.63-WT10 Receive the Mission (MDMP) (S4) 

63-6-5360.63-WT10 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (S4) 

63-6-5361.63-WT10 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (S1) 

63-6-5362.63-WT10 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (Support Operations) 

63-6-5363.63-WT10 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) (Chaplain) 

63-6-5410.63-WT10 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Support Operations) 

63-6-5411.63-WT10 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S1) 

63-6-5412.63-WT10 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S4) 

63-6-5413.63-WT10 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Chaplain) 

63-6-5420.63-WT10 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Support Operations) 

63-6-5421.63-WT10 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S1) 

63-6-5422.63-WT10 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S4) 

63-6-5423.63-WT10 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Chaplain) 

63-6-5430.63-WT10 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S1) 

63-6-5431.63-WT10 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (Support Operations) 

63-6-5432.63-WT10 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) (S4) 

63-6-5451.63-WT10 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (Support Operations) 

63-6-5452.63-WT10 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (S1) 

63-6-5453.63-WT10 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (S4) 

63-6-5454.63-WT10 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) (Chaplain) 

63-6-5500.63-WT10 Conduct Rehearsals (Logistics) 

63-6-5601.63-WT10 Perform Ongoing Functions (Internal Logistics ) (S4) 

63-6-5602.63-WT10 Perform Ongoing Functions (Transportation and Movement) (S4) 

63-6-5608.63-WT10 Provide Supplies (Class I, VI, and Water) 

63-6-5609.63-WT10 Provide Supplies (Class II, IV, VII, and IX) 

63-6-5610.63-WT10 Provide Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants ((POL) Class III B/P) 

 37
Task ID Task Title 

63-6-5611.63-WT10 Provide Arms (Class V) 

63-6-5612.63-WT10 Provide Maintenance Management 

63-6-5613.63-WT10 Provide Transportation Support 

63-6-5614.63-WT10 Perform Field Services 

63-6-5616.63-WT10 Provide Human Resource Support 

71-0-5150.71-WT07 Establish Information Assurance (IA) 

71-6-1161.71-FH02 Plan Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Operations 

71-6-1162.71-FH02 Define the Battlefield Environment (IPB) 

71-6-1163.71-FH02 Describe the Battlefield's Effects (IPB) 

71-6-1164.71-FH02 Evaluate the Threat (IPB) 

71-6-1165.71-FH02 Determine Threat Courses of Action (COAs) (IPB) 

71-6-3161.71-FH15 Decide Surface Targets to Attack 

71-6-5361.71-FH06 Conduct Information Assurance (IA) 

71-6-7161.71-FH06 Establish Command Post (CP) Operations 

71-6-7162.71-FH06 Establish the Command Post (CP) Warfighter Information Network (WIN) 

71-6-7164.71-FH06 Transfer Command and Control (C2) Functions During Displacement 

71-6-7261.71-FH08 Display the Common Operational Picture (COP) 

71-6-7362.71-FH08 Assess Tactical Situation and Operations (Battle Tracking) 

71-6-7461.71-FH08 Receive the Mission (MDMP) 

71-6-7462.71-FH08 Conduct Mission Analysis (MDMP) 

71-6-7463.71-FH08 Develop Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) 

71-6-7464.71-FH08 Analyze Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) 

71-6-7465.71-FH08 Compare Courses of Action (COAs) (MDMP) 

71-6-7466.71-FH08 Approve Course of Action (COA) (MDMP) 

71-6-7467.71-FH08 Produce Order or Plans (MDMP) 

71-6-7561.71-FH13 Conduct Coordination and Liaison 

71-6-7562.71-FH13 Conduct Digital Rehearsals 

71-6-7661.71-FH08 Synchronize Tactical Operations 

71-6-7861.71-FH06 Maintain the Command Post (CP) Warfighter Information Network (WIN) 

 38
Appendix F

ABCS Common Core Task 

 

TASK # TITLE 

150-GPU-9100-WT07 Establish the Common Tactical Picture (CTP) Elements (ABCS v6.2.x) 

150-GPU-9101-WT07 Update the Common Tactical Picture (CTP) Elements (ABCS v6.2.x) 

150-GPU-9102-WT07 Process a Message using Common Operating Environment Message Processor (CMP) 

(ABCS v6.2.x) 

150-GPU-9103-WT07 Perform Army Battle Command System (ABCS) Data Distribution (ABCS v6.2.x) 

150-GPU-9104-WT07 Conduct Terrain Evaluation Using the Common Tactical Picture (CTP) Applications

Program (ABCS v6.2.x) 

150-GPU-9106-WT07 Conduct Collaborative Planning Using Sunforum (ABCS v6.2.x)

150-GPU-9110-WT07 Create a Plan or Order Utilizing the Plan Manager Light Tool (ABCS v6.2.x) 

150-GPU-9111-WT07 Perform ABCS Security Operations Suite (SOS) Functions (ABCS v6.2.x) 

150-GPU-9120-WT07 Establish the Common Tactical Picture (CTP) Elements (ABCS v6.3.x) 

150-GPU-9121-WT07 Update the Common Tactical Picture (CTP) Elements (ABCS v6.3.x) 

150-GPU-9122-WT07 Process a Message using Common Operating Environment Message Processor (CMP) 

(ABCS v6.3.x) 

150-GPU-9123-WT07 Perform Army Battle Command System (ABCS) Data Distribution (ABCS v6.3.x) 

150-GPU-9124-WT07 Conduct Terrain Evaluation Using the Common Tactical Picture (CTP) Applications

Program (ABCS v6.3.x) 

150-GPU-9126-WT07 Conduct Collaborative Planning Using Sunforum (ABCS v6.3.x)

150-GPU-9130-WT07 Create a Plan or Order Utilizing the Plan Manager Light Tool (ABCS v6.3.x) 

150-GPU-9131-WT07 Perform ABCS Security Operations Suite (SOS) Functions (ABCS v6.3.x) 

150-MCL-0002-WT07 Initialize the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) Software Application (v6.3.0.5) 

150-MCL-0003-WT07 Perform Shut-down Procedures on the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) 

150-MCL-0004-WT07 Perform File Management using Windows NT Explorer on the Maneuver Control System

(MCS-L) 

150-MCL-0006-WT07 Establish the Configuration Environment on the Maneuver Control System Light 

(MCS-L) 

150-MCL-0008-WT07 Establish the Maneuver Control System (MCS) Filter on the MCS Light (MCS-L) 

150-MCL-0009-WT07 Track Information Requirements (Irs), Significant Events, and Decision Points (DPs) on

the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) (v6.3.0.5) 

150-MCL-0010-WT07 Convert Datum / Ellipsoid and Coordinate Types using the Maneuver Control System

Light (MCS-L) (v6.3.0.5) 

150-MCL-0012-WT07 Produce Plan Documents, Overlay (s), Task Organizations (Tos), and Information Tracker 

using the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) (v6.3.0.5)

150-MCL-0013-WT07 Configure Plan Documents, Overlay(s), Task organizations (Tos), and Information

Tracker using the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) (v6.3.0.5)

150-MCL-0014-WT07 Create a Unit Task organization (UTO) using the maneuver Control System Light 

(MCS-L) (v6.3.0.5) 

150-MCL-0015-WT07 Load Map Data Files (Magellan) using the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) 

(v6.3.0.5)

150-MCL-0016-WT07 Print an Overlay Using the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) (v6.3.0.5) 

150-MCL-0017-WT07 Conduct Force Ration Analysis using the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) 

(v6.3.0.5)

150-MCL-0018-WT07 Process a Message using the Common Operating Environment Message Processor (CMP) 

using the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) (v6.3.0.5)

150-MCL-0019-WT07 Conduct Collaborative Planning using the Maneuver Control System Light (MCS-L) 

(v6.3.0.5)

150-MCL-0212-WT07 Create a Unit Task Organization (UTO) using the Maneuver Control System (MCS) 

(v6.3.x)

 39
TASK # TITLE 

171-147-0001 Prepare/Send Combat Messages using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0002 Perform Startup Procedures for Force XXI Battle Coomand Brigade and Below (FBCB2) 

version 3.4

171-147-0005 Apply Message Addressing Features in FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0006 Perform Message Management using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0007 Prepare/Send Overlays using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0008 Prepare/Send Reports using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0009 Prepare/Send Fire/Alert Messages using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0010 Prepare/Send Order/Request Messages using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0011 Perform Before-Operations Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services on FBCB2 

version 3.4

171-147-0012 Perform Shut-Down Procedures For FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0013 Perform After-Operations Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services on FBCB2 

version 3.4

171-147-0014 Perform After-Operations Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services on FBCB2 

version 3.4

171-147-0015 Prepare/Send a Logistical Status Report using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0017 Employ Map Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0019 Employ FIPR Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0020 Employ Status Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0021 Employ Admin Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0022 Employ APPS Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0023 Employ NAV Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0024 Employ Quick Send Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

171-147-0025 Employ Filters Functions using FBCB2 version 3.4 

113-583-2007-WT9 Install a Mission Data Load (MDL) on a target Platform version 2.2 

113-583-2004-WT9 Operate Data Transfer Device / Mission Data loader (DTD/MDL) 

 40
Appendix G 

Duty Locations of BSNCOs Participating

•June 2002

 1st BDE, 4ID (Q) 

 1-5 CAV, 1CD (Q) 

 2-12 CAV, 1CD (Q)

 544 MAINT BN, 13 COSCOM (O) 

 3-8 CAV, 1CD (Q) 

 4th BDE, 4ID (Q) 

 1-44 ADA, 4ID (Q) 

• July 2002 

 1CD DIVARTY CPX (O) 

 4ID DIVARTY TOCEX (O) 

 1-227 AVN TOC TNG, 1CD (O) 

 2-5 CAV, 1CD (Q) 

 404 DASB, 4ID (Q)

 1-8 CAV, 1CD (Q) 

 4th BDE, 1CD (Q) 

 DISCOM, 1CD (Q)

 104th MI, 4ID (Q) 

 8th ENG (Q) 

• August 2002 

 3-16 FA, 4ID (Q) 

 4-5 ADA, 1CD (Q) 

 UFL (Various analog & digital TOCs) (O) 

 1CD Pegasus Point, 5-14 

 2 BCT 4ID TOC TNG, 15-22 

 UFL, 1-30 180th TRANS, 13th COSCOM (Q) 

 49th TRANS, 13th COSCOM (Q) 

 UFL Setup, (O) 

 20th ENG, 1CD (Q)

 UFL (DTAC, DMAIN, 1CD & 4ID; 3 BCT, 4BDE, D/A, 1CD; SC (O) 

 15th MI, 504th MI BDE (Q)

•September 2002 

 1st MED BDE (Q) 

 1st BDE, 1CD (O)

 BSNCOC # 13-02 (FT Bliss) (Q) 

 

O = Observation Q = Questionnaire 

Note: This study was not able to 

 41
Appendix H 

List of Acronyms 

ABCS Army Battle Command Systems 

ADCST Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Training

ADCST-W Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Training - West

AI Assistant Instructors

AIT Advanced Individual Training

ASI Additional Skill Identifier

BSNCO Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officer

BSNCOC Battle Staff Noncommissioned Officer Course

CALL Center for Army Lessons Learned 

CIC Command Information Center

DCST-W Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Training, West Collective

Training Directorate 

IDEP Institutional Digital Educational Plan

IPB

LSD Large Screen Display

MDMP Military Decision Making Process 

NBC Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical

NCO Non-Commissioned Officer

NET New Equipment Training

OJT On-the-job Training

OPLAN/OPORD Plan & Operations Orders

OPTEMPO Operational Tempo

PERSCOM U.S. Army Personnel Command 

TOC Tactical Operation Center

TRADOC U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command 

USASMA U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy

VTT Video Tele-Training

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield 

H-1 

 42