**Category Value**  **Units Source/Notes**  **Value Units**  **Source/Notes**

**Composition*** Moisture (%) 15.00% delivered Aden et al. 2002 58.00% delivered Chemtex

Hemicellulose 21.1 % on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 30 % on dry basis Biomass Energy Data Book 2010 Cellulose 37.4 % on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 31 % on dry basis Biomass Energy Data Book 2010 Lignin 18 % on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 21 % on dry basis Biomass Energy Data Book 2010 **Cultivation** Yield Growth 0.75% % yield change / yr Thomson et al. 2009 2.00% % yield change / yr not in literature; Lewandowski et al 2003 yields will likely improve through breeding efforts 2.04% % yield change / yr 2010 Beach et. al, p. D-9
Crop Yield (Current) 4.5 to 5 dry tons / acre RIA 1.1.2.2 15 dry tons/acre Alabama; Bransby 2010 (tab 5)

15-20 dry tons/acre Alabama; predicted for commercial scale fields; Bransby 1999

18.4 dry tons/acre Chemtex petition; Lewandoski et al 2003
Crop Yield (2022) 6.59 dry tons/acre Nat'l Avg, 2022 RFS2 Control Case (FASOM) 18 dry tons/acre assumes 2% increase; 15 dry tons/acre as 2012 value

7.75 wet tons/acre Nat'l Avg, 2022 RFS2 Control Case (FASOM)

Irrigation None Thomson et al. 2009 None/moderate Grows without irrigation but moderate irrigation improves yields; Lewandowski et al 2003 None Chemtex Soil management Zero tillage 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-36 Zero tillage Chemtex **Crop Inputs**

N Fertilizer (2022) 100 lbs per acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-39 89.2 lbs per acre up to 100 kg/ha/yr especially in nitrogen-poor soils; Bassam 2010 (tab 17)

15.2 lbs/dry ton Nat'l Avg, 2022 RFS2 Control Case (FASOM) (assumes yield of 6.59 dry tons/acre) 4.956 lbs/dry ton Assumes 18 dry tons/acre

Phosphorus Fertilizer (2022) 40 lbs per acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-42 89.2-178.4 lbs per acre Bassam 2010 and Lewandowski 2003 recommend some phosphorous application on poor soil. 100-200 kg/ha is an estimate based on several studies. See Angelini 2009 (tab 7)and Bassam 2010.

6.1 lbs/dry ton 7.4 lbs/dry ton Assumes 134 lbs/acre (midpoint of range) and yield of 18 dry tons/acre

Potassium 40.0 lbs per acre 89.2-178.4 lbs per acre Angelini 2004 = 200 kg/ha Lewandowski 2003 = if soil is poor Angelini 2009 = 100 kg/ha

6.1 lbs/dry ton 7.4 lbs/dry ton Assumes 134 lbs/acre (midpoint of range) and yield of 18 dry tons/acre Sulfur **Switchgrass Arundo Donax** Herbicide 0.01 lbs per acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-44 0.3 lbs per acre Chemtex; Bassam 2010 suggests no herbicide is needed unless stem cuttings are used for establishment 0.00 lbs/dry ton 0.017 lbs/dry ton Assumes 18 dry tons/acre

Pesticide 0.1-0.2 lbs per acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-45 0 lbs per acre Lewandowski et al 2003; Bassam 2010 states that giant reed is one of the most pest-resistant plants. 0.02276176 lbs/dry ton 0 lbs/dry ton Fungicide 0 lbs per acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-46 0 lbs per acre Chemtex 0 lbs/dry ton Lime 0 lbs per acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-46 0 lbs per acre Chemtex 0.0 lbs/dry ton Diesel 2.8-3.0 gal/acre (varies by region) 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-51 6.7 gal/acre Chemtex 0.44006 gal/dry ton 0.3722 gal/dry ton

25 gal/acre Based on diesel use for sugarcane (thick stem may be more comparable to arundo donax) 1.389 gal/dry ton Gasoline 0 gal/acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-52 0 gal/acre Chemtex
Electricity 0 kWh/acre 2010 Beach et. al, p. A-54 Might want to assume some electricity for irrigation

**Ethanol Conversion**
Ethanol Conversion Rate (2022) 81.23 gal/wet ton RFS2 FRM FASOM based on NREL(2008) 28.6 gal/wet ton Chemtex (current) 92.30 gal/dry ton RFS2 71.6 gal/dry ton Chemtex (current) Ethanol Conversion Rate (2013) Conversion Improvement Rate 7.49% % yield change / yr RFS2 FRM (FASOM) **Coproducts** Lignin 26.4% % by volume 2010 Beach et. al, p. D-13 21.0% % by weight (dry basis) Lignin Use Electricity Steam and Electricity production **Conversion Energy Inputs** Biomass Use 61,001 Btu/gal Enzymatic (RFS2 FRM)
Purchased Electricity (12,249) Btu/gal Enzymatic, electiricity sold to grid (RFS2 FRM) Sold Electricity NG Use

- Btu/gal Enzymatic (RFS2 FRM) Coal Use

- Btu/gal Enzymatic (RFS2 FRM) Diesel Use

- Btu/gal Enzymatic (RFS2 FRM) Other Inputs

- Btu/gal Enzymatic (RFS2 FRM) **Growing Regions Switchgrass Harvested Acres by Region (2022)** 
**Region Million acres**  **Percentage of switchgrass**

**acres** Kansas 2.66 21% Missouri 1.73 14% Texas 1.70 14% Oklahoma 1.33 11% Arkansas 1.13 9% Ohio 0.89 7% Kentucky 0.73 6% NorthCarolina 0.64 5% Tennessee 0.60 5% Louisiana 0.51 4%Wisconsin 0.49 4% Florida 0.18 1% NewHampshire

- 0% Source: RFS2 FRM (FASOM) **References** Aden, A, et. al, Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover. June 2002. Beach et. Al. U.S. Agricultural and Forestry Impacts of the Energy Independence and Security Act: FASOM Results and Model Description. 2010. Docket Number: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3178 *The NREL modeling used corn stover as a "model feedstock" and these results were extended to switchgrass given the assumption that their compositions would be similar. Bransby, David. Auburn University. "Exceptionally High Yields and Soil Carbon Sequestration Recorded for Giant Reed in Alabama." 2010. (tab 5) Bransby, David. Auburn University. "Fibercane: a new, perennial, non-wood fiber crop for the sourthern United States." http://www.aaic.org/99progrm.htm Nasir El Bassam, Handbook of Bioenergy Crops: A Complete Reference to Species, Development and Applications (Earthscan 2010) (tab 17)not in literature; Lewandowski et al 2003 yields will likely improve through breeding efforts

Grows without irrigation but moderate irrigation improves yields; Lewandowski et al 2003

## Arundo Donax Yields (assumed 2% annual increase given status as undeveloped energy crop)

**Source 2012**  **2013 2014**  **2015 2016**  **2017 2018**  **2019** Bransby 2010 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.6 16.9 17.2

Current Yields **Switchgrass and Arundo Donax Crop Area Comparison** Assuming 5 dry tons/acre switchgrass yield 33.33333 Assuming 15 dry tons/acre adx yield

100 acres of switchgrass = 500 dry tons of switchgrass biomass

500 dry tons of adx = 33 acres of adx

To produce the same amount of biomass, arundo donax requires 33% of the land area required by switchgrass.

## 2020 **2021 2022** 

17.6 17.9 18.3

Assumed 2022 Yields **Switchgrass and Arundo Donax Crop Area Comparison Switchgrass and Arundo Donax Crop Area Comparison**  Assuming 5 dry tons/acre switchgrass yield Assuming 6.6 dry tons/acre switchgrass yield Assuming 15 dry tons/acre adx yield Assuming 18 dry tons/acre adx yield

100 acres of switchgrass = 500 dry tons of switchgrass biomass 660 dry tons of switchgrass biomass

660 dry tons of adx = 36.7 acres of adx

To produce the same amount of biomass, arundo donax requires 37% of the land area required by switchgrass. To produce the same amount of biomass, arundo donax requires 33% of the land area required by switchgrass.

## To produce the same amount of biomass, arundo donax requires

# Category **Source**

Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 5.0 lbs/dry ton Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 7.4 lbs/dry ton Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 7.4 lbs/dry ton Herbicide 0.002 lbs/dry ton 0.02 lbs/dry ton Pesticide 0.022762 lbs/dry ton 0 lbs/dry ton Lime 0 lbs/dry ton 0.0 lbs/dry ton Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 1.4 gal/dry ton Electricity (irrigation) 0 kWh/dry ton 10.0 kWh/dry ton Assumes switchgrass yield of 6.59 dry tons/acre and arundo donax yield of 18 dry tons/acre in 2022. Sources: 2022 Nat'l Avg RFS2 Control Case (FASOM); 2010 Beach et al;



## Inputs are linked to Emissions tabs. 

# Switchgrass **Arundo Donax**Emissions Calculations for Biochemical Ethanol



### Category

N2O Emissions 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53583g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7639 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291413.998g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3561 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 486gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 321 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Herbicide 0.002 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 2.5 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel


### Pesticide (average across regions) 0.0227618 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27216586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 44.2 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Lime 0 lbs/ dry ton 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 787 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Electricity (irrigation) 0 kWh/dry ton

Total Emissions 12841 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Category

N2O Emissions 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 33808g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 4820gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 5.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 1163 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 7.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 596gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 7.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 394 

### Switchgrass Inputs

**Arundo Donax Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**

### Herbicide 0.02 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 28gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Pesticide 0 lbs/dry ton 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Lime 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Diesel 1.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2485 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Electricity (irrigation) 10.0 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 1069 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel

Total Emissions 10554gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel

Difference -2287 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuelEmission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:72

Emission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:86Emission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:72Emissions Calculations for Thermochemical Ethanol Ethanol yield = 74.9 gal/dry ton LHV Mixed alcohols = 89480 btu/gal



### Category

N2O Emissions 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53583g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7995 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291413.998g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3728gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 509 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 336gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Herbicide 0.002 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel


### Pesticide (average across regions) 0.0227618 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27216586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 46gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Lime 0 lbs/ dry ton 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 824 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Electricity (irrigation) 0 kWh/dry ton

Total Emissions 13440gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Category

N2O Emissions 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 33808g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 5044gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 5.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 1217gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 7.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 624gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 7.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 412 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Switchgrass Inputs

**Arundo Donax Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**

### Herbicide 0.02 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 29 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Pesticide 0 lbs/dry ton 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Lime 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Diesel 1.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2601 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Electricity (irrigation) 10.0 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 1119 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel

Total Emissions 11047gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel

Difference -2394gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuelEmission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:72

Emission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:86Emission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:72Emissions Calculations for F-T Diesel Ethanol yield = 58.6gal/dry ton F-T diesel LHV 115439 btu/gallon



### Category

N2O Emissions 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53583g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7921 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291413.998g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3693 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 504gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 333 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Herbicide 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel


### Pesticide (average across regions) 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27216586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 46gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Lime 0.0 lbs/ dry ton 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 817 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Electricity (irrigation) 0.0 kWh/dry ton

Total Emissions 13316gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Category

N2O Emissions 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 33808g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 4998gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 5.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 1206gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 7.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 618gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 7.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 409 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel 

### Switchgrass Inputs

**Arundo Donax Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**

### Herbicide 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 29 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Pesticide 0 lbs/dry ton 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Lime 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 0gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Diesel 1.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2577gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel



### Electricity (irrigation) 10.0 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 1109 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel

Total Emissions 10945 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuel

Difference -2371 gCO2eq/ mmbtu fuelEmission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:72

Emission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:86Emission factor from: EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-3174.12, Cell: 'Emission Factors' DR:72

Could we assume the same amount of diesel used for switchgrass?

## N2O Equations and Factors

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use. **Direct N2O Emissions Direct Emissions (Overall Equation)** 

Emissions = EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues =

**N A dditions from Mineral Fertilizers** 

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers =

**N A dditions from Crop Residues** 

N additions to soils from crop residues = where,
Above-ground residue dry matter = **Crop residue summary equation [see Crop Residue Defaults tab fro explanation of letters]** N additions to soils from crop residues =

**Indirect N2O Emissions** Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Indirect Emissions from Volatilization**

Emissions = N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = EF for N lost through volatilization = **Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff**

Emissions = N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = EF for N lost through leaching/runoff =

Yield assumptions: Arundo Donax 18 dry tons/acre = 40320 kg/ha
Switchgrass: 6.59 dry tons/acre = 14773.01 kg/ha

## Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.

**Equation** (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils from crop residues) × EF (100+297.6)*0.01 3.976 kg N20-N 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added

kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications between current and projected year) 100 kg/ha

above-ground residue dry matter × Crop Area × [N content of aboveground residues + ratio of belowground residues to harvested yield for crop × N content of belowground residues] 12096 kg/ha × 1 ha × [0.015 + 0.80 × 0.012] 297.6 kg
Fresh weight yield (kg fresh weight harvested/ha) × dry matter fraction of harvested crop × slope + intercept 40320 kg/ha x 0.3 + 0 12096 kg/ha **Crop residue summary equation [see Crop Residue Defaults tab fro explanation of letters]** (B / A × C × D + E) × A × (F + G × H)

Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Equation** N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through volatilization × EF 100*0.1*0.01 0.1 kg N2O-N 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised)
**Equation**
(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF (100+297.6)*0.3*0 .0075 0.895 kg N2O-N 0.3 N losses by

leaching or runoff / kg N addition 0.0075 kg N20-N / kg N leaching or runoff
TOTAL (per ha) 4.971 kg N2O-N/ha 1506 kg CO2eq/ha 608.5 kg CO2eq/acre 33.81 kg CO2eq/dry

ton biomass 33808 g CO2eq/dry

ton biomass Arundo Donax

## (112+109.02)*0.01 2.2102 kg N20-N

112 kg/ha

4431.9 kg/ha × 1 ha × [0.015 + 0.80 × 0.012] 109.02 kg
14773.012 kg/ha x 0.3 + 0 4431.9 kg/ha

112*0.1*0.01 0.112 kg N2O-N

(112+109.02)*0.3*0 .0075 0.4973 kg N2O-N

kg N2O-N/ha 2.8195 kg N2O-N kg CO2eq/ha 874.04 kg CO2eq/ha kg CO2eq/acre 353.11 kg CO2eq/acre kg CO2eq/dry

ton biomass 53.583 kg CO2eq/dry ton biomass g CO2eq/dry

ton biomass 53583 g CO2eq/dry ton biomass 53.583 Switchgrass

### Table 11.2**DEFAULT FACTORS FOR ESTIMA TION OF N A** **DDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a** A B C D E F G H

**Crop** 

### Crop A**rea Crop**  **Harvested Dry matter** 

**fraction of harvested**  **product (DRY)**  **N content of above**  **ground residues**  **(NAG) Ratio of** 

**below ground**  **residues to above**  **ground biomass**  **(RBG-BIO) N content** 

**of below ground**  **residues (NBG)** 

**Slope ± 2 s.d. as** 

**% of mean Intercept**  **± 2 s.d. as % of mean**  **R 2** **adj.** 

### Units **ha kg**  Major crop types Grains 0.88 1.09 ± 2% 0.88 ± 6% 0.65 0.006 0.22 0.009 Beans & pulsesb 

### 0.91 1.13 ± 19% 0.85 ± 56% 0.28 0.008 0.19 0.008 Tubersc 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 Root crops, otherd 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 0.63 0.016 0.20 0.014 N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.027 0.40 0.022 Non-N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.015 0.54 0.012 Perennial grasses 1 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.015 0.80 0.012 Grass-clover mixtures 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.025 0.80 0.016 Individual crops Maize 0.87 1.03 ± 3% 0.61 ± 19% 0.76 0.006 0.22 0.007 Wheat 0.89 1.51 ± 3% 0.52 ± 17% 0.68 0.006 0.24 0.009 Rice 0.89 0.95 ±19% 2.46 ± 41% 0.47 0.007 0.16 NA Barley 0.89 0.98 ± 8% 0.59 ± 41% 0.68 0.007 0.22 0.014 Oats 0.89 0.91 ± 5% 0.89 ± 8% 0.45 0.007 0.25 0.008 Millet 0.90 1.43 ± 18% 0.14 ± 308% 0.50 0.007 NA NA Sorghum 0.89 0.88 ± 13% 1.33 ± 27% 0.36 0.007 NA 0.006 Ryee 

### 0.88 1.09 ± 50% default 0.88 ± 50% default - 0.005 NA 0.011 Soybeanf 

### 0.91 0.93 ± 31% 1.35 ± 49% 0.16 0.008 0.19 0.008 Dry beang 

### 0.90 0.36 ± 100% 0.68 ± 47% 0.15 0.010 NA 0.010 Potatoh 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 Peanut (w/pod)i 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 0.63 0.016 NA NA Alfalfaj 

### 0.90 0.29 ± 31% 0.00 - - 0.027 0.40 0.019 Non-legume hay j 

### 0.90 0.18 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.150 0.54 0.012 Oil Palm 0.012 **Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T)** **= Crop(T) * slope(T) + intercept(T)**

### Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet

a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list of the original references is given in Annex 11A.1. b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea. c Modelled after potatoes. d Modelled after peanuts. e No data for rye. Slope and intercept values are those for all grain. Default s.d. f The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 1.9. g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB. h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04. I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10. j Single source. Default s.d. for root:AGB. k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d. l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that root turnover in these systems averages about 40% (30% to 50%) per year. Default s.d. m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d. n This is an estimate of root turnover in perennial systems. Default s.d. p It is assumed here that grass dominates the system by 2 to 1 over legumes.

Khalid, H; ZZ Zin, and JM Anderson. "Decomposition Processes and Nutrient Release Patterns of Oil Palm Residues." Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 12 No. I, June 2000, p. 46-63 http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv12n1-46.pdf **TABLE 1. RESOURCE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH OIL PALM RESIDUES** 

## Nutrient **Leaflet Rachis**  **Trunk Root** 

N 2.66 0.44 0.58 0.41 P 0.15 0.05 0.06 0.04 K 1.33 1.8 1.86 0.9 Ca 0.62 0.55 0.38 0.07 Mg 0.26 0.17 0.15 0.11 SiO, 1.55 0.39 0.84 0.52 C 47.91 47.34 47.77 48 C/N ratio 18 107 82 117 Lignin 24.96 20.96 18.14 23.77 Lignin/N ratio 9.38 47.64 31.28 57.98 Holocellulose 69.86 73.85 83.06 67.39 %

### a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list

l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that
m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.

Khalid, H; ZZ Zin, and JM Anderson. "Decomposition Processes and Nutrient Release Patterns of Oil Palm Residues." Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 12 No. I, June 2000, p. 46-63

## USDA: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/arudon/all.html http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch?key wordquery=arundo+donax&mode=sciname