Army Research Laboratory 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066 

ARL-TR-2391 February 2001 

A Study of Jets From Unsintered-Powder 

Metal Lined Nonprecision 

Small-Caliber Shaped Charges 

William Walters, Philip Peregino, and 

Richard Summers 

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL 

David Leidel 

Halliburton Energy Services, Alvarado, TX 

Annroved for oubhc release: distribution is unlimited. 
Abstract 

A study was conducted to characterize and investigate the performance of shaped 

charge &vices fabricated with powder metal liners. The investigation involved freeflight flash radiography characterization of the jet to obtain the penetrator characteristics 

and the penetration and hole size into rolled homogenous armor (RIM) plate at several 

standoff distances. 

ii 
Table of Contents 

Distribution List ................................................................................................... 19 

Report Documentation Page ................................................................................ 23 

. . . 

111 
hTENTIONALLY LEFTBLANK. 

iv 
List of Figures 

Figure PaEe 

1. Photograph of the 4 5/8-in PM OMNI Charge . ..~~...~*....~.~..~~.*.**......~.....***........~....~. 2 

3. Early-Time Radiograph of Liner Collapse.............................................................. 4 

4. Flash Radiographs From the Jet-Free Flight, Round 4814.. ..................................... 5 

5. Flash Radiographs of the Jet Approximately 121 ps After Initiation for Rounds 

4814 and 4815 .. . . . . e ._.............. * . . . . ..f~.f~f..~~....**......~~f~~..*. . . . . ..~~~~~~~f....*~.........~f~.~~~****... 5 

6. Penetration Into 2-h RHA Plate vs. Standoff Distance f~~.f...~*....~.~.~~~~f..~*.*.*..* ..******* 7 

7. Penetration Into Both l-in and 2-in RHA Plates vs. Standoff Distance fl...1.f......I*.... 8 

List of Tables 

Table 

1. 

V 
INTENTIONALLYLEFTBUNK. 

vi 
1. Introduction 

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) obtained a sample of powder metal-lined 

nonprecision shaped charges from Halliburton Energy Services located in Alvarado, TX. These 

shaped charges, designated as the 4 5/8-m PM OMNI, are designed and manufactured for use as 

oil-well or gas-well perforators. The agreement with Halliburton Energy Setices involved a 

complete study of these rounds. They were being investigated as a potential shaped charge to be 

used in the controlled detonation, containment, and decontamination of chemical munitions by 

the U.S. Army Garrison Directorate of Safety, Health, and the Environment @SHE) at 

Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG). ARL is interested in charges of this type due to their &sign 

for optimum performance at short standoff, the short charge length and head height, the fact that 

the charges are inexpensive, and their potential application as precursor charges against 

specialized targets. The authors also have an interest in modeling the penetration of a 

powder-metal jet. Thus, the penetration standoff data will provide experimental &ta to verify a 

penetration m&l. This study is the subject of this report. 

2. Charge Description 

The 4 S/g-in OMNI refers to the outer diameter of the gun used to contain charges of this 

type for oil-well completions. The shaped charge is loaded in a pressure-sealed hollow steel 

container and fired downhole to establish a path of mass transport between a cased-well bore and 

the reservoir. The complete details of the charge are proprietary to the Halliburton Energy 

Services, but, basically, the liner was conical with an interior-included angle of 44”. The liner 

had an outer diameter of 1.37 in (3.48 cm). The outer diameter of the explosive charge was 

1.51 in (3.84 cm); the outer diameter of the body was 1.86 in (4.72 cm); and the maximum 

overall diameter was 2.0 in (5.08 cm). The overall length of the charge was 1.72 in (4.37 cm). 

The liner had a wall thickness of 0.048 in (0.122 cm) at the apex and 0.064 in (0.1626 cm) at the 

base. The liners were fabricated from powder and were 43% copper by weight, 45% tungsten by 

weight, 11% tin by weight, and 1% graphite by weight. The liner was pressed to a density of 

1 

3. Jet Characteristics 

Figure 2 shows the charge setup prior to the flash radiography test to show the collapse of the 

liner, which is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 does not contain sufficient resolution to measure the 

liner collapse angle but indicates that the liner appears to collapse (at least in,a global sense) as a 

conventional (solid metal) liner. Jet characteristics were obtained for the free flight of the jet in 

air using the 300-kV flash x-ray system in the vertical test firing facility (described by Boyce et 

al.‘) at ARL’s Experimental Research Facility 7A. The free-flight data were obtained from two 

tests, namely rounds 4814 and 4815. Figure 4 shows the jet from round 4814 at 101.2, 121.3, 

and 141.2 ps after firing of the detonator. The average tip velocity determined from the early 

time exposures, less than 145 ps, was 6.6 km/s. Jet radii were measured using the exposures 

(shown in Figure 5) obtained at 121.3 ps (from round 4814) and 121.5 ps (from round 4815) 

after initiation. The jet radius measured near the front and the middle of the jet was 1.0 mm to 

1.5 mm, and the radius near the rear of the jet was 3.0 mm to 3.5 mm. The jet from round 4815 

was severeIy bowed. By 121.5 ps after initiation of the detonation cord, the jet-tip region was 

ablating in air (Figure 5). The tip velocity measured between this time and an exposure 45 ps 

later was 6.3 Ms. This discrepancy between early- and later-time tip velocities may be due to 

the ablation of the jet tip or to poor fihn contrast in the tip region of the later exposure caused by 

the lower apparent density of the incoherent jet tip. Note that since the jet does not particulate as 

conventional (solid metal) jets usually do, no other measurements were taken. The nominal 

penetration into rolled homogeneous armor @HA) was 9 mm at a standoff distance of 

2,095 mm. 

4. Penetration Results 

Tests were conducted to obtain penetration and hole profile diameter into 6 in 

(152.4 mm) x 5.75 in (146 mm) RHA plate 2 in (SO.8 mm) thick. Based on a rough 

’ Boyce, G. L., G. E. Blackburq M. L. Lake, S. C. Shelley Jr,, and F. R. S&all. “The Consttuction and Operation of 

a New Warhead Test Facility.” ARL-TR-322, U.S. Army Research hboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 

December 1993. 

3 


Appendix. The hole profile data were based on rough measurements using calipers, and the 

plate was not sectioned to obtain exact hole sizes or final penetration. The hole size recorded is 

based on the maximum hole diameter in the x-y plane. Thus, the hole diameters arc rough 

measurements and, as can be seen from the tabulations in the Appendix, jet material caused 

significant hole plugging. This would cause several of the plotted and tabulated penetration 

values to be low. The large amount of scatter in the data is discussed in the next section. 

Table 1. Penetration Results 

I 0.00 50.8 0.0 1.52 50.8 

II 0.00 ! 54.0 0.0 1.61 I 50.8 I 3.35 142.251 1.0 4.2451 50.8 

II 6.70 ! 157.2 ! 2.0 ! 4.69 ! 50.8 I- 6.70 101.6524 2.0 4.55 30350.8 

II 8.375 ! 130.7 1 2.5 1 3.90 1 50.8 

10.05 196.2 3.0 5.86 50.8 

10.05 203.2 3.0 6.07 50.8 

11.725 165.3 3.5 4.93 50.8 

II 13.40 81.1 ! 4.0 2.42 I 50.8 

13.40 74.5 4.0 2.22 50.8 

20.10 28.8 6.0 0.86 50.8 

20.10 74.6 6.0 2.23 50.8 

13.40 76.2 4.0 2.27 25.4 

11 10.05 ! 76.2 ! 3.0 2.27 1 25.4 

I 10.05 152.4 3.0 4.55 25.4 at 60” 

II 10.05 I 118.0 I 3.0 3.52 I 25.4 at 60” 
: 

l 

.- 

: l 

l 

l 

0-l I 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 

Standoff (CD) 

Figure 6. Penetration Into 2-h RHA Plate vs. Standoff Distance. 

Next, the target FXA plate was changed to 6 x 6 in (152.4 x 152.4 mm) x 1 in (25.4 mm). 

One test was conducted at 4.0 CD and two tests at 3.0 CD. The 4.0-CD shot is in agreement 

with the results into the 2-m plate, and the two 3.0 CD shots show a low penetration value and a 

second value in agreement with the earlier results for the 2-in plate. 

Finally, two tests were conducted at 3.0 CD into a l-in plate at a 60” obliquity. These 

results, accounting for the fact that the penetration channels were often plugged, are in rough 

agreement with the results into the plate at 0” obliquity. These hole profiles (for all the shots 

into a l-m plate) are also listed in the Appendix. For the 60” obliquity tests, copper was 

observed between the l-in plates. Figure 7 adds the data points for the tests into the l-in plate to 

those shots into the 2-in plate. 

7 
7- 

6- 

S8 Q 4- 

s 

1 3- 

2- 

0 0 m 

1 

f 

l 

l 

- * 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 

Standoff (CD) 

Figure 7. Penetration Into Both l-in and 2-in RHA Plates vs. Standoff Distance. 

5. Interpretation of Results and Conclusions 

As previously mentioned, there is an excessive round-to-round variability in the penetration 

performance of the powder metallurgy liner shaped charges at standoff distances greater than 

2 CD (6.7 cm). The performance is repeatable at short standoff distances (the standoffs where 

the jet was to be optimal) since the jet has not had time to form completely. At longer standoffs, 

the severe bowing and misalignment of the jet, as evident in Figure 4, would cause erratic jet 

performance. It is noted, however, that the shaped charge devices tested were not designed for 

RHA penetration, but for porous target penetration. Also, a peak penetration into RHA of 

203.2 mm from this charge is impressive. The lack of repeatability is attributed to two factors, 

First of all, the liners tend to age or disintegrate over time due to humidity and other factors. 

(The liner actually begins to disintegrate.) The tests reported here were conducted over a period 

of several months, so the liners were exposed to local humidity for some time. Secondly, the 

wall thickness of the liner varied from charge to charge as did the concentricity between the liner 

8 
 

E 

* 

and the b&y. The test results reported herein supported Halliburton Energy Services program to 

acquire more precise assembly and parts presses and tooling to better control the uniformity of 

the liner and the alignment between the body and the liner. 

Other test results seem to indicate that there was minimal difference in penetration between 

25.4- and 50%mm-thick plates. Also, with due consideration given to the round-to-round 

variability, the effect of target plates at obliquity was minimal. These tests were conducted in 

or&r to establish whether or not the powder jet could be readily dispersed (like liquid jets) by 

oblique targets. 

Finally, data were obtained that will aid in efforts to m&l the penetration of pow&red jets 

into porous and/or nonporous targets. 

9 
10 
Appendix: 

Hole Profile Data 

11 
i 

hTF,NTIONALLY LEFTBJANK. 
Penetration Into 50%mm RHA Blocks 

Standoff 0.0 CD, SO.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole Icm) Comments 

1 1.5 x 1.5 0.92 x 0.38 slot 

P = 50.8-mm 

Standoff 0.0 CD, S&&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entranm Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.215 x 1.215 0.95 x 0.42 slot 

P = 50.8”mm 

Standoff 0.0 CD, SO.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole lcml Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.03 x 1.18 0.72 x 0.32 slot 

2 0.77 x 0.32 slot 

P = 54.0 mm 

Standoff 1.0 CD, SO.&mm RHA blocks 

Blwk No. Entrance Hole, (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.35 x 1.35 0.625 x 0.66 

2 0.62 x 0.54 0.42 x 0.42 

3 0.44 x 0.38 slight bulge 

P = 142.2 mm 

Standoff 1.0 CD, SO&-mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.38 x 1.28 0.66 x 0.66 

2 0.55 x 0.55 0.28 x 0.36 

3 0.41 x 0.35 bulge 

P = 151.2 mm 

13 
Standoff 2.0 CD, 50.8-mm RHA blocks 

Block No, Entrance Hole Icm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.32 x 1.25 0.54 x 0.56 

2 0.61 x 0.57 1.0 x 1.04 hole plugged 

3 1.0x 1.0 0.43 x 0.48 hole plugged 

4 splash 

P = 157.2 mm 

Standoff 2.0 CD, SO&-mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole lcml comm_en_ 

1 1.28 x 1.11 0.62 x 0.62 hole plugged 

2 0.64 x 0.63 0.57 x 0.61 hole plugged 

3 0.50 x 0.49 0.13 x 0.25 hole plugged 

4 splash 

P = 152.4 mm 

Standoff 2.0 CD, 50.8-mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.42 x 1.05 0.66 x 0.78 

2 0.67 x 0.61 0.64 x 0.56 plugged exit 

3 0.54 x 0.56 plugged hole 

P = 101.6 mm + plug 

Standoff 2.5 CD, SO.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 0.93 x 1.46 0.52 x 0.57 

2 0.55 x 0.50 0.40 x 0.55 

3 0.46 x 0.54 

P = 130.7 mm 

Standoff 3.0 CD, 50.8-mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm1 Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.04 x 1.07 0.71 x 0.71 plugged 

2 0.53 x 0.56 0.40 x 0.44 plugged 

3 0.32 x 0.38 0.40 x 0.40 

4 0.42 x 0.38 slight bulge 

P = 196.2 mm 

14 
Standoff 3.0 CD, 5O.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm1 Comments 

1 0.83 x 0.83 0.52 x 0.51 

2 0.58 x 0.54 0.42 x 0.38 plugged 

3 0.41 x 0.42 0.31 x 0.31 plugged 

4 0.43 x 0.43 0.38 x 0.47 plugged 

5 0.45 x 0.55 hole plugged 

P = 203.2 mm + plug 

Standoff 3.5 CD, SO.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. m En Exit Hole (cm1 Comments 

1 1.09 x 0.88 0.46 x 0.37 

2 0.45 x 0.51 0.41 x 0.41 

3 0.43 x 0.42 0.45 x 0.36 plugged 

4 0.43 x 0.42 

P = 165.3 mm 

Standoff 4.0 CD, 50.8mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 0.79 x 0.96 0.60 x 0.83 

2 0.56 x 0.76 

P= 81.1 mm 

Standoff 4.0 CD, 5O.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. BH_ale Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 0.66 x 1.0 0.97 x 1.02 

2 0.77 x 0.81 

P = 74.5 mm 

Standoff 6.0 CD, 50.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm1 Comments 

1 0.95 x 0.87 Irregular, oblong hole 

P = 28.3 mm 

Standoff 6.0 CD, 5O.&mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 0.71 x 0.88 0.74 x 0.64 Irregular, oblong hole 

2 0.53 x 0.76 

P = 74.6 mm 

15 
Standoff 6.0 CD, 50.8-mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 0.79 x 1.02 

P=43.1 mm 

Penetration Into 25.4-mm Blodb 

Standoff 4.0 CD, 25.4 mm RHA blwks 

BlockNo, Bntrance Hole (cm] Exit Hole (cm1 Comments 

1 0.8 x 0.72 0.82 x 0.45 slot 

2 0.88 x 0.86 0.55 x 0.45 entrance plugged 

3 0.45 x 0.495 1.42 x 1.80 large exit plug 

4 1.78 x 1.77 entrance plugged 

large splash area 

P = 76.2 mm + plug 

Block No. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

P = 76.2 mm 

Standoff 3.0 CD, 25.4 mm RHA blocks 

Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole lcml Comments 

0.87 x 0.71 0.68 x 0.73 

0.65 x 0.62 0.82 x 0.73 Cu splash 

0.52 x 0.74 1.03 x 1.13 Cu splash; rear bulge 

1.09 x 1.29 entrance indentation 

Standoff 3.0 CD, 25.4 mm RHA blocks 

Block No. Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm] Comments 

1 0.775 x 0.81 0.57 x 0.6 

2 0.56 x 0.53 0.5 x 0.48 

3 0.48 x 0.49 0.48 x 0.42 

4 0.45 x 0.445 0.50 x 0.45 exit plugged 

5 0.52 x 0.53 0.37 x 0.35 entire hole plugged 

6 0.42 x 0.48 0.51 x 0.59 entire hole plugged 

7 0.95 x 0.62 entire hole plugged 

P = 152.4 mm + plug 

16 
Standoff 3.0 CD, 25.4 mm RHA blocks, 60” obliquity 

Block No, Entrance Hole (cm) Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 1.07 x 1.01 0.625 x 0.58 

2 0.59 x 0.61 0.59 x 0.50 

3 0.71 x 0.61 0.65 x 0.76 hole plugged 

4 0.47 x 0.44 hole plugged 

P = 152.4 mm + plug (Line-of-sight penetration) 

Standoff 3.0 CD, 25.4 mm RHA blocks, 60” obliquity 

Block No. v Exit Hole (cm) Comments 

1 0.945 x 1.125 0.82 x 0.62 slot 

2 0.52 x 0.74 0.78 x 0.67 

3 0.86 x 0.74 16.4 mm penetration 

(line-of-sight) 

P = 118.1 mm (line-of-sight) 

17 
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lL162618AH80 

Small-Caliber Shaped Charges 

William Walters, Philip Peregino, Richard Summers, and David Leidel* 

ARL-TR-2391 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

*Halliburton Energy Services, Jet Research Center, P.O. Box 327, Alvarado, TX 76009-9775 

12a. DIsmtBuTIoNhwkd~~m~~ STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

13. ABSTRACT(Maximum 200 words) 

A study was conducted to characterize and investigate the performance of shaped charge devices fabricated with 

powder metal hners. The investigation involved fi-ee-flight flash radiography characterization of the jet to obtain the 

penetrator characteristics and the penetration and hole size into rolled homogeneous armor @HA) plate at several 

standoff distances. 

-. 

14. SUBJECT YERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

penetration, shaped charge, powder jets, unsintered powder metallurgy 24 

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