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## Other Youth Topics

## Breadcrumb

            -  Youth Topics 
            -  Juvenile Justice 
            -           Risk and Protective Factors      

# Risk and Protective Factors

## What are Risk and Protective Factors?

                      - Risk factors  are "personal traits, characteristics of the environment, or conditions in the family, school, or community that are linked to youth's likelihood of engaging in delinquency and other problem behaviors. ” 1
                      - Protective factors  are "those characteristics of the child, family, and wider environment that reduce the likelihood of adversity leading to negative child outcomes and behaviors, such as delinquency and later adult offending . 2

In the context of youth involved or at risk of involvement with the juvenile justice system, risk factors can be considered to be those conditions or variables associated with a higher likelihood of delinquency and/or juvenile justice system contact; protective factors are those conditions which lessen this likelihood.3

## Types of Protective and Risk Factors

Risk and protective factors for child delinquency have been identified 4 across multiple domains:
                      - Individual
                      - Family
                      - Peers
                      - School, neighborhood, and community

**Table 1: Examples of risk and protective factors by domain**

It is important to note the following:
                      - No single risk factor leads a young person to delinquency.
                      - Risk factors do not operate in isolation and no single factor is responsible for explaining why an individual may experience negative outcomes like delinquency. "Violence results from a complex interplay of a variety of factors and requires nuanced, developmentally based responses tailored to the specific situation of each child.”  5
                      - When the risk factors a youth is exposed to cross multiple domains, the likelihood of delinquency increases at an even greater rate.  6
                      - Different risk factors may also be more likely to influence youth at different points in their development. For example, peer risk factors typically occur later in a youth’s development than individual and family factors.
                      - Because risk and protective factors are dynamic in nature, service providers and agencies should adopt ongoing assessments of these conditions. A thorough trauma-informed awareness of a person or group’s specific risk factors at the individual, familial, peer, and school/community levels will provide the most successful prevention and response intervention.

While youth may face a number of risk factors it is important to remember that everyone has strengths and is capable of being resilient: “All children and families have individual strengths that can be identified, built on, and employed” to prevent future delinquency and justice system involvement.7 In recent years, studies of juvenile delinquency and justice system involvement have increasingly examined the impact of these strengths (protective factors) on youth’s ability to overcome challenges and thrive.8

## Resources

**Child Abuse and Neglect Resources**This website shares resources, publications, and data sources on child abuse and neglect, including federal and non-federal resources for the public, interested community members, and practitioners.

**Fact Sheet Template: Complex Trauma in Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth****(PDF, 7 pages)**This fact sheet provides a detailed description of the path from complex trauma exposure to involvement in the juvenile justice system. The source also provides recommendations for judges and juvenile justice program administrators, parents and family members, and adults who supervise youth regarding how to best serve and understand justice-involved youth.

**Child Abuse Training for Judicial and Court Personnel**This project trains judicial, legal, and social service professionals to improve their response in child abuse and neglect cases. It also teaches practitioners how to coordinate information and services across the juvenile justice and child welfare systems.

**In Focus: Children's Advocacy Centers****(PDF, 1 page)**This brief details the work of children's advocacy centers and their multidisciplinary teams of child abuse prevention and intervention professionals.

**Victims of Child Abuse Act Program**This program works to improve the lives of those affected by maximizing the impact of victim services and ensuring professionals have access to effective and innovative training. OJJDP supports these initiatives under the program:
                      - Children's Advocacy Centers (CACs)
                      - Alaska and Tribal Children's Advocacy Centers Expansion
                      - Court Appointed Special Advocates/Guardian ad Litem (CASA/GAL)
                      - Child Abuse Training for Judicial and Court Personnel

**Model Programs Guide: Arts-Based Programs and Therapies**This guide presents evidence-based juvenile justice and youth prevention, intervention, and reentry programs. Each program is rated either effective, promising, or no effect. Users can search the database for programs and interventions based on the age range of the child or young adult or use other search filters to find arts-based programs and therapies.

**Model Programs Guide: Community-Based**This guide presents evidence-based juvenile justice and youth prevention, intervention, and reentry programs. Each program is rated either effective, promising, or no effect. Users can search programs and interventions based on the age range of the child or young adult or can use other search filters to find community-based prevention programming.

**Model Programs Guide: Mentoring**This guide presents evidence-based juvenile justice and youth prevention, intervention, and reentry programs. Each program is rated either effective, promising, or no effect. Users can search the database for programs and interventions based on the age range of the child or young adult or can use other search filters to find mentoring programs.

**Model Programs Guide: Parents and Families**This guide presents evidence-based juvenile justice and youth prevention, intervention, and reentry programs. Each program is rated either effective, promising, or no effect. Users can search the database for programs and interventions based on the age range of the child or young adult or can use other search filters to find parent and family-oriented programs.

**Preventing Child Abuse & Neglect**This webpage features a list of resources related to child abuse prevention, protecting children from risk of abuse, and strengthening families.

**Protective Factors Against Delinquency****(PDF, 14 pages)**This literature review analyzes protective factors, or characteristics or conditions that may reduce the influence of risk factors causing delinquent and violent behavior, as a buffer against juvenile delinquency. Protective factors at the level of the individual, family, peer, school, and community are explored.

**Tool Kit for Creating Your Own Truancy Reduction Program****(PDF, 229 pages)**This toolkit provides a comprehensive analysis of the causes of truancy, the extent of the issue, evaluation measures for truancy reduction programs and barriers to accurate progress measurement, as well as best practices for managing truancy reduction among youth.

**T. E. A. M., Teach, Empower, Affirm, Mentor, A Risk Reduction Mentoring Curriculum, Instructor’s Manual****(PDF, 253 pages)**This curriculum manual is intended for implementation with middle school students and its aim is to address four central risk factors for delinquent behavior among this population. The curriculum takes a strengths-based approach that focuses on empowering youth and includes lessons on school engagement, peer relationships, and victimization.

## References

1 Murray & Farrington, 20102 Vanderbilt-Adriance & Shaw, 2008; Developmental Services Group, Inc., 20133 Jessor, 19984 A study group comprised of nearly 40 experts convened by the U. S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) identified four domains for risk and protective factors.5 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20166 Wasserman et al., 20037 Osher,1996, p. 1868 Kendziora & Osher, 2004

## Other Resources on this Topic

### Agencies 

                          - National Institute of Justice
                          - Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
                          - Tribal Justice and Safety

### Announcements 

                          - 2022 National Crime Victims’ Service Awards Recipients Announced
                          - 2023 Advancing Racial Justice and Equity in Youth Legal Systems Certificate Program
                          - 50th Anniversary of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA)
                          - Brightly-Colored Fentanyl Used to Target Young Americans
                          - Department of Justice Awards More Than $136 Million to Support Youth and Reform the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million to Protect Children from Exploitation, Trauma, and Abuse
                          - Event: National Conference on Juvenile Justice
                          - Fact Sheet: System Involvement Among LBQ Girls and Women
                          - How to Connect to OJJDP TTA
                          - National Drug Court Month
                          - National Youth Justice Awareness Month, 2015
                          - OJJDP’s Fiscal Year 2021 Discretionary Awards Total Nearly $344 Million
                          - Opportunity: Call for Lightning Talk and Poster Submissions
                          - Podcast: Justice Matters
                          - Report: Coordination to Reduce Barriers to Reentry: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 and Beyond
                          - Report: Data Snapshot on Hispanic Youth Delinquency Cases
                          - Report: Drug and Alcohol Use Reported by Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2008–2018
                          - Report: Healing Indigenous Lives: Native Youth Town Halls
                          - Report: Juvenile Court Statistics 2014
                          - Report: Juveniles Incarcerated in U.S. Adults Jails and Prisons, 2002–2021
                          - Report: Mentoring in Juvenile Treatment Drug Courts
                          - Report: Patterns of Juvenile Court Referrals of Youth Born in 2000
                          - Report: PREA Data Collection Activities, Calendar Year 2022
                          - Report: Referrals to Law Enforcement and School-Related Arrests in U.S. Public Schools During the 2020-21 School Year
                          - Report: Spotlight on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Spotlight on Juvenile Justice Initiatives: A State by State Survey
                          - Report: Student Discipline and School Climate in U.S. Public Schools
                          - Report: Substantiated Incidents of Sexual Victimization Reported by Juvenile Justice Authorities, 2013–2018
                          - Report: The Impact of COVID-19 on Juvenile Justice Systems: Practice Changes, Lessons Learned, and Future Considerations
                          - Report: The Prevalence of Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships Among Children and Adolescents
                          - Request for Information: Programs and Strategies for Justice–Involved Young Adults
                          - Resource: 5 Ways Juvenile Court Judges Can Use Data
                          - Resource: A Law Enforcement Official’s Guide to the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model
                          - Resource: Activate: The Center to Bring Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Research to Youth-Supporting Professionals
                          - Resource: Adverse Childhood Experiences Capacity Assessment Tool Roadmap
                          - Resource: Answering the Call
                          - Resource: Archived Webinar – Multi-Tiered Systems of Support in Residential Juvenile Facilities
                          - Resource: Arrests of Youth Declined Through 2020
                          - Resource: Beyond the Box
                          - Resource: Changing Prison Culture Reduces Violence
                          - Resource: Child Victims and Witnesses Support Materials
                          - Resource: Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice System Involvement
                          - Resource: Child Welfare in the News
                          - Resource: Common Problems, Common Solutions: Looking Across Sectors at Strategies for Supporting Rural Youth and Families Tool-Kit
                          - Resource: Community Violence Intervention: The Chicago Story
                          - Resource: Complex Trauma Fact Sheets
                          - Resource: Core Youth Outcomes in Youth of Color
                          - Resource: Court Improvement Programs: Collaboration Between Child Welfare Agencies and Legal and Judicial Communities
                          - Resource: Data Snapshot: Youth Victims of Suicide and Homicide
                          - Resource: Dear Colleague Letter: Court-Imposed Fees and Fines for Youth
                          - Resource: Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2019
                          - Resource: Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million To Protect Children From Exploitation, Trauma and Abuse
                          - Resource: Diversion Programs I-Guide
                          - Resource: Drug Courts
                          - Resource: Emoji Drug Code: Decoded
                          - Resource: Facility Characteristics of Sexual Victimization of Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2018
                          - Resource: Family-Based Justice Center
                          - Resource: Family-Based Justice Center
                          - Resource: Federal Justice Statistics Program 2020-2021 Datasets
                          - Resource: Five Things
                          - Resource: Five Things About Juvenile Delinquency Intervention and Treatment
                          - Resource: Focused Deterrence of High-Risk Individuals: Response Guide No. 13
                          - Resource: Guide for Drafting or Revising Tribal Juvenile Delinquency and Status Offense Laws
                          - Resource: Highlights From the 2020 Juvenile Residential Facility Census
                          - Resource: Improving Youth Defense
                          - Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement
                          - Resource: Judicial Leadership for Community-Based Alternatives to Juvenile Secure Confinement
                          - Resource: Juvenile Court Statistics 2021
                          - Resource: Juvenile Residential Facility Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic
                          - Resource: Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2019
                          - Resource: Key Considerations for Applying an Equity Lens to Collaborative Practice
                          - Resource: Let's Talk Podcast - The Offical National Runaway Safeline Podcast
                          - Resource: Leveraging the Every Student Succeeds Act to Improve Educational Services in Juvenile Justice Facilities
                          - Resource: Literature Review on Teen Dating Violence
                          - Resource: Literature Review: Children Exposed to Violence
                          - Resource: Mentoring as a Component of Reentry
                          - Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing Career Interests and Exploration
                          - Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing School Attendance, Academic Performance, and Educational Attainment
                          - Resource: National Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Dashboard
                          - Resource: OJJDP Urges System Reform During Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM)
                          - Resource: Preventing Youth Hate Crimes & Identity-Based Bullying Fact Sheet
                          - Resource: Prevention and Early Intervention Efforts Seek to Reduce Violence by Youth and Youth Recruitment by Gangs
                          - Resource: Probation Reform: A Toolkit for State Advisory Groups (SAGs)
                          - Resource: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Processing of Delinquency Cases
                          - Resource: Raising the Bar: Creating and Sustaining Quality Education Services in Juvenile Detention
                          - Resource: Reentry Matters: Voices of Experience
                          - Resource: Resilience, Opportunity, Safety, Education, Strength (ROSES) Program
                          - Resource: Suicide and Homicide Death Rates Among Youth and Young Adults Aged 10–24: United States, 2001–2021
                          - Resource: Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking
                          - Resource: Support for Prosecutors Who Work with Youth
                          - Resource: The Fight Against Rampant Gun Violence: Data-Driven Scientific Research Will Light the Way
                          - Resource: The Mentoring Toolkit 2.0: Resources for Developing Programs for Incarcerated Youth
                          - Resource: The National Center for Youth with Diverse Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity & Expression (The National SOGIE Center) 
                          - Resource: Toolkit for Implementing Authentic Youth Engagement Strategies Within State Advisory Groups
                          - Resource: Trends and Characteristics of Delinquency Cases Handled in Juvenile Court, 2020
                          - Resource: Trends and Characteristics of Youth in Residential Placement, 2021
                          - Resource: Trends in Youth Arrests for Violent Crimes
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Homicide Data
                          - Resource: We Meet Them Where They Are: The Importance of Mentoring as a Component of Youth Gang Violence Intervention
                          - Resource: What Youth Say About Their Reentry Needs
                          - Resource: Youth and the Juvenile Justice System: 2022 National Report
                          - Resource: Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM) Toolkit
                          - Resource: Youth Justice Action Month: A Message from John Legend
                          - Resource: Youth Reentry and Family Engagement
                          - Resource: Youth Voice in Juvenile Justice Research
                          - Resource: Youths with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Respect Youth Stories: A Toolkit for Advocates to Ethically Engage in Youth Justice Storytelling
                          - Second Chance Month: April 2023
                          - Share with Youth: Youth Reentry Technical Assistance (YRTA) Center Fellowship Program
                          - Webinar Archive: Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Meeting
                          - Webinar Recording: Building Parent Leadership and Power to Support Faster, Lasting Reunification and Prevent System Involvement
                          - Webinar Recording: Don’t Leave Us Out: Tapping ARPA for Older Youth
                          - Webpage: Youth Violence Intervention Initiative
                          - Youth Voices Have Moved to YE4C

### Collaboration Profiles 

                          - Providing Unbiased Services for LGBTQ Youth Project
                          - Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships
                          - Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships

### Conferences 

                          - 2015 NDTAC National Conference Materials

### Data Sources 

                          - Bureau of Justice Statistics
                          - National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
                          - National Youth Gang Survey Analysis
                          - Uniform Crime Reports

### Feature Articles 

                          - Correctional Education Guidance Package
                          - CrimeSolutions.gov Website Launched
                          - Department of Education Opportunity: Performance Partnership Pilots for Disconnected Youth
                          - Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs
                          - Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C
                          - Keeping youth in school and out of the justice system
                          - Myth Busters: National Reentry and Medicaid
                          - Programs and Strategies for Justice–Involved Young Adults
                          - Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach
                          - Secretary Duncan Hosts First Meeting with National Council of Young Leaders

### Programs 

                          - Gang Resistance and Education Program
                          - OJP Releases FY 2015 Program Plan for Funding Initiatives
                          - Reintegration of ExOffenders Program

### Publications 

                          - 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment
                          - A Comparison of Four Restorative Conferencing Models
                          - Aftercare Services
                          - Amber Alert: Best Practices
                          - Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles: A Framework for Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century
                          - Behavioral Health Problems, Treatment, and Outcomes in Serious Youthful Offenders
                          - Changing Lives: Prevention and Intervention to Reduce Serious Offending
                          - Comprehensive Responses to Youth At Risk: Interim Findings From the SafeFutures Initiative
                          - Criminal Career Patterns
                          - Curriculum for Training Educators of Youth in Confinement
                          - Developmental Sequences of Girls’ Delinquent Behavior
                          - Economic Costs of Youth Disadvantage and High-Return Opportunities for Change
                          - Employment and Training for Court-Involved Youth
                          - Explanations for Offending
                          - Facilitating Cross-System Collaboration: A Primer on Child Welfare, Alcohol and Other Drug Services, and Courts
                          - Fact Sheet: Disproportionate Minority Contact
                          - Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice Issues 2013 Report
                          - Federal Justice Statistics, 2010
                          - First Issue of Journal of Juvenile Justice Available
                          - From the Courthouse to the Schoolhouse: Making Successful Transitions
                          - Functional Impairment in Delinquent Youth
                          - Graphic Novels for Youth in Custody
                          - Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970-98
                          - Highlights of the 2010 National Youth Gang Survey
                          - Implementation of the Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Program
                          - Improving Literacy Skills of Juvenile Detainees
                          - Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: A Community Care Model
                          - Intensive Parole Model for High-Risk Juvenile Offenders
                          - Interim Report for the Department of Labor Youth Offender Demonstration Project: Process Evaluation
                          - Juvenile Arrests 2011
                          - Juvenile Correctional Education: A Time for Change
                          - Juvenile Court Statistics 2009
                          - Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Gang Prevention
                          - Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Juvenile Transfer Laws
                          - Juvenile Mentoring Program: 1998 Report to Congress
                          - Juvenile Mentoring Program: A Progress Review
                          - Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2010
                          - Make a Friend-Be a Peer Mentor
                          - Mentoring-A Proven Delinquency Prevention Strategy
                          - Mobilizing Communities To Prevent Juvenile Crime
                          - National Children’s Mental Health Awareness Day 2013 Short Report, May 9, 2013
                          - National Partnership for Juvenile Services Launches Online Journal
                          - Native American Traditional Justice Practices
                          - OJJDP Annual Report 2012: How OJJDP Is Working for Youth Justice and Safety
                          - OJJDP Family Listening Sessions: Executive Summary
                          - OJJDP Releases Fact Sheet on Delinquency Cases in Criminal Courts
                          - OJJDP Releases Fact Sheet on Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts
                          - OJJDP’s Model Programs Guide Adds Three Literature Reviews
                          - OJJDP’s Statistical Briefing Book - 2012
                          - Prediction and Risk/Needs Assessment
                          - Predictors of Youth Violence
                          - Promoting Recovery and Resilience for Children and Youth Involved in Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems
                          - Prosecution, Transfer, and Registration of Serious Juvenile Sex Offenders
                          - PTSD, Trauma, and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Detained Youth
                          - Reintegrating Juvenile Offenders Into the Community: OJJDP's Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Demonstration Program
                          - Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Intensive Aftercare
                          - Risk Assessment for Adolescents
                          - Serving Youth in Confinement
                          - Socioeconomic Mapping and Resource Topography
                          - Special Education and the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Spring 2014 Issue of Journal of Juvenile Justice
                          - Stories of Change Among Justice-Involved American Indian Youth
                          - Successful Program Implementation: Lessons Learned from Blueprints
                          - Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Detained Youth
                          - Survey of Youth in Residential Placement (SYRP) 2003
                          - The Impact of Gangs on Communities
                          - The Northwestern Juvenile Project: Overview
                          - Trauma-informed Care and Outcomes Among Youth
                          - Victims, Judges, and Juvenile Court Reform Through Restorative Justice
                          - Women and Girls in the Corrections System
                          - You’re an Adult Now: Youth Offenders in Adult Corrections
                          - Young Offenders: What Happens and What Should Happen

### Resources 

                          - Alaska Native Tribal Courts Gain Right to Protect Women in Domestic Violence Cases
                          - Community-Based Responses to Justice-Involved Young Adults
                          - Creating and Maintaining Good Relationships Between Juvenile Justice and Education Agencies
                          - Data Dashboards to Support Title I, Part D Program Administration: A Step-By-Step Guide
                          - Fact Sheet: Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts, 2013
                          - Fact Sheet: Solitary Confinement Banned for Juveniles in Federal Prisons
                          - Gender-Specific Programming
                          - Juvenile Arrests 2012
                          - Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2014 National Report
                          - Juvenile Residential Facility Census, 2012: Selected Findings
                          - New Modules Developed for Sexual Assault Advocate/Counselor Training
                          - New Reports Highlight OJJDP’s Tribal Green Reentry Grantee Experiences
                          - New Title I, Part D Data Collection Resource
                          - OJJDP Bulletin: Deterrence Among High-Risk Adolescents
                          - OJJDP News @ a Glance, January/February 2015
                          - OJJDP News @ a Glance, May/June 2015
                          - OJJDP Releases Research on Youth's Mental Health Needs and Long-Term Outcomes after Detention
                          - OJJDP Safe Start Center
                          - OJJDP Updates National DMC Data to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - OJJDP, MENTOR Launch National Mentoring Resource Center
                          - OJJDP's Pathways to Desistance Bulletins Now Available in E-Book Format
                          - OJJDP’s Model Programs Guide Adds Three Literature Reviews
                          - Policy Guidance: Girls and the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Promote Your Youth Program
                          - Quality Education Services Are Critical for Youth Involved With the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems
                          - Report: 2015 Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice Recommendations
                          - Report: Co-Offending Among Adolescents in Violence Victimizations, 2004-13
                          - Report: Data Snapshot on Hispanic Youth Delinquency Cases
                          - Report: Defend Children: A Blueprint for Effective Juvenile Defender Services
                          - Report: Developmentally Appropriate Criminal Justice Responses to Justice-Involved Young Adults
                          - Report: Evaluations of OJJDP’s Juvenile Justice Reform and Reinvestment Initiative
                          - Report: Expanding Access to Justice, Strengthening Federal Programs
                          - Report: Impact of Domestic Violence Policies and Practices on Girls and Young Women
                          - Report: Judicially-Led Responses to Eliminate School Pathways to the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Juvenile Court Statistics
                          - Report: Juvenile Court Statistics 2014
                          - Report: Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2013
                          - Report: Mentoring in Juvenile Treatment Drug Courts
                          - Report: National Juvenile Probation Office Survey
                          - Report: Recommendations of the LGBT Subcommittee: Advancing the Reform Process for LGBQ/GNCT Youth in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Sexual Victimization in Prisons, Jails, and Juvenile Correctional Facilities
                          - Report: Spotlight on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Spotlight on Juvenile Justice Initiatives: A State by State Survey
                          - Report: The Prevalence of Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships Among Children and Adolescents
                          - Resource: 5 Ways Juvenile Court Judges Can Use Data
                          - Resource: A Guide to the Guidelines: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement
                          - Resource: Arts-Based Programs and Arts Therapies Literature Review
                          - Resource: Arts-Based Programs and Arts Therapies Webpage
                          - Resource: Beyond the Box Resource Guide
                          - Resource: Building a School Responder Model
                          - Resource: Child Labor Trafficking
                          - Resource: Data Snapshot on Youth Residential Facilities
                          - Resource: Diversion Programs I-Guide
                          - Resource: Drug Courts
                          - Resource: Engage, Involve, Empower: Family Engagement in Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts
                          - Resource: Focused Deterrence of High-Risk Individuals: Response Guide No. 13
                          - Resource: Improving Outcomes for Youth with Disabilities in Juvenile Corrections
                          - Resource: Increasing Access to Higher Education for Justice-Involved Individuals
                          - Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement
                          - Resource: Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Guidelines
                          - Resource: Leveraging the Every Student Succeeds Act to Improve Educational Services in Juvenile Justice Facilities
                          - Resource: Mentoring as a Component of Reentry
                          - Resource: New Title I, Part D Data Collection Guide
                          - Resource: OJJDP Policy: Monitoring of State Compliance with the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
                          - Resource: OJJDP Updates Juvenile Homicide Data to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: Raising the Bar: Creating and Sustaining Quality Education Services in Juvenile Detention
                          - Resource: Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: The Mentoring Toolkit 2.0: Resources for Developing Programs for Incarcerated Youth
                          - Resource: Tribal Access to Justice Innovation
                          - Resource: Updated Model Indian Juvenile Code
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Homicide Data
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Juveniles in Residential Placement
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Law Enforcement and Court Data
                          - Resource: Youths with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System; Trauma Among Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Assessing Exposure to Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress in the Juvenile Justice Population
                          - Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Evidence-Informed Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Problems with Youth Involved in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Second Chance Pell Pilot Program for Incarcerated Individuals
                          - Share with Youth: Educational Pathways for Youth Transitioning from Juvenile Justice Facilities
                          - Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking
                          - The Effects of Adolescent Development on Policing
                          - Tip Sheet: Federal Resources and Initiatives for Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At Risk
                          - Trainings: Substance Abuse Treatment, Child Welfare, and Court Professionals
                          - Tribal Crime Data Collection Activities, 2015

### Technical Assistance 

                          - Bureau of Justice Assistance Training and Technical Assistance
                          - National Juvenile Justice Evaluation Center
                          - National Reentry Resource Center
                          - National Training and Technical Assistance Center - Juvenile Justice Programs
                          - The National Center on Education, Disability, and Juvenile Justice (EDJJ)
                          - Tribal Youth Training and Technical Assistance Center

### Tools & Guides 

                          - 3 Bold Steps for School Community Change
                          - CJCA Toolkit for Reducing the Use of Isolation
                          - CrimeSolutions.gov
                          - Departments of Justice, Education Release: Correctional Education Guidance Package for Serving Juvenile Justice System-Involved Youth
                          - Desktop Guide to Quality Practice for Working With Youth in Confinement
                          - Grants 101:  A Resource from Department of Justice
                          - IACP Youth Focused Policing: Program Impact Tools
                          - National Institute of Corrections
                          - OJJDP Updates Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Performance Measures Resources
                          - Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
                          - Resource: A Law Enforcement Official’s Guide to the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model
                          - Resource: Re-Entry Education Toolkit
                          - Risk and Protective Factors Data Tool

### Training Resources 

                          - IACP Launches Online Training Series on Juvenile Interviewing and Interrogation

### Videos & Podcasts 

                          - Supporting the Success of Youth in Juvenile Justice Settings
                          - Understanding Teen Dating Violence

### Webinars & Presentations 

                          - NDTAC Explores What It Takes To Make Youth in Justice Settings College and Career Ready
                          - Webinar: NDTAC Examines the Provision of Free Appropriate Education for Youth With Disabilities in Juvenile Secure Care

### Websites 

                          - Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
                          - Disproportionate Minority Contact
                          - Federal Bureau of Prisons
                          - Gangs (Security Threat Groups)
                          - National Gang Center
                          - National Girls Institute
                          - Resource: How OJJDP Is Meeting the Needs of At-Risk and Justice-Involved LGBTQI-GNC Youth
                          - Resource: National Resource Center on School-Justice Partnerships Website

### Youth Topics 

                          - Juvenile Justice
                          - Suicide Prevention
                          - Trafficking Prevention
                          - Violence Prevention

## Youth Briefs

How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities
Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.

Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference
Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people

How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues
Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.

Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions
Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.

Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs
Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.

Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth
Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).

## Main navigation

- Juvenile Justice
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- Judicially Waived Cases
- Risk & Protective Factors
- Connections with Youth in the Child Welfare System
- Prevention & Early Intervention
- Points of Intervention
- Reentry
- Diversion Programs
- Federal- & State-Level Data
- References

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Resource: Juvenile Court Statistics 2021

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Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships

Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships

### Feature Articles

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Programs and Strategies for Justice–Involved Young Adults

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Economic Costs of Youth Disadvantage and High-Return Opportunities for Change

Prosecution, Transfer, and Registration of Serious Juvenile Sex Offenders

Young Offenders: What Happens and What Should Happen

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Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement

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### Youth Topics

Juvenile Justice

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