2011 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

12-13-2011

USA v. Oliver Chukwuma

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 10-2161

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2011

This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at Villanova

University School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2011 Decisions by an authorized administrator of Villanova

University School of Law Digital Repository. For more information, please contact Benjamin.Carlson@law.villanova.edu.

Recommended Citation

"USA v. Oliver Chukwuma" (2011). 2011 Decisions. Paper 79.

http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2011/79
1

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 10-2161

_____________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

OLIVER CHUKWUMA,

 Appellant

_____________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

For the District of New Jersey 

(D.C. No. 2-09-cr-00195-001)

District Judge: Hon. Faith Fochberg

_____________

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a),

November 15, 2011

BEFORE: FUENTES, CHAGARES, Circuit Judges and RESTANI,* Judge

(Opinion Filed: December 13, 2011)

_____________

OPINION OF THE COURT

_____________

FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Oliver Chukwuma was indicted for his participation in a scheme to 

defraud his former employer by submitting fraudulent invoices for contracting work that 

 * Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge of the United States Court of International 

Trade, sitting by designation. 
2

was never performed and for bribing a bank employee. After a jury trial, he was found 

guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, 

one count of bribery of a bank employee in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 215(a)(2) and three 

counts of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). He was 

sentenced to 86 months’ imprisonment. 

On appeal, Chukwuma contends the District Court committed four errors that 

warrant a reversal of his conviction and remand for a new trial. Specifically, he contends 

that the District Court erred when it: (1) admitted his false employment application in 

violation of Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence; (2) denied his motion for a 

mistrial after the Government made a statement during summation that referred to his 

silence at trial; (3) denied his motion to dismiss count one of the indictment for violation 

of the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1361 et seq.; and, (4) relied upon hearsay statements 

in determining as a threshold matter whether a conspiracy existed for the sole purpose of 

admitting hearsay statements of co-conspirators. For the following reasons, we will

affirm the District Court.

1

I. 

Because we write only for the parties, we discuss only those facts necessary to our 

decision.

Chukwuma was employed as a project manager at Fleet Bank. He was responsible 

for hiring contractors to perform work at bank facilities and approving payment of 

 1 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231 and we have 

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 
3

invoices. The indictment alleged that he knowingly approved false or inflated invoices. 

His co-conspirator, Jack Lubin, testified that he would submit invoices to Chukwuma for 

work that was never performed and that Chukwuma would approve them. Lubin would 

then pay Chukwuma half of the after-tax proceeds. In fact, according to Lubin, they 

would specifically target projects that were completed under budget because they 

remained open for accounting purposes. Over two years, Chukwuma approved more than 

200 inflated or false invoices. 

Fleet Bank discovered the fraud and terminated Chukwuma. About six months 

later, Chukwuma applied for, and eventually got, a job at Valley National Bank. On his

employment application, he indicated that he was laid-off from his job and gave an 

incorrect name and telephone number for his supervisor. While at Valley, Chukwuma 

demanded $20,000 from a contractor in order for that contractor to continue to be eligible 

for projects at the bank. The contractor paid that amount by approving an invoice from 

an architectural firm owned by David Agnew, Chukwuma’s friend. Once the money was 

paid, Agnew gave the money to Chukwuma. 

Chukwuma was arrested on June 14, 2006 on a criminal complaint that charged 

him with a single count of bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344 and 18 U.S.C. § 2. 

From June 2006 through January 2008, several federal magistrate judges issued a series 

of continuance orders. The last such order expired in January 2008. Over a year later, the 

grand jury indicted Chukwuma. This indictment charged him with nine counts: Count 1 

charged him with conspiracy to commit bank fraud, Counts 2 through 5 charged him with 

bank fraud, Count 6 charged him with corrupt demand of a payment by a bank employee, 
4

and Counts 7 through 9 charged him with money laundering. The District Court 

dismissed Counts 2 through 5 for violation of the Speedy Trial Act, but declined to 

dismiss Count 1, the conspiracy charge. 

At trial, along with the direct testimony of his co-conspirator, Lubin, the 

Government introduced evidence of falsified invoices bearing Chukwuma’s authenticated 

handwriting, Chukwuma’s handwritten and typewritten instructions for preparing 

fraudulent invoices, and testimony from other Fleet Bank employees that Chukwuma 

approved invoices on their closed projects that he had no authority to approve. The 

Government also introduced notes in Chukwuma’s handwriting tracking the proceeds of 

the fraud. 

II. 

A.

Generally, we review the admissibility of evidence under an abuse of discretion 

standard. United States v. Christie, 624 F.3d 558, 567 (3d Cir. 2010). However, when an 

objection is not raised before the District Court, it is reviewed for plain error. Id. Even if 

we find the District Court erred, its decision stands if the error was harmless. Id.

Chukwuma stipulated to the admission of the employment application and thus it is 

reviewed for plain error. Id.

Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides that “evidence of other 

crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to 

show action in conformity therewith.” Such evidence can be admitted if has a proper 

purpose under Rule 404(b), it is relevant under Rule 402, its probative value outweighs
5

the potential for unfair prejudice under Rule 403, and the District Court provides a 

limiting instruction when such an instruction is requested. United States v. Vega, 285 

F.3d 256, 261 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing to Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 691–

92 (1988)). 

Here, Chukwuma argues that the employment application was admitted for an 

improper purpose and that the District Court failed to give a limiting instruction. The 

District Court determined that the evidence was admissible for the proper purpose of 

showing a lack of knowledge and a lack of mistake. At trial, Chukwuma argued that he 

did not know the invoices were false and was only negligent in approving them. His 

falsified employment application tended to show an absence of mistake. Chukwuma was 

attempting to conceal the fraud from his new employer, which tends to show that he was 

had knowledge the invoices were false. Therefore, it was not plain error to admit the 

evidence under the rule. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). See also United States v. Green, 617 F.3d 

233, 245 (3d Cir. 2010). 

Further, while the District Court failed to give a limiting instruction, it did so only 

on defense counsel’s insistence. The District Court gave defense counsel two 

opportunities to provide the Court with a draft limiting instruction. Defense counsel 

declined, stating that “I think we’ve come up with a way to address this without the need 

for a limiting instruction at this point.” SA-185. Failure to sua sponte give a limiting 

instruction after counsel specifically declines it is not plain error. See United States v. 

Petersen, 622 F.3d 196, 202 (3d Cir. 2010). Further, given the plethora of evidence 

against Chukwuma, admission of this evidence was harmless. 
6

B.

Chukwuma also contends the District Court erred when it denied his motion for a 

mistrial because the prosecutor commented on his silence at trial. We review such a 

motion for abuse of discretion. United States v. Riley, 621 F.3d 312, 335-36 (3d Cir. 

2010). During rebuttal summation, the prosecutor stated that: “[t]his is a two person 

conspiracy ladies and gentlemen. The defendant and Jack Lubin. Jack Lubin offers that 

unique perspective and by unique there is only one other person who can testify in a two 

person conspiracy, the other co-conspirator.” SA-1054. Defense counsel immediately 

objected, the District Court sustained the objection and gave the jury a limiting 

instruction, which it repeated in its jury instructions. 

A remark directed at a defendant’s silence is impermissible if “the language used 

was manifestly intended or was of such character that the jury would naturally and 

necessarily take it to be a comment on the failure of the accused to testify.” United States 

v. Brennan, 326 F.3d 176, 187 (3d Cir. 2003). “The claim that a prosecutor’s remark 

necessarily would be perceived by a jury as an adverse comment on the accused’s silence 

must be assessed in the context of the summation as a whole and of the evidence 

introduced at trial.” United States v. Brown, 254 F.3d 454, 463 (3d Cir. 2001) (quotation 

marks omitted). Further, a single isolated inappropriate comment does not generally 

warrant a new trial; rather, such a remedy is warranted only when counsel engages in 

“repeated conduct that permeates the trial.” United States v. Riley, 621 F.3d 312, 339 (3d 

Cir. 2010). 
7

While a jury might interpret the statement as a comment on Chukwuma’s failure 

to testify, it is not the natural and necessary inference. The prosecutor was inartfully 

attempting to rebut defense counsel’s argument that Lubin framed Chukwuma. See 

Brown, 254 F.3d at 464. Further, the District Court took appropriate steps to instruct the 

jury to disregard such comment. As this was a single isolated comment that was not 

necessarily directed at defendant’s silence during trial, the District Court’s denial of 

Chukwuma’s motion for a mistrial was not an abuse of discretion. 

C. 

Chukwuma contends that the District Court erred when it denied his motion to 

dismiss Count 1 of the indictment for violation of the Speedy Trial Act. 

Under the Speedy Trial Act, “[i]f, in the case of any individual against whom a 

complaint is filed charging such individual with an offense, no indictment or information

is filed within the time limit . . . such charge against that individual contained in such 

complaint shall be dismissed or otherwise dropped.” 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(1). The Act 

“requires the dismissal of only those charges that were made in the original complaint 

that triggered the thirty-day time period.” United States v. Oliver, 238 F.3d 471, 473 (3d 

Cir. 2001). 

As the Count 1 conspiracy charge was not contained in the original untimely 

complaint, it does not independently run afoul of the Speedy Trial Act. Id. Chukwuma 

urges us to apply the so-called “gilded exception,” whereby a timely-brought charge that 

merely “embellishes” an untimely charge can be dismissed under the Act. See United 

States v. Watkins, 339 F.3d 167,175-177 (discussing, but declining to adopt, the gilding 
8

exception). This Court has not yet recognized such an exception to the Speedy Trial Act. 

Id. Even if we did, it would not preclude the government from bringing a conspiracy 

charge after a substantive charge was dismissed as untimely because “a substantive crime 

and a conspiracy to commit that crime are not the ‘same offense’ for double jeopardy 

purposes.” Id. at 177. Thus, the District Court properly declined to dismiss Count 1. 

III.

We have considered Chukwuma’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. The District Court will be affirmed.