ARL-SR-0358 ● AUG 2016

US Army Research Laboratory

Modern Topics in Energy and Power Technical 

Meeting

by Tsvetanka Zheleva, Edward Shaffer, Dennis Bushnell, and 

Nino Pereira

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ARL-SR-0358 ● AUG 2016

US Army Research Laboratory

Modern Topics in Energy and Power Technical 

Meeting

by Tsvetanka Zheleva and Edward Shaffer

Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, ARL

Nino Pereira

Ecopulse, Inc., Springfield, VA

Dennis Bushnell

National Air and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 

Langley, VA

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14–16 July 2015

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Modern Topics in Energy and Power Technical Meeting

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Tsvetanka Zheleva, Edward Shaffer, Dennis Bushnell, and Nino Pereira

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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

This report summarizes the information exchange at the Modern Topics in Energy and Power Technical Meeting hosted by 

the Energy and Power Division at the US Army Research Laboratory and held at the Adelphi Laboratory Center, Adelphi, 

Maryland, 14–16 July 2015. The meeting’s 8 sessions focused on energy conversion technologies, energy and power for 

directed energy, high-energy-density materials, plasma and nuclear physics, low-energy nuclear reactions, novel compact 

power sources, quantum vacuum energy, and information-energy parallels, with presentations from subject matter specialists 

as well as scientists and managers from the Army, academic institutions, national laboratories, and other US Department of 

Defense and Department of Energy activities. The meeting's intent was in part to provide current perspectives to the Army 

science and technology community on selected energy and power technology–related topics that have recently attracted 

attention.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

power and energy technology, energy conversion technology, directed energy, high-energy-density materials, plasma and 

nuclear physics, low energy nuclear reactions, compact power sources, quantum vacuum energy, information-energy parallels

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UU

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74

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Dr Tsvetanka Zheleva

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Contents

Acknowledgments v

Executive Summary vii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Day One 2

1.2 Day Two 4

1.3 Day Three 7

2. Observations and Recommendations 9

2.1 Energy Conversion Technologies 9

2.2 Energy and Power for Directed Energy 10

2.3 High-Energy-Density Materials 11

2.4 Plasma and Nuclear Physics 11

2.5 Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions 12

2.6 Novel Compact Power Sources 12

2.7 Quantum Vacuum Energy and Matter-Antimatter Topics 13

2.8 Information-Energy Parallels 13

3. Conclusions 14

Appendix A. Modern Topics in Energy and Power Technical Meeting 15

Appendix B. Presentation Abstracts and Presenters’ Biographies 19

Appendix C. Attendees List 57

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 61

Distribution List 63
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Acknowledgments

The authors want to express their gratitude for the support provided by the

organizing committee: Dr Paul Barnes, Dr Mark Dubinsky, Dr Betsy Rice, Dr Jeff 

Carroll, Dr Marc Litz, Dr Cindy Lundgren, Dr Eric Davis, and Dr Vinod Mishra. 

We thank Dr Peter Reynolds for the careful and critical reading and editing of the 

report. We are very grateful for the support provided by Mr John Carroll for helping 

with the overall organization and management of the meeting. We are also very 

thankful to Ms Shannon Wolf and Ms Courtney Cooper for their help with the 

organization of the meeting. The workshop was sponsored and hosted by the 

Energy and Power Division at the US Army Research Laboratory. The authors 

apologize for the delay of the report in view of the rigorous scrutiny of some of the 

topics.
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Executive Summary

This report summarizes the information exchange at the Modern Topics in Energy 

and Power Technical Meeting hosted by the Energy and Power Division at the US 

Army Research Laboratory and held at the Adelphi Laboratory Center, Adelphi, 

Maryland, 14–16 July 2015. The meeting’s 8 sessions focused on energy 

conversion technologies, energy and power for directed energy, high-energydensity materials, plasma and nuclear physics, low-energy nuclear reactions, novel 

compact power sources, quantum vacuum energy, and information-energy 

parallels, with presentations from subject matter specialists as well as scientists and 

managers from the Army, academic institutions, national laboratories, and other US 

Department of Defense and Department of Energy activities. The meeting’s intent 

was in part to provide current perspectives to the Army science and technology 

community on selected energy and power technology–related topics that have 

recently attracted attention.

The meeting was structured to foster exchange of information among participants 

representing a cross section of different and broadly varied technical focus areas. 

This posed both challenges and opportunities. The organizers asked the speakers to 

present a critical overview of their specific topic, which was followed by a 

discussion of their perspective on the gaps in the technology, the priorities of the 

ongoing research, and their expectations for the future direction of the field. 

However, many of the talks were more narrowly focused, mostly on the research in 

their own organization, with in-depth description of their technology and the 

applications they expected from them. One talk provided a broad overview of an 

organization's research portfolio but not in the depth desired for a particular topic. 

Appendix A provides the meeting agenda, and Appendix B gathers the individual 

presenter’s abstracts. While these reflect the speakers’ initial perspectives, the 

following summary provides highlights captured during presentations over the 

course of the 3-day meeting. The structure of the workshop did not provide the 

opportunity for in-depth analysis, discussion, and debate; open questions and 

significant differences in opinion prevail in some areas. Top-level observations and

recommendations capturing the workshop outcomes follow the session summaries.
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1. Introduction

The US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) hosted a 3-day technical meeting 

entitled “Modern Topics in Energy and Power” (MTEP) during 14–16 July 2015 at 

the ARL-Adelphi Laboratory Center, Maryland. This meeting provided a forum for 

the Army energy and power (E&P) science and technology (S&T) community to 

review the state of the art and the current status of research and development in

selected modern topics as well as speculation in concepts with potential relevance 

to future energy and power technologies. More than 60 subject matter experts 

(SMEs) and managers from ARL, Navy Research Laboratory, Air Force Research 

Laboratory, National Air and Space Administration (NASA), Department of 

Defense (DOD), Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), academia, and industry attended 

some or all of the technical sessions, where topics had been selected by the meeting 

organizers for their potential relevance to the Army and, for half of these topics, a 

connection with ongoing research at ARL. This report provides a summary of the 

MTEP workshop discussions. As such, it captures views and opinions as presented 

and expressed by the individual speakers. Although a number of the topics 

presented by the speakers generated considerable follow-on discussion and 

information exchange after the meeting, this report does not represent ARL or 

Army endorsement of specific topics discussed, external approaches, or programs. 

In its initial phase the MTEP meeting focused on technologies under development 

with near-term applications, including energy conversion technologies, E&P for 

directed energy, and high-energy-density materials. The meeting's latter part was 

envisioned to provide discussion on less-visited topics such as plasma and nuclear 

physics, low-energy nuclear reactions, novel compact power sources, quantum 

vacuum energy, and the parallels between information and energy. Although the 

viability or practicality of some of these areas is uncertain or questionable, a better 

understanding of the scientific and technical landscape was desired to help inform 

ideas for potential future E&P research. Following the meeting, participants 

exchanged information in informal working groups toward furthering discussions 

on selected areas and exploring the potentials of future research and possible 

collaborative efforts on more-focused topics such as high-energy-density materials, 

E&P for directed energy, and others.

The event was hosted and chaired by the E&P Division at ARL’s Sensors and 

Electron Devices Directorate (SEDD). Dr Ed Shaffer, Chief of the E&P Division, 

as General Chair, chartered the workshop not only to inform ARL of the current 

status in these areas, but also Army and joint partners through the Army Energy 

and Power Community of Practice and DOD Energy and Power Community of 
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Interest. The Honorary Chair was Mr Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist from 

NASA’s Langley Research Center, who has extensively investigated a number of 

the less-well-known topic areas. Technical Chair for the workshop was 

Dr Tsvetanka Zheleva, Associate Chief for the Energy and Power Division at ARL. 

The meeting chairs, branch chiefs, and team leads from ARL formed the core 

organizing committee, nominating speakers for the technical sessions from leading 

groups from academia and national laboratories working in the areas under 

discussion. The meeting agenda is shown in Appendix A, the presenters’ abstracts 

in Appendix B, and the attendee list in Appendix C. 

1.1 Day One

The first day of the meeting started with a General Session with opening remarks 

by ARL’s Dr Ed Shaffer, who set the agenda for the meeting in the context of the 

major E&P research topics at ARL in the broad areas of electrochemistry, power 

components, and power conditioning. In his talk on exotic/advanced energetics,

Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA-Langley, presented a precis of the 

exotic/advanced energetics landscape. He provided brief descriptions of the 

characteristics and potentials for nanoporous silicon, atomic propellants (hydrogen 

H, not H2), strain bond energy release (SBER), pyro-electric fusion, low-energy 

nuclear reactions (LENRs), isomers, metallic hydrogen, positrons, nuclear 

thermionic avalanche cells, cold-fast compression, metastable helium, the 

Slingatron, halophytes, and zero point energy. Mr Bushnell’s talk ended with his

top-level rank-order suggestion for National Security Applications–LENR, 

positrons, and SBER. These and others discussed topics, it was suggested, could

provide orders to many orders of magnitude greater energy density than chemical 

fuels as well as revolutionize both defensive and offensive national security, for 

both platforms and weaponry. The major objectives of the meeting were outlined 

by Dr Tsvetanka Zheleva (ARL): 

 Review current research and state-of-the-art technology of selected topics 

relevant to energy and power issues in the future.

 Gain collective knowledge and understanding of proposed revolutionary 

ideas, experiments, models, and concepts.

 Help the Army shape and focus emerging energy and power technologies 

supporting future capabilities.

 Enable further strategic and critical thinking in the energy and power 

domain to identify opportunities for mid- and long-term research that 

addresses DOD needs. 
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Dr Zheleva named the following 4 focus areas for discussion for each of the E&P 

topics in the various sessions: 

 What is the present status of the S&T? 

 Where are the gaps in the understanding of the science or in technology 

applications? 

 What are the research and development priorities for the Army? 

 What can be expected from the different technologies in the future? 

The first technical session, entitled “Energy Conversion Technologies”, was 

chaired by Dr Paul Barnes (ARL). Dr John Turner from NREL presented 

“Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, from Fundamental to Devices,” and 

Professor Lane Martin from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory presented 

“Advanced Thermal-to-Electrical Pyroelectric Energy Conversion”. The latter 2 

talks gave a comprehensive overview of their own topics but did not compare them 

with competing technologies for energy conversion.

The next session, “Energy and Power for Directed Energy”, was chaired by 

Dr Mark Dubinskiy (ARL). Dr Gary Wood (ARL), Chief of ARL’s Electro-Optics 

and Photonics Division of SEDD, gave a big-picture overview with priorities, gaps,

and future directions for the ARL/DOD laser programs in his “Thoughts on the 

Future of Laser Directed Energy”. He considers directed energy (DE) to be a 

component of electronic warfare (EW)—part of electronic attack, protection, and 

support. Furthermore, Dr Wood described the advantages and disadvantages of 

directed energy warfare (DEW). He described the major requirements of a DE 

system: power and thermal management, mechanical support, deconfliction, 

detection (RF) and imaging sensors (infrared and visible), real-time response, and 

others. After providing an overview of Army high-energy laser programs, starting 

in the mid-1970s and currently ongoing, Dr Wood gave a deeper analysis of the 

scalability of solid-state laser (from kilowatts to megawatts of power), the various 

mechanisms for beam control, and briefly described laser protection programs, 

including active and passive sensor protection and structural protection. He

outlined his view on future directions and overcoming barriers: diode pumping, 

cryogenic cooling, beam combining, and developing new and improved materials 

to overcome fiber laser limitations. Dr Wood also addressed long-term challenges 

such as power scaling for solid-state lasers, diminishing and eliminating the 

limitations of the line-of-sight requirement, dependence on atmospheric conditions, 

thermal management, as well as improving the size, weight, power, and cost 

(SWaP-C) parameters. 
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In contrast, Dr Dubinskiy’s talk, “Fully Crystalline Double Clad Fibers – Next 

Generation in Laser Power Scaling”, was a comprehensive talk focused explicitly 

on ARL’s state-of-the art, next-generation, fully crystalline, double-clad fiber laser 

program that would enable 1–2 orders of magnitude power scalability of the 

double-clad lasers compared with that of glass fiber lasers. 

The day’s last session, “High Energy Density Materials”, was chaired by Dr Betsy 

Rice (ARL). In the first of 3 talks, “Nano High Energy Density Materials”,

Professor Steve Sun from Purdue University discussed not only new energetic 

materials for high-energy-density, but also reviewed ways to achieve high-energy 

densities with new materials and highlighted properties besides energy density that 

might enable disruptive capabilities. The last 2 talks were classified For Official 

Use Only and presented only to government employees and government 

contractors. In her talk “Strain Bond Energy Release from Nano-Diamonds”,

Dr Jennifer Gottfried (ARL) described the theoretical and experimental progress at 

ARL toward demonstrating SBER from nanodiamonds. In her talk “Extended 

Solids”, Dr Jennifer Ciezak-Jenkins (ARL) introduced a new class of advanced 

energetic materials, the so-called extended solids, and reviewed previous work and 

current research at ARL on storing energy in metastable structures by pressure, 

resulting in highly strained chemical bonds that are metastable at standard 

temperature and pressure and can release the energy on command.

1.2 Day Two

The second day of the meeting started with 2 talks on plasma and nuclear physics 

in a session chaired by Mr Morris Berman (ARL). In the first talk, “Energy and 

Pulsed Power for National Security Applications: A Naval Perspective”, 

Dr Thomas Mehlhorn, Senior Executive Service (NRL), gave an extensive 

overview of the current status of the E&P programs at NRL. These range from nearterm Naval Energy Initiatives, sailing a “Great Green Fleet” of nuclear and hybrid 

electric ships and planes running on biofuels, and phasing-in the use of hybrid, 

electric, and flex fuel vehicles. Long-term energy initiatives include creating jet 

fuel based on seawater, research on photovoltaics (PVs) of different types, 

lightweight fuel cell systems for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), batteries “beyond 

lithium”, and benthic microbial fuel cells (electrodes embedded in marine 

sediments). Given its importance, NRL now has a national program to develop 

inertial confinement fusion (ICF) as a potential path to thermonuclear energy. 

Related topics include long-range wireless recharging with high-power lasers as 

well as compact, repetitive, efficient, and thermally managed pulsed power for 

applications of repetitive high-energy electron beams (e.g., for the cleanup of power 

plant emissions).
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In his talk, “Isomers: Energy Storage and Directed Gamma Radiation”, Dr Jeff 

Carroll (ARL) reviewed the physics of nuclear structure and how this relates to 

nuclear isomers. These are nuclei with relatively long-lived metastable excited 

states whose nuclear-scale energy could possibly be liberated with electromagnetic 

radiation (in contrast with the usual nuclear mechanisms such as neutron and other 

particle bombardment, and fission). He mentioned not only propitious applications, 

such as long-lived nuclear batteries that turn on by irradiation and directed energy 

in the form of highly penetrating gamma radiation, but also emphasized the 

challenges in nuclear isomer research and the difficulties in realizing practical 

application. 

The next session, “Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR)”, was chaired by 

Dr Cindy Lundgren (ARL). The nature of the underlying phenomena involved with 

energy release in these systems remains a subject of open investigation. It is also 

known by some scientists as the Pons-Fleischmann Heat Effect (PFHE), or as 

Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS), over the better-known term Cold 

Fusion. A number of exploratory efforts are being undertaken in this area in the 

community, ranging across realms of theory, experimentation, and application. 

Speakers in this session represented viewpoints from a sampling of these efforts. 

Key discussions on PFHE energy release involved the nature of the mechanism 

(neither explained by conventional nuclear reactions nor, believed by some,

chemical bond energy) and the viability and value of harnessing this energy for 

practical applications versus other energy technologies.

The first talk in this session, “LENR – Cold Fusion, CMNS: Present and Future 

Status”, was presented by Dr Michael McKubre from SRI International. Again, 

although the underlying phenomena are not well understood, SRI has been 

performing LENR-related experiments for over 25 years. Dr McKubre provided an 

overview of SRI’s work on the topic, including a summary of SRI’s efforts to 

replicate the experiments of others. In his overview, Dr McKubre contrasted 

measurements that seem to support a nuclear reaction with their problematic 

aspects, notably a lack of clear, reproducible data in all these measurements. Dr 

McKubre proposed 2 pathways to reach scientific consensus about the PFHE: the 

rigorous scientific method or a technology demonstration that produces energy 

irrespective of a clear understanding of the physical basis. 

The second talk, “A Short Discourse on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR)”,

was given by Dr Tapan Patel, a postdoctoral fellow in Dr George Miley’s group at

the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Dr Miley is a Professor 

Emeritus at UIUC who is attempting to commercialize LENR. The talk presented

a systematic overview of PFHE research going on at the UIUC (well-known for its 

PFHE investigations). He outlined their various approaches focusing on deuterium 
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loading in solids with different techniques (electrolytic, gas loading, plasma 

bombardment, electrodiffusion, and sonic) and discussed future work intended to 

mitigate the inability to replicate results in earlier experiments, such as preventing 

the sintering of nanoparticles and higher control point temperatures. 

The next session, “Novel Compact Power Sources,” was chaired by Dr Marc Litz 

(ARL). In the first talk, “The Lockheed Martin (LM) Compact Fusion Reactor 

Program”, Dr Thomas McGuire presented his program to develop LM’s compact 

fusion reactor (CFR) concept. He described the novel magnetic cusp configuration 

that, the researchers believe, allows a stable plasma to be achieved in compact 

equipment that is consistent with the economic demands on power plants and 

mobile power sources. He described the status of the current plasma confinement 

experiments underway at LM as well as the challenges and opportunities for future 

applications.

The second talk, “GEM*STAR: Accelerator-driven Subcritical System for 

Improved Safety, Waste Management, and Plutonium Disposition”, by Dr Rolland 

Johnson from Muons, Inc., described the potential for a new generation of compact 

nuclear reactors that operate without the need for a critical core, fuel enrichment, 

or reprocessing. He presented the design of a multipurpose reactor that combines 2 

well-developed technologies (namely a high-power proton accelerator similar to 

that in the Spallation Neutron Source and a long-abandoned concept of a hightemperature molten-salt reactor, both at Oak Ridge National Laboratory). The 

GEM*STAR reactor contains less than a critical mass of fissile material and almost 

a million times less radioactivity in fission products than conventional reactors (like 

those at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, or Fukushima). The GEM*STAR concept 

can obtain energy from spent nuclear fuel, natural uranium, thorium, or surplus 

weapons material.

The keynote talk, aptly titled “Exotic/Advanced Energetics”, presented by Dennis 

Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA’s Langley Research Center, ended the day on a 

high note, focusing on futuristic ideas. He briefly described various potentially 

revolutionary ideas for higher power and energy applications. Some of the 

underlying S&T areas were also discussed elsewhere in the MTEP meeting, such 

as strain-bond energy release, nuclear isomers, and antimatter fuel. Others areas 

were posed as suggestions for further discussions on futuristic topics, for example 

atomic fuels, metallic H2, amorphous silicon, densified deuterium, nonvalence band 

thermionics, cold fast compression for thermonuclear fusion, and many other

potentially revolutionary ideas.
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1.3 Day Three

The third day of the meeting consisted of 2 disparate technical sessions. The first 

session, “State-of-the Art Applications of the Quantum Vacuum Energy”, was 

organized and chaired by Dr Eric Davis from the Institute for Advanced Studies at 

Austin, Texas. The first talk, “Empty Space: the Multilayered, Multicolored 

Superconductor,” given by Dr Davis himself, was very informative in outlining the 

theoretical physics concepts behind quantum vacuum energy (QVE), particularly 

for the attendees who had little exposure to this area. Dr Davis started with a brief 

review of the 19th century debate on the empty vacuum versus the aether, followed 

by a big-picture overview of the quantum fields of nature. 

For all these fields, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle results in zero-point field 

fluctuations. On this basis, the vacuum is filled with these different fluctuations.

The well-known Casimir effect can be explained in terms of these field fluctuations. 

He explicitly acknowledged that the vacuum energy is minute in magnitude and of 

limited application but implicitly assumed that it can be technologically scaled up.

Such vacuum fluctuations occur in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and the 

exotic “colored” superconducting state of the quantum vacuum in QCD motivated

the title of the talk. He argued that the “melting” of the QCD vacuum at ultra-high 

energies (as in the early universe, or as can be achieved on a tiny scale at the 

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, a nuclear accelerator) can release the energy of the 

phase transition, which he estimated in a tiny volume after the collision of 2 heavy 

nuclei as 1035 J/m3. He claimed that for the minute amount of time that the nuclei's 

constituent quarks behave as free particles, this energy could become available. In 

the same vein, he speculated that the melting of the Higgs field would release even 

more energy, although he admitted that this may not be an experimentally reachable 

goal in the foreseeable future. Dr Davis’ talk concluded by mentioning some of the 

progress in ultrahigh-intensity laser technology, that might lead to exa-watt or even 

zetta-watt pulses on zepto-second time scales. He conjectured that the resulting so 

called “sparking of the vacuum” could be a potential mechanism to enable QVE 

energy release. 

Applications of QVE was the topic of the second talk, “Developing Spacecraft 

Propulsion Methods Using the Quantum Vacuum”, presented by Dr G Jordan 

Maclay, Chief Scientist at Quantum Fields LLC. He emphasized the exquisite 

precision (to 1 part per billion) achieved in quantum electrodynamics (QED) 

predictions (e.g., the magnetic moment of the electron and the value of the fine 

structure constant). He then asserted that zero-point vacuum energy might be 

extracted in multiple ways, perhaps with static or accelerated surfaces, or by 

causing interference between different modes in a cavity. To illustrate, he discussed 
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the Casimir force, which results from the exclusion of long-wavelength 

electromagnetic modes between 2 electrically conducting plates. Such forces are 

important in microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology and can now be 

measured accurately as well. He then hypothesized implementing quantum forces 

for space propulsion as has been proposed by others. In the summary of his talk, 

and in the subsequent discussions, Dr Maclay admitted that these effects from zeropoint fluctuations all involve the longer wavelength components of the vacuum 

fluctuations and consequently would produce disappointingly small forces. 

The third talk in this session, “Matter-Antimatter Propulsion via Parallel Electric 

and Magnetic Fields”, was presented by Professor Gerald Cleaver from the Center 

for Astrophysics, Space Physics and Engineering Research and the Department of 

Physics at Baylor University, Waco, Texas. Professor Cleaver first reviewed the 

history of the particle/antiparticle pair production, which was conceived in the 

1930s and is now part of QED, developed in the 1950s. QED predicts electronpositron pair production from the vacuum when the electric field reaches a critical 

value (the Schwinger limit, E0 ~ 1020 V/m), which is comparable to the intensity of 

some current lasers. Professor Cleaver described physical processes that could 

lower the critical field below the Schwinger limit or, equivalently, enhance 

particle/antiparticle pair production above the Schwinger limit. These include 

modifications to the laser pulse shape as well as an external magnetic field. 

Although Professor Cleaver's presentation primarily dealt with basic physics, he 

referenced potential applications of matter-antimatter material proposed by others, 

such as an energy-rich rocket fuel as would be needed for interstellar propulsion. 

However, the need for a containment magnetic field strength on the order of 50 kT 

(3 orders of magnitude higher than the maximum of 50 T obtained in the best 

laboratory magnets) renders such fuel impractical at this point because it cannot be 

contained even if it could be made in sufficient volume. 

The meeting’s final session, on Information-Energy Parallels, was chaired by 

Dr Vinod Mishra (ARL) and included 2 presentations. The first, “Data Challenges 

in the Internet of Energy”, was by Professor Anna Scaglione of Arizona State 

University, who gave an inspiring, scholarly description of electric vehicles, smart 

thermostats, and smart lighting as a distinct ecosystem that will allow customers to 

interact with the market of electricity directly while at the same time optimize

customer preferences. This will enable improved use of the variable production 

from renewable energy, from distributed “producers/consumers” and centralized 

plants alike. In this construct, the distribution grid will require new sensing and 

control technology as well as power electronics and storage resources. Such 

developments offer immense opportunities in the near future but also many 

challenges. 
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Dr Scaglione noted the differences between the Internet and the energy 

infrastructure: Unlike the Internet, which is managed in a decentralized way, power 

systems are large vertically integrated infrastructures that must interact with market 

forces in their own way. Professor Scaglione noted some of the challenges, 

including a lack of attraction of industrial control issues compared with other topics, 

the near absence of data compression techniques sufficiently powerful to deal with 

the data overflow, and the problem of examining the data to decide on scheduling 

a large number of transactions. In addition the talk discussed cyber security and 

privacy issues arising in general with the Internet of Things and with the Internet 

of Energy in particular.

The last presentation of the meeting, “Secure Energy-Based Critical 

Infrastructure”, was presented by Profesor Wei Yu of Towson University in 

Baltimore, Maryland. This talk, on the smart grid, was more narrowly focused. 

Professor Yu described the smart grid as a typical energy-based cyber-physical 

system that uses modern computing, communication, and control technologies to 

make the power grid more efficient, reliable, and secure. He emphasized the 

vulnerability of smart grids operating in hostile environments, as in military tactical 

microgrid environments, due to the lack of tamper-resistant hardware for sensor, 

meters, etc. Professor Yu introduced a modeling framework to systematically 

explore the space of threats in the smart grid and their impacts on both system 

operations and end users, as well as the development of effective mitigation 

schemes to defend against these attacks.

2. Observations and Recommendations 

Although selected topics were presented to provide a perspective on militaryrelevant energy and power conversion technologies, this workshop does not 

represent a comprehensive review of the subject areas. As such, in many cases, the 

ability to extract relevant gaps, opportunities, and recommendations from the 

discussions is limited. Given this caveat, a number of summary comments are 

outlined in the following.

2.1 Energy Conversion Technologies

Observations

 The MTEP session focused on several novel approaches not as well known 

to the E&P community as more established efforts. The comparative value 

of emerging energy conversion areas vis-à-vis other technologies for 

military utility is not widely understood.
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Recommendations

 Assemble a team of SMEs to perform an extensive, thorough comparative 

review on multiple energy conversion technologies (from the conventional 

to more futuristic) and prepare a peer-review paper and technical report on 

the topic. 

 Such comprehensive review will be extremely useful and currently is 

missing from the current state-of-the-art literature on the topic. 

2.2 Energy and Power for Directed Energy 

Observations 

 This session turned out to be a programmatic review of existing DE/EW 

efforts, with limited discussion regarding E&P needs, challenges, and

opportunities. 

 It was acknowledged that scaling up current output power from 10s to 100s+ 

of kilowatts is power source limited and thermally constrained for a given 

platform. 

Recommendations

 Continue “technology push”–based E&P component efforts as the 

Army/DOD defines a comprehensive strategy and focus for DE/EW. 

 Continue enabling S&T to reduce DEW SWaP-C; for example the US 

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has defined a goal of 5 kg/kW 

(1 kg/kW for laser amplifiers).

 Identify and address anticipated/possible barriers to system applications; for 

example, scalable laser schemes favor solid state diode pumping; cryogenic 

cooling should be further explored (enhances efficiency); materials to 

overcome fiber limitations and power efficiency losses (beam combining 

schemes with large bandwidth possible); hybridized materials, components, 

subsystems (integration potential of DEW with other structures, systems, 

weapons has not been explored; use of universal power source for multiple 

platform applications, etc.).
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2.3 High-Energy-Density Materials 

Observations

 There is enormous disruptive potential for extended solids, supported by 

thermochemical evidence.

 The challenge remains to be scale-up to gram batches (limited by highpressure vessels).

Recommendations

 Continue work to address challenges: deployment of new techniques for 

large-scale production, characterization of performance properties on small 

scale, bridging length scales, and develop solid-state quantum mechanical 

theories.

2.4 Plasma and Nuclear Physics

Observations 

 Nuclear isomers, metastable states of nuclei, can store energy for times 

ranging from microseconds to decades. The isomers can give up their 

energy spontaneously in radioactive decay; however, the decay can also be 

stimulated by some external stimulus. 

 Nuclear isomers are unique because the external stimulus can be 

electromagnetic radiation, while all nuclei (including nuclear isomers) can 

be made to decay by irradiation with the right kind of charged particles or 

exposure to neutrons.

 Potential applications for nuclear isomers are, for example, gamma ray 

lasers and radioisotope “reserve batteries”, for which nuclear isomers might 

be uniquely suited.

Recommendations

 Continue research at the discovery level to keep Army scientists cognizant 

of the latest developments and to participate in relevant team efforts with 

relevant groups in the United States and elsewhere in the world.

 Explore the gamma ray laser “GRASER” dilemma: the fundamental 

conflict between need to pump to create inversion while minimizing heating

of host medium (to permit Mössbauer recoil-free emission without Doppler 

broadening).
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 Participate in measurements requiring state-of-the-art experimental 

equipment/facilities with techniques tailored to a particular nuclide of 

interest.

2.5 Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions

Observations

 Two major gaps inhibit LENR/PFHE efforts: the lack of reproducibility in 

experiments and the lack of a verifiable theory. Despite these gaps, a

number of governmental (United States and others), industry, and academic 

efforts have proceeded to marginal and inconclusive effect to date.

Recommendations

 The current consensus in the scientific community is that PFHE is not of 

nuclear origin, hence research along these lines would not be productive. 

 To the extent that it is considered necessary to keep track of this field, it 

makes some sense to evaluate ongoing research at universities or small 

companies (engage in appropriate “technology watch” efforts). 

2.6 Novel Compact Power Sources

Observations

 Numerous scientific and engineering challenges remain in developing 

practical, nuclear-based compact power sources. Development of the 

underlying technologies may evolve solutions of more immediate 

value/application, such as special heat-resisting materials and high-power 

applications (e.g., producing plasmas/fields for DE).

 Linear accelerator expertise is available to the S&T community in activities 

such as that offered by Muons, Inc. Such expertise may become useful if 

the Army decides to modify existing liner nuclear accelerators for nuclearphysics-related research. However, the concept as presented is not currently 

within the Army’s charter. 

Recommendations

 The Army should maintain a “technology watch” effort regarding the small 

nuclear/compact fusion efforts. It would be useful for Army scientists to 

participate in those pursued by Lockheed and others, not so much for its 

payoff (which in all likelihood will not be a viable fusion reactor) but 
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primarily for the insight it provides Army scientists into what is and what is 

not feasible with this type of advanced technology. 

 Consider participating with other US government agencies in the proposed 

project.

2.7 Quantum Vacuum Energy and Matter-Antimatter Topics

Observations

 Although the explanation of the underlying principles given of quantum 

field theory are scientifically sound, extrapolation toward ideas related to 

QVE and the ability to access such energy remain speculative.

 No practical applications are anticipated within the foreseeable future 

because it is still an open question whether there is useful energy to be had. 

 There are aspects of pure and applied physics discovery related to quantum 

fields that remain of interest to the Army/DOD and the broader research 

community. One example is the analysis by Pereira (International Journal 

of Theoretical Physics (IJTF), to be published, 2016), questioning the 

support for QVE implied by Puthoff (IJTF, 2007).

 Matter-antimatter pair production remains out of reach for any practical 

military application for the foreseeable future. Although the cost was 

$63 trillion per microgram in 2000, the current cost per microgram has 

decreased to $200,000. However, to be economically viable as a fuel source, 

the cost would need to be further reduced by a factor of 10,000 (per “Status 

of Antimatter”, NASA Glenn Research Center, www.nasa.gov/centers 

/glenn/technology/warp/antistat.html; 2015 July 14). Moreover, regardless 

of cost, there has been no demonstrated approach to produce antimatter at 

any practical scale, as needed for its use as a fuel. 

Recommendations

Consider tech watch of underlying physics, for example pure physics 

experiments enabled by peta-watt-class lasers and the associated 

engineering and materials developments.

2.8 Information-Energy Parallels

Observations

 Since most of the interesting energy and power aspects are treated as 

peripheral to the core information/cyber-related work, energy-centric 

discussions in these areas remain a challenge.
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Recommendations

 Explore the “holistic” approach to understanding the information-energy 

parallels; a possible, viable scheme is the Harvard “information 

philosopher” construct: http://www.informationphilosopher.com/.

 Organize separate workshop on this and related topics.

 Organize seminar series/lecture format inviting leading experts in the field.

3. Conclusions

Overall, the MTEP meeting was an exciting forum for exchange of ideas, including 

very futuristic ones, related to energy across a very broad range of areas of interest 

to the E&P community. 

Because of the broad range of topics, the variety of approaches received from the 

presenters and the participants did not provide an optimal opportunity for in-depth 

discussions on a given topic.

The scientific depth and rigor of information provided was uneven across the areas. 

Given the limited scope and time available, for some of the most controversial 

topics it was difficult to come to a conclusive consensus about the challenges and 

the gaps and the potential future opportunities.

There is sufficient in-house DOD expertise available to follow up with the 

information presented at the meeting and the recommendations based on the 

subsequent discussions, via analysis, exchange of information, follow-on meetings, 

etc., within selected areas, to include the following:

 Areas for Army/DOD worth further inquiry (but not active programs): 

o underlying phenomena related to LENR

 Areas where Army/DOD should not actively engage (but limited 

technology watch may be appropriate) at this time:

o LENR experimentation

o QVE applications

o Matter/antimatter physics
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Appendix A. Modern Topics in Energy and Power Technical 

Meeting

____________________

This appendix appears in its original form, without editorial change.
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Agenda

July 14, 2015

Welcome and Introductions

7:30 Registration

8:30 Welcome, Overview Energy and Power Topics at ARL

Dr. Ed Shaffer - ARL

8:40 National security energy going forward

Dennis Bushnell – NASA ST

8:50 Meeting Goals and Objectives

Dr. Tsvetanka Zheleva – ARL

Energy Conversion Technologies, Chair: Dr. Paul Barnes

9:00 Photoelectrochemical water splitting, from fundamentals to devices

Dr. John Turner - NREL

10:00 BREAK

10:15 Advanced Thermal-to-Electrical Pyroelectric Energy Conversion

Prof. Lane Martin – LBNL

Energy and Power for Directed Energy, Chair: Dr. Mark 

Dubinsky

11:15 Thoughts on the Future of Laser Directed Energy

Dr. Gary Wood, ARL

12:15 LUNCH 

13:00 Fully-crystalline Double-clad Fibers - Next Generation in Laser 

Power Scaling

Dr. Mark Dubinsky, ARL

High Energy Density Materials, Chair: Dr. Betsy Rice

14:00 Nano-High Energy Density Materials

Dr. Steve Son, Purdue University

15:00 Strain Bond Energy Release from Nanodiamonds (FOUO)

Dr. Jennifer Gottfried, ARL 

16:00 BREAK

16:15 Extended Solids (FOUO)

Dr. Jennifer Ciezak-Jenkins, ARL

17:15 ADJOURN
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15 July, 2015 

Plasma and Nuclear Physics, Chair: Mr. Morris Berman

8:30 Energy and Pulsed Power for National Security Applications: A 

Naval Perspective 

Dr. Thomas Mehlhorn, NRL

9:30 Isomers: Energy Storage and Directed Gamma Radiation

Dr. Jeff Carroll, ARL

10:30 BREAK

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, Chair: Dr. Cindy Lundgren

10:45 Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) – Cold Fusion – CMNS; 

Present and Projected Future Status 

Dr. Michael McKubre, SRI International

11:45 LUNCH

12:45 A Short Discourse on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR)

Prof. George Miley, Dr. Tapan Patel, Dr. Bert Stunkard, University of 

Illinoi at Urbana-Champaign

Novel Compact Power Sources, Chair: Dr. Marc Litz

13:45 The Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor Program

Dr. Thomas McGure, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

14:45 BREAK

15:00 GEM*STAR Accelerator-driven Subcritical System for Improved 

Safety, Waste management, and Plutonium Disposition

Dr. Rolland Johnson, Muons, Inc.

16:00 Exotic Energies

Dennis Bushnell, NASA ST

17:00 ADJOURN/ GROUP DINNER (TBD)

16 July, 2015 

State-of-the Art Applications of Quantum Vacuum Energy, 

Chair: Dr. Eric Davis

8:30 Empty Space: The Multilayered, Multicolored Superconductor

Dr. Eric Davis, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin

9:30 Developing Spacecraft Propulsion Methods Using the Quantum 

Vacuum

Dr. Jordan Maclay, Quantum Fields LLC 

10:30 BREAK

10:45 Matter-Antimatter Propulsion via Parallel Electric and Magnetic 

Fields 

Prof. Gerald Cleaver, Baylor University

11:45 LUNCH

Information-Energy Parallels, Chair: Dr. Vinod Mishra

12:45 Data Challenges in the Internet of Energy

Prof. Anna Scaglione, Arizona State University

13:45 Secure Energy-Based Cyber-Physical Systems

Prof. Wei Yu, Towson University

14:45 BREAK
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15:00 Discussion: Chairs: Ed Shaffer, Dennis Bushnell, Tsvetanka Zheleva

17:00 ADJOURN
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Appendix B. Presentation Abstracts and Presenters’ Biographies

____________________

This appendix appears in its original form, without editorial change.
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20

ABSTRACTS AND BIOS

Modern Topics in Energy and Power Technical meeting

14-16 July 2015

US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD

Disclaimer: The author provided abstracts herein represent solely the individual 

authors’ perspectives. As such, author provided information in this report is 

offered here “as is”, without Army or peer review regarding the scientific or 

technical validity or merit of the ideas expressed.

Tuesday, 14 July, 9:00

Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, from Fundamentals to Devices

John A. Turner

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401

John.Turner@nrel.gov

Forty years after the first reported photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting 

experiment, commercial hydrogen production from PEC is still a dream. Literally 

100’s of millions of dollars and thousands of papers later and still no semiconductor 

system has been identified that has the potential for economical hydrogen 

production from PEC water splitting. 

Recent technoeconomic analysis studies indicate that a 20% solar-to-hydrogen PEC 

conversion efficiency is necessary for a commercially viable system. Additional 

requirements of lifetime (years), and cells costs (<$400/m2) make a working device 

extremely challenging. 

To achieve such high efficiencies, semiconductors with superior electronic 

properties are required as well as highly active catalysts. Clearly then one must 

decide whether to use an existing PV-based semiconductor or search for a new 

semiconductor with the necessary electronic properties. The majority of the 

research has been directed at metal oxides due to their expected low costs, ease of 

synthesis and stability. Little progress has been made; efficiencies for these oxide 

systems are abysmally low, primarily due to their poor electronic structure.

The III-V-based solar cells show the highest solar PV efficiency and thus are 

excellent candidates for a PEC system. In fact, the highest solar-to-hydrogen 

efficiency to-date for PEC water splitting using visible light is the III-V 

GaAs/GaInP2 PV/PEC tandem cell, but cell costs are high and lifetime is low. 

On the other hand, multi-component transition metal oxides are complex materials, 

making intuitive guesses difficult and a focused search very challenging.

This presentation will discuss some of the challenges and opportunities facing PEC 

community in our search for a workable PEC solar water-splitting system that could 
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lead to a commercial device. The discussion will include metal oxides, surface 

treatments and tandem cells for PEC water splitting.

Dr. John Turner Biography

John A. Turner, Ph. D., is a Research Fellow at the National Renewable Energy 

Laboratory (NREL). He started his career in electrochemistry at Idaho State 

University as an undergraduate working on sodium and potassium amalgam 

batteries. After receiving his B.S. degree in Chemistry he moved to Colorado State 

University and joined Bob and Janet Osteryoung’s group working on pulsed 

voltammetric techniques. He received his Ph.D. in Electroanalytical Chemistry and 

then moved to Caltech, joining Fred Anson’s group for his postdoctoral work. 

While at Caltech he worked with Heinz Gerischer on photoelectrochemistry and 

fell in love with the area. He joined NREL (then the Solar Energy Research 

Institute) in 1979 to work in Art Nozik’s group on hot-carrier processes at 

semiconductor electrodes. He then began research on photoelectrochemical water 

splitting for hydrogen production and he current holds the record for the highest 

solar-to-hydrogen efficiency from a photoelectrochemical-based device. His 

research topics include semiconductor materials and structures, catalysts for the 

hydrogen and oxygen reactions, and fundamental processes of charge transfer at 

semiconductor electrodes. He has twice received the Midwestern Research Institute 

President’s Award for Exceptional Performance in Research. In addition, he has 

received the Hydrogen Technical Advisory Panel award for Research Excellence, 

an Idaho State University Outstanding Achievement Award (2006), the Japanese 

Society of Coordination Chemistry Lectureship Award, and six Outstanding Mentor 

Awards from the US Department of Energy for his work with undergraduate 

students. He is the author or co-author of over 160 peer-reviewed publications in 

the areas of photoelectrochemistry, fuel cells, batteries, general electrochemistry 

and analytical chemistry. He is a Fellow of the Renewable and Sustainable Energy 

Institute, a joint institute between NREL and the University of Colorado, Boulder, 

and a 2012-2014 Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer. He is co-Editor of the Journal 

of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, an AIP journal.
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Tuesday, 14 July, 10:15

Advanced Thermal-to-Electrical Pyroelectric Energy Conversion

Lane W. Martin

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, 

Berkeley and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National 

Laboratory

lwmartin@berkeley.edu

The need for improved utilization of energy resources is abundantly clear. In the 

United States alone, we are unable to utilize between 50-60% of all energy 

produced (from all sources, renewable or otherwise) due to inefficiencies in energy 

transport, device operation, etc. The vast majority of this lost energy is dissipated 

as heat or thermal losses. Harvesting even a small fraction of this energy would 

dramatically impact what is, along with such topics as water, healthcare, etc., one 

of the most pressing challenges that faces society today. In this spirit, a number of 

direct thermal-to-electric energy conversion technologies have been proposed and 

explored over the years with thermoelectric energy conversion being the most 

common and widely studied. Thermoelectrics are solid-state devices that transform 

a thermal gradient into an electrical current. One additional (and complementary) 

approach to thermal-to-electric energy conversion is so-called pyroelectric energy 

conversion (PEC) in which a solid-state heat engine transforms temporally-varying 

thermal signatures into electrical current.

PEC is based on the pyroelectric effect which is the variation of remnant 

polarization P of a material as a function of temperature T at constant electric field 

E [(∂P/∂T)E]. Efficient PEC requires operating the material using thermal-electrical 

cycles to produce sustained pyroelectric generation of electricity; in other words a 

PEC unit is essentially an electric form of a heat engine. The conversion unit uses 

a thermodynamic medium whose electric polarization depends upon temperature. 

Repeated extraction of electrical energy requires a cyclic temperature profile and 

conversion can be further enhanced by additionally applying an electric field. A 

wide variety of cycles have been suggested for pyroelectric energy conversion, and 

classic Carnot and Stirling-like cycle can be conceived, but are practically difficult 

to achieve. In general, the highest energy conversion occurs for the largest change 

in PS with temperature. Conventional thinking places the temperature limits for a 

thermodynamic cycle where the ferroelectric Curie temperature (TC

FE) is slightly 

above the maximum temperature TH and the low temperature limit of the cycle TL

is where PS is close to its maximum value. In turn, it is possible to envision 

alternative, practically simple to implement, thermodynamic cycles such as the 

pyroelectric Ericsson cycle which represents the current state-of-the-art in this 

community (although additional cycles are also possible, including DrummondCarnot, Margosian-B, Ericsson-Olsen cycle, etc.).

In this presentation, I will introduce the concept of PEC and provide a foundation 

for understanding what it takes to create high-performance pyroelectric materials 

and PEC devices. In particular, we will explore the fundamentals of the field- and 
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23

temperature-dependent response of ferroelectric materials which are known to 

exhibit large pyroelectric response. We will examine recent insights into material 

design algorithms that can allow us to maximize PEC potential in these materials 

via control of both electrical/dielectric and pyroelectric responses that determine 

the figure of merit for such applications. Specifically we will discuss how 

compositional gradients in materials can be used to independently tune material 

properties thereby enabling the highest figures of merit observed to date. 

Additionally, we will explore some challenges that have faced the community and 

have ultimately limited the development of this technology including a lack of basic 

understanding of materials, a lack of small thermal mass versions of these materials, 

inadequate characterization methods, and insufficient fabrication methodologies 

which can now all be addressed and provide a pathway for improved device 

performance. Finally, we will explore two generations of laboratory-based 

demonstrated devices where we have already created systems capable of power 

generation densities of ~30 W/cm3. We will explore what it takes to optimize PEC 

cycles via studies of the field-, temperature-, ramp-rate-, and frequency-dependence 

on the overall efficiency and energy generated. Finally, the potential for 

applications will be touched upon including niche markets that might be over 

interest to PEC as compared to other technologies.

Some key references: S. B. Lang, Physics Today 58, 31 (2005); R. B. Olsen, et al.

J. Appl. Phys. 58, 4710 (1985); G. Sebald, et al. Smart Mater. Struct. 18, 125006 

(2009); C. R. Bowen, et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 3836 (2014).

Professor Lane W. Martin Biography

Professor Lane W. Martin is an Associate Professor of Materials Science and 

Engineering and a Faculty Scientist in the Materials Science Division at Lawrence 

Berkeley National Laboratory. Lane received his B. S. in Materials Science and 

Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in Dec. 2003 and his M. S. and Ph.D. 

in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley 

in 2006 and 2008, respectively. From 2008 to 2009, Lane served as a Postdoctoral 

Fellow in the Quantum Materials Program, Materials Science Division, Lawrence 

Berkeley National Laboratory. From Aug. 2009 to Jun. 2014, Lane was an 

Assistant Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the 

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. In Jul. 2014, Lane returned to the 

University of California, Berkeley as an Associate Professor. Lane’s research 

focuses on three main areas: 1) the science and engineering of thermal, electronic, 

and magnetic properties of materials for applications ranging from waste heat 

energy conversion to solid-state cooling to electron emission, 2) the design and 

implementation of multi-functional materials for applications such as logic, 

memories, and sensing, and 3) the development of oxide materials for solar energy 

conversion including photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Lane has published >125 

papers and his work has been cited over 6,440 times. Lane’s work has garnered a 

number of awards including the American Association for Crystal Growth (AACG) 

Young Author Award (2015), the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists 

and Engineers (2014), the Dean’s Award for Research Excellence for the 
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24

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (2013), the National Science Foundation 

CAREER Award (2012), the Army Research Office Young Investigator Program 

Award (2010), a National Science Foundation IGERT Fellowship in Nanoscale 

Science and Engineering (2004-2007), the Intel Robert Noyce Fellowship in 

Microelectronics (2007-2008), the Graduate Excellence in Materials Science 

Award (2006), and the Materials Research Society’s Gold Medal Award for 

Graduate Students (2006).
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25

Tuesday, 14 July, 11:15

Thoughts on the Future of Laser DEWs

Gary L. Wood

Army Research Laboratory, Electro-Optics and Photonics Division

gary.l.wood.civ@mail.mil

The attraction of laser directed energy weapons is speed of light engagements, 

precision targeting, scalable effects, low cost per shot and potentially low logistics 

overhead. A wide variety of missions have been proposed and in some cases are 

actively being pursued in the demonstration phase. There are land, sea, air and 

space missions being planned with supporting research and engineering projects. 

However, there is little long term (>2025) plans. This presentation will look at the 

limitations of laser directed energy weapons and what might be done to overcome 

these limitations that could make for an outline for long term planning. 

Dr. Gary L. Wood Biography

Dr. Gary Wood received a Ph.D. in Physics from The Catholic University of 

America in 1992, and a BS & MS in Physics from Drexel University in '80 & '82, 

respectively. Dr. Wood has been a US Army civilian employee from 1982 to the 

present. He worked for CERDEC Night Vision and Electro-Optics Directorate at 

Fort Belvoir, VA from 1982-1992 and the Army Research Laboratory, ARL, in 

Adelphi, MD from 1992 until the present. Dr. Wood's research has included basic 

and applied research in the areas of nonlinear optics, optical materials, lasers and 

optical processing. Dr. Wood is currently the Chief of the Electro-Optics and 

Photonics Division within the Sensors and Electronic Devices Directorate. This 

Division performs research and development of imaging detectors; chem, bio, event 

and explosive materials detectors; laser sources; laser protection; RF photonics; 

quantum sciences and devices; biosciences; novel semiconductor materials and 

devices. Dr. Wood served as the Chair of the Joint Technology Office's high energy 

solid-state laser technical area working group from 2004-2013. Dr. Wood also 

serves as the Army technology representative for laser protection (RDECOM CoP 

lead), ARL Vulnerability Analysis Steering Committee Representative, 

representative on DOD Sensors Community of Interest committee and Military 

Sensor and Sources Active Sensing conference committee. Dr. Wood has authored 

chapters in five textbooks and is the author or coauthor of over 100 publications in 

refereed journals and conference proceedings. His work includes many patents, 

Dept. of Army Achievement Awards 1989 and 1998, ARL 10th Anniversary Award 

for Achievement in Science, Engineering and Analysis in 2002, Dept. of the Army 

Superior Civilian Service Award for outstanding performance March 2013. Dr. 

Wood participates in the following professional and honor societies: Optical 

Society of America, Sigma Xi, Sigma Pi Sigma, DEPS and SPIE. 
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26

Tuesday, 14 July, 13:00

Fully Crystalline Double-Clad Fibers – Next Generation in Laser Power 

Scaling

M. Dubinskiy, N. Ter-Gabrielyan, V. Fromzel

Army Research Laboratory, Electro-optics and Photonics Division

mark.dubinskiy.civ@mail.mil

Fully crystalline channel waveguide lasers are very promising as very efficient 

and compact sources for many laser applications requiring significant power 

scaling with nearly diffraction-limited beam quality. In their double-clad 

implementation fully crystalline channel waveguides, or fully crystalline doubleclad fibers (FCDCFs), are simply direct analogs of conventional (glass-based) laser 

fibers. They have the same ability to provide tight confinement of high numerical 

aperture (NA) pump light along the entire length of the gain medium (and thus are 

the most efficient and highly power scalable!) while maintaining propagation of 

only fundamental laser mode in the low NA doped fiber core. Compared to 

conventional glass fibers, FCDCFs are best suitable for laser power scaling out of 

single fiber aperture due to their ~10 times higher thermal conductivity as well as 

an order of magnitude higher absorption and emission cross sections of common 

rare-earth dopants in the crystalline core. In addition, at least in case of doped YAG 

cores, these fibers have an extremely low stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain 

coefficient versus that of conventional silica glass. It was shown [1, 2] that due to 

all of these beneficial features, FCDCF lasers (FCDCFLs) can be scaled to multiten kilowatts of power out of single fiber aperture even in the most demanding, 

nonlinearity-prone, ultra-narrowband, single longitudinal mode laser designs. 

Unfortunately, fabrication of FCDCFs presents significant technological challenge, 

and, despite numerous smart fabrication techniques implemented by a number of 

groups around the globe, very few successes were reported. This paper presents an 

overview of our research efforts toward real FCDCFLs in comparison with other 

efforts utilizing either, so called, ‘crystal fibers’ (which are, in fact, simply 

relatively thin and not even very long laser rods), or ‘crystalline-core glass-clad’ 

fibers (CCGCF). This paper presents a thorough comparative analysis of all of these 

fiber cases. In particular, we have shown that CCGCFs, though they present a 

significant technological simplification in fabrication, and a few critical successes 

in this direction were actually reported recently [3, 4], present a major deviation 

from the FCDCF concept and do not possess thermal efficiency required for major 

power scaling. We report our results in fully crystalline channel waveguide lasers 

based on recent experiments with Er-doped and Yb-doped YAG cores, including a 

single-mode, eye-safe, Er:YAG channel waveguide laser with diffraction limited 

output and nearly quantum defect limited efficiency [5]. 

1. J. W. Dawson, M. J. Messerly, J. E. Heebner, P. H. Pax, ...C. P. J. Barty, and M. 

Dubinskii, “Power scaling analysis of fiber lasers and amplifiers based on nonsilica materials,” Invited Paper - Proc. of SPIE 7686, 768611-1 - 768611-12 

(2010).
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27

2. T. A. Parthasarathy, R. S. Hay, G. Fair, F. K. Hopkins, “Predicted performance limits 

of yttrium aluminum garnet fiber lasers,” Opt. Eng. 49, 094302 (2010).

3. C. Y. Lo, K.Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Chuang, S.-L. Huang, “Double-clad 

Cr4+:YAG crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt Lett 30, 129 (2005).

4. W.-L. Wang; G.-L. Cheng; ... S.-L. Huang, “Single-Mode Cr-Doped Crystalline 

Core Fibers for Broadband Fiber Amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Techn. Letts 27, 

205 (2015). 

5. N. Ter-Gabrielyan, V. Fromzel, X. Mu, H. Meissner, M. Dubinskii, ”Resonantly 

pumped single-mode channel waveguide Er:YAG laser with nearly quantum 

defect limited efficiency,” Opt Lett 38, 2431 (2013).

Dr. Mark Dubinskiy Biography

Dr. Dubinskiy has over 30 years of experience in advanced laser development as 

well as laser and nonlinear materials research. He graduated from Kazan State 

University, Kazan, Russia with MS in EE and a PhD in Physics and Math. He 

moved to the US in 1994, where he continued working on solid-state laser 

development in industry, academia and Government - AFRL/WPAFB (1996-

1998), and ARL. Dr. Dubinskiy has authored over 210 papers, presentations and 

book chapters. He has served as a Program Committee Member, Conference Chair 

and Co-Chair for a great number of international conferences. He has edited a book 

on ultraviolet lasers and laser spectroscopy. Since 2002 he is a Physicist and Team 

Leader with the US Army Research Laboratory, where he continues to develop new 

laser concepts, architectures and advanced laser components for highly efficient 

high energy solid-state lasers and a variety of advanced solid-state tactical lasers.

Mark served as an Associate Editor for Optics Express journal (2006-2011), and is 

an Editorial Board Member for the International Laser Physics Letters journal. He 

is also an SPIE Advisory Board member. For his contributions in laser technology 

development at ARL he has been honored with the 2007 ARL Honorary Award in 

Science, the 2008 and 2010 U.S. Army Research and Development Achievement 

Awards. Dr. Dubinskiy is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, SPIE Fellow 

and a member of the Directed Energy Professional Society. In 2013 he has also 

been elected as a Distinguished Member of the ARL Technical Staff - ARL Fellow. 

Research Interests: Dr. Mark Dubinskiy has a broad range of research interests and 

technical expertise in conventional, nonlinear and fiber optics, advanced 

development of lasers and laser sensors in UV, Near-Infrared (IR), Mid-IR, high 

power solid-state laser and laser systems engineering. His work is focused on 

fundamental and applied research aimed at enabling mobile Counter-Rocket, 

Artillery, Mortars (C-RAM) and numerous tactical Army applications for next 

generation Army systems. This requires development and implementation of novel 

laser materials and designs advancing laser performance well beyond current 

technical limits with maximum optical efficiency (quantum defect limited 

efficiency is a target) and minimum SWAP. His recent research has an emphasis 

on solid-state lasers with eye-safer wavelengths (for collateral damage reduction) 

and advanced widely tunable mid-IR laser sources for IRCM and Counter-ISR. Key 

research lines involve development of new concepts, architectures and advanced 

critical components for highly efficient and power scalable, nearly diffraction 
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28

limited, high energy bulk solid-state and fiber lasers. More specifically, he is 

engaged in development of efficient solid-state SBS phase-conjugate and Raman 

materials, studies of novel doped single-crystalline and ceramic laser materials, 

thermally-advanced and composite gain materials for laser power scaling, 

cryogenically-cooled solid-state lasers, high power Mid-IR lasers, highly scalable 

eye-safe fiber laser concepts and other topics of great practical importance. Most 

recently, his work is focused on laser power scaling out of single physical aperture 

by developing CW diode clad-pumped double-clad Raman fiber lasers and 

transition from legacy glass laser fibers to fully crystalline double-clad laser fiber 

architectures. Both approaches have great potential for pushing current singleaperture power scaling limits by at least an order of magnitude. 
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29

Tuesday, 14 July, 14:00

High Energy Density Materials, Including Nanoscale Energetic Materials

Steven F. Son

Purdue University, School of Mechanical Engineering

sson@purdue.edu

An aim of energetic materials development is energy density. In this talk I will 

review what energy density might be possible to achieve with various materials. I 

will also discuss other material properties that may result in disruptive capabilities, 

besides energy density. New directions, including nanoscale inclusion or 

encapsulation in micron scale particles will be discussed and examples given. In 

addition, I will present recent efforts in areas such as cocrystal energetic materials 

and other advanced energetic materials.

R. A. Yetter, G. A. Risha, and S. F. Son, “Metal Particle Combustion and 

Nanotechnology,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 32, pt.2, p.1819-

1838, 2009. 

T. R. Sippel, S. F. Son, and L. J. Groven, "Aluminum Agglomeration Reduction 

in a Composite Propellant Using Tailored Al/PTFE Particles," Combustion and 

Flame, Vol. 161(1), pp. 311-321 (2014).

S. Isert, L. J. Groven, R. P. Lucht, and S. F. Son, “The Effect of Encapsulated 

Nanosized Catalysts on the Combustion of Composite Solid Propellants,” 

Combustion and Flame, Online version available (2015).

Professor Steve Son Biography

Steven F. Son is a Professor in the School of Mechanical Engineering at Purdue 

University and is affiliated with Purdue’s Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories. He 

received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana in 1994. 

Prof. Son’s research is in the field of combustion with an emphasis on energetic 

materials combustion, nanoscale energetic materials, microscale engergetics 

(microenergetics), heterogeneous combustion, reactive materials, combustion 

synthesis, and explosives safety. His work has included both experimental 

and theoretical studies. Dr. Son has given invited presentations at national and 

international scientific meetings and is an author of over one hundred scientific 

publications. Prof. Son is Associate Editor for AIAA’s Journal of Propulsion and 

Power and Editor in Chief of the JANNAF Journal of Propulsion and Energetics. 

Before his academic career, beginning in 2006, he was a Technical Staff Member 

and J. R. Oppenheimber Fellow, Technical Staff Member, and Project Leader 

at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the High Explosives Sciences Group. Dr. 

Son has current support as PI or co-PI from ARO, ONR, AFOSR, DTRA, 

and DOE in the areas of nanoscale energetics in propellants, cocrystal energetic 

materials, acoustic and microwave insults of explosives, hypergolic gelled 

propellants, reactive materials, and shock assisted combustion synthesis.
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30

Tuesday, 14 July, 15:00

Evidence for structural bond energy release from nanodiamonds

Jennifer L. Gottfried

RDRL-WML-B

U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

The synthesis of nanodiamond (ND) from molecular explosives was first 

discovered in 1963 as part of ongoing research into dynamic methods for producing 

superhard materials in the USSR, and was subsequently re-discovered by multiple 

scientists over the next 25 years.

1 Recently, NDs have been investigated for 

numerous applications, including biomedical applications such as drug delivery or 

biolabelling, quantum applications such as single photon light sources, 

electrochemical and catalytic applications, and materials applications (e.g., 

composites).2 At detonation ND sizes (3-6 nm in diameter), the surface of the ND 

particle reconstructs into a fullerene-like shell,3and is theoretically predicted to 

have substantial internal stress, effectively compressing the diamond core of the 

ND to an internal pressure exceeding 50 GPa. In addition to the pressure, the 

structural bond energy (SBE) in ND is expected to be significantly greater than the 

chemical energy of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX).4 The graphitic shell 

surrounding the diamond core acts as a protective barrier preventing the unstable 

diamond surface from reacting.5 However, simulations of two colliding ND 

particles have shown that at collision velocities above 5 km/s (per particle), a 

sudden disruption of the shell and the relaxation of the internal pressure result in 

destruction of the diamond structure and rapid oxidation.4 Efforts to thin the 

graphitic shell and fracture the highly compressed core by applying quasi-static 

high pressure with a diamond anvil cell did not provide experimental evidence for 

destruction of the ND shell and the ensuing energy release.4,6 This suggests that a 

rapid dynamic loading of the ND, such as that supplied by a pulsed laser, is 

necessary to disrupt the shell and release the energy. To date, very little research 

has been published in the open literature demonstrating the energetic applications 

of ND.7-9 Here, theoretical and experimental progress at ARL towards 

demonstrating structural bond energy release (SBER) from ND will be presented. 

1. O. A. Shenderova and D. M. Gruen, ed. Ultrananocrystalline Diamond -

Synthesis, Properties, and Applications (William Andrew Publishing, New 

York, 2006).

2. A. Krueger, "Beyond the shine: recent progress in applications of 

nanodiamond," J. Mater. Chem. 21, 12571-12578 (2011).
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31

3. J.-Y. Raty, G. Galli, C. Bostedt, T. W. van Buuren, and L. J. Terminello, 

"Quantum Confinement and Fullerenelike Surface Reconstructions in 

Nanodiamonds," Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 037401 (2003).

4. W. D. Mattson, R. Balu, B. M. Rice, and J. A. Ciezak, “Exploiting Unique 

Features of Nanodiamonds as an Advanced Energy Source,” Report No. 

ARL-TR-4783 (US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving 

Ground, 2009).

5. T. Enoki, Y. Kobayashi, C. Katsuyama, V. Y. Osipov, M. V. Baidakova, 

K. Takai, K.-i. Fukui, and A. Y. Vul, "Structures and electronic properties 

of surface/edges of nanodiamond and nanographite," Diamond and 

Related Materials 16, 2029-2034 (2007).

6. W. D. Mattson, R. Balu, B. M. Rice, and J. A. Ciezak, “Exploiting Unique 

Features of Nanodiamonds as an Advanced Energy Source,” Report No. 

ARL-TR-5150 (US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving 

Ground, 2010).

7. M. Comet, V. Pichot, B. Siegert, D. Spitzer, J. P. Moeglin, and Y. 

Boehrer, "Use of Nanodiamonds as a Reducing Agent in a Chlorate-based 

Energetic Composition," Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics 34, 166-173 

(2009).

8. V. Pichot, M. Comet, E. Fousson, and D. Spitzer, "Detonation synthesis of 

nanodiamonds: use of these nanoparticles in pyrotechnics," Actual Chim.,

8-13 (2009).

9. M. Comet, V. Pichot, F. Schnell, and D. Spitzer, "Oxidation of detonation 

nanodiamonds in a reactive formulation," Diamond and Related Materials 

47, 35-39 (2014).

Dr. Jennifer Gotfried Bioraphy

Dr. Gottfried received a B.S. in Chemistry (with minors in Physics and Math) from 

Ohio Northern University in May 2000, a M.S. in Physical Chemistry from the 

University of Chicago in August 2001, and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from the 

University of Chicago in August 2005. Dr. Gottfried received numerous 

fellowships and awards for excellence in academics and research, including the 

Ohio Northern Recognition Medal (for highest GPA), 2000; Freud Fellowship, 

2000; James Franck Fellowship, 2000; National Science Foundation Graduate 

Fellowship, 2000-2003; and the William Rainey Harper Dissertation Fellowship, 

2004-2005. She joined ARL in September 2005 as a postdoctoral fellow and was 

hired in May 2008. In 2009 Dr. Gottfried was the Gold medal winner for Rookie 

Employee of the Year – Technical Scientific and Program Support (Excellence in 

Federal Career Award, Baltimore Federal Executive Board). She was a co-recipient 

of a 2009 Research and Development Award for “Stand-off Detection of 

Explosives,” co-investigator on one of the top three FY07 ARL Director’s Research 

Initiative (DRI) projects (FY07-WMR-04, “Tailored Ultrafast Pulses for Selective 

Energetic Residue Sampling”), and principal investigator for one of the top four 

FY09 DRI projects (FY09-WMR-03, “Investigation of Chemical Processes 

Involving Laser-Generated Nanoenergetic Materials”). Dr. Gottfried has written 
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32

two book chapters and has 34 peer-reviewed papers, including four invited reviews 

and three featured cover articles. She has also published 35 ARL technical reports. 

She has been an invited speaker at three international conferences, presented her 

work in more than 60 scientific conference presentations, and taught a short course 

on chemometric analysis at an international conference. Dr. Gottfried’s work is 

focused on laser spectroscopy of energetic materials for laboratory-scale 

characterization, model validation, and fundamental understanding of reaction 

mechanisms during explosive initiation. 
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

33

Tuesday, 14 July, 16:00

Extended Solids as High Energy Density Materials

Jennifer A. Ciezak-Jenkins

RDRL-WML-B

U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

Developmental strategies for the formulation of advanced energetic 

materials (EM) are diverging from arduous, multistep chemical synthesis 

techniques that, in the past twenty years, have failed to synthesize new EMs with 

performance properties exceeding that of CL20 and towards innovative disruptive 

physics-based methods. Such methods are expected to yield atypical materials with 

the potential to deliver leap-ahead improvements in energy release and power, with 

concomitant performance augmentation over a wide range DoD applications. These 

physics-based approaches involve the exploitation of the intrinsic stored structural 

energy of a material, which is altered under pressure due to changes in the strong 

intramolecular bonding structure. These modifications under pressure result in 

metastable structures with highly strained chemical bonds. In some cases these 

“extended solids”, as this general family of materials is commonly called, are stable 

at standard operating temperatures and pressures. The formation of extended solids 

has been experimentally observed in many simple molecular solids, including 

nitrogen (1–3) and carbon monoxide (4–8) However, carbon monoxide remains one 

of the only extended solids recovered to ambient conditions for extended periods 

of time (6), although several others, such as nitrogen, are metastable at pressures 

significantly lower than those of their synthesis. During this presentation, an 

introduction to extended solids, previous work and research being conducted at 

ARL will be discussed.

References

1. Eremets, M. I.; Gavriliuk, A. G.; Trojan, I. A.; Dzivenko, D. A.; Boehler, 

R. Nature Mat. 2004, 3, 558. 

2. Eremets, M. I.; Gavriliuk, A. G.; Trojan, I. A. App. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 

171904. 

3. Lipp, M. J.; Klepeis, J. P.; Baer, B. J.; Cynn, H.; Evans, W. J.; Iota, V.; 

Yoo, C.-S. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 014113. 
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34

4. Lipp, M. J.; Evans, W. J.; Baer, B. J.; Yoo, C.-S. Nat. Mat. 2011, 4, 211. 

5. Evans, W. J.; Lipp, M. J.; Yoo, C.-S.; Cynn, H.; Herberg, J. L.; Maxwell, 

R. S. Chem. Mat. 2006, 18, 2520. 

6. Ciezak-Jenkins, J. A. ARL-TR-6643; U.S. Army Research Laboratory: 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 2013. 

Dr. Jennifer Ciezak-Jenkins Biography

Dr. Ciezak-Jenkins earned her Ph.D in Chemistry from Syracuse University in 

2004. Her thesis work included research on Inelastic Neutron Scattering of Charge 

Transfer Complexes. Dr. Jennifer Ciezak-Jenkins began her career at the Army 

Research Laboratory (ARL) in 2004 as a National Research Council postdoctoral 

research fellow initially focused on neutron scattering experimentation of materials 

at ambient conditions and has progressed to working on several other ARL Mission 

and customer programs. Her current research involves the study of the chemistry 

and physics of materials subjected to thermomechanical extremes, particularly 

simple molecular and energetic materials. She experimentally investigates methods 

related to the quenching of high-energy-density phases formed under 

thermomechanical extremes. Dr. Ciezak-Jenkins has over 15 co-authored refereed 

journal articles and has been nominated for an Army RDA award in 2014. 
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35

Wednesday, 15 July, 8:30

Energy and Pulsed Power for National Security Applications: A Naval 

Perspective

Thomas A. Mehlhorn

Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory

tom.mehlhorn@nrl.navy.mil

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), which was established in 1923 to fulfill 

Thomas Edison’s vision of a government research laboratory, is performing 

research that is stretching the state of the art in alternative energy sources, as well 

as developing power and energy sources to meet the unique Size, Weight, and 

Power (SWAP) requirements of DON national security missions. Naval forces need 

energy to fuel tactical, expeditionary, and shore operations. Today’s Navy and 

Marine Corps, both shore and tactical combined, rely heavily on petroleum fuel -

their ships and planes consume ~1.6 million gallons/day of both diesel and jet fuel. 

Near term Naval Energy Initiatives include increasing the use of alternative fuels; 

sailing the “Great Green Fleet” of nuclear and hybrid electric ships with ships and 

planes running on biofuels; and phasing in the use of hybrid, electric, and flex fuel 

vehicles. Long-term NRL energy S&T to be discussed includes:

 Creating jet fuel from seawater to reduce the fuel logistics supply chain.

 Advances in photovoltaics (PV) including high-efficiency flexible PVs, 

lattice-matched quantum well PVs, and organic/inorganic hybrid PV 

materials. 

 Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) as a potential path to the ultimate shore 

operation energy source for the Navy and the Nation. 

 Benthic microbial fuel cells (electrodes embedded in marine sediments) to 

provide uninterrupted, sustained power to sensors. 

 Practical, lightweight fuel cell systems for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) 

to improve battlefield surveillance and communications capabilities. 

 Long-range wireless recharging using high-power lasers to power remote 

platforms including aerial, land-based or submerged vehicles, satellites, and 

sensors at hazardous locations. 

Navy platforms are also challenged with increasing electric power, including the 

adoption of advanced electric weapons. Next generation weapons systems such as 

phased-array radars, EM railguns, and directed energy weapons operate on 

continuous and pulsed high power that cannot be met with current generation 

energy storage and distribution systems. Pulsed power topics will include:

 Intermediate battery storage systems and batteries “beyond lithium”.

 Wide band gap materials for solid-state switches.

 Compact, repetitive, efficient, and thermally managed pulsed power.

 Repetitive high-energy electron beams for the cleanup of powerplant 

emissions, fuel reformation/production, and inertial fusion energy. 
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36

In summary this talk will describe how the Navy's energy strategy balances both 

near term initiatives and long term S&T, and seeks to incorporate energy and power 

developments that allow us to more effectively carry out our mission in the future.

Mehlhorn, T. A. (2014). "National Security Research in Plasma Physics and Pulsed 

Power: Past, Present, and Future." Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on 42(5): 

1088-1117.

Dr. Thomas Mehlhorn Biography

Thomas Mehlhorn, is the Superintendent of the NRL Plasma Physics Division, and 

a member of the Department of the Navy (DoN) Senior Executive Service with 

responsibility for a broad spectrum of research programs in plasma physics, 

laboratory discharge and space plasmas, intense electron and ion beams and photon 

sources, atomic physics, pulsed power sources, radiation hydrodynamics, highpower microwaves, laser physics, advanced spectral diagnostics, and nonlinear 

systems. Dr. Mehlhorn earned his Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Ph.D 

in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1974, 1976 and 1978, 

respectively. He worked at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New 

Mexico as a member of technical staff (1978-1988), department manager (1989-

2005), and senior manager (2006-2009). His research interests included intense 

electron and ion beams generation, focusing and interactions; inertial confinement 

fusion; high energy density physics; Z-pinch physics; dynamic materials and shock 

physics; and advanced radiography. Dr. Mehlhorn joined NRL in 2009. He received 

the University of Michigan Engineering Alumni Society Merit Award in Nuclear 

Engineering and Radiological Sciences (NERS) in 2004. He is the co-recipient of 

two NNSA Defense Programs Awards of Excellence (2007 & 2008), a Lockheed

Martin NOVA award (2004), two NRL Alan Berman Research Publication Awards 

(1983, 2011), and was elected to the Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society in 

1974. Dr. Mehlhorn is a Fellow of the American Physical Society Division of 

Plasma Physics (APS DPP) (2011), Fellow of the American Association for the 

Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Physics (2006), Fellow of the Institute of 

Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2014), and a member of the American 

Nuclear Society (ANS), the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and the Directed 

Energy Professionals Society (DEPS). Dr. Mehlhorn served on the Advisory Board 

for Plasma and Atomic Physics at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany (2004-2011, Chair 

2006). He is a member of the Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences 

(NERS) Advisory Board at The University of Michigan (1996-1999), (2004-

present, Chair 2011), as well as the University of Michigan College of Engineering 

Alumni Society Board of Governors (2009-present). Since 2010 Dr. Mehlhorn has 

served on the DoN Space Experiments Review Board, as well as the University of 

Missouri Research & Development Advisory Board. He was a Member-at-Large 

on the APS DPP Executive Committee (11/10 - 10/13) and is a member of the IEEE 

PSAC Executive Committee (2013-2015). He served on a National Research 

Council (NRC) Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences (DEPS) panel on 

the Assessment of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets (ICF) (2011-2012). He is 

the author/co-author of over 160 scientific and technical papers.
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37

Wednesday, 15 July, 9:30

Isomers: Energy Storage and Directed Gamma Radiation

Jeff Carroll

Army Research Laboratory, Power and Energy Division

james.j.carroll99.civ@mail.mil

The ability to transform nuclei between long-lived excited states (isomers) and 

shorter-lived states has been proposed as a means of accessing nuclear-scale 

energies without fission. This might enable new applications from energy storage 

and release in nuclear batteries with controllable lifetimes to the projection of 

directed energy in the form of highly-penetrating gamma radiation. The feasibility 

of any applications will depend sensitively on the details of nuclear structure and 

the underlying physical processes, which are the subject of considerable research. 

This presentation will survey the state-of-the-art, challenges and critical issues in 

isomer research.

1. Energy traps in atomic nuclei, Walker and Dracoulis, Nature 399, 35 (1999)

2. Approaches to the development of gamma-ray lasers, Baldwin, Solem &

Gol'danskii, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 687 (1981)

3. X-ray-driven gamma emission, Carroll, Karamian, Rivlin and Zadernovsky,

Hyp. Int. 135, 3 (2001)

Dr. Jeff Carroll Biography

Dr. Carroll has more than twenty-five years’ experience in experimental physics 

related to the fields of nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, and radiation detection. 

His major focus has been the physical basis underlying metastable nuclear excited 

states (isomers) and the study of mechanisms by which to control their energy 

emission for potential applications ranging from isotope batteries with controllable 

storage times to gamma-ray lasers. He has published more than one hundred articles 

in peer-reviewed scientific journals, including four in Physical Review Letters and 

two in Physics Letters B. He has given multiple plenary, invited and contributed 

presentations around the world and is an internationally-recognized expert in the 

study of energy release from isomers. Dr. Carroll joined the US Army Research 

Laboratory in 2011 after a distinguished career in academia and leads the Power 

and Energy Division’s Alternative Energy Team.
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38

Wednesday, 15 July, 10:45

LENR - Cold Fusion – CMNS: Present and Projected Future Status

Michael C.H. McKubre,

SRI International, USA

Michael.mckubre@sri.com

Anomalous heat effects have been reported under many titles including Cold Fusion 

as well as Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), the Fleischmann Pons Heat 

Effect (FPHE), and occur under the general rubric of Condensed Matter Nuclear 

Science (CMNS). A large number of experiments [1] report the production of heat 

from metal samples loaded with hydrogen or deuterium in amounts that are 

consistent with nuclear but not chemical or lattice energy storage effects. The effect 

is anomalous because there is no agreed to mechanism and products are not 

(normally) reported in amounts consistent with any known nuclear process. The 

one potential product of nuclear reaction that has been observed in amounts 

commensurate and time-correlated with the appearance of excess heat is 4He [2,3].

We have arrived at an interesting time and there are several indications that 2015 

will not be “business as usual” in the CMNS field. I have commented often that it 

would not take much outside interest to convert our field from “resource limited” 

to “talent limited”. I think we are about to see that occur. How we proceed will 

depend on how we convert this “once in a quarter century” opportunity. Those of 

us in the field are well aware that data sufficient to motivate significant, serious, 

scientific and technological interest have existed for a very long time but with few 

exceptions (one being the US DOD) this has not occurred. What has changed? 

1. E. Storms, “The science of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions”, World 

Scientific, 2007.

2. M. Miles, B. F. Bush, G. S. Ostrom and J. J. Lagowski, “Heat and helium 

measurements in cold fusion experiments”, in Proc. ICCF2, Italy, 1991, p. 

363.

3. M.C.H. McKubre, F. L. Tanzella, P. Tripodi and P. L. Hagelstein, “The 

emergence of a coherent explanation for anomalies observed in D/Pd and 

H/Pd systems: evidence for 4He and 3He production”, in Proc. ICCF8, Italy, 

2000, p. 3.

Dr. Michael McKubre Biography

Michael McKubre began his undergraduate studies at George Washington 

University and completed his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Chemistry and Physics at 

Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand. On completing his Ph.D., Dr. 

McKubre was granted a two year Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at 

Southampton University, England. Dr. McKubre joined SRI as an Electrochemist 

in 1978 and was appointed Manager of the Electrochemistry Program in 1982 and 

Director of the Energy Research Center in1992. He is an expert in the study of 
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39

electrochemical kinetics and was one of the original pioneers in the use of ac 

impedance methods for the evaluation of electrode kinetic processes. In the last 

decade as Director of the Energy Research Center, Dr. McKubre has applied 

himself to the discovery and application of potential new energy sources, 

particularly those associated with the deuterium/palladium system. 
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40

Wednesday, 15 July, 12:45

A Short Discourse on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR)

Tapan Patel1, George H. Miley1,2, Kyu-Jung Kim1, Bert Stunkard1, Erik Ziehm1

1 University of Illinois, U.S.A

2LENUCO LLC. Champaign, Il 61821

tcpatel2@illinois.edu

During the past decade, extensive experimental and theoretical work 

worldwide has been done to study Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) 

phenomena and to understand the underlying physics. LENR is also referred to by 

other terms such as cold fusion and Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reaction (LANR). 

LENR refers to phenomena that occur when certain metals absorb hydrogen or 

deuterium and experience anomalous amounts of heat in the presence of an external 

stimulus such as heat, pressure, magnetic fields, etc. Due to the low energy of 

reactants, the compound nucleus formed in LENR has little excess energy, thus the 

resulting breakout products are mainly channeled into stable or near-stable 

products, avoiding significant radioactivity or nuclear waste problems. Such a 

power source enables a tremendous advantage in energy density, lifetime, and 

tolerance to wide differences in environmental conditions (temperature, pressure). 

Compared to other renewable power units, LENR units offer important technical 

and economic advantages.

At the International Conference on Cold Fusion (ICCF-17), several 

companies announced progress on units ranging from kW to MW units. This 

presentation will provide a comprehensive summary of the LENR field including a 

historical perspective on some of the original work in the field (Pons-Fleischmann 

experiment1), various leaders and experimental approaches including thin films, 

gas loading2, 3, and plasma bombardment4. Results from recent gas loading 

experiments performed by our group will be discussed in-depth to highlight some 

of the promising results. 

Specifically, discussions will be focused on special Pd-Zr-Ni alloy nanoparticles placed in a pressure vessel which is then pressurized to 60-100 psi with 

hydrogen to initiate the reaction. With pressure control, these units are expected to 

run for several years, before replacement of the nano-particles is required due to 

build up of transmutation products. Replacement is simply done by substitution of 

a new cylinder containing fresh particles while the used particles are recycled for 

use in fresh nano-particles. Our results in terms of thermal energy gain from the 

pressurized nano-particles, show 15 times the gain of chemical absorption heat5and 

12 times the gain of heat from traditional hydrogen combustion in the confined 

reactor volume. Mass spectroscopy work is underway to determine the composition 

of products in the reactions.

The main obstacle to development of a practical unit is preventing the hot 

nanoparticles from overheating and sintering together, which limits unit run time6. 

Thus present work is focused on overcoming that problem – one alternative 

approach is plasma treating micron thin palladium films to create nano and micro 
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41

deformations on the surface to increase surface area and aid in absorption. This 

apparatus also has the capabilities for in situ mass spectroscopy and radiation 

detection along with direct temperature measurements of the reacting foil. The 

presentation will also discuss a path forward including future experiments and a 

conceptual design of LENR power units based on gas loading approach.

1) M. Fleischmann, S. Pons and M. Hawkins, Electrochemically Induced 

Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and 

Interfacial Electrochemistry 263.1 (1989): 187-88. Web.

2) George H. Miley, Xiaoling Yang, Kyu-Jung Kim, Heinrich Hora, "Use of 

D/H Clusters in LENR and Recent Results from Gas Loaded 

Nanoparticle-Type Clusters", Proceedings, 17th International Conference 

on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF-17), Korea, 2012.

3) A. Takahashi et al., “Phenomenology of nanoparticle/gas-loading 

experiments”, Proceedings, 241st ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 

March 2011.

4) Mizuno, T. Method of controlling a chemically-induced nuclear reaction 

in metal nanoparticles. Proceedings, ICCF-18, University of Missouri, 

July 2013. Addendum with new data, November 2013.

5) Tapan Patel, et al., " Heat generation from Hydrogen/Deuterium 

Pressurization of Nanoparticles: Composition and Temperature effect on 

Heat Output", Proceedings, ICCF-18, University of Missouri, July 2013.

6) Anaïs Osouf, et al., "Composition measurements and Imagery of 

Nanoparticle gas loading experiments as an investigation of LENR 

reactions", Proceedings, ICCF-18, University of Missouri, July 2013.

Mr Tapan Patel Biography

Mr. Tapan Patel was born in Nairobi, Kenya. He received both his B.S. and M.S. 

degrees in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign (UIUC) in 2010 and 2012, respectively. He currently works at the 

University of Illinois in the Nuclear Plasma & Radiological Engineering (NPRE) 

department, with a research emphasis on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR). 

Specifically, he is involved in the investigation of gas loaded nanoparticles. His 

work includes analysis of reaction byproducts and heat transfer analysis to 

determine, characterize and quantify anomalous heat from reactions.
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42

Wednesday, 15 July, 13:45

The Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor Program

Tom McGuire

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

tom.mcguire@lmco.com

Lockheed Martin Skunkworks is developing a compact fusion reactor concept, 

CFR. The novel magnetic cusp configuration would allow for stable plasmas in a 

geometry amenable to economic power plants and power sources. The details of 

the CFR configuration will be discussed along with a status of the current plasma 

confinement experiments underway at Lockheed. The presentation will also touch 

on the potential of a fast development path and challenges to bring such a device to 

fruition.

http://aviationweek.com/technology/skunk-works-reveals-compact-fusionreactor-details

Dr. Thomas J McGuire Biography

Dr. McGuire believes that radical energy solutions are needed to develop the world 

in a responsible way. Ending energy scarcity will transform human society in 

unprecedented and positive ways, raising living standards across the globe and 

spurring humanity to spread across the solar system. He earned his B.S. in 

Aerospace Engineering at Penn State in 1999 and his Ph.D. in Aeronautical and 

Astronautical Engineering at MIT with a focus in nuclear physics in 2007. Some of 

his past research includes multi-gridded inertial electrostatic fusion, nuclear 

thermal rockets for fast Mars colonization, miniaturized star trackers, and airbreathing space propulsion. At the Lockheed Martin Skunkworks based in 

Palmdale, California, Tom has been a creative force behind projects varying from 

aerodynamics, electromagnetics, advanced materials, pervasive sensors, energy 

concepts and space technology as well as stretching the organization's reach with 

biologically inspired designs. He is the team lead and inventor of Lockheed's 

compact fusion project, which aims to develop a compact, stable nuclear fusion 

energy source. 
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

43

Wednesday, 15 July, 15:00

Gem*Star Accelerator-Drive Subcritical System for Improved Safety, Waste 

Management, and Plutonium Disposition

Rolland Johnson

Muons, Inc.

rol@muonsinc.com

Operation of high-power SRF particle accelerators at two US National Laboratories 

allows us to consider a less-expensive nuclear reactor that operates without the need 

for a critical core, fuel enrichment, or reprocessing. A multipurpose reactor design 

that takes advantage of this new accelerator capability includes an internal 

spallation neutron target and high-temperature molten-salt fuel with continuous 

purging of volatile radioactive fission products. The reactor contains less than a 

critical mass and almost a million times fewer volatile radioactive fission products 

than conventional reactors like those at Fukushima. We describe GEM*STAR, a 

reactor that without redesign will burn spent nuclear fuel, natural uranium, thorium, 

or surplus weapons material. A first application is to burn 34 tonnes of excess 

weapons grade plutonium as an important step in nuclear disarmament under the 

2000 Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement. The process heat 

generated by this W-Pu can be used for the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of natural 

gas and renewable carbon into 42 billion gallons of low-CO2-footprint, drop-in, 

and synthetic diesel fuel for the DOD at less than $1.50/gallon.

Dr. Rolland Johnson Biography

Rolland Johnson did his undergraduate, graduate, and post-doctoral studies in high 

energy physics at UC Berkeley and LBL (1961-1974) where he had an extended 

assignment in Protvino, Russia during the cold war (1972-1973). He enjoyed the 

next 17 years at Fermilab (1974-1991) where he continued to work on high-energy 

physics experiments and all of the Fermilab accelerators. After an intermission at 

CERN to work on the Antiproton Accumulator (1982-84), he worked on the design 

of the Fermilab pbar complex and led the commissioning and development of the 

Tevatron Collider. He moved to Maxwell/Brobeck (1991-1993) where he led the 

installation and commissioning of the LSU CAMD 1.4 GeV synchrotron light 

source. Then he worked at Jefferson Lab, including a 2 year assignment at the DOE 

in Germantown until his first retirement. In 2002 he started Muons, Inc. in IL to 

develop new techniques for muon cooling, neutrino factories, and energy frontier 

muon colliders. In 2011 he co-founded a new VA company, MuPlus. Both Muons 

and Muplus are engaged in inventing and developing state of the art accelerators 

and their components for energy production, discovery science, medicine, 

homeland defense, and commercial applications. More at www.muonsinc.com 

<http://www.muonsinc.com> .
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

44

Wednesday, 15 July, 16:00

Exotic/Advanced Energetics

Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist

NASA Langley Research Center 

dennis.m.bushnell@nasa.gov

Presentation will review Exotic/"Advanced" Energetics approaches providing in 

most cases multiples to many orders of magnitude beyond chemical energy density. 

Brief will include Positron storage and utilization, Atomic fuels [H not H2], Cold 

Fast Compression, Isomers, SBER, LENR [AKA "Cold Fusion", which it is not], 

Metallic Hydrogen, Slingatron, Cold Silicon. Almost all of these are capable of 

providing "Revolutions in Warfare"/ National Security and in some cases would 

change much world econometrics and geopolitics along the way. LENR also 

addresses climate.

Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist Biography 

Responsible for Technical Oversight and Advanced Program formulation for a 

major NASA Research Center with technical emphasis in the areas of Atmospheric

Sciences and Structures, Materials, Acoustics, Flight Electronics/Control/Software, 

Instruments, Aerodynamics, Aerothermodynamics, Hypersonic Airbreathing 

Propulsion, Computational Sciences and Systems Optimization for Aeronautics, 

Spacecraft, Exploration and Space Access. 51 years’ experience as Research 

Scientist, Section Head, Branch Head, Associate Division Chief and Chief 

Scientist. Technical Specialties include Flow Modelling and Control across the 

Speed Range, Advanced Configuration Aeronautics, Aeronautical Facilities and 

Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion. Author of 252 publications/major 

presentations and 370 invited lectures/seminars, Member of National Academy of 

Engineering, Selected as Fellow of ASME, AIAA and the Royal Aeronautical 

Society, 6 patents, AIAA Sperry and Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Awards , AIAA 

Dryden Lectureship, Royal Aeronautical Society Lanchester, Swire and Wilber and 

Orville Wright Lectures, ICAS Guggenheim Lecture, Israel Von Karman Lecture, 

USAF/NASP Gene Zara Award, NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement and 

Outstanding Leadership Medals and Distinguished Research Scientist Award, ST 

Presidential Rank Award,9 NASA Special Achievement and 11 Group 

Achievement Awards, University of Connecticut Outstanding Engineering Alumni,

Academy of Engineers ,Pi Tau Sigma and Hamilton Awards, Univ. of Va. 

Engineering Achievement Award , service on numerous National and International 

Technical Panels and Committees and consultant to National and International 

organizations. DOD related committee/consulting assignments include USAF 

Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, BMDC, ONR, Intelligence Community/STIC, 

AFOSR, NRAC, NRC,WL, LLL, HASC, NUWC, DARPA, AGARD, ARL,IAT, 

AEDC, JANNAF, NAVSEA, Air Force 2025,AFSOC,Sandia ,SAB, Army War 

College ,ACOM Joint Futures ,

SOCOM,TRADOC,SEALS,JFCOM,IDA,NDU,DSB and Army After Next. 

Reviewer for 40 Journals and Organizations, Editor, Volume 123 of AIAA Progress 
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

45

Series “Viscous Drag Reduction in Boundary Layers.” Responsible for invention/ 

development of “Riblet” approach to Turbulent Drag Reduction, High Speed 

“Quiet Tunnels” for Flight-Applicable Boundary Layer Transition Research, 

Advanced Computational Approaches for Laminar Flow Control and Advanced 

Hypervelocity Airbreathing and Aeronautical Concepts with revolutionary 

performance potential. Contributions to National Programs include Sprint, 

HSCT/SST, FASTSHIP, Gemini, Apollo, RAM, Viking, and X15, F-18E/F [patent 

holder for the “fix” to the wing drop problem, Shuttle, NASP, Submarine/Torpedo 

Technology, Americas’ Cup Racers, Navy Rail Gun, MAGLEV Trains and 

Planetary Exploration. B.S. in M.E. degree from University of Connecticut with 

Highest Honors, Distinction, University Scholar (1963), M.S. degree in M.E. from 

University of Virginia (1967).U.S. Govt. ST
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46

Thursday, 16 July, 8:30

Empty Space: The Multilayered, Multicolored Superconductor

Eric W. Davis, Ph.D., FBIS, AFAIAA

Senior Research Physicist, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin

11855 Research Blvd., Austin, TX 78759-2443

ewdavis@earthtech.org

We present a brief review of the historical debate on the existence of empty vacuum 

versus aether followed by a brief review of the quantum fields of nature, their 

structured vacuum and associated phenomenology, and we describe the predicted 

releasing of energy and matter from the structured vacuum. In quantum field theory, 

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle dictates that the vacuum of space is not empty 

because it is filled with an aether, a (relativistic Lorentz-invariant) quantum aether, 

of nonlocal (correlated/entangled) vacuum zero-point field fluctuations (ZPF) that 

fill up the whole spacetime. The structured vacuum of space is multilayered, 

consisting of the quantum electrodynamic (QED) vacuum of virtual charged 

fermions and photons which is subsequently unified with the nuclear weak force 

vacuum (i.e., electroweak vacuum) of virtual massive W±and Z0vector bosons; the 

quantum chromodynamic (QCD) vacuum of virtual quark and gluon interactions 

that mediate the strong nuclear force; and the Higgs vacuum of virtual massive 

Higgs bosons which is interrelated with the electroweak vacuum. The QED vacuum 

behaves like a dielectric and insulator, and nonlinear optical medium. There are 

many theoretically predicted and experimental approaches (e.g., Casimir effect, 

Schwinger effect, dynamical Casimir effect, magnetization of the Dirac vacuum, 

etc.) to deforming the QED ZPF, which can cause the QED vacuum to transduce or 

release energy, or to release photons and charged fermion particle-antiparticle pairs, 

etc. QED vacuum energy release is minute in magnitude and of limited application, 

but it can be technologically scaled up. The QCD-color force of quark-gluon 

interactions gives the QCD vacuum its unusual multicolored characteristic. Studies 

show that the QCD vacuum can behave like an exotic superconductor or superfluid 

when it is deformed by an ultrahigh-strength magnetic field. Theoretical predictions 

and particle accelerator experiments have demonstrated the “melting” 

(deconfinement of quarks) of the non-perturbational chromomagnetic vacuum with 

the accompanying release of 1035 J/m3of latent heat. And there are further 

speculations that the quark-Higgs masses could be “melted” to release latent 

vacuum energy, but this may not be an experimentally reachable goal in the 

foreseeable future. Progress in ultrahigh-intensity zetta- and exa-watt laser 

technology R&D programs and their application, in conjunction with high-energy 

particle accelerators, to probing and deforming the structured vacuum is also 

reviewed. Theoretical and experimental studies of the structured vacuum 

demonstrate that the question of extracting useful energy is not a settled matter. 

Engineering the structured vacuum continues to be an evolving field of theoretical 

and experimental study in physics.
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47

1. Davis, E. W. (2011), “Quantum Tomography of Negative Energy States in 

the Vacuum,” Defense 

Intelligence Reference Document, Defense Futures, DIA-08-1102-007, 

Technology Warning Division (DWO-4), Defense Warning Office, 

Directorate for Analysis, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC.

2. Davis, E. W. (2010), “Concepts for Extracting Energy From the Quantum 

Vacuum,” Defense 

Intelligence Reference Document, Acquisition Threat Support, DIA-08-

1004-007, Acquisition Support Division (DWO-3), Defense Warning 

Office, Directorate for Analysis, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, 

DC.

3. Davis, E. W. and Puthoff, H. E. (2009), Chapter 18: “On Extracting Energy 

from the Quantum 

Vacuum,” in Frontiers of Propulsion Science, eds. M. G. Millis and E. W. 

Davis, Progress in Astronautics & Aeronautics Series Vol. 227, American 

Inst. of Aeronautics & Astronautics Press, Reston, VA, pp. 569-603.

4. Wilczek, F. (2008), The Lightness of Being: Mass, Ether, and the 

Unification of Forces, Basic Books, New York.

5. Volovik, G. E. (2003), The Universe in a Droplet of Helium, Oxford Univ. 

Press, Oxford, UK.

6. Rafelski, J. (1991), “Vacuum Structure – An Essay”, Vacuum Structure in 

Intense Fields, eds. H. 

M. Fried and B. Müller, NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics Vol. 255, 

Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1-28.

7. Rafelski, J. and Müller, B. (1985), The Structured Vacuum: Thinking About 

Nothing, Verlag Harri Deutsch Publ., Frankfurt, Germany.

Dr. Eric W. Davis Biography

Dr. Eric W. Davis is a Senior Research Physicist at the Institute for Advanced 

Studies at Austin (EarthTech Int’l, Inc.) in Austin, TX. His research specializations 

include breakthrough space power & propulsion physics, beamed energy 

propulsion, space nuclear power & propulsion, directed energy weapons, future and 

transformational technology, general relativity theory, quantum field theory, 

quantum gravity theories, quantum optics/metamaterials/complex light/photonics, 

and SETI contact/xenoarchaeology. Since 1984, Dr. Davis has worked in academia 

and industry and has also been a contractor/consultant to the U.S. Air Force, Air 

Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Department of Defense (DOD), Department 

of Energy, and NASA. His professional experience and contributions include: 

develop megawatt-class laser propulsion physics, systems design, and mission 

applications for the Air Force laser Lightcraft launch vehicle; design studies on 

ultrahigh-power laser experiments to explore the structure and properties of the 

quantum vacuum, and corresponding production of antimatter from the vacuum; 

conduct theoretical studies on the potential for producing ultrahigh-power coherent 

light from the vacuum using quantum vacuum generators; design and conduct 

quantum optics-tomography experiments to produce and measure negative vacuum 
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48

energy to support studies on general relativistic faster-than-light space propulsion. 

Dr. Davis is the co-editor/author of the peer-reviewed academic research 

monograph Frontiers of Propulsion Science (American Inst. of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics Press, 2009, 2nd printing 2012). He also authored/co-authored several 

AFRL and DOD technical reports, peer-reviewed symposium and technical journal 

papers, chapters in books, conference papers, and award-winning STAIF-2006 and 

AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference 2012 papers. He was twice recognized by the 

American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics for outstanding contributions to 

national defense and space public policy. He earned an A.A. in Liberal Arts from 

Phoenix College (1981), a B.Sc. in Physics-Mathematics (1983) and Ph.D. (1991) 

in Astrophysics from the University of Arizona. Dr. Davis is a Fellow of the British 

Interplanetary Society, Lifetime Associate Fellow of the American Inst. of 

Aeronautics and Astronautics, member of the New York Academy of Sciences, 

member of the Directed Energy Professional Society, lifetime member of SPIE, 

member of the American Astronomical Society, and a member of the Assoc. For 

Intelligence Officers. He is a practitioner and advisory board member of the Tau 

Zero Foundation, a member of the 100-Year Starship Study science advisory board, 

and a member of the Icarus Interstellar technical advisory board. Dr. Davis has 

appeared in, or contributed to, many American and BBC television and 

documentary film projects as well as many online/print news and magazine articles 

on interstellar flight and breakthrough propulsion physics.
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49

Thursday, 16 July, 9:30

Developing Spacecraft Propulsion Methods Using the Quantum Vacuum

Professor G. Jordan Maclay, Emeritus UIC

Chief Scientist, Quantum Fields LLC, Richland Center WI 53581

jordanmaclay@quantumfields.com

The lowest energy state of the quantized electromagnetic field is called the quantum 

vacuum, and is described by QED (Quantum Electrodynamics) as a dynamic state 

in which virtual photons of all frequencies randomly appear and disappear, 

producing a near infinite energy density (1). (We will not deal with the other 

fluctuating fields that are also present, such as virtual electron-positron pairs. Since 

the photon is massless, the effects associated with it have the longest range and are 

more amenable to experimental modification. ) QED predicts the effects of this 

pervasive, fluctuating, vacuum electromagnetic field on the magnetic moment of 

the electron and on the level and lifetime of atomic states, and in radiative 

corrections correctly to 1 part in a billion. It is possible to modify the ground state 

vacuum field in a variety of ways, such as with static or accelerated surfaces, or by 

causing interference between different modes, in order to amplify desired modes 

and cancel undesired modes, and create forces(2). For example, in the region 

between two parallel metal plates, boundary conditions require that only the electric 

field modes propagating perpendicular to the plates for which the transverse electric 

field vanishes on the plates surface can survive. This vacuum mode modification 

results in a net attractive quantum force between the plates called the Casimir force, 

with a verified magnitude of about 1 atm pressure for a separation of 10 nm. This 

can be interpreted as the pressure due to virtual photons. Casimir forces exist for 

other geometries, and have been explored using MEMS based technology (3,4,5). 

If quantum forces could be engineered to provide a net thrust, it would be extremely 

useful for propulsion (6). Such propulsion devices may need energy to operate or, 

if we are very fortunate, may operate on energy removed from the vacuum. In the 

latter case, there must be wake in the vacuum field that has a reduced energy 

density. In the parallel plate Casimir effect, the vacuum energy density between the 

plates is negative, meaning it is less than the free field value in empty space, and it 

would be associated with a negative mass and repelled by a gravitational field (7). 

However, it does not appear possible to make a conventional object with total mass 

that is negative. The quantum vacuum can be excited in several ways, producing 

real photons which carry away momentum, for example with the dynamic Casimir 

effect, in which a plate is vibrated at a very high frequency, or in the Unruh effect, 

in which an object is given a very high acceleration(8). It may be possible to utilize 

these phenomena to produce propellantless propulsion, with energy supplied 

externally. The vacuum modifications that have been modeled to date, all involve 

the longer wavelength components, and consequently, produce disappointingly 

small forces. There are a number of possibilities that have yet to be modeled. 

1. P. Milonni, "The Quantum Vacuum. An Introduction to Quantum 

Electrodynamics," Academic Press, San Diego, 1994. Excellent reference on 

vacuum energy and Casimir effects.
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50

2. L. H. Ford and N. F. Svaiter, "Focusing vacuum fluctuations," Phys. Rev. A 62, 

062105, 2000.

3. M. Bordag, G. Klimchitskya, U. Mohideen, V. Mostepanenko, "Advances in the 

Casimir Effect," 

 Oxford University Press, New York, 2009.

4. G. J. Maclay, Analysis of Zero-Point Energy and Casimir Forces in Conducting 

Rectangular Cavities, 

 Phys. Rev. A., 61, 052110, 2000.

5. G. J. Maclay, ”A Design Manual for Micromachines using Casimir Forces: 

Preliminary Considerations,” Proceedings of STAIF-00 (Space Technology and 

Applications International Forum), edited by M.S. El-Genk, (American Institute 

of Physics, New York, 2000).

6. Frontiers in Propulsion Science,"ed. M. Millis and E. Davis, AIAA, Weston VA, 

2009. The book is a great summary of the state of the art. See Chapter 12, G. J. 

Maclay, “Thrusting against the Quantum Vacuum.”

7. G. Jordan Maclay, "Gedanken experiments with Casimir forces and vacuum 

energy," Phys Rev A 82, 032106, 2010.

8. G. J. Maclay, R. W. Forward, A Gedanken spacecraft that operates using the 

quantum vacuum (Dynamic Casimir Effect), LANL Arxiv physics/0303108, also 

Found. of Phys 34, 477, 2004.

Prof Jordan Maclay Biography

Prof.

Prof. Maclay received his Ph.D. in quantum field theory from Yale University in 

1972. He held a Post-Doctoral Appointment at Argonne National Laboratory, 

where he did experiments in particle physics. He worked on the first experiments 

in proton scattering at Fermi National Laboratory. After working in industry on 

new product development, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering and 

Computer Science at University of Illinois at Chicago, where he taught and did 

research for almost 20 years. He was the founder and Director of the 

Microelectronics Laboratory which grew into the Microfabrication Applications 

Laboratory, a regional center offering MEMS resources to industry. His research 

was in the area of quantum theory, microfabrication technology, chemical 

microsensors, and micromachined structures. In 1991, Prof. Maclay received the 

American Electronics Association award of Science and Technology Advocate of 

the Year. In 1988 he was Visiting Scientist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Circuits 

and Systems. When Dr. Maclay retired from the University of Illinois in 1998, he 

was given Professor Emeritus status. In 1999, he started Quantum Fields LLC with 

Mary Maclay. Prof. Maclay holds 16 patents, and has over 100 publications. 

From January, 2000, for three years, the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program 

at NASA supported Prof. Maclay’s research in the properties and use of the 

quantum vacuum. In 2002, NASA Institute of Advanced Concepts supported Prof 

Maclay in an investigation into nonlocal communication by means of quantumentangled states. 
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51

One of Dr. Maclay’s research efforts at UIC was the application of micromachining 

methods to investigate quantum vacuum fluctuation effects, such as Casimir forces. 

Since leaving the University and working at Quantum Fields he has continued to 

focus on this research area. He has worked on the use of AFM (atomic force 

microscopy) to measure Casimir forces, and on the modeling of micromachined 

structures with Casimir forces. He has published, with his collaborators: 

1. The first model of a dynamic mechanical system with a Casimir force, 

which was recently implemented by researchers at Lucent Technology. 

2. A model of beams and surfaces bent by Casimir forces in MEMS.

3. The first interpretation of stiction as due in part to Casimir forces. 

4. A study of the use of AFM methods to measure repulsive quantum forces, 

and, 

5. QED computations of Casimir forces and energies in conductive 

rectangular box structures with different dimensions. 

6. Recently he has been working on nonlocal communications and entangled 

states, and published the first complete, short range, model of nonlocal 

communications.
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52

Thursday, 16 July, 10:45

Matter-Antimatter Propulsion via

Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields

Gerald B. Cleaver

Center for Astrophysics, Space Physics & Engineering Research

Department of Physics

Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798

Gerald_Cleaver@baylor.edu

Particle/anti-particle pair production from the vacuum through intense electric 

fields has been investigated theoretically for nearly a century 1. This presentation 

will review this history and will examine proposals of pair production for intra solar 

system and interstellar propulsion systems. The quantum mechanical foundation of 

particle/anti-particle pair production was developed by Fritz Sauter et al. in the 

1930’s [1] and then placed on a sound quantum electromagnetics (QED) basis by 

Julian Schwinger in 1951 [2]. Pair production occurs when the electric field 

strength E0 is above the critical value at which the fields become non-linear with 

self-interactions (known as the Schwinger limit). As the energy density of lasers 

approach the critical strength of E0 ~ 1016 V/cm, the feasibility and functionality of 

electron-positron pair production has received growing interest. Current laser 

intensities are approaching within 1 order of magnitude the Schwinger limit.

Physical processes for lowering the critical energy density below the Schwinger 

limit (and simultaneously enhancing the pair production above the Schwinger limit) 

through additional quantum mechanical effects have been explored. One under 

study at the University of Connecticut and the University of Duisburg-Essen is 

pulsation of inhomogeneous electric fields within a carrier wave [3]. Another is via 

enhancement of quantum effects by addition of a magnetic field B parallel to the 

electric field E. Magnetic field enhancement to quark/anti-quark production 

through chiral symmetry breaking effects in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) was 

investigated theoretically by John Preskill at Caltech in the 1980’s [4]. Don Page at 

the University of Alberta showed in 2007 that parallel magnetic fields also enhance 

electron/positron production via an analogous QED effect [5], with enhancement 

going predominantly as a linear function of B0/E0,

Particle/antiparticle pair production as a highly efficient fuel source for intra solar 

system and interstellar propulsion was proposed by Devon Crow in 1983 [6]. The 

 

1 Particle/anti-particle pair production does not (and cannot) take energy from the 

spacetime vacuum. Rather the energy is drawn from the external electric (and magnetic) 

fields. This process is very analogous to particle production near the event horizon of a 

black hole, which reduces the mass of the black hole accordingly. (The primary 

difference between the two processes is, while both particle and antiparticle are produced 

from a virtual pair by the electric (and magnetic) fields, only one particle in an initially 

virtual pair escapes from a black hole (as Hawking radiation) and the antiparticle is 

captured by the black hole.)
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53

viability of this method of propulsion will be studied, especially from the parallel 

electric and magnetic field approach.

[1] F. Sauter, Z. Phys 69 (1931) 742; W. Heisenberg and H. Euler, Z. Physics 98 

(1936) 714;

V. Weisskopf and K. Dan Vidensk, Selsk. Mat. Fys. Medd. XIV (1936) #6.

[2] J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 82 (1951) 664.

[3] R. Schutshold, H. Giles, and G. Dunne, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 130404; 

Ibid., Int. J. Mod. Phys. A25 (2010) 2373; C. Schneider and R. Schutzhold, 

arXiv:1407.3584.

[4] J. Preskill, 1987 QCD Lecture Notes, 

www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/notes.html

[5] S. Pyo Kim and D. Page, Phys. Rev. D78 (2008) 103517.

[6] D. Crowe, JBIS 36 (1983) 507.

Professor Gerald Cleaver Biography

Gerald Cleaver earned his Ph.D. at Caltech in 1993. He is Professor and Graduate 

Program Director of the Department of Physics at Baylor University in Waco, 

Texas. Cleaver has graduated nine Ph.D. and M.S. students. He heads the Early 

Universe Cosmology and String Theory (EUCOS) Division of Baylor’s Center for 

Astrophysics, Space Physics and Engineering Research (CASPER). His EUCOS 

team conducts systematic computer-based studies of phenomenology of parameter 

spaces of the string landscape of possible universes. Additionally, Cleaver has been 

exploring means of evaluating quantum gravity effects on the cosmic microwave 

background to new levels of precision. He is also researching spacecraft propulsion 

systems based on in situ matter/anti-matter (MAM) production via quantum field 

theory effects from parallel electric and magnetic fields. Cleaver has written over 

85 peer-reviewed physics journal articles and conference proceedings. He is coauthor of an elementary particle physics textbook, referee for eight physics journals, 

and member of the international advisory board of the Journal of the British 

Interplanetary Society. He is a member of four IQ and numerous science honor 

societies. Cleaver and his wife Lisa have three children. Cleaver’s interests include 

flying radio controlled model airplanes, SCUBA, small boat sailing, snow skiing, 

and Tae Kwon Do.
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54

Thursday, 16 July, 12:45

Data Challenges in the Internet of Energy

Anna Scaglione

Arizona State University, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Anna.Scaglione@asu.edu

Information and optimization go hand in hand. An ecosystems of Electric Vehicles, 

Smart Thermostats and Smart Lighting will allow customers to interact with the 

market of electricity directly, optimizing the customer preferences while better 

exploiting the variable production from renewable energy, from distributed 

``prosumers” and centralized plants alike. In this future, the distribution grid will 

be the playground for new sensing and control technology as well as power 

electronics and storage resources that offer immense opportunities but also several 

challenges. Unlike the internet, which is managed in a decentralized fashion, power 

systems are large vertically integrated infrastructures and, thus, the interaction 

between market forces is hampered by the curse of dimensionality. Industrial 

control data lack the luster of other media and powerful compression techniques 

that can contain the data deluge are lacking. We will discuss the issue of sifting 

through big data to decide the schedule and closing the loop on a large number of 

transactions. If time allows we will touch upon the issue of cyber-security and 

privacy that arise in general with the Internet of Things and with the Internet of 

Energy in particular.

Anna Scaglione Biography

Anna Scaglione is a Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Arizona 

State University. Her expertise is in the broad area of statistical signal processing 

for communication, electric power systems and networks. She is a Fellow of the 

IEEE since 2011 and co-recipient of the 2013 IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper 

Award, 2000 IEEE Signal Processing Transactions Best Paper Award and of the 

2013 IEEE Signal Processing Society Young Author Best Paper Award.
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55

Thursday, 16 July, 13:45

Secure Energy-Based Critical Infrastructure

Wei Yu

Towson University, Department of Computer and Information Sciences

wyu@towson.edu

The smart grid, as a typical energy-based cyber-physical system, uses modern 

computing, communication and control technologies to make the power grid more 

efficient, reliable, and secure. Nonetheless, the smart grid may operate in hostile 

environments and lacking tamper-resistance hardware for sensor, meters, etc., 

increases the chance to be compromised by cyber adversaries. In this talk, I will 

introduce a modeling framework to systematically explore the space of threats in 

the smart grid and understand their impacts on both system operations and end 

users, as well as the development of effective mitigation schemes to defend against 

these attacks. 

[1] Y. Liu, P. Ning, and M. K Reiter, “False Data Injection Attacks against State 

Estimation in Electric Power Grids,” ACM Transactions on Information and 

System Security (TISSEC), 2011. 

[2] W. Yu, D. Griffith, L. Ge, S. Bhattarai, and N. Golmie, “An Integrated 

Detection System against False Data Injection Attacks in the Smart Grid,” to 

appear in the International Journal of Security and Communication Networks 

(SCN) – John Wiley & Sons, January 2015. 

[3] X. Chen, W. Yu, D. Griffith, N. Golmie, and G. Xu, “On Effectiveness of 

Energy Storage System against Smart Grid Cascading Failure,” in Proc. of ACM 

International Conference on Reliable & Convergent Systems (RACS), October 

2014, Baltimore, MD, USA. 

[4] W. Wang and Zhuo Lu, “Cyber Security in the Smart Grid: Survey and 

Challenges,”Computer Networks, January 2013.

Professor Wei Yu Biography

Dr. Wei Yu is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer and 

Information Sciences at Towson University. Before joining Towson University, he 

worked as a networking software developer for Cisco Systems, Inc. for nine years. 

He received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Engineering from the Department of 

Computer Science and Engineering at Texas A&M University in May 2008. His 

research interests include cyber security, computer networks, and cyber-physical 

systems. His research is currently supported by federal agencies, including the NSF, 

NIST, ARL, AFRL, etc. He published over 150 papers, including articles in premier 

security and networking journals such as IEEE ToN, TDCS, TC, TPDS, TMC, and 

TVT and conferences such as IEEE S&P, ACM CCS, IEEE INFOCOM, and ICDCS. 

He received University System of Maryland (USM) Regents’ Faculty Award for 

Excellence in Scholarship, Research, or Creative Activity in 2015, the NSF Faculty 

Early Career Development (CAREER) award in 2014, the 2012 Excellence in 
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

56

Scholarship Award from Fisher College of Science and Mathematics at Towson 

University, and the Best Paper Award at the 2013 and 2008 IEEE International 

Conference on Communications (ICC) – Communication & Information System 

Security Symposium, respectively.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

57

Appendix C. Attendees List

____________________

This appendix appears in its original form, without editorial change.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

58

MODERN TOPICS IN ENERGY AND POWER TECHNICAL 

MEETING

U.S. Army Research Laboratory

14-16 July 2015

Last Name

First 

Name Organization Email Phone

1 Anderson Paul ARDEC paul.e.anderson64.civ@mail.mil 973-724-2982

2 Barnes Paul ARL paul.n.barnes.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0039

3 Barnhart Beverly DIA beverly.barnhart@dodiis.mil 703-735-5853

4 Becker Collin ARL collin.r.becker.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0476

5 Bushnell Dennis

NASA Langley 

Research Center dennis.m.bushnell@nasa.gov 757-864-8987

6 Carroll Jeff ARL james.j.carroll99.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0243

7

Chabalowsk

i Cary

Michigan 

Technological 

University cfchabal@mtu.edu 715-208-0961

8

CiezakJenkins Jennifer ARLjennifer.a.ciezakjenkins.civ@mail.mil 410-278-6169

9 Cleaver Gerald Baylor University Gerald_Cleaver@baylor.edu 254-710-2283

10 Davis Eric

Institute for 

Advanced Studies 

at Austin ewdavis@earthtech.org 512-731-3621

11 DeChiaro Louis

Naval Surface 

Warfare Center louis.dechiaro@navy.mil 540-653-8040

12 Doherty Ruth

Energetics 

Technology 

Center rdoherty@etcmd.com 301-873-3343

13 Dubinskiy Mark ARL mark.dubinskiy.civ@mail.mil 301-394-1821

14 Edelstein Alan ARL alan.s.edelstein.civ@mail.mil 301-394-2162

15 Gottfried Jennifer ARL jennifer.l.gottfried.civ@mail.mil 410-278-7573

16 Gotzmer Carl NSWCIHEODTD carl.gotzmer@navy.mil 301-653-1000

17 Haegel Nancy

National 

Renewable 

Energy 

Laboratory nancy.haegel@nrel.gov 303-549-2584

18 Hammond Richard ARL

Richard.t.hammond10.civ@mail.

mil 919-549-4313

19 Hanrahan Brendan ARL brendan.m.hanrahan.ctr@mail.mil 301-394-1960

20 Johnson Rolland Muons, Inc. rol@muonsinc.com 757-870-6943

21 Jow Richard ARL t.r.jow.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0340

22 Kehs Al GTS Richard.A.Kehs.ctr@mail.mil 301-394-2291
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

59

23 Kidwell David

Naval Research 

Laboratory David.Kidwell@nrl.navy.mil 202-767-3575

24 King Tony ARL anthony.a.king3.ctr@mail.mil 301-394-2399

25 Lacatski James DOD james.lacatski@dia.mil 202-231-4117

26 Lee Jeff Baylor University Jeff_Lee@Baylor.edu 872-251-7712

27 Lehman Elliot DIA/TLA elliot.lehman@dodiis.mil 703-735-5201

28 Lerch Andrew

Defense Threat 

Reduction 

Agency andrew.g.lerch.mil@mail.mil 703-767-2780

29 Litz Marc ARL marc.s.litz.civ@mail.mil 301-394-5556

30 Lundgren Cindy ARL cynthia.a.lundgren2.civ@mail.mil 301-394-2541

31 Maclay Jordan

Quantum Fields 

LLC jordanmaclay@quantumfields.com 608-647-6769

32 Martin Lane

University of 

California, 

Berkeley lwmartin@berkeley.edu 510-847-0257

33 McGuire Thomas

Lockheed Martin 

Aeronautics 

Company tom.mcguire@lmco.com 661-572-7720

34 McKubre Michael SRI International michael.mckubre@sri.com 254-710-2283

35 Mehlhorn Thomas NRL tom.mehlhorn@nrl.navy.mil 202-767-2723

36 Mishra Vinod ARL vinod.k.mishra.civ@mail.mil 410-278-0114

37 Nagel David

The George 

Washington 

University nagel@gwu.edu 202-994-5293

38 Patel Tapan

University of 

Illinois tcpatel2@illinois.edu 630-506-4176

39 Pereira Nino Ecopulse ninopereira@gmail.com 703-623-0099

40 Pickens Joseph

Periodic 

Innovation joescientist@hotmail.com 410-489-9696

41 Planczankis Brian ARL brian.e.placzankis.civ@mail.mil 410-306-0841

42 Reynolds Peter ARL peter.j.reynolds16.civ@mail.mil 919-549-4310

43 Rice Betsy ARL betsy.rice.civ@mail.mil 410-306-1904

44 Roege Paul

Creative Erg, 

LLC paul.roege@alum.mit.edu 208-521-2417

45 Rong Charles ARL charles.c.rong.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0286

46 Sadler Brian ARL brian.m.sadler6.civ@mail.mil 301-394-1239

47 Scaglione Anna

Arizona State 

University Anna.Scaglione@asu.edu 607-227-0401

48 Schumer Joseph NRL joseph.schumer@nrl.navy.mil 202-404-4359

49 Shaffer Edward ARL edward.c.shaffer.civ@mail.mil 301-394-2200
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60

50 Son Steven Purdue University sson@purdue.edu 765-494-8208

51 Staker Michael

Loyola University 

Maryland mstaker@loyola.edu 410-617-5188

52 Turner John NREL John.Turner@nrel.gov 303-275-4270

53 Waits Mike ARL christopher.m.waits.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0057

54 Wood Gary ARL gary.l.wood.civ@mail.mil 301-394-5753

55 Wood Mark ARL mark.c.wood.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0042

56 Yu Wei

Towson 

University wyu@towson.edu 410-704-5528

57 Zheleva Tsvetanka ARL tsvetanka.s.zheleva.civ@mail.mil 301-394-0103
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

61

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

AFRL US Air Force Research Laboratory

ARL US Army Research Laboratory

CFR compact fusion reactor

CMNS Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

DE directed energy

DEW directed energy warfare

DOD US Department of Defense

DOE US Department of Energy

DTRA US Defense Threat Reduction Agency

E&P energy and power

EW electronic warfare 

ICF inertial confinement fusion

LENR low-energy nuclear reaction

LM Lockheed Martin

MAM matter-antimatter

MEMS microelectro-mechanical system

MTEP Modern Topics in Energy and Power

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

ND nanodiamond

NEMS nanoelectro-mechanical system

NREL US National Renewable Energy Laboratory

NRL US Navy Research Laboratory

OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense

P&E power and energy

PFHE Pons-Fleischman Heat Effect
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

62

PV photovoltaic

PW peta watt

QCD quantum chromodynamics

QED quantum electrodynamics

QVE quantum vacuum energy

RF radio frequency

S&T science and technology

SBER strain bond energy release

SEDD Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate

SLAC Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

SNS spallation neutron source

SWaP-C size, weight, power, and cost

UAV unmanned aerial vehicle

UIUC University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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63

1 DEFENSE TECHNICAL

(PDF) INFORMATION CTR

DTIC OCA

2 DIRECTOR

(PDF) US ARMY RESEARCH LAB

RDRL CIO L

IMAL HRA MAIL & RECORDS

MGMT

1 GOVT PRINTG OFC

(PDF) A MALHOTRA

1 ARDEC

(PDF) P ANDERSON

1 DIA

(PDF) B BARNHART

1 NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH 

(PDF) CENTER 

D BUSHNELL

1 MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL 

(PDF) UNIVERSITY 

C CHABALOWSKI

2 BAYLOR UNIVERSITY 

(PDF) G CLEAVER

J LEE

1 INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED 

(PDF) STUDIES AT AUSTIN 

E DAVIS

1 NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE 

(PDF) CENTER 

L DECHIARO

1 ENERGETICS TECHNOLOGY 

(PDF) CENTER 

R DOHERTY

1 NSWCIHEODTD 

(PDF) C GOTZMER

1 NATIONAL RENEWABLE 

(PDF) ENERGY LABORATORY 

N HAEGEL

1 MUONS, INC.

(PDF) R JOHNSON 

1 GTS 

(PDF) A KEHS

1 NAVAL RESEARCH 

(PDF) LABORATORY 

D KIDWELL

1 DOD

(PDF) J LACATSKI

1 DIA/TLA 

(PDF) E LEHMAN

1 DEFENSE THREAT 

(PDF) REDUCTION AGENCY 

A LERCH

1 QUANTUM FIELDS LLC 

(PDF) J MACLAY

1 UNIVERSITY OF 

(PDF) CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

L MARTIN

1 LOCKHEED MARTIN 

(PDF) AERONAUTICS COMPANY 

T MCGUIRE

1 SRI INTERNATIONAL 

(PDF) M MCKUBRE

2 NRL 

(PDF) T MEHLHORN

J SCHUMER

1 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON 

(PDF) UNIVERSITY 

D NAGEL

1 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 

(PDF) T PATEL

1 ECOPULSE 

(PDF) N PEREIRA

1 PERIODIC INNOVATION 

(PDF) J PICKENS

1 CREATIVE ERG, LLC 

(PDF) P ROEGE

1 ARIZONA STATE 

(PDF) UNIVERSITY 

A SCAGLIONE

1 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 

(PDF) S SON
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

64

1 LOYOLA UNIVERSITY 

(PDF) MARYLAND 

M STAKER

1 NREL 

(PDF) J TURNER

1 TOWSON UNIVERSITY 

(PDF) W YU

23 DIRECTOR

(PDF) US ARMY RESEARCH LAB

RDRL CIH S

V MISHRA

RDRL ROP

P REYNOLDS

RDRL SED E

P BARNES

J CARROLL

B HANRAHAN

M LITZ

M WAITS

C RONG

RDRL SEE L

M DUBINSKIY

RDRL ROP P

R HAMMOND

RDRL SED

A KING

M WOOD

E SHAFFER

T ZHELEVA 

RDRL SED C

R JOW

C LUNDGREN

RDRL SEE

G WOOD

RDRL VT

B SADLER 

RDRL WML B

J CIEZAK-JENKINS

J GOTTFRIED

B RICE 

RDRL WMP C

R BECKER

B PLACZANKIS