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## Other Youth Topics

## Breadcrumb

            -  Youth Topics 
            -  Violence Prevention 
            -           Risk and Protective Factors      

# Risk and Protective Factors

No single factor explains why some youth perpetrate or experience violence or why violence is more prevalent in some places than others. Violence results from a complex interplay of a variety of factors.

Understanding the range of factors that put youth at risk for violence or protect them from experiencing or perpetrating violence makes it possible to develop comprehensive, multilevel, evidence-based strategies to prevent and eliminate violence and improve overall child well-being.

**Individual**

Biological and personal history factors can increase the likelihood of experiencing or perpetrating violence. These can include physical and cognitive challenges (e.g., fetal alcohol disorders, learning disorders), impulsive or aggressive tendencies, history of trauma (including involvement with foster care and homelessness), exposure to violence, and involvement with drugs or alcohol.

Other factors can buffer young people from the risks of becoming violent, even if they have experienced the other kinds of risk factors listed above. These include academic achievement, high educational aspirations, positive social orientation, and highly developed social skills/competencies.

**Relationships**

The close relationships in a young person’s life can either increase or reduce the risk of experiencing violence as a survivor or perpetrator. A person’s closest social circle—-peers, partners, and family members—influences their behavior and contributes to their experience. 

Risk factors at the family level include authoritarian childrearing attitudes, low parental involvement, poor family functioning, and parental substance abuse or history of criminal involvement. Peer and social risk factors include involvement in gangs and social rejection by peers. 

Protective factors that can reduce the risk of violence include connectedness to family or other caring adults outside the family, frequent and positive shared activities with parents, positive engagement with teachers in supportive school climates, and involvement in safe and prosocial after-school activities or programs.[1]

**School, Community, and Society**

Other factors often overlooked are settings in which social relationships occur, such as schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods. Characteristics of these settings can increase or decrease the risk of violence. Broad societal factors can also play a role since they can create a climate in which violence is either encouraged or inhibited. 

Risk factors can include aspects of the built environment (e.g., high concentrations of poor residents, design factors, such as open and green spaces, lighting), social environment (e.g., diminished economic opportunities, low levels of community participation, socially disorganized neighborhoods), community-level trauma (e.g., historical trauma, chronic exposure to violence), other environmental factors (e.g., lead and other toxic substances and their relationship to neurological functioning and brain development), prevailing cultural and societal norms, and the interaction of youth and families with community institutions, including schools, police, courts, child welfare agencies. 

Protective factors at the community and societal level have been less studied than protective factors at the individual and relationship level. Factors that appear to buffer against the risk of violence include coordination of resources and services among community agencies, access to mental health and substance use services, and community support and connectedness. Additional community-level protective factors include:
                      - Having access to safe, stable housing
                      - Access to high-quality, nurturing, and safe preschool and childcare in the community
                      - Family-friendly work policies for parents that do not result in excessive non-supervised time for the child[1]

## Resources

**Adverse Childhood Experiences**This webpage contains related information and resources.

**Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence****(PDF, 16 pages)**This briefing document shares research on the connections between different forms of violence and describes how these connections affect communities. 

**Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: A Technical Package for Policy, Norm, and Programmatic Activities****(PDF, 52 pages)**This technical package (PDF, 52 pages) includes a select group of strategies based on the best available evidence to help prevent child abuse and neglect. Communities and states can use this resource as they prioritize child abuse and neglect prevention activities.

**Protective Factors Against Delinquency****(PDF, 14 pages)**A literature review funded by OJJDP, published in 2015.

**Risk Factors for Delinquency****(PDF, 13 pages)**A literature review funded by OJJDP, published in 2015.

**Youth Violence: Risk and Protective Factors**This webpage lists some of the known risk and protective factors for youth violence.

## References

1 CDC, 20212 CDC, 2021

## Other Resources on this Topic

### Agencies 

                          - Administration for Children and Families
                          - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                          - Office of Violence Against Women
                          - Tribal Justice and Safety

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                          - U.S. Department of Education Creates National Parents and Families Engagement Council to Help Ensure Pandemic Recovery Efforts Meet Students’ Needs
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                          - Updated COVID-19 Guidance for K-12 Schools and Early Care and Education Programs
                          - Virtual Training: Enhancing School Safety Using Behavioral Threat Assessment
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                          - Webinar Recording: Enhancing Professional Competencies for Preventing Drug and Alcohol Misuse Among College Students: Policy and Environmental Strategies
                          - Webinar Recording: Enhancing Professional Competencies for Preventing Drug and Alcohol Misuse Among College Students: Program Management
                          - Webinar Recording: Partners in Prevention: Engaging the Secondary School Community to Prevent Gender-Based Violence
                          - Webinar Recording: Preventing and Intervening in Identity-Based Bullying
                          - Webinar Recording: Preventing Fentanyl Use by Youth and Young Adults
                          - Webinar Recording: Providing Emergency Preparedness Supports for Students Experiencing Homelessness
                          - Webinar Recording: School Safety Federal Training and Technical Assistance Centers
                          - Webinar Recording: The Impact of Bias, Inequities, and Injustices in Supporting Students Impacted by Human Trafficking
                          - Webinar Recording: The Role of Athletic Directors in School Safety Efforts
                          - Webinar Recording: The Role of Special Educators in School Safety Efforts
                          - Webinar Recording: The Role of Students in School Safety Efforts
                          - Webinar Series: Community of Practice with Healthy Native Youth Part 2
                          - Webinar Series: National Student Privacy & Data Security
                          - Well-Being on Campus: The Role of Collegiate Recovery Programs
                          - What Works Fact Sheet: Preventing Excessive Alcohol Consumption
                          - Youth Voices Have Moved to YE4C

### Collaboration Profiles 

                          - National Organizations for Youth Safety (NOYS)
                          - Y2CONNECT.org

### Data Sources 

                          - 2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report
                          - 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Results
                          - America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well Being
                          - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
                          - National Center for Health Statistics
                          - National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)

### Departments 

                          - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

### Feature Articles 

                          - Federal Government Releases Annual Statistical Report on the Well-Being of the Children and Youth
                          - Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C
                          - National Teen Driver Safety Week: 5 to Drive
                          - Online Safety for Youth: Working to Counter Online Radicalization to Violence in the United States
                          - Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century
                          - Report on Well-Being of Nation’s Children Released
                          - Safe Routes to School (SRTS)

### Hotlines 

                          - Disaster Distress Hotline

### Programs 

                          - Choice Neighborhoods
                          - Internet Safety
                          - National Preparedness Directorate
                          - Project Launch
                          - Promise Neighborhoods
                          - Safe Schools/Healthy Students (SS/HS)
                          - Seat Belt Safety — Tweens (ages 8 to 14)

### Publications 

                          - A Parent's Guide to Internet Safety
                          - America's Young Adults: Special Issue, 2014
                          - Are You A Teen Worker?
                          - Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs
                          - Children and Identity Theft
                          - Children and Youth Disaster Behavioral Health Information Series
                          - FEMA Preparedness Tips for Parents and Guardians
                          - Mobile Apps for Kids: Current Privacy Disclosures Are Disapointing
                          - Online Sexual Health Resources
                          - Playground Injuries Fact Sheet
                          - Playground Safety Publications
                          - Protecting Children in Cyberspace: The ICAC Task Force Program
                          - Protecting Student Privacy While Using Online Educational Services:  Requirements and Best Practices
                          - Safety Hazards in Child Care Settings
                          - School Violence: Echoes From the Digital Playgrounds
                          - Spanish Language Resource: Abducted Children
                          - Special Feature: Campus Safety
                          - Spring Break: Be Smart, Be Safe
                          - The Challenge
                          - Tips for Helping Students Recovering from Traumatic Events
                          - Top Five Travel Tips for Spring Break 2014

### Resources 

                          - Cyber Security Tips for Computer and Mobile Device Users
                          - Digital Bicycle and Pedestrian Motion Graphics
                          - Resource Guide to Combat Sexual Violence on College and University Campuses
                          - Resource: 2015 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) Data
                          - Resource: 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Results
                          - Resource: Safety Central
                          - Resource: School’s Out, But Safety Should Always Be In
                          - Resource: Sports Safety
                          - Resource: White House Summer Opportunity Project
                          - Resource: Youth Online
                          - Safe Place: Trauma-Sensitive Practice for Health Centers Serving Students
                          - Share with Youth: A Friend of a Friend Might Be a Scammer
                          - Webinar Recording: Helping the LGBTQIA+ Community Before Disasters: Preparedness and Mitigation Considerations

### Technical Assistance 

                          - National Center for Safe Routes to School
                          - National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety
                          - Runaway and Homeless Youth Training and Technical Assistance Centers

### Tools & Guides 

                          - 3 Bold Steps for School Community Change
                          - A Guide to School Vulnerability Assessment Key: Principles for Safe Schools
                          - Action Guide for Emergency Management at Institutions of Higher Education
                          - Campus Safety and Security Data Analysis Cutting Tool
                          - Early Warning, Timely Response: A Guide to Safe Schools
                          - FEMA Catalogue of Youth Disaster Preparedness Education Resources
                          - Frequently Asked Questions about the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule
                          - Grants 101:  A Resource from Department of Justice
                          - Healthy Homes Website
                          - Helping Youth Prepare for Disasters
                          - Internet Safety: 2014 Resource Guide
                          - Latest Product Recalls
                          - Maternal and Child Health Library
                          - Net Cetera: Chatting with Kids About Being Online
                          - Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
                          - Resources on Children's Online Privacy
                          - State-based Occupational Health Surveillance Clearinghouse
                          - Videos: Reminding Kids About Street Safety Ages 5-18
                          - Weather Alerts
                          - WISQARS Mobile: Injury Data Anywhere, Anytime
                          - Young Workers

### Training Resources 

                          - Free Bicycle Safety Curriculum

### Videos & Podcasts 

                          - Attorney General Holder Announces Facebook, Bing AMBER Alert Tools
                          - Hit the "Pause" Button... Before You Share Online
                          - Resource: Using Procedural Justice to Improve Community Relations

### Websites 

                          - About Safe Communities
                          - Adolescent Health
                          - CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response Website
                          - CDC Emergency Preparedness and You
                          - Child Passenger Safety
                          - Emergency Planning for Schools
                          - Federal Network for Young Worker Safety and Health
                          - Girls Health
                          - Heads Up! A Guide to Online Safety
                          - Healthy People 2020
                          - Healthy Youth
                          - Injury and Violence Prevention and Control
                          - Interagency Council on Homelessness
                          - Internet Safety
                          - OnGuard Online
                          - Project iGuardian
                          - Ready.gov
                          - School Bus Safety
                          - The Campaign for Disability Employment
                          - Vehicle Safety Resources
                          - Young Worker Safety and Health
                          - Youth@Work: Talking Safety

### Youth Topics 

                          - Federal Data
                          - Preparedness & Recovery
                          - Prevention Strategies
                          - Risk and Protective Factors
                          - School Climate
                          - Trafficking Prevention
                          - Violence Prevention

## Youth Briefs

How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities
Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.

Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference
Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people

How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues
Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.

Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions
Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.

Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs
Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.

Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth
Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).

## Main navigation

- Violence Prevention
- National Forum on Youth Violence Prevention
- Federal Data
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- Risk and Protective Factors
- References

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## Latest Resources

### Announcements

Event: National Conference on Juvenile Justice

Share with Youth: Intelligence and Cybersecurity Diversity Fellowship Program

Resource: Cannabis: The Facts You Need to Know

### Collaboration Profiles

Y2CONNECT.org

National Forum on Youth Violence Prevention (NFYVP)

National Organizations for Youth Safety (NOYS)

### Data Sources

2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report

2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report

2011-2021 YRBS Data Summary and Trends Report

### Feature Articles

Resources to Support Youth Who Have Lost a Caregiver

Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century

Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C

### Publications

Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General

Youth Violence Protective Factors

Violence by Gang Members, 1993-2003

### Resources

Webinar Recording: Helping the LGBTQIA+ Community Before Disasters: Preparedness and Mitigation Considerations

Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking

YRBSS Results: Reports and Fact Sheets

### Youth Topics

Prevention Strategies

Risk and Protective Factors

Federal Data