NASA Technical Memorandum 104566, Vol. 18

SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Stanford B. Hooker and

Elaine R. Firestone, Editors

Volume 18, SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Elaine R. Firestone and Stanford B. Hooker

February 1995
NASA Technical Memorandum 104566, Vol. 18

SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Stanford B. Hooker, Editor

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland

Elaine R. Firestone, Technical Editor

General Sciences Corporation

Laurel, Maryland

Volume 18, SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Elaine R. Firestone

General Sciences Corporation

Laurel, Maryland

Stanford B. Hooker

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

1995
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Abstract

The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) is the follow-on ocean color instrument to the Coastal

Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), which ceased operations in 1986 after an eight-year mission. SeaWiFS is expected

to be launched in 1995 on the SeaStar satellite, being built by Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC). The SeaWiFS

Project at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC),

has undertaken the responsibility of documenting all aspects of this mission, which is critical to the ocean color

and marine science communities. This documentation, entitled the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series, is in the

form of NASA Technical Memorandum Number 104566. All reports published are volumes within the series.

This particular volume serves as a reference, or guidebook, to the previous 17 volumes and consists of 6 sections

including: an errata, an addendum (summaries of various SeaWiFS Working Group Bio-optical Algorithm and

Protocols Subgroups Workshops, and other auxiliary information), an index to key words and phrases, a list of

all references cited, and lists of acronyms and symbols used. It is the editors’ intention to publish a cumulative

index of this type after every five volumes in the series. Each index covers the topics published in all previous

editions, that is, each new index includes all of the information contained in the preceeding indices.

1. INTRODUCTION

This is the third in a series of indices, published as

a separate volume in the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view

(SeaWiFS) Technical Report Series, and covers information found in the first 17 volumes of the series. The Report Series is written under the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration’s (NASA) Technical Memorandum

(TM) Number 104566. The volume numbers, authors, and

titles are as follows:

Vol. 1: S.B. Hooker, W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman,

W.W. Gregg, and C.R. McClain, An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean Color.

Vol. 2: W.W. Gregg, Analysis of Orbit Selection for

SeaWiFS: Ascendingvs. DescendingNode.

Vol. 3: C.R. McClain, W.E. Esaias, W. Barnes, B.

Guenther, D. Endres, S.B. Hooker, B.G.

Mitchell, and R. Barnes, SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation Plan.

Vol. 4: C.R. McClain, E. Yeh, and G. Fu, An Analysis of GAC SamplingAlgorithms: A Case

Study.

Vol. 5: J.L. Mueller and R.W. Austin, Ocean Optics

Protocols for SeaWiFS Validation.

Vol. 6: E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker, SeaWiFS

Technical Report Series Cumulative Index:

Volumes 1–5.

Vol. 7: M. Darzi, Cloud Screeningfor Polar Orbiting

Visible and IR Satellite Sensors.

Vol. 8: S.B. Hooker, W.E. Esaias, and L.A. Rexrode, Proceedings of the First SeaWiFS Science Team Meeting.

Vol. 9: W.W. Gregg, F. Chen, A. Mezaache, J.

Chen, and J. Whiting, The Simulated SeaWiFS Data Set.

Vol. 10: R.H. Woodward, R.A. Barnes, W.E. Esaias,

W.L. Barnes, A.T. Mecherikunnel, Modeling

of the SeaWiFS Solar and Lunar Observations.

Vol. 11: F.S. Patt, C.M. Hoisington, W.W. Gregg, and

P.L. Coronado, Analysis of Selected Orbit

Propagation Models.

Vol. 12: E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker, SeaWiFS

Technical Report Series Cumulative Index:

Volumes 1–11.

Vol. 13: C.R. McClain, J.C. Comiso, R.S. Fraser, J.K.

Firestone, B.D. Schieber, E-n. Yeh, K.R. Arrigo, and C.W. Sullivan, Case Studies for SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation, Part 1.

Vol. 14: J.L. Mueller, The First SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment, SIRREX-1,

July 1992.

Vol. 15: W.W. Gregg, F.S. Patt, and R.H. Woodward,

The Simulated SeaWiFS Data Set, Version 2.

Vol. 16: Mueller, J.L., B.C. Johnson, C.L. Cromer,

J.W. Cooper, J.T. McLean, S.B. Hooker, and

T.L. Westphal, The Second SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment, SIRREX-2, June 1993.

Vol. 17: Abbott, M.R., O.B. Brown, H.R. Gordon,

K.L. Carder, R.E. Evans, F.E. Muller-Karger,

and W.E. Esaias, Ocean Color in the 21st

Century: A Strategy for a 20 -Year Time Series.

1
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

This volume within the series serves as a reference, or

guidebook, to the aforementioned volumes. It consists of

the four main sections included with the first two indices

published, Volumes 6 and 12, in the series: a cumulative

index to key words and phrases, a glossary of acronyms,

a list of symbols used, and a bibliography of all references

cited in the series. In addition, as in Volume 12, errata and

addenda sections have been added to address issues and

needed corrections that have come to the editors’ attention

since the volumes were first published.

The nomenclature of the index is a familiar one, in the

sense that it is a sequence of alphabetical entries, but it utilizes a unique format since multiple volumes are involved.

Unless indicated otherwise, the index entries refer to some

aspect of the SeaWiFS instrument or project, for example,

the mission overview index entry refers to an overview of

the SeaWiFS mission. An index entry is composed of a

keyword or phrase followed by an entry field which directs

the reader to the possible locations where a discussion of

the keyword can be found. The entry field is normally

made up of a volume identifier shown in bold face, followed by a pages identifier, which is always enclosed in

parentheses:

keyword, volume(pages).

If an entry is the subject of an entire volume, the volume

field is shown in slanted type without a page field:

keyword, Vol. #.

For the first time in the series of indices, an entry can be

the subject of a complete chapter, as in the chapters found

in Volume 13. In this instance, both the volume number

and chapter number appear without a page field:

keyword, Vol. # ch. #.

Figures or tables that provide particularly important summary information are also indicated as separate entries in

the pages field. In this case, the figure or table number is

given with the page number on which it appears.

2. ERRATA

1. Note: It had been expected that SeaWiFS would utilize

the ozone measurement data obtained from the NIMBUS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). In

May 1993, however, this instrument ceased operations.

As of this writing, the alternative sensor that will provide equivalent or similar data for the SeaWiFS mission will either be the Earth Probe-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP-TOMS) or the Television and

Infrared Satellite (TIROS) Operational and Vertical

Sounder (TOVS).

2. Note: The name of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been changed to the

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; the

acronym has stayed the same.

3. Note: Previously in the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series, mention was made of the tilt and nadir versions of

the MODIS instrument—the so-called MODIS-T and

MODIS-N variations, respectively. As of this writing,

only the MODIS-N instrument will be developed and

launched. In this, and all subsequent volumes of this

series of technical memoranda, MODIS refers to this

nadir version of the instrument.

4. In Volume 13 of the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series,

“Case Studies for SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation,

Part 1,” Equation 19 was printed as:

A = I0 − I2

I0

,

= 1 − exp −τox

μ0 + μ



.

(19)

The correct equation should read:

A = I0 − I2

I0

,

= 1 − exp −τox  1

μ0

+

1

μ

 .

(19)

5. In Volume 3, page 34, under Section 3.5, the list of

eight assumptions should read:

1) For a given scene, the aerosol type, as characterized by the  ̊Angstr ̈om exponents, are constant.

In the global CZCS processing, the  ̊Angstr ̈om

exponents for all scenes were 0.1, 0, and 0 for

443, 520, and 550 nm, respectively. These values imply almost no wavelength dependence in

aerosol scattering, which is approximately true

for marine atmospheres.

2) LW (670) was assumed to be zero everywhere.

3) The  ̊Angstr ̈om exponent at 443 nm was assumed

to be the average of those estimated at 520 nm

in clear water regions.

4) The second order interaction between Rayleigh

and aerosol scattering was assumed to be zero.

5) The sun glint mask algorithm assumed constant

6 m s−1 wind speeds. No radiometric correction

was made for sun glint or sea foam.

6) The correction geometry assumed a flat Earth.

7) The Rayleigh optical thickness was assumed to

be constant. (In the global processing, the ozone

optical thicknesses have been derived from Total

Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Dobson

units.)

8) The water-leaving radiances were assumed to be

independent of scan angle.

6. Also in Volume 3, a reference was incorrectly made to

“Table 9.” The reference should have read “Table 1,

Volume 5” [of the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series].

2
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

7. Note: Since the issuance of previous volumes, a number

of the references cited have changed their publication

status, e.g., they have gone from “submitted” or “in

press” to printed matter. In other instances, some part

(or parts) of the citation has changed, for example, the

title or year of publication. Listed below are the references in question as they were originally cited in one

or more of the first 17 volumes in the series, along with

how they now appear in the references section of this

volume.

Original Citation

Gordon, H.R., and K. Ding, 1991: Self shading of inwater optical instruments. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37,

491–500.

Revised Citation

Gordon, H.R., and K. Ding, 1992: Self shading of inwater optical instruments. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37,

491–500.

Original Citation

Gregg, W.W., and F.S. Patt, 1993: Assessment of tilt

capability for spaceborne global ocean color sensors.

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., (submitted).

Revised Citation

Gregg, W.W., and F.S. Patt, 1994: Assessment of tilt

capability for spaceborne global ocean color sensors.

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 32, 866–877.

Original Citation

McClain, C.R., G. Feldman, and W. Esaias, 1993: Oceanic primary production, Global Change Atlas, C.

Parkinson, J. Foster, and R. Gurney, Eds., Cambridge University Press, (in press).

Revised Citation

McClain, C.R., G. Feldman, and W. Esaias, 1993: Oceanic primary production, Global Change Atlas, C.

Parkinson, J. Foster, and R. Gurney, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 251–263.

Original Citation

Patt, F.S., and W.W. Gregg, 1993: Exact closed-form

geolocation algorithm for Earth survey sensors. Int.

J. Remote Sens., (submitted).

Revised Citation

Patt, F.S., and W.W. Gregg, 1994: Exact closed-form

geolocation algorithm for Earth survey sensors. Int.

J. Remote Sens., (accepted).

3. ADDENDA

This section presents summaries of the following meetings which were held at the NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center (GSFC):

a) the Second SeaWiFS Working Group (SWG) Biooptical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshop

(BAOPW-2) (Section 3.1) 8–10 November 1993;

written by C. McClain, J. Mueller, and J. Acker;

b) the end-to-end software review of the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY), 7–8 April 1994; written by S.

Hooker (Section 3.2);

c) the SeaWiFS Calibration Subgroup Meeting, 12

April 1994; written by C. McClain (Section 3.3);

d) the SeaWiFS Atmospheric Correction Subgroup

Meeting, 3 May 1994; written by C. McClain (Section 3.4);

e) the Third SWG Bio-Optical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshops (BAOPW-3), 12–13 May

1994; written by C. McClain (Section 3.5); and

f) the Fourth SWG Bio-Optical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshops (BAOPW-4), 9–10 November 1994; written by C. McClain (Section 3.6).

In addition, this section contains the SeaWiFS Baseline Product List, revised 26 April 1994—written by W.

Esaias and C. McClain (Section 3.7)—and the names and

addresses of all attendees of the aforementioned workshops

and meetings (Section 3.8).

3.1 Bio-Optical Algorithms and Protocols

The following is a summary of the Second SeaWiFS

Bio-optical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshop

(BAOPW-2), which was held at GSFC on November 8–

10, 1993. The primary workshop objectives were to: 1)

define the initial SeaWiFS pigment and chlorophyll a algorithms, 2) complete a draft of the measurement protocols

for Case-2 waters, and 3) draft recommendations for nearand long-term round-robin calibration program. Due to

the way the workshop was conducted, the summary is arranged according to subject matter, and not in the session

sequence. The team members and invited guests are listed

in Table 1.

Table 1. Team members and invited guests to the

BAOPW-2, held 8–10 November, 1993 at GSFC.

The subgroup memberships are as listed in Hooker

et al. (1993). Attendees are identified with a checkmark ( ).

Team Present Team Present

Members Members

J. Aiken  A. Morel 

W. Balch  J. Morrison 

K. Carder  J. Mueller 

D. Clark F. MullerC. Davis Karger 

W. Esaias  D. Siegel

H. Gordon  R. Smith

F. Hoge P. Stegman 

S. Hooker  C. Trees 

M. Kishino C. Yentsch

G. Mitchell 

3
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

3.1.1 Bio-optical Algorithm Sessions

1. Introduction: (C. McClain)

A. Workshop Objectives and Agenda

B. Review of Action Items from the First Workshop

3.1.1.1 Bio-optical Algorithm Development

The item numbers below follow the Workshop Charter

stated for the first bio-optical algorithm and optical protocols workshop—BAOPW-1 (Firestone and Hooker 1993).

Item 3A.

Bio-optical data sets: The data sets to be provided to

the SeaWiFS Project are shown in Table 2 along with their

respective status.

Following the discussion on data set status, R. Doerffer

agreed to provide North Sea data. Also, A. Morel commented that he has three classes of data: historical, intermediate, and recent. The historical data would be difficult

to retrieve because of the media. Retrieving the intermediate data would require a substantial effort. The recent

data, which was collected within the past two years, can

be made available.

Item 3B.

The SeaWiFS Project bio-optical data archive and distribution system (C.R. McClain): The database structure

and implementation plan for both the historical pigment

database and bio-optical database have been defined and

implemented. Documents describing both were distributed

at the workshop and will become volumes in the SeaWiFS

Technical Report Series. To date, both types of Coastal

Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) Nimbus Experiment Team

(NET) data, station and along-track, have been ingested

into the bio-optical database.

Other bio-optical data sets that have been received

and are being processed include optics-only data from the

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) North Atlantic

Bloom Experiment (NABE) and the JGOFS Equatorial

Pacific Process Study (EqPac), provided by C. Trees; and

optics-only data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), provided by J. Marra. Several historical pigment data sets have been ingested, including

data from A. Longhurst (North Atlantic); G. Mitchell [Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem Rates (RACER)];

and JGOFS EqPac station data. In addition, the data

from the first two calibration round-robins (SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiments, SIRREX-1 and

SIRREX-2) have been ingested, and the prelaunch calibration and characterization data for the SeaWiFS instrument

from Hughes/Santa Barbara Research Center (SBRC) is

also being ingested.

SeaWiFS Bio-optical Database (S.B. Hooker): The SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation Program implemented

an on-line database for round-robin, SeaWiFS prelaunch

calibration, and bio-optical data. The system and present

holdings were described. The data distribution policy and

plans related to expanding the holdings were discussed.

Item 3C.

Semi-analytical algorithm development (H. Gordon, K.

Carder, A. Morel, and R. Doerffer): K. Carder assumed

the lead in the chlorophyll pigment algorithm development.

Strawman Operational Pigment and Chlorophyll a Algorithms (K. Carder): Per the recommendation from the

first bio-optical algorithm workshop, the pigment and chlorophyll algorithms should be semi-analytical, encompass

both Case-1 and Case-2 waters, and should allow for seamless space-time variability in key parameters as the biooptical database becomes more global in coverage. K.

Carder has assumed the responsibility of developing the

methodology and presented his initial approach.

The chlorophyll algorithm requires estimates of remote

sensing reflectance at 412, 443, 555, and 670 nm, and knowledge of both the Q factor and backscatter and absorption

coefficients for water, Gelbstoff, and phytoplankton at 412,

443, and 555 nm. A number of issues were discussed, including:

a) the availability of data sets containing suitable

measurements of the free parameters;

b) the estimation of specific absorption coefficients

for phytoplankton;

c) test criteria for branch points in the algorithm

logic; and

d) the incorporation of relationships based on inherent optical properties (IOP) into the algorithm.

One major concern is the present lack of suitable measurements over a wide variety of water masses.

Strawman Operational Pigment and Chlorophyll a Algorithms Continued (K. Carder): Further discussion on

the strawman algorithm was concluded. K. Carder will incorporate several suggestions into a revised version of the

algorithm which he will provide to the SeaWiFS Project

by early January 1994.

Item 4.

Quality Control (QC) Flags and Masks

Cloud mask (C.R. McClain, R. Evans, S. Gallegos, K.

Arrigo, and R. Stumpf): C. McClain examined an albedo

threshold approach using the CZCS 750 nm band. K. Arrigo presented results for CZCS scenes having low sun elevations, ice, and coccolithophore blooms. S. Gallegos presented some results from the work she had done on a statistical approach for a cloud and ice mask.

Coccolithophore flag (H. Gordon, W. Balch, F. Hoge,

and C. Brown): C. Brown presented an algorithm for flagging coccolithophore blooms in CZCS imagery.

Sea ice flag (G. Cota, J. Aiken, K. Arrigo, R. Zaneveld,

and G. Moore): It is generally felt that insufficient data is

available to develop an ice flag separate from a cloud flag.

Trichodesmium flag (A. Morel and A. Subramaniam):

A. Subramaniam presented some observations and analyses of in situ data from Trichodesmium blooms. He also

4
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Table 2. Bio-optical data sets to be provided to the SeaWiFS Project.

Team Members Source Status

K. Carder North Atlantic Not received

Gulf of Mexico Not received

J. Mueller North Pacific Not received (permission

C. Trees needed from the Navy)

D. Clark CZCS NET Data 1 Received

MOCE-I 2 Being processed

MOCE-II Being processed

C. Davis Equatorial Pacific Not received

North Atlantic Not received

U.S. West Coast Not received

M. Kishino Tokyo Bay Not received

Sea of Japan Not received

G. Mitchell RACER Pigments received

Optics not received

CalCoFI 1 3 Not received

CalCoFI 2 Not received

R. Arnone Gulf of Mexico Not received

A. Weidemann

J. Mueller

D. Siegel Bermuda Not received

1 Coastal Zone Color Scanner NIMBUS Experiment Team

2 Marine Optical Characterization Experiment

3 California Cooperative Fisheries Institute

submitted a recommendation on an approach to developing a flag algorithm.

Bottom reflectance flag (K. Carder, C. Davis, W. Esaias, and R. Arnone): The SeaWiFS Project decided to use

a bathymetry database to flag shallow water areas, rather

than rely on a radiometric algorithm.

Land mask (R. Evans and C.R. McClain): A combination of geographic and radiometric algorithms will be used.

Implementation is underway.

Item 5.

1. Bio-optical Field Program Update (S. Hooker): This

session was meant to provide an update of recent field

activities relevant to algorithm development with brief

presentations of the results, if available. The session

concluded with a discussion of bio-optical cruises

planned by the community in order to evaluate overall

program deficiencies and strategies.

A. Report on MOCE-II (S. Hooker): The SeaWiFS

Project’s Calibration and Validation Group maintains a schedule of bio-optical cruises (Fig. 1). Additions or changes to that schedule included the following (also in Fig. 1):

1) Oligotrophy in the Pacific (OLIPAC) Ocean, A.

Morel, June 1994;

2) (Geochemical) Fluxes in the Pacific (FLUPAC)

Ocean, A. Morel, August 1994;

3) Arabian Sea, J. Aiken, August–October 1994;

4) North Sea, J. Aiken, November 1994;

5) JGOFS Arabian Sea Bio-optics, November 1994;

6) Yellow Sea, C. Trees, July 1994;

7) U.S. Mid-Atlantic Bight, D. Kamykowski, late

1994;

8) Chesapeake Bay, F. Muller-Karger, annual,

1993–1995;

9) Gulf of California, J. Mueller and Centro de Investigaci ́on Cient ́ifica y de Educaci ́on Superior

de Ensenada (CICESE) Principal Investigators,

(November 1994, March, June, and November

1995); and

10) Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Arabian Sea,

A. Weidemann, June–July 1995.

Item 6.

Alternative bio-optical data collection strategies (J.

Mueller, K. Carder, C. Davis, G. Mitchell, and R. Arnone):

Little progress has been made. K. Carder and C. Davis

will provide a draft protocol in the January–February 1994

time frame.

5
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Location Contact Brief Description of Activities J F M A M J J A S O N D

Calendar Year 1991

Monterey Bay D. Clark MOBY test deployment.

Moss Landing D. Clark Submersible in situ radiometer test.

Calendar Year 1992

Bermuda D. Siegel JGOFS pigments and optical time series.

Lake Pend Oreille R. Zaneveld ONR Optical Closure Experiment.

Monterey Bay D. Clark MOCE-1 instrumentation shake-down.

Monterey Bay D. Clark MOBY at-sea test.

Calendar Year 1993

Bermuda D. Siegel JGOFS pigments and optical time series.

S. California Bight G. Mitchell CalCoFI bio-optical algorithm validation.

Gulf of California D. Clark MOCE-2 final integration of instruments.

Gulf of Mexico R. Arnone Navy optical instruments shake-down.

Lanai, Hawaii D. Clark Deep sea mooring (for MOBY) deployment.

Monterey Bay D. Clark Final test of prototype MOBY.

Weddell Sea J. Torres Phytoplankton production and biomass.

Calendar Year 1994

Bermuda D. Siegel JGOFS pigments and optical time series.

S. California Bight G. Mitchell CalCoFI bio-optical algorithm validation.

Lanai, Hawaii D. Clark MOBY prototype deployment.

Gulf of Mexico A. Weidemann Navy regional Case 2 algorithms cruise.

Mid-Atlantic Bight D. Kamykowski Case 1 and Case 2 pigments.

Lanai, Hawaii D. Clark MOBY refurbishment.

Lanai, Hawaii D. Clark MOCE-3 initialization and certification.

Sargasso Sea A. Weidemann Navy Case 1 and 2 algorithms cruise.

Arabian Sea R. Arnone Navy Case 1 and 2 pigments cruise.

Arabian Sea W. Balch JGOFS mini-process study cruise.

Gulf of California D. Clark MOCE-4 calibration and validation cruise.

Calendar Year 1995

Bermuda D. Siegel JGOFS pigments and optical time series.

Lanai, Hawaii D. Clark MOBY refurbishment.

Gulf of Mexico D. Clark MOCE-5 calibration and validation cruise.

Arabian Sea R. Arnone Navy Case 1 and 2 pigments cruise.

Canary Islands D. Clark MOCE-6 calibration and validation cruise.

Calendar Year 1996

Bermuda D. Siegel JGOFS pigments and optical time series.

Arabian Sea R. Arnone Navy Case 1 and 2 pigments cruise.

Lanai, Hawaii D. Clark MOBY refurbishment.

Eastern Pacific D. Clark MOCE-7 calibration and validation cruise.

Fig. 1. Field deployment schedule for SeaWiFS, as of late 1993.

6
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

3.1.1.2 Special Topics

This session, led by C. McClain, was for discussing topics of interest relevant to algorithm development, SeaWiFS

QC, and ocean color missions. The topics discussed were:

a) SeaWiFS sensor status update, W. Esaias;

b) Regression analyses for bio-optical algorithms, J.

Campbell;

c) Remote sensing reflectance from inherent optical

properties, R. Zaneveld;

d) K(490) algorithms, Case-1 Water, C. Trees;

e) K(490) algorithms, Case-2 Water, R. Arnone;

f) Coccolithophore detection, C. Brown;

g) Trichodesmium detection, A. Subramaniam;

h) Cloud and ice detection, S. Gallegos;

i) Cloud and ice detection, K. Arrigo; and

j) Marine Optical Spectroradiometer (MOS) and Priroda, A. Neumann.

During the presentations on K(490), the point was

made that the baseline Austin-Petzold algorithm is robust

over a broader range of Case-1 waters than the original

data set encompassed. It was also shown, however, that

the algorithm is not accurate in turbid Case-2 waters.

The Austin-Petzold relationship remains the baseline

for K(490). This algorithm, however, is not accurate in

very turbid Case-2 waters. K. Carder will continue to refine his chlorophyll a algorithm and will provide an update

to the Project by the end of the year. J. Aiken volunteered

to examine the existing CZCS pigment algorithm and assess its performance using additional data sets. He will

provide those results to the Project by the March 1994

SWG meeting.

Questions were raised regarding the SeaWiFS distributed products (W. Esaias) about whether or not the current

level-2 and level-3 products are the most useful for the

user community. For instance, it is not clear that binned

normalized water leaving radiances at wavelengths other

than 550 nm have any applications. Also, the bio-optical

algorithms may use reflectance and E0. Should adjustments in the present product list be recommended? A

lengthy discussion resulted with a decision to continue the

deliberations later in the workshop. When discussions resumed, they focused primarily on the definition and usefulness of the CZCS pigment product. It was agreed that

the most accurate estimates of water-leaving or normalized

water-leaving radiance should be used to compute the pigment product, rather than to employ values derived using

a method identical to the CZCS atmospheric correction.

The final recommendations were synthesized and are listed

in the tables found in Section 3.7. These recommendations

will be distributed to the SWG for comment and will be

formally addressed at the March SWG meeting.

3.1.2 Optical Protocols

Attendees and invited guests to the Round-Robin and

Optical Protocols Working Group are found in Table 3.

3.1.2.1 Workshop Objectives andAgenda

J. Mueller lead the summary and status action items

from the first workshop, again using the item numbers from

the BAOPW-1 meeting (Firestone and Hooker 1993).

Table 3. Round-Robin and Optical Protocols

Working Group attendees. The subgroup memberships are as listed in Hooker et al. (1993).

Team Present Team Present

Members Members

D. Clark M. Lewis

C. Davis C. McClain 

R. Doerffer  G. Mitchell

W. Esaias  A. Morel 

H. Gordon  J. Mueller 

F. Hoge D. Siegel

M. Kishino R. Smith

O. Kopelevich R. Zaneveld 

Other Attendees

R. Arnone S. Gallegos

K. Arrigo J. Morrow

C. Brown A. Neumann

J. Campbell A. Subramaniam

R. Evans G. Zimmerman

Item 1A.

Ship shadowing (D. Siegel and J. Mueller): No progress

to report.

Item 1B. Not discussed

Item 1C.

Bio-optical algorithm instrumentation specifications (J.

Mueller): No progress to report. J. Mueller has obtained

the CZCS NET data and will be performing correlation

analyses to see what corrections can be made to observations at wavelengths near to, but not coincident with, the

SeaWiFS bands.

Item 1D.

Case-2 water protocols (K. Carder, C. Yentsch, R. Doerffer, F. Muller-Karger, C. Davis, W. Esaias, A. Weidemann, R. Arnone, and R. Stumpf): No progress to report.

R. Doerffer will provide data to assist in the development

of these protocols.

Item 1E.

Data quality control (J. Mueller, D. Siegel, C. Davis,

A. Weidemann, G. Mitchell, and H. Gordon): J. Mueller

will present some initial comparisons later in the workshop.

More comprehensive analyses need to be completed.

Item 1F.

Aircraft data collection protocols (C. Davis, F. Hoge,

K. Carder, M. Lewis, and P. Slater): No progress to report.

Item 1G. Not discussed

7
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

3.1.2.2 Case-2 Protocols

The group, lead by J. Mueller, discussed the areas in

which new protocols must be drafted to reflect:

a) well-known difficulties associated with making accurate radiometric and optical measurements in turbid Case-2 waters, and

b) the increased need for accurate measurements of

IOP to develop and validate semi-analytic algorithms of the form recommended by the Algorithm

Working Group.

This recommendation is for algorithms based, in any

of several forms, on the interrelationships between the ratio bb/a, chlorophyll concentration, and remote sensing

reflectance. Physically, remote sensing reflectance (Rrs)

may be accurately modelled as a function of the ratio of

backscattering to absorption, where absorption is strongly

dependent, and scattering is somewhat dependent, on pigment concentrations. Pigment concentrations are often expressed using chlorophyll a concentration as a proxy index

for a typical oceanic phytopigment assemblage.

The classical ratio algorithm simply assumes the following: other absorbing substances are either constant or

covariant with chlorophyll a; and the log of a ratio of two

radiometric quantities, e.g., upwelling radiances, can be

approximated by a linear function. The classical type

algorithm will calculate least-squares coefficients for the

apparent functional relationship between the radiometric

quantities.

A semi-analytic algorithm, of the type proposed for

SeaWiFS, expresses some (or all) IOP explicitly in terms

of chlorophyll, theoretical relationships, or constants, then

combines equations for two or more wavelengths and inverts the result to solve for chlorophyll. In several models, reflectance is expressed as a function of the ratio of

backscattering to absorption, which in turn is then empirically linked to chlorophyll a concentration.

To date, most observational algorithm development has

been limited to finding direct correlations between chlorophyll and spectral combinations of remote sensing reflectance. This emphasis is reflected in the brevity with

which IOP measurement and analysis protocols are presented in the SeaWiFS Optical Protocols (Mueller and

Austin 1992), even though they are specified as required

variables for bio-optical algorithm development. Given the

explicit appearance of IOP in the proposed baseline algorithm and recent advances in instrumentation to measure

spectral absorption, beam attenuation, and segments of

the volume scattering function, the majority of the working group members seem to favor revising the protocols to

emphasize IOP measurements more prominently (albeit an

explicit vote was not taken on that issue).

The workshop discussions identified three general areas

where new, or strengthened protocols are necessary. These

are:

1) Experiment design and sampling methods for algorithm development in Case-2 waters (R. Doerffer);

2) Protocols and related database for measuring absorption (R. Zaneveld); and

3) Protocols and related database for measuring scattering (R. Zaneveld).

Individuals identified in parentheses will orchestrate

the development of protocols for each area. A detailed

outline of the specific subtopics identified in each area is

given below, together with the names of potential contributors (those on the working group agreed to provide input,

and contributions from the others will be solicited).

It was agreed to pull each topic area together as a looseleaf notebook containing individual working reports, etc.,

from the identified contributors, with a brief overview and

summary recommendation for new protocols written by

the topic leader (identified in parentheses above). J. Mueller will coordinate the overall effort, and will draft recommended protocol additions, or revisions, based on the material presented. The intent is to assemble this material by

early February 1994 for distribution to all SeaWiFS Science Team members. The protocol numbers refer back to

the same numbered sections in Mueller and Austin (1992).

Outline

(contributors identified in parentheses)

I. Experiment Design and Sampling Methods for Algorithm Development in Case-2 Waters

A. Overview of Case-2 Sampling Methods and Experiment Design (R. Doerffer)

B. Instrument Self-Shadow Effects [Gordon and Ding

model].

1. Near-IR tank experiments (R. Doerffer and J.

Mueller)

a. Wave and platform effects (R. Doerffer and

J. Mueller)

b. Above-water remote sensing reflectance measurements, including Gulf of Mexico Experiment (GOMEX) results (K. Carder, C. Davis, R. Arnone, and J. Mueller).

II. Absorption: Measurement Protocols and Database

A. Overview and Absorption Protocol Recommendations (R. Zaneveld)

B. Absorption Measurement Methods

1. Filter Method vs. Reflecting Tube Absorption

Comparisons (C. Roesler, R. Zaneveld)

2. “β-Factor” Comparisons in Filter Particle Absorption Measurements (J. Cleveland)

3. Benchtop Absorption Meter for Dissolved Organics (K. Carder)

4. Methods for Separating Constituent Components of Absorption (K. Carder and R. Zaneveld)

5. Filter Specifications [Protocol 5.4.3] (C. Trees)

8
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

B. Database: Absorption, Chlorophyll, and other variables.

1. Overview, summary, and coordination of data

base assembly (J. Campbell)

2. Filter Absorption and Pigment data sets (G.

Mitchell, K. Carder, M. Kishino, C. Roesler, and

others who will be determined at a later date).

3. Filter Absorption, Pigments, and Radiometry

Data Sets (K. Carder; M. Wernand; R. Doerffer;

J. Cleveland, C. Trees, and J. Mueller; K. Voss,

and B. Balch, and others who will be determined

at a later date).

4. Absorption, other IOP, Pigments, and Radiometric Profiles (R. Zaneveld, Pend Orielle Closure Experiment, and East Puget Sound)

5. Protocol 5.4.2 and 5.2.4.3 Review and Revision

(K. Carder, R. Zaneveld, R. Doerffer, and C.

McClain)

III. Scattering: Measurement Protocols and Database

A. Overview of Scattering Measurement Methods,

Prognosis for Improved Instruments and Methods,

Protocol Recommendations (R. Zaneveld)

B. Backscattering Measurement:

1. Single-Wavelength β(170◦) (R. Maffione)

2. Intermediate and large angle scattering meter

development [5 angles at 9 wavelengths] (R. Zaneveld)

3. General Angle Scattering Meter (GASM) (K.

Voss)

3.1.2.3 Data QC andAnalysis Round-Robin

J. Mueller lead this discussion on a follow-up of an activity initiated during the protocols workshop in May 1993

(Firestone and Hooker 1993). He presented some initial

comparisons between his analysis technique and that used

by C. Davis of diffuse attenuation coefficients and derived

water-leaving radiances, which indicated some large discrepancies for some optical profiles. Further analysis, and

the participation of others, is required.

3.1.2.4 Calibration Round-Robin

Results from SIRREX-2 (J. Mueller): The results obtained from SIRREX-2 indicate a significant improvement

over SIRREX-1 in terms of the sphere comparisons, etc.

The final report will be submitted to the Project by December 1994 for publication in the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series (see Mueller 1994).

Recommendations for SIRREX in 1994

1. SIRREX-3 (Group Experiments):

a. Continue the sphere characterizations and radiance

scale transfers with emphasis on spatial and angular

uniformity and temporal stability.

b. Verify stability and stray light rejection for all transfer radiometers.

c. Examine the bidirectional diffuse reflectance of the

plaques.

2. Radiometer Round-Robins:

a. Calibrate selected sets of radiometers at several laboratories within 3–4 week intervals, and test comparability of blind test results.

b. Follow up on discrepancies as appropriate.

3. FEL lamp irradiance standards

a. Schedule FEL lamps for transfers at GSFC on an

annual basis.

4. Error budget analyses

a. Document overall calibration error budget illustrating goals, SIRREX accomplishments to date, and

schedule for meeting goals.

3.1.2.5 The Long-Term Round-Robin Program

The SeaWiFS Project is supporting the present roundrobin program, which has a limited duration and scope (C.

McClain). Questions that need to be addressed include:

1. How will the activity be expanded and supported

in the future within the US?

2. How will it be managed?

3. How will an international program be coordinated? It was also recommended that an approach for quantifying the overall impact of the

round-robin comparison program on the quality

of in situ optical measurements be defined.

3.2 MOBY Review Summary

An end-to-end software review of the MOBY was held

7–8 April 1994 at GSFC, the attendees of which are listed

in Table 4. The review was triggered by an inability of the

buoy to properly multi-task during its February 1994 deployment off the coast of Lanai, Hawaii. More specifically,

the buoy cannot collect data reliably if the cellular telephone communications task is running while the MOBY

data acquisition task is executing. It is important to note,

however, that the buoy is collecting data successfully, but

in a more simplistic serial mode; that is, the buoy collects in situ data once per day, does nothing else during

that acquisition event, and then stops acquisition before

attempting the next scheduled activity.

A review panel comprised of GSFC Forth (an interactive and interpretive language used in small computers)

experts, autonomous system experts, and Project personnel was assembled to meet with the MOBY Team to assist

in determining the source of the multi-tasking problem.

The Project representatives also reviewed the MOBY data

processing and distribution plan.

9
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

3.2.1 Agenda

The following is the agenda followed for this review.

7 April 1994

0800 Introductory Remarks C. McClain

0810 MOBY System Overview D. Clark

0830 End-to-end Communications

Overview W. Broenkow

0850 Hardware (as it relates to

software) Overview M. Yarbrough

0910 MOBY Software Overview W. Broenkow

0930 MOBY Operating System R. Reeves

1000 Break

1010 Resume Review

1200 Adjourn

1330 Afternoon Session

1500 Meeting with Nancy Farnan

1530 Review of Contract Deliverables D. Clark

1700 Adjourn

8 April 1994

0800 Introductory Remarks and

Morning Agenda C. McClain

1000 Break

1010 Resume Review

1200 Adjourn

1330 Afternoon Session

1340 Post-processing Software Overview D. Clark

1400 Individual Post-processing

Elements W. Broenkow

1500 Adjourn

Table 4. MOBY review attendees.

Attendee Level of

Participation

Samuel Bergeson-Willis Participant

William Broenkow MOBY Team

Robert Caffrey Review Panel

Dennis Clark MOBY Team

Mary Cleave Participant

Michael Darzi Participant

Wayne Esaias Participant

Stanford Hooker Review Panel

Charles McClain Review Panel

Todd Miller Review Panel

Richard Reaves MOBY Team

Thomas Riley Review Panel

Shane Hynes Review Panel

Mark Yarbrough MOBY Team

3.2.2 Review Panel Comments

The MOBY Review Panel had a number of comments

based on the information presented.

1. The panel members were impressed with the operating system and the people who built it. They feel it

is based on a sound architecture and should work. It

appears to be a multi-tasking Forth system with each

task operating in a non-preemptive round-robin fashion. The system is a hybrid Forth modeled after a particular commercial package (probably polyForth) but

patterned after several others.

2. The execution problem is probably due to a programming bug in the Forth code. Stack overflow, which

could be caused by improper clean-up of the stack when

a task completes and exits, is the most likely source of

difficulty .

3. Richard Reaves is the only person who understands the

MOBY operating system, so he is a single point of failure. Another person needs to be brought on to ensure

Richard’s knowledge is duplicated and retained by the

Team.

4. The MOBY Team is needlessly isolated and should investigate a wider participation in the Forth community.

The Special Interest Group (SIG) Forth and Forth Interest Groups are user groups that can provide an opportunity for the Team to meet other Forth programmers. There is a user community in Monterey (near

the Team’s locale in Salinas, California).

5. Another opportunity for interaction in the Monterey

area is Everett “Skip” Carter who has developed a

buoy using Forth (408-899-0336 and on the Internet:

skip@taygeta.oc.nps.navy.mil).

6. The MOBY Team should investigate the use of version

control software (VCS) or a public domain program.

7. The MOBY Team should schedule code walk-throughs

at a frequency in keeping with the level of elapsed development and the importance of the version being created, i.e., major revisions requiring substantial effort

need reviews.

8. Once the MOBY Team has implemented many of the

recommendations, particularly the data simulator, one

of the panel members should probably visit Moss Landing Marine Laboratory (MLML) and review the progress made.

9. The present data processing system requires manual

intervention to handle all calibration and formatting.

10. No QC is currently in place, although some parts of

such a system are under consideration or rudimentary

design.

3.2.3 Action Items for the MOBY Team

Action items to be completed by the Team include:

a. Overview details need to be agreed upon. This begins

with a highest-level sketch of what the system looks

like and is followed by a diagram of the basic functional units, each of which performs a well-specified

10
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

task. This diagram includes the pathways and interfaces between the various components and must be

supported by lists of requirements and specifications.

The lists detail what each basic unit does by itself and

in relation to the other units, via the data pathways

and interfaces, which means the interfaces must also

be completely described. Once an overview of the buoy

is completed, the entire system is largely defined and

the requirements for the operating system, which will

control its execution, can then be specified (or in this

case, completely evaluated).

b. A list of tasks and a description of what each task does

needs to be created. This should also include what

activates and deactivates a particular task.

c. The time it takes to execute one loop in the round-robin

should be determined and monitored.

d. Timing diagrams need to be produced, in part, to establish whether or not the hardware can support what

the software is required to do, and also to aid the debugging effort.

e. A watchdog timer should be implemented.

f. The stack depth is a good indicator of system health

and should be monitored. The current stack depth is

frequently at 30 and should usually be less than 8 and

never above 20 (as a rule of thumb).

g. An interactive programming environment should be created. Right now the program cannot be debugged

when it runs. This will require the implementation of

a TALKER task.

h. A simulator for each data source should be created,

probably using personal computers (PCs) or local area

transport (LAT) interfaces on a VAX (if the proper

data rates can be simulated). This will allow for testing

and debugging even when the buoy is unavailable.

i. The GET and RELEASE Forth commands should be

looked at. There may be a requirement associated with

their use for certain functions to be locked out when

tasks exit.

j. An automated processing capability should be developed prior to the launch of SeaWiFS.

k. MLML should itemize the tasking, milestones, and resource requirements for near-real time data analysis.

In particular, the QC modules, both in terms of how

the data is collected and processed, need to be clearly

presented.

3.3 Calibration Subgroup Meeting

The SeaWiFS Calibration Subgroup Meeting was held

on 12 April 1994. The purpose of the meeting was to review

the results of analyses on the prelaunch calibration and

characterization data provided by Hughes/SBRC. These

data are being archived within the SeaWiFS Calibration

and Validation database. The archived data will be described in a separate technical memorandum within the

SeaWiFS Technical Report Series (Volume 23).

0830 Introduction C. McClain

0845 Prelaunch Sensor Calibration

Data and Data Analyses

Calibration Equation† R. Barnes

Sensor Certification Matrix†

Out-of-Band Radiance Corrections†

Stray Light Corrections† R. Barnes

1100 Prelaunch Ground-based Solar

Calibration† Biggar/Slater

1130 SeaWiFS Transfer Radiometer† C. Johnson

1200 Lunch

1330 GSFC Sphere Status and SeaWiFS

Scale Maintenance J. McLean

1400 SeaWiFS Calibration Plans

During Thermal Vacuum

Testing Period at GSFC R. Barnes

1500 Post-launch Vicarious

Calibration Plans Biggar/Slater

1530 Post-launch Vicarious Calibration at

Hawaii Optical Mooring Site C. McClain

1600 General Discussions

3.4 Atmospheric Correction Subgroup

The meeting of the SeaWiFS Atmospheric Correction

Subgroup was held at GSFC on 3 May 1994. The purpose

of the meeting was a comprehensive discussion regarding

both the current status of the SeaWiFS algorithm and further required improvements to the algorithm. In addition,

the ongoing problem of the oxygen absorption band was

discussed.

0830 Introduction C. McClain

0845 Status Report on the Operational

SeaWiFS Atmospheric

Correction Scheme H. Gordon

1000 Break

1015 Aircraft Measurement of Reflectance

off the Antarctic Peninsula Using

an Airborne Polarization and

Directionality of Earth’s Reflectances

(POLDER) Simulator R. Frouin

1115 CZCS Atmospheric Corrections

Using Look-up Tables† R. Fraser

1200 Lunch

1330 Preparations for the Advanced

Earth Observation Satellite

(ADEOS) or POLDER Mission

as Related to SeaWiFS P. Deschamps

1415 Oxygen Absorption at 765 nm† R. Fraser

† Topics slated for publication within the Series.

11
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

1430 Investigations of Oxygen Absorption

Effects at 765 nm on the Operational

SeaWiFS Algorithm H. Gordon

1445 A Proposed Out-of-Band Correction

Scheme† R. Barnes

1515 Current Implementation of the

Operational Atmospheric

Correction Algorithm H. Gordon

1530 Discussion

The meeting was small, but very informative and constructive. H. Gordon’s work on the operational algorithm

has progressed substantially since the previous atmospheric

correction workshop in May 1993. The initial description

of the algorithm has been published by Gordon and Wang

(1994), and other augmentations to the algorithm, including the glint flag, the whitecap correction, and the 765 nm

oxygen absorption correction have been either completed

or are well underway.

Gordon has also analyzed the limitations of the plane

parallel assumption and found that the assumption introduces negligible errors for SeaWiFS geometries. Primary

concerns at present are corrections in the presence of absorbing aerosols, e.g., Saharan and Asian dust, and the

effects of stratospheric aerosols.

3.5 Bio-Optical Algorithm and Protocols

This section summarizes BAOPW-3, held at GSFC on

12–13 May 1994. The attendees and invited guests to

BAOPW-3 appear in Table 5.

The purposes of the workshops were to 1) finalize the

initial operational SeaWiFS pigment and chlorophyll a algorithms, and 2) complete the measurement protocols for

Case-2 waters.

3.5.1 Bio-Optical Algorithm Development

1. Introduction (C. McClain):

A. Workshop Objectives and Agenda

B. SeaStar/SeaWiFS update

2. Operational Chlorophyll a Algorithm (K. Carder):

Since the last bio-optical algorithm meeting, there has

been considerable discussion between K. Carder, R.

Zaneveld, J. Mueller, and D. Siegel on the form of the

chlorophyll a algorithm. All agree on the basic structure of the algorithm, and that the algorithm should

be modular so that specific components can be isolated

and replaced as improved parameterizations are developed. Of primary concern is the temporal and spatial

variability in phytoplankton absorption coefficients.

3. Band Ratio Algorithms for SeaWiFS and CZCS (J.

Aiken): J. Aiken described a variety of multiple band

ratio algorithms for a number of geophysical parameters. One issue is whether the CZCS pigment product

should utilize bands other than those that are similar

to the CZCS bands. The Project’s present position is

it should not unless it can be demonstrated that other

band ratio algorithms produce a significant improvement in the pigment retrievals. Also, assuming the

CZCS data will eventually be reprocessed using improved atmospheric and cloud masking algorithms, an

attempt to develop a more geographically robust algorithm using only the CZCS bands should be undertaken.

Table 5. Team members and invited guests to the

SWG Bio-optical Algorithm and Protocols Workshops, held 12–13 May 1994 at GSFC. Attendees

are identified with a checkmark ( ).

Team Present Team Present

Members Members

J. Aiken  C. McClain 

W. Balch G. Mitchell 

K. Carder  A. Morel

D. Clark  J. Mueller 

C. Davis  F. Muller- 

R. Doerffer  Karger

W. Esaias  D. Siegel 

H. Gordon  R. Smith

F. Hoge C. Trees 

S. Hooker C. Yentsch 

D. Kamykowski  J. Yoder 

M. Kishino  R. Zaneveld 

O. Kopelevich

Other Attendees

S. Ackleson L. Harding

M. Behrenfeld S. Hawes

C. Brown J. Morrow

J. Campbell H. Schiller

H. Fukushima

The point was also made that the SeaWiFS Project

plans to periodically reprocess the entire SeaWiFS data set

as improvements to the atmospheric, bio-optical, and calibration algorithms are developed, and the suite of derived

products can be modified with each reprocessing as the

Science Team recommends. The only limitation at present

is the data volume and number of data granules passed to

the GSFC Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).

3.5.2 Optical Protocols

1. Workshop Objectives (J. Mueller)

2. Case-2 Protocols:

A. Overview and Strawman Outline (J. Mueller)

B. Status of the Absorption Database Development (J.

Campbell)

C. Case-1 and Case-2 Discrimination (R. Doerffer)

D. Absorption Protocols (C. Trees and R. Zaneveld)

12
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

E. Scattering Protocols (R. Zaneveld): Drafts of sections of the Case-2 protocols were written in advance and distributed. J. Campbell has been soliciting absorption spectra data from the community

and some data and preprints of data analyses have

been provided. As a result of R. Doerffer’s presentation, the terms “Case-1” and “Case-2,” as originally

defined by Prieur and Morel, may not be appropriate for the purposes of measurement protocols.

3. Data QC and Analysis Round-Robin (D. Siegel): D.

Siegel will organize and host a small data analysis

round-robin at UCSB this summer. The purpose is to

quantify the differences among various algorithms for

estimating surface upwelling radiance, irradiance, and

diffuse attenuation coefficient. The participants will

draft a publication based on their results.

4. An Atmospheric Correction Scheme for Turbid Waters

(J. Aiken): J. Aiken described a brightest pixel method

for the atmospheric correction of turbid water using

aircraft data.

5. An Instrument Self-Shading Experiment (R. Doerffer):

R. Doerffer described a laboratory experiment designed

to quantify instrument self-shading effects. It was recommended that he test the Gordon and Ding (1992)

correction scheme.

6. An Update on the Chlorophyll Measurement Protocols

(C. Trees): C. Trees discussed recent revisions of the

JGOFS protocols based on information provided by R.

Bidigare and his own work.

7. Wavelength Interpolation Analyses (J. Mueller): J.

Mueller presented initial empirical orthogonal function

(EOF) analyses of the CZCS NET radiometer data.

The objective is to quantify how well the observed upwelling water radiance and irradiance spectra, and the

downwelling irradiance spectra, can be determined from

radiometric observations at a limited number of wavelengths. If sufficient accuracy can be achieved, observations at wavelengths near, but not identical to, the

SeaWiFS bands can be used for algorithm development.

Suggestions offered included separating the different radiometric parameters and performing separate analyses

on each and partitioning the data into unique water

types.

3.5.3 Bio-Optical Algorithm Development

1. The MODIS Document Archive (MODARCH), (D. Herring): D. Herring presented a brief description of the

MODARCH system which the EOS/MODIS program

is using to archive documents and presentation materials. The system can be accessed through the Internet.

2. Operational Chlorophyll a Algorithm Continued (K.

Carder): Discussions on the chlorophyll a algorithm

were continued based on previous deliberations.

3. Field Program Reports

A. Bermuda Bio-optical Time Series (D. Siegel)

B. CalCoFI Bio-optical Data Set (G. Mitchell)

C. MOCE and MOBY Update (D. Clark)

D. GOMEX Data Update (J. Mueller)

E. Navy Field Program Update (C. Davis)

F. United Kingdom (UK) Field Program Update (J.

Aiken)

G. Japanese Field Program Update (M. Kishino)

H. German Field Program Update (R. Doerffer)

The intent was not to present results, but activities and

data set development status. D. Siegel is routinely feeding

data into the SeaWiFS bio-optical database. G. Mitchell

has several hundred high latitude historical bio-optical stations ready for submission to the database pending the

outcome of the data analysis round-robin. He has also

participated in six CalCoFI cruises. The GOMEX data

is nearly ready for submission by J. Mueller and C. Trees

(most of the pigment data has been received already). D.

Clark described the first and second MOCE cruises in Monterey Bay, the Gulf of California, and Baja regions. The

initial processing of these data is about 90% complete. He

described recent progress with the MOBY deployment and

support facility development in Hawaii. The buoy was deployed in February and will be retrieved in June 1994.

C. Davis discussed the optical observations to be collected on six Navy and NSF sponsored cruises in the Arabian Sea during 1994 and 1995. J. Aiken, M. Kishino,

and R. Doerffer provided updates on British, Japanese,

and German bio-optical cruise plans over the next year,

respectively. The SeaWiFS launch slip is having a serious

impact on some of these programs as most were either designed as post-launch validation cruises or were counting

on SeaWiFS coverage to meet their scientific objectives.

3.5.4 Calibration Round-Robin

1. Calibration Round-Robin (J. Mueller)

A. Hawaii Intercomparison Study: J. Mueller and C.

Cromer described a mini-round-robin conducted at

the MOBY support facility in Hawaii. As a result of

the experiment, several modifications to the calibration sphere configuration are being recommended.

B. Immersion Coefficient Study: J. Mueller discussed

laboratory measurements of the immersion coefficients required for the calibration of irradiance measurements. Some concerns have been raised regarding the historical values applied to marine environmental radiometers (MERs).

C. SIRREX-3 Activities: J. Mueller briefly outlined

the activities to be conducted during the next roundrobin at CHORS. Several participants suggested the

event be slipped beyond the present July schedule.

13
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

2. Neural Network Applications (H. Schiller): H. Schiller

described an application of neural network methodologies to the inversion of CZCS water-leaving radiance

data for estimation of chlorophyll a and other quantities

in Case-2 water. The approach results in substantially

reduced processing times.

3.5.5 Workshop Wrap-Ups

Summaries, Action Items, Final Discussions, etc.

Tthe topics for discussion in this segment were: the operational chlorophyll a algorithm (D. Siegel), and protocols

and round-robin (J.Mueller).  ̇

The Action Items included the following:

1. K. Carder, working with R. Zaneveld, D. Siegel, and J.

Mueller, will generate a draft document describing the

chlorophyll a algorithm, implementation, and rationale

which will be submitted to the SeaWiFS Project by

mid-June.

2. J. Aiken, D. Clark, and C. Trees will generate a draft

document on the rationale and form of CZCS and SeaWiFS band ratio algorithms which will be submitted

to the SeaWiFS Project by mid-June.

3. J. Mueller has several action items including the following:

A. Collate the Case-2 protocol documents and modifications to the existing protocols, and submit these

to the SeaWiFS Project;

B. Finalize the comparison of his MER with the MOBY

radiometer, which he conducted in Hawaii;

C. Notify the SIRREX-3 participants of the agenda

and work that must be completed in advance (one

item is the mapping of sphere apertures and a recommended measurement scheme must be defined);

D. Complete the processing of the GOMEX optical

measurements and provide them to the SeaWiFS

Project;

E. Complete the immersion coefficient study in collaboration with Biospherics, Inc. and refine the protocols section on immersion coefficients as required;

and

F. Work with C. Davis on the completion of the analysis of their initial study on reflectance measurements.

4. K. Carder, C. Davis, J. Mueller, and R. Doerffer are to

collaborate on the remote sensing reflectance protocol.

R. Doerffer will be executing a 10-day field study during July 1994 in the North Sea which should provide

additional data for the verification of the technique.

3.6 BAOPW-4

This summary is of the Fourth SeaWiFS Bio-optical

Algorithm Optical Protocols Workshop (BAOPW-4), held

at GSFC on 9–10 November, 1994. The primary workshop objectives were to: 1) finalize the initial operational

CZCS pigment, chlorophyll a, and K(490) algorithms and

2) complete the update of the in situ measurement protocols. Due to the way the workshop was conducted, the

summary is arranged according to subject matter, not the

session sequence. Attendees and invited guests are listed

in Table 6.

3.6.1 Bio-optical Algorithm Sessions

1. Introduction (C. McClain)

A. Workshop objectives and agenda

B. Review of Action Items from the third workshop

C. SeaStar/SeaWiFS update

Table 6. Team members and invited guests to the

BAOPW-4, held 9–10 November 1994 at GSFC. Attendees are identified with a checkmark ( ). Those

people who came in members’ places are indicated

with their names in parentheses and are listed directly below the member’s name.

Team Present Team Present

Members Members

J. Aiken O. Kopelevich

(G. Moore)  M. Lewis 

W. Balch C. McClain 

K. Carder  G. Mitchell 

D. Clark A. Morel

G. Cota  J. Mueller 

C. Davis  F. MullerR. Doerffer Karger

W. Esaias  D. Siegel 

H. Gordon R. Smith

F. Hoge  C. Trees

S. Hooker C. Yentsch 

D. Kamykowski J. Yoder

(G. Kirkpatrick)  (A. Bernard) 

M. Kishino  R. Zaneveld

Other Attendees

J. Campbell D. Phinney

G. Fargion A. Webb

R. Frouin J. Zaitzeff

S. Hawes

2. The NASA/HQ Perspective (R. Frouin)

3. The Operational Chlorophyll a Algorithm (K. Carder):

Based on comments received during and since the last

bio-optical algorithm workshop, K. Carder has restructured the algorithm and rewritten the algorithm description. That document was distributed to the Science Working Group Bio-optical Algorithm Subgroup

in August for comment. The subgroup is now generally

satisfied with the algorithm structure. The primary

concern is that the algorithm has been developed using

14
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

a small data set from the Gulf of Mexico, the North

Pacific, and the North Atlantic. There are also some

concerns about the particulate backscattering coefficient parameterization. To address the issue of general

applicability, an independent validation effort is being

undertaken. The validation will seek to test not only

the algorithm as a whole, but also specific components

of the algorithm. The specific components include the

following:

A. Remote sensing reflectance as a function of absorption and backscattering coefficients;

B. Particulate backscatter coefficient as a function of

reflectance at 443, 490, and 555 nm;

C. Gelbstoff absorption as a function of absorption at

400 nm;

D. Phytoplankton absorption spectrum as a function

of the phytoplankton absorption at 675 nm; and

E. Chlorophyll a concentration as a function of phytoplankton absorption at 675 nm.

1) J. Campbell, working with the SeaWiFS Project, will solicit and distribute contributed data

sets for this purpose. One recurring comment

voiced by several attendees was the concern that

the absorption coefficients for water being used

by the marine optics community may be too

large. K. Carder will provide the algorithm code

to anyone who wishes to participate.

2) If the semi-analytic chlorophyll algorithm fails

to return a value, a reflectance ratio algorithm is

used. K. Carder and G. Moore will examine the

ratio defined in the draft document† and also examine alternative empirical algorithms (see discussion in next section).

4. CZCS Pigment Algorithms—both Empirical and Semianalytic (G. Moore): G. Moore presented results of

studies on empirical and simulated ratio algorithms and

provided an initial draft of a paper‡ for comment. The

paper also examines relative concentrations of different pigments. The group suggested that an algorithm

using two 2-band reflectance ratios be used for the operational CZCS pigment product. The options, however,

are available from the presentation included only ratios

with 412 and 443 nm reflectances in the numerator. In

high concentration waters, these reflectances are small

and are subject to errors due to the atmospheric correction, instrument noise, and instrument calibration. It

was suggested that G. Moore examine algorithms which

† Reference: Carder, K.L., S.K. Hawes, and Z. Lee, 1994: SeaWiFS algorithm for chlorophyll a and colored dissolved organic matter in a subtropical environment (in preparation).

‡ Reference: Aiken, J., G. Moore, D. Clark, and C. Trees,

1994: SeaWiFS strawman pigment algorithm: introduction,

rationale and methodological approaches (in preparation).

incorporate a 490–555 nm reflectance ratio rather than

a ratio using the 412 nm band. It was also decided that

the best band ratios available should be used and not

just those compatible with the CZCS band. He should

also incorporate K. Carder’s data into the analysis.

5. SeaWiFS K(490) Algorithm (J. Mueller): The question

is whether or not the differences between the CZCS

bands and SeaWiFS bands, i.e., 550 nm versus 555 nm,

cause a significant change in the Austin-Petzold K(490)

algorithm constants. J. Mueller did not have time to

examine this issue in detail and will follow up with a

report.

6. Field Program Reports: The intent here was not to

present results, but activities. In the cases where investigators are being funded by the SeaWiFS Project (Siegel, Mitchell, Clark, and Mueller), the updates

should review past and future cruise plans, numbers of

stations, data collected, status of analysis, data delivery to SeaWiFS Project, etc. Each presentation was to

be no longer than 15 minutes.

A. Bermuda Bio-optical Time Series (D. Siegel)

B. CalCoFI Bio-optical Time Series (G. Mitchell)

C. Japanese Field Program Update (M. Kishino)

D. MODIS Case-2 Field Studies (K. Carder)

E. Arabian Sea Bio-optical Program (D. Phinney and

C. Davis)

7. Operational Chlorophyll a Algorithm Continued (K.

Carder)

8. CZCS Pigment Algorithm Continued (G. Moore)

3.6.2 Optical Protocols

1. Workshop Objectives and the Action Items Resulting

from BAOPW-3 (J. Mueller)

2. Data QC and Analysis of the Round-Robin Results (D.

Siegel): The Data Analysis Round-Robin (DARR) did

show that different analysis techniques can lead to substantial differences in derived products, especially at

wavelengths longer than 600 nm and for upwelling radiance. The report is due from D. Siegel and will be

published in the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series.

3. Status and Discussion of the Protocols Update (J. Mueller):

a) Outline of Revised and Added Protocols—the revised or added section numbers from the original

protocols TM(Volume 5) appear in parentheses.

1) Absorption Profiles (in situ; Sections 5.2.4 and

6.8.2)

2) Absorption Samples (spectrophotometric; Sections 5.4.2 and 6.8.2)

3) Backscattering Profiles (Section 5.2.5)

4) Instrument Self-Shading Corrections to Lu and

Eu at the surface (z = 0−, Sections 5.1.6 and

6.1.7)

15
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

5) Above-Water LW from Ships and Low-Altitude

Aircraft (Sections 3.3, 5.1.7, 5.1.8, and 6.2)

6) Case-1 and Case-2 Sampling Protocols (Sections

5.8 and 5.8.3)

7) Draft hardcopies of the revised protocols TM

(Volume 25, Revision 1 of the protocols) were

distributed and discussed in detail. Final revisions were completed by the end of the second

day and were handed to the SeaWiFS Project

for publication.

4. SIRREX-3 Results (J. Mueller): SIRREX-3 went reasonably well. All data were documented in near-real

time and have been ingested into the SeaWiFS Biooptical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS). One

problem that arose was the primary FEL lamp used

as the standard lamp is deteriorating. J. Mueller will

be submitting the round-robin report for publication in

the SeaWiFS TMSeries.

5. Protocols Update Continued (J. Mueller)

A. Final edits, as well as editorial improvements, will

be made of the protocol revisions to reconcile any

outstanding issues which surface in the discussion.

B. An outline identifying unresolved protocol areas in

which significant progress is expected, to be included

in Revision 2, will be developed.

3.6.3 Workshop Wrap-Ups

1. Action Items

A. K. Carder and G. Moore: refine the empirical reflectance ratio algorithm used in the chlorophyll a

algorithm.

B. G. Moore: examine empirical CZCS pigment algorithms that incorporate a 490/555 nm reflectance

ratio. Collect comments on the draft Aiken et al.

paper and assist co-authors in getting the manuscript submitted to the SeaWiFS Project for publication.

C. J. Campbell and C. McClain: collect, organize, and

distribute data sets suitable for testing the chlorophyll a algorithm (overall algorithm and specific

components).

D. D. Siegel: finalize the DARR report.

E. J. Mueller: complete the accuracy analysis of the

Austin-Petzold algorithm for the SeaWiFS bands.

Submit the SIRREX-3 results to the SeaWiFS Project for publication.

F. W. Balch, J. Campbell, K. Carder, G. Cota, G.

Mitchell, G. Moore, and D. Siegel: conduct the

chlorophyll a algorithm studies over the next 2–3

months and distribute their results to the SeaWiFS

Project and the Bio-optical Algorithm Subgroup by

the end of February.

3.7 Revised Baseline Product List

The listings of standard products recommended by the

Project Scientists, as of April 1994, are given in Tables 7–9.

(These products may be revised in the future and will be

reported in subsequent volumes of the SeaWiFS Technical

Report Series.) There are a few changes from the original recommendations of the Bio-Optical Working Group.

These changes have been made as a result of input from

the Science Team and subsequent discussions within the

SeaWiFS Project, in order to provide the most useful information at launch.

Changes in the level-2 products include:

a) saving the aerosol radiance (La) at 670 nm rather

than the water-leaving radiance at LWN (670),

since the water-leaving radiance at 670 nm is

very small; and

b) at launch, the atmospheric correction will assume that LWN (670) equals zero.

The single scattering epsilon will be reported for the

670/865 combination, along with the aerosol optical depth

at 865 nm.

The level-3 binned products follow the level-2 product

listing. It is important to note that binning must be optimized for a single product, in this case chlorophyll a, since

only a single set of statistics for sample numbers will be

accumulated. Accordingly, the high aerosol optical depth

values, where the atmospheric correction may have unacceptably high errors, will not be included in the binned

aerosol products. The flags planned for use at launch are

also defined, and have undergone some revision.

The approach taken is to attempt to process all ocean

data to level-2 and provide flags for certain conditions.

Threshold values need to be set for several of the flags,

and evaluated after launch. Where atmospheric correction

is impossible, and over land, ice, and clouds, the total atsatellite radiance will be reported. The current defaults for

producing level-3 fields according to how flags are set are

also given. The present listing should serve well through

the instrument check-out period.

It is important to note that, if necessary, the products

list can be revised with each reprocessing. For example,

at some point, it might make sense to report water-leaving

radiance at 670 nm for reflective waters, report values for

765 nm corrections and aerosol parameters, and to have

multiple level-3 products optimized for different geophysical fields, e.g., aerosols and coccolith concentration. The

usefulness of the present binned water-leaving radiances

can also be evaluated at that time.

The final algorithms for some of the masks and flags

are still being defined, e.g., the stray light flag. Once this

initial suite of operational mask and flag algorithms is finalized, a separate summary description will be published

in the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series.

16
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Table 7. SeaWiFS level-2 products.

Product Original Bytes Revised Bytes

Baseline Baseline

LWN (412) Yes 2 Yes 2

LWN (443) Yes 2 Yes 2

LWN (490) Yes 2 Yes 2

LWN (510) Yes 2 Yes 2

LWN (555) Yes 2 Yes 2

La(670) Yes 2 Yes 2

La(765) Yes 2 No

La(865) Yes 2 Yes 2

(670, 865) No Yes 1

τa(865) No Yes 1

CZCS Pigment Yes 2 Yes 2

Chlorophyll a Yes 2 Yes 2

K(490) Yes 2 Yes 2

Masks/Flags Yes 2 Yes 2

Total 12 24 bytes/pixel 13 24 bytes/pixel

Scaling All Linear All Linear

Masked Pixels Values = 0 Values = Level-1 radiances for LWN

and La products, 0 for other products

Definitions:

a) LWN = normalized water-leaving radiance;

b) La = aerosol radiance;

c) τa = aerosol optical thickness;

d) Masks/Flags = bit plane overlays of QC parameters, e.g., cloud and ice mask, 0–30 m isobath; and

e) La and  values are single scattering parameters.

Table 8. SeaWiFS level-3 binned products.

Product Original Revised

Baseline Baseline

LWN (412) Yes Yes

LWN (443) Yes Yes

LWN (490) Yes Yes

LWN (510) Yes Yes

LWN (555) Yes Yes

La(670) Yes Yes

La(765) Yes No

La(865) Yes No

(670, 865) No Yes

τa(865) No Yes

CZCS Pigment Yes Yes

Chlorophyll a Yes Yes

K(490) Yes Yes

Chlorophyll a/K(490) Yes Yes

Total 12 12

The SeaWiFS level-3 standard mapped images are: CZCS pigment, chlorophyll a, K(490), LWN (550), and τa(865).

17
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Table 9. SeaWiFS level-2 masks and flags.

Parameter Bits Mask or Flag Bin

Engineering Tolerance: can be displayed line by line Yes

Tilt: can be displayed line by line No

Solar Zenith Angle 1 Flag No

S/C Zenith Angle 1 Flag No

High Lt 1 Flag No

Stray Light 1 Flag No

Land 1 Mask No

Bathymetry 1 Flag Yes

Cloud/Ice/Land 1 Mask No

Missing Ancillary Data 1 Flag Yes

Glint 1 Flag No

Atmospheric Correction Algorithm Failure 1 Flag† No

High La(865) 1 Flag No

Negative LW 1 Flag No

Coccolithophore 1 Flag No

Turbid Case-2 1 Flag Yes

Low LW (555) 1 Flag No

Level-3 Binning 1 Flag No

Total 16 Available 0

Definitions:

1. Flag: a bit plane is switched on, but data is still processed to level-2. Level-3 processing will exclude pixels flagged for tilt,

stray light, land mask, cloud/ice, glint, and coccolithophores.

2. †: level-2 processing is attempted, but atmospheric correction procedures failed to return parametric values with unacceptable

ranges. Level-1 Lt is assigned to the pixel values.

3. Mask: a bit plane is switched on, the pixel is assigned its level-1 count value and is not processed to level-2. Masked pixels

are excluded from level-3 processing.

4. Scan Line Flags Engineering Tolerance: a bit-per-scan line is reserved within the level-2 file for each of 32 sensor engineering

parameters to indicate if any of the parameters are outside normal operating range.

5. Tilt: the scan line ranges for each tilt state (−20◦, +20◦, 0◦, and tilting) are provided in the header of each file. Also, the

tilt angle is stored with every scan line as a real number. Scan line ranges for the tilting state will be excluded from binning.

6. Pixel Flag and Mask Descriptions Solar Zenith Angle: all pixels with solar zenith angles greater than 70◦ will be flagged.

7. Spacecraft (S/C) Zenith Angle: all pixels with pixel-to-spacecraft zenith angles greater than the absolute value of 45◦ will be

flagged.

8. High Lt: all pixels having counts (radiances) greater than the knee value (760 counts) in one or more bands will be flagged.

9. Stray Light: a fixed number of GAC pixels in the vicinity of a pixel whose count level exceeds a specified value will be flagged

as being contaminated by stray light. The flag will be generated using both bands 7 and 8 because of the even-odd band

asymmetry in the stray light and because the effects are most pronounced in these bands.

10. Land: pixels over land, as determined using an external database, will be masked.

11. Bathymetry: pixels over water with depths less than or equal to 30 m, as determined using an external database, will be

flagged.

12. Cloud/Ice/Land: pixels having an albedo at 865 nm greater than a fixed value, e.g., 0.9%, will be flagged.

13. Missing Ancillary Data: if a gap in the ancillary data exists, the monthly climatological value is used and the pixel will be

flagged.

14. Glint: pixels having a Lg(865) greater than a fixed fraction of Lt(865) will be masked.

15. Atmospheric Correction Algorithm Failure: pixels where the atmospheric correction algorithm fails to return epsilon values

within a specified range will be flagged and assigned the level-1 total radiance values.

16. High La: pixels having a La(865) greater than a fixed fraction of Lt(865) will be flagged.

17. Negative LW : any pixel having a computed LW greater than zero will be flagged and the value will be set to zero.

18. Coccolithophore: using a modified version of the method of Brown and Yoder (1994), pixels selected as being contaminated

by coccolithophores will be flagged. The primary modification will be to delete the La(670) test.

19. Turbid Case-2: The reflectance algorithm recommended in Bricaud and Morel (1987) for discriminating between Case-1 and

Case-2 waters will be used to flag Case-2 water.

20. Low LW (555): Pixels where the water-leaving radiance at 555 nm is below a predefined level, e.g., 10 times the noise equivalent

radiance (NE∆L), will be flagged.

18
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

3.8 Colleagues’ Addresses

Following are the names and addresses of attendees of

the various workshops and reviews presented in Sections

3.1–3.7. Members of the various teams and panels are

identified with their team name(s) shown in slanted type

face.

James Aiken SeaWiFS Science Team

Plymouth Marine Laboratory

Prospect Place

West Hoe

Plymouth, PL1 3DH

UNITED KINGDOM

Telephone: 44–752–222772

Fax: 44–752–670637

Internet: j.aiken@pml.ac.uk

Steven Ackleson

Ocean Optics Program, Code 3233

Office of Naval Research

800 N. Quincy Street

Arlington, VA 22217

Telephone: 703–696–4732

Fax: 703–696–4884

Inernet: ackless@onrhq.onr.navy.mil

Robert Arnone

NRL/Code 7240

Stennis Space Center, MS 39527

Telephone: 601–688–5268

Fax: 601–688–4149

Internet: arnone@csips2.nrlssc.navy.mil

Kevin Arrigo

NASA/GSFC/USRA/Code 971

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–9634

Fax: 301–286–0240

Internet: kevin@shark.gsfc.nasa.gov

William Balch SeaWiFS Science Team

MBF/RSMAS/U. of Miami

4600 Rickenbacker Causeway

Miami, FL 33149–1098

Telephone: 305–361–4653

Fax: 305–361–4600

Internet: balch@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu

Michael Behrenfeld

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton, NY 11973

Telephone: 516–828–2123

Fax: 515–828–3000

Internet: behrenfe@bnlux1.bnl.gov

Samuel Bergeson-Willis

NASA/GSFC/Code 704

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–5344

Fax: 301–286–1718

Internet: sam bergeson-willis@ccmail.gsfc.nasa.gov

William Broenkow

Moss Landing Marine Laboratory

PO Box 450

Moss Landing, CA 95039

Telephone: 408–633–3304

Internet: broenkow@mlml.calstate.edu

Christopher Brown

NASA/GSFC/NRC/Code 971

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–0946

Fax: 301–286–0240

Internet: chrisb@puffin.gsfc.nasa.gov

Robert Caffrey MOBY Review Panel

NASA/GSFC/Code 735

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–4766

Internet: r.caffrey@baloo.gsfc.nasa.gov

Janet Campbell

OPAL/Morse Hall

Univ. of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Telephone: 813–893–9148

Fax: 813–893–9189

Internet: campbell@kelvin.unh.edu

Kendall Carder SeaWiFS Science Team

Dept. of Marine Science MODIS Science Team

Univ. of South Florida

140 Seventh Avenue, South

St. Petersburg, FL 33701–5016

Telephone: 813–893–9148

Fax: 813–893–9189

Internet: kcarder@monty.marine.usf.edu

Francisco Chavez

Associate Scientist

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

160 Central Avenue

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

Telephone: 408–647–3709

Fax: 408–649–8587

Internet: chfr@mbari.org

Dennis Clark SeaWiFS Science Team

NOAA/NESDIS MODIS Science Team

E/RA 28, WWB, Rm. 104 MOBY Team

Washington, DC 20233

Telephone: 301–763–8102

Fax: 301–763–8020

Internet: dclark@orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov

Mary Cleave SeaWiFS Project

NASA/GSFC/Code 970.2

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286-1404

Fax: 301–286–1775

Internet: mary@ardbeg.gsfc.nasa.gov

19
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Glen Cota

Ecology Program

University of Tennessee

Knoxville, TN 37996

Telephone: 615–974–3065

Fax: 615–974–3067

Internet: cota@utkvx.utcc.utk.edu

Michael Darzi SeaWiFS Project

NASA/GSFC/GSC/Code 970.2

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–9150

Fax: 301–286–1775

Internet: darzi@calval.gsfc.nasa.gov

Curtiss Davis

Code 7212/NRL

4555 Overlook Avenue

Washington, DC 20375

Telephone: 202–767–9296

Fax: 202–404–7453

Internet: davis.@rira.nrl.navy.mil

Roland Doerffer SeaWiFS Science Team

GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht

Max-Planck-Strasse

D-2054Geesthacht

GERMANY

Telephone: 49–4152–87–2480

Fax: 49–4152–87–2444

Telex: 0218712

Internet: doerffer@dvmc10.gkss.de

Internet: doerffer@pfsun1.gkss.de

Wayne Esaias SeaWiFS Science Team

NASA/GSFC/Code 971 MODIS Science Team

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–5465

Fax: 301–286–0240

Internet: wayne@petrel.gsfc.nasa.gov

Robert Evans SeaWiFS Science Team

MPO/RSMAS/U. of Miami MODIS Science Team

4600 Rickenbacker Causeway

Miami, FL 33149

Telephone: 305-361–4799

Fax: 305–361–4622

Internet: bob@rsmas.miami.edu

Guiletta Fargion

Dept. of Marine Biology

Texas A&M Galveston

Box 1675

Galveston, TX 77553

Telephone: 409–740–4529

Internet: g-fargion@tamu.edu

Robert Frouin

NASA Headquarters

Code YS

Washington, DC 20546

Telephone: 202–554–6479

Fax: 202–554–6499

Internet: rfrouin@ucsd.edu

Hajime Fukushima SeaWiFS Science Team

Tokai University

317 Nishino

Numazu, 410–03

JAPAN

Telephone: 81–559–68–1211 ext. 4425

Fax: 81–559–68–1155

Internet: hajime@numazugw.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp

Sonia Gallegos

Naval Research Laboratory

Code 7240–Remote Sensing

Stennis Space Center, MS 39529

Telephone: 601–688–4867

Fax: 601–688–4149

Internet: gallegos@snaps.nrlssc.navy.mil

Howard Gordon SeaWiFS Science Team

UM/Dept. of Physics MODIS Science Team

Coral Gables, FL 33124

Telephone: 305–284–2323

Fax: 305–284–4222

Internet: gordon@phyvax.ir.miami.edu

Lawrence Harding

0112 Skinner Hall

Univ. of Maryland

College Park, MD 20742

Telephone: 301–405–6372

Fax: 301–314–9581

Internet: hardingl@mbimail.umd.edu

Steven Hawes

Dept. of Marine Science

Univ. of South Florida

140 Seventh Ave., South

St. Petersburg, FL 33701

Telephone: 813–893–9503

Fax: 813–893–9189

Internet: ska@monty.marine.usf.edu

Frank Hoge SeaWiFS Science Team

NASA/GSFC/WFF MODIS Science Team

Wallops Island, VA 23337

Telephone: 804–824–1567

Fax: 804–824–2343

Fax: 804–824–1036

Internet: hoge@osb1.wff.nasa.gov

Stanford Hooker SeaWiFS Project

NASA/GSFC/Code 970.2 MOBY Review Panel

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–9503

Fax: 301–286–1775

Internet: stan@ardbeg.gsfc.nasa.gov

Shane Hynes MOBY Review Panel

Swales Associates

5050 Powder Mill Road

Beltsville, MD 20705

Telephone: 301–572–1220

Internet: s hynes@swales.com

20
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Daniel Kamykowski SeaWiFS Science Team

NCSU/MEAS/Box 8208

Raleigh, NC 27695

Telephone: 919–515–7894

Fax: 919–515–7802

Internet: dan kamykowski@ncsu.edu

Motoaki Kishino SeaWiFS Science Team

Inst. of Phys. & Chem. Res.

Hirosawa 2–1

Wako-shi, Saitama, 351–01

JAPAN

Telephone: 81–48–462–1111 ext. 3635

Fax: 81–48–462–1449

Internet: kishino@rkna50.riken.go.jp

Span: rik835::in%”kishino@rkna50.riken.go.jp”

Oleg Kopelevich SeaWiFS Science Team

P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanology

23 Krasikova St.

Moscow, 117218

RUSSIA

Telephone: 7–095–124–7583

Fax: 7–095–292–6511

Telex: 411968 Okean SU

Internet: lomi@lobelc.msk.su

Marlon Lewis SeaWiFS Science Team

Department of Oceanography

Dalhousie University

Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1

Telephone: 902–492–4780

Fax: 902–492–4781

Internet: marlon@predator.ocean.dal.ca

Charles McClain SeaWiFS Science Team

NASA/GSFC/Code 971 SeaWiFS Project

Greenbelt, MD 20771 MOBY Review Panel

Telephone: 301–286–5377

Fax: 301–286–2717

Internet: mcclain@calval.gsfc.nasa.gov

Todd Miller MOBY Review Panel

NASA/GSFC/Code 735

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–3112

Fax: 301–286–1643

Internet: nnjtm@vx730.gsfc.nasa.gov

B. Greg Mitchell SeaWiFS Science Team

UCSD/MRD 0218

La Jolla, CA 92093–0218

Telephone: 619–534–2687

Fax: 619–534–2997

Internet: bgmitchell@ucsd.edu

Gerald Moore

Plymouth Marine Laboratory

Prospect Place

West Hoe

Plymouth, PL1 3DH

UNITED KINGDOM

Telephone: 44–752–222772

Fax: 44–752–670637

Internet: g.moore@pml.ac.uk

Andr ́e Morel SeaWiFS Science Team

Lab de Physique et Chimie Marines

Universit ́e Pierre et Marie Curie

BP 08, 06230 Villefranche Sur Mer

FRANCE

Telephone: 33–93–76–37–11

Fax: 33–93–76–37–39

Internet: morel@ccrv.obs-vlfr.fr

John Morrison

North Carolina State University

Dept. of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences

Jordan Hall, Room 1125

Box 8208

Raleigh, NC 27695-8208

Telephone: 919–515–7449

Fax: 919–515–7802

Internet: john morrison@ncsu.edu

John Morrow

Biospherical Instruments, Inc.

5340 Riley Street

San Diego, CA 92110

Telephone: 619–686–1888

Fax: 619–686–1887

Internet: morrow@biospherical.com

James Mueller SeaWiFS Science Team

SDSU/CHORS

6505 Alvarado Road, Suite 206

San Diego, CA 92120–5005

Telephone: 619–594–2230

Fax: 619–594–4570

Internet: j.mueller@chors.sdsu.edu

Frank Muller-Karger SeaWiFS Science Team

Dept. of Marine Science

Univ. of South Florida

140 Seventh St., South

St. Petersburg, FL 33701

Telephone: 813–893–9186

Fax: 813–893–9189

Internet: carib@carbon.marine.usf.edu

Andreas Neumann

DLR, Institute for Space Sensing Applications

German Aerospace Research Establishment

Rudower Chaussee 5

0-1199 Berlin, GERMANY

Telephone: 49–30–69545–640

Fax: 49–30–69545–642

Internet: neumann@dvi.ws.ba.dlr.de

David Phinney

Bigelow Laboratory

McKown Point

W. Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575

Telephone: 207–633–9600

Fax: 207–633–9641

Richard Reaves MOBY Team

Moss Landing Marine Laboratory

PO Box 450

Moss Landing, CA 95039

Telephone: 408–755–8675

Fax: 408–755–8686

Internet: reaves@mlml.calstate.edu

21
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Thomas Riley

NASA/GSFC/Code 916

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: 301–286–6807

Internet: riley@chapman.gsfc.nasa.gov

David Siegel SeaWiFS Science Team

UCSB/CRSEO

Santa Barbara, CA 93106–3060

Telephone: 805–893–4547

Fax: 805–893–2578

Internet: davey@crseo.ucsb.edu

Raymond Smith SeaWiFS Science Team

CRSEO/UCSB

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

Telephone: 805–893–4709

Fax: 805–893–2578

Internet: ray@crseo.ucsb.edu

Petra Stegman

Graduate School of Oceanography

Univ. of Rhode Island

South Ferry Road

Narragansett, RI 02882

Telephone: 401–792–6863

Fax: 401–792–6728

Internet: petra@uri.gso.uri.edu

Richard Stumpf

Center for Coastal Geology

US Geological Survey

600 4th Street

St. Petersburg, FL 33701

Telephone: 813–893–3100 ext. 3024

Fax: 813–893–3333

Internet: rstumpf@wayback.er.usgs.gov

Ajit Subramaniam

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton, NY 11973

Telephone: 516–828–2123

Fax: 515–828–3000

Internet: ajit@bnlcl6.bnl.gov

Charles Trees SeaWiFS Science Team

SDSU/CHORS

6505 Alvarado Road, Suite 206

San Diego, CA 92120–5005

Telephone: 619–594–2241

Fax: 619–594–4570

Internet: chuck@chors.sdsu.edu

Alan Webb

NASA Headquarters

Code YD

Washington, DC 20456

Telephone: 202–554–6482

Fax: 202–554–6499

Internet: awebb@mtpe.hq.nasa.gov

Alan Weidemann

NOARL/Code 331

Stennis Space Center, MS 39529

Telephone: 601–688–5253

Fax: 601–688–5997

Mark Yarbrough MOBY Team

Moss Landing Marine Laboratory

PO Box 450

Moss Landing, CA 95039

Telephone: 408–755–8685

Fax: 408–755–8686

Internet: yarbrough@mlml.calstate.edu

Charles Yentsch SeaWiFS Science Team

Bigelow Laboratory

McKown Point

W. Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575

Telephone: 207–633–9600

Fax: 207–633–9641

James Yoder SeaWiFS Science Team

URI/GSO

Narragansett, RI 02882

Telephone: 401–792–6864

Fax: 401–792–8098

Internet: yoder@uri.gso.uri.edu

J. Ronald Zaneveld SeaWiFS Science Team

Oregon State University

Ocean. Admin. Bldg. 104

Corvallis, OR 97331–5503

Telephone: 503–737–3571

Fax: 503–737–2064

Internet: zaneveld@oce.orst.edu

James Zaitzeff

NOAA/NESDIS

Oceanic Sciences Branch, Code E/RA13

World Weather Bldg., Rm. 102

Washington, DC 20233

Telephone: 301–763–8231

Fax: 301–763–8020

Internet: jzaitzeff@orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov

Gerhard Zimmerman

DLR, Institute for Space Sensing Applications

German Aerospace Research Establishment

Rudower Chaussee 5

0-1199 Berlin, GERMANY

Telephone: 49–30–69545–669

Fax: 49–30–69545– 642

22
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Cumulative Index

Unless indicated otherwise, the index entries that follow refer to some aspect of the SeaWiFS instrument or

project, for example, the mission overview index entry

refers to an overview of the SeaWiFS mission.

–A–

absorption study:

pressure and oxygen, 13(ch. 3).

absorption correction, 13(19–20).

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, see AVHRR.

airborne spectral radiometry, 5(7–8).

aircraft calibration technique, 3(Fig. 19 p. 27).

algorithms, 1(3, 17); 4(2).

atmospheric correction, 3(1–2, Fig. 4 p. 5, 16, 23, 27–28, 31,

32–34); 8(4, Table 1 p. 14, 17, Table 4 p. 21); 13(1, 4, 9,

27).

bio-optical, Vol. 5.

data, 9(1); 12(3–4).

database development, 3(28).

derived products, 3(27–28); 13(1).

development, 1(5); 3(23, 27–35, Fig. 22 p. 33); 5(Table 4

p. 11); 8(4, 10).

field studies, 3(30–32, Fig. 22 p. 33, 34–35).

input values, 13(Table 16 p. 44).

linearity and stability, 5(12).

optical measurements, Vol. 5.

pigment, 13(1, 12).

validation of, 1(3); 8(16, Table 4 p. 21).

see also GAC.

along-track, 3(38).

see also propagation model.

ancillary:

data climatologies, 13(2, ch. 7, and Plates: 16–18).

measurements, 5(8, 27–28, 30).

animation:

meteorological data sets, 13(41–42).

ozone data sets, 13(41–42).

ascending node, Vol. 2.

computation methods, 2(1–2).

tilt strategy, 2(Table 1 p. 2).

atmospheric conditions, 9(6–7).

atmospheric contributions, 9(4–6).

atmospheric measurements, 5(2, 28–29).

at-satellite radiances, 15(7–13, Table 10 p. 11).

AVHRR:

deriving vegetation index, 7(2).

GAC data, 7(3–4).

LAC data, 7(2–4).

LDTNLR test, 7(4).

nighttime IR data, 7(5).

thermal IR channels, 7(1).

azimuth:

angles at equinox, 2(2, 10, 16).

angles at solstice, 2(Fig. 5 p. 7, 10, 16).

satellite angle, 13(46).

solar angle, 2(2, 16); 7(1); 13(Table 11 p. 29, 46).

spacecraft angle, 2(2, Fig. 6 p. 8, 16); 13(Table 11 p. 29).

relative angle, 2(2, Fig. 7 p. 9, 10, Fig. 10 p. 13, 16).

–B–

baselines, 8(6–13).

algorithms, 8(6–7).

ancillary data, 8(7).

data archive and delivery, 8(9–10).

data for bio-optical algorithms, 8(10).

data for vicarious calibration, 8(10–11).

data processing and software, 8(8–9).

data products, 8(12–13).

data quality and acceptance, 8(7–8).

detector failure contingency, 8(11).

equator crossing contingency, 8(12).

ground station support, 8(11).

in situ data policy, 8(13).

launch slip contingency, 8(11).

level-3 binning, 8(8, 16).

loss of tilt contingency, 8(11).

navigation accuracy contingency, 8(11).

optical protocols, 8(12).

orbit contingency, 8(12).

orbital altitude contingency, 8(11).

power limitation contingency, 8(11).

products, 3(27–28); 5(1).

real-time data access, 8(12).

recommendations, 8(13–19).

see also data.

basin-scale processes, 1(4, 6–7).

biogeochemical, 1(2, 19); 8(1).

properties, 5(6–7).

see also Science Team Meeting, Abstracts.

bio-optical:

algorithms, 1(19); 3(8, 13, Fig. 20 p. 29, 29); 5(3); 8(10).

algorithm working group members, 8(Table 1 p. 14); 12(Table 1 p. 3, 3).

Algorithm Workshop, 12(3–5, 6–8).

data 12(Table 2 p. 4).

see also algorithm development.

bio-optics, 1(3, 5, 7, 19); 8(10).

algorithm, 13(1, ch. 1, 27).

bright target recovery, 15(Fig. 8 p. 15).

Brouwer-Lyddane model, 11(2–5, 11, 15–16, Figs. 5–8 pp. 8–9,

Fig. 13 p. 12); 15(2–3).

see also models.

buoy:

see MOBY.

see optical buoy.

see optical mooring.

23
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

–C–

calibration, 5(2); 10(Tables 1–2 p. 4, Fig. 3 p. 6, Fig. 20 p. 23,

Fig. 21 p. 24); Vol. 14; Vol. 16.

background on, 10(2–3).

initialization, 5(4–6).

in situ instruments, 14(2).

lunar, 1(11, 18); 3(Fig. 15 p. 22); 10(1–3, 7, 10, Table 3

p. 10, Fig. 9 p. 11, Figs. 12–15 pp. 14–17, Fig. 16 p. 20,

Fig. 19 p. 22, Table 4–5 p. 19, 25); 15(Fig. 2 p. 5, Table 5

p. 7, Figs. 22–23 pp. 34–35).

onboard, 3(21); 5(2–3); 10(1–2).

pigment, 5(24).

quality control, 10(25).

round-robin, 8(4, 17, Table 4 p. 21); Vol. 14; Vol. 16.

sensor, 1(11); 5(2–3); 17(2, 3).

solar, 1(11, 18); 3(24); 10(1–7, Fig. 2 p. 5, Fig. 4 p. 6,

Figs. 5–8 pp. 8–9, Figs. 10–11 pp. 12–13, 18); 15(Fig. 3

p. 6, Table 5 p. 7, Fig. 20 p. 32).

solar diffuser, 10(3–5, 7).

spectral, 5(24).

sphere test, 14(Fig. B2 p. 48, Table B2 p. 49).

sun photometers, 5(24).

system test, 14(Fig. B1 p. 48).

trend analysis, 10(25).

vicarious, 5(2–4); 8(10–11).

working group members, 8(Table 1 p. 14).

see also round-robin.

see also SeaStar.

see also sphere.

calibration and validation, 1(3, 8, 14, 18–22); Vol. 3; 17(3,

5–6, 10–14, 15).

baselines, 3(17); 8(3); see also baselines.

field deployment, 8(17, Table 2 p. 18, Table 4 p. 20).

on board, 3(21–23).

post-launch, 3(23–27).

prelaunch program, 3(17–21).

program milestones, 3(Fig. 12 p. 14).

program schematic, 3(Fig. 11 p. 14).

team (CVT), 13(1).

see also calibration.

see also CVT.

see also initialization.

characterization:

collector cosine response, 5(18–19).

immersion factors, 5(19–20).

pressure effects, 5(21).

radiance field-of-view, 5(18).

radiometric, 5(15–17).

spectral bandpass, 5(15).

temperature, 5(20–21).

temporal response, 5(17).

climatology generation, 13(40–41).

cloud detection, 7(1, 5).

MODIS, 7(1).

see also MODIS-N.

cloud screening, Vol. 7.

cloud screening cont.

determining thresholds, 7(2–3).

direct thresholds, 7(1–4).

evaluating methods, 7(5–6).

more complex methods, 7(4–5).

spatial coherence, 7(3–4).

see also AVHRR GAC data.

COADS:

data, 13(Plates: 16–18).

time series, 13(36–40).

Coastal Zone Color Scanner, see CZCS.

command:

schedules, 15(3–7, Table 3 p. 4, Table 4 p. 6).

sequence, 15(Tables 7–8 p. 11).

commercial applications, 1(7).

Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, see COADS.

contingencies:

detector failure, 8(11).

equator crossing, 8(12).

launch slip, 8(11).

loss of tilt, 8(11).

navigation accuracy, 8(11).

orbit, 8(12).

orbital altitude, 8(11).

power limitation, 8(11).

correction study:

pressure and oxygen, 13(ch. 4).

cross-track, see propagation model.

CVT, 13(1).

CZCS, 1(1, 5, 6–7, 19); 3(1).

algorithms, 3(1–11, 23); 13(ch. 1).

application of data, 9(7–9).

calibration and validation, 17(10–11).

channels, 7(1, 5).

data collection, 3(6, Fig. 5 p. 5, 21, 30), 7(1).

global sampling, 3(Fig. 9 p. 10).

level-2 products, 4(1).

level-2 processing parameters, 4(Table 2 p. 2).

modeling compared to SeaWiFS, 3(Fig. 4 p. 5).

orbit, 3(2).

orbital characteristics, 9(Table 2 p. 3).

overlapping scenes study, 13(ch. 5).

parameters and characteristics, 1(Table 2 p. 5), 3(Table 1

p. 1).

pigment algorithm, 13(Tables 12–13 p. 31).

pigment concentration, 1(5–6); 3(1–2, 8, 27); 13(1, 2, 4,

Figs. 1–5 pp. 5–8, 9, Figs. 8–9 p. 11, 15, Figs. 14–16

pp. 17–18, 22, Figs. 18–19 p. 26, Fig. 20 p. 28, Table 10

p. 29, ch. 6, Table 18 p. 45, and Plates: 1–14, 19–20).

quality control, 3(Fig. 7 p. 8, Fig. 8 p. 9, 32, 35).

ringing mask comparison, 13(2, ch. 8, and Plate 19).

sensor, 1(5); 3(8).

sensor degradation, 3(23).

time of launch, 2(1).

vicarious calibration, 3(Fig. 6 p. 7, 11, 23, 24–27); 5(3–4).

see also NET.

24
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

–D–

data:

ancillary, 8(7); 13(2, Fig. 23 p. 36).

archive and delivery, 5(2); 8(9–10).

collection, 3(24); 8(4).

distribution, 1(16); 8(2, 4, 16, 17).

format, 8(43–44); 12(5); 15(16–20, Fig. 9 p. 17).

interpolation, 13(22).

management, 1(3, 11–18); 3(32).

policy, 3(37–38); 8(13, Table 4 p. 21, 41–42).

processing, 1(3, Fig. 2 p. 4, 11–16, Fig. 10 p. 20, 22); 3(13,

32); 7(5); 8(4, 8–9); 13(16, 21, 35).

products, 8(12–13, 15–17, Table 4 pp. 20–21, 42–43); 15(2).

quality and acceptance, 8(7–8).

real-time access of, 8(12).

requirements, 5(4–6).

subsampling, 4(1).

system, 17(3–4, 12–14).

using SEAPAK with, 4(1–2).

data sets, 1(3); Vol. 9; Vol. 15.

animation of, 13(41–42).

atmospheric conditions, 9(6–7).

atmospheric contributions, 9(4–6).

availability of, 9(9–13); 15(40).

code for simulating, 9(13–15).

external, 15(Table 9 p. 11).

meteorological, 13(35, Table 14 p. 36).

meteorological animation, 13(41–42).

methods for simulating, 9(2–7).

normalized water-leaving radiances, 9(2–3).

orbit model, 9(3–4).

ozone, 13(35, Fig. 31 p. 42).

ozone animation, 13(41–42).

simulated total radiances, 9(Figs. 2–4 pp. 10–12).

start and stop times, 9(Table 6 p. 9).

ten-bit words and data structures, 9(7).

viewing and solar geometries, 9(4–6).

descending node, Vol. 2.

see also ascending node.

detector failure contingency, see contingencies.

–E–

EOS-Color, 17(3, 9–10, 11, 13–17).

EOSDIS, 17(3, 13, 17).

equator crossing time, 2(10, 16); 9(Tables 6–7 p. 9).

contingency, 8(12).

equinox:

see azimuth.

see sun glint.

see zenith.

–F–

field deployment, see calibration and validation.

field program:

instrumentation, 3(34–35).

field program cont.

computing network, 3(Fig. 21 p. 31).

filter radiometer, 14(Table B9 p. 56).

flags:

algorithm, 8(3, 4, 17).

level-2 processing, 8(7); 12(4, Table 3 p. 4).

–G–

GAC, 1(3, 16); 15(4); 17(5, 12).

AVHRR data, 7(3).

algorithms, Vol. 4.

data, 15(2, 21–27, Figs. 11–14 pp. 22–25, Plates: 1–2).

generation mechanisms, 4(Table 1 p. 1).

generation methods, Vol. 4.

resolution, 4(Plates: 1–8).

sampling techniques, Vol. 4.

see also AVHRR.

geometry, 2(1).

derived parameters, 2(1).

solar, 2(1, 10, 16).

sun glint, 2(1).

viewing, 2(1, 10, 16).

see also azimuth.

see also zenith.

global area coverage, see GAC.

global-scale processes, 1(6–7).

ground coverage, 2(2, Fig. 1 p. 3).

ground station support, 8(11).

ground systems and support, 1(14–15).

–H–

HRPT:

data, 1(14, 19); 8(8–9, 19); 15(2, 4, 27, Figs. 24–27 pp. 36–

39, and Plates: 4–6).

policies, 8(17, Table 4 p. 20).

infrared radiometers, 7(1).

initialization, 5(4–6, Table 1 p. 5).

sampling, 5(31–32).

–I–

intercalibration, Vol. 14; Vol. 16.

sources, 14(Table 1 p. 4).

data archive 14(56–57, Tables C1 and C2 p. 57).

– J, K –

joint commercial aspects, 1(8).

–L–

LAC, 1(3).

data, 1(8, 11); 15(2, 4, 27, Figs. 16–19 pp. 28–31,and Plate

3).

lamps, Vol. 14; Vol. 16.

apparent drift, 14(Fig. 6 p. 13).

calibration setup, 14(Fig. B7 p. 53).

GSFC reference, 14(Table 3 p. 12).

25
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

lamps cont.

irradiance, 14(Fig. B4 p. 50, Table B5 p. 52, Fig. B8 p. 53,

Table B7 p. 55).

operating currents, 14(Table 8 p. 28).

standards, 16(3–23).

see also calibration.

see also spectral irradiance.

see also spectral radiance.

see also sphere.

see also transfer.

lunar observations, Vol. 10.

–M–

marine optical buoy:

see MOBY.

see optical buoy.

mask:

algorithm, 8(3, 4, 17).

level-2 processing, 3(6); 8(7); 12(4, Table 3 p. 4).

Miami edge, 13(29).

see also sun glint.

measurement protocols, 5(26–33).

meeting agenda, see Science Team Meeting.

mesoscale processes, 1(6).

Miami edge mask, 13(29).

mission:

operations, 1(14–18); 11(1–2, 15).

overlap, 17(12).

overview, Vol. 1; 8(1).

MOBY, 1(3); 8(3, 4).

system schematic, 3(Fig. 17 p. 25).

see also optical buoy.

see also optical mooring.

modeling, 10(1, 10, 18, 25).

models:

orbital prediction, 1(17).

see also Brouwer-Lyddane models.

see also modeling.

see also perturbation models.

see also propagation models.

MODIS or MODIS-N, 1(19); 17(3, 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 13–15).

instrument characteristics, 3(Table 4 p. 12).

presentations, 8(3–5).

–N–

navigation, 8(11); 9(4); 11(2); 15(3).

of pixels, 9(4).

NET, 3(2, Figs. 1–3 pp. 2–4, 29–30); 12(4).

NIMBUS Experiment Team, see NET.

normalized water-leaving radiances, 1(15); 3(2, 6, 24, 28–29,

37–38); 4(1–3, 20); 5(1, 3–4, 6, 8, 13, 31–32, 37–38);

8(16, 42); 9(2–3).

non-research uses, 1(7–8).

–O–

ocean color, 1(1–4, 8, 10); 8(1–3, 22–43); 13(1, ch. 4); Vol. 17.

ocean color cont.

future missions, 3(Fig. 10 p. 12).

requirements, 1(2).

see also algorithm development.

ocean optics protocols, Vol. 5; 8(12, 14–15, Table 4 p. 20).

see also Protocols Workshop.

OCTS, 1(2); 3(11); 17(4, 10, 13, 17).

instrument characteristics, 3(Table 3 p. 11).

operational applications, 1(7–8).

optical buoy, 3(Fig. 17 p. 25).

drifting, 5(9, 31).

mooring, 3(Fig. 18 p. 26); 5(8, 30–31).

see also MOBY.

optical instruments, Vol. 5; 10(Figs. 17–19 pp. 21–22).

optical measurements, 5(1).

accuracy specifications, 5(9–15).

analysis methods, 5(33–39).

science community, role of, 5(3).

sensor characterization, 5(15–25, Tables 2–4 pp. 10–11).

see also MOBY.

see also optical buoy.

orbit, 3(23).

contingency, 8(12).

distribution of local time, 2(Fig. 2 p. 4).

downlink, 15(4, Table 3 p. 4).

parameters, 1(18); 2(2).

propagation, 15(3, Table 3 p. 3).

see also propagation model.

orbital:

altitude contingency, 8(11).

characteristics, 9(1, Table 3 p. 3); 15(Table 1b p. 3).

elements, 11(2).

oxygen absorption band, 13(16, 19, Fig. 17 p. 19).

ozone:

absorption, 13(9, 21).

concentration, 13(9, Figs. 6–7 p. 10, Figs. 11–12 p. 13, and

Plate 15).

correction, 13(22, and Plates: 7–13).

control point value, 13(Tables 7–9 pp. 24–25).

data analysis, 13(1, ch. 2).

images, 13(Plates: 7–13).

optical thickness, 13(Fig. 10 p. 12).

see also data set, ozone.

–P–

perturbations model:

general, 11(2–3).

special, 11(2).

photodetector measurements, 14(Table A1 p. 47).

pigment:

concentration, 1(Plates: 1–5); 3(32); 4(Table 1 p. 1, Table 3

p. 3, Figs. 5–11 pp. 6–9, and Plates: 1–8); 5(2); 8(4).

mean, 13(Tables 1–2 p. 8).

see also CZCS, pigment concentration.

data, 9(2).

values, 4(Fig. 26 p. 15, Figs. 31–33 pp. 18–19).

26
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

pigment cont.

see also calibration.

pixel size, 3(Fig. C1 p. 39).

Prelaunch Science Working Group, see SPSWG.

pressure:

surface, see surface pressure.

pressure and oxygen:

absorption study, 13(ch. 3)

correction study, 13(ch. 4, and Plates: 8, 10, 12)

primary productivity, 1(1); 5(7); 17(8–9).

working group members, 8(Table 1 p. 14).

proceedings:

Science Team Meeting, Vol. 8.

see also Science Team Meeting.

Project, 1(3); 3(1, 13, 16, 23–24, 32, 34, 38).

goals, 1(2–3).

objectives, 1(3).

organization and personnel, 1(Table 4 p. 22); 3(Fig 13

p. 15).

presentations, 8(3–5).

responsibilities, 12(3–4).

schematic, 1(Fig. 8 p. 12, Fig. 9 p. 13).

structure, 3(13–16).

propagation model:

along-track, 11(5, Figs. 1–8 pp. 6–9, Fig. 11 p. 11,

Figs. 12–14 pp. 12–13, Fig. 16 p. 14).

cross-track, 11(5, Fig. 9 p. 10, Fig. 15 p. 13, Fig. 17

p. 14).

orbit, Vol. 11.

radial, 11(4, 5, Fig. 10 p. 10).

Protocols Workshop, (ocean optics), 12(3, 5–8).

team members and guests, 12(Table 1 p. 3).

attendees addresses, 12(6–8).

–Q–

quality control, 3(29–30, 35–36); 10(Fig. 20 p. 23).

flags, 12(3–4).

level-1 screening, 3(35).

level-2 product screening, 3(35–36).

level-3 product screening, 3(36).

level-2 quality control, 3(35); 8(4).

masks, 12(4).

see also bio-optical algorithm workshop.

–R–

radial, see propagation model.

radiometric profiles, 5(33–39).

radiometric specifications, 3(36–37, Table A1 p. 36); 8(4).

radiance measurements, 14(Table 9 pp. 29–30, Table 10 p. 31,

Fig. 15 p. 32, Table 11 pp. 33–35, 44); 16(Table 6–7

pp. 37–44).

calibration factors, 16(Fig. 18 p. 46).

output, 14(Table 12–14 pp. 38–41).

see also spectral radiance.

see also spectral irradiance.

reflectance:

plaque, 14(31, 41); 16(111).

research:

applications, 1(3–5).

cruises, 3(30–32).

round-robin, Vol. 14; Vol. 16.

calibration, 8(4, 17, Table 4 p. 21); 12(4).

protocols working group, 8(Table 1 p. 14).

–S–

satellite remote sensing, 7(1).

saturation radiances, 3(Tables A2 through A4 pp. 36–37);

15(Table 11 p. 13).

scale, Vol. 14.

see also transfer.

scanning characteristics, 9(1).

science mission goals, 3(12–13).

Science Team Meeting, Vol. 8.

abstracts, 8(22–41).

agenda, 8(5–6).

attendees, 8(51–59).

executive committee, 8(22).

invited presentations, 8(1–3).

questionnaire, 8(19–22, 44–51).

SEAPAK, 4(1–2, 20).

SeaStar, 1(1, 3, 8); 2(1–2); 3(21); 10(3,7).

launch sequence, 1(Fig. 4 p. 9).

operational system, 1(Fig. 6 p. 10).

orbital simulation parameters, 2(Table 1 p. 2); 11(Table 1 p. 1).

pitch rate, 10(7).

satellite, 1(Fig. 5 p. 9).

spacecraft description, 1(8–10).

SeaWiFS instrument, 1(1, 5–6, 8, 10–11).

acceptance testing, 8(4, 13–14, Table 4 p. 20).

bandwidths, 1(Table 1 p. 1, Fig. 2 p. 2, 11).

calibration and characterization, 3(Fig 14 p. 18); 8(4).

characteristics, 2(Table 1 p. 2); 3(Table 2 p. 11, 13).

description, 1(10–11).

launch time, 2(1).

major milestones, 3(Table 7 p. 21).

monitoring of, 1(18).

operations schedules, 1(17–18).

scanner, 1(11, Fig. 7 p. 14).

sensitivities, 1(5, Fig. 3 p. 6); 5(Table 4 p. 11, 14).

spectral bands, 1(11); 9(1, Table 1 p. 2).

telemetry parameters, 3(Table 8 p. 23).

test plan summary, 3(Table 6 pp. 19–20).

vicarious calibration, 5(3–4, 33).

see also optical instruments.

sensor:

characterization, 5(15–25); 15(13).

CZCS, see CZCS.

monitoring, 1(18).

operations schedules, 1(17).

ringing, 4(2).

27
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

sensor cont.

ringing mask, 13(2, 27, Plate: 19).

saturation response, 15(13, 27–39).

tilt, 15(Fig. 1 p. 5).

see also characterization.

see also CZCS, ring mask comparison.

SeaWiFS, see SeaWiFS instrument.

ship shadow avoidance, 5(25–26).

shunt, 16(111–116).

tests, 14(41–42).

SIRREX:

see SIRREX-1.

see SIRREX-2.

SIRREX-1, Vol. 14.

attendees, 14(57–58).

equipment and tests, 14(Table B1 p. 49).

participants, 14(Table 1 p. 4).

validation process, 14(Fig. 1 p. 3).

SIRREX-2, Vol. 16.

attendees, 16(116–118).

equipment and tests, 16(Table A1 p. 117).

participants, 16(Table A1 p. 117).

solar irradiance measurements, 3(Fig 16 p. 22).

solar observations, Vol. 10.

see also calibration.

solstice:

see azimuth.

see sun glint.

see zenith.

spectral bands, 1(1–2); 5(Table 2 p. 10, 17); 9(1, Table 1

p. 2); 15(Table 1a p. 2).

spectral reflectance, 16(Table 20 pp. 112–113, Fig. 31 p. 114).

spectral irradiance, 5(13, 16, 25–27); 8(25); 14(Figs. 2–5

pp. 8–11, Figs. 7–14 pp. 20–27, Fig. 18 p. 43); 16(Figs. 2–5

pp. 6–9, Tables 1–5 pp. 10–23, Figs. 6–16 pp. 25–35).

and radiance measurements, 3(2); 5(13, 16, 21–23, 25–27).

calibration geometry, 14(Fig. B3 p. 50).

see also lamps.

spectral radiance, 5(21–23, 25–27); 8(25); 14(Figs. 16–17

pp. 36–37, 45–47, Fig. A2 p. 46, 47, 52, 55–56)

BSI sphere, 16(Fig. 22 p. 73, Table 14 pp. 79–81, 62).

CHORS sphere, 16(62, Figs. 23–27 pp. 74–78, Tables 15–16

pp. 82–90).

calibration, 14(Fig. A1 p. 46).

GSFC sphere, 16(36, Fig. 17 p. 45, Figs. 19–20 pp. 47–48,

Tables 8–10 pp. 49–61, Fig. 21 p. 63, Tables 11–13 pp. 64–

72, 118–119, Figs. C1 and C2 p. 119).

NOAA sphere, 16(81, Table 19 pp. 106–109, Fig. 30 p. 110).

UCSB sphere, 16(62, 81, Table 17 pp. 91–95, Fig. 28 p. 96).

WFF sphere, 16(81, Table 18 pp. 97–103, Fig. 29 p. 104).

see also sphere sources.

sphere, Vol. 14.

calibration setup, 14(Fig. B5 p. 51, Fig. B9 p. 54).

sphere cont.

integrating, 14(28–31, 45).

measurements, 14(Table B8 p. 55).

radiances, 14(Table B3 p. 49, Fig. B6 p. 51, Table B4 p. 52,

Table B6 p. 52).

source comparisons, 14(42–44).

sources, 16(23–111).

SPSWG, 1(1); 3(Table 5 p. 16, 27–28).

stability tests, 14(42).

stray light response, 15(Fig. 7 p. 14).

sun glint, 1(18); 2(1, 10, 14); 3(6); 15(4).

at equinox, 2(10).

flag sensitivity study, 13(ch. 9, Plate: 20).

at solstice, 2(10, 16).

radiance distribution, 2(Fig. 8 p. 11, Fig. 11 p. 14).

surface pressure, 8(4, 7); 13(Table 3 p. 16, Fig. 13 p. 17, 19–22,

Tables 4–6 p. 23–24, and Plates: 6–7, and 17).

– T, U –

telemetry, 1(10, 14); 8(11); 9(1, 2, 7, Fig. 1 p. , 9); 10(1,

Figs. 20–21 pp. 23–24, 25); 15(2, 13–20, Figs. 9–10 pp. 17–

18, Tables 12–13 pp. 19–20, Table 14 p. 21).

transfer, Vol. 14.

irradiance scale, 14(Table 2 pp. 6–7, Tables 4–7 pp. 14–19,

28).

– V, W, X, Y –

validation:

algorithm, 8(16).

product, 8(10, 16).

sampling, 5(2, 31–33).

see also algorithms.

see also calibration.

see also calibration and validation.

viewing and solar geometries, 9(4–6); 13(3, 46).

visible radiometers, 7(1).

see also AVHRR.

see also CZCS.

see also MODIS.

see also SeaWiFS instrument.

voltmeter, 16(111–116).

tests, 14(41–42).

–Z–

zenith, 2(10).

angles at equinox, 2(2, 16).

angles at solstice, 2(10, 16).

satellite angle, 13(15, 19, 46).

solar angle, 2(2, Fig. 3 p. 5, 10, Fig. 9 p. 12, Fig. 12 p. 15,

Table 3 p. 16, 16); 3(2, 8, 23); 7(1, 4); 9(Table 6 p. 9);

13(Table 11 p. 29, 46).

spacecraft angle, 2(2, Fig. 4 p. 6, 10, 16); 13(Table 11 p. 29).

28
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Glossary

–A–

AC Alternating Current

ACC Antarctic Circumpolar Current

ACRIM Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor

ACS Attitude Control System

A/D Analog-to-Digital

ADEOS Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (Japan)

AE  ̊Angstr ̈om Exponent

ALSCAT ALPHA and Scattering Meter (Note: the symbol α corresponds to c(λ), the beam attenuation coefficient, in present usage).

AM-1 Not an acronym, used to designate the morning

platform of EOS.

AMC Angular Momentum Compensation

AOCI Airborne Ocean Color Imager

AOL Airborne Oceanographic Lidar

AOP Apparent Optical Property

AOS/LOS Acquisition of Signal/Loss of Signal

ARGOS Not an acronym, but the name given to the

data collection and location system on the

NOAA Operational Satellites.

ARI Accelerated Research Initiative

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASI Italian Space Agency

AT Along-Track

AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

AVIRIS Advanced Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

AXBT Airborne Expendable Bathythermograph

–B–

BAOPW-1 First Bio-optical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshop

BAOPW-2 Second Bio-optical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshop

BAOPW-3 Third Bio-optical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshop

BAOPW-4Fourth Bio-optical Algorithm and Optical Protocols Workshop

BAS British Antarctic Survey

BATS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Station

BBOP Bermuda Bio-Optical Profiler

BBR Band-to-Band Registration

BCRS Dutch Remote Sensing Board

BEP Benguela Ecology Programme

BER Bit Error Rate

BMFT Minister for Research and Technology (Germany)

BOMS Bio-Optical Moored Systems

bpi bits per inch

BRDF Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function

BSI Biospherical Instruments, Incorporated

BSIXR BSI’s Transfer Radiometer

BTR Bright Target Recovery

BUV Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer

BWI Baltimore-Washington International (airport)

–C–

CalCoFI California Cooperative Fisheries Institute

Cal/Val Calibration and Validation

CALVAL Calibration and Validation

Case-1 Water whose reflectance is determined solely by

absorption.

Case-2 Water whose reflectance is significantly influenced by scattering.

CCPO Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography (Old

Dominion University)

CDF (NASA) Common Data Format

CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Only Memory

CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Material

CDR Critical Design Review

CEC Commission of the European Communities

CENR Committee on Environment and Natural Resources

CHORS Center for Hydro-Optics and Remote Sensing

(San Diego State University)

CICESE Centro de Investigaci ́on Cient ́ifica y de Educaci ́on Superior de Ensenada (Mexico)

CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

COADS Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set

COOP Coastal Ocean Optics Program

COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf (software)

CPR Continuous Plankton Recorder

cpu Central Processing Unit

CRM Contrast Reduction Meter

CRN Italian Research Council

CRSEO Center for Remote Sensing and Environmental

Optics (University of California at Santa Barbara)

CRT Calibrated Radiance Tapes; or Cathode Ray

Tube.

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (of Australia)

CSL Computer Systems Laboratory

CT Cross-Track

CTD Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth

CVT Calibration and Validation Team

CW Continuous Wave

CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner

–D–

DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center

DARR Data Analysis Round-Robin

DAT Digital Audio Tape

DC Direct Current

DCF Data Capture Facility

DCOM Dissolved Colored Organic Material

DCP Data Collection Platform

DEC Digital Equipment Corporation

DMS dimethyl sulfide

DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon

DOM Dissolved Organic Matter

DOS Disk Operating System

DSP Not an acronym, but an image display and analysis package developed at RSMAS University of

Miami.

DXW Not an acronym, but a lamp designator.

29
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

–E–

EAFB Edwards Air Force Base

ECEF Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed

ECMWF European Centre for Medium Range Weather

Forecasts

ECT Equator Crossing Time

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

EOF Empirical Orthogonal Function

ENSO El Ni ̃no Southern Oscillation

ENVISAT Environmental Satellite

EOS Earth Observing System

EOSAT Earth Observation Satellite Company

EOSDIS EOS Data Information System

EqPac Equatorial Pacific (Process Study)

EP-TOMS Earth Probe-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ER-2 Earth Resources-2

ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Sensor

ERL (NOAA) Environmental Research Laboratories

ERS Earth Resources Satellite

ESA European Space Agency

EUVE Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

–F–

FASCAL Fast Calibration (Facility)

FDDI Fiber Data Distribution Interface

FEL Not an acronym, but a lamp designator.

FGGE First GARP Global Experiment

FLUPAC (Geochemical) Fluxes in the Pacific (Ocean)

FNOC Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center

FORTRAN Formula Translation (computer language)

FOV Field-of-View

FPA Focal Point Assembly

FRD Federal Republic of Deutschland (Germany)

FTP File Transfer Protocol

FWHM Full-Width at Half-Maximum

–G–

GAC Global Area Coverage, coarse resolution satellite data with a nominal ground resolution at

nadir of approximately 4km.

GARP Global Atmospheric Research Program

GASM General Angle Scattering Meter

GF/F Not an acronym, a specific type of glass fiber

filter made by Whatman.

GIN Greenland, Iceland, and Norwegian Seas

GISS Goddard Institute for Space Studies

GLI Global Imager

GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystems dynamics

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GOFS Global Ocean Flux Study

GOMEX Gulf of Mexico Experiment

GP Global Processing (algorithm)

GPM General Perturbations Model

GPS Global Positioning System

GRGS Groupe de Recherche de Geodesie Spatial

GRIDTOMS Gridded TOMS (data set)

GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center

GSO Graduate School of Oceanography (University

of Rhode Island)

G/T System Gain/Total System Noise Temperature

GUI Graphical User Interface

–H–

HDF Hierarchical Data Format

HEI Hoffman Engineering, Incorporated

HeNe Helium-Neon

HIRIS High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

HOTS Hawaiian Optical Time Series

HP Hewlett Packard

HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography

HQ Headquarters

HRPT High Resolution Picture Transmission

HYDRA Hydrographic Data Reduction and Analysis

–I–

IAPSO International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean

IAU International Astrophysical Union

IBM International Business Machines

ICD Interface Control Document

ICES International Council on Exploration of the

Seas

IDL Interactive Data Language

IFOV Instantaneous Field-of-View

IMS Information Management System

I/O Input/Output

IOP Inherent Optical Property

IR Infrared

ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project

ISIC Integrating Sphere Irradiance Collector

IUE International Ultraviolet Explorer

– J, K –

JAM JYACC Application Manager

JGOFS Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

JOI Joint Oceanographic Institute

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory

JRC Joint Research Center

–L–

LAC Local Area Coverage, fine resolution satellite

data with a nominal ground resolution at nadir

of approximately 1 km.

LANDSAT Land Resources Satellite

LDGO Lamon-Doherty Geological Observatory (Columbia University)

LDTNLR Local Dynamic Threshold Nonlinear Raleigh

Level-0 Raw data.

Level-1 Calibrated radiances.

Level-2 Derived products.

Level-3 Gridded and averaged derived products.

LMCE Laboratoire de Modelisation du climat et de

l’Environment (France)

L&N Leeds & Northrup

LODYC Laboratoire d’Oc ́eanographie et de Dynamique

du climat (France)

LOICZ Land Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone

LPCM Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines

(France)

LRER Long-Range Ecological Research

LSB Least Significant Bits

30
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

–M–

MAREX Marine Resources Experiment Program

MARS Multispectral Airborne Radiometer System

MASSS Multi-Agency Ship-Scheduling for SeaWiFS

MBARI Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

MEM Maximum Entropy Method

MER Marine Environmental Radiometer

MERIS Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

METEOSAT Meteorological Satellite

mF Minor Frame

MF Major Frame

MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second

MIZ Marginal Ice Zone

MLE Maximum Likelihood Estimator

MLML Moss Landing Marine Laboratory (San Jose

State University)

MOBY Marine Optical Buoy

MOCE Marine Optical Characterization Experiment

MODARCH MODIS Document Archive

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MODIS-N Nadir-viewing MODIS instrument

MODIS-T Tilted MODIS instrument (to minimize sun

glint)

MOS Marine Optical Spectroradiometer

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MSB Most Significant Bits

MS/DOS MicroSoft/Disk Operating System

MTF Modulation Transfer Function

–N–

NABE North Atlantic Bloom Experiment

NAS National Academy of Science

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASCOM NASA Communications

NASDA National Space Development Agency (Japan)

NASIC NASA Aircraft/Satellite Instrument Calibration

NAVSPASUR Naval Space Surface Surveillance

NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research

NCCOSC Navy Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance Center

NCDC (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center

NCDS NASA Climate Data System

NCSA National Center for Supercomputing Applications

NCSU North Carolina State University

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NE∆T Noise Equivalent Delta Temperature

NEδL Noise Equivalent delta Radiance

NER Noise Equivalent Radiance

NERC Natural Environment Research Council

NESDIS National Environmental Satellite Data Information Service

NET NIMBUS Experiment Team

NGDC National Geophysical Data Center

NIMBUS Not an acronym, but a series of NASA experimental weather satellites containing a wide variety of atmosphere, ice, and ocean sensors.

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NMC National Meteorological Center

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOARL Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory

NORAD North American Air Defense (Command)

NOS National Ocean Service

NRA NASA Research Announcement

NRaD Naval Research and Development

NRIFSF National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries (Japan)

NRL Naval Research Laboratory

NSCAT NASA Scatterometer

NSF National Science Foundation

NSSDC National Space Science Data Center

–O–

OAM Optically Active Materials

OCEAN Ocean Colour European Archive Network

OCTS Ocean Color Temperature Sensor (Japan)

ODAS Ocean Data Acquisition System

ODU Old Dominion University

OFFI Optical Free-Fall Instrument

OI Original Irradiance

OLIPAC Oligotrophy in the Pacific (Ocean)

OMEX Ocean Marine Exchange

ONR Office of Naval Research

OPT Ozone Processing Team

OS Operating System

OSC Orbital Sciences Corporation

OSFI Optical Surface Floating Instrument

OSSA Office of Space Science and Applications

OSU Oregon State University

–P–

PAR Photosynthetically Available Radiation

PC (IBM) Personal Computer

PDR Preliminary Design Review

PDT Pacific Daylight Time

PFF Programmable Frame Formatter

PI Principal Investigator

PIKE Phased Illuminated Knife Edge

PM-1 Not an acronym, used to designate the afternoon EOS platform.

PML Plymouth Marine Laboratory

POC Particulate Organic Carbon

POLDER Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s

Reflectances (France)

PON Particulate Organic Nitrogen

PR Photo Research

PRIME Plankton Reactivity in the Marine Environment

PST Pacific Standard Time

PSU Practical Salinity Units

PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene

PUR Photosynthetically Usable Radiation

–Q–

QC Quality Control

QED Quantum Efficient Device

31
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

–R–

R&A Research and Applications

R&D Research and Development

RACER Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem Rates

RF Radio Frequency

RFP Request for Proposals

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer

rms root mean squared

ROSIS Remote Sensing Imaging Spectrometer, also

known as the Reflective Optics System Imaging

Spectrometer (Germany)

RR Round-Robin

RSMAS Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric

Sciences (University of Miami)

RTOP Research and Technology Operation Plan

–S–

SAC Satellite Applications Centre

SARSAT Search and Rescue Satellite

SBRC (Hughes) Santa Barbara Research Center

SBUV Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer

SBUV-2 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer–2

S/C Spacecraft

SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research

SDPS SeaWiFS Data Processing System

SDS Scientific Data Set

SDSU San Diego State University

SeaBASS SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System

SEAPAK Not an acronym, but an image display and analysis package developed at GSFC.

SeaSCOPE SeaWiFS Study of Climate, Ocean Productivity, and Environmental Change

SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor

SES Shelf Edge Study

SGI Silicon Graphics, Incorporated

SI Syst`eme International d’ Unit`es or Internation

al System of Units

SIG Special Interest Group

SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography

SIO/MPL Scripps Institution of Oceanography/Marine

Physical Laboratory

SIRREX SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment

SIRREX-1 The First SIRREX (July 1992)

SIRREX-2 The Second SIRREX (June 1993)

SIRREX-3 The Third SIRREX (September 1994)

SIS Spherical Integrating Source

SISSR Submerged In Situ Spectral Radiometer

SJSU San Jose State University

SMM Solar Maximum Mission

S/N Serial Number

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SO Southern Ocean (algorithm)

SOC Simulation Operations Center

SOGS SeaStar Operations Ground Subsystem

SOH State of Health

SOW Statement of Work

SPM Suspended Particulate Material or Special Perturbations Model (depending on usage).

SPO SeaWiFS Project Office

SPOT Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre

(France)

SPSWG SeaWiFS Prelaunch Science Working Group

SQL Sequential Query Language

SRC Satellite Receiving Station (NERC)

SRT Sigma Research Technology, Incorporated

SST Sea Surface Temperature or SeaWiFS Science

Team (depending on usage).

ST Science Team

SUN Sun Microsystems

SWAP Sylter Wattenmeer Austausch-prozesse

SWG Science Working Group

SXR SeaWiFS Transfer Radiometer

–T–

T-S Temperature-Salinity

TBD To Be Determined

TBUS Not an acronym, but a NOAA orbit prediction

TDI Time-Delay and Integration

TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

TIROS Television and Infrared Observation Satellite

TLM Telemetry

TM Technical Memorandum

TOGA Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program

TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

TOPEX Topography Experiment

TOVS TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder

TSM Total Suspended Material

TV Thermal Vacuum

–U–

UA University of Arizona

UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite

UAXR University of Arizona’s Transfer Radiometer

UCMBO University of California Marine Bio-Optics

UCSB University of California at Santa Barbara

UCSD University of California at San Diego

UH University of Hawaii

UIM/X User Interface Management/X-Windows

UM University of Miami

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and

Cultural Organizations

UPS Uninterruptable Power System

URI University of Rhode Island

USC University of Southern California

USF University of South Florida

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator (projection)

UV Ultraviolet

UVB Ultraviolet-B

UWG User Working Group

–V–

V0 Version 0

V1 Version 1

VAX Virtual Address Extension

VCS Version Control Software

VDC Volts Direct Current

VHF Very High Frequency

VI Virtual Instrument

VISLAB Visibility Laboratory (Scripps Institution of

Oceanography)

VISNIR Visible and Near Infrared

VMS Virtual Memory System

32
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

–W, X, Y, Z –

WFF Wallops Flight Facility

WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment

WORM Write Once Read Many (times)

WVS World Vector Shoreline

33
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Symbols

–A–

a The semi-major axis of the Earth’s orbit, a formulation constant, a constant equal to 0.983, or a constant equal to −20/tanh(2) (depending on usage).

a(z, λ) Spectral absorption coefficient.

a≤ Oxygen absorption coefficient.

aox Coefficient for oxygen absorption.

aoz Coefficient for ozone absorption.

awv Coefficient for water vapor absorption.

A(k) Absorptivity.

A(λ) Coefficient for calculating bb(λ).

Ai The intersection area.

–B–

b Formulation coefficient or a constant equal to 1/3

(depending on usage).

b(z, λ) Total scattering coefficient.

b(θ, z, λ0) Volume scattering coefficient.

bb(z, λ) Spectral backscattering coefficient.

bbc(λ) Spectral backscattering coefficient for phytoplankton.

br(λ) Total Raman scattering coefficient.

bw(λ) Total scattering coefficient for pure seawater.

B Excess target radiance.

B(λ) Coefficient for calculating bb(λ).

–C–

c(z, λ) Spectral beam attenuation coefficient .

c(z, 660) Red beam attenuation (at 660 nm).

[chl. a]/K Concentration of chlorophyll a over K, the diffuse

attenuation coefficient.

C Chlorophyll a pigment, or just pigment concentration.

C13 Pigment concentration derived using CZCS bands 1

and 3.

C23 Pigment concentration derived using CZCS bands 2

and 3.

Cref Reference chlorophyll value (0.5).

[C + P] Pigment concentration defined as mg chlorophyll a

plus phaeopigments m−3.

–D–

d The distance between source and detector apertures.

di Distance from the ith observation point to the point

of interest.

dj Distance from the jth observation point to the point

of interest.

D Sequential day of the year.

D Orbit position difference vector.

Dat Along-track position difference.

Dct Cross-track position difference.

Drad Radial position difference.

DC Digital count (value) or direct current (depending

on usage).

DC10 Digital counts at 10-bit digitization.

–E–

e Orbit eccentricity of the Earth.

E(λ) Spectral irradiance.

Ea(λ) Irradiance in air.

Ebeg Beginning irradiance value.

Ecal Calibration source irradiance.

Ed Incident downwelling irradiance.

Ed(0−, λ) Incident spectral irradiance.

Ed(z, λ) Downwelled spectral irradiance.

Eend Ending irradiance value.

Emeas(λ) Measured radiance.

Eref (λ) Reference radiance.

Es(λ) Surface irradiance.

Erem Percentage of energy removed from a wavelength

band.

Esky(λ) Spectral sky irradiance distribution.

Esun(λ) Spectral sun irradiance distribution.

Eu(z, λ) Upwelled spectral irradiance.

Ew(z, λ) Irradiance in water.

–F–

fi Filter number, i=0–11.

f-ratio The ratio of new to total production.

F ̄ Arithmetic average.

F(λ) A mean conversion factor.

F(λ) Calibration factor.

F(λ) A conversion factor to convert PR714readings to

the GSFC sphere radiance scale.

F  ̄(λ) Average of calibration factors.

F0 Extraterrestrial irradiance corrected for Earth-sun

distance.

F0 Mean solar irradiance.

F

0 Extraterrestrial irradiance corrected for the atmosphere.

F0(λ) Mean extraterrestrial spectral irradiance.

F0(λ) Mean extraterrestrial irradiance.

Fa Forward scattering probability of the aerosol.

Fi A correction factor.

–G–

g1 A constant equal to 0.82.

g2 A constant equal to −0.55.

G Gain factor.

G(λ) R`a(λi)/R`a(670) = (670/λ)

γ T2r(670)/T2r(λi).

Ge Gravitational constant of the Earth (398,600.5 km3

s−2).

–H–

HGMT GMT in hours.

Hs Altitude of the spacecraft (for SeaStar 705 km).

–I–

i Inclination angle or interval index (depending on

usage).

i

 Inclination angle minus 90◦.

I Rayleigh intensity.

I0 Surface downwelling irradiance.

I1 Radiant intensity after traversing through an absorbing medium.

I2 Reflected radiant energy received by the satellite

sensor.

34
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

–J–

j Interval index.

J2 The J2 gravity field term (0.0010863).

J3 The J3 gravity field term (−0.0000254).

J4The J4gravity field term (−0.0000161).

J5 The J5 gravity field term.

–K–

k Wavenumber of light (1/λ).

k1 Beginning wavenumber.

k2 Ending wavenumber.

kc(λ) Spectral fit coefficient weighted over the SeaWiFS

bands; k

c(λ) also used.

K(z, λ) Diffuse attenuation coefficient.

K0(λ) Diffuse attenuation coefficient at z = 0.

Kc(λ) Attenuation coefficients for phytoplankton.

KE(λ) Attenuation coefficient downwelled irradiance.

Kg(λ) Attenuation coefficients for Gelbstoff.

KL(z, λ) Attenuation coefficient upwelled radiance.

Kw(λ) Attenuation coefficients for pure seawater.

–L–

L(λ) Spectral radiance.

L(z, θ, φ) Submerged upwelled radiance distribution.

La Aerosol radiance.

Lc(λ) Cloud radiance threshold.

Lcal Calibration source radiance.

Lg(λ) Sun glint radiance.

Li(λ) Spectral radiance for run number i.

LNERλ) Noise equivalent radiance.

Lr(λ) Rayleigh radiance.

Lr0(λ) Rayleigh radiance at standard atmospheric pressure,

P0.

Ls(λ) Subsurface water radiance.

Lsat(λ) Saturation radiance for the sensor.

Lsky(λ) Spectral sky radiance distribution.

Lt(λ) Total radiance at the sensor.

Lu(z, λ) Upwelled spectral radiance.

LW (λ) Water-leaving radiance.

LWN (λ) Normalized water-leaving radiance.

–M–

m Index of refraction.

M Path length through the atmosphere.

M

m The corrected mean orbit anomaly of the Earth,

which is a function of date, and refers to an imaginary moon in a circular orbit.

Moz Path length for ozone transmittance.

–N–

n Index of refraction or mean orbital motion in revolutions per day (depending on usage).

n(λ) An exponent conceptually similar to the  ̊Angstr ̈om

exponent.

nw(λ) Index of refraction of water.

N The total number of something.

–O–

O P × V .

–P–

pa A factor to account for the probability of scattering

to the spacecraft for three different paths from the

sun.

pw The probability of seeing sun glitter in the direction

θ, Φ given the sun in position θ0, Φ0 as a function of

wind speed (W).

P Nodal period, phaeopigment concentration or local

surface pressure (depending on usage).

P Orbit position vector.

P(θ+) Phase function for forward scattering.

P(θ−) Phase function for backward scattering.

P0 Standard atmospheric pressure (1,013.25 mb).

Pa Probability of scattering to the spacecraft.

Pi PR714raw radiance.

Pσ Phaeopigment concentration.

–Q–

q Water transmittance factor.

Q(λ) Lu(0−, λ) to Eu(0−, λ) relation factor (theoretically

equal to π).

–R–

r Water-air reflectance for totally diffuse irradiance.

r1 The radius of circle one or source aperture (depending on usage).

r2 The radius of circle two or detector aperture (depending on usage).

R Reflectance.

R(0−, λ) Irradiance reflectance just below the sea surface.

Ra Aerosol reflectance.

R`a Ra/(qT2r).

Re Mean Earth radius (6,378.137 km).

RL(z, λ) Spectral reflectance.

Rr Rayleigh reflectance.

Rrs Remote sensing reflectance.

Rs Subsurface reflectance.

Rt Total reflectance at the sensor.

R`t (Rt − Rr)/(qT2r).

Rz Sunspot number.

–S–

s(λ) Slope for the range 0–1,023.

S Solar constant.

S(λ) La(λ)/La(670).

– T, U –

t Time variable.

t(k) Spectral transmission as a function of wavenumber.

t(λ) Diffuse transmittance of the atmosphere.

t1 First observation time.

t2 Second observation time.

t0 Initial time.

taa Aerosol transmittance after absorption.

tas Aerosol transmittance after scattering.

td Direct component of transmittance after absorption

by the gaseous components of the atmosphere, scattering and absorption by aerosols, and scattering by

Rayleigh.

te Time difference in hours between present position

and most recent equator crossing.

tEC Equator crossing time.

35
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

toz Transmittance after absorption by ozone.

tr Transmittance after Rayleigh scattering.

ts Diffuse component of transmittance after absorption by the gaseous components of the atmosphere,

scattering and absorption by aerosols, and scattering by Rayleigh.

twv Transmittance after absorption by water vapor.

Ts(λ) Transmittance through the surface.

T Tilt position.

T(λ, θ) Total transmittance (direct plus diffuse) from the

ocean through the atmosphere to the spacecraft

along the path determined by the spacecraft zenith

angle θ.

T2r Two-way diffuse transmittance for Rayleigh attenuation.

T0(λ, θ0) Total downward transmittance of irradiance.

Te Equation of time.

Tox Transmittance of oxygen (O2).

Toz Transmittance of ozone (O3).

Ts(λ) Transmittance through the surface.

Tw(λ) Transmittance through a water path.

Twv Transmittance of water vapor (H2O).

–V–

V Orbit velocity vector.

Vi(tj ) The ith spatial location at observation time tj .

–W–

W Wind speed.

Wd Direct irradiance divided by the total irradiance at

the surface.

Ws Diffuse irradiance divided by the total irradiance.

–X–

x Abscissa or longitudinal coordinate, or the pixel

number within a scan line (depending on usage).

X ECEF x component of orbit position.

X ̇ ECEF X component of orbit velocity.

–Y–

y Ordinate or meridional coordinate.

Y ECEF y component of orbit position.

Y ̇ ECEF Y component of orbit velocity.

–Z–

Z ECEF z component of orbit position.

Z ̇ ECEF Z component of orbit velocity.

– Greek –

α Percent albedo, tilt angle, formulation coefficient

(intercept), or the power constant in the  ̊Angstr ̈om

formulation (depending on usage).

β A formulation coefficent (slope) or a constant in the

 ̊Angstr ̈om formulation (depending on usage).

β(z, λ, θ) Spectral volume scattering function.

γ The  ̊Angstr ̈om exponent.

δ Great circle distance from Ψs(t0) to Ψs(t − t0), the

departure of each individual conversion factor from

the mean, or a relative difference (depending on usage).

∆k Equivalent bandwidth.

∆pCO2 Partial pressure difference of CO2 between air and

sea water.

∆P The difference in successive pixels or the pressure

deviation from standard pressure, P0 (depending on

usage).

∆t Time difference.

∆λ An interval in wavelength.

∆ω The longitude difference from the sub-satellite point

to the pixel.

∆ωs Longitude difference.

η Bearing from the sub-satellite point to the pixel

along the direction of motion of the satellite.

θ Spacecraft zenith angle or pitch (depending on usage).

 ̇

θ Pitch rate.

θ1 The intersection angle of circle one.

θ2 The intersection angle of circle two.

θ0 Solar zenith angle.

θn The zenith angle of the vector normal to the surface

vector for which glint will be observed.

θN The angle with respect to nadir that the sea surface

slopes to produce a reflection angle to the spacecraft.

θs Scan angle of sensor.

θ

s Scan angle of sensor adjusted for tilt.

λ Wavelength of light.

μ Mean value or cosine of the satellite zenith angle

(depending on usage).

μ0 Cosine of the solar zenith angle.

μd(0+, λ) Spectral mean cosine for downwelling radiance at

the sea surface.

νj The jth temporal weighting factor.

ξEM The distance between the Earth and the moon.

ρ Fresnel reflectivity or the weighted direct plus diffuse reflectance.

ρ(θ) Fresnel reflectance for viewing geometry.

ρ(θ0) Fresnel reflectance for solar geometry.

ρc,i Reflectance of clouds and ice.

ρn Sea surface reflectance for direct irradiance at normal incidence for a flat sea.

ρN Reflectance for diffuse irradiance.

σ Standard deviation of a set of data values.

σ2 The mean square surface slope distribution.

τ (z, λ) Spectral optical depth.

τa Aerosol optical thickness.

τox Oxygen optical thickness at 750 nm.

τr Rayleigh optical thickness.

τ 

r Pressure corrected Rayleigh optical thickness.

τr0 Rayleigh optical thickness at standard atmospheric

pressure, P0.

τro Rayleigh optical thickness weighted by the SeaWiFS

spectral response.

τs(λ) Spectral solar atmospheric transmission.

36
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Φ Spacecraft azimuth angle or roll (depending on usage).

Φ Roll rate.  ̇

Φ0 Solar azimuth angle.

Ψ Pixel latitude or yaw (depending on usage).

Ψ Yaw rate.  ̇

Ψd Solar declination latitude.

Ψs(t) Sub-satellite latitude as a function of time.

ω Longitude variable or the surface reflection angle

(depending on usage).

ω0 Old longitude value.

ωa Single scattering albedo of the aerosol.

ωe Equator crossing longitude.

ωi Spatial weighting factor.

ωs Longitude variable.

Ω Solar hour angle.

37
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

References

–A–

Abbott, M.R., and P.M. Zion, 1985: Satellite observations of

phytoplankton variability during an upwelling event. Cont.

Shelf Res., 4, 661–680.

, and D.B. Chelton, 1991: Advances in passive remote sensing of the ocean. U. S. National Report to the International

Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1987–1990, Contributions in Oceanography, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington,

DC, 571–589.

Abel, P., G.R. Smith, R.H. Levin, and H. Jacobowitz, 1988: Results from aircraft measurements over White Sands, New

Mexico, to calibrate the visible channels of spacecraft instruments. SPIE, 924, 208–214.

, B. Guenther, R. Galimore, and J. Cooper, 1993: Calibration results for NOAA-11 AVHRR channels 1 and 2 from

congruent aircraft observations. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 10, 493–508.

Andersen J.H., 1991: CZCS level 2 generation. OCEAN Technical Series, Nos. 1–8, Ocean Colour European Archive

Network, 49 pp.

Anderson, R.F., 1992: Southern Ocean processes study. U.S.

JGOFS Planning Report Number 16, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 114pp.

Andr ́e, J.-M. and A. Morel, 1989: Simulated effects of barometric pressure and ozone content upon the estimate of

marine phytoplankton from space. J. Geophys. Res., 94,

1,029–1,037.

, and , 1991: Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery, revisited.

Oceanol. Acta, 14, 3–22.

 ̊Angstr ̈om , A., 1964: The parameters of atmospheric turbidity.

Tellus, 16, 64–75.

Arking, A., and J.D. Childs, 1985: Retrieval of cloud cover

parameters from multispectral satellite images. J. Climate

Appl. Meteor., 24, 322–333.

Austin, R.W., 1974: The remote sensing of spectral radiance

from below the ocean surface. Optical Aspects of Oceanography, N.G. Jerlov and E. Steemann-Nielsen, Eds., Academic Press, 317–344.

, 1976: Air-Water Radiance Calibration Factor. Tech.

Memo. ML–76–004t, Vis. Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr.,

La Jolla, California, 8 pp.

, 1980: Gulf of Mexico, ocean-color surface-truth measurements. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 18, 269–285.

, and G. Halikas, 1976: The index of refraction of seawater.

SIO Ref. 76–1, Vis. Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La

Jolla, California, 64pp.

, and T.J. Petzold, 1981: The determination of diffuse attenuation coefficient of sea water using the Coastal Zone

Color Scanner. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower,

Ed., Plenum Press, 239–256.

–B–

Baker, K.S., and R.C. Smith, 1982: Bio-optical classification

and model of natural waters, 2. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27,

500–509.

, and , 1990: Irradiance transmittance through the

air/water interface. Ocean Optics X, R.W. Spinrad, Ed.,

SPIE, 1302, 556–565.

Balch, W.M., 1993: Reply. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,585-

16,587.

, R. Evans, J. Brown, G. Feldman, C. McClain, and W.

Esaias, 1992: The remote sensing of ocean primary productivity–use of a new data compilation to test satellite algorithms. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2,279–2,293.

Ball Aerospace Systems Division, 1979: Development of the

Coastal Zone Color Scanner for Nimbus-7, Test and Performance Data. Final Report F78-11, Rev. A, Vol. 2, Boulder, Colorado, 94pp.

Barale, V., C.R. McClain, and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 1986:

Space and time variability of the surface color field in the

northern Adriatic Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12,957–12,974.

, and R. Wittenburg-Fay, 1986: Variability of the ocean

surface color field in central California near-coastal waters

as observed in seasonal analysis of CZCS imagery. J. Mar.

Res., 44, 291–316.

Berger, W.H., 1989: Productivity of the Ocean: Present and

Past. V.S. Smetacek and G. Wefer, Eds., John Wiley &

Sons, 471 pp.

Bernstein, R.L., 1982: Sea surface temperature estimation using the NOAA-6 satellite Advanced Very High Resolution

Radiometer. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 9,455–9,465.

Bird, R.E., and C. Riordan, 1986: Simple solar spectral model

for direct and diffuse irradiance on horizontal and tilted

planes at the Earth’s surface for cloudless atmospheres. J.

Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 87–97.

Booth, C.R.B. and R.C. Smith, 1988: Moorable spectroradiometer in the Biowatt Experiment. Ocean Optics IX,

SPIE, 925, 176–188.

Bowman, K.P., and A.J. Krueger, 1985: A global climatology

of total ozone from the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping

Spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7,967–7,976.

Boyd, R.A., 1951: The development of prismatic glass block

and the daylight laboratory. Eng. Res. Bull. No. 32, Eng.

Res. Inst., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 88 pp.

Bricaud, A., A. Morel, and L. Prieur, 1981: Absorption by

dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in

the UV and visible domains. Limnol. Oceanogr., 26, 43–

53.

, and , 1987: Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery: use of a reflectance model. Oceanol. Acta, 7, 33–50.

Brock, J.C., C.R. McClain, M.E. Luther, and W.W. Hay, 1991:

The phytoplankton bloom in the northwest Arabian Sea

during the southwest monsoon of 1979. J. Geophys. Res.,

96, 20,623–20,642.

, and , 1992: Interannual variability in phytoplankton

blooms observed in the northwestern Arabian Sea during

the southwest monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 733–750.

Brouwer, D., 1959: Solution of the problem of artificial satellite

theory without drag. Astron. J., 64(1274), 378–397.

38
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

Brown, C.W., and J.A. Yoder, 1994: Coccolithophorid blooms

in the global ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7,467–7,482.

Brown, O.B., and R.H. Evans, 1985: Calibration of Advanced

Very High Resolution Radiometer infrared observations. J.

Geophys. Res., 90, 11,667–11,677.

Burlov-Vasiljev, K.A., E.A. Gurtovenko, and Y.B. Matvejev,

1992: The Solar Radiation Between 310–680 nm. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Solar Electromagnetic Radiation Study for Solar Cycle 22, R.E. Donnelly, Ed., U.S.

DOC NOAA Environmental Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, 49–53.

–C–

Campbell, J.W., and J.E. O’Reilly, 1988: Role of satellites in

estimating primary productivity on the northwest Atlantic

continental shelf. Cont. Shelf Res., 8, 179–204.

Capellari, J.O., C.E. Velez, and A.J. Fuchs, 1976: Mathematical Theory of the Goddard Trajectory Determination System. GSFC X-582-76-77, NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 596 pp.

Carder, K.L., G.R. Harvey, R.G. Steward, and P.B. Ortner,

1989: Marine humic and fulvic acids: their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34,

68–81.

, W.W. Gregg, D.K. Costello, K. Haddad, and J.M. Prospero, 1991: Determination of Saharan dust radiance and

chlorophyll a from CZCS imagery. J. Geophys. Res., 96,

5,369–5,378.

, P. Reinersman, R.F. Chen, F. Muller-Karger, C.O. Davis,

and M. Hamilton, 1993a: AVIRIS calibration and application in coastal oceanic environments. Remote Sens. Environ., 44, 205–216.

, R.G. Steward, R.F. Chen, S. Hawes, Z. Lee, and C.O.

Davis, 1993b: AVIRIS calibration and application in coastal oceanic environments: Tracers of soluble and particulate constituents of the Tampa Bay coastal plume. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 59(3), 339–344.

Cardone, V.J., J.G. Greenwood, and M.A. Cane, 1990: On

trends in historical marine wind data. J. Climate, 3, 113–

127.

Cebula, R.P., H. Park, and D.F. Heath, 1988: Characterization

of the Nimbus-7 SBUV radiometer for the long term monitoring of stratospheric ozone. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol.,

5, 215–227.

Chamberlin, W.S., C.R. Booth, D.A. Kiefer, J.H. Morrow, and

R.C. Murphy, 1989: Evidence for a simple relationship

between natural fluorescence, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll a in the sea. Deep Sea Res., 37, 951–973.

Chelton, D.B., and M.G. Schlax, 1991: Estimation of time averages from irregularly spaced observations: With application to coastal zone color scanner estimates of chlorophyll a

concentrations. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14,669–14,692.

Chin, R.T., C. Jau, and J.A. Weinman, 1987: The application

of time series models to cloud field morphology analysis.

J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 363–373.

Clark, D.K., 1981: Phytoplankton pigment algorithms for the

Nimbus-7 CZCS. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower,

Ed., Plenum Press, 227–238.

, E.T. Baker, and A.E. Strong, 1980: Upwelled spectral

radiance distributions in relation to particulate matter in

sea water. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 18, 287-298.

Coakley, J.A., Jr., and F.P. Bretherton, 1982: Cloud cover from

high resolution scanner data: Detecting and allowing for

partially filled fields of view. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4,917–

4,932.

Comiso, J.C., N.G. Maynard, W.O. Smith, Jr., and C.W. Sullivan, 1990: Satellite ocean color studies of Antarctic ice

edges in summer and autumn. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9,481–

9,496.

, C.R. McClain, C.W. Sullivan, J.P. Ryan, and C.L. Leonard, 1993: Coastal zone color scanner pigment concentrations in the Southern Ocean and relationships to geophysical surface features. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2,419–2,451.

Cox, C., and W. Munk, 1954a: Measurement of the roughness

of the sea surface from photographs of the sun’s glitter. J.

Opt. Soc. Am., 44, 838–850.

, and , 1954b: Statistics of the sea surface derived from

sun glitter. J. Mar. Res., 13, 198–277.

Crane, R.J., and M.R. Anderson, 1984: Satellite discrimination

of snow/cloud surfaces. Int. J. Remote Sens., 5, 213–223.

Curran, R.J., 1972: Ocean color determination through a scattering atmosphere. Appl. Opt., 11, 1,857–1,866.

, H.L. Kyle, L.R. Blaine, J. Smith, and T.D. Clem, 1981:

Multichannel scanning radiometer for remote sensing cloud

physical parameters. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 52, 1,546–1,555.

–D–

Darzi, M., 1992: Cloud Screening for Polar Orbiting Visible

and IR Satellite Sensors. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

7, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 7 pp.

Denman, K.L., and M.R. Abbott, 1988: Time evolution of surface chlorophyll patterns from cross spectrum analysis of

satellite color images. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6,789–6,798.

Detwiler, A., 1990: Analysis of cloud imagery using box counting. Int. J. Remote Sens., 11, 887–898.

Deuser, W.G., F.E. Muller-Karger, and C. Hemleben, 1988:

Temporal variations of particle fluxes in the deep subtropical and tropical North Atlantic: Eulerian versus Lagrangian effects. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6,857–6,862.

, , R.H. Evans, O.B. Brown, W.E. Esaias, and G.C.

Feldman, 1990: Surface-ocean color and deep-sea carbon

flux: how close a connection? Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1,331–

1,343.

Dickey, T., J. Marra, T. Granata, C. Langdon, M. Hamilton, J.

Wiggert, D. Siegel, and A. Bratkovich, 1991: Concurrent

high-resolution bio-optical and physical time series observations in the Sargasso Sea during the spring of 1987. J.

Geophys. Res., 96, 8,643–8,663.

Duffett-Smith, P., 1979: Practical Astronomy With Your Calculator. Cambridge University Press, 129 pp.

39
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

–E–

Ebert, E.E., 1992: Pattern recognition analysis of polar clouds

during summer and winter. Int. J. Remote Sens., 13, 97–

109.

Eck, T.F., and V.L. Kalb, 1991: Cloud-screening for Africa using a geographically and seasonally variable infrared

threshold. Int. J. Remote Sens., 12, 1,205–1,221.

Eckstein, B.A., and J.J. Simpson, 1991: Cloud screening Coastal Zone Color Scanner images using channel 5. Int. J.

Remote Sens., 12, 2,359–2,377.

England, C.F., and G.E. Hunt, 1985: A bispectral method

for the automatic determination of parameters for use in

imaging satellite cloud retrievals. Int. J. Remote Sens., 6,

1,545–1,553.

Eppley, R.W., 1984: Relations between primary productivity

and ocean chlorophyll determined by satellites. Global

Ocean Flux Study: Proceedings of a Workshop, National

Academy Press, Washington, DC, 85–102.

Esaias, W., G. Feldman, C.R. McClain, and J. Elrod, 1986:

Satellite observations of oceanic primary productivity. Eos,

Trans. AGU, 67, 835–837.

Evans, R.H., and H.R. Gordon, 1994: Coastal zone color scanner “system calibration”: A retrospective examination. J.

Geophys. Res., 99, 7,293–7,307.

–F–

Feldman, G., 1986: Variability of the productive habitat in the

eastern equatorial Pacific. Eos, Trans. AGU, 67, 106–108.

, D. Clark, and D. Halpern, 1984: Satellite color observations of the phytoplankton distribution in the eastern

equatorial Pacific during the 1982–1983 El Ni ̃no. Science,

226, 1,069–1,071.

, N. Kuring, C. Ng, W. Esaias, C. McClain, J. Elrod, N.

Maynard, D. Endres, R. Evans, J. Brown, S. Walsh, M.

Carle, and G. Podesta, 1989: Ocean Color: Availability of

the global data set. Eos, Trans. AGU, 70, 634.

Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker 1992: SeaWiFS Technical

Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–5. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 6, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 9 pp.

, and S.B. Hooker 1993: SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–11. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 12, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 28 pp.

Firestone, J.K., G. Fu, M. Darzi, and C.R. McClain, 1990:

NASA’s SEAPAK software for oceanographic data analysis: An update. Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Interactive Information Processing Systems for Meteor., Oceanogr., and

Hydrol., Am. Meteor. Soc., Anaheim, California, 260–267.

Fofonoff, N.P., and R.C. Millard, Jr., 1983: Algorithms for

Computation of Fundamental Properties of Seawater. UNESCO Tech. Papers in Mar. Sci., 44, UNESCO, 53 pp.

Frederick, J.E., R.P. Cebula, and D.F. Heath, 1986: Instrument characterization for detection of long-term changes in

stratospheric ozone: An analysis of the SBUV/2 radiometer. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 3, 472–480.

Frohlich, C., 1979: WMO/PMOD Sunphotometer: Instructions for Manufacture. World Meteor. Org., Geneva, Switzerland, 3 pp., (plus tables and drawings).

Frost, B.W., 1991: The role of grazing in nutrient rich areas of

the open seas. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1,616–1,630.

Fukuchi, M., 1980: Phytoplankton chlorophyll stocks in the

Antarctic ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 36, 73–84.

–G–

Gallaudet, T.C., and J.J. Simpson, 1991: Automated cloud

screening of AVHRR imagery using split-and-merge clustering. Remote Sens. Environ., 38, 77–121.

Garand, L., 1986: Automated Recognition of Oceanic Cloud

Patterns and Its Application to Remote Sensing of Meteorological Parameters. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Meteorology, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison.

General Sciences Corp., 1991: SeaWiFS Science Data and Information System Architecture Report. GSC-TR-21-91-006,

General Sciences Corp., Laurel, Maryland, 133 pp.

Gieskes, W.W.C., and G.W. Kraay, 1986: Analysis of phytoplankton pigments by HPLC before, during, and after mass

occurrence of the microflagellate Corymbellus during the

spring bloom in the open north North Sea in 1983. Mar.

Biol., 92, 45–52.

Gleason, J.F., P.K. Bhartia, J.R. Herman, R. McPeters, P.

Newman, R.S. Stolarski, L. Flynn, G. Labow, D. Larko,

C. Seftor, C. Wellemeyer, W.D. Komhyr, A.J. Miller, and

W. Planet, 1993: Record low global ozone in 1992. Science,

260, 523–526.

Gordon, H.R., 1978: Removal of atmospheric effects from satellite imagery of the oceans. Appl. Opt., 17, 1,631–1,636.

, 1981a: Reduction of error introduced in the processing

of coastal zone color scanner-type imagery resulting from

sensor calibration and solar irradiance uncertainty. Appl.

Opt., 20, 207–210.

, 1981b: A preliminary assessment of the Nimbus-7 CZCS

atmospheric correction algorithm in a horizontally inhomogeneous atmosphere. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R.

Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 257–266.

, 1985: Ship perturbations of irradiance measurements at

sea, 1: Monte Carlo simulations. Appl. Opt., 24, 4,172–

4,182.

, 1987a: Calibration requirements and methodology for

remote sensors viewing the ocean in the visible. Remote

Sens. Environ., 22, 103–126.

, 1987b: Visible calibration of ocean-viewing sensors. Remote Sens. of Environ., 22, 103–126.

, 1988: Ocean color remote sensing systems: radiometric

requirements. Recent Advances in Sensors, Radiometry,

and Data Processing for Remote Sensing, P.N. Slater, Ed.,

SPIE, 924, 151–167.

, 1989: Can the Lambert-Beer law be applied to the diffuse

attenuation coefficient of ocean water? Limnol. Oceanogr.,

34, 1,389–1,409.

, 1990: Radiometric considerations for ocean color remote

sensors. Appl. Opt., 29, 3,228–3,236.

40
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

, 1991: Absorption and scattering estimates from irradiance measurements: Monte Carlo simulations. Limnol.

Oceanogr., 36, 769–777.

, and D.K. Clark, 1980: Remote sensing optical properties

of a stratified ocean: an improved interpretation. Appl.

Opt., 19, 3,428–3,430.

, , J.L. Mueller, and W.A. Hovis, 1980: Phytoplankton

pigments from the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner:

Comparisons with surface measurements. Science, 210,

63–66.

, and D.K. Clark, 1981: Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of coastal zone color scanner imagery.

Appl. Opt., 20, 4,175–4,180.

, , J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, and R.H. Evans, 1982:

Satellite measurements of phytoplankton pigment concentration in the surface waters of a warm core Gulf Stream

ring. J. Mar. Res., 40, 491–502.

, , , , , and W.W. Broenkow, 1983a: Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Middle Atlantic

Bight: Comparison of ship determinations and CZCS estimates. Appl. Opt., 22, 20–36.

, J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, and D.K. Clark,

1983b: Nimbus 7 CZCS: reduction of its radiometric sensitivity with time. Appl. Opt., 24, 3,929–3,931.

, and D.J. Casta ̃no, 1987: Coastal Zone Color Scanner atmospheric correction algorithm: multiple scattering effects.

Appl. Opt., 26, 2,111–2,122.

, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, J.W. Brown, R.C. Smith, K.S.

Baker, and D.K. Clark, 1988a. A semianalytic radiance

model of ocean color. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,909–10,924.

, J.W. Brown, and R.H. Evans, 1988b: Exact Rayleigh

scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus-7 Coastal

Zone Color Scanner. Appl. Opt., 27, 862–871.

, and D.J. Casta ̃no, 1989: Aerosol analysis with Coastal

Zone Color Scanner: A simple method for including multiple scattering effects. Appl. Opt., 28, 1,320–1,326.

, and K. Ding, 1992: Self shading of in-water optical instruments. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 491–500.

, and M. Wang, 1994: Retrieval of water-leaving radiances

and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: a preliminary algorithm, Appl. Opt., 33, 443–452.

Gower, J.F.R., 1985: Reduction of the effect of clouds on satellite thermal imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens., 6, 1,419–1,434.

Gregg, W.W., 1992: Analysis of Orbit Selection for SeaWiFS:

Ascending vs. Descending Node. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 2, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 16 pp.

, 1993: The Simulated SeaWiFS Data Set, Version 1.

NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 9, S.B. Hooker and E.R.

Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Maryland, 17 pp.

, and K.L. Carder, 1990: A simple spectral solar irradiance model for cloudless maritime atmospheres. Limnol.

Oceanogr., 35, 1,657–1,675.

, and F.S. Patt, 1994: Assessment of tilt capability for

spaceborne global ocean color sensors. IEEE Trans. Geosci.

Remote Sens., 32, 866–877.

Groom, S.B., and P.M. Holligan, 1987: Remote sensing of coccolithophorid blooms. Adv. Space Res., 7, 73–78.

Guenther, B., 1991: Accuracy and precisions actually achieved

for large aperture sources for aircraft and space investigations. Metrologia, 28, 229–232.

Gutman, G., D. Tarpley, and G. Ohring, 1987: Cloud screening for determination of land surface characteristics in a

reduced resolution satellite data set. Int. J. Remote Sens.,

8, 859–870.

–H–

Haury, L.R., J.J. Simpson, J. Pelaez, C. Koblinsky, and D.

Wiesenhahn, 1986: Biological consequences of a recurrent

eddy off Point Conception, California. J. Geophys. Res.,

91, 12,937–12,956.

Hay, B.J., C.R. McClain, and M. Petzold, 1993: An assessment

of the NIMBUS-7 CZCS calibration for May 1986 using

satellite and in situ data from the Arabian Sea. Remote

Sens. Environ., 43, 35–46.

Helliwell, W.S., G.N. Sullivan, B. MacDonald, and K.J. Voss,

1990: Ship shadowing: model and data comparison. Ocean

Optics X, R.W. Spinrad, Ed., SPIE, 1302, 55–71.

Herman, J.R., R.D. Hudson, and G.N. Serafino, 1990: An

analysis of the 8 year trend in ozone depletion from alternate models of SBUV instrument degradation. J. Geophys.

Res., 95, 7,403–7,416.

Hoge, F.E., and R.N. Swift, 1990: Phytoplankton accessory

pigments: Evidence for the influence of phycoerythrin on

the submarine light field. Remote Sens. Environ., 34, 19–

25.

Holm-Hansen, O., C.J. Lorenzen, R.W. Holmes, and J.D.H.

Strickland, 1965: Fluorometric determination of chlorophyll. J. du Cons. Int’l. pour l’Explor. de la Mer, 30,

3–15.

Hooker, S.B., P.L. Coronado, W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman,

W.W. Gregg, C.R. McClain, B.W. Meeson, L.M. Olsen,

R.A. Barnes, and E.F. Del-Colle, 1992a: Baselines and

Background Documentation, SeaWiFS Science Team Meeting, January, 1993, Volume 1, S.B. Hooker and W.E. Esaias, Eds., SeaWiFS Proj. Office, NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 244 pp.

, W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, W.W. Gregg, and C.R. McClain, 1992b: An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean Color.

NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 1, S.B. Hooker and E.R.

Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Maryland, 24pp., plus color plates.

, W.L. Barnes W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, W.W. Gregg,

R.G. Kirk, C.R. McClain, C.H. Vermillion, D.J. Zukor,

R.A. Barnes, 1993a: SeaWiFS Project Presentations, SeaWiFS Science Team Meeting, January, 1993, Volume 2.

S.B. Hooker and W.E. Esaias, Eds., SeaWiFS Proj. Office,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 235 pp.

41
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

, W.E. Esaias, and L.A. Rexrode, 1993b: Proceedings of

the First SeaWiFS Science Team Meeting. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 8, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 61 pp.

, C.R. McClain, and A. Holmes, 1993c: Ocean color imaging: CZCS to SeaWiFS. Mar. Tech. Soc. J., 27, 3–15.

Hoots, F.R., and R.L. Roehrich, 1980: Models for Propagation

of NORAD Element Sets. Project Spacetrack Report No.

3, 100 pp.

Hovis, W.A., 1981: The Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) program. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R.

Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 213–225.

, D.K. Clark, F. Anderson, R.W. Austin, W.H. Wilson,

E.T. Baker, D. Ball, H.R. Gordon, J.L. Mueller, S. ElSayed, B. Sturm, R.C. Wrigley, and C.S. Yentsch, 1980:

Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner: System description

and initial imagery. Science, 210, 60–63.

, J.S. Knoll, and G.R. Smith, 1985: Aircraft measurements

for calibration of an orbiting spacecraft sensor. Appl. Opt.,

24, 407–410.

–I–

Iqbal, M., 1983: An Introduction to Solar Radiation. Academic

Press, 390 pp.

Ishizaka, J., 1990a: Coupling of Coastal Zone Color Scanner

data to a physical-biological model of the southeastern U.S.

continental shelf ecosystem, 1. CZCS data description and

Lagrangian particle tracing experiments. J. Geophys. Res.,

95, 20,167–20,181.

, 1990b: Coupling of Coastal Zone Color Scanner data to

physical-biological model of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystem, 2. An Eulerian model. J. Geophys.

Res., 95, 20,183–20,199.

, 1990c: Coupling of Coastal Zone Color Scanner data

to physical-biological model of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystem, 3. Nutrient and phytoplankton

fluxes and CZCS data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 95,

20,201–20,212.

–J–

Jerlov, N.G., 1976: Marine Optics, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 231 pp.

Joint EOSAT–NASA SeaWiFS Working Group, 1987: System

concept for wide-field-of-view observations of ocean phenomena from space. Report of the Joint EOSAT/NASA

SeaWiFS Working Group, Earth Observation Satellite Co.,

Lanham, Maryland, 92 pp.

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 1991: JGOFS Core Measurements Protocols. JGOFS Report No. 6, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, 40 pp.

Joseph, J.H., 1985: The morphology of fair weather cumulus

cloud fields as remotely sensed from satellites and some

applications. Adv. Space Res., 5, 213–216.

Justice, J.O., B.L. Markham, J.R.G. Townshend, and R.L.

Kennard, 1989: Spatial degradation of satellite data. Int.

J. Remote Sens., 10, 1,539–1,561.

Justus, C.G., and M.V. Paris, 1985: A model for solar spectral

irradiance and radiance at the bottom and top of a cloudless atmosphere, J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 193–205.

–K–

Kasten, F., 1966: A new table and approximate formula for

relative optical air mass. Geophys. Biokimatol., B14, 206–

223.

Kaufman, Y.J., 1987: The effect of subpixel clouds on remote

sensing. Int. J. Remote Sens., 8, 839–857.

Kelly, K.A., 1985: Separating clouds from ocean in infrared

images. Remote Sens. Environ., 17, 67–83.

Kerr, R.A., 1993: Ozone takes a nose dive after the eruption of

Mt. Pinatubo. Science, 260, 490–491.

Key, J.R., and R.G. Barry, 1989: Cloud cover analysis with

Arctic AVHRR data. 1. Cloud detection. J. Geophys. Res.,

94, 18,521–18,535.

, J.A. Maslanik, and R.G. Barry, 1989: Cloud classification

from satellite data using a fuzzy sets algorithm: A polar

example. Int. J. Remote Sens., 10, 1,823–1,842.

Kidwell, K.B., 1991: NOAA Polar Orbiter User’s Guide. NOAA

NESDIS, Washington D.C., 279 pp.

Kiefer, D.A., and R.A. Reynolds, 1992: Advances in understanding phytoplankton fluorescence and photosynthesis.

Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea,

P.G. Falkowski and A.D. Woodhead, Eds., Plenum Press,

155–174.

King, M.D., Y.J. Kaufman, W.P. Menzel, and D. Tanre, 1992:

Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol, and water vapor properties from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

(MODIS). IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 2–27.

Kohler, R., R. Pello, and J. Bonhoure, 1990: Temperature dependent nonlinearity effects of a QED-200 detector in the

visible. Appl. Opt., 29, 4,212–4,215.

Kuring, N., M.R. Lewis, T. Platt, and J.E. O’Reilly, 1990:

Satellite-derived estimates of primary production on the

northwest Atlantic continental shelf. Cont. Shelf Res., 10,

461–484.

–L–

Lee, Z., K.L. Carder, S.K. Hawes, R.G. Steward, T.G. Peacock

and C.O. Davis, 1992: An interpretation of high spectral

resolution remote sensing reflectance. Optics of the Air-Sea

Interface: Theory and Measurement, L. Estep, Ed., SPIE,

1749, 49–64.

Lyddane, R.H., 1963: Small eccentricities or inclinations in the

Brouwer theory of the artificial satellite. Astron. J., 68,

555–558.

–M–

Mantoura, R.F.C., and C.A. Llewellyn, 1983: The rapid determination of algal chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments

and their breakdown products in natural waters by reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal.

Chim. Acta, 151, 297–314.

Marshall, B.R., and R.C. Smith, 1990: Raman scattering and

in-water optical properties. Appl. Opt., 29, 71–84.

McClain, C.R., and L.P. Atkinson, 1985: A note on the Charleston Gyre. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,857–11,861.

42
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

, S.-Y. Chao, L. Atkinson, J. Blanton, and F. de Castillejo,

1986: Wind-driven upwelling in the vicinity of Cape Finisterre, Spain. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8,470–8,486.

, J.A. Yoder, L.P. Atkinson, J.O. Blanton, T.N. Lee, J.J.

Singer, and F. Muller-Karger, 1988: Variability of surface

pigment concentrations in the South Atlantic Bight. J.

Geophys. Res., 93, 10,675–10,697.

, J. Ishizaka, and E. Hofmann, 1990a: Estimation of phytoplankton pigment changes on the Southeastern U.S. continental shelf from a sequence of CZCS images and a coupled

physical-biological model. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 20,213–

20,235.

, W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, J. Elrod, D. Endres, J. Firestone, M. Darzi, R. Evans, and J. Brown, 1990b: Physical

and biological processes in the North Atlantic during the

First Global GARP Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 95,

18,027–18,048.

, M. Darzi, J. Firestone, E-n. Yeh, G. Fu, and D. Endres,

1991a: SEAPAK Users Guide, Version 2.0, Vol. I—System

Description. NASA Tech. Mem. 100728, NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 158 pp.

, , , , , and , 1991b: SEAPAK Users

Guide, Version 2.0, Vol. II—Descriptions of Programs.

NASA Tech. Mem. 100728, NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 586 pp.

, C.J. Koblinsky, J. Firestone, M. Darzi, E-n. Yeh, and B.

Beckley, 1991c: An examination of some Southern Ocean

data sets, EOS, Trans. AGU, 72, 345–351.

, W.E. Esaias, W. Barnes, B. Guenther, D. Endres, S.B.

Hooker, G. Mitchell, and R. Barnes, 1992a: Calibration

and Validation Plan for SeaWiFS. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 3, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 41 pp.

, G. Fu., M. Darzi, and J.K. Firestone, 1992b: PC-SEAPAK

User’s Guide, Version 4.0. NASA Technical Memorandum

104557, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 408 pp.

, E-n. Yeh, and G. Fu, 1992c: An Analysis of GAC Sampling Algorithms: A Case Study. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 4, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20 pp., plus color plates.

, G. Feldman, and W. Esaias, 1993: Oceanic primary production. Global Change Atlas, C. Parkinson, J. Foster, and

R. Gurney, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 251–263.

McClain, E.P., 1989: Global sea surface temperatures and cloud

clearing for aerosol optical depth estimates. Int. J. Remote

Sens., 10, 763–769.

, W.G. Pichel, and C.C. Walton, 1985: Comparative performance of AVHRR-based multichannel sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,587–11,601.

McLean, J.T., and B.W. Guenther, 1989: Radiance calibration

of spherical integrators. Optical Radiation Measurements

II, SPIE, 1109, 114–121.

Mecherikunnel, A.T., and H.L. Kyle, 1991: Eleven-year cycle

of solar constant variation from spacecraft measurements:

1978 to 1990. Science, (withdrawn).

Michaelsen, J., X. Zhang, and R.C. Smith, 1988: Variability

of pigment biomass in the California Current system as

determined by satellite imagery, 2. Temporal variability.

J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,883–10,896.

Mitchell, B.G., 1990: Algorithms for determining the absorption coefficient for aquatic particulates using the quantitative filter technique. Ocean Optics X, R.W. Spinrad, Ed.,

SPIE, 1302, 137–148.

, and D.A. Kiefer, 1984: Determination of absorption and

fluorescence excitation spectra for phytoplankton. Marine

Phytoplankton and Productivity, O. Holm-Hansen, L. Bolis,

and R. Gilles, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 157–169.

, and , 1988: Chlorophyll–a specific absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra for light-limited phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 639–663.

, and O. Holm-Hansen, 1991: Bio-optical properties of

Antarctic Peninsula waters: differentiation from temperate ocean models. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 1,009–1,028.

Morel, A., 1980: In-water and remote measurements of ocean

color. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 18, 178–201.

, and L. Prieur, 1977: Analysis of variations in ocean color.

Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 709–722.

, and R.C. Smith, 1982: Terminology and units in optical

oceanography. Mar. Geod., 5, 335–349.

Mueller, J.L., 1985: Nimbus–7 CZCS: confirmation of its radiometric sensitivity decay rate through 1982. Appl. Opt.,

24, 1,043–1,047.

, 1988: Nimbus-7 CZCS: electronic overshoot due to cloud

reflectance. Appl. Opt., 27, 438–440.

, 1991: Integral Method for Irradiance Profile Analysis.

CHORS Tech. Memo. 007-91, San Diego State Univ., San

Diego, California, 10 pp.

, 1993: The First SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin

Experiment, SIRREX-1, July 1992. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 14, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 60 pp.

, 1994: The Second SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin

Experiment, SIRREX-2, June 1993. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 16, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 121 pp.

, and R.E. Lang, 1989: Bio-optical provinces of the northeast Pacific Ocean: a provisional analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1,572–1,586.

, and R.W. Austin, 1992: Ocean Optics Protocols. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 5, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 45 pp.

Muller-Karger, F., C.R. McClain, and P. Richardson, 1988:

The dispersal of the Amazon water. Nature, 333, 56–59.

, , T.R. Fisher, W.E. Esaias, and R. Varela, 1989:

Pigment distribution in the Caribbean Sea: Observations

from space. Prog. Oceanogr., 23, 23–64.

43
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

, , R.N. Sambrotto, and G.C. Ray, 1990: A comparison

of ship and CZCS-mapped distributions of phytoplankton

in the Southeastern Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 95,

11,483–11,499.

, J.J. Walsh, R.H. Evans, and M.B. Meyers, 1991: On

the seasonal phytoplankton concentration and sea surface

temperature cycles of the Gulf of Mexico as determined by

satellites. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12,645–12,665.

–N–

National Academy of Sciences, 1984: Global Ocean Flux Study,

Proceedings of a Workshop, National Acad. Press, 360 pp.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1982: The

marine resources experiment program (MAREX). Report

of the Ocean Color Science Working Group, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 107 pp.

National Space Science Data Center, 1991: NSSDC CDF User’s

Guide for UNIX Systems, version 2.1. Publication NSSDCWDC-A-R&S 91-30, 245 pp.

, 1993: NODIS (NSSDC’s On-line Data and Information

Service) [database on-line] Master Directory [cited July

1993] Data Set Information Search; identifier: Multiple

Key Word Search—TOMS and COADS.

Neckel, H., and D. Labs, 1984: The solar radiation between

3300 and 12500  ̊A. Sol. Phys., 90, 205–258.

–O–

Olesen, F.-S., and H. Grassel, 1985: Cloud detection and classification over the oceans at night with NOAA-7. Int. J.

Remote Sens., 6, 1,435–1,444.

Olsen, L.M., and C.R. McClain, 1992: Cooperative efforts in

support of ocean research through NASA’s Climate Data

System. Proc. Eighth Int. Conf. on Interactive Inform. and

Processing Systems for Meteor., Oceanogr., and Hydrol.,

Am. Meteor. Soc., 206–211.

– P, Q –

Palmer, J.M., 1988: Use of self-calibrated detectors in radiometric instruments. Recent Advances in Sensors, Radiometry, and Data Processing for Remote Sensing. P.N. Slater,

Ed., SPIE, 924, 224–231.

Paltridge, G.W., and C.M.R. Platt, 1976: Radiative processes

in meteorology and climatology. Developments in Atmospheric Science, Vol. 5. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.,

318 pp.

Parikh, J.A., 1977: A comparative study of cloud classification

techniques. Remote Sens. Environ., 6, 67–81.

Patt, F.S., C.W. Hoisington, W.W. Gregg, and P.L. Coronado,

1993: Analysis of Selected Orbit Propagation Models for

the SeaWiFS Mission. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

11, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 16 pp.

, and W.W. Gregg, 1994: Exact closed-form geolocation

algorithm for Earth survey sensors. Int. J. Remote Sens.,

(accepted).

Petzold, T.J., 1988: A Method for Obtaining Analytical Curve

Fits to Underwater Radiometric Measurements. Tech.

Memo. Oc Op/TJP–88–06t, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La

Jolla, California, 20 pp.

, and R.W. Austin, 1988: Characterization of MER-1032.

Tech. Memo. EV–001–88t, Vis. Lab., Scripps Inst. of

Oceanogr., La Jolla, California, 56 pp.

Pinder, G.F., and W.G. Gray, 1977: Finite Element Simulation in Surface and Subsurface Hydrology. Academic Press,

295 pp.

Phulpin, T., M. Derrien, and A. Brard, 1983: A two-dimensional histogram procedure to analyze cloud cover from NOAA

satellite high-resolution imagery. J. Climate Appl. Meteor.,

22 1,332–1,345.

Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath, 1988: Oceanic primary production: estimation by remote sensing at local and regional

scales. Science, 241, 1,613–1,620.

, , C.M. Caverhill, and M.R. Lewis, 1988: Ocean primary production and available light: further algorithms for

remote sensing. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 855–879.

, and , 1993: Comment on “The remote sensing of

ocean primary productivity: Use of a new data compilation

to test satellite algorithms,” by, William Balch et al., J.

Geophys. Res., 98, 16,583–16,584.

–R–

Raschke, E., P. Bauer, and H.J. Lutz, 1992: Remote sensing

of clouds and surface radiation budget over polar regions.

Int. J. Remote Sens., 13, 13–22.

Research Systems, Inc., 1992a: Interactive Data Language

(IDL) User’s Guide, Ver. 3.0. Boulder, Colorado, 356 pp.

, 1992b: Interactive Data Language (IDL) Reference Guide,

Version 3.0. Boulder, Colorado, 424 pp.

Reynolds, D.W., and T.H. Vonder Haar, 1977: A bispectral

method for cloud parameter determination. Mon. Wea.

Rev., 105, 446–457.

Reynolds, R.W., 1988: A real-time global sea surface temperature analysis. J. Climate, 1, 75–86.

Rossow, W.B., L.C. Garder, P.-J. Lu, and A. Walker, 1988:

International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP)

Documentation of Cloud Data. WMO/TD-No. 266, World

Meteor. Org., Geneva, Switzerland.

, L.C. Garder, and A.A. Lacis, 1989: Global, seasonal cloud

variations from satellite radiance measurements. Part I:

Sensitivity of analysis. J. Climate, 2, 419–458.

, and R.A. Schiffer, 1991: ISCCP cloud data products.

Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 72, 2–20.

–S–

Saunders, R.W., 1986: An automated scheme for the removal

of cloud contamination for AVHRR radiances over western

Europe. Int. J. Remote Sens., 7, 867–888.

, 1989: A comparison of satellite-retrieved parameters with

mesoscale model results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115,

551–572.

44
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

, and K.T. Kriebel, 1988: An improved method for detecting clear sky and cloudy radiances from AVHRR data. Int.

J. Remote Sens., 9, 123–150, Errata, ibid., 9, 1,393–1,394.

Shaw, G.E., 1976: Error analysis of multiwavelength sun photometry. Pure Appl. Geophys., 114, 1–14.

Simpson, J.J., and C. Humphrey, 1990: An automated cloud

screening algorithm for daytime Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer imagery. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,459–

13,481.

Slutz, R.J., S.J. Lubker, J.D. Hiscox, S.D. Woodruff, R.L. Jenne,

P.M. Steurer, and J.D. Elms, 1985: Comprehensive OceanAtmosphere Data Set; Release 1. Climate Research Program, Boulder, Colorado, 263 pp.

Smith, R.C., and K.S. Baker, 1981: Optical properties of the

clearest natural waters (200–800 nm). Appl. Opt., 20, 177–

184.

, , and P. Dustan, 1981: Fluorometric techniques for

the measurement of oceanic chlorophyll in the support of

remote sensing. SIO Ref. 81–17, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, California 14pp.

, and W.H. Wilson, 1981: Ship and satellite bio-optical

research in the California Bight. Oceanography from Space,

J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 281–294.

, and K.S. Baker, 1984: Analysis of ocean optical data.

Ocean Optics VII, M. Blizard, Ed., SPIE 478, 119–126.

, and , 1985: Spatial and temporal patterns in pigment biomass in Gulf Stream Warm-Core Ring 82B and

its environs. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 8,859–8,870.

, and , 1986: Analysis of ocean optical data. Ocean

Optics VIII, P.N. Slater, Ed., SPIE, 637, 95–107.

, R. Bidigare, B. Pr ́ezelin, K. Baker, and J. Brooks, 1987a:

Optical Characterization of Primary Productivity Across

a Coastal Front. Mar. Biol., 96, 575–591.

, O.B. Brown, F.E. Hoge, K.S. Baker, R.H. Evans, R.N.

Swift, and W.E. Esaias, 1987b: Multiplatform sampling

(ship, aircraft, and satellite) of a Gulf Stream warm core

ring. Appl. Optics, 26, 2,068–2,081.

, X. Zhang, and J. Michaelsen, 1988: Variability of pigment

biomass in the California Current system as determined by

satellite imagery, 1. Spatial variability. J. Geophys. Res.,

93, 10,863–10,882.

, and K.S. and Baker, 1989: Stratospheric ozone, middle ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton productivity.

Oceanography, 2, 4–10.

, K.J. Waters, and K.S. Baker, 1991: Optical variability

and pigment biomass in the Sargasso Sea as determined

using deep-sea optical mooring data. J. Geophys. Res.,

96, 8,665–8,686.

, B.B. Pr ́ezelin, K.S. Baker, R.R. Bidigare, N.P. Boucher,

T. Coley, D. Karentz, S. MacIntyre, H.A. Matlick, D. Menzies, M. Ondrusek, Z. Wan and K.J. Waters, 1992: Ozone

depletion: Ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology

in Antarctic waters. Science, 255, 952–959.

Smith, S.L., W. Balch, K. Banse, W. Berelson, P. Brewer, O.

Brown, K. Cochran, H. Livingston, M. Luther, C. McClain, D. Olson, L. Peterson, W. Peterson, W. Prell, L.

Codispoti, A. Devol, H. Ducklow, R. Fine, G. Hitchcock,

D. Lal, D. Repeta, E. Sherr, N. Surgi, J. Swallow, S.

Wakeham, and K. Wishner, 1991: U.S. JGOFS: Arabian

Sea Process Study. U.S. JGOFS Planning Report No. 13,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 164pp.

Smith, W.L., P.K. Rao, R. Koffler, and W.P. Curtis, 1970:

The determination of sea surface temperature from satellite

high-resolution infrared window radiation measurements.

Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 604–611.

Sørensen, B., 1981: Recommendations of the 2nd international

workshop on atmospheric correction of satellite observation

of sea water colour. March 30–April 1, Ispra, Italy, 49 pp.

Stone, R.S., G.L. Stephens, C.M.R. Platt, and S. Banks, 1990:

The remote sensing of thin cirrus cloud using satellites,

lidar and radiative transfer theory. J. Appl. Meteor., 29,

353–366.

Stowe, L.L., C.G. Wellemeyer, T.F. Eck, H.Y.M. Yeh, and the

Nimbus-7 Cloud Data Processing Team, 1988: Nimbus-7

global cloud climatology. J. Climate, 1, 445–470.

, E.P. McClain, R. Carey, P. Pellegrino, G. Gutman, P.

Davis, C. Long, and S. Hart, 1991: Global distribution

of cloud cover derived from NOAA/AVHRR operational

satellite data. Adv. Space Phys., 11(3), 51–54.

Stramski, D., 1990: Artifacts in measuring absorption spectra

of phytoplankton collected on a filter. Limnol. Oceanogr.,

35, 1,804–1,809.

Strickland, J.D.H., and T.R. Parsons, 1972: A Practical Handbook of Sea Water Analysis. Fish. Res. Board. Canada,

310 pp.

Strub, P.T., C. James, A.C. Thomas, and M.R. Abbott, 1990:

Seasonal and nonseasonal variability of satellite-derived

surface pigment concentration in the California Current.

J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,501–11,530.

Sturm, B., 1981: The atmospheric correction of remotely sensed

data and the quantitative determination of suspended matter in marine water surface layers. Rem. Sens. in Meteor.,

Oceanogr., and Hydrol., A.P. Cracknell, Ed., John Wiley

& Sons, 163–197.

, 1993: CZCS data processing algorithms. Ocean Colour:

Theory and Applications in a Decade of CZCS Experience,

V. Barale and P.M. Schlittenhardt, Eds., ECSC, EEC,

EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts, 95–116.

Sullivan, C.W., C.R. McClain, J.C. Comiso, and W.O. Smith,

Jr., 1988: Phytoplankton standing crops within an Antarctic ice edge assessed by satellite remote sensing. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 12,487–12,498.

–T–

Thiermann, V., and E. Ruprecht, 1992: A method for the detection of clouds using AVHRR infrared observations. Int.

J. Remote Sens., 13, 1,829–1,841.

45
SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17

Toll, R.F., Jr., and W.M. Clune, 1985: An operational evaluation of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS): 48-hour surface pressure forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1,433–1,440.

Trees, C.C., M.C. Kennicutt II, and J.M. Brooks, 1985: Errors

associated with the standard fluorometric determination of

chlorophylls and phaeopigments. Mar. Chem., 17, 1–12.

Trenberth, K.E., and J.G. Olson, 1988: An evaluation and intercomparison of global analyses from the National Meteorological Center and the European Centre for Medium

Range Weather Forecasts. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 69,

1,047–1,057.

Tucker, C.J., and L.D. Miller, 1977: Soil spectra contributions

to grass canopy spectral reflectance. Photogramm. Eng.

Remote Sens., 721–726.

Tyler, J.E., and R.C. Smith, 1979: Measurements of Spectral

Irradiance Underwater. Gordon and Breach, New York,

NY, 103 pp.

–U–

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1989: NCSA HDF

Specification. 43 pp.

, 1993: NCSA HDF Calling Interfaces and Utilities, Version 3.2. 121 pp.

–V–

Viollier, M., 1982: Radiance calibration of the Coastal Zone

Color Scanner: a proposed adjustment. Appl. Opt., 21,

1,142–1,145.

Viollier, M., D. Tanr ́e, and P.Y. Deschamps, 1980: An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space. Bound.-

Layer Meteor., 18, 247–267.

Voss, K.J., J.W. Nolten, and G.D. Edwards, 1986: Ship shadow

effects on apparent optical properties. Ocean Optics VIII,

M. Blizard, Ed., SPIE, 637, 186–190.

, and G. Zibordi, 1989: Radiometric and geometric calibration of a spectral electro-optic “fisheye” camera radiance

distribution system. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 6, 652–

662.

–W, X –

Walker, J.H., R.D. Saunders, J.K. Jackson, and D.A. McSparron, 1987: Spectral Irradiance Calibrations. NBS Special

Publication 250–20, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 37 pp. plus appendices.

, C.L. Cromer, and J.T. McLean, 1991: Technique for improving the calibration of large-area sphere sources. Ocean

Optics, B.W. Guenther, Ed., SPIE, 1493, 224–230.

Walsh, J.J., G.T. Rowe, R.L. Iverson, and C.P. McRoy, 1981:

Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the global CO2

cycle. Nature, 291, 196–201.

Waters, K.J., R.C. Smith, and M.R. Lewis, 1990: Avoiding

ship induced light field perturbation in the determination

of oceanic optical properties. Oceanogr., 3, 18–21.

Weare, B.C., 1992: A comparison of the ISCCP C1 cloud

amounts with those derived from high resolution AVHRR

images. Int. J. Remote Sens., 13, 1,965–1,980.

Weinreb, M.P., G. Hamilton, S. Brown, and R.J. Koczor, 1990:

Nonlinear corrections in calibration of Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer infrared channels. J. Geophys.

Res., 95, 7,381–7,388.

Wertz, J.R. (Ed.), 1978: Spacecraft Attitude Determination and

Control. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 858 pp.

Williams, S.P., E.F. Szajna, and W.A. Hovis, 1985a: Nimbus 7

Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) Level 1 Data Product

Users’ Guide. NASA Tech. Memo. 86203, NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 49 pp.

, , and , 1985b: Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color

Scanner (CZCS), Level 2 Data Product Users’ Guide.

NASA Tech. Memo. 86202, NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 57 pp.

Wilson, W.H., R.C. Smith, and J.W. Nolten, 1981: The CZCS

Geolocation Algorithms. SIO Ref. 81-32, Scripps Inst. of

Oceanogr., La Jolla, California, 37 pp.

Woodruff, S.D., R.J. Slutz, R.L. Jenne, and P.M. Steurer, 1987:

A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull. Am.

Meteor. Soc., 68, 1,239–1,250.

Woodward, R.H., R.A. Barnes, C.R. McClain, W.E. Esaias,

W.L. Barnes, and A.T. Mecherikunnel, 1993: Modeling

of the SeaWiFS Solar and Lunar Observations. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 10, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 26 pp.

World Meteorological Organization, 1990: Report of the International Ozone Trends Panel, 1988: World Meteorological

Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 18, 2 Vols., Geneva, Switzerland.

Wroblewski, J.S., J.L. Sarmiento, and G.R. Flierl, 1988: An

ocean basin scale model of plankton dynamics in the North

Atlantic 1. Solutions for the climatological oceanographic

conditions in May. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 199–218.

Wu, R., J.A. Weinman, and R.T. Chin, 1985: Determination

of rainfall rates from GOES satellite images by a pattern

recognition technique. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 2, 314–

330.

– Y, Z –

Yamanouchi, T., and S. Kawaguchi, 1992: Cloud distribution

in the Antarctic from AVHRR data and radiation measurements at the surface. Int. J. Remote Sens., 13, 111–

127.

Yentsch, C.S., and D.W. Menzel, 1963: A method for the determination of phytoplankton, chlorophyll, and phaeophytin

by fluorescence. Deep-Sea Res., 10, 221–231.

, and D.A. Phinney, 1985: Rotary motion and convection

as a means of regulating primary production in warm core

rings. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3,237–3,248.

Yoder, J.A., C.R. McClain, J.O. Blanton, and L.-Y. Oey, 1987:

Spatial scales in CZCS-chlorophyll imagery of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 929–

941.

46
E.R. Firestone and S.B. Hooker

The SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Vol. 1

Hooker, S.B., W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, W.W. Gregg, and

C.R. McClain, 1992: An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean

Color. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 1, S.B. Hooker

and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 24pp., plus color plates.

Vol. 2

Gregg, W.W., 1992: Analysis of Orbit Selection for SeaWiFS:

Ascending vs. Descending Node. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 2, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 16 pp.

Vol. 3

McClain, C.R., W.E. Esaias, W. Barnes, B. Guenther, D. Endres, S. Hooker, G. Mitchell, and R. Barnes, 1992: Calibration and Validation Plan for SeaWiFS. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 3, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 41 pp.

Vol. 4

McClain, C.R., E. Yeh, and G. Fu, 1992: An Analysis of GAC

Sampling Algorithms: A Case Study. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 4, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 22 pp., plus color plates.

Vol. 5

Mueller, J.L., and R.W. Austin, 1992: Ocean Optics Protocols. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 5, S.B. Hooker and

E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Maryland, 43 pp.

Vol. 6

Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker, 1992: SeaWiFS Technical

Report Series Summary Index: Volumes 1–5. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 6, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 9 pp.

Vol. 7

Darzi, M., 1992: Cloud Screening for Polar Orbiting Visible

and IR Satellite Sensors. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

7, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 7 pp.

Vol. 8

Hooker, S.B., W.E. Esaias, and L.A. Rexrode, 1993: Proceedings of the First SeaWiFS Science Team Meeting. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 8, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 61 pp.

Vol. 9

Gregg, W.W., F.C. Chen, A.L. Mezaache, J.D. Chen, J.A.

Whiting, 1993: The Simulated SeaWiFS Data Set, Version 1. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 9, S.B. Hooker

and E.R. Firestone, and A.W. Indest, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 17 pp.

Vol. 10

Woodward, R.H., R.A. Barnes, C.R. McClain, W.E. Esaias,

W.L. Barnes, and A.T. Mecherikunnel, 1993: Modeling of

the SeaWiFS Solar and Lunar Observations. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 10, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 26 pp.

Vol. 11

Patt, F.S., C.M. Hoisington, W.W. Gregg, and P.L. Coronado,

1993: Analysis of Selected Orbit Propagation Models for

the SeaWiFS Mission. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

11, S.B. Hooker, E.R. Firestone, and A.W. Indest, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 16 pp.

Vol. 12

Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker, 1993: SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Summary Index: Volumes 1–11. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 12, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 28 pp.

Vol. 13

McClain, C.R., K.R. Arrigo, J. Comiso, R. Fraser, M. Darzi,

J.K. Firestone, B. Schieber, E-n. Yeh, and C.W. Sullivan, 1994: Case Studies for SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation, Part 1. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 13,

S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 52 pp., plus

color plates.

Vol. 14

Mueller, J.L., 1993: The First SeaWiFS Intercalibration RoundRobin Experiment, SIRREX-1, July 1992. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 14, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 60 pp.

Vol. 15

Gregg, W.W., F.S. Patt, R.H. Woodward, 1994: The Simulated SeaWiFS Data Set, Version 2. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 15, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 42 pp., plus color plates.

Vol. 16

Mueller, J.L., B.C. Johnson, C.L. Cromer, J.W. Cooper, J.T.

McLean, S.B. Hooker, and T.L. Westphal, 1994: The Second SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment,

SIRREX-2, June 1993. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

16, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 121 pp.

Vol. 17

Abbott, M.R., O.B. Brown, H.R. Gordon, K.L. Carder, R.E.

Evans, F.E. Muller-Karger, and W.E. Esaias, 1994: Ocean

color in the 21st century: a strategy for a 20-year time

series. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 17, S.B. Hooker

and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20 pp.

Vol. 18

Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker, 1994: SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Summary Index: Volumes 1–17. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 18, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 47 pages.

47
 Form Approved

 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering

 and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of

 information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite

 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

 February 1995 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

6. AUTHOR(S)

 Elaine R. Firestone and Stanford B. Hooker

Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes

Goddard Space Flight Center 95B00038

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

 AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, D.C. 20546–0001 TM–104566, Vol. 18

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

 Elaine R. Firestone: General Sciences Corporation, Laurel, Maryland

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

 16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

 OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

 REPORT NUMBER

Unclassified–Unlimited

Subject Category 48

 -

SeaWiFS, Oceanography, Cumulative, Index, Summary, Overview, Errata, Addendum, 47

Glossary, Symbol, References, Bio-optical, Algorithm Workshop, Protocols Subgroup

Report is available from the Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI),

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076–1320; (301)621-0390

 Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified Unlimited

 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18, 298-102

 SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Volume 18–SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1–17 Code 970.2

 Series Editors: Stanford B. Hooker and Elaine R. Firestone

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

 The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) is the follow-on ocean color instrument to the Coastal Zone Color

Scanner (CZCS), which ceased operations in 1986 after an eight-year mission. SeaWiFS is expected to be launched in 1995

on the SeaStar satellite, being built by Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC). The SeaWiFS Project at the National Aeronautics

and Space Administration's (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), has undertaken the responsibility of documenting

all aspects of this mission, which is critical to the ocean color and marine science communities. This documentation, entitled

the SeaWiFS Technical Report Series, is in the form of NASA Technical Memorandum Number 104566. All reports published are volumes within the series. This particular volume serves as a reference, or guidebook, to the previous 17 volumes

and consists of 6 sections including: an errata, an addendum (summaries of various SeaWiFS Working Group Bio-optical

Algorithm and Protocols Subgroups Workshops, and other auxiliary information), an index to key words and phrases, a list of

all references cited, and lists of acronyms and symbols used. It is the editors' intention to publish a cumulative index of this

type after every five volumes in the series. Each index covers the topics published in all previous editions, that is, each new

index includes all of the information contained in the preceeding indices.