NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 90

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

Volume 90

BOREAS Level-2 NS001 TMS Imagery:

Reflectance and Temperatures

in BSQ Format

Brad Lobitz and Michael Spanner, Johnson Controls, Inc.

Richard Strub, Raytheon ITSS

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010022245 2018-05-14T18:52:10+00:00Z
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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 90

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

Volume 90

BOREAS Level-2 NS001 TMS Imagery:

Reflectance and Temperatures

in BSQ Format

Brad Lobitz and Michael Spanner, Johnson Controls, Inc.

Richard Strub, Raytheon ITSS

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS Level-2 NS001 TMS Images: Reflectance and Temperatures in

BSQ Format

Brad Lobitz, Michael Spanner, Richard Strub

Summary

For BOREAS, the NS001 TMS images, along with the other remotely sensed data, were collected to

provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes

detailed land cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fPAR and LAI. Collection of the NS001

images occurred over the study areas during the 1994 field campaigns. The level-2 NS001 data are

atmospherically corrected versions of some of the best original NS001 imagery and cover the dates of

19-Apr- 1994, 07-Jun- 1994, 21-Jul- 1994, 08-Aug- 1994, and 16-Sep- 1994. The data are not

geographically/geometrically corrected; however, files of relative X and Y coordinates for each image

pixel were derived by using the C130 INS data in an NS001 scan model. The data are provided in

binary image format files.

Note that some of the data files on the BOREAS CD-ROMs have been compressed using the Gzip

program. See Section 8.2 for details. Note also that the top portion of the ASCII header file in each

level-2 NS001 image product indicates the band 8 data to be 'Scaled Reflectance' when in fact they are

'Scaled Temperatures'.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS Level-2 NS001 TMS Images: Reflectance and Temperatures in BSQ Format

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities

that were BOREAS community-level activities or required uniform data collection procedures across

Page 1
sitesandtime.Theseactivitiesincludedtheacquisition,processing,andarchivingof 8-bandNS001

ThematicMapperSimulator(TMS)MultispectralScanner(MSS)datacollectedontheNational

AeronauticsandSpaceAdministration's(NASA) C-130aircraft.TheNS001providedspectralimage

datavery similarto thatof theLandsatThematicMapper(TM).

1.3 Objective/Purpose

ForBOREAS,theNS001TMSimagery,alongwith theotherremotelysensedimages,was

collectedto providespatiallyextensiveinformationovertheprimarystudyareas.Thisinformation

includesdetailedlandcoverandbiophysicalparametermapssuchasfractionofPhotosynthetically

ActiveRadiation(fPAR)andLeafAreaIndex(LAI). Thelevel-2productscontainatmospherically

correctedreflectanceandtemperaturebandsin additionto 'good'relativeX andY coordinatesof each

pixel.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

NS001level-2datain theBOREASInformationSystem(BORIS)consistof 21filesperflight line

andasasettheycontainthefollowing parameters:

DescriptiveinformationasAmericanStandardCodefor InformationInterchange(ASCII) textrecords,

reflectancevaluesforimagebands1to 7, temperaturevaluesfor imageband8,housekeeping

informationfor eachband,perpixelrelativeX andY pixel coordinates,andperpixel view zenithand

azimuthangles.

1.5 Discussion

BORISpersonnelprocessedtheNS001TMSlevel-0imagesby:

• Extractingpertinentheaderinformationfrom thelevel-0imageproductandplacingit in an

ASCII file ondisk.

• Readingtheinformationin thediskfile andloadingtheonlinedatabasewith needed

information.

• Developingsoftwareto calculatetherelativeX andY pixelpositionsfromtheC130Inertial

NavigationSystem(INS)dataandprovidingit to NASA AmesResearchCenter(ARC)

personnel.

Amespersonnelcreatedthelevel-2NS001TMSimageryby:

• Obtainingthepertinentlevel-0NS001imageryfrom BORIS.

• Obtainingopticaldepthdatafrom BORIS.

• Obtainingradiosondedatafrom BORIS.

• Modelingthepathtransmittanceandpathradiativeemission(thermalchannel)usinga

ModerateResolutionModelof LOWTRAN7(MODTRAN).

• Modelingthepathwatervaporcolumnconcentrationanddownwellingirradianceusingthe

SecondSimulationof theSatelliteSignalin theSolarSpectrum(6S).

• ProcessingtheimageryusingNASA ARC'sImageAtmosphericCorrection(Imagecor)

program.

• UsingtheBORISsoftwareandC130INSdatato calculatefilesof X andY coordinates.

• Returningtheprocessedfiles toBORIS.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREASLevel-0C-130NavigationData

BOREASLevel-0C-130AerialPhotography

BOREASRSS-02Level-lb ASASImagery:At-sensorRadiancein BSQFormat

BOREASLevel-lB MASImagery:At-sensorRadiance,RelativeX andY Coordinates

BOREASLevel-2MASImagery:ReflectanceandTemperaturesin BSQFormat

BOREASLevel-0TIMS Imagery:DigitalCountsin BIL Format

Page2
2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

BOREAS Staff Science

2.2 Title of Investigation

BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Brad Lobitz

Johnson Controls, Inc

Mail Stop 242-4

NASA ARC

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-3223

blobitz@ mail.arc.nasa.gov

Contact 2:

Richard Strub

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-4545

Richard.Strub@gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

The NASA Earth Resources Aircraft Program at ARC operates the C-130 aircraft to acquire data for

Earth science research. The NS001 MSS used on the C-130 aircraft collects radiance measurements in

the seven Landsat-4 and -5 TM bands plus a band from 1000 to 1300 nm. Therefore, when reflected

or emitted radiation from Earth surface features is measured from the aircraft, inferences can be made

about Landsat satellite measurements.

Thematic considerations dictated, within technical constraints, the choice of spectral band position

and width in the NS001 sensor. Eight bands were selected; seven of which correspond to Landsat TM

bands. These bands were chosen after many years of analysis for their value in discrimination of

several Earth surface features. A blue (0.45 to 0.52 pm) band provides increased penetration of water

bodies as well as supporting analyses of land use, soil, and vegetation characteristics. The

lower-wavelength cutoff is just below the peak transmittance of clear water, while the

upper-wavelength cutoff is the limit of blue chlorophyll absorption for healthy green vegetation.

Wavelengths below 450 nm are substantially influenced by atmospheric scattering and absorption.

A green (0.52 to 0.60 pm) band spans the region between the blue and red chlorophyll absorption

bands and therefore corresponds to the green reflectance of healthy vegetation. A red (0.63 to 0.69

pm) band includes the chlorophyll absorption band of healthy green vegetation and represents one of

the most important bands for vegetation discrimination. The latter is also useful for soil boundary and

geological boundary delineations. A reflective-infrared (0.76 to 0.90 pm) band is especially responsive

to the amount of vegetation biomass present in a scene. It is useful for crop identification and

emphasizes soil-crop and land-water contrasts.

Two of the three mid-infrared (1.00 to 1.30; 1.55 to 1.75 pm) bands are sensitive to the turgidity

or amount of water in plants. Such information is useful in crop drought studies and in plant vigor

Page 3
investigations.In addition,thesearetwo of thefewbandsthatcanbeusedto discriminatebetween

clouds,snow,andice,whichis veryimportantin hydrologicresearch.Theothermid-infraredband

(2.08to 2.35]am) is important for the discrimination of geologic rock formations. It has been shown

to be particularly effective in identifying zones of hydrothermal alteration in rocks. Finally, the thermal

infrared (10.4 to 12.5 ]am) band measures the amount of infrared radiant flux emitted from surfaces.

The apparent temperature is a function of the emissivities and true or kinetic temperature of the surface.

It is useful for locating geothermal activity, thermal inertia mapping for geologic investigations,

vegetation classification, vegetation stress analysis, and soil moisture studies.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

The NS001 TMS instruments are designed to simulate spectral, spatial, and radiometric

characteristics of the TM sensor on the Landsat-4 and -5 spacecraft. The NS001 is generally flown at

medium altitudes aboard NASA's C-130 aircraft based at NASA ARC and provides 12.2-meter

resolution at nadir at an altitude of 4,878 meters (16,000 feet).

The NS001 sensor differs slightly from the Landsat TM instruments. It has 7 spectral channels that

are very similar to those of the TM sensor, but it has an additional infrared channel, as follows:

Comparable

NS001 Channel Wavelength, _m Landsat TM Band

0 45-0 52

0 52-0 60

0 63-0 69

0 76-0 90

1 00-i 30

1 55-1 75

2 08-2 35

i0 40-12 .5

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The C-130 aircraft flies at altitudes ranging from 5000 to 7000 meters.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

NASA's C-130 Earth Resources Aircraft.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The original objectives of the scanner were to provide low-altitude data in the Landsat TM bands

for analysis prior to the launch of the satellite and to provide calibration information from under-flights

subsequent to the launch of the satellite.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Emitted radiation, reflected radiation, and temperature.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Design parameters of the NS001 are based on the specifications of the Landsat TM with respect to

spectral band characteristics. A single spectrometer disperses the energy to cover the first six bands

from 0.45 pm to 1.75 pro. An array, employing silicon, germanium, and indium antimonide detectors,

is used. Band 7 is separated by a dichroic bandpass filter. The eighth band, in the 10.4 pm to 12.5 pm

region, is detected by a cooled mercury-cadmium-telluride detector.

Variable velocity over height (V/H) conditions are compensated by a variable speed motor that

drives the scan mirror.

Page 4
Eachchannelemploysapreamplifierto provideinitial videoamplification.Gainandlevelcontrol

of videosignalsareadjustablefromtheoperator'scontrolpanel.Eachchannelis digitizedto an8-bit

resolutionandis multiplexedwithcalibrationandhousekeepingdata.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

IFOV 2.5 mrad

Total Scan Angle i00 degrees

Pixels/Scan Line 699

Sensor footprint is 12.2 by 12.2 m at nadir at 4878 meters altitude.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

NASA/Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

Houston, TX

Lockheed Electronics Company, Inc.

Systems and Services Division

Houston, TX

4.2 Calibration

The NS001 includes two full-aperture blackbodies and one integrating sphere within the scan

mirror cavity. They are viewed each scan by the instrument and the responses are embedded in the data

stream. Blackbody temperatures and lamp current data are multiplexed with scanner output data. The

blackbody irradiance is determined by its monitored temperature and estimated emissivity. The

blackbodies are also cross-checked periodically by comparing the NS001 responses to the blackbodies

and an external precision blackbody. The internal sphere is calibrated by reference to an external light

source.

The principal source used for calibrating the internal sphere for BOREAS in 1994 was a

76-cm-diameter integrating sphere owned by ARC, and calibrated by the Standards and Calibration

Office at GSFC. The sphere contains 12 internally mounted quartz halogen lamps. Estimated

uncertainty in the calibration of the sphere is +/-5%. The April 1994 calibration of the sphere was used

to calibrate the internal calibration source in the NS001 in 1994.

4.2.1 Specifications

The wavelength range (in _am) of the bands for the NS001 are:

Band Detector Wavelength NE(delta P) %

i Si 0

2 Si 0

3 Si 0

4 Si 0

5 Ge i

6 Ge i

7 InSb 2

8 HgCdTe i0

.458 -

529 -

633 -

767 -

13 -

57 -

i0 -

9 -

0 519

0 603

0 697

0 910

1 35

1 71

2 38

12 3

0.5

0 5

0 5

0 5

1 0

1 0

2 0

NE (delta T) = 0.25 K

DESIGN DATA:

IFOV

Across-track field of view

Nominal aperture diameter

Effective aperture area

f/number

Primary focal length

2.5 milliradians

i00 degrees

10.16 cm

72.4 cm 2

1.85

18.8 cm

Page 5
Inflight calibration Integrating sphere and two

controllable blackbodies

Short wavelength array temperature 255 K

V/H range Variable 0.025 to 0.25

Scan rate Variable i0 to i00 scans/sec

Scan speed stability One-third of the IFOV, scan

line to scan line

Data quantization 8-bits (256 discrete levels)

Number of video samples/scan line 699

Roll compensation +/-15 degrees

Scan mirror 45-degree rotating mirror

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

The NS001 channels were designed for noise-equivalent reflectance differences for the channels,

represented by the radiometric sensitivity [NE(delta P) %; NE(delta T) K] shown in Section 4.2.1.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

An integrating sphere and two controllable thermal blackbodies are integral to the NS001 scanner.

Each is viewed once during a complete revolution of the scan mirror. The two thermal blackbodies are

principally used to span the recorded thermal image, thereby providing a scaling factor for the

measured data. The surface of blackbody number 2 is also used to provide the tare value (darkest

object viewed per sweep) for the seven nonthermal detectors. Tare value is artificially set above zero

counts; e.g., 8-10 counts, to compensate for any system drift. For BOREAS, one of the blackbodies is

used for the internal lamp offset. The average of the two blackbodies is used for the scene offset.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None.

4.2.3.1 Reflective Band Calibration

The BB2 View is used for the internal source offset; i.e., the gain is calculated in effect as:

Gain = (Ref. Lamp View - BB2 View) / Ref. Lamp Spectral Radiance

The reference lamp spectral radiance is determined by preseason calibration relative to the integrating

sphere. The apparent scene spectral radiance in Watts/(m2 sr _am) can then be calculated as:

(pixel value - (BB 1 View + BB2 View) / 2) / Gain

4.2.3.2 Thermal Band Calibration

GSFC Gain (G), Offset (O), as found in the header summary file(s) are calculated as follows:

a) Calculate blackbody radiances, Lw(mW/cm2/sr/_am) (assume emissivity=l) for BB 1 and BB2

temperatures T(K) e.g.

For example:

Lw,bbl = [K1 / (exp(K2/Tbbl)-l)]

where: K1 = 607.05 W/cm2/sr/_am

K2 = 1258.39 K

K1, K2 were "best fit" parameters for the temperature range of 273-323 K using the 8/87 NS001

spectral data and the Planck equation.

Page 6
b) G = [(BB2View - BB1 View) /(Lw,BB2 - Lw,BB1)]

(DN/mW/cm2/sr/]am)

O = BB 1 View - G * Lw,BB 1 (DN)

Target Radiance (Lw) can then be calculated as:

(pixel value - O) / G

and at-sensor apparent temperature as:

Y = [K2 / (ln(K1/Lw + 1)]

5. Data Acquisition Methods

As part of the BOREAS Staff" Science data collection eflbrt, the ARC Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch

collected and processed 8-band NS001 TMS MSS data to BOREAS level-0 products. The NS001 was

flown on NASA's C-130 aircraft during BOREAS (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight

pattern details and objectives).

Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of ARC. The C-130

Experimenter's Handbook (supplemental) produced by the Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch at ARC

provides a description of the instrument, calibration procedures, and data format. Data from the level-0

tapes provided by ARC can be decoded based on the contents of the handbook.

NS001 data may be intentionally overscanned, e.g., operated at some integral multiple of the

desired scan rate and then subsampled in preprocessing. The subsampling factor is reported under the

label "demagnification factor."

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

The top portion of the ASCII header file in each level-2 NS001 image product indicates the band 8

data to be 'Scaled Reflectance' when in fact they are 'Scaled Temperatures'.

6.2 Field Notes

Flight summary reports and verbal records on video tapes are available for the BOREAS NS001

data.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

The BOREAS level-2 NS001 TMS images cover portions of the Southern Study Area (SSA) and

the Northern Study Area (NSA).

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The geographic orientation of each image depends on the direction of the aircraft line of flight.

Pixels and lines progress left to right, and top to bottom so pixel n, line n is in the lower right-hand

comer of each scene.

Page 7
TheNorthAmericanDatumof 1983(NAD83)comercoordinatesof theSSAare:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W

Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W

Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W

Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W

The NAD83 comer coordinates of the NSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W

Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W

Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W

Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

Typical altitudes for BOREAS were around 5000 m, producing a 12.5-m pixel at nadir given the

NS001's 2.5-mrad IFOV.

7.1.4 Projection

The BOREAS level-2 NS001 images are stored in their original data collection frame with

increasing pixel sizes from nadir to the scanning extremes based on the scan angle.

7.1.5 Grid Description

The BOREAS level-2 NS001 images are stored in their original data collection frame with

increasing pixel sizes from nadir to the scanning extremes based on the scan angle.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The level-2 NS001 images were acquired during 5 days from 19-Apr-1994 to 16-Sep-1994.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Date Study Area

19-Apr-1994 SSA

07-Jun-1994 NSA

21-Ju1-1994 SSA

08-Aug-1994 NSA

16-Sep-1994 SSA

Page 8
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Date Start Time End Time Number of images

19-Apr-1994 19:29

07-Jun-1994 18:14

21-Ju1-1994 15:46

08-Aug-1994 14:32

16-Sep-1994 18:11

20:59 i0

19:18 9

17:31 i0

15:13 7

19:39 i0

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

• Scaled Reflectance (Bands 1 to 7)

• Scaled Surface Temperature (Band 8)

• Housekeeping data (Bands 1 to 8)

• Relative X coordinate

• Relative Y coordinate

• Scaled View zenith

• Scaled View Azimuthh

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

Scaled Reflectance

The ratio of reflected radiant energy from the target to the incident radiant energy at the time of data

collection in the specific NSO01 wavelength regions.

Scaled Surface Temperature

The derived surface temperature at the time of data collection in the specific NSO01 thermal infrared

wavelength regions.

Housekeeping Data

Housekeeping information extracted from the raw image files: one line of ASCII data per image

line. Contains radiance per count calibration value, scan line number, blackbody counts, blackbody

temperatures, scan speed, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), air temperature, channel number, blackbody

radiance counts, reference lamp voltage, reference lamp current, reference lamp state, reference lamp

radiance count, precision radiation thermometer value.

Relative X Coordinate

The X coordinate of the center of the image pixel in relation to the arbitrarily selected origin. The

trend of the X coordinates of the pixels is dependent on the direction of flight of the aircraft. The X, Y

coordinate system, starts with the nadir pixel location of image line 1 for all flight lines positioned near

the origin (0,0) and progresses based on the direction of flight. The flight direction refers to the angle

of the flight path relative to magnetic north with north as 0 or 360 degrees, east as 90, south as 180,

and west as 270 degrees. For example, the X coordinates for an idealized flight line in the direction of

180 degrees (south) would be increasingly positive to the left of the flight line and increasingly

negative to the fight of the flight line with the X coordinate for the nadir pixel being approximately 0

(zero).

Relative Y Coordinate

The Y coordinate of the center of the image pixel in relation to the arbitrarily selected origin. The

trend of the Y coordinates of the pixels is dependent on the direction of flight of the aircraft. The X, Y

coordinate system, starts with the nadir pixel location of image line 1 for all flight lines positioned near

the origin (0,0) and progresses based on the direction of flight. The flight direction refers to the angle

Page 9
of theflight pathrelativeto magneticnorthwithnorthas0 or360degrees,eastas90,southas180,

andwestas270degrees.Forexample,theY coordinatesfor anidealizedflight line in thedirectionof

90degrees(east)wouldbeincreasinglypositiveto theleft of theflight line andincreasinglynegativeto

theright of theflight line withtheY coordinatefor thenadirpixelbeingapproximately0 (zero).

Scaled View Zenith

The scaled value of the target-centered view zenith angle (complement of elevation angle). The view

zenith indicates the zenith angle at which the radiant energy was traveling when detected by the sensor.

The view zenith angle increases from 0 (straight up) to 90 degrees at the horizon.

Scaled View Azimuth

The scaled value of the target-centered view azimuth angle. The view azimuth angle indicates the

direction in which the radiant energy was traveling when detected by the sensor. The view azimuth

angle increases from 0 to 360 degrees with north as 0 or 360 degrees, east as 90, south as 180, and

west as 270 degrees.

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

• Scaled Reflectance - Unitless. Look near the end of the ASCII header file for scaling factors.

• Scaled Surface Temperature - Temperature in degrees Celsius. Look near the end of the

ASCII header file for scaling factors.

• Relative X coordinate - Tenths of meters

• Relative Y coordinate - Tenths of meters

• Scaled View zenith - Tenths of degrees

• Scaled View Azimuth - Tenths of degrees

7.3.4 Data Source

The values stored in the listed parameters were extracted from the level-0 NS001 files provided to

BOREAS and processed to reflectance or surface temperature. The reflectance and surface temperature

values are derived from the level-0 data combined with the calibration parameters, so the at-sensor

radiance data (level-1) were an intermediate product. View angle values are the result of calibration and

processing of the raw NS001 data by NS001 personnel. The relative X and Y coordinates were

derived in a joint effort between BORIS and NS001 personnel.

7.3.5 Data Range

Scaled Reflectance and Surface Temperature

Dependent on the particular MAS band of interest due to the wavelength region covered and the

scaling factor listed near the end of the ASCII header file.

Relative X coordinate

Dependent on the direction of flight with an absolute minimum of -2,147,483,648 and absolute

maximum of 2,147,483,647 for a 32-bit integer field.

Relative Y coordinate

Dependent on the direction of flight with an absolute minimum of -2,147,483,648 and absolute

maximum of 2,147,483,647 for a 32-bit integer field.

Scaled View zenith

Minimum - 0

Maximum - 900

Scaled View Azimuth

Minimum - 0

Maximum - 3599

Page 10
7.4 Sample Data Record

Not applicable to image data.

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data for level-2 NS001 images is a single image.

8.2 Data Format

8.2.1 Uncompressed Data Files

A single NS001 level-2 image product consist of 21 files:

File 1: An ASCII header file that containing information relating to the

mission, location, acquisition time, sensor parameters, aircraft

location and attitude, and radiometric calibration parameters.

Files 2-8: Bands 1 to 7 stored as 16-bit integer values in scaled

reflectance (low-order byte first). Look near the end of the

ASCII header file for scaling factors.

File 9: Band 8 stored as 16-bit integer values in scaled degrees Celsius (loworder byte first). Look near the end of the ASCII header file for

scaling factors.

Files 10-17: ASCII files containing the unpacked housekeeping information.

File 18: Relative X coordinates stored as 32-bit integer values in

meters (low-order byte first).

File 19: Relative Y coordinates stored as 32-bit integer values in

meters (low-order byte first).

File 20: Scaled view zenith values stored as 16-bit integer values in tenths

of degrees (low-order byte first).

File 21: Scaled view azimuth values stored as 16-bit integer values in tenths

of degrees (low-order byte first).

The geographic orientation of each scene depends on the direction of the aircraft line of flight. Pixels

and lines progress left to right and top to bottom so pixel n, line n is in the lower right-hand corner of

each scene.

All image files contain a variable number of fixed-length records. The ASCII header files are 80

bytes in length. All binary files for a given flight contain the same number of records. The number of

binary records in a flight varies depending on the length of that flight line. Each binary data record in

all flights represents 699 image pixels. Therefore, the image and view angle file records contain 699*2

= 1398 bytes and the relative X and Y coordinate files contain 699*4 = 2796 bytes.

8.2.2 Compressed CD-ROM Files

On the BOREAS CD-ROMs, the ASCII header file for each image is stored as ASCII text;

however, files 2 to 21 have been compressed with the Gzip compression program (file name *.gz).

These data have been compressed using gzip version 1.2.4 and the high compression (-9) option

(Copyright (C) 1992-1993 Jean-loup Gailly). Gzip (GNU zip) uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm (Welch,

Page 11
1994)usedin thezip andPKZIPprograms.Thecompressedfilesmaybeuncompressedusinggzip

(-doption)or gunzip.Gzipis availablefrom manyWebsites(for example,ftp site

prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*)for avarietyof operatingsystemsin bothexecutableandsource

codeform.Versionsof thedecompressionsoftwarefor varioussystemsareincludedonthe

CD-ROMs.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

The atmospheric correction algorithm, Imagecor, applied to the NS001 level-0 data is fully

documented in Wrigley et al. (1992), which has since been modified to include water vapor and to

remove path thermal emission for thermal channels. Imagecor was developed by Robert Wrigley and

Robert Slye for the atmospheric correction of First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology

Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) data and uses a simple atmospheric model with a modified

single-scattering approximation, which permits full image scenes to be processed relatively quickly.

Water vapor corrections are based on modeled water vapor transmittance output by 6S combined with

water vapor transmittance derived from 940-nm channel sunphotometer data. This transmittance and

the spectral response function of the sunphotometer channel were used to determine the equivalent

water vapor column content. Imagecor then uses this content to estimate the transmittance across the

scene. The thermal channel was corrected by using MODTRAN to model path emission and

transmittance at 12 equally spaced angles across the scene and interpolating the path emission between

these points.

Derivation of the relative X and Y coordinates starts with determining the relative positions of the

nadir pixel in each image line. The nadir pixel coordinates are defined to proceed relative to an arbitrary

starting X,Y location. Nadir X,Y coordinates are derived as a function of the following parameters:

• Instantaneous Velocities X, Y, and Z from the C130 Navigation data.

• Tracking (actual direction aircraft is pointing) values derived as a function of true heading and

drift. To arrive upon nadir pixel tracking, the 1-Hz drift values and 30-Hz true heading values

are interpolated to nadir pixel values. Nadir pixel drift is added to the nadir true heading values

to obtain nadir pixel tracking values. Note that drift may be a positive or negative value.

The calculations used to derive relative X and Y coordinates of the nadir pixels are:

X0 = First (earlier) nadir X location

XI = Succeeding nadir X location

Y0 : First (earlier) nadir Y location

Y1 = Succeeding nadir Y location

DTime = Timel - Time0

[Delta time stamps between succeeding

TH0, THI = True Heading at succeeding nadir pixels

Dr0, Drl = Drift values at succeeding nadir pixels

Tr0, Trl = Tracking at succeeding nadir pixels

VX,VY,VZ = Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities

reference system

Sp0, Spl = Ground Speed

[square root ((VX*VX) + (VY*VY) + (VZ*VZ))]

V0x : SP0 * cos(TH0 + Dr0)

[X Velocity at Time0]

Vlx = SPI * cos(THl + Drl)

[X Velocity at Timel]

V0y : SPI * sin(TH0 + Dr0)

nadir pixels]

in an X, Y and Z GPS

Page 12
[Y Velocity at Time0]

Vly = SPI * sin(THl + Drl)

[Y Velocity at Timel]

AVEV01X : (V0x + Vlx) / 2.0

[Average X velocity between Time0

AVEV01Y = (V0y + Vly) / 2.0

[Average Y velocity between Time0

X = X0 + (AVE01X * DTime)

[Succeeding nadir X coordinate]

Y = Y0 + (AVE01Y * Dtime)

[Succeeding nadir Y coordinate]

and Timel]

and Timel]

The X and Y values along each scan line are projected from the center pixel in both directions, where:

AngleIncr : i00 degrees/699 pixels

x0 : center pixel x coordinate

y0 = center pixel y coordinate

pitch = pitch of the aircraft interpolated

time from the c130 navigation data

ScanAngle : fabs(AngleIncr * (pixel))

XCoords[pixel] = x0 + alt*tan (pitch) *sin (head) -

alt/cos (pitch) * (tan(ScanAngle))

YCoords[pixel] = y0 + alt*tan (pitch) *cos (head) +

alt/cos (pitch) * (tan(ScanAngle))

to the center pixel

* cos(head)

* sin(head

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BORIS and ARC personnel created level-2 NS001 image products in an iterative procedure as

follows:

• Extract approximate center pixel times from NS001 image files.

• Extract 30-Hz (heading, pitch, roll) and 1-Hz (alt, drift, xyz velocities) data from navigation

data files.

• Interpolate navigation data to center pixel times and place into .xy file.

• Create 2 image bands, and X and a Y that contain a coordinate for each of the 699 pixels in

each scan line.

• Unpack the 7 reflectance and 1 temperature bands into separate files.

The flight lines were then sent to NASA ARC for atmospheric correction processing, which involved:

• Reading the data tape and exporting the image data to files with system specific byte order.

• Downloading the radiosonde and sunphotometer data from BORIS.

• Modeling the path transmittance and path radiative emission for the thermal channel using a

MODTRAN, and modeling the path water vapor column concentration and downwelling

irradiance using 6S for visible and near- and mid-infrared channels.

• Processing the image data to reflectance or surface temperature using Imagecor.

• Generating a header file for each of the NS001 flight lines.

• For each flight line, writing to tape each header file and level-2 image data, with

housekeeping, X and Y, and zenith and azimuth data.

• Sending the data tape to BORIS.

Page 13
Finally,BORISdid thefollowing:

• Extractedpertinentheaderinformationfrom eachimage.

• Loadedinventoryinformationin therelationaldatabase.

• Reviewedrandomfiles for content.

• CopiedtheASCIIandcompressedthebinaryfiles forreleaseontheCD-ROM.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

See Section 9.1.1.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

The NS001 data are calibrated in-flight by reference to the NS001 internal integrating sphere

source. Apparent instabilities in this source or its monitoring circuitry, which are not fully understood,

are the principal limiting factors in the absolute calibration of NS001 data. Uncertainties due solely to

this behavior reached 25% in 1987, though more typically they are expected to be less than 15%. Other

identified error sources at the 1-2% level for typical signals include dark current drift along the scan

line, hysteresis-like sensitivity changes along the scan line, random noise, scan-speed-induced errors,

and nonlinearity of radiance with wavelength.

Channel 7 (2.08-2.35 pm) shows a number of peculiarities that are hysteresis-like, including a

change in the apparent dark current drift along scan with scene brightness and a drop in sensitivity in

scanning across a bright target of an estimated 8% over the total 100-degree scan angle. Polarization

sensitivity of the NS001 was such that for typical atmospheric conditions errors in channel 1

(0.45-0.52 pm) radiances would be up to +/-10% and vary with scan angle; this progressively

decreases with increasing wavelength (Markham and Ahmad, 1990).

In addition to these errors, the level-2 errors are dependent on the accuracy of the aerosol optical

depth measurements used in the atmospheric correction processing. Errors due to using a

single-scattering approximation should be minimal because the BOREAS optical depths were low (met

the single-scattering requirement).

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Spectral errors could arise due to image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes,

response normalization due to change in gain.

NS001 level-2 pixel data agreed well with helicopter acquired Barnes Modular Multispectral

Radiometer (MMR, BOREAS PI: Charles Walthall) data for the BOREAS primary study sites, for the

flight lines that coincided the primary sites. With similar geometric and site condition inputs, both 6S

and MODTRAN modeled reflectances also were in close agreement to the Imagecor results.

BORIS personnel used the relative X and Y coordinate files to perform forward mapping of several

NS001 images as a check of the calculations. Visual assessment of the forward mapped images

showed the relative corrections to significantly remove distortions from scan angle and aircraft motion.

Page 14
Overlayof theforwardmappedimagesonaLandsatTM imageshowedthefeaturestobein good

alignmentafternominalshiftingandrotationof theimagewithoutfurtherstretchingor distortion.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

System optical focus is continually monitored by close observation of the apparent sharpness and

resolution of objects appearing in scenes after data processing. Although this is somewhat subjective,

the approach has proved to be a viable alternative compared to the classical resolution measurement

method.

The latter method requires removing the scanner system from the C-130 airplane with subsequent

setup. This is not a practical option during the flying/deployment portion of the year. However, any

observed focus degradation would be corrected by focus adjustment.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

The Noise Equivalent Spectral Radiance for the channels ranges from 0.08 to 2.77 microwatts per

square cm. Uncertainties due to the behavior of the internal integrating sphere reached 25% in 1987,

though more typically they are expected to be less than 15%.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

None, other than reviewing the values extracted from the tape files and loading them in the

database.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

To date, the following discrepancies/problems been noted in the data:

Certain values in the header information such as MEAN_FRAME_STATUS, MEAN_ and

STDV_GSFC, and AMES_GAIN and OFFSETS, especially for bands 7 and 8, were outside the valid

range for these parameters. Such values, when found, were entered into the BORIS database as the

number -99.0 or -999.0 depending on the data base field width. The problem appears to occur

randomly.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

The top portion of the ASCII header file in each level-2 NS001 image product indicates the band 8

data to be 'Scaled Reflectance' when in fact they are 'Scaled Temperatures'.

11.3 Usage Guidance

The NS001 data are not geometrically corrected. The data contain both panoramic distortion, as a

function of the 100-degree total field of view, as well as the other spatial perturbations induced by a

moving aircraft. BORIS personnel used the relative X and Y coordinate files to perform forward

mapping of several NS001 images as a check of the calculations. Visual assessment of the forward

mapped images showed the relative corrections to significantly remove distortions from scan angle and

aircraft motion. Overlay of the forward mapped images on a Landsat TM image showed the features to

be in good alignment after nominal shifting and rotation of the image without further stretching or

distortion.

Before uncompressing the Gzip files on CD-ROM, be sure that you have enough disk space to

hold the uncompressed data files. Then use the appropriate decompression program provided on the

CD-ROM for your specific system.

Page 15
11.4 Other Relevant Information

Two in-flight adjustments are made that affect the radiometric calibration of the reflective channels.

The primary adjustment is to the postamplifier gain of each channel. This is adjusted by means of a

channel specific potentiometer before and between data acquisitions to optimize the spread of the data

across the range of the A/D converter (8 bits). The gain settings are continuously variable and are not

directly recorded in the data; they are inferred from changes in the instrument response to the

integrating sphere. The second adjustment is for scan speed, which is adjusted between 10 and 85

scans per second to maintain contiguous scan lines, or some multiple of contiguous if contiguity is not

maintainable at the altitude required for data collection. Typical altitudes for BOREAS in 1994 were

5000 m, which produced 12.5-m pixels at nadir given the NS001's 2.5-mrad IFOV.

12. Application of the Data Set

These data could be used to study the reflectance or temperature characteristics of various surface

features.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

None. The NS001 instrument was decommissioned in October 1995.

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

BORIS staff developed software and command procedures for:

• Extracting header information from level-0 NS001 TMS images on tape and writing it to

ASCII files on disk.

• Reading the ASCII disk file and logging the level-0 NS001 image products into the Oracle

data base tables.

The atmospheric correction software, Imagecor, was written in the C language. It is operational on

Sun Microsystems Solaris systems and has few hardware dependencies. Gzip (GNU zip) uses the

Lempel-Ziv algorithm (Welch, 1994) used in the zip and PKZIP commands.

14.2 Software Access

Imagecor is written in the C language and is operational on VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100

systems at GSFC. The primary dependencies in Imagecor are the tape I/O library and the Oracle data

base utility routines. For information on Imagecor, contact one of the individuals listed in Section 2.

Gzip is available from many Web sites across the Internet (for example, FTP site

prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety of operating systems in both executable and source

code form. Versions of the decompression software for various systems are included on the

CD-ROMs.

Page 16
15. Data Access

The level-2 NS001 TMS images are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information

System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center

(DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

The BOREAS level-2 NS001 TMS data can be made available on 8-ram, Digital Archive Tape

(DAT), or 9-track tapes at 1600 or 6250 Bytes Per Inch (BPI).

16.2 Film Products

Color aerial photographs and video records were made during data collection. The video record

includes aircraft crew cabin intercom conversations and an audible tone that was initiated each time the

sensor was triggered. The BOREAS data base contains an inventory of available BOREAS aircraft

flight documentation, such as flight logs, video tapes, and photographs.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

Page 17
17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Airborne Instrumentation Research Project - Flight Summary Reports for Flight No. 94-004-09 to

94-009-09 or April 16, 1994 to September 19, 1994. NASA Ames Research Center. Airborne

Missions and Applications Division. Moffett Field, CA 94035.

NASA. 1990. C-130 Earth Resources Aircraft Experimenter's Handbook. National Aeronautics and

Space Administration. Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, CA.

Operations Manual - NS001 Multispectral Scanner. 1977. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Flight Center.

Document # JSC 12715.

Welch, T.A. 1984. A Technique for High Performance Data Compression. IEEE Computer, Vol. 17,

No. 6, pp. 8-19.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Ahmad, S.P. and B.L. Markham. 1992. Radiometric Calibration of a Polarization-Sensitive Sensor.

Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (D 17): 18,815-18,827.

Gordon, H.R., D.K. Clark, J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, and W.W. Broenkow. 1983.

Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Comparison of ship determinations

and CZCS estimates. Appl. Opt., 22, 20-36.

Hall, F.G., P.J. Sellers, I. McPherson, R.D. Kelly, S. Verma, B. Markham, B. Blad, J. Wang, and

D.E. Strebel. 1989. FIFE: Analysis and Results - A Review, Adv. Space Res. 9(7):275-293.

Markham, B.L., F.M. Wood, Jr., and S.P. Ahmad. 1988. Radiometric calibration of the reflective

bands of NS001-Thematic Mapper Simulator and Modular Multispectral Radiometers. In: Recent

Advances in Sensors, Radiometry and Data Processing for Remote Sensing. Proc. SPIE Vol. 924,

Bellingham, WA. pp. 96-108.

Markham, B.L. and S.P. Ahmad. 1990. Radiometric properties of the NS001 Thematic Mapper

Simulator aircraft multispectral scanner. Remote Sens. Environ. 34:133-149.

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,

A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. 2000. Collected Data of The

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM.

Newcomer, J.A., S.J. Goetz, D.E. Strebel, and F.G. Hall. 1989. Image processing software for

providing radiometric inputs to land surface climatology models. IGARSS '89.12th Can. Syrup. on

Remote Sensing. p. 1779-1782.

Richard, R.R., R.F. Merkel, and G.R. Meeks. 1978. NS001MS - Landsat-D Thematic Mapper Band

Aircraft Scanner. In: Proc. 12th Int. Sym. Remote Sens. Environ. pp. 719-728.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).

Page 18
Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.RansomD. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Strebel,D.E.,S.J.Goetz,andF.G.Hall. 1987.Atmosphericcorrectionof NS001dataandextraction

of multipleanglereflectancedatasets.In: Proc.21stInt. Sym.RemoteSens.Environ.ERIM. Ann

Arbor, MI. pp. 939-948.

Wrigley, R.C.,M.A. Spanner,R.E.Slye,R.F. Puseschel,andH.R.Aggarwal. 1992.Atmospheric

Correctionof RemotelySensedImageDataby a SimplifiedModel.Journalof GeophysicalResearch

97(D17):18,797-18,814.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

6S

ARC

ASAS

ASCII

BIL

BOREAS

BORIS

BPI

BSQ

CCRS

CCT

CD-ROM

DAAC

DAT

EOS

EOSDIS

ERTS

FIFE

fPAR

GICS

GIS

19. List of Acronyms

- Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum

- Ames Research Center

- Advanced Solid-state Array Spectroradiometer

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- Band Interleaved by Line

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Bytes Per Inch

- Band Sequential

- Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

- Computer-Compatible Tape

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Digital Archive Tape

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Earth Resources Technology Satellite

- First ISLSCP Field Experiment

- fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation

- Geocoded Image Correction System

- Geographic Information System

Page 19
GMT

GPS

GSFC

HTML

IFOV

Imagecor

INS

ISLSCP

LAI

MAS

MMR

MODIS

MODTRAN

MSS

NAD83

NASA

NSA

ORNL

PANP

RSS

SSA

TIMS

TM

TMS

URL

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Global Positioning System

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- HyperText Markup Language

- Instantaneous Field-of-View

- Image Atmospheric Corration

- Inertial Navigation System

- International Satellite Land

- Leaf Area Index

- MODIS Airborne Simulator

- Modular Multispectral Radiometer

- Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer

- Moderate Resolution Model of LOWTRAN7

- Multispectral Scanner

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space

- Northern Study Area

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Remote Sensing Science

- Southern Study Area

- Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner

- Thematic Mapper

- Thematic Mapper Simulator

- Uniform Resource Locator

(program)

Surface Climatology

Administration

Project

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date(s)

Written: 09-Jun- 1995

Last Updated: 04-Jun- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 24-Apr- 1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

The level-2 NS001 images were processed at the NASA Ames Research Center under BOREAS

investigation RSS-12, with Michael Spanner as Principal Investigator. If appropriate, the references

cited in Section 17 may be used.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

Lobitz, B. and R. Strub, "BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program." In

Collected Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S.

Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R.

Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Page 20
Also,citetheBOREASCD-ROMsetas:

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson,A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.CollectedDataof

TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 21
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

September 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS Level-2 NS001 TMS hnagery: Reflectance and Temperature in 923

BSQ Format

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

Brad Lobitz, Michael Spanner, and Richard Strub

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 90

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

B. Lobitz and M. Spanner: Johnson Controls, Inc.; R. Strub: Raytheon ITSS

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

For BOREAS, the NS001 TMS images, along with the other remotely sensed data, were collected to

provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes detailed land cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fPAR and LAI. Collection of the NS001

images occurred over the study areas during the 1994 field campaigns. The level-2 NS001 data are

atmospherically corrected versions of some of the best original NS001 imagery and cover the dates of

19-Apr- 1994, 07-Jun- 1994, 21-Jul- 1994, 08-Aug- 1994, and 16-Sep- 1994. The data are not geographically/geometrically corrected; however, files of relative X and Y coordinates for each image pixel

were derived by using the C130 INS data in an NS001 scan model. The data are provided in binary

image format files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, remote sensing science, NS001 TMS imagery.

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Unclassified

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Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

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Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

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20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

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