NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 88

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey Newcomer, Editors

Volume 88

BOREAS Level-2 MAS Surface Reflectance

and Temperature Images in BSQ Format

Brad Lobitz and Michael Spanner, Johnson Controls World Services,

NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

Richard Strub, Raytheon ITSS

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010022246 2018-05-14T18:52:22+00:00Z
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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 88

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey Newcomer, Editors

Volume 88

BOREAS Level-2 MAS Surface Reflectance

and Temperature Images in BSQ Format

Brad Lobitz and Michael Spanner, Johnson Controls World Services,

NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

Richard Strub, Raytheon ITSS

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS Level-2 MAS Surface Reflectance and Temperature Images in

BSQ Format

Brad Lobitz, Michael Spanner, Richard Strub

Summary

The BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program focused on providing the research

teams with the remotely sensed aircraft data products they needed to compare and spatially extend point

results. The MAS images, along with other remotely sensed data, were collected to provide spatially

extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes biophysical parameter

maps such as surface reflectance and temperature. Collection of the MAS images occurred over the

study areas during the 1994 field campaigns. The level-2 MAS data cover the dates of 21-Jul-1994,

24-Jul-1994, 04-Aug-1994, and 08-Aug-1994. The data are not geographically/geometrically

corrected; however, files of relative X and Y coordinates for each image pixel were derived by using

the C130 navigation data in a MAS scan model. The data are provided in binary image format files.

Note that due to storage space limitations, only the level-2 MAS images collected on 21-Jul-1994

are included on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. Users interested in images from other dates should

refer to the inventory listing provided on the CD-ROMs and Section 15 to determine how to obtain the

data of interest. Some of the image data files on the BOREAS CD-ROMs have been compressed using

the Gzip program. See Section 8.2 for details.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS Level-2 MAS Surface Reflectance and Temperature Images in BSQ Format

Page 1
1.2 Data Set Introduction

The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities

that were BOREAS community-level activities, or required uniform data collection procedures across

sites and time. These activities included the acquisition of the relevant aircraft image data. Data from

the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (MAS) onboard the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) C130 aircraft were acquired by staff of the

Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch at NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) and provided for use by

BOREAS researchers. BOREAS Information System (BORIS) personnel worked with MAS

personnel at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in processing the MAS and related C130

navigation data to derive and archive the 12-band level-lb MAS imagery. The level-lb MAS imagery

were atmospherically corrected by personnel at NASA ARC to generate the 12-band level-2 MAS

imagery.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

For BOREAS, the MAS data, along with the other remotely sensed images, were collected to

provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes

detailed land cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fraction of Photosynthetically Active

Radiation (FPAR) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The MAS data were also to serve as test data sets for

the MODIS Land Group (MODLAND) in exercising its parameter derivation algorithms.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Level-2 MAS data in the BORIS contain the following parameters:

• descriptive information as American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) text

records

• reflectance values for image bands 1 to 12

• relative X and Y pixel coordinates

• per pixel view zenith and azimuth angles

1.5 Discussion

BORIS personnel at NASA GSFC created the level-lb MAS imagery by:

• Extracting aircraft location and attitude information from BOREAS level-0 C130 navigation

data.

• Combining MAS image and C130 navigation data to make a Hierarchical Data Format (HDF)

file.

• Extracting image and ancillary information from the HDF file and reformatting it into a band

sequential (BSQ) format 8-mm tape product for distribution, and creating a descriptive

inventory of the MAS data product in the BORIS data base.

ARC personnel created the level-2 MAS imagery by:

• Obtaining the level-lb MAS imagery from BORIS.

• Obtaining radiosonde data from BORIS.

• Modeling the path transmittance and path radiative emission (thermal channels) using a

Moderate Resolution Model of LOWTRAN7 (MODTRAN).

• Modeling the path water vapor column concentration and downwelling irradiance using the

Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S).

• Processing the imagery using NASA ARC's Image Atmospheric Correction (Imagecor)

program.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BORIS Level-lb MAS Imagery: At-sensor Radiance in Band Sequential Format

BOREAS RSS- 12 Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer Measurements

BOREAS RSS- 12 Automated Ground Sunphotometer Measurements in the SSA

Page 2
2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Robert C. Wrigley (retired) Principal Investigator

Co-Investigators:

Michael A. Spanner NASA ARC

Robert E. Slye NASA ARC

2.2 Title of Investigation

BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Brad Lobitz

Johnson Controls World Services

NASA ARC

Mail Stop N242-4

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-3223

blobitz@gaia.arc.nasa.gov

Contact 2:

Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-7858

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Jeffrey.Newcomer@ gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

MODIS was developed as part of the Earth Observing System (EOS) to meet the scientific needs for

global remote sensing of clouds, aerosols, water vapor, land, and ocean properties from space.

MODIS is scheduled to be launched in 1999 on the EOS AM-1 platform (King et al., 1995). In

support of MODIS remote sensing algorithm development, the MAS was developed by Daedalus

Enterprises, Inc., for NASA's high-altitude ER-2 research aircraft, and is an outgrowth of the

development of the Wildfire infrared imaging spectrometer. In a cooperative effort between the High

Altitude Missions Branch at NASA ARC and the MODIS science team, Wildfire was converted to the

MAS and upgraded over a series of several experiments, starting with the First International Satellite

Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE II) cirrus campaign in November

1991.

The locations of the MAS spectral channels were chosen to enable a wide variety of Earth science

applications. Of the 50 MAS channels, 19 have corresponding channels on MODIS. The remaining

MAS channels fill in the spectral region around MODIS locations and some provide unique coverage.

One application of the MAS solar channels is the study of cloud properties at high spatial

resolution. The majority of the molecular absorption in the shortwave region of the solar spectrum is

due to water vapor, with some ozone absorption in the broad Chappuis band (N0.6 ]am) continuum.

The reflectance measurements in the 1.61-, 2.13-, and 3.74-]am windows provide useful information

Page 3
ontheclouddropletsize.Reflectancemeasurementsin thevisiblewavelengthregion,in contrast,

showlittle variationwith dropletsizeandcanthusbeusedto retrievecloudopticalthickness(cf.

Twomey,1989;NakajimaandKing, 1990).Thereflectanceat0.94]am is attenuated by atmospheric

water vapor; these measurements, in conjunction with spectrally close atmospheric window

reflectances, can provide an estimate of the total precipitable water in cloud-free regions (Kaufman and

Gao, 1992).

Cloud properties can also be estimated from the thermal bands. In the 3.7 ]am window, both solar

reflected and thermal emitted radiation are significant, though the use of the reflectance for cloud

droplet size retrieval is seen to be much more sensitive than the thermal component. CO2 absorption is

important around 4.3 ]am and at wavelengths greater than about 13 ]am. The MAS bands in these

spectral regions can indicate vertical changes of temperature. The 4.82- to 5.28-pm channels are useful

for investigating both horizontal and vertical distributions of moisture. Low level moisture information

is available in the split window measurements at 11.02 and 11.96 ]am, and correction for moisture

attenuation in the infrared windows at 3.90, 11.02, and 11.96 ]am enables estimation of sea surface

skin temperature (Smith et al., 1995).

The MAS infrared spectral bands enable the study of cloud properties at high spatial resolution.

Products include cloud thermodynamic phase (ice vs. water, clouds vs. snow), cloud top properties,

and cloud fraction. The cloud top properties (height, temperature, and effective emissivity) can be

investigated using the CO2 slicing algorithm (Wylie et al., 1994) that corrects for cloud

semitransparency with the MAS infrared CO2 bands at 11.02, 13.23, and 13.72 ]am. Cloud phase can

be obtained using MAS 8.60-, 11.02-, and 11.96-pro brightness temperature differencing (Strabala et

al., 1994) as well as by using visible reflection function techniques (King et al., 1992) utilizing ratios

of the MAS 1.61- and 0.66-pro bands.

In addition to the remote sensing of cloud radiative and microphysical properties, the MAS is of

value for the remote sensing of land and water properties under channel clear-sky conditions. MAS

visible and near-infrared channels have been used to estimate suspended sediment concentration in

near-shore waters and to identify water types (Moeller et al., 1993; Huh et al., 1995). Land vegetation

properties can also be studied.

In a cooperative effort between Dr. M. King (Code 900, NASA GSFC), BOREAS scientists, and

the NASA ARC C130 missions staff, the MAS was installed into the NASA C130 aircraft for use

during the 1994 summer field campaign of BOREAS.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

In support of MODIS remote sensing algorithm development, the MAS was developed by

Daedalus Enterprises, Inc., for NASA's high-altitude ER-2 research aircraft. Over the past several

years, upgrades included new detector arrays, grating modifications, an improved broadband lens for

the infrared channels, new Dewars, and various electronics improvements, all of which resulted in

improved in-flight radiometric performance. The overall goal was to modify the spectral coverage and

gains of the MAS to emulate as many of the MODIS spectral channels as possible. With its much

higher spatial resolution (50 m vs. 250-1,000 m for MODIS), MAS is able to provide unique

information on the small-scale distribution of various geophysical parameters. Originally, and for the

BOREAS deployment, MAS used a 12-channel, 8-bit data system that somewhat constrained the full

benefit of having a 50-channel scanning spectrometer. Beginning in January 1995, a 50-channel,

16-bit digitizer was used, which greatly enhanced the capability of MAS to simulate MODIS data over

a wide range of environmental conditions. The 12-data channels configured for the BOREAS Intensive

Field Campaign (IFC)-2 C130 flights were:

Page 4
Data MAS Spectral Center

Channel Channel Wavelength (_m)

Spectral

Feature

01 01

02 02

03 04

04 05

05 06

06 07

07 09

08 i0

09 20

i0 32

ii 45

12 46

0 547

0 664

0 745

0 786

0 834

0 875

0 945

1 623

2 142

3 900

ii 002

12 032

green peak

chlorophyll

NIR plateau

NIR plateau

NIR plateau

aerosols

water vapor

pollutants

mid-IR water

surface temperature

surface temperature

A total of 716 Earth-viewing pixels are acquired per scan at a scan rate of 6.25 Hz. Information

provided by the aircraft inertial navigation system is used to adjust the timing of the digitizer, providing

up to 3.5 degrees of roll compensation, in 0.03-degree increments.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

As part of the BOREAS Staff" Science data collection effort, the ARC Medium Altitude Aircraft

Branch collected the 12-band MAS multispectral scanner data. The MAS was flown on NASA's

C-130 aircraft during BOREAS (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and

objectives). The MAS was flown at medium altitudes aboard NASA's C-130 aircraft based at NASA

ARC and provided 20-meter spatial resolution at nadir at an altitude of 7,500 meters.

4.1.2 Souree/Platform

For the BOREAS missions in 1994, the MAS was mounted in the NASA C130 aircraft operated

by NASA ARC.

4.1.3 Souree/Platform Mission Objeetives

The C 130 mission objectives for BOREAS were to acquire high-resolution digital imagery with a

variety of sensors during optimally clear days of the BOREAS field effort in 1994.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Emitted radiation, reflected radiation, and temperature.

4.1.5 Prineiples of Operation

The optical system of the MAS is composed of a configuration of dichroic beam splitters,

collimating mirrors, folding mirrors, diffraction gratings, filters, lenses, and detector arrays. Both the

spectrometer and fore optics portions are mounted to an aluminum optical baseplate assembly, which

are pinned and mated.

A full face scan mirror canted 45 degrees to the along-track direction directs light into an afocal

Gregorian telescope followed by a fold mirror that directs light back through a field stop aperture. A

2.5-cm Pfund assembly paraboloid forms a collimated image of the aperture, which strikes a fold

mirror that directs the incoming radiation upward into the aft optics spectrometer unit Thermal and dark

visible references are viewed on the backscan rotation of the scan mirror. The thermal reference

sources are two blackened copper plate temperature-controllable blackbodies. One blackbody is viewed

prior to the Earth-viewing (active scan) portion of the scan, while the other is viewed following the

active scan. The telescope alignment is maintained under the low-temperature environment using Invar

steel and aluminum structural components.

The spectrally broadband energy transmitted and reflected by the dichroics is dispersed onto the

detector arrays from blazed diffraction gratings. The bandpass of a channel is determined by the

Page 5
geometryof thedetectormonolithicarrayandits locationwith respecto thegrating.

Theradiationtransmittedby thefirstdichroic(D1)is reflectedby amirror anddiffractedby grating

G1 ontoafilter andlensassemblythatfocusestheradiationontoasiliconphotovoltaicarraywith

channelresponsein thewavelengthrangefrom 0.55to 0.95_am(channels1-9).Partof theradiation

reflectedby D1reflectsoff theseconddichroic(D2) andisredirectedby two foldmirrors,diffracted

by gratingG2,passedthroughacoldblockingfilter, andfocusedontoanindium-antimonide(InSb)

focalplanearrayassemblycontainingchannels10-25(1.61to 2.38pm).FromD2theremainderof

thespectrallyseparatedenergystrikesthethirddichroicD3,partof whichisreflectedandentersport

3, whereit isredirectedby two fold mirrors,diffractedby gratingG3,andfocusedontoanotherInSb

detectorarraythatdefinesband-passcharacteristicsfor channels26-41(2.96to 5.28pm).The

remainderof theenergyfrom thescanneristransmittedthroughdichroicD3intoport4, whereit

encountersafold mirror,diffractiongratingG4,andlensthatfocusesthethermalradiationontothree

separatemercury-cadmium-telluride(HgCdTe)detectorarrays,eachwithits owncold-filterto improve

thesignal-to-noiseratioin itsrespectivewavelengthrange.Port4 sensesradiationin thewavelength

rangefrom 8.60to 14.17pm (channels42-50).TheInSbandHgCdTedetectorsarecryogenically

cooledbyliquid nitrogento 77K in pressurizedDewars.Thefollowing tableshowsthespectraland

radiometriccharacteristicsof eachMAS channelinthecomplete50channelsystem.Spectral

resolution,definedasthefull-width athalf-maximumbandwidthof thechannel,rangesfrom around

40nmin thevisibleandinfraredto about450nmin thethermalinfrared.

Central Spectral Scene Saturation

MAS MODIS Wavelength Res. Equiv Temp Level Signal-to

channel channel (_m) (_m) Noise* (K)** + noise ratio**

1 4

2 1

3

4 15

5

6

7 2

8 7

9 19

i0 6 1

ii 1

12 1

13 1

14 1

15 1

16 1

17 1

18 2

19 2

20 7 2

21 2

22 2

23 2

24 2

25 2

26 2

27 3

28 3

29 3

30 3

0 547

0 657

0 704

0 745

0 786

0 827

0 869

0 909

0 947

609

663

723

775

825

879

932

979

O3O

O8O

129

178

227

276

327

375

960

ii0

28O

420

59O

0.044

0 053

0 042

0 041

0 041

0 042

0 042

0 033

0 046

0 052

0 052

0 050

0 049

0 046

0 045

0 045

0 048

0 048

0 047

0 047

0 047

0 047

0 046

0 047

0 047

0 160

0 160

0 160

0 170

0 160

335 867 45

157 1035 44

178 1323. 28

180 1412 21

254 1638 12

237 1890 i0

281 1935 8

150 314 14

226 1600 5

039 892 4

029 272 5

026 252 5

026 244 2

025 246 1

029 232 1

014 58 1

019 193 1

022 195 2

012 53 3

003 55 1

023 211 2

026 240 2

027 263 1

026 268 1

033 329 1

780 291 TBD 1

050 284 TBD 2

090 284 TBD 5

280 291 TBD 15

720 293 TBD 29

2 - 1052

6 - 1948

7 - 1586

5 - 1406

4 - 912

7 - 923

1 - 728

9 - 1232

5 - 720

5 - 397

8 - 570

1 - 659

8 - 624

3 - 503

1 - 289

4 - 257

7 - 93

0 - 88

8 - 221

0 - 1309

3 - 255

0 - 245

6 - 198

5 - 140

0 - 83

7

4

9

7

7

Page 6
31 20

32 21

33 23

34

35

36 25

37

38

39

40

41

42 29

43 30

44

45 31

46 32

47

48 33

49 35

50 36

4

4

5

5

8

9

i0

ii

ii

12

13

13

14

3 740

3 900

4 050

4 210

4 360

4 520

4 670

820

970

120

280

6OO

790

55

O2

96

88

23

72

17

0 150

0 170

0 160

0 160

0 150

0 160

0 160

0 160

0 150

0 160

0 160

0 440

0 620

0 490

0 540

0 450

0 460

0 470

0 600

0 420

0 470

0 370

0 300

0 810

1 740

0 280

0 140

0 130

0 120

0 140

0 180

0 140

0 120

0 090

0 i00

0 190

0 460

0 490

1 320

2 000

293 TBD

292 TBD

289 TBD

257 TBD

234 TBD

272 TBD

289 TBD

286 TBD

286 TBD

280 TBD

275 TBD

292 TBD

287 TBD

294 TBD

294 TBD

294 TBD

291 TBD

283 TBD

256 TBD

229 TBD

47 5

62 4

78 2

23 8

9 5

83 2

192 9

210 2

234 9

199 7 g

153 7

363 2

465 0

697 7

654 7

370 9

161 2

147 0

467

25 5

* Noise equivalent DI (W/m2/mm/sr) for channels 1-25; noise equivalent

temperature difference NEDT (K) for channels 26-50. All noise measurements are

based on in-flight measurements over the Gulf of Mexico on 16 January 1995.

** The thermal data (channels 26-50) are based on in-flight measurements over the

Gulf of Mexico on 16 January 1995. The shortwave data (channels 1-25) are based

on in-flight measurements over the Gulf of Mexico for the clear-sky scene (low

signal level, where the reflectance is often less than 1%) and clouds on the

north slope of Alaska on 7 June 1995 for the cloudy scene (high signal level) .

The range of signal-to-noise values for the shortwave channels reflects this

range of scene radiance values.

+ Units of Watts/(meter 2 * steradian * micrometer)

For a more detailed description, the reader is directed to King, M. D., W. P. Menzel, et. A1, 1995 for

a more through description of the MAS system.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

BOREAS IFC-2 MAS Instrument/Platform Specifications

Platform: NASA/AMES C130

Altitude: 8000 meters (nominal)

Ground Speed: 200 knots

Pixel Spatial Resolution: 20 meters (at 8000 meters altitude)

Pixels per Scan Line:

Scan Rate:

Swath width:

Total Field of View

Instantaneous

Field of View:

Roll Correction:

Bits per Channel:

Data Rate:

Visible Calibration

Infrared Calibration:

716 (roll corrected)

6.25 scans/second

~14 km at 7.5 km altitude

85.92 degrees

2.5 milliradians

Plus or minus 3.5 degrees (approx)

12

246 Megabytes/hour

Integrating sphere on the ground

Two onboard temperature controlled blackbodies

Page 7
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.

4.2 Calibration

Radiometric calibration of the shortwave (<2.5 ram) channels is obtained by observing laboratory

standard integrating sphere sources on the ground before and after flight missions, while calibration of

the infrared channels is performed in flight by viewing two onboard blackbody sources once every

scan. The blackbody sources are located on either side of the scan aperture in the scanner

subassembly.

Shortwave Calibration

Two radiometric sources are used for shortwave laboratory calibration during MAS development, a

76.2-cm-diameter integrating sphere maintained at NASA ARC, and a 121.9-cm-diameter integrating

hemisphere maintained at NASA GSFC. Both sources are coated with BaSO4 paint and internally

illuminated by 12 quartz-halogen lamps. The 76.2-cm sphere is used at ARC for MAS calibrations just

prior to the aircraft departure for field deployments as well as immediately following its return. This

source is used to monitor long-term stability of the absolute calibration of the MAS. The 121.9-cm

hemisphere has often been shipped to deployment sites and employed for MAS calibrations during the

deployment. More recently, a 50.8-cm-diameter integrating hemisphere was purchased by NASA ARC

to ship with the MAS on all deployments. The 50.8-cm integrating hemisphere is coated with Duraflect

by Labsphere, North Sutton, NH, and is internally illuminated by 10 lamps. Recent intercomparisons

in the 76.2- and 121.9-cm integrating sources suggest that this smaller, more portable, source is

suitable for MAS field calibration purposes. This source is set up beneath the MAS prior to each flight

to monitor day-to-day fluctuations in the MAS shortwave calibration. Calibration of the spherical

integrating sources, both at ARC and during field deployments, is performed by NASA GSFC

personnel using a monochromator to transfer calibration to the integrating sources at spectral intervals

of 10 nm.

Thus, for each MAS shortwave channel, the radiance is related to digital count by:

Ib = Sb (Cb - Ob ) /mb

where: Ib is the radiance measured in each shortwave spectral band b

Cb is the count value representing the detector response to the integrating source

Sb is the slope

Ob is the offset (digital counts when observing 'zero' radiance level)

mb is the reflectance of the 45-degree mirror (not used since 1993)

Details of the shortwave calibration and temperature correction procedure are given by Arnold et al.

(1994a, b).

Longwave Calibration

The calibration of wavelengths greater than 2.96 mm is obtained from in-flight observations of two

onboard blackbody sources, one operated at the ambient temperature and the other at an elevated

temperature (typically 30 °C). The two blackbodies are coated with Krylon interior/exterior ultra flat

black paint. The calibration slope and intercept for the thermal channels are determined from this two

point measurement. The blackbody sources are viewed during every scan of the mirror. The amount of

energy received by the detector is related to the digitized count value by:

Ib = Sb*Cb + ib

where: Ib is the radiance measured in each infrared spectral band b

Cb is the count value representing the detector voltage response to the scene radiance

Sb is the slope

ib is the intercept

Page 8
We assumealinearresponse,aslaboratorydeterminationsindicatefractionalnonlinearityparameters

of lessthan0.0001.Theslopeandintercept,andhencethecalibrationof countsto radiance,are

calculatedfor eachscanlineusingthecountvaluesrecordedwhenviewingtwo onboardblackbody

sources.Using:

w to indicatethewarmblackbody,

ato indicatetheambientblackbody,

m to indicatetheMASinstrument,

andtakinginto accountblackbodyemissivitye,then:

Sb= eb(Iwb - lab ) / (Cwb - Cab )

ib = Iab + (Im - Iab ) (1 - eb ) - Sb*Cab

Blackbody count values are derived as the average of 12 Fields of View (FOVs) across each blackbody

surface during each scan, with the temperature of the blackbodies monitored by embedded thermistors.

The emissivity of the blackbodies was obtained by viewing a well-characterized source in the

laboratory, from which the emissivity was determined to be 0.94 and 0.98 for the longwave and

shortwave infrared bands, respectively. For typical ocean scene temperatures, corrections for

instrument radiation (IM) reflected by the MAS blackbodies are approximately 1.25 °C for the longwave

and 0.25 °C for the shortwave bands, respectively.

Equivalent Planck radiances from the blackbodies are calculated for each spectral band using a

spectral response weighted integral of the form:

Ib (T) = Integral[B(h, T) F (h)dh] / Integral[F(h) dh]

where: B(h, T) is the Planck function

F(h) is the spectral response for a given band

h is wavelength

T is the blackbody temperature

This can be fitted to an adjusted Planck function for the range of Earth emitted temperatures by

introducing coefficients aO and al such that

Ib (T) = B(hb, al*T + a0)

where hb is the central wavelength or wavenumber of band b.

4.2.1 Specifications

The wavelength range (in micrometers) of the MAS bands selected for the BOREAS IFC-2 are:

Data Channel MAS Band Central Wavelength 50% Bandwidth

01 01

02 02

03 04

04 05

05 06

06 07

07 09

08 i0

09 20

i0 32

ii 45

12 46

0

0

i

2

3

ii

12

0.547

0 664

0 745

0 786

0 834

875

945

623

142

900

002

032

0 043

0 055

0 040

0 040

0 042

0 041

0 043

0 057

0 047

0 150

0.448

0.447

Page 9
4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Details of the shortwave calibration and temperature correction procedure are given by Arnold et al.

(1994a, b).

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

See Section 4.2.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

For a more detailed calibration description, the reader is directed to King, M.D., W.P. Menzel, et

al., 1995.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

As part of the BOREAS Staff Science data collection eflbrt, NASA ARC personnel collected and

provided the 12-band MAS data to BOREAS for use in science investigations. The MAS was flown on

NASA's C-130 aircraft during BOREAS (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details

and objectives). Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of NASA ARC.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

Flight summary reports and verbal records on video tapes are available for the BOREAS MAS

data.

6.2 Field Notes

None.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

Each of the 10 MAS flight lines covers a portion of the BOREAS Southern Study Area (SSA).

Together, the 10 lines cover a majority of the SSA.

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) comer coordinates of the SSA are:

Latitude Long itude

Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W

Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W

Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W

Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W

The NAD83 comer coordinates of the Northern Study Area (NSA) are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W

Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W

Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W

Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W

Page 10
7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

At the nominal C130 operating altitude of 8,000 m, the MAS provided pixel resolutions of 20 m at

nadir to 28 m at the scanning extremes.

7.1.4 Projection

The geographic orientation of each scene depends on the direction of the aircraft line of flight.

Pixels and lines progress left to right, and top to bottom so pixel n, line n is in the lower right-hand

comer of each scene.

The SSA flight lines were stored in their raw spatial form with pixel resolutions varying from 20 m

at nadir to 28 m at the scanning extremes. The provided files of relative X and Y coordinate indicate the

relative positions of the pixels from the arbitrary origin. These relative X and Y coordinates were

derived from the C130 navigation data (see Section 9.3).

7.1.5 Grid Description

The provided files of relative X and Y coordinate indicate the relative positions of the pixels. These

relative X and Y coordinates were derived from the C130 navigation data (see Section 9.3).

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Currently the level-2 MAS data set contains data collected on the following dates:

• 10 flight lines collected on 21-Ju1-1994 over the BOREAS SSA.

• 15 flight lines over towers collected on 21-Ju1-1994 over the BOREAS SSA.

• 6 flight lines over towers collected on 24-Ju1-1994 over the BOREAS SSA.

• 6 flight lines over towers collected on 04-Aug-1994 over the BOREAS NSA.

• 7 flight lines collected on 08-Aug-1994 over the BOREAS NSA.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

The following table shows the dates and times when the areas were imaged:

Start End Number of

Site Date Time Time Flight Lines

SSA 21-Jui-1994 15:46:07 17:35:35 i0

SSA-90A 21-Jui-1994 17:46:19 18:22:03 3

SSA-OBS 21-Jui-1994 18:46:32 19:16:16 3

SSA-OJP 21-Jui-1994 19:24:26 19:53:21 3

SSA-YJP 21-Jui-1994 20:00:06 20:26:54 3

SSA-FEN 21-Jui-1994 20:35:48 21:15:30 3

SSA-9YA 24-Jui-1994 17:09:44 17:38:34 3

24-Jui-1994 15:58:03 16:28:30 3

NSA-YJP 04-Aug-1994 16:47:17 17:23:00 3

NSA-OBS 04-Aug-1994 16:23:44 16:18:02 3

NSA 08-Aug-1994 14:31:58 15:43:08 7

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

The entire NSA and SSA were imaged only once in 1994. The individual tower site coverage is

shown in Section 7.2.2.

Page 11
7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The main parameters contained in the image data files are:

Scaled Reflectance

Scaled Surface Temperature

Relative X Coordinate

Relative Y Coordinate

Scaled View Zenith

Scaled View Azimuth

The parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the Compact Disk - Read-Only Memory

(CD-ROM) are:

Column Name

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

C130 MISSION ID

C130 LINE NUM

C130 RUN NUM

C130 SITE

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

MAS SCAN SPEED

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

For the image data files:

Scaled Reflectance

The ratio of derived radiant energy incident on the sensor aperture and incident radiant solar energy

at the time of data collection in the specific MAS wavelength regions.

Page 12
Scaled Surface Temperature

Thederivedsurfacetemperatureatthetimeof datacollectionin thespecificMASthermalinfrared

wavelengthregions.

Relative X Coordinate

The X coordinate of the center of the image pixel in relation to the arbitrarily selected origin. The

trend of the X coordinates of the pixels is dependent on the direction of flight of the aircraft. The X,Y

coordinate system starts with the nadir pixel location of image line 1 for all flight lines positioned near

the origin (0,0) and progresses based on the direction of flight. The flight direction refers to the angle

of the flight path relative to magnetic north with north as 0 or 360 degrees, east as 90, south as 180,

and west as 270 degrees. For example, the X coordinates for an idealized flight line in the direction of

180 degrees (south) would be increasingly positive to the left of the flight line and increasingly

negative to the fight of the flight line with the X coordinate for the nadir pixel being approximately 0

(zero).

Relative Y Coordinate

The Y coordinate of the center of the image pixel in relation to the arbitrarily selected origin. The

trend of the Y coordinates of the pixels is dependent on the direction of flight of the aircraft. The X,Y

coordinate system starts with the nadir pixel location of image line 1 for all flight lines positioned near

the origin (0,0) and progresses based on the direction of flight. The flight direction refers to the angle

of the flight path relative to magnetic north with north as 0 or 360 degrees, east as 90, south as 180,

and west as 270 degrees. For example, the Y coordinates for an idealized flight line in the direction of

90 degrees (east) would be increasingly positive to the left of the flight line and increasingly negative to

the fight of the flight line with the Y coordinate for the nadir pixel being approximately 0 (zero).

Sealed View Zenith

The scaled value of the target-centered view zenith angle (complement of elevation angle). The view

zenith indicates the zenith angle at which the radiant energy was traveling when detected by the sensor.

The view zenith angle increases from 0 (straight up) to 90 degrees at the horizon.

Sealed View Azimuth

The scaled value of the target-centered view azimuth angle. The view azimuth angle indicates the

direction in which the radiant energy was traveling when detected by the sensor. The view azimuth

angle increases from 0 to 360 degrees with north as 0 or 360 degrees, east as 90, south as 180, and

west as 270 degrees.

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SPATIAL COVERAGE The general term used to denote the spatial area

over which the data were collected.

DATE OBS The date on which the data were collected.

START TIME The starting Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

END TIME The ending Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

PLATFORM The object (e.g., satellite, aircraft, tower,

person) that supported the instrument.

INSTRUMENT The name of the device used to make the

measurements.

NUM BANDS The number of spectral bands in the data.

PLATFORM ALTITUDE The nominal altitude of the data collection

platform above the target.

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG The minimum angle from the surface normal

Page 13
MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

C130 MISSION ID

C130 LINE NUM

C130 RUN NUM

C130 SITE

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

MAS SCAN SPEED

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The maximum angle from the surface normal

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The minimum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The maximum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The mission identifier assigned to the C130

mission in the form of YY-DDD-FF where YY is the

last two digits of the fiscal year, DDD is the

deployment number for "official" C130 missions

and is day of year for non-"official" C130

missions (i.e., no site coverage), and FF is the

flight number within the given deployment (00 is

given for non-"official" C130 missions) . An

example would be 94-006-04.

The number of the C130 line in its flights over

the BOREAS area as given in the flight logs.

Zero values are given for non-"official" C130

missions and for data between C130 sites or

lines.

The number of the C130 run in its flights over

the BOREAS area as given in the flight logs.

Zero value is given for non-"official" C130

missions and data between C130 sites, lines or

runs.

The C130 site designator as given in the flight

logs. PRE is used for data taken from the

airport to the first "official" C130 site, BTW is

used for data taken between two "official" C130

sites, DSC is used for data taken after the last

"official" C130 site, TRN is used for transect

data, and YTH and YPA are used for data taken at

the YTH and YPA airports (aircraft never

left the ground).

The data analyst's assessment of the quality of

the spectral bands in the data.

The data analyst's assessment of the cloud cover

that exists in the data.

The rate of scan line data collection by the MAS

instrument during the given flight.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the northwest corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

northwest corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the north

east corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

Page 14
NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

north east corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the south

west corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southwest corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the south

east corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southeast corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

For the image data files:

Scaled At-sensor radiance - Fractions of Watts/(square meter * steradian *

micrometer). Look near the end of the ASCII header

file for scaling factors.

Relative X coordinate - meters

Relative Y coordinate - meters

Scaled View zenith - Tenths of degrees

Scaled View Azimuth - Tenths of degrees

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SPATIAL COVERAGE [none]

DATE OBS [DD-MON-YY]

START TIME [HHMM GMT]

END TIME [HHMM GMT]

PLATFORM [none]

INSTRUMENT [none]

NUM BANDS [counts]

PLATFORM ALTITUDE [meters]

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

C130 MISSION ID [none]

C130 LINE NUM [none]

C130 RUN NUM [none]

C130 SITE [none]

BAND QUALITY [none]

CLOUD COVER [none]

MAS SCAN SPEED [scan lines] [second^-l]

Page 15
NW LATITUDE [degrees]

NW LONGITUDE [degrees]

NE LATITUDE [degrees]

NE LONGITUDE [degrees]

SW LATITUDE [degrees]

SW LONGITUDE [degrees]

SE LATITUDE [degrees]

SE LONGITUDE [degrees]

CRTFCN CODE [none]

7.3.4 Data Source

The values stored in the listed parameters were extracted from the level-lb MAS HDF files

provided to BOREAS by MAS processing personnel and processed to reflectance or surface

temperature. The reflectance and surface temperature values are derived from the level-lb at-sensor

radiance. The scaled at-sensor radiance and view angle values are the result of calibration and

processing of the raw MAS data by MAS personnel. The relative X and Y coordinates were derived in

a joint effort between BORIS and MAS personnel. The sources of the parameter values contained in

the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

C130 MISSION ID

C130 LINE NUM

C130 RUN NUM

C130 SITE

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

MAS SCAN SPEED

NW LATITUDE

[Determined from latitude and longitude

information provided in the NASA ARC flight

summary reports and navigation data files]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Data base constant]

[Data base constant]

[Data base constant]

[Determined from information provided in the NASA

ARC flight summary reports]

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

ARC Flight Summary Reports]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

ARC Flight Summary Reports]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

ARC Flight Summary Reports]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

ARC Flight Summary Reports]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude, and the static MAS scan

Page 16
NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Constant data base value]

7.3.5 Data Range

The range of values for the image data files are:

Sealed At-sensor radiance

Dependent on the particular MAS band of interest due to the wavelength region covered and the

scaling factor listed near the end of the ASCII header file.

Relative X coordinate

Dependent on the direction of flight with an absolute minimum of -2,147,483,648 and absolute

maximum of 2,147,483,647.

Relative Y coordinate

Dependent on the direction of flight with an absolute minimum of -2,147,483,648 and absolute

maximum of 2,147,483,647.

Scaled View zenith

Minimum - 0

Maximum - 900

Scaled View Azimuth

Minimum - 0

Maximum - 3599

Page 17
Thefollowing tablegivesinformationaboutthep_ametervaluesfoundin the inventory file on the

CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SPATIAL COVERAGE N/A N/A None None None None

DATE OBS 21-JUL-94 08-AUG-94 None None None None

START TIME 1431 2110 None None None None

END TIME 1435 2115 None None None None

PLATFORM C130 C130 None None None None

INSTRUMENT N/A N/A None None None None

NUM BANDS 12 12 None None None None

PLATFORM ALTITUDE 5369 7962 None None None None

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG 33.5 60.8 None None None None

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG 33.5 60.8 None None None None

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG 104.7 228.4 None None None None

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG 104.7 228.4 None None None None

C130 MISSION ID 94-007-02 94-007-07 None None None None

C130 LINE NUM 1 703 None None None None

C130 RUN NUM 1 2 None None None None

C130 SITE 429 432 None None None None

BAND QUALITY N/A N/A None None None None

CLOUD COVER N/A N/A None None None None

MAS SCAN SPEED 6.25 6.25 None None None None

NW LATITUDE 53.67695 56.08503 None None None None

NW LONGITUDE -106.49118 -98.28911 None None None None

NE LATITUDE 53.65457 56.07333 None None None None

NE LONGITUDE -106.04228 -97.99831 None None None None

SW LATITUDE 53.45052 55.92475 None None None None

SW LONGITUDE -106.50745 -98.37285 None None None None

SE LATITUDE 53.44061 55.88116 None None None None

SE LONGITUDE -106.06016 -98.06009 None None None None

CRTFCN CODE CPI-PRE CPI-PRE None None None None

Minimum Data Value -- The minimum value found in the column.

Maximum Data Value -- The maximum value found in the column.

Missng Data Value -- The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

Unrel Data Value -- The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

Below Detect Limit -- The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

Data Not Cllctd -- This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

Page 18
but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank -- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

N/A -- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

None -- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

Sample data records are not applicable to the image data itself. The following are wrapped versions

of records from the inventory file on the CD-ROM:

SPATIAL COVERAGE,DATE OBS,START TIME,END TIME,PLATFORM, INSTRUMENT,NUM BANDS,

PLATFORM ALTITUDE,MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG,MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG,MIN SOLAR AZ ANG,

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG,CI30 MISSION ID,CI30 LINE NUM, CI30 RUN NUM, CI30 SITE,

BAND QUALITY,CLOUD COVER, MAS SCAN SPEED,NW LATITUDE,NW LONGITUDE,NE LATITUDE,

NE LONGITUDE,SW LATITUDE,SW LONGITUDE,SE LATITUDE,SE LONGITUDE,CRTFCN CODE

'SSA',21-JUL-94,1546,1549, 'C130', 'MAS',I2,7962.0,50.3,50.3,111.4,111.4,

'94-007-02',i,i, '430', 'Fair: some noise in IR channels', 'NOT ASSESSED',

6.25,54.09068,-104.73728,54.06974,-104.35362,53.94693,-104.7593,53.92607,

-i04.37698, 'CPI-PRE'

'SSA',21-JUL-94,1555,1600, 'C130', 'MAS',I2,7847.0,49.0,49.0,113.9,113.9,

'94-007-02',2,1, '430', 'Fair: some noise in IR channels', 'NOT ASSESSED',

6.25,54.11018,-104.95169,54.0795,-104.37837,53.91374,-104.98072,53.8832,

-i04.41013, 'CPI-PRE'

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data for the level-2 MAS images is a single acquisition containing 17

sequential files.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The CD-ROM inventory listing file consists of numerical and character fields of varying length

separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no

spaces between the fields.

8.2.1 Uncompressed Data Files

One level-2 MAS image product consists of 17 files in the following order:

• File 1: An ASCII header file containing information relating to the mission, location,

acquisition time, sensor parameters, aircraft location and attitude, and radiometric calibration

parameters.

• Files 2 - 10: Bands 1 to 9 stored as 16-bit (2-byte) (low-order byte first) binary scaled

reflectance values. Scaling factors are provided at the end of the end of the ASCII header file.

• File 11 - 13: Bands 10 to 12 stored as 16-bit (2-byte) (low-order byte first) binary scaled

temperature values (degrees Celsius). The scaling factor is provided at the end of the end of

the ASCII header file.

• File 14: Relative X coordinates stored as 32-bit binary values in tenths of meters (low-order

byte first).

• File 15: Relative Y coordinates stored as 32-bit binary values in tenths of meters (low-order

byte first).

• File 16: Scaled view azimuth values stored as 16-bit binary values in tenths of degrees

(low-order byte first).

Page 19
File 17:Scaledview zenithvaluesstoredas16-bitbinaryvaluesin tenthsof degrees

(low-orderbytefirst).

Thegeographicorientationof eachscenedependsonthedirectionof theaircraftline of flight. Pixels

andlinesprogressleft to right, andtopto bottomsopixeln, line n is in thelowerright-handcomerof

eachscene.

All scenefilescontainavariablenumberof fixed-lengthrecords.TheASCIIheaderfiles contain

recordsthatare80bytesin length.All binaryfilesassociatedtogetherfor agivenflight containthe

samenumberofrecords.Thenumberof binaryrecordsin aflight variesdependingonthelengthof

thatflight line.Eachbinarydatarecordin all flightsrepresents716imagepixels.Therefore,theimage

andview anglefile recordscontain716"2= 1432bytesandtherelativeX andY coordinatefiles

contain716"4 = 2864bytes.

8.2.2 Compressed CD-ROM Files

OntheBOREASCD-ROMs,theASCII headerfile (file 1)for eachimageis storedasASCII text;

however,files2 to 17havebeencompressedwith theGzipcompressionprogram(file name*.gz).

Thesedatahavebeencompressedusinggzipversion1.2.4andthehighcompression(-9)option

(Copyright(C) 1992-1993Jean-loupGailly).Gzip(GNU zip) usestheLempel-Zivalgorithm(Welch,

1994)usedin thezip andPKZIPprograms.Thecompressedfilesmaybeuncompressedusinggzip

(-doption)or gunzip.Gzipis availablefrom manyWebsites(for example,ftp site

prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*)for avarietyof operatingsystemsin bothexecutableandsource

codeform.Versionsof thedecompressionsoftwarefor varioussystemsareincludedonthe

CD-ROMs.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

The atmospheric correction algorithm, Imagecor, applied to the MAS level-lb data is fully

documented in Wrigley et al. (1992), which has been since been modified to include water vapor, and

to remove path thermal emission for thermal channels. Imagecor was developed by Robert Wrigley

and Robert Slye for the atmospheric correction of data from the First International Satellite Land

Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) and uses a simple atmospheric model

with a modified single-scattering approximation, which permits full image scenes to be processed

relatively quickly.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

Derivation of the relative X and Y coordinates starts with determining the relative positions of the

nadir pixel in each image line. The nadir pixel coordinates are defined to proceed relative to an arbitrary

starting X,Y location. Nadir X,Y coordinates are derived as a function of the following parameters:

• Instantaneous velocities X, Y, and Z from the C130 navigation data.

• Tracking (actual direction aircraft is pointing) values derived as a function of true heading and

drift. To arrive upon nadir pixel tracking, the 1-Hz drift values and 30-Hz true heading values

are interpolated to nadir pixel values. Nadir pixel drift is added to the nadir true heading values

to obtain nadir pixel tracking values. Note that drift may be a positive or negative value.

The calculations used to derive relative X and Y coordinates of the nadir pixels are:

X0 = First (earlier) nadir X location

XI = Succeeding nadir X location

Y0 : First (earlier) nadir Y location

Y1 = Succeeding nadir Y location

DTime = Timel - Time0

[Delta time stamps between succeeding nadir pixels]

Page 20
TH0, THI = True Heading at succeeding nadir pixels

Dr0, Drl = Drift values at succeeding nadir pixels

Tr0, Trl = Tracking at succeeding nadir pixels

VX,VY,VZ = Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities in an X, Y

reference system

Sp0, Spl = Ground Speed

[square root ((VX*VX) + (VY*VY) + (VZ*VZ))]

V0x : SP0 * cos(TH0 + Dr0)

[X Velocity at Time0]

Vlx = SPI * cos(THl + Drl)

[X Velocity at Timel]

V0y : SPI * sin(TH0 + Dr0)

[Y Velocity at Time0]

Vly = SPI * sin(THl + Drl)

[Y Velocity at Timel]

AVEV01X : (V0x + Vlx) / 2.0

[Average X velocity between Time0 and Timel]

AVEV01Y = (V0y + Vly) / 2.0

[Average Y velocity between Time0 and Timel]

X = X0 + (AVE01X * DTime)

[Succeeding nadir X coordinate]

Y = Y0 + (AVE01Y * Dtime)

[Succeeding nadir Y coordinate]

and Z GPS

The atmospheric correction algorithm, Imagecor, applied to the MAS level-lb data is fully documented

in Wrigley et al. (1992). Changes implemented since then were the inclusion of water vapor

corrections and the ability to process thermal data. Water vapor corrections are based on modeled water

vapor transmittance output by 6S combined with water vapor transmittance derived from 940nm

channel sunphotometer data. This transmittance and the spectral response function of the

sunphotometer channel was used to determine the equivalent water vapor column content. Imagecor

then uses this content to estimate the transmittance across the scene.

The thermal channels were corrected by using MODTRAN to model path emission and

transmittance at twelve equally spaced angles across the scene and interpolating the path emission

between these points.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BORIS staff creates level-1B MAS image products from HDF files. The input HDF file is created

by combining MAS image data with aircraft navigation data in an iterative procedure as follows:

BORIS staff extracts start and end flight line times from the level-0 C130 aircraft navigation data

associated with the flight. BORIS staff uses the start and end times for the flight line to extract the

relevant aircraft navigation data to determine nadir pixel times. BORIS staff processes/linearly

interpolates the extracted navigation parameters such as roll, pitch, heading, drift, and acceleration for

the nadir pixel time. The nadir location parameters (roll, pitch, radar altitude, X and Y grid

coordinates) are plotted to perform visual review of the data for anomalous values. Nadir pixel

navigation parameter values are then combined with MAS spectral data by MAS processing staff to

create an HDF image product consisting of MAS spectral data and ancillary information for each flight

line run. All HDF files are written to 8-ram tape and logged in the BORIS data base. Each MAS HDF

file is converted to the BORIS BSQ 8-ram tape product. The 17 files, as described above, for each

unique flight, are written to tape, in BORIS level-1B BSQ format, for distribution. The BORIS-format

MAS tapes are then logged into the BORIS data base.

The flight lines were then sent to NASA ARC for atmospheric correction processing. This

processing was as follows: Upload the data tape and export the image data to files with native byte

Page 21
order.Downloadthe21-Jul-1994radiosondedatafrom BORIS.Modelthepathtransmittanceandpath

radiativeemissionfor thethermalchannelsusingaMODTRAN.Modelthepathwatervaporcolumn

concentrationanddownwellingirradianceusingthe6Sfor visibleandnear-andmid-infrared

channels.Processtheimagedatato reflectanceor surfacetemperatureusingImagecor.Generatea

headerfile for eachof theMASflight lines. For each flight line, write to tape each header file and

level-2 image data. Send the level-2 data tape to BORIS.

When the level-2 images are returned, BORIS personnel: Extract and verify information from the

data products for logging into the relational data base inventory. Compress the data for distribution on

CD-ROM.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

See Section 9.1.1.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

See Section 9.1.1.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

Errors could arise in the acquired imagery due to location accuracy, distortion of lengths,

anisomorphism, instrument's local coherence, and multispectral registration. Other errors could arise

from inherent radiometric imperfections of the sensors. Whatever the processing level, the geometric

quality of the image depends on the accuracy of the viewing geometry. Spectral errors could arise due

to image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes, and response normalization due to

change in gain.

In addition to these errors, the level-2 errors are dependent on the accuracy of the aerosol optical

depth measurements used in the atmospheric correction processing. Errors due to using a

single-scattering approximation should be minimal because the BOREAS optical depths were low (met

the single-scattering requirement).

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

MAS level-2 pixel data agreed well with Remote Sensing Science (RSS)-03 helicopter acquired

Barnes Modular Multispectral Radiometer (MMR, BOREAS PI: Charles Walthall) data for the

BOREAS primary study sites. With similar geometric and site condition inputs, both 6S and

MODTRAN modeled reflectances also were in close agreement to the Imagecor results.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

One set of calibration coefficients was used throughout the BOREAS project rather than

recalculated for each flight. Errors are usually +/- 5% when recalculated for each flight.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

Page 22
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS staff reviewed the data with software and visual examination of the images at various

stages of the processing to ensure that the data appeared as expected.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None.

11.3 Usage Guidance

Before uncompressing the Gzip files on CD-ROM, be sure that you have enough disk space to

hold the uncompressed data files. Then use the appropriate decompression program provided on the

CD-ROM for your specific system.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12. Application of the Data Set

These data would be useful for creating a reflectance mosaic of the study sites and in investigating the

bidirectional reflectance properties at the tower flux sites.

None.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

BORIS personnel developed software and command procedures to:

• Unpack and subset the level-0 C130 navigation data.

• Perform linear interpolation of the level-0 C130 navigation parameters.

• Convert the HDF data files received from MAS personnel to the BORIS BSQ 8-ram tape

product.

• Write the 17 files for each unique flight to tape for distribution.

• Extract header information from level- lb BSQ images on tape.

• Log the BSQ format MAS tapes into the BORIS data base.

The software is written in the C language and is operational on VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100

systems at GSFC. The primary dependencies in the software are the tape I/O library and the Oracle

data base utility routines.

The details of the software used by MAS personnel to derive the HDF level- lb products is

currently unknown.

Page 23
Theatmosphericcorrectionsoftware,Imagecor,waswrittenin theC languageandis operationon

SunMicrosystemsSolarissystemsandhasfew hardwaredependencies.

Gzip(GNU zip) usestheLempel-Zivalgorithm(Welch,1994)usedin thezipandPKZIP

commands.

14.2 Software Access

All of the described BORIS software is available upon request. BORIS staff would appreciate

knowing of any problems discovered with the software, but cannot promise to fix them.

Gzip is available from many Web sites across the Internet (for example, ftp site

prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety of operating systems in both executable and source

code form. Versions of the decompression software for various systems are included on the

CD-ROMs.

15. Data Access

The level-2 MAS surface reflectance and temperature images are available from the Earth Observing

System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed

Active Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

The BOREAS level-2 MAS data can be made available on 8-mm, Digital Archive Tape (DAT), or

9-track tapes at 1600 or 6250 Bytes Per Inch (BPI).

Page 24
16.2 Film Products

Color aerial photographs and video records were made during data collection. The video record

includes aircraft crew cabin intercom conversations and an audible tone that was initiated each time the

sensor was triggered. The BOREAS data base contains an inventory of available BOREAS aircraft

flight documentation, such as flight logs, video tapes, and photographs.

16.3 Other Products

Note that due to storage space limitations, only the level-2 MAS images collected on 21-Jul-1994

are included on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. Users interested in images from other dates should

refer to the inventory listing provided on the CD-ROMs and Section 15 to determine how to obtain the

data of interest.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Arnold, G.T., M. Fitzgerald, P.S. Grant, and M.D. King. 1994a. MODIS Airborne Simulator Visible

and Near-Infrared Calibration - 1992 ASTEX Field Experiment: Calibration Version - ASTEX King

1.0. NASA Technical Memorandum 104599, 19 pp.

Arnold, G.T., M. Fitzgerald, P.S. Grant, and M.D. King. 1994b. MODIS Airborne Simulator Visible

and Near-Infrared Calibration - 1991 FIRE-Cirrus Field Experiment: Calibration Version - FIRE King

1.1. NASA Technical Memorandum 104600, 23 pp.

Gumley, L.E., P.A. Hubanks, and E. J. Masuoka. 1994. MODIS Airborne Simulator Level 1B data

user's guide. NASA Technical Memorandum 104594 Vol. 3, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, MD.

Welch, T.A. 1984. A Technique for High Performance Data Compression. IEEE Computer, Vol. 17,

No. 6, pp. 8-19.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Anderson, G.P. and J.H. Chetwynd. 1992. FASCOD3P User's Guide, Phillips Laboratory,

Hanscom AFB.

Ardanuy, P.E., D. Han, and V.V. Salomonson. 1991. The Moderate Resolution Imaging

Spectrometer (MODIS) science and data system requirements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,

29, 75-88.

Bromba, M.U.A. and H. Ziegler. 1981. Digital filter for computationally efficient smoothing of noisy

spectra. Anal. Chem., 53, 1299-1302.

Clough, S.A., F.X. Kneizys, L.S. Rothman, and W.O. Gallery. 1981. Atmospheric spectral

transmittance and radiance: FASCOD lB. SPIE, 277, 152-166.

Gao, B.C., A.F.H. Goetz, and W.J. Wiscombe. 1993. Cirrus cloud detection from airborne imaging

spectrometer data using the 1.38 mm water vapor band. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 301-304.

Gordon, H.R., D.K. Clark, J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, and W.W. Broenkow. 1983.

Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Comparison of ship determinations

and CZCS estimates. Appl. Opt., 22, 20-36.

Gumley, L.E. and M.D. King. 1995. Remote sensing of flooding in the US upper midwest during the

summer of 1993. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 933-943.

Page 25
Huh, O.K., C.C. Moeller, W.P. Menzel,L.J. Rouse,Jr.,andH.H. Roberts.1995.Remotesensing

of turbidcoastalandestuarinewater:A methodof multispectralwater-typeanalysis.Submittedto J.

CoastalRes.

Jedlovec,G.J.,K.B. Batson,R.J.Atkinson, C.C.Moeller, W.P.Menzel, andM.W. James.1989.

ImprovedCapabilitiesof theMultispectralAtmosphericMappingSensor(MAMS).NASA Technical

Memorandum100352,MarshallSpaceFlight Center,Huntsville,AL, 71pp.

Kaufman,Y.J. andB.C.Gao.1992.Remotesensingof watervaporin thenearIR from

EOS/MODIS.IEEETrans.Geosci.RemoteSens.,30,871-884.

King, M.D., D.D. Herring,andD.J.Diner. 1995.TheEarthObservingSystem(EOS):A space-based

programfor assessingmankind'simpactontheglobal environment.Opt.Photon.News,6, 34-39.

King, M.D., W.P. Menzel,P.S.Grant, J.S.Meyers,G.T.Arnold, S.E.Platnick, L.E. Gumley, S.

Tsay,C.C.Moeller, M. Fitzgerald,K.S.Brown, andF.G.Osterwisch.1995.AirborneScanning

Spectrometerfor RemoteSensingof Cloud,Aerosol,WaterVaporandSurfaceProperties.Journalof

AtmosphericandOceanicTechnology.

King, M.D., Y.J. Kaufman,W.P. Menzel,andD. Tanre.1992.Remotesensingof cloud,aerosol,

andwatervaporpropertiesfrom theModerateResolutionImagingSpectrometer(MODIS).IEEE

Trans.Geosci.RemoteSens.,30, 2-27.

MappingSensor(MAMS). NASA TechnicalMemorandum100352,MarshallSpaceFlightCenter,

Huntsville,AL, 71pp.

Moeller, C.C.,O.K. Huh, H.H. Roberts,L.E. Gumley,andW.P. Menzel. 1993.Responseof

Louisianacoastalenvironmentsto acold front passage.J.CoastalRes.9, 434-447.

Nakajima,T. andM.D. King. 1990.Determinationof theopticalthicknessandeffectiveparticleradius

of cloudsfrom reflectedsolarradiationmeasurements. PartI: Theory.J.Atmos.Sci.,47, 1878-1893.

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.Nickeson,

A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.2000.CollectedDataof The

BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.

Platnick,L.E. Gumley,S.Tsay,C.C.Moeller, M. Fitzgerald,K.S. Brown,andF. G. Osterwisch.

1995.AirborneScanningSpectrometerfor RemoteSensingof Cloud,Aerosol,WaterVaporand

SurfaceProperties,JournalofAtmosphericandOceanicTechnology.

Revercomb,H.E., H. Buijs, H.B. Howell, D.D. LaPorte,W.L. Smith, andL.A. Sromovsky.1988.

Radiometriccalibrationof IR Fouriertransformspectrometers:Solutionto aproblemwith the

High-spectralresolutionInterferometerSounder.Appl. Opt.,27,3210-3218.

Running,S.W.,C.O.Justice,V. Salomonson,D. Hall, J. Barker,Y.J. Kaufman,A.H. Strahler,

A.R. Huete,J.P.Muller, V. Vanderbilt,Z.M. Wan,P.Teillet, andD. Carneggie.1994.Terrestrial

remotesensingscienceandalgorithmsplannedfor EOS/MODIS.Int. J.RemoteSens.,15,

3587-3620.

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

Page26
Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.Ranson,D. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Smith, W.L., R.O. Knuteson,H.E. Revercomb,W. Feltz,H.B. Howell, W.P.Menzel,N. Nalli, O.

Brown, J.Brown,P.Minnett,andW. McKeown. 1995.Observationsof theinfraredradiative

propertiesof theocean- Implicationsforthemeasurementof seasurfacetemperaturevia satellite

remotesensing.SubmittedtoBull. Amer.Meteor.Soc.

Strabala,K.I., S.A.Ackerman,andW.P.Menzel.1994.Cloudpropertiesinferredfrom 8-12mm

data.J.Appl. Meteor.,33,212-229.

Tsay,S.C.,K. Stamnes,andK. Jayaweera.1989.Radiativeenergybalancein thecloudyandhazy

Arctic. J.Atmos.Sci.,46, 1002-1018.

Tsay,S.C.,K. Stamnes,andK. Jayaweera.1990.Radiativetransferin planetaryatmospheres:

Developmentandverificationof aunifiedmodel.J.Quant.Spectrosc.Radiat.Transfer,43, 133-148.

Twomey,S. 1989.Commentsondelayedalbedoeffectsin azero-dimensionalclimatemodel.Journal

Of TheAtmosphericSciences.46: (19)3069-3069.

Twomey,S.andT. Cocks.1982.Spectralreflectanceof cloudsin thenear-infrared:Comparisonof

measurementsandcalculations.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,60,583-592.

Wrigley, R.C.,M.A. Spanner,R.E.Slye,R.F. Puseschel,andH.R.Aggarwal. 1992.Atmospheric

Correctionof RemotelySensedImageDataby a SimplifiedModel.Journalof GeophysicalResearch

97(D17):18,797-18,814.

Wylie, D.P.,W.P.Menzel,H.M. Woolf, andK.I. Strabala.1994.Fouryearsof global cirruscloud

statisticsusingHIRS. J.Clim., 7, 1972-1986.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

Page 27
19. List of Acronyms

6S

ARC

ASCII

BOREAS

BORIS

BPI

BSQ

CCT

CD-ROM

DAAC

DAT

EOS

EOSDIS

FIFE

- Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum

- Ames Research Center

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Bytes Per Inch

- Band Sequential

- Computer Compatible Tape

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Digital Archive Tape

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- First ISLSCP Field Experiment

FIRE II - First ISCCP Regional Experiment

FOV - Field of View

FPAR - Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation

GIS - Geographic Information System

GPS - Global Positioning System

GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center

HDF - Hierarchical Data Format

IFC - Intensive Field Campaign

IFOV - Instantaneous Field of View

ISCCP - International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project

ISLSCP - International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project

LAI - Leaf Area Index

LOWTRAN - Low Resolution Atmospheric Transmission Code

MAS - MODIS Airborne Simulator

MMR - Modular Multispectral Radiometer

MODIS - MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer

MODLAND - MODIS Land Group

MODTRAN - MODerate Resolution Atmospheric Transmission Code

NAD83

NASA

NSA

OA

OBS

OJP

ORNL

PANP

RSS

SSA

URL

UTM

YA

YJP

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Northern Study Area

- Old Aspen

- Old Black Spruce

- Old Jack Pine

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Remote Sensing Science

- Southern Study Area

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Universal Transverse Mercator

- Young Aspen

- Young Jack Pine

Page 28
20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 27-Jan- 1997

Last Updated: 18-Aug- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 08-Sep- 1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

The level-2 MAS images were processed at NASA ARC under BOREAS investigation RSS-12,

with Robert Wrigley as Principal Investigator.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

Wrigley, R.C., M.A. Spanner, and R.E. Slye, "BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition

Program." In Collected Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D.

Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D.

Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 29
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

September 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS Level-2 MAS Surface Reflectance and Temperature hnages in 923

BSQ Format

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

Brad Lobitz, Michael Spanner and Richard Strub

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

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B. Lobitz and M. Spanner: Johnson Controls World Services, NASAAmes Research Center,

Moffett Field, California; R. Strub: Raytheon ITSS

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12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program focused on providing the research

teams with the remotely sensed aircraft data products they needed to compare and spatially extend

point results. The MAS images, along with other remotely sensed data, were collected to provide

spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes biophysical

parameter maps such as surface reflectance and temperature. Collection of the MAS images occurred

over the study areas during the 1994 field campaigns. The level-2 MAS data cover the dates of 21-Jul1994, 24-Jul- 1994, 04-Aug- 1994, and 08-Aug- 1994. The data are not geographically/geometrically

corrected; however, files of relative X and Y coordinates for each image pixel were derived by using

the C130 navigation data in a MAS scan model. The data are provided in binary image format files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, remote sensing science, MAS images.

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