PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-1495

WUDI INDUSTRIAL (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD.,

Plaintiff – Appellant,

v.

WAI L. WONG,

Defendant – Appellee,

and

GT OMEGA RACING LTD.,

Counter Claimant – Appellee.

No. 22-1662

WUDI INDUSTRIAL (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD.,

Plaintiff – Appellant,

v.

WAI L. WONG,

Defendant – Appellee,

and

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GT OMEGA RACING LTD.,

Counter Claimant – Appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at

Alexandria. Claude M. Hilton, Senior District Judge. (1:20-cv-00908-CMH-TCB)

Argued: December 8, 2022 Decided: June 5, 2023

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and KING and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge King wrote the majority opinion, in 

which Chief Judge Gregory joined. Judge Rushing wrote a dissenting opinion. 

ARGUED: Gaspare Joseph Bono, DENTONS US LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. 

Craig Crandall Reilly, LAW OFFICE OF CRAIG C. REILLY, Alexandria, Virginia, for 

Appellees. ON BRIEF: Derek A. Auito, Washington, D.C., Tony K. Lu, DENTONS US 

LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellant. Catherine Simmons-Gill, OFFICE OF 

CATHERINE SIMMONS-GILL, LLC, Chicago, Illinois; Lisa L. Clay, LISA L. CLAY, 

ATTORNEY AT LAW, Wheaton, Illinois, for Appellees.

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KING, Circuit Judge: 

In these consolidated appeals from the Eastern District of Virginia, plaintiff Wudi 

Industrial (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. challenges two adverse rulings made by the district court in 

favor of defendant Wai L. Wong and his business entity, GT Omega Racing, Ltd. 

(collectively “GTOR”). As explained below, we agree with Wudi’s primary contention 

that the district court’s challenged rulings constitute awards of injunctive relief in favor of 

GTOR and against Wudi. Secondly, we also agree that the challenged rulings failed to 

comport with the applicable Rules of Civil Procedure and controlling precedent. 

Accordingly, because the district court erred in awarding injunctive relief in these 

circumstances, we vacate the challenged rulings and remand for further proceedings. 

I.

This litigation arises out of a contentious trademark dispute between Wudi and 

GTOR, which are Asian-centered business entities that compete in the marketing of video 

gaming chairs and other products. In March 2017, Wudi obtained from the United States 

Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) a registration for the stylized word mark 

“GTRACING.” For its part, GTOR claimed that it already owned an earlier use of a similar

word mark — that is, “GT OMEGA RACING” — and challenged Wudi’s registration of 

the “GTRACING” word mark in cancellation proceedings before a USPTO component

called the Trademark Trial and Appeals Board (the “Board”). In June 2020, the Board

ruled in favor of GTOR, concluding that Wudi’s use of the “GTRACING” word mark 

encroached on GTOR’s earlier use of its own “GT OMEGA RACING” word mark. 

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Seeking de novo review of the Board’s cancellation ruling, Wudi initiated this civil action

in the district court in August 2020, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1071(b)(1) (specifying that a 

dissatisfied party in a trademark dispute may a file civil action in a district court, “unless 

appeal has been taken to [the] United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit”). 

In May 2021, the parties reached a global confidential settlement of their trademark

dispute and entered into a concurrent-use agreement (the “Agreement”). The Agreement 

established the parties’ rights and restrictions with respect to the worldwide promotion, 

advertisement, and sale of their gaming products. Relevant here, the Agreement assigned

to Wudi the right to use the “GTRACING” word mark in all global markets — except 

within a so-called “European Carve Out,” which is a geographical area comprised of 53

named countries. More specifically, paragraph 6 of the Agreement provided that, within

the European Carve Out, Wudi must refrain from purchasing “ad-words from Google or 

any other search engine or from Amazon or any other shopping site . . . and will not use on 

Facebook or any other social media platform . . . any terms that include (with or without 

other words) any of the following: [‘GT RACING’] or [‘GTRACING’]” See J.A. 162.1

 

In exchange for Wudi’s acquisition of those rights to the “GTRACING” word mark, the 

Agreement required Wudi to pay to GTOR the sum of $4,500,000. The Agreement 

provided that, once those conditions were satisfied, a stipulated final judgment would be 

entered by the district court to resolve the trademark dispute underlying this litigation. 

1 Citations herein to “J.A. ___” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by 

the parties in this appeal. 

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To afford the parties sufficient time to comply with the Agreement, the district court

in June 2021 granted the parties’ joint motion to stay the litigation proceedings, pending 

entry of the stipulated final judgment. During that compliance period, however, a dispute 

arose in January 2022 regarding Wudi’s alleged use of the “GTRACING” word mark

within the 53 countries of the European Carve Out. Ultimately, GTOR filed with the court

in April 2022 a motion for enforcement of the Agreement, alleging therein that Wudi was 

in breach of the Agreement’s “ad-words” provision. More specifically, GTOR’s motion 

to enforce maintained that some of Wudi’s marketing and promotional content — which 

contained the “GTRACING” word mark — was yet impermissibly accessible within the

European Carve Out, in contravention of paragraph 6 of the Agreement. 

On April 29, 2022, the district court granted GTOR’s motion to enforce the 

Agreement and — instead of entering the stipulated final judgment — ordered Wudi to 

“immediately cease” certain conduct. See Wudi Indus. (Shanghai) Co. v. Wong, No. 1:20-

cv-00908, at 2 (E.D. Va. Apr. 29, 2022), ECF No. 103 (the “First Order”). Pursuant to the

court’s First Order, Wudi was — within 7 days — to “take down all posts [containing the 

“GT RACING” word mark] . . . on its proprietary social media platforms that are accessible 

in the European Carve Out,” and was also to “immediately cease from making further posts 

on its proprietary social media platforms that are accessible in the European Carve Out.” 

Id. at 1-2. The First Order declared that Wudi was to “direct all entities and individuals 

with whom [it] has a business relationship to take down all posts, whenever made, on social 

media platforms that are accessible in the European Carve Out.” Id. at 2. Importantly, the 

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First Order further provided that, if Wudi failed to comply with those specific directives,

the court would “enforce [the First Order] through findings of contempt.” Id. at 2. 

Notwithstanding the foregoing enjoining language, the district court did not make

any findings of fact or conclusions of law in support of the First Order, as mandated by

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 52 and 65. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 52, 65 (requiring that 

district court make findings of fact and conclusions of law when awarding injunctive 

relief). Furthermore, the First Order did not contain any analysis indicating that the court 

had applied and evaluated the four-factor eBay v. MercExchange test, which the Supreme 

Court has required to be satisfied before a trial court can award injunctive relief. See eBay 

Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006) (identifying factors that party must 

satisfy in order to obtain injunctive relief). 

On May 5, 2022, Wudi noted an interlocutory appeal of the First Order, which was 

filed as Appeal No. 22-1495 in this Court. Wudi then promptly sought from this Court a 

stay of the First Order pending its appeal, despite not having first filed such a request with 

the district court, nor otherwise showing or seeking to show that it would have been 

“impracticable” to do so. See Fed. R. App. P. 8 (requiring that “[a] party must ordinarily 

move first in the district court for . . . a stay of the judgment or order of a district court 

pending appeal,” unless “moving first in the district court would be impracticable”).

On May 13, 2022, because our appellate jurisdiction turned on whether the district 

court had actually “grant[ed] . . . [an] injunction” for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1),

we ordered a limited remand in Appeal No. 22-1495. We therein requested the district

court to clarify whether the First Order constituted an award of preliminary injunctive 

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relief. If the First Order afforded such relief, we sought the court’s compliance with Rules

52 and 65, in addition to a proper assessment of the four eBay factors. Given the 

circumstances, we retained jurisdiction in Appeal No. 22-1495 and entered a temporary 

stay of the First Order, to remain in effect during the limited remand proceedings. 

On June 2, 2022, the district court entered another order stating that — despite the 

First Order’s utilization of specific enjoining language — GTOR had not requested an 

injunction and the First Order did not constitute a preliminary injunction. See Wudi Indus. 

(Shanghai) Co. v. Wong, No. 1:20-cv-00908, at 2 (E.D. Va. June 2, 2022), ECF No. 118

(the “Second Order”). Instead of offering its legal reasoning underpinning that conclusion, 

the Second Order stated that the First Order had been a grant of specific performance under

Virginia law. At that juncture, the court entered the stipulated final judgment, again 

without any legal reasoning or other explanation in support thereof. 

Wudi promptly appealed the Second Order in June 2022, which was filed as Appeal 

No. 22-1662 in this Court. Upon Wudi’s request, we consolidated the two appeals. On 

June 28, 2022, although Wudi had again not previously moved for a stay of the challenged 

rulings in the district court, a divided panel of our Court granted a stay to Wudi of the 

challenged rulings pending resolution of these appellate proceedings. 

II.

A.

As a threshold matter, in our May 2022 order of limited remand, we asked whether 

the First Order constituted an “[i]nterlocutory order . . . granting” an injunction, which may

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have permitted Wudi to pursue an interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). 

Despite those initial jurisdictional concerns, we are now satisfied that the Second Order —

which was accompanied by the entry of the parties’ stipulated final judgment — constitutes

an appealable “final decision” for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. As such, we possess

appellate jurisdiction in these consolidated appeals. 

B.

On appeal, Wudi maintains, inter alia, that the First Order — as entered in the 

proceedings underlying Appeal No. 22-1495 — is actually a preliminary injunction that 

was made permanent by the Second Order. According to Wudi, because the First Order

constitutes an award of injunctive relief, the district court was obliged — but failed — to 

adhere to the rules controlling a district court’s award of injunctive relief, as specified in

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 52 and 65. In addition, Wudi maintains that the court

failed to comply with the Supreme Court’s four-factor eBay test by awarding permanent 

injunctive relief to GTOR. As to each contention, we agree with Wudi. 

1.

We preface our analysis by reviewing the legal landscape regarding the issuance of 

federal court injunctions. As previously referenced, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 

specify procedural rules that apply when a district court awards injunctive relief. For its 

part, Rule 52(a)(2) provides that, “[i]n granting or refusing an interlocutory injunction,” a 

district court must “state the findings and conclusions that support its action.” Meanwhile, 

Rule 65(d) — entitled, in relevant part, “Contents and Scope of Every Injunction” —

specifies that “[e]very order granting an injunction . . . must: (A) state the reasons why it 

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issued; (B) state its terms specifically; and (C) describe in reasonable detail . . . the act or 

acts restrained or required.” In that sense, the Supreme Court has underscored that Rule 

65(d)’s requirements apply generally to “equitable decree[s] compelling obedience under 

the threat of contempt.” See Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n, Local 1291 v. Phila. Marine 

Trade Ass’n, 389 U.S. 64, 75 (1967).

Moreover, as our Court has recognized, the terms of Rule 65(d) “are mandatory and 

must be observed in every instance.” See Thomas v. Brock, 810 F.2d 448, 450 (4th Cir.

1987) (internal quotation marks omitted). And the Supreme Court has emphasized that

the specificity provisions of Rule 65(d) are no mere technical requirements. 

The Rule was designed to prevent uncertainty and confusion on the part of 

those faced with injunctive orders, and to avoid the possible founding of a 

contempt citation on a decree too vague to be understood.

See Schmidt v. Lessard, 414 U.S. 473, 476 (1974). That is because appellate courts are 

entitled to understand the underpinnings of an injunction order and, without specificity, 

“review of an injunctive order is ‘greatly complicated, if not made impossible.’” See CPC 

Intern., Inc. v. Skippy, 214 F.3d 456, 459 (4th Cir. 2000) (quoting Schmidt, 414 U.S. at 

477). Rule 65(d) thus “serves the twin purposes of providing fair notice of what an 

injunction requires and of facilitating appellate review.” Id. 

In addition to complying with the applicable Rules of Civil Procedure, and because

injunctive relief is a “drastic and extraordinary remedy” to be utilized sparingly, the district 

court is duty bound to ensure that the party seeking injunctive relief has made the requisite 

showings. See SAS Inst., Inc. v. World Programming Ltd., 952 F.3d 513, 528 (4th Cir. 

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2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under the Supreme Court’s eBay decision of 

2006, a party seeking permanent injunctive relief must demonstrate the following:

(1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at 

law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; 

(3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and 

defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest 

would not be disserved by a permanent injunction.

See eBay, 547 U.S. at 391.2

 

At bottom, if a district court has applied the four-factor eBay test and awarded an 

injunction, we review that decision for abuse of discretion. See Mountain Valley Pipeline, 

LLC v. 6.56 Acres of Land, 915 F.3d 197, 213 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). Of importance, an error of law is by definition an abuse of discretion, and such 

an error is alone “grounds for reversal.” Id. 

2.

a.

Against this backdrop, we must address the question of whether the First Order

actually constitutes an injunction. As we explained in our May 2022 remand order, the 

“magic word” injunction is not required for an order of a district court to be an injunction. 

2 Pursuant to the Supreme Court’s Winter decision of 2008, a party seeking 

preliminary injunctive relief is obliged to demonstrate the following: 

[1] that he is likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer 

irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of 

equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the public interest. 

See Winter v. Nat’l Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). 

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See Wudi Indus. (Shanghai) Co. v. Wong, No. 22-1495, at 1-2 (4th Cir. May 13, 2022), 

ECF No. 26 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Union Oil Co. v. Leavell, 220 F.3d 

562, 566 (7th Cir. 2000)). Several of our sister circuits have recognized that a court order 

must satisfy two requirements to be an injunction: (1) the order must describe the specific 

conduct required in detail; and (2) the order must provide a deadline to act. See, e.g.,

Petrello v. White, 533 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir. 2008) (describing the previously identified

two components of injunctions); see also Sheet Metal Workers’ Int’l Ass’n Loc. 19 v. Herre 

Bros., 201 F.3d 231, 238 (3d Cir. 1999) (same); Parker v. Ryan, 960 F.2d 543, 545 (5th 

Cir. 1992) (same); Marseilles Hyrdo Power, LLC v. Marseilles Land & Water Co., 299

F.3d 643, 646 (7th Cir. 2002) (same); Westar Energy, Inc. v. Lake, 552 F.3d 1215, 1222 

(10th Cir. 2009) (same). As the Seventh Circuit has explained, an injunction order also

requires the enjoined party to “perform enumerated steps under threat of . . . contempt.” 

See Union Oil, 220 F.3d at 566. 

In the circumstances presented, we agree with Wudi that the First Order constitutes

a preliminary injunction. And that preliminary injunction was thereafter made a permanent 

injunction by entry of the Second Order. In reaching that conclusion, we assess the text of 

the First Order itself and simply “adhere to the time-tested adage: if it walks like a duck, 

quacks like a duck, and looks like a duck, then it’s a duck.” See BMC Indus., Inc. v. Barth 

Indus., Inc., 160 F.3d 1322, 1337 (11th Cir. 1998). Importantly, however, we have 

heretofore observed that, “[i]f something looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and talks 

like a duck, and the district court determines it to be a duck, it is not our place on review 

to call it something else.” See Lane v. United States, 286 F.3d 723, 730 (4th Cir. 2002). 

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In contrast to the observation made by our Court in the Lane case, the opposite is 

true here. That is, the First Order “looks like [an injunction], walks like [an injunction], 

and talks like [an injunction],” yet the district court nevertheless ruled that it is not an 

injunction. See Lane, 286 F.3d at 730. In making our assessment, we observe that “the 

absence of any semblance of effort by the District Court to comply with Rule 65(d)” is 

evidence that the court may not have actually intended to enter “an order granting an 

injunction.” See Gunn v. Univ. Comm. to End the War in Viet Nam, 399 U.S. 383, 389 n.4 

(1970). In this situation, however, we are confident that “substance . . . control[s] over 

form.” See Sierra Club v. Van Antwerp, 526 F.3d 1353, 1358 (11th Cir. 2008). 

Our conclusion that the First Order constitutes a preliminary injunction — later 

made permanent by the Second Order — garners strong support from the Eleventh Circuit’s 

2008 Van Antwerp decision. See 526 F.3d at 1358. Although in the context of analyzing

its collateral order jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), the Eleventh Circuit in Van 

Antwerp was presented with facts that are closely identical to those presented here. In that

instance, the district court had entered a so-called “Remedies Order,” which it had 

expressly declared was “not . . . an injunction.” Id. Applying the above-recited “duck 

test,” the Eleventh Circuit disagreed with that assessment and concluded that the order was

actually an injunction, in that it “contain[ed] clear, enforceable directives” under threat of 

contempt. Id. And stressing the notion that “substance should control over form,” the 

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Eleventh Circuit further recognized that “[t]he district court issued commands of such 

specificity and breadth that no litigant would dare to violate them.” Id. 

To that end, we emphasize that the First Order possesses all of the necessary 

attributes and thus qualifies as an injunction order. That is, the First Order contains “clear, 

enforceable directives” and threatens Wudi with contempt for noncompliance. See Van 

Antwerp, 526 F.3d at 1358. It repeatedly uses the phrase “immediately cease” with respect 

to specific conduct, and it directs Wudi to comply with those commands “within seven 

days.” See First Order 1-2. And the First Order is both mandatory and prohibitory — it 

requires Wudi “to abide by an agreement,” see Int’l Longshoremen’s, 389 U.S. at 75, yet 

it also prohibits Wudi from engaging in a broad range of conduct (some of which is

arguably outside the Agreement’s scope). We therefore readily conclude that, “however 

[the First Order] might be characterized” by the district court, it is — factually and legally 

— “an order granting an injunction.” Id. at 75-76. 

b.

Adopting a position similar to that espoused by the district court in the Second 

Order, GTOR resists our straightforward conclusion that the First Order was a preliminary 

injunction. It instead argues that the First Order was actually a grant of specific 

performance under Virginia law. According to GTOR, the First Order was not an 

injunction, but merely a command that Wudi abide by the Agreement. As a result, GTOR 

maintains that the court was never obliged to adhere to Rules 52 and 65 of the Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure, or to analyze the four eBay factors. For support, GTOR points

to the Virginia high court and its 1894 Rison v. Newberry decision, which states that 

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“[s]pecific performance is an equitable remedy . . . [compelling] the performance of a 

contract in the precise terms agreed upon.” See 18 S.E. 916, 919 (Va. 1894). 

Put simply, we are constrained to reject GTOR’s characterization of the First Order. 

That is, in light of the Agreement’s contested terms, we doubt that the First Order actually 

“compels the performance of a contract in the precise terms agreed upon” by the parties. 

See Rison, 18 S.E. at 919 (emphasis added). But if we were to assume that the First Order 

is merely a grant of specific performance, GTOR’s position suffers from a crucial and fatal 

infirmity: “[i]f there is a factual dispute over . . . [an] agreement’s terms, the district court 

may not enforce a settlement agreement summarily.” See Hensley v. Alcon Lab’ys, Inc., 

277 F.3d 535, 541 (4th Cir. 2002). As we recognized in our Hensley decision, “when such 

factual disputes arise, the court must conduct a plenary evidentiary hearing in order to 

resolve that dispute, . . . and make findings on the issues in dispute.” Id. (internal quotation 

marks omitted). On that score, the parties’ appellate positions readily confirm that factual 

disputes are present here. As such, the district court would be obliged to conduct 

appropriate evidentiary hearings and “make findings on the issues in dispute.” Id. 

3.

Given that the First Order is a preliminary injunction which was rendered permanent 

by the Second Order, it is apparent that the district court made procedural errors that

amount to abuses of its discretion. Foremost, the First Order fails to comply with Rules 52 

and 65, in that the court did not “state the findings and conclusions that support its action,” 

see Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(2), nor did it “state the reasons why [the preliminary injunction]

issued,” “state [the injunction’s] terms specifically,” or “describe in reasonable detail . . . 

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the acts or acts restrained,” see Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d). Nor did the First Order properly 

assess whether GTOR — as the party then requesting preliminary injunctive relief — could 

satisfy the four-factor Winter test. See Winter v. Nat’l Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 

20 (2008). And by the Second Order, the court fatally failed to ascertain whether GTOR

— as the party seeking permanent injunctive relief — could satisfy the four-factor eBay

test. See 547 U.S. at 391.3

 

We are thus satisfied that, “[b]ecause the district court’s [challenged rulings are] . . .

not properly supported, [they] cannot be further extended.” See Hoechst Diafoil Co. v. Nan 

Ya Plastics Corp., 174 F.3d 411, 423 (4th Cir. 1999). Moving forward, if the district court 

decides to enter another injunction (whether preliminary or permanent), it must not only 

comply with the applicable Rules of Civil Procedure, but also carefully assess whether the

appropriate four-factor test is satisfied. 

C.

Finally, we recognize the fact that Wudi also presents several merits-based 

contentions in these consolidated appeals. Because we vacate the challenged rulings on 

3 Wudi maintains that, if the Second Order is a permanent injunction, we should

proceed now and assess — for the first time on appeal — the four eBay factors. See Br. of 

Appellant 40-45. We decline Wudi’s invitation, however, in that the record on appeal is 

not “sufficiently developed” for us “to analyze the factors necessary to justify” an award 

of injunctive relief. See Westar Energy, Inc. v. Lake, 552 F.3d 1215, 1222 (10th Cir. 2009). 

And we agree with GTOR that a proper analysis of the eBay factors should be conducted 

by the district court in the first instance. See, e.g., Demarco v. United States, 415 U.S. 449, 

450 n.* (1972) (observing that “factfinding is the basic responsibility of district courts, 

rather than appellate courts, and [an appellate court should not resolve] in the first instance 

[a] factual dispute which had not been considered by the District Court”). 

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procedural grounds, however, we do not resolve any merits-based contentions. Those 

issues are reserved for the district court on remand.4

 

III.

Pursuant to the foregoing, we vacate the challenged rulings and remand for such 

other and further proceedings as may be appropriate. 

VACATED AND REMANDED

4 During oral argument, Wudi’s lawyer requested that, if we vacate the challenged 

rulings, the June 2022 stay should remain in place for the remand proceedings. We decline, 

however, to extend the stay beyond the issuance of the mandate. By today’s ruling, Wudi 

is no longer enjoined, nor is it subject to contempt. If, upon further consideration, the 

district court issues a proper injunction order, Wudi is entitled to seek a stay of that ruling

from the district court pending appeal. We take this opportunity to remind lawyers and 

litigants of Rule 8’s requirement that — absent a showing of “impracticability” or inaction 

by the district court — a party must first seek a stay pending appeal from the district court, 

not the court of appeals. See Fed. R. App. P. 8(a)(2)(A)(i)-(ii). 

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RUSHING, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

Wudi appeals the district court’s order enforcing its Settlement Agreement with 

GTOR, which the parties entered in 2021 to settle a trademark dispute. At the parties’ 

request, the district court stayed the case and retained jurisdiction while they came into 

compliance with the Agreement’s directives pursuant to its internal deadlines. During the 

stay, GTOR moved to enforce the Agreement, claiming that Wudi refused to comply with 

paragraph 6(b). In response, Wudi admitted its conduct but argued that GTOR 

misinterpreted paragraph 6(b). After receiving briefing and holding a hearing to consider 

the parties’ arguments, the district court found Wudi in breach of the Agreement and 

ordered Wudi to comply by following a series of detailed steps.

Unlike the majority, I agree with the district court—and the parties, as they 

presented the case there—that the court’s order is the summary enforcement of a settlement 

agreement. Because the district court correctly followed our longstanding precedent for 

resolving motions to enforce settlement agreements, I respectfully dissent. 

I.

The procedures a district court must follow when it resolves a motion to enforce a 

settlement agreement over which it has ancillary jurisdiction are well settled. If resolving 

the motion requires adjudicating material factual disputes, the district court may not 

summarily enforce the settlement agreement but must hold a plenary evidentiary hearing. 

See Hensley v. Alcon Laby’s, Inc., 277 F.3d 535, 540–541 (4th Cir. 2002). Following that 

hearing, the district court must make findings of fact and conclusions of law either in 

writing or orally on the record. See, e.g., Alexander v. Indus. of the Blind, Inc., 901 F.2d 

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40, 41 (4th Cir. 1990). We have typically required a plenary hearing when the parties 

dispute the existence of a settlement agreement, the attorneys’ authority to enter the 

agreement on behalf of their clients, or the agreement’s terms. See Hensley, 277 F.3d at 

541 & n.*. However, if the facts are undisputed, the district court may summarily interpret 

and enforce the agreement without a hearing, so long as any “excuse for nonperformance 

of the agreement is comparatively insubstantial.” Id. at 540 (internal quotation marks 

omitted); see Swift v. Frontier Airlines, Inc., 636 Fed. App. 153, 155–156 (4th Cir. 2016);

Topiwala v. Wessell, 509 Fed. App. 184, 187 (4th Cir. 2013); Alexander, 901 F.2d at 41; 

Millner v. Norfolk & W. Ry., 643 F.2d 1005, 1009 (4th Cir. 1981).

Under this settled law, the district court could summarily enforce GTOR and Wudi’s 

Settlement Agreement. GTOR alleged that some of Wudi’s social media posts breached 

paragraph 6(b) of the Agreement. Neither party contested below—or disputes on appeal—

that paragraph 6(b) is a valid term of an enforceable settlement agreement. And Wudi did 

not contest that it or one of its affiliates made the social media posts that contained the 

trademarks listed in paragraph 6(b). With the material facts concerning the Agreement’s 

existence, its terms, and Wudi’s allegedly breaching conduct not in dispute, the parties’ 

arguments turned on how to interpret paragraph 6(b) and apply it to Wudi’s conduct.

The meaning of paragraph 6(b) is a legal question. The Agreement provides that 

Virginia law controls its interpretation. “Under governing Virginia law, settlement 

agreements are treated as contracts subject to the general principles of contract 

interpretation.” Byrum v. Bear Inv. Co., 936 F.2d 173, 175 (4th Cir. 1991); see, e.g., Yourko 

v. Yourko, 884 S.E.2d 799, 804 (Va. 2023); Southerland v. Est. of Southerland, 457 S.E.2d 

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375, 378 (Va. 1995). And “[t]he interpretation of a contract presents a question of law.” 

PMA Cap. Ins. Co. v. US Airways, Inc., 626 S.E.2d 369, 372 (Va. 2006); see also Kay Co. 

v. Equitable Prod. Co., 27 F.4th 252, 258 (4th Cir. 2022) (“A district court’s analysis of a 

settlement agreement is a matter of contract interpretation, a legal issue that we review de 

novo.”). So resolving GTOR’s motion to enforce the Agreement required the district court 

to decide a question of law and apply it to undisputed facts. Moreover, the district court 

could reasonably consider Wudi’s unclean hands “excuse for nonperformance [to be] 

comparatively unsubstantial.” Millner, 643 F.2d at 1009 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). Accordingly, our precedent allowed the district court to summarily enforce the 

parties’ Agreement.

The majority recognizes that our precedent requires a plenary evidentiary hearing 

“‘if there is a factual dispute over an agreement’s terms’” and asserts such a dispute exists 

here. Supra, at 14 (brackets and ellipsis omitted; emphasis added) (quoting Hensley, 277 

F.3d at 541). Tellingly, however, the majority does not cite any concrete factual dispute in 

support of its conclusion. The parties agree that they entered into an enforceable Settlement 

Agreement and that paragraph 6(b) is a valid term in the Agreement. Moreover, Wudi 

concedes that it or one of its affiliates made the social media posts that formed the basis of 

GTOR’s motion to enforce. The remaining dispute involves a classic question of law—

the interpretation and application of a contractual provision. Although the parties filed 

competing affidavits from company representatives testifying they each believe paragraph 

6(b) has a particular meaning, contrary subjective beliefs about a contract’s meaning 

amount to a legal disagreement, not the kind of factual dispute cases like Hensley

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contemplate. And the majority does not suggest paragraph 6(b) is so ambiguous that the 

district court had to resort to parol evidence to resolve GTOR’s motion to enforce.

At points, the majority suggests the district court’s order cannot be an order for 

specific performance enforcing the Settlement Agreement, as the district court said it was, 

because it “arguably” commands Wudi in terms beyond what the Agreement itself requires. 

Supra, at 13. That is a potentially valid concern about the merits of the district court’s 

enforcement order. But it is not a reason to reject the district court’s characterization of 

the proceedings before it and to send this case back for a do-over on an injunction motion 

that was never filed by GTOR or considered by the court. 

Nor does the majority’s analogy to Sierra Club v. Van Antwerp, 526 F.3d 1353 (11th 

Cir. 2008), undermine the conclusion that the district court here ordered specific 

performance. Supra, at 12–13. Quite unlike this case, the district court’s “Remedies 

Order” in Van Antwerp followed a grant of summary judgment on a challenge to Clean 

Water Act permits brought under the Administrative Procedure Act. See Van Antwerp, 

526 F.3d at 1356, 1358. The district court gave “clear, enforceable directives” granting the 

relief “that Sierra Club requested in its complaint.” Id. at 1358. The case did not involve 

remedying a breach of contract or enforcing a settlement agreement. The court did not 

purport to be interpreting and compelling specific performance of mutually agreed-upon 

terms, as the district court did here. See, e.g., Ford v. Citizens & S. Nat’l Bank, 928 F.2d 

1118, 1122 (11th Cir. 1991) (“The motion to enforce the settlement agreement essentially 

is an action to specifically enforce a contract.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Saber 

v. FinanceAmerica Credit Corp., 843 F.2d 697, 702 (3d Cir. 1988) (“A settlement 

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agreement is a contract, and an order enforcing a contract is ordinarily described as an order 

for specific performance.”). Thus, the Van Antwerp court’s jurisdictional ruling is of little 

help in discerning what species of equitable relief—or fowl, in the majority’s parlance—is 

present here.

II.

The majority breaks new ground by holding that a party requesting enforcement of 

a settlement agreement must satisfy the four-factor test of either Winter v. Natural 

Resources Defense Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008), or eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 

547 U.S. 388 (2006), or both. These tests are prerequisites to obtaining preliminary or 

permanent injunctive relief. But neither applies in this context, and it is a mistake to require 

their application both in this case and more generally to motions seeking to enforce 

settlement agreements.

For starters, our precedent has not required district courts to apply Winter or eBay 

before enforcing settlement agreements over which they have ancillary jurisdiction. See, 

e.g., Swift, 636 Fed. App. at 155–156; Topiwala, 509 Fed. App. at 187. Indeed, the majority 

cites no authority—from any court—for doing so; neither does Wudi.

There is good reason for this dearth of supporting authority. Specific performance 

of a settlement agreement is not the same remedy as a judicially crafted injunction. Under 

Winter, a party seeking a preliminary injunction must show “[1] that he is likely to succeed 

on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary 

relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the 

public interest.” 555 U.S. at 20. Under eBay, a party requesting permanent injunctive 

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relief must win on the merits and then demonstrate “(1) that it has suffered an irreparable 

injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to 

compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the 

plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest 

would not be disserved by a permanent injunction.” 547 U.S. at 391. Both tests incorporate 

similar considerations, though in different terms calibrated for the distinct proceedings in 

which they are used. Settlement agreements largely account for these considerations. After 

all, a settlement agreement constitutes the parties’ bargained-for resolution of the case and 

agreed-upon remedies to redress their injuries based on their understanding of the balance 

of hardships and equities between them. Because public policy favors settlement, see 

McDermott, Inc. v. AmClyde, 511 U.S. 202, 215 (1994), it generally does not disserve the 

public interest to enforce parties’ agreements. 

Requiring a district court to undertake a separate Winter or eBay analysis before 

enforcing a settlement agreement gives the court authority to supersede the parties’ 

intentions as expressed in their agreement, such as by reweighing the balance of equities 

between the parties. And when it comes to the final enforcement of a settlement agreement, 

the majority’s approach weakens the stability and finality that settlement offers because it 

allows a party with buyer’s remorse to rely on eBay’s second factor to undermine a 

settlement agreement whenever it concludes paying damages would be more palatable than 

keeping its end of the original bargain. The majority fails to grapple with these potential 

consequences.

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Moreover, the facts belie the majority’s insistence that the First Order “was a 

preliminary injunction,” supra, at 13, that must “satisfy the four-factor Winter test,” supra, 

at 15. Recall that the first Winter factor requires a court to assess whether the moving party 

“is likely to succeed on the merits.” 555 U.S. at 20 (emphasis added). That question was 

not at issue below. GTOR charged Wudi with violating the Agreement’s restrictions on 

social media advertising and asked the district court to “enter an order requiring Wudi to 

take the actions necessary to comply with” the Agreement. J.A. 116. No assessment of 

whether GTOR would likely prevail in the future on its claim that Wudi breached the 

Agreement was necessary or requested. Instead, GTOR asked the court to proceed directly 

to the merits, and the court did so when it found Wudi in breach and ordered it to come 

into compliance with the Agreement. Thus, the First Order was not “a preliminary 

injunction” that “preserve[d] the status quo pending a final trial on the merits,” Hoechst 

Diafoil Co. v. Nan Ya Plastics Corp., 174 F.3d 411, 422 (4th Cir. 1999), but rather a 

decision resolving the merits and ordering Wudi to specifically perform its duties under 

the Agreement. By labeling such an order a preliminary injunction and mandating that the 

district court apply Winter, the majority creates confusion for lower courts going forward. 

III.

Even though our precedent permitted the district court to summarily enforce the 

parties’ Settlement Agreement, the district court still had to comply with the Federal Rules 

of Civil Procedure when it issued its enforcement order. I agree with the majority that the 

district court had to follow Rule 65(d); however, I would hold that the district court’s order 

satisfied that rule and that Rule 52 did not impose additional requirements on the court.

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Beginning with Rule 52, the district court was “not required to state findings or 

conclusions when ruling on” the motion to enforce. Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(3). The court’s 

enforcement order did not follow “an action tried on the facts without a jury.” Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 52(a)(1). Nor did it grant or refuse “an interlocutory injunction.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

52(a)(2). This conclusion is consistent with our precedent on summary enforcement of a 

settlement agreement. See Hensley, 277 F.3d at 540–541; Millner, 643 F.2d at 1009.

To order specific performance of the Agreement, the district court had to comply 

with Rule 65(d). This is because, “however it might be characterized for other purposes,” 

any “equitable decree compelling obedience under the threat of contempt” is “an ‘order 

granting an injunction’ within the meaning of Rule 65(d).” Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n, 

Local 1291 v. Philadelphia Marine Trade Ass’n, 389 U.S. 64, 75–76 (1967). That rule 

requires a court issuing such an order to “(A) state the reasons why it issued; (B) state its 

terms specifically; and (C) describe in reasonable detail—and not by referring to the 

complaint or other document—the act or acts restrained or required.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

65(d)(1). 

The district court satisfied these requirements. Regarding the reason for the order, 

the court found Wudi to be “in breach of Paragraphs 6(b) and 11 of the Settlement 

Agreement” by using forbidden trademarks in the European Carve-Out. Wudi Indus. 

(Shanghai) Co. v. Wong, No. 1:20cv908-CMH-MSN, 2022 WL 2187419, at *1 (E.D. Va. 

Apr. 29, 2022); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(1)(A). The district court sufficiently stated the 

order’s terms and requirements by providing the basis for the court’s jurisdiction, detailing 

in five paragraphs the specific actions Wudi must take to comply with the Settlement 

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Agreement and the time for compliance, threatening contempt to coerce compliance, and 

awarding attorneys’ fees to GTOR. See Wudi Indus., 2022 WL 2187419, at *1–2; Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 65(d)(1)(B)–(C). The district court’s finding of breach, plus the specificity of the 

order’s requirements, suffice for us to understand and review the district court’s 

interpretation and application of the Agreement. Indeed, the five paragraphs specifying 

what Wudi must do and when and where it must do it ensure “that those who must obey 

[the order] will know what the court intends to require and what it means to forbid.” Int’l 

Longshoremen’s Ass’n, 389 U.S. at 76; see Abbott v. Perez, 138 S. Ct. 2305, 2321 (2018) 

(“Rule 65(d) protects the party against which an injunction is issued by requiring clear 

notice as to what that party must do or refrain from doing.”).

IV.

Because the district court did not commit a reversible procedural error, I would 

reach the merits of Wudi’s appeal. However, the majority has remanded the case without 

opining on the merits of the district court’s decision, so I similarly do not address the 

parties’ merits arguments.

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