Evidence-based Synthesis Program Department of Veterans Affairs

Health Services Research & Development Service

January 2014

Prepared for:

Department of Veterans Affairs

Veterans Health Administration

Quality Enhancement Research Initiative

Health Services Research & Development Service

Washington, DC 20420

Prepared by:

Evidence-based Synthesis Program (ESP) Center

West Los Angeles VA Medical Center

Los Angeles, CA

Paul G. Shekelle, MD, PhD, Director

Investigators:

Principal Investigators: 

Susanne Hempel, PhD

Paul G. Shekelle, MD, PhD

Co-Investigators: 

Stephanie L. Taylor, PhD

Michelle R. Solloway, PhD

Research Associates: 

Isomi M. Miake-Lye, BA 

Jessica M. Beroes, BS 

Roberta Shanman, MS

Marika J. Booth, MS

Andrew M. Siroka, BS

Evidence Map of Acupuncture

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PREFACE

Quality Enhancement Research Initiative’s (QUERI) Evidence-based Synthesis Program 

(ESP) was established to provide timely and accurate syntheses of targeted healthcare topics 

of particular importance to Veterans Affairs (VA) managers and policymakers, as they work to 

improve the health and healthcare of Veterans. The ESP disseminates these reports throughout 

VA.

QUERI provides funding for four ESP Centers and each Center has an active VA affiliation. The 

ESP Centers generate evidence syntheses on important clinical practice topics, and these reports 

help:

• develop clinical policies informed by evidence,

• guide the implementation of effective services to improve patient 

outcomes and to support VA clinical practice guidelines and performance 

measures, and 

• set the direction for future research to address gaps in clinical knowledge.

In 2009, the ESP Coordinating Center was created to expand the capacity of QUERI Central 

Office and the four ESP sites by developing and maintaining program processes. In addition, 

the Center established a Steering Committee comprised of QUERI field-based investigators, 

VA Patient Care Services, Office of Quality and Performance, and Veterans Integrated Service 

Networks (VISN) Clinical Management Officers. The Steering Committee provides program 

oversight, guides strategic planning, coordinates dissemination activities, and develops 

collaborations with VA leadership to identify new ESP topics of importance to Veterans and the 

VA healthcare system.

Comments on this evidence report are welcome and can be sent to Nicole Floyd, ESP 

Coordinating Center Program Manager, at nicole.floyd@va.gov.

Recommended citation: Hempel, S., Taylor, S. L., Solloway, M., Miake-Lye, I. M., Beroes, J. 

M., Shanman, R., Booth, M. J., Siroka, A. M., Shekelle, P. G. Evidence Map of Acupuncture. VAESP Project #05-226; 2013 

This report is based on research conducted by the Evidence-based Synthesis Program 

(ESP) Center located at the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 

funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office 

of Research and Development, Quality Enhancement Research Initiative. The findings 

and conclusions in this document are those of the author(s) who are responsible for its 

contents; the findings and conclusions do not necessarily represent the views of the 

Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States government. Therefore, no statement 

in this article should be construed as an official position of the Department of Veterans 

Affairs. No investigators have any affiliations or financial involvement (e.g., employment, 

consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents 

received or pending, or royalties) that conflict with material presented in the report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................. 1

Key Questions/Scope of Project .................................................................................................................... 1

METHODS

Inclusion Criteria ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Search ............................................................................................................................................................ 2

Procedure....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Data Synthesis............................................................................................................................................... 3

Bubble Plots................................................................................................................................................... 4

 Literature Size ................................................................................................................................. 4

 Clinical Effectiveness ...................................................................................................................... 4

 Confidence....................................................................................................................................... 6

Other Results................................................................................................................................................. 6

Future Research............................................................................................................................................. 6

Technical Expert Panel.................................................................................................................................. 7

Peer Review ................................................................................................................................................... 7

RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

EVIDENCE MAP OF ACUPUNCTURE FOR PAIN ......................................................................... 10

Executive Summary: Pain ........................................................................................................................... 11

EVIDENCE MAP OF ACUPUNCTURE FOR WELLNESS .......................................................... 15

Executive Summary: Wellness .................................................................................................................... 16

EVIDENCE MAP OF ACUPUNCTURE FOR MENTAL HEALTH .......................................... 19

Executive Summary: Mental Health ........................................................................................................... 20

OTHER INDICATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 22

ADVERSE EVENTS OF ACUPUNCTURE........................................................................................... 23

Reviews of Adverse Events of Acupuncture ............................................................................................... 23

 Pain Domain .................................................................................................................................. 23

 Wellness Domain........................................................................................................................... 24

 Mental Health Domain .................................................................................................................. 24

 Other Indications ........................................................................................................................... 24

FUTURE RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................... 25

Pain Domain ................................................................................................................................................ 26

Wellness Domain......................................................................................................................................... 26

Mental Health Domain ................................................................................................................................ 27

Other Indications......................................................................................................................................... 27
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ONGOING RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................ 28

SUMMARY AND LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................. 29

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 30

FIGURES

Figure 1: Systematic reviews on acupuncture published January 2005 to March 2013................................ 8

Figure 2: Research volume by priority topic areas ........................................................................................ 8

BUBBLE PLOTS

Acupuncture for Pain................................................................................................................................... 10

Acupuncture for Wellness ............................................................................................................................ 15

Acupuncture for Mental Health ................................................................................................................... 19

APPENDIX. PEER REVIEW COMMENTS/AUTHOR RESPONSES ................................................................. 48
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EVIDENCE MAP OF ACUPUNCTURE

BACKGROUND

Many Veterans desire complementary and alternative medicine or integrative medicine 

modalities such as acupuncture, both for treatment and for the promotion of wellness. However, 

the effectiveness and adverse events associated with acupuncture are not firmly established. 

Given the VA’s desire to promote evidence-based practice, this evidence mapping project will 

help provide guidance to VA leadership about the distribution of evidence to inform policy and 

clinical decision making.

In general, acupuncture is the stimulation of specific acupuncture points through penetration of 

the skin with needles, which aims to correct imbalances in the flow of qi, a concept of energy 

in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), through meridians (ie, energy channels). The available 

published literature on acupuncture is extensive. PubMed searches in 2013 identified almost 

20,000 citations with the term “acupuncture” and almost 1,500 randomized controlled trials 

(RCTs) with “acupuncture” in the title. Not surprisingly, a large number of systematic reviews 

and meta-analyses have been published to-date, and even a number of “reviews of reviews” 

are available in the published literature on acupuncture in general1-6 or for a specific clinical 

condition.4,7-20

Results from existing reviews of reviews about the effectiveness of acupuncture are nonconclusive. A systematic review of systematic reviews of acupuncture published between 

1996 and 2005 included 35 reviews.1

 The overview noted that 12 reviews reported support for 

acupuncture and 6 reported strong support; however, when applying strict inclusion criteria, 

such as randomized and double blind studies, good evidence of no benefit was shown. In 2007, 

Adams compiled a “Brief Overview – A summary of the evidence for use of acupuncture from 

systematic reviews and meta-analyses” for the Veterans Health Administration Office of Patient 

Care Services Technology Assessment Program.21 The report included 42 systematic reviews 

published since 2002 and concluded that higher quality studies are only beginning to emerge, 

the evidence base is heterogeneous, and the review results highlight the overall poor quality of 

studies and reporting. Thus, it is timely to assess the current state of reviews of acupuncture.

KEY QUESTIONS/SCOPE OF PROJECT

The project deliverables are:

•	 An evidence map that provides a visual overview of the distribution of evidence (both 

what is known and where there is little or no evidence base) for acupuncture; and 

•	 A set of executive summaries that would help stakeholders interpret the state of the 

evidence to inform policy and clinical decision making. 

This project maps the literature for the indications Pain, Mental Health and Wellness; as well as 

any clinical area for which at least 3 reviews and/or recent large RCTs exist. 
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METHODS

This systematic review of systematic reviews provides an overview of the existing literature on 

acupuncture. 

INCLUSION CRITERIA

To be included in the review of reviews, studies had to meet the following criteria:

•	 Participants: Reviews and new RCTs including human adult participants undergoing 

acupuncture for any health-related indication were eligible for inclusion in the evidence 

map. Reviews and new RCTs in adult participants or not further specified age groups 

were included; reviews and new RCTs exclusively focusing on animals and exclusively 

focusing on children were excluded.

•	 Intervention: Reviews and new RCTs of effects of acupuncture using needles, including 

traditional Chinese acupuncture and other related acupuncture concepts, with or without 

electro stimulation, with or without moxibustion, and whole body as well as microsystem 

acupuncture, were eligible. Reviews or RCTs exclusively targeting acupressure, laser 

acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve simulation, or dry needling were excluded. 

Reviews on the effectiveness of acupuncture, alone or in combination with other 

traditional Chinese medicine approaches, were included. Reviews of clinical indications 

that included studies of acupuncture among many other interventions, and broad reviews 

on complementary and alternative medicine approaches without particular focus on 

acupuncture were not sought. Studies addressing the mechanism of action and correlates 

of acupuncture (eg, brain activity), or investigating the comparative effectiveness of 

different acupuncture regimes were excluded.

•	 Comparator (design): Systematic reviews focusing on acupuncture and summarizing 

primary research studies were eligible. Reviews either identified as “systematic review” 

in the title or abstract of the publication or reporting the search sources in the abstract 

were included. In addition, recent, large (N≥500 participants) RCTs focusing on 

acupuncture, reporting patient outcomes, and not yet included in existing reviews were 

included. RCTs had to report on the sample size or be described as a multicenter study in 

the title or abstract to be considered.

•	 Outcome: Patient outcomes addressed in reviews or trials were eligible. Reviews and 

RCTs of provider outcomes, acceptance, prevalence, use, costs, study design features, or 

intervention features not reporting patient health outcomes in the abstract were excluded.

•	 Timing: Reviews and new RCTs including any intervention duration and any followup point were eligible for inclusion. Reviews had to be published in or after 2005 to be 

included, regardless of the publication date of the included studies in the review. Of the 

recent RCTs, only those not yet included in existing systematic reviews were considered.

•	 Setting: Reviews and recent RCTs in healthcare-related settings were eligible. 

•	 English-language reviews, regardless of the language of the included studies, and recent, 

large RCTs were eligible for inclusion in the review of reviews. 

SEARCH 

For this project, we searched the electronic databases PubMed using the systematic review 

clinical query; the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), a database dedicated 
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to catalogue systematic reviews in healthcare; the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews 

which keeps a record of all ongoing and completed Cochrane reviews; and AMED, the Allied 

and Complementary Medicine database, in March 2013 to identify English-language systematic 

reviews published since 2005 focusing on acupuncture. In addition, we identified relevant 

reviews through the review registry PROSPERO, published reviews of reviews, and topic 

experts.

Recently published, large acupuncture RCTs indexed in PubMed and not yet included in existing 

systematic review were identified in topic specific searches using the Randomized Controlled 

Trial filter in PubMed.

PROCEDURE

In the first step, we identified systematic reviews meeting the inclusion criteria and removed 

data duplicates from the database so that the data from each review entered the dataset only 

once. This entailed identifying and consolidating online-only and final publication of articles, 

Cochrane reviews published in the Cochrane database and in a journal article, multiple updates 

of Cochrane reviews, and references to systematic reviews differently indexed in general and 

specialist systematic review databases. Where originals and updates of systematic reviews by the 

same author group were available only the most recent version was considered. These systematic 

reviews were then coded by clinical topic. 

Reviews and recent RCTs identified as potentially relevant and all unclear citations were ordered 

as full text to evaluate the publication against the specified inclusion criteria. The literature flow 

was documented in an electronic database. Reasons for exclusion of full text publications were 

recorded. Results of individual reviews and recent RCTs were extracted in an online database for 

systematic reviews.

DATA SYNTHESIS

We grouped the identified reviews and trials into the 3 VA priority areas: Pain, Wellness, and 

Mental Health. In addition, we added categories for Other Indications and for Adverse Events. 

General acupuncture reviews that could not be categorized as addressing pain, wellness, or 

mental health were included in the Other Indication domain. Topics of other indications were 

only eligible for synthesis if at least 3 systematic reviews or recent large RCTs were available for 

the specific topic.

Topic grouping into the priority domains was guided by a technical expert panel. All reviews 

focusing on pain regardless of the underlying condition were assigned to the Pain domain. The 

Wellness domain was used as a broad category covering a wide range of clinical indications 

and outcomes. This included reviews of indication-unspecific outcomes such as quality of 

life, reviews of treatments for chronic conditions that reported on symptoms that could be 

experienced by generally healthy people such as nausea, and reviews of very common conditions 

such as insomnia. The Mental Health domain covered core mental health conditions and 

chronic fatigue syndrome due to the use of mental health outcomes in the review. Topics were 

classified as Other Indication if they did not fit into the VA priority groups. Reviews on adverse 
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events were assigned to the Adverse Event category if they did not report on the therapeutic 

effectiveness of acupuncture as well. Where possible, reviews were assigned to one topic 

only based on the primary focus of the review rather than incorporated multiple times into the 

evidence synthesis.

BUBBLE PLOTS

The evidence base was distilled into a visual overview of each of the 3 VA priority areas using a 

bubble plot format. In order to be included in the bubble plots, reviews had to report effect sizes 

for patient health outcomes for each included study or a pooled result across included studies; 

present the citations for included studies so that the evidence was identifiable; report on RCT

data; and report the effects of passive-controlled studies. We extracted the specific topic (eg, 

depression treatment), the number of included RCTs, and the size of the treatment effect for the 

main patient outcomes according to passive-controlled RCT data, from each included systematic 

review with bubble plot-relevant data. We also extracted additional review characteristics such as 

whether the review was a Cochrane review or an independent patient data (IPD) review, whether 

the review showed a positive treatment effect in assessor-blinded RCTs, and whether a majority 

of studies included in the review not indexed in PubMed.

The bubble plots displays information about the research area in 3 dimensions: the estimated 

literature size (y-axis), the estimated treatment effect (x-axis), and the confidence in the reported 

effect (bubble size). Given the format, the large number of existing reviews, and the scope of this 

project, the bubble plots can only represent limited information. 

Literature size

First, the bubble plots provide an overview of the research volume or quantity for the included 

topics in each priority area. For this estimate, we used the number of included RCTs per review, 

selecting the systematic review with the most included acupuncture RCTs for the individual 

topic as the research volume estimate. Reviews vary in their inclusion criteria for study designs 

(for example whether or not they include observational studies) and providing the volume for 

a well-established research design such as RCT that is always likely to be included should 

provide a broad estimate. Furthermore, the number of RCTs should provide an indicator of 

the overall research volume sufficient for this map of the literature. A pilot test showed that an 

alternative method, cumulatively adding all studies included in reviews on a particular clinical 

indication to a database to determine the complete research pool, is immensely time consuming 

and not feasible for large-scale evidence maps. In the case of acupuncture research, hundreds of 

individual studies need to be cross-checked against dozens of reviews to prevent duplication, but 

the lack of unique study identifiers and differences in translation of study titles make such crosschecking impractical within the project timeframe and resources. 

Clinical effectiveness

Secondly, the bubble plots provide a broad estimate of the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture 

for each differentiated clinical indication. This estimate of clinical effectiveness should ideally 

be a continuous measure representing the summary effect size for the clinical indication. 

However, in trying to apply this display method to reviews of acupuncture, we were unable to 
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use a continuous measure such as effect size. Because the studies included in individual reviews 

may overlap, results of reviews cannot be pooled across reviews and meta-analyses (included 

studies are not all independent units, and individual studies may be included in more than 

one review). In addition, different reviews use different summary measures, such as weighted 

mean differences, odds ratios, or relative risks to summarize treatment effects; individual 

reviews focused on a variety of different condition-specific continuous or categorical outcome 

measures (e.g., treatment response, Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating 

Scale among hundreds of other measures); inclusion criteria for eligible RCTs differed across 

reviews; and the review authors’ conclusions were often inconsistent across reviews. Therefore, 

for this application, the bubble plots simply differentiate the findings according to 4 categories: 

“evidence of no effect,” “unclear evidence,” “evidence of a potential positive effect,” and 

“evidence of a positive effect.”

The category “evidence of no effect” was used for research areas that provided evidence for 

no positive effect, that is to say reviews which showed that results in the control groups are 

equivocal or better than in the acupuncture group. The “unclear evidence” category was used 

for conflicting results across reviews that could not be resolved or for conflicting results within 

reviews with authors summarizing the evidence as inconclusive. The “evidence of a potential 

positive effect” category was used for those areas where reviews showed that all individual RCTs 

or the pooled effect across RCTs were positive, but the best available secondary evidence or all 

systematic reviews concluded that the evidence base was insufficient to draw firm conclusions 

despite the statistically significant positive treatment effect. For example, several systematic 

reviews produced pooled estimates of effects that were statistically significantly positive, yet 

the review authors judged the evidence insufficient due to limitations of the included trials. 

The final category, “evidence of a positive effect,” was used for clinical areas with evidence of 

a statistically significant positive effect of acupuncture and where authors of the best available 

secondary literature recommended the intervention without major concerns regarding the 

existing evidence.

For each clinical topic, all available systematic reviews and recently published trials were 

reviewed. Most emphasis was given to Cochrane reviews, individual patient data reviews, and 

the largest review or recent trial. For topics with narrative reviews without statistical metaanalysis, conflicting results across or within reviews that could be resolved by a synthesis 

including all relevant RCTs, and for areas where a recent large trial was identified that was not 

yet incorporated into existing reviews, a statistician checked whether studies could be pooled 

and performed a meta-analysis to determine the treatment effect. The reanalysis used the data 

documented in the systematic reviews; it was not feasible to obtain primary study data from 

several hundred RCTs included in existing reviews. In many cases, it was not possible to resolve 

the conflicting evidence. Furthermore, the bubble plots summarize dozens of clinical areas, of 

which each area is represented by up to 10 recent reviews, each review potentially summarizing a 

large number of individual research studies. Hence the clinical effectiveness category should not 

be construed as a definitive answer of the effectiveness but rather represents a broad overview, or 

trend, to broadly summarize the research field.

The effect determination focused on the effectiveness of acupuncture compared to that of 

“passive” control groups, such as a waiting list group, no treatment, placebo / sham acupuncture, 
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prescription-free or provider-independent interventions, usual care not further specified, and 

treatments given to both RCT arms. As we discuss in the future research section, what constitutes 

a valid control group for acupuncture intervention studies is an area of controversy. For this 

broad map of the literature we did not favor one control modality over another and had to 

rely on the published reviews to differentiate or pool across passive comparators. In order to 

provide a coherent and easy-to-interpret bubble plot across individual topics, we did not include 

the comparative effectiveness of acupuncture, that is to say acupuncture compared to active 

comparators such as medication interventions (e.g., equivalence or superiority assessments for 

acupuncture versus antidepressants). Instead, identified comparative effectiveness results were 

summarized in the narrative synthesis.

Confidence

Finally, our confidence in the effect for each clinical indicator is represented by the size of the 

corresponding bubble. By default, we categorized our level of confidence as “Medium”. We 

changed the confidence to “High” only if an effect was shown in a Cochrane review adhering to 

strict methodological criteria or in an IPD systematic review not subject to typical meta-analytic 

limitations, based on the assumption that both of these kinds of reviews represent stronger 

evidence than an average systematic review. We changed the confidence to “Low” if the reported 

treatment effect was based primarily on studies not indexed in the largest medical database 

PubMed (defined as more than 50% of relevant RCTs not indexed) based on the assumption that 

studies in journals and other outlets not indexed in PubMed are more likely to be of low quality 

than studies published in PubMed-indexed journals. This issue has been shown to be of particular 

relevance to the research area acupuncture.22,23

Given the large number of clinical topics, the large number of reviews, and the fact that some 

clinical topics were associated with up to 10 current systematic reviews from independent author 

groups, this assessment could take only very limited information into account.

OTHER RESULTS

Results from comparative effectiveness reviews (ie, reviews comparing acupuncture to other 

active treatments) were summarized in a narrative synthesis for each of the domains.

Adverse events of acupuncture interventions were summarized in a narrative synthesis. For this 

broad overview we only included reviews addressing adverse events in the title or the abstract 

of the publication and thereby indicating that adverse events were one of the main research 

questions addressed by the review.

FUTURE RESEARCH

We identified evidence gaps by documenting clinical indications for which there is conflicting 

evidence across identified reviews or where reviews concluded that the existing evidence base is 

insufficient to come to firm conclusions. In addition, we documented those topic areas for which 

systematic reviews exist, but for which the reviews did not identify relevant RCTs. For the nonpriority areas we highlighted where research on acupuncture was available but there were only 
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one or 2 systematic reviews published since 2005 to provide a current estimate of the evidence. 

Finally, we checked the literature for ongoing systematic reviews that may become available to 

summarize a topic area in the near future.

TECHNICAL EXPERT PANEL

The technical expert panel (TEP] for the project included Dr. Stephen Ezeji-Okoye, VHA CO 

Field Advisory Committee on Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Laura Krejci, Associate 

Director Office of Patient Centered Care and Cultural Transformation; Dr. Edward Seunghoon 

Lee; Dr. Marc Goldstein; Dr. An-Fu Hsiao; and Dr. Walter Fricke.

PEER REVIEW

A draft version of the deliverables was reviewed by technical experts, as well as clinical 

leadership. Reviewer comments were addressed in the final product and are documented in the 

appendix.
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RESULTS

The electronic literature search identified 1,223 citations. Of these, 183 citations were classified 

as unique systematic review citations meeting the inclusion criteria.24-205 The number of 

systematic review publications by year is shown in Figure 1 below. 

Figure 1: Systematic reviews on acupuncture published January 2005 to March 2013

The number of published reviews is increasing, between 9 and 35 reviews were published each 

year with a peak at 2012. The 2013 column only shows systematic reviews published between 

January and March 2013. 

For the evidence map, the results of the existing systematic reviews are presented in the priority 

areas: Pain, Wellness, and Mental Health. The distribution of topics is shown in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2: Research volume by priority topic areas

Of the identified priority areas, the most systematic reviews were published relevant to the 

indication Pain (N=65). In total, 44 reviews were classified as relevant to Wellness. For the 

indication Mental Health, the fewest systematic reviews were identified (N=20). A large number 

of systematic review did not appear to be relevant to any of the priority areas (Other Indication 

N=48). Six systematic reviews focused on Adverse Events, not the clinical effectiveness of 

acupuncture.

The specific clinical topics targeted in the existing systematic reviews included pain, headache, 

migraine, fibromyalgia, myofascial trigger point pain, burning mouth syndrome, ankle 

sprain, neck disorder, dysmenorrhea, trigeminal neuralgia, analgesia during surgery, anxiety, 

schizophrenia, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, chronic 
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fatigue syndrome, addiction in general, cocaine addiction, alcohol addiction, opiate addiction, 

smoking, opioid withdrawal symptoms, quality of life, exercise performance, hiccups, hot 

flushes, cancer, menopause-related effects, insomnia, cancer-related fatigue, nausea, cancer 

treatment-related adverse events, uremic pruritus, vasomotor menopausal symptoms, dry eye, 

dry mouth, premenstrual syndrome, erectile dysfunction, obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, 

constipation, Ménière’s disease, allergic rhinitis, tinnitus, restless legs, temporomandibular 

disorders, stroke, Bell’s palsy, fertility treatment, arthritis, Parkinson, uterine fibroids, pressure 

ulcer, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, fetal breech presentation, labor induction, 

aphasia, blood pressure, glaucoma, epilepsy, respiratory disease, asthma, facial spasm, cervical 

spondylotic radiculopathy, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and angina pectoris symptoms.
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EVIDENCE MAP OF ACUPUNCTURE FOR PAIN

The results for the clinical indication Pain are presented in the bubble plot and a text summary 

below. The bubble plot summarizes the results of 59 systematic reviews for 21 distinct 

indications relevant to the outcome pain [search date: March 2013].

Legend: The bubble plot shows an estimate of the evidence base for pain-related indications judging from systematic reviews and 

recent large RCTs. The plot depicts the estimated size of the literature (y-axis, number of RCTs included in largest review), the 

estimated effect (x-axis), and the confidence in the estimate (bubble size).
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The figure provides a broad visual overview over the evidence base. The bubble plot depicts the 

estimated research volume based on the number of acupuncture RCTs included in the largest 

review summarizing the clinical indication, the estimated treatment effect of acupuncture 

compared to passive control, and the confidence in the effect, judging from published systematic 

reviews. Estimates of the size of the treatment effect based on specific individual reviews as well 

as reason for classifying the evidence base as inconclusive are reported in the narrative synthesis. 

The evidence map used the clinical topics as addressed in existing reviews, and individual 

research studies may have contributed to a number of included reviews and clinical indications. 

All 3 depicted dimensions (literature size, effect, and confidence) are estimates and can only 

provide a broad overview of the evidence base.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: PAIN

As shown in the bubble plot, a large number of studies have addressed the treatment of 

headaches with acupuncture; a 2008 review included 31 RCTs124 and 5 independent systematic 

reviews have been published since 2005. A Cochrane review on tension-type headache by Linde 

et al., last updated in 2009, reported that 3 to 4 months after randomization, the pooled responder 

rate ratio was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05, 1.46) with 50% responders in the 

acupuncture groups compared to 41% in sham groups across 4 RCTs.120 The review concluded 

that acupuncture could be a valuable non-pharmacological tool in patients with frequent episodic 

or chronic tension-type headaches. A 2012 individual patient data meta-analysis published by 

Vickers et al for the Acupuncture Trialists’ Collaboration included data from 29 RCTs evaluating 

acupuncture for chronic pain.

47 The review reported that patients receiving acupuncture had 

less pain, with scores that were 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.33), 0.16 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.25) and 0.15 

(95% CI: 0.07, 0.24) standard deviations lower than sham controls for back and neck pain, 

osteoarthritis, and chronic headache. The review concluded that acupuncture is effective for the 

treatment of chronic pain and is a reasonable referral option. However, the most recent available 

best evidence syntheses concentrating on back pain, neck pain, or osteoarthritis individually 

do not summarize the evidence as equally unrestrictedly positive, as outlined further below. 

Thus, the conclusion that acupuncture had evidence of effectiveness with high confidence for 

chronic pain patients is currently still limited by the lack of conclusive evidence syntheses for 

the individual conditions that make up 50-65% of chronic pain, namely back pain and neck pain. 

There is considerable research available for migraine prophylaxis; a 2009 Cochrane review 

by the same author group working on headaches included 22 acupuncture RCTs.121 The review 

reported sufficient detail for a reanalysis and a positive effect across all passive controlled RCTs 

as defined in this review of reviews was identified. However, it should be noted that effects 

were driven by RCTs comparing acupuncture to no acupuncture (relative risk [RR] 2.33; 95% 

CI: 2.02, 2.69), not RCTs comparing acupuncture and sham (RR 1.13; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.35). The 

review concluded that acupuncture should be considered a treatment option for patients willing 

to undergo this treatment. More than half of the 7 included RCTs on chronic headaches included 

in the chronic pain IPD meta-analysis47 are also included in the Cochrane reviews on headaches 

and migraine.

Dysmenorrhea has also been addressed in a large number of primary studies; a 2010 systematic 

review on primary dysmenorrhea included 27 RCTs.92 A Cochrane review on dysmenorrhea last 
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updated in 2012 reported an improvement in pain relief from acupuncture compared with placebo 

control (odds ratio [OR] 9.5, 95% CI: 21.17, 51.8) and concluded that acupuncture may reduce 

period pain but further well-designed RCTs are needed.72 Osteoarthritis has also been targeted 

in a large number of systematic reviews (we identified 6 recent reviews from independent author 

groups) and individual research studies; a 2012 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) 

network meta-analysis on the relief of chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee included 

22 acupuncture RCTs.174 The report, comparing different physical treatments, concluded that 

acupuncture is one of a number of physical treatments that produces a clinically-relevant effect 

in alleviating pain in the short-term, and although further research is needed to substantiate 

these conclusions, acupuncture should be considered as an evidence-based treatment option for 

relieving pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee. A 2010 Cochrane review on acupuncture for 

peripheral joint osteoarthritis reported positive results for acupuncture in comparison to sham 

and waiting list control but not as add-on treatment compared to exercise-based physiotherapy 

alone. The review concluded that benefits compared to shame were small, did not meet predefined thresholds for clinical relevance, and were probably due at least partially to placebo 

effects from incomplete blinding, while effects compared to waiting list were clinically relevant 

but could be associated with expectation or placebo effects.97 A recent RCT206 not yet included 

in the existing systematic reviews and one of the largest available studies on acupuncture and 

osteoarthritis (N=527) reported no statistically significant differences between acupuncture 

and sham, but a reanalysis combining the largest review and this trial showed that the pooled 

treatment effect would remain positive if included in an updated meta-analysis. The IPD metaanalysis on chronic pain47 included 9 osteoarthritis RCTs. Acupuncture for pain management

regardless of the underlying conditions has been addressed in some of the identified reviews; the 

largest review on auriculotherapy for pain management included 17 RCTs.78 The review reported 

auriculotherapy was superior to controls for studies evaluating pain intensity (standardized mean 

difference [SMD] 1.56, 95% CI: 0.85, 2.26) but concluded that a more accurate estimate of the 

effect requires further large, well-designed trials. A 2009 systematic review on acupuncture for 

pain treatment published in the BMJ concluded that a small analgesic effect of acupuncture was 

found, which seems to lack clinical relevance and cannot be clearly distinguished from bias.119

A 2013 review on acupuncture for ankle sprain included 17 RCTs.30 The review found that 

significantly more participants in acupuncture groups reported global symptom improvement 

compared with no acupuncture (RR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.77), but the review was primarily 

based on non-indexed publications, trial quality was poor, no sham controlled RCT was 

identified, and the review concluded that given methodological shortcomings and the small 

number of high-quality primary studies, the available evidence is insufficient to recommend 

acupuncture as an evidence-based treatment option. Cancer-associated pain has been addressed 

in 15 RCTs according to the largest recent review.59 A 2012 Cochrane review identified one 

relevant RCT that showed statistically significant differences between the acupuncture and 

placebo groups but the review concluded there is insufficient evidence to judge whether 

acupuncture is effective in treating cancer pain in adults.73 Labor pain has also been addressed 

in a number of primary studies; a 2010 review included 10 RCTs.85 A 2011 Cochrane review 

reported less intense pain from acupuncture compared with no intervention (SMD -1.00, 95% CI: 

-1.33, -.067) and positive effects for other outcomes and comparators; however, all comparisons 

were based on one RCT each and the review concluded acupuncture may have a role in relieving 

pain during labor but more research is needed.67
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Positive effects were also reported for other clinical indications; however the evidence base 

was considerably smaller. A review on prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome included 9 

acupuncture RCTs in total and reported a positive effect of acupuncture compared to sham (RR 

1.56, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.24); however this result was based on one RCT only.71 The largest of 4 

recent reviews on temporomandibular joint disorders included 7 RCTs in total.195 The review 

reported significant improvements in pain intensity for a visual analogue scale (weighted mean 

difference [WMD] -12.6, 95% CI: -21.2, -6.1) but concluded that further rigorous studies are 

required to establish beyond doubt whether acupuncture has therapeutic value for this indication. 

A review on acupuncture for plantar heel pain included 5 RCTs and the passive controlled 

RCTs reported statistically significant positive results for pain outcomes, but only 2 RCTs 

were classified as high quality and no pooled result was presented to determine the size of the 

treatment effect.44 A review specific to pregnancy-associated pelvic and back pain included 3 

RCTs in total and both acupuncture as add-on treatment RCTs reported statistically significant 

results. However, no pooled effect was presented to estimate the size of the treatment effect.143

Acupuncture for the treatment of back pain has received a great deal of research attention but 

the evidence base regarding the effectiveness of acupuncture remains unclear judging from 

the available systematic reviews. We identified 10 recent systematic reviews on acupuncture 

for back pain and the largest review, a review on the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety of 

selected complementary and alternative medicine published by Furlan et al in 2012, included 

33 acupuncture RCTs.62 The review showed a positive effect of acupuncture compared to 

no treatment but noted that sham-acupuncture controlled trials tended towards statistically 

nonsignificant results. A 2005 evidence synthesis on low back pain within the framework of 

the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that the data do not allow firm conclusions regarding 

the effectiveness of acupuncture for acute low back pain.170 It is noteworthy that the IPD metaanalysis (see above) on chronic pain which concluded that acupuncture is effective for treating 

chronic pain also included 10 back pain studies. The largest review on neck pain is the review 

by Furlan et al. 62 published in 2012; it includes 24 acupuncture RCTs. The review came to 

the same conclusion as for back pain while 2 smaller reviews reported favorable results for 

acupuncture. The IPD meta-analysis by Vickers at al included some back pain and neck pain 

studies but was limited to chronic pain (defined as the current episode of pain being of at least 

4 weeks’ duration), a pooled result was only given for a combined back and neck pain analysis, 

and indication-specific effects or the individual size of the treatment effect are not known. 

Acupuncture effects on analgesia during surgery were reviewed by Lee and Ernst in 2005; 

the review included 19 RCTs and the evidence was judged to be inconclusive. Two systematic 

reviews on postoperative pain were published in 2008. The study selection was not identical 

across reviews and there were inconsistent results across included studies; one of the review 

concluded the evidence that auricular acupuncture reduces postoperative pain is promising but 

not compelling.123 Fibromyalgia has been addressed in 12 RCTs according to one of 3 recent 

systematic reviews; effectiveness results are inconsistent within and across reviews. Results 

regarding shoulder pain are also inconclusive. A 2012 review on shoulder pain after stroke 

included 3 relevant acupuncture RCTs but did not report a pooled treatment effect estimate; a 

Cochrane review on shoulder pain, last updated in 2005, identified 9 RCTs with varying results 

and concluded that due to a small number of clinical and methodological diverse trials, little can 

be concluded from the review.167,207 The evidence base for rheumatoid arthritis is also unclear 
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and insufficient data were reported to determine the effectiveness across reviews and included 

trials. A Cochrane review last updated in 2005 highlighted that conclusions are limited by 

methodological considerations such as the type of acupuncture, the site of intervention, the small 

number of clinical trials, and the small sample size of the included studies.165

A single review on carpal tunnel syndrome was identified that included 6 RCTs. The review 

did not find statistically significant differences in 2 sham controlled RCTs and conflicting results 

across outcomes for acupuncture as an add-on treatment in a further RCT.

In addition, a small number of reviews were identified that could not be incorporated in the 

bubble plot. They addressed primarily the comparative effectiveness of acupuncture in relation 

to other treatments. The reviews reported that acupuncture was more effective than conventional 

pharmacological therapies in the treatment of gouty arthritis35 and neurovascular headache 

(although this is based on a very limited number of studies),69 more effective than Chinese 

herbal medicine for endometriosis,65 but no more effective than pharmacological sedation for 

egg retrieval during assisted reproductive therapy173 and of similar efficacy as carbamazepine for 

trigeminal neuralgia in the existing low-quality studies.181 One systematic review on myofascial 

trigger point pain reported positive results. However, the number of traditional acupuncture trials, 

rather than trials on dry needling inserted directly into the trigger points, supporting the result 

was not reported. A systematic review on acupuncture or acupoint injection for management 

of burning mouth syndrome180 found injections to be superior to laser acupuncture; no passive 

controlled acupuncture RCTs were identified. 
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EVIDENCE MAP OF ACUPUNCTURE FOR WELLNESS

The results for Wellness-relevant indications and outcomes are presented in the bubble plot and 

text summary below. The bubble plot represents 43 systematic reviews and 3 recent large RCTs 

not yet incorporated in existing reviews summarizing effects for 20 distinct clinical indications 

relevant to Wellness [search date: March 2013]. 

Legend: The bubble plot shows an estimate of the evidence base for wellness-related indications judging from systematic reviews 

and recent large trials. The plot shows the estimated size of the literature (y-axis, number of RCTs included in largest review), the 

estimated effect (x-axis), and the confidence in the estimate (bubble size).
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The figure provides a visual overview of the evidence base of acupuncture for wellness 

indications. The bubble plot depicts the estimated research volume based on the number of 

acupuncture RCTs included in the largest review for each of the differentiated clinical areas, the 

estimated treatment effect compared to passive control, and the confidence in the effect estimate, 

judging from published systematic reviews. Effect size estimates of the treatment effect based on 

specific individual reviews, as well as reason for classifying the evidence base as inconclusive, 

are reported in the narrative synthesis. The evidence map used the clinical topics as addressed 

in existing reviews and individual research studies may have contributed to a number of 

included reviews and clinical indications. All 3 depicted dimensions (literature size, effect, and 

confidence) are estimates and can only provide a broad overview of the evidence base.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: WELLNESS

As shown in the bubble plot, the largest research area was the indication insomnia. We identified 

7 recent systematic reviews by independent author groups; the largest review, published in 2009, 

included 46 acupuncture RCTs.24 A 2012 Cochrane review reported that compared with other 

treatment alone, acupuncture as an adjunct might marginally increase the proportion of people 

with improved sleep quality (OR 3.1, 95% CI: 1.9, 4.9) but concluded that the current evidence 

is not sufficiently rigorous to support or refute acupuncture for treating insomnia. The role of 

acupuncture in obesity has also been evaluated in a large number of studies; a 2012 review 

included 44 primarily non-PubMed indexed acupuncture RCTs.60 The review reported a risk ratio 

of 2.14 (95% CI: 1.58, 2.90) in favor of body weight reduction with a mean difference in body 

weight reduction of 2.76kg (95% CI: 1.61, 3.83) but noted that the majority of included studies 

was of low quality. A competing review including 31 acupuncture RCTs concluded that results 

suggested that acupuncture is an effective treatment for obesity; however, the amount of evidence 

is not fully convincing because of the poor methodological quality of trials reviewed.122 Smoking 

cessation has also been addressed in a large number of studies; a 2011 Cochrane review included 

31 acupuncture RCTs. The review reported that compared with sham acupuncture the risk ratio 

for short-term effects was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.34) and 1.05 (CI: 0.82, 1.35) for long-term 

effects74 but concluded there is no consistent, bias-free evidence that acupuncture, acupressure, 

laser therapy, or electro-stimulation are effective for smoking cessation and no firm conclusions 

can be drawn. A 2012 review reported positive effects of acupoint stimulation at immediate, 

3- and 6-month follow-up but did not differentiate effects of acupuncture, acupressure, electroacupuncture, or percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.53 Nausea and vomiting was addressed 

in a number of publications for a variety of indications and results appear to depend on the 

underlying condition causing the symptom. A 2009 Cochrane review included 11 acupuncture 

RCTs evaluating the effect of wrist acupuncture point P6 stimulation (acupressure, acupuncture, 

electro-acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, laser stimulation, capsicum plaster, 

acustimulation device) for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).111 The review 

reported a pooled effect size of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.48, 0.89) for acupuncture trials compared 

to sham for nausea and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.84) for vomiting. The review concluded that 

P6 acupoint stimulation prevents post-operative nausea and vomiting; however the majority 

of included studies evaluated acupressure or other treatments and no conclusions specific to 

acupuncture were presented. 
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Positive effects were also reported for other clinical indications; however, the effects are based 

on only a small number of primary research studies. A Cochrane review on acupuncture for 

restless legs syndrome reported dermal needle therapy in combination with medications and 

massage was more effective than medications and massage alone in terms of remission of 

unpleasant sensation in the legs (RR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.75). However, the result was based 

on a single RCT and the review concluded that the evidence is insufficient.130 A systematic 

review on the efficacy of TCM for the management of constipation included 3 acupuncture 

RCTs.99 The RCTs comparing acupuncture treatment with patients taking lactulose or Folium 

Sennae reported statistically significant benefits in favor of acupuncture but no pooled effect was 

reported to estimate the size of the acupuncture treatment effect.

The clinical effectiveness is unclear for a number of wellness-relevant indications. Several 

primary studies and systematic reviews have been published on cancer treatment-associated 

physical adverse events; a 2013 review included 41 RCTs addressing a variety of adverse 

events such as pain, nausea, hot flashes, fatigue, xerostomia, prolonged postoperative ileus, 

anxiety / mood disorders, and sleep disturbance.38 The review concluded that acupuncture is an 

appropriate adjunctive treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea / vomiting but additional 

studies are needed, and for other symptoms efficacy remains undetermined due to the high 

risk of bias of existing studies. A Cochrane review specific to chemotherapy-induced nausea 

or vomiting reported that stimulation with needles reduced the proportion of acute vomiting 

(RR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.94) but not acute nausea severity. Results were inconsistent for 

elector-acupuncture and manual acupuncture, and studies combining electro-acupuncture with 

state-of-the-art antiemetics and in patients with refractory symptoms are needed to determine 

clinical relevance.161 The evidence base across and within 5 additional reviews on cancer and 

cancer-treatment related adverse events or specific conditions such as cancer-related fatigue, hot 

flashes in breast cancer survivors, and hiccups in cancer patients was judged to be insufficient to 

draw firm conclusions by the review authors. A Cochrane review on irritable bowel syndrome 

(IBS) included 17 RCTs57. The review indicated that acupuncture was more effective than no 

specific therapy (RR 2.11, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.79) and Chinese medicine treatment alone (RR 

1.17, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.33), but not sham acupuncture for symptom severity (SMD -0.11, 95% 

CI: -0.35, 0.013) or quality of life (SMD -0.03, 95% CI: -0.27, 0.22). Results of effects of 

acupuncture on rhinitis were judged to be inconsistent in 3 systematic reviews; the largest 

review included 12 acupuncture RCTs. A recent, large RCT, commissioned by German health 

insurance companies as part of the “Acupuncture in Routine Care” study and not yet included 

in existing reviews, included 981 randomized participants with allergic rhinitis. The study 

reported a mean improvement of 1.48 (SE 0.06) on a rhinitis quality of life questionnaire in the 

acupuncture group and 0.50 (SE 0.06) in the control group (p<0.001).208 The existing reviews 

did not report sufficient data to allow a reanalysis of all available RCTs. A 2006 systematic 

review on acupuncture treatment in gastrointestinal diseases included 10 RCTs covering a 

wide range of indications and reported that quality of life improved independently from the 

treatment, real or sham acupuncture, while a recent large RCT on functional dyspepsia and a 

trial on gastroesophageal reflux disease reported superior effects of true acupuncture, and a 

meta-analytic reanalysis for the purpose of this review of reviews was not possible.209,210 Two 

reviews on acupuncture effects on blood pressure and one review on tinnitus concluded that 

the evidence is inconclusive. Reviews on menopausal symptoms, premenstrual syndrome, 
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and xerostomia showed conflicting results across reviews; each topic was targeted in 2 to 3 

reviews by independent researcher groups. Reviews on dry eye, exercise performance, rrectile 

dysfunction and quality of life found conflicting results across included studies, did not pool 

results, and provided insufficient details for a reanalysis without obtaining original trials data. 

The reviews indicate that only a limited number of individual studies are available, ranging from 

2 to 6 included acupuncture RCTs.

A review on acustimulation effects on nausea and vomiting in pregnant women (nauseapregnancy) included 4 acupuncture RCTs and reported no effect in reducing nausea and 

vomiting.154

In addition, a small number of reviews were identified that could not be incorporated in the 

bubble plots. They primarily addressed the comparative effectiveness of acupuncture in 

comparison to other active treatments. One review concluded, based on individual RCTs and 

existing meta-analyses, that acupuncture was as effective as pharmacological therapies or 

acupressure in addressing postoperative nausea but not vomiting.54 A review of the effects 

of acupuncture on hot flushes in men with prostate cancer117 and reviews of auriculotherapy 

(either acupuncture or auricular taping) for managing constipation87, 211 concluded most studies 

were too methodologically flawed to reach a conclusion. A recent Chinese-language RCT 

(N=577 participants) not yet included in existing reviews on acupuncture for pulmonary 

function concluded that the effect of acupuncture is equal to salbutamol aerosol inhalation.211 A 

systematic review on acupuncture for respiratory disease in Japan 197 included 2 relevant RCTs, 

and the evidence tables indicated that acupuncture was superior to waiting list controls for cold 

prevention. However, no numerical values were reported and the statistical significance is not 

known. 
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EVIDENCE MAP OF ACUPUNCTURE FOR MENTAL HEALTH

The results for mental health indications are presented in the bubble plot and text summary 

below. The bubble plot represents 17 systematic reviews summarizing evidence for 9 clinical 

indications relevant to mental health [search date: March 2013]. 

Legend: The bubble plot shows an estimate of the evidence base for mental health-related indications judging from systematic 

reviews and recent large trials. The plot depicts the estimated size of the literature (y-axis, number of RCTs included in largest 

review), the estimated effect (x-axis), and the confidence in the estimate (bubble size).
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The figure provides a broad visual overview of the evidence base of acupuncture for mental 

health. The bubble plot depicts the estimated research volume based on the number of 

acupuncture RCTs included in the largest review for each of the 10 depicted clinical indications, 

the estimated treatment effect of acupuncture compared to passive control, and the confidence 

in the effect estimate, judging from published systematic reviews. Effect sizes based on specific 

individual reviews, as well as reason for classifying the evidence bases as inconclusive, are 

reported in the narrative synthesis. The evidence map used the clinical topics as addressed 

in existing reviews and individual research studies may have contributed to a number of 

included reviews and clinical indications. All 3 depicted dimensions (literature size, effect, and 

confidence) are estimates and can only provide a broad overview of the evidence base.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: MENTAL HEALTH

As shown in the bubble plot, acupuncture for the treatment of depression has been evaluated 

in a large number of studies; a 2010 systematic review on acupuncture therapy in depressive 

disorders included 35 RCTs meeting an initial quality threshold.103 Across studies and across 

the most recent of the 5 identified systematic reviews positive effects were shown. However, 

effects depend on the comparator – a 2010 Cochrane review reported that acupuncture may have 

an additive benefit when combined with medication compared with medication alone but noted 

inconsistent effects from acupuncture compared with a waitlist control or sham acupuncture 

control. The review also noted a high risk of bias in the majority of included trials and concluded 

that evidence to recommend the use of acupuncture for people with depression is insufficient.96 

Schizophrenia has also been addressed in a number of studies; a 2009 systematic review 

included 13 RCTs.101 A Cochrane review with literature searches up to April 2005 reported that 

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) data favored a combined acupuncture and antipsychotic 

group (WMD -4.3, 95% CI: -7.0, -1.6). However data for global state outcomes, leaving the 

study early, and dichotomized BPRS data (improved versus not improved) were equivocal and 

the review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of acupuncture 

for people with schizophrenia.164 A review on acupuncture for anxiety and anxiety disorders 

included 10 RCTs.147 The review reported that all studies indicated positive findings; however, 

the review also pointed out that studies lacked many basic methodological details and concluded 

that there is insufficient research evidence for firm conclusions.

Regarding topics with fewer primary research studies and positive results, a review on 

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was identified that included 4 RCTs. The review found 

that acupuncture was superior to waitlist control (posttraumatic symptom scale-self report effect 

size [ES] -0.98, p=0.001) and cognitive behavioral therapy alone (Revised Impact on Event Scale 

ES -1.56, p<0.001) based on one RCT each.31

The role of acupuncture for opiate addiction has been addressed in a substantial number 

of studies; a 2009 systematic review included 21 RCTs of acupuncture therapy combined 

with opioid receptor agonists for heroin detoxification,188 but the evidence base regarding the 

effectiveness of acupuncture is unclear. The largest review reported no effects on relapse rate 

after 6 months and the methodology of some included trials was poor; however, positive effects 

for withdrawal symptoms, side effects, and medication dosage were shown. A competing review 

concluded that the review results cannot be used to establish the efficacy of acupuncture in the 
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treatment of opiate addiction because the majority of included studies were classified as having 

low quality.58 A review on auricular acupuncture for not further specified drug addiction and a 

review on acupuncture for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) showed conflicting results across 

included studies and did neither pool the data nor report sufficient detail for a reanalysis. The 

reviews included 10 or fewer studies.

Three recent reviews on cocaine addiction, including a Cochrane review last updated in 2006,162

did not support the use of acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine dependence; the largest 

review included 9 RCTs. A single review on alcohol dependence was identified reviewing 11 

RCTs; it did not report favorable results and concluded that the existing studies do not allow any 

conclusion about acupuncture treatment efficacy.

In addition, 2 reviews were identified that could not be incorporated into the bubble plot. One 

review concluded that acupuncture was no more effective than other treatments in treating opiate 

addiction.159 A review comparing acupuncture and Western medicine for post-stroke depression190

found mixed results depending on the selected patient outcome.
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OTHER INDICATIONS

Only 2 indications that were not already included in the priority areas Pain, Wellness, or Mental 

Health were identified that were addressed in 3 or more systematic reviews. The unique topics 

are presented in the Future Research section.

A large number of individual studies and 9 recent systematic reviews have been published 

relating to stroke rehabilitation; a 2012 meta-analysis on the efficacy of acupuncture in treating 

dysphagia in patients with a stroke included 72 RCTs. The review reported that the effectiveness 

of treatment was higher in the acupuncture group compared to control (OR 5.17, CI: 4.18, 

6.38).45 However, the review was primarily based on non-PubMed indexed studies; a 2008 

Cochrane review on the same topic included only one RCT and concluded that there is not 

enough evidence to make any conclusion about the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. A review 

published in 2012 which aimed to update the Cochrane review included 9 RCTs; it reported that 

acupuncture combined with conventional rehabilitation has positive effects on dysphagia but 

given the methodology of the studies more research is needed before recommending acupuncture 

as a standard treatment to patients.199 A further Cochrane review, last updated in 2009, on stroke 

rehabilitation concluded there is no clear evidence on the effects of acupuncture on subacute 

or chronic stroke.157 A third, independent Cochrane review on acupuncture for acute stroke 

concluded that there is no clear evidence of benefit.168

In addition, one systematic review on apoplectic aphasia rehabilitation was identified that did not 

provide sufficient data to be combined with the other stroke reviews; the review concluded that 

controlled clinical studies and a systematic review demonstrate that acupuncture has therapeutic 

effects on aphasia after stroke.40

A second topic, acupuncture to support fertility treatment, has also received substantial 

research attention; a systematic review on effects of acupuncture on pregnancy rates in women 

undergoing in vitro fertilization included 24 RCTs.61 There were conflicting results across the 6 

recent systematic reviews on the topic performed by independent researcher groups. While the 

largest review concluded that acupuncture improves clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate, 

a 2010 publication based on a Cochrane review concluded that there is no evidence of benefit in 

the use of acupuncture during assisted conception.98

In addition, one relevant systematic review was identified that did not report on a passive control 

group; the review concluded that although acupuncture has gained increasing popularity in the 

management of subfertility, its effectiveness has remained controversial.141
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ADVERSE EVENTS OF ACUPUNCTURE 

We identified 6 systematic reviews summarizing adverse events of acupuncture. In addition, a 

number of effectiveness systematic reviews addressed adverse events in the title or the abstract of 

the publication, indicating that adverse events was one of the main research questions addressed 

by the review.

REVIEWS OF ADVERSE EVENTS OF ACUPUNCTURE

All 6 independent systematic reviews on adverse events of acupuncture focused on case studies. 

Because no denominator was reported (number of patients exposed), it is not possible to determine 

rates of adverse events from these data. In addition, no control group data were available; hence 

the results are difficult to interpret. The first adverse event review searched Medline through 2011 

for literature on vascular injuries caused by acupuncture and found 31 cases, 3 of which resulted 

in death.201 This was an update of a prior review, and included all the cases found in the prior 

review.212 A second review focused on cardiac tamponade caused by acupuncture, and searched 

Embase, Medline, AMED, CENTRAL and the Chinese Journal Full-Text Database through January 

2010.204 Of the 26 cases of cardiac tamponade found in 17 articles, 14 deaths were reported. All 

fatal instances were deemed to have certain causality linking the deaths to acupuncture treatment. 

A further review searched 4 major Chinese databases through 2010 for literature on adverse events 

more generally and found 1,038 cases in 167 papers.202 An acupuncture-related adverse event was 

defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease that presents during or after 

treatment with acupuncture regardless of causal relationship, and adverse events were classified in 

one of 4 categories: syncope (N=468), organ or tissue injury (N=451), infection (N=38), and others 

(N=81). Deaths were reported for 35 cases: 21 of 26 organ or tissue injury-related deaths were 

judged as having a “certain” likelihood of causality by 2 reviewers, and 3 of the 9 infection-related 

deaths were judged as certain. One review on acupuncture, moxibustion, and cupping searched 6 

databases for English language case reports to 2011.200 Of the 117 reports published since 2000, 103 

reports including 294 cases were related to acupuncture. Adverse events were categorized as either 

complications, including infections or organ or tissue injury, or adverse reactions. Three deaths 

were reported with case analysis supporting the causal link between the acupuncture treatment and 

the fatal outcome. A review that focused on the safety of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee 

searched PubMed and a Japanese literature database through 2006 and found 12 relevant RCTs, of 

which 7 included adverse event information.205 This review found no serious adverse events. A final 

review of Chinese language literature on acupuncture-related adverse events searched 3 Chinese 

databases through 2009 and included 115 articles that identified a total of 479 cases.203 Adverse 

events were categorized as traumatic, infectious and other, and although 14 deaths were reported, 

the category and causality were not specified for all these fatal cases. Reviews called for more 

standardized procedures, including adverse event reporting mechanisms, safe practice procedures, 

and acupuncturist’s qualifications and training, and warned that although adverse events are rare 

occurrences, a lack of regular reporting makes establishing a frequency difficult.

Adverse Events in Reviews on Acupuncture for Pain

In the domain relating to Pain, 12 reviews addressed adverse events. One review of 10 RCTs 

of acupuncture for pain relief in labor found no events in the 6 trials that reported on adverse 
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events.85 The other 11 reviews all found low rates of adverse event reporting, and of those 

reported, all events were minor symptoms such as bruising, nausea, temporary pain, dizziness or 

faintness, or discomfort.30,50,62,88,94,97,121,140,143,167,182 Three reviews noted that these symptoms were 

comparable to control groups,94,97,167 and one review of acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis 

found that acupuncture resulted in fewer adverse events than prophylactic drug treatment.121

Adverse Events in Reviews on Acupuncture for Wellness

Thirteen reviews in the Wellness-relevant domain focused on adverse events as well as the 

clinical effectiveness. Three reviews on acupuncture treatment for insomnia found low rates of 

reporting of adverse events, and of the few reports, all but one event were minor events such 

as bruising.24,46,112 One instance of a patient dropping out of a study due to pain associated with 

acupuncture was reported by 2 of the reviews.46,112 The rest of the reviews in the wellnessrelevant category also found low rates of adverse event reporting, and of those events that 

were reported, the events were minor such as temporary pain, nausea, dizziness, discomfort, or 

bruising.52,60,68,86,102,109,111,122,130,142

Adverse Events in Reviews on Acupuncture for Mental Health

Of the Mental Health reviews, 6 focused on adverse events.96,103,110,162,164,179 Three reviews 

of alcohol dependence110, cocaine dependence162, and drug addiction179 found low levels of 

adverse event reporting (3 of 11 studies, 0 of 7 studies, and 5 of 8 RCTs, respectively), and 

those studies that did report adverse events mentioned mild levels of symptoms such as pain, 

bleeding, nausea and dizziness. Two reviews of depression mentioned adverse events. The first 

included 30 studies, of which one reported on adverse events, and found no statistical difference 

between acupuncture and the control group.96 The second review found 21 of the 35 included 

studies reported on adverse events, and in a pooled analysis acupuncture (including both active 

and sham) had a statistically significantly lower incidence of adverse events when compared 

to anti-depressants (10.2% vs 40.4%; P<0.001).103 The final review was of acupuncture for 

schizophrenia, and of the 5 trials included, 2 small trials reported on adverse events and found 

favorable results for acupuncture, both when used alone in comparison to antipsychotics and 

when used in combination with antipsychotics compared to antipsychotics alone.164

Adverse Events in Reviews on Acupuncture for Other Indications

Four reviews in the Other Indication category were identified. Two small reviews including 5 and 

8 studies of acupuncture for stroke found no included studies reported adverse events.41,157 A third 

review including 14 studies on acupuncture for acute stroke found 9 studies reported adverse 

events, the majority of which were minor.168 Of 386 cases, 6 were moderate to severe, with no 

mentions of fatal adverse events. Finally, a review of emergency department acupuncture adverse 

events found that 2 of the 4 included studies reported adverse events, but that all reports were 

minor (eg, bruising, dizziness).36
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FUTURE RESEARCH

We identified evidence gaps by highlighting inconclusive evidence across or within reviews or a 

lack of primary research according to identified reviews.

However, an overarching theme and source of heterogeneity in results appeared to be the 

selection of the comparator against which the treatment effects of acupuncture was compared. 

The bubble plots summarize data from all passive controlled RCTs to determine the effectiveness 

of acupuncture. Passive controls included no treatment, waiting list assignment, acupuncture as 

add-on treatment to a treatment plan received by both treatment groups, and placebo control such 

as sham acupuncture. Clinical effectiveness estimates may depend on the chosen comparator. 

In research studies, placebo controls are used to blind participants ensuring that treatment effect 

estimates are not biased. However, in acupuncture trials there are additional considerations. 

Sham acupuncture may include needles inserted superficially rather than deep at non-acupoints 

nearby; true needling at points not thought to influence the desired outcome; acupuncture devices 

with needles that retract into the handle rather than penetrate the skin; the use of blunt devices to 

apply pressure without penetration (Streitberger placebo acupuncture); or non-needle approaches, 

such as deactivated electrical stimulation or detuned laser.17,213 The type of sham acupuncture may 

already be a source of heterogeneity among studies assessing the effectiveness of acupuncture. 

Several authors have suggested that a noninvasive placebo needle at acupoints, such as that used 

in the Streitberger method, and sham involving needle penetration at non-acupoints may both elicit 

physiological effects similar to those of acupressure; thus the “sham” acupuncture would be more 

similar to acupressure than a true control for acupuncture.47,214,215 Zheng et al (2012)213 argues that 

surface stimulation at acupoints, such as acupressure or transcutaneous electrostimulation, should 

be considered as the adjunctive treatment rather than as a control. Other authors have suggested 

that the specific acupoints are not as relevant as traditionally assumed216 and the recent IPD metaanalysis on chronic pain concluded that differences between true and sham acupuncture are 

relatively modest suggesting that factors in addition to the specific effects of needling are important 

contributors to the therapeutic effects of acupuncture.47

Future research is needed to help distinguish between the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 

acupuncture and sham acupuncture. If the explanation for the observation of little difference in 

effectiveness between true and sham acupuncture is that both true and sham acupuncture have 

positive effects, then the specific implication for the VA could be that there is no need for training 

in acupuncture and for VA to hire licensed acupuncturists, since the sham acupuncture could be 

performed by a technician with minimal training. The scientific debate is ongoing; a number of 

reviews highlight clear differences between sham and true acupuncture and counter arguments 

that sham interventions involving needle penetration result in large nonspecific effects.119,217,218

Nonetheless, there is currently no universal standard for what constitutes an appropriate method 

or procedure for a sham acupuncture control, and that this may contribute to the discrepancy 

between observed clinical effectiveness of acupuncture and the lack of rigorous research 

supporting these observations.217

Further sources of heterogeneity appeared to be the inclusion criteria across reviews and the 

electronic databases searched. Reviews published in the same year did not use the same study 

pool and newer reviews rarely included all studies included in previous reviews, therefore simply 
Evidence Map of Acupuncture Evidence-based Synthesis Program

9 26 CONTENTS 34

accumulating additional evidence. A number of authors have pointed to publication bias (“do 

certain countries produce only positive results?”)23 For this broad overview we could only flag 

the concern and highlight inconsistencies across reviews. A number of authors have summarized 

challenges in acupuncture research that may contribute to the apparent complexity of the 

research area.219-221

FUTURE RESEARCH: PAIN DOMAIN

In the Pain domain, we had to conclude for a number of specific clinical indications that the 

evidence base is currently unclear and a systematic review stratifying by comparator and 

outcome is needed to determine the effectiveness and size of the treatment effect. Clinical 

indications included acupuncture for back pain, neck pain, surgery analgesia, postoperative pain, 

fibromyalgia, shoulder pain, and rheumatoid arthritis. 

Although we classified chronic pain as one of the conditions for which acupuncture has evidence 

of a positive effect and high confidence, this conclusion is limited by the lack of a consistent 

signal of positive effect in the individual pain categories that must make up any “chronic pain” 

population. Back pain alone usually accounts for 50% or more of chronic pain patients, and 

therefore if acupuncture has a positive effect in chronic pain patients then one would expect 

acupuncture to have a positive effect in chronic low back pain patients. Yet, we did not identify 

a definitive evidence synthesis for acupuncture and back pain. Similarly, one of the next most 

common conditions within a population of chronic pain patients is neck pain, and yet again 

the best available evidence synthesis of the effectiveness of acupuncture for neck pain is not 

equally positive as it is for the area chronic pain. This review of reviews suggests the need for an 

additional systematic review to resolve the discrepancy.

Furthermore, a Cochrane review for endometriosis did not identify any placebo or sham 

controlled RCTs.65 One comparative effectiveness review noted that although exercise, spinal 

manipulation therapy, and acupuncture are widely used interventions in the treatment of chronic 

low back pain, no study comparing acupuncture head-to-head with the alternative treatments was 

identified.63 A large 2013 RCT including 501 participants diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea 

concluded that traditional Chinese medicine pattern might affect acupoint-specific effects on 

pain, however, the main results of the trial are not published yet.222

FUTURE RESEARCH: WELLNESS DOMAIN

In the Wellness-relevant domain, we concluded for a substantial number of specific clinical 

indications that the therapeutic effectiveness of acupuncture is unclear and further research is 

needed. Topics included acupuncture for cancer treatment adverse events, IBS, rhinitis, blood 

pressure, menopausal symptoms, premenstrual symptoms, gastrointestinal diseases, tinnitus, 

dry eye, xerostomia, exercise, quality of life, and erectile dysfunction. For some of the clinical 

indications the evidence base appeared to be unclear due to the lack of research studies. However, 

the evidence base for physical symptoms of cancer treatment associated adverse events was unclear 

despite a large number of research studies. Inconclusive results were potentially due to the diversity 

of reviewed outcomes. Future systematic reviews and/or future individual studies may determine 

whether acupuncture has a role in these clinical indications and for which clinical outcome. 
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FUTURE RESEARCH: MENTAL HEALTH DOMAIN

In the smallest research domain, Mental Health, the effect of acupuncture on CFS and its role in 

the treatment of addiction, in particularly opiate addiction, remained unclear. Systematic reviews 

should to differentiate effects on relapse rates and effects on drug withdrawal symptoms.

FUTURE RESEARCH: OTHER INDICATIONS

In the Other Indication domain there were a number of clinical indications with only one or 

2 reviews published in recent years. Topics included acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced 

leukopenia,196 Bell’s Palsy,64,223 brain injury,28,70 asthma,79,160 epilepsy,131 breech presentation,115,139

facial spasm,198 angina pectoris therapy,34 spinal cord injury,32 Parkinson’s disease,135 induction 

of labor,100 Alzheimer’s disease,107 uremic pruritus,66 Meniere’s syndrome,106 and the use of 

acupuncture in emergency departments.36

A Cochrane review on acupuncture for vascular dementia,150 assessed as up to date in April 

2011, identified no randomized placebo-controlled trial that could inform the review question. 

Acupuncture for glaucoma was targeted in a 2009 Cochrane review145 but the review did not 

identify any RCT meeting inclusion criteria. A Cochrane review last updated in 2010 did not 

identify any RCTs on acupuncture for uterine fibroids.95 Pressure ulcers were addressed in a 2012 

publication but no acupuncture study meeting inclusion criteria was identified.56 A 2010 review 

on polycystic ovarian syndrome did not identify any relevant RCTs.91

A couple of systematic reviews on broad topics such as sham acupuncture compared to true 

acupuncture exist but could not be considered in this review of reviews due to insufficient 

reporting and the lack of a sufficient number of relevant systematic reviews.114,128,137

Finally, the reviewed topics acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation and the role of acupuncture 

in supporting fertility treatment both had to be classified as unclear despite the large number of 

existing primary studies and systematic reviews.
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ONGOING RESEARCH

This broad overview over the evidence on acupuncture concentrated on the clinical effectiveness 

of acupuncture. This did not consider systematic reviews on the more refined existing open 

questions such as the optimal acupuncture pattern and pressure points,224 the comparative 

effectiveness of existing acupuncture protocols,225 effects of the practitioner,226 cost-effectiveness 

considerations,227 or the optimal intervention time for acupuncture.228 Furthermore, the use of 

standardized treatments may not be the optimal treatment for individual patients. Traditional 

acupuncture involves tailoring treatments to the individual person and innovative methods may 

be necessary to evaluate acupuncture within the framework of evidence-based medicine.229

Individual future research studies on the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture should comply 

with the revised STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture 

(STRICTA).230

We identified Cochrane review protocols for acupuncture published in the last 3 years for treating 

plantar heel pain,231 renal colic,232 primary hypercholesterolaemia,233 hearing loss,234 breech baby 

in pregnancy,235 gastroparesis,236 chronic constipation,237 urinary incontinence,238 neuropathic 

pain,239 post-stroke upper limb pain,240 allergic rhinitis,241 ankle sprains,242 angina pectoris,243

chronic kidney disease,244 back pain,245 hypertension,246 obesity,247 dyspepsia,248 and multiple 

sclerosis249 indicating ongoing reviews. A search of the international registry of systematic 

reviews PROSPERO in September 2013 identified 9 ongoing systematic reviews on acupuncture 

and postoperative gastroparesis syndrome, osteoarthritis, chronic pulmonary obstruction disease, 

headache, neck pain, phantom limb pain, heel pain, cortisol levels, and pregnancy rates; 2 

ongoing reviews of reviews on stroke rehabilitation and surgical conditions; and 2 reviews on 

semen quality and on diabetic peripheral neuropathy were listed as completed but not published 

in time for this evidence map [web access 9/23/2013].
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SUMMARY AND LIMITATIONS

This broad overview of the evidence base on acupuncture included 183 systematic reviews 

published since 2005. The most secondary literature and primary research is available for the 

clinical indication Pain. The most promising evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture 

was also identified for this outcome. However, it should be noted that we did not review the 

evidence base with standard evidence synthesis methods (ie, a systematic review). This broad 

evidence map only estimated the research volume and effectiveness of acupuncture judging from 

published reviews. We had no control over the scope, inclusion criteria, or methodological rigor 

of the reviews. Across reviews there is overlap as individual primary studies have contributed 

to multiple reviews (most prominently in the systematic reviews on pain) and reviews differed 

widely (in selected areas reviews on the same topic included between one versus 72 studies). 

Furthermore, the choice of comparator is the subject of an ongoing scientific debate and adds to 

the complexity of the evidence base on acupuncture.

Evidence maps are only meant as a broad overview over the evidence base indicating 

in which areas research has been conducted. This report was not designed to inform policies 

regarding the use of acupuncture or precluding acupuncture for specific conditions within the 

VA. More detailed and definitive answers, as well as information on differences in effects based 

on the type of acupuncture intervention, the type of comparator, competing outcomes, or the 

study design, can only be obtained by carrying out individual systematic reviews for each of 

the numerous clinical indications. Full systematic reviews would involve targeted electronic 

searches, inclusion screening titles and abstracts and full text publications to identify primary 

research studies, numerous steps to minimize reviewer errors and bias such as screening 

in duplicate, extracting the outcomes of interest from each available primary study for an 

independent meta-analysis, differentiating comparators and intervention modalities and other 

potential moderators in subgroup and meta-regressions, quality assessing the included studies, 

synthesizing the available studies, and evaluating the overall body of evidence in detail. Finally, 

assessments to evaluate the value of acupuncture need to take into account multiple factors 

such as the clinical efficacy, risks and benefits compared to standard treatment, costs and costeffectiveness, as well as patient satisfaction and patient preferences for a particular clinical 

diagnosis.
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100. Lim CE, Wilkinson JM, Wong WS, Cheng NC. Effect of acupuncture on induction of 

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107. Lee MS, Shin BC, Ernst E. Acupuncture for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Int 

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108. Lee MS, Pittler MH, Shin BC, Kim JI, Ernst E. Acupuncture for allergic rhinitis: a 

systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Apr 2009;102(4):269-279; quiz 279-

281, 307.

109. Cho SH, Whang WW. Acupuncture for vasomotor menopausal symptoms: a systematic 

review. Menopause. Sep-Oct 2009;16(5):1065-1073.

110. Cho SH, Whang WW. Acupuncture for alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Alcohol 

Clin Exp Res. Aug 2009;33(8):1305-1313.

111. Lee A, Fan LT. Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point P6 for preventing postoperative 

nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(2):CD003281.

112. Yeung WF, Chung KF, Leung YK, Zhang SP, Law AC. Traditional needle acupuncture 

treatment for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med. 

Aug 2009;10(7):694-704.

113. El-Toukhy T, Khalaf Y. The impact of acupuncture on assisted reproductive technology 

outcome. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. Jun 2009;21(3):240-246.

114. Moffet HH. Sham acupuncture may be as efficacious as true acupuncture: a systematic 

review of clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med. Mar 2009;15(3):213-216.

115. Li X, Hu J, Wang X, Zhang H, Liu J. Moxibustion and other acupuncture point 

stimulation methods to treat breech presentation: a systematic review of clinical trials. 

Chin Med. 2009;4:4.

116. Lee MS, Shin BC, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic 

review. BJU Int. Aug 2009;104(3):366-370.
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117. Lee MS, Kim KH, Shin BC, Choi SM, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating hot flushes in 

men with prostate cancer: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. Jul 2009;17(7):763-

770.

118. Fu LM, Li JT, Wu WS. Randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for neck pain: 

systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med. Feb 2009;15(2):133-

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119. Madsen MV, Gotzsche PC, Hrobjartsson A. Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic 

review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no 

acupuncture groups. BMJ. 2009;338:a3115.

120. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickers A, White AR. Acupuncture for 

tension-type headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(1):CD007587.

121. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickers A, White AR. Acupuncture for 

migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(1):CD001218.

122. Cho SH, Lee JS, Thabane L, Lee J. Acupuncture for obesity: a systematic review and 

meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). Feb 2009;33(2):183-196.

123. Usichenko TI, Lehmann C, Ernst E. Auricular acupuncture for postoperative pain control: 

a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Anaesthesia. Dec 2008;63(12):1343-

1348.

124. Sun Y, Gan TJ. Acupuncture for the management of chronic headache: a systematic 

review. Anesth Analg. Dec 2008;107(6):2038-2047.

125. Lee H, Kim SY, Park J, Kim YJ, Park HJ. Acupuncture for lowering blood pressure: 

systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. Jan 2009;22(1):122-128.

126. Lee MS, Kim KH, Choi SM, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating hot flashes in breast 

cancer patients: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Jun 2009;115(3):497-503.

127. Yuan J, Purepong N, Kerr DP, Park J, Bradbury I, McDonough S. Effectiveness of 

acupuncture for low back pain: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Nov 1 

2008;33(23):E887-900.

128. Kong JC, Lee MS, Shin BC. Randomized clinical trials on acupuncture in korean 

literature: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Mar 2009;6(1):41-

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129. Yang H, Liu CZ, Chen X, et al. Systematic review of clinical trials of acupuncture-related 

therapies for primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(11):1114-1122.

130. Cui Y, Wang Y, Liu Z. Acupuncture for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst 

Rev. 2008(4):CD006457.

131. Cheuk DK, Wong V. Acupuncture for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 

2008(4):CD005062.
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132. Wang C, de Pablo P, Chen X, Schmid C, McAlindon T. Acupuncture for pain relief 

in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. Sep 15 

2008;59(9):1249-1256.

133. Lee MS, Shin BC, Ernst E. Acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. 

Rheumatology (Oxford). Dec 2008;47(12):1747-1753.

134. Xie Y, Wang L, He J, Wu T. Acupuncture for dysphagia in acute stroke. Cochrane 

Database Syst Rev. 2008(3):CD006076.

135. Lee MS, Shin BC, Kong JC, Ernst E. Effectiveness of acupuncture for Parkinson’s 

disease: a systematic review. Mov Disord. Aug 15 2008;23(11):1505-1515.

136. Wang H, Qi H, Wang BS, et al. Is acupuncture beneficial in depression: a meta-analysis 

of 8 randomized controlled trials? J Affect Disord. Dec 2008;111(2-3):125-134.

137. Moffet HH. Traditional acupuncture theories yield null outcomes: a systematic review of 

clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol. Aug 2008;61(8):741-747.

138. Sun Y, Gan TJ, Dubose JW, Habib AS. Acupuncture and related techniques for 

postoperative pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 

Aug 2008;101(2):151-160.

139. van den Berg I, Bosch JL, Jacobs B, Bouman I, Duvekot JJ, Hunink MG. Effectiveness 

of acupuncture-type interventions versus expectant management to correct breech 

presentation: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. Apr 2008;16(2):92-100.

140. Davis MA, Kononowech RW, Rolin SA, Spierings EL. Acupuncture for tension-type 

headache: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Pain. Aug 2008;9(8):667-

677.

141. Ng EH, So WS, Gao J, Wong YY, Ho PC. The role of acupuncture in the management of 

subfertility. Fertil Steril. Jul 2008;90(1):1-13.

142. Roberts J, Huissoon A, Dretzke J, Wang D, Hyde C. A systematic review of the clinical 

effectiveness of acupuncture for allergic rhinitis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 

2008;8:13.

143. Ee CC, Manheimer E, Pirotta MV, White AR. Acupuncture for pelvic and back pain in 

pregnancy: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Mar 2008;198(3):254-259.

144. Manheimer E, Zhang G, Udoff L, et al. Effects of acupuncture on rates of pregnancy and 

live birth among women undergoing in vitro fertilisation: systematic review and metaanalysis. BMJ. Mar 8 2008;336(7643):545-549.

145. Law SK, Li T. Acupuncture for glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 

2007(4):CD006030.

146. Schneider A, Streitberger K, Joos S. Acupuncture treatment in gastrointestinal diseases: a 

systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7 2007;13(25):3417-3424.
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147. Pilkington K, Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Cummings M, Richardson J. Acupuncture 

for anxiety and anxiety disorders--a systematic literature review. Acupunct Med. Jun 

2007;25(1-2):1-10.

148. Kalavapalli R, Singareddy R. Role of acupuncture in the treatment of insomnia: a 

comprehensive review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. Aug 2007;13(3):184-193.

149. Anderson BJ, Haimovici F, Ginsburg ES, Schust DJ, Wayne PM. In vitro fertilization and 

acupuncture: clinical efficacy and mechanistic basis. Altern Ther Health Med. May-Jun 

2007;13(3):38-48.

150. Peng WN, Zhao H, Liu ZS, Wang S. Acupuncture for vascular dementia. Cochrane 

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151. Trinh K, Graham N, Gross A, et al. Acupuncture for neck disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 

1976). Jan 15 2007;32(2):236-243.

152. White A, Foster NE, Cummings M, Barlas P. Acupuncture treatment for chronic knee 

pain: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford). Mar 2007;46(3):384-390.

153. Mayhew E, Ernst E. Acupuncture for fibromyalgia--a systematic review of randomized 

clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). May 2007;46(5):801-804.

154. Helmreich RJ, Shiao SY, Dune LS. Meta-analysis of acustimulation effects on nausea and 

vomiting in pregnant women. Explore (NY). Sep-Oct 2006;2(5):412-421.

155. Kwon YD, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis: a 

systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). Nov 2006;45(11):1331-

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156. Leo RJ, Ligot JS, Jr. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture 

in the treatment of depression. J Affect Disord. Jan 2007;97(1-3):13-22.

157. Wu HM, Tang JL, Lin XP, et al. Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane 

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158. Shiao SY, Dune LS. Metaanalyses of acustimulations: effects on nausea and vomiting in 

postoperative adult patients. Explore (NY). May 2006;2(3):202-215.

159. Jordan JB. Acupuncture treatment for opiate addiction: a systematic review. J Subst 

Abuse Treat. Jun 2006;30(4):309-314.

160. Passalacqua G, Bousquet PJ, Carlsen KH, et al. ARIA update: I--Systematic review of 

complementary and alternative medicine for rhinitis and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 

May 2006;117(5):1054-1062.

161. Ezzo JM, Richardson MA, Vickers A, et al. Acupuncture-point stimulation 

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162. Gates S, Smith LA, Foxcroft DR. Auricular acupuncture for cocaine dependence. 

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163. Kim YH, Schiff E, Waalen J, Hovell M. Efficacy of acupuncture for treating cocaine 

addiction: a review paper. J Addict Dis. 2005;24(4):115-132.

164. Rathbone J, Xia J. Acupuncture for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 

2005(4):CD005475.

165. Casimiro L, Barnsley L, Brosseau L, et al. Acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the 

treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(4):CD003788.

166. Mukaino Y, Park J, White A, Ernst E. The effectiveness of acupuncture for depression--a 

systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Acupunct Med. Jun 2005;23(2):70-76.

167. Green S, Buchbinder R, Hetrick S. Acupuncture for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database 

Syst Rev. 2005(2):CD005319.

168. Zhang SH, Liu M, Asplund K, Li L. Acupuncture for acute stroke. Cochrane Database 

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169. Manheimer E, White A, Berman B, Forys K, Ernst E. Meta-analysis: acupuncture for low 

back pain. Ann Intern Med. Apr 19 2005;142(8):651-663.

170. Furlan AD, van Tulder M, Cherkin D, et al. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back 

pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the cochrane collaboration. 

Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Apr 15 2005;30(8):944-963.

171. Lee H, Ernst E. Acupuncture analgesia during surgery: a systematic review. Pain. Apr 

2005;114(3):511-517.

172. Mills EJ, Wu P, Gagnier J, Ebbert JO. Efficacy of acupuncture for cocaine dependence: a 

systematic review & meta-analysis. Harm Reduct J. Mar 17 2005;2(1):4.

173. Stener-Victorin E. The pain-relieving effect of electro-acupuncture and conventional 

medical analgesic methods during oocyte retrieval: a systematic review of randomized 

controlled trials. Hum Reprod. Feb 2005;20(2):339-349.

174. Acupuncture and other physical treatments for the relief of chronic pain due to 

osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Provisional 

abstract). Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. 2012(1):206. http://onlinelibrary.

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175. Carpenter JS, Neal JG. Other complementary and alternative medicine modalities: 

acupuncture, magnets, reflexology, and homeopathy (Provisional abstract). American 

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176. Jedel E, Carlsson J. Acupuncture in the management of tension-type headache 

(Provisional abstract). Physical Therapy Reviews. 2005(3):131-139. http://onlinelibrary.

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177. Selfe TK, Taylor AG. Acupuncture and osteoarthritis of the knee: a review of randomized 

controlled trials (Structured abstract). Family and Community Health. 2008(3):247-254. 

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178. Tough EA, White AR. Effectiveness of acupuncture/dry needling for myofascial trigger 

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179. Lua PL, Talib NS. The effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for drug addiction: a review 

of research evidence from clinical trials. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;13(1):55-

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180. Yan Z, Ding N, Hua H. A systematic review of acupuncture or acupoint injection for 

management of burning mouth syndrome. Quintessence Int. Sep 2012;43(8):695-701.

181. Liu H, Li H, Xu M, Chung KF, Zhang SP. A systematic review on acupuncture for 

trigeminal neuralgia. Altern Ther Health Med. Nov-Dec 2010;16(6):30-35.

182. Lee JH, Choi TY, Lee MS, Lee H, Shin BC. Acupuncture for acute low back pain: a 

systematic review. Clin J Pain. Feb 2013;29(2):172-185.

183. Hao XA, Xue CC, Dong L, Zheng Z. Factors associated with conflicting findings on 

acupuncture for tension-type headache: qualitative and quantitative analyses. J Altern 

Complement Med. Apr 2013;19(4):285-297.

184. Dos Santos S, Hill N, Morgan A, Smith J, Thai C, Cheifetz O. Acupuncture for treating 

common side effects associated with breast cancer treatment: a systematic review 

(Provisional abstract). Medical Acupuncture. 2010(2):81-97. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.

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185. Jedel E. Acupuncture in xerostomia--a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. Jun 

2005;32(6):392-396.

186. Lee MS, Shin BC, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating menopausal hot flushes: a systematic 

review. Climacteric. Feb 2009;12(1):16-25.

187. Urroz P, Colagiuri B, Smith CA, Cheema BS. Effect of acute acupuncture treatment 

on exercise performance and postexercise recovery: a systematic review. J Altern 

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188. Liu TT, Shi J, Epstein DH, Bao YP, Lu L. A meta-analysis of acupuncture combined 

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189. Wang T, Zhang Q, Xue X, Yeung A. A systematic review of acupuncture and moxibustion 

treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome in China. Am J Chin Med. 2008;36(1):1-24.

190. Zhang GC, Fu WB, Xu NG, et al. Meta analysis of the curative effect of acupuncture on 

post-stroke depression. J Tradit Chin Med. Mar 2012;32(1):6-11.

191. Kim LW, Zhu J. Acupuncture for essential hypertension (Provisional abstract). 

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192. Touche R, Angulo-Diaz-Parreno S, de-la-Hoz JL, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture in 

the treatment of temporomandibular disorders of muscular origin: a systematic review 

of the last decade (Structured abstract). Journal of Alternative and Complementary 

Medicine. 2010(1):107-112. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/cldare/articles/

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193. Cao L, Zhang XL, Gao YS, Jiang Y. Needle acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee. A 

systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Saudi Med J. May 2012;33(5):526-532.

194. Ernst E, Lee MS. A trial design that generates only ‘’positive’’ results. J Postgrad Med. 

Jul-Sep 2008;54(3):214-216.

195. Jung A, Shin BC, Lee MS, Sim H, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating temporomandibular 

joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, sham-controlled 

trials. J Dent. May 2011;39(5):341-350.

196. Lu W, Hu D, Dean-Clower E, et al. Acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced leukopenia: 

exploratory meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Soc Integr Oncol. Winter 

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197. Suzuki M, Yokoyama Y, Yamazaki H. Research into acupuncture for respiratory disease 

in Japan: a systematic review. Acupunct Med. Jun 2009;27(2):54-60.

198. Wang QP, Bai M, Lei D. Effectiveness of acupuncture in treatment of facial spasm: a 

meta-analysis. Altern Ther Health Med. May-Jun 2012;18(3):45-52.

199. Wong IS, Ng KF, Tsang HW. Acupuncture for dysphagia following stroke: a systematic 

review. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2012;4(2):e141-e150.

200. Xu S, Wang L, Cooper E, et al. Adverse events of acupuncture: a systematic review of 

case reports. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:581203.

201. Bergqvist D. Vascular injuries caused by acupuncture. A systematic review. Int Angiol. 

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202. He W, Zhao X, Li Y, Xi Q, Guo Y. Adverse events following acupuncture: a systematic 

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203. Zhang J, Shang H, Gao X, Ernst E. Acupuncture-related adverse events: a systematic 

review of the Chinese literature. Bull World Health Organ. Dec 1 2010;88(12):915-921C.

204. Ernst E, Zhang J. Cardiac tamponade caused by acupuncture: a review of the literature. 

Int J Cardiol. Jun 16 2011;149(3):287-289.

205. Yamashita H, Masuyama S, Otsuki K, Tsukayama H. Safety of acupuncture for 

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206. Suarez-Almazor ME, Looney C, Liu Y, et al. A randomized controlled trial of 

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207. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Complementary therapies for reducing body weight: a systematic 

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208. Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, Liecker B, Wegscheider K, Willich SN. Acupuncture 

in patients with allergic rhinitis: a pragmatic randomized trial. Ann Allergy Asthma 

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209. Zhang CX, Guto LK, Guo BR. [Clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture combined with 

dalitong granule for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its mechanism]. Zhongguo Zhen 

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210. Ma TT, Yu SY, Li Y, et al. Randomised clinical trial: an assessment of acupuncture 

on specific meridian or specific acupoint vs. sham acupuncture for treating functional 

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211. Han J. [Observation on effect of acupuncture at Yuji (LU 10) on the pulmonary function 

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212. Bergqvist D. Vascular injuries caused by acupuncture. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. Aug 

2008;36(2):160-163.

213. Zheng CH, Zhang MM, Huang GY, Wang W. The role of acupuncture in assisted 

reproductive technology. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:543924.

214. Haake M, Muller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, et al. German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) 

for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 

groups. Arch Intern Med. Sep 24 2007;167(17):1892-1898.

215. Lund I, Lundeberg T. Are minimal, superficial or sham acupuncture procedures 

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216. Zhang H, Bian Z, Lin Z. Are acupoints specific for diseases? A systematic review of the 

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217. Linde K, Niemann K, Schneider A, Meissner K. How large are the nonspecific effects of 

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218. Moroz A, Freed B, Tiedemann L, Bang H, Howell M, Park JJ. Blinding measured: 

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219. White A, Foster N, Cummings M, Barlas P. The effectiveness of acupuncture for 

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220. Shi GX, Yang XM, Liu CZ, Wang LP. Factors contributing to therapeutic effects 

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221. MacPherson H, Hammerschlag R. Acupuncture and the emerging evidence 

base: contrived controversy and rational debate. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. Aug 

2012;5(4):141-147.

222. Liu YQ, Ma LX, Xing JM, et al. Does Traditional Chinese Medicine pattern affect 

acupoint specific effect? Analysis of data from a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial 

for primary dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med. Jan 2012;19(1):43-49.

223. He L, Zhou MK, Zhou D, Li N, Wu B. Acupuncture for Bell’s palsy: a systematic review. 

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224. Yeung WF, Chung KF, Poon MM, et al. Prescription of chinese herbal medicine 

and selection of acupoints in pattern-based traditional chinese medicine treatment 

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225. Zheng H, Chen M, Wu X, Li Y, Liang FR. Manage migraine with acupuncture: a 

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226. Prady SL, Burch J, Crouch S, Macpherson H. Controlling practitioner-patient 

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227. Kim SY, Lee H, Chae Y, Park HJ. A systematic review of cost-effectiveness 

analyses alongside randomised controlled trials of acupuncture. Acupunct Med. Dec 

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228. Li Y, Liu LA, Zhao L, et al. [Acupuncture and moxibustion for peripheral facial palsy at 

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229. Berle C, Cobbin D, Smith N, Zaslawski C. An innovative method to accommodate 

Chinese medicine pattern diagnosis within the framework of evidence-based medical 

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230. MacPherson H, Altman DG, Hammerschlag R, et al. Revised STandards for Reporting 

Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA): Extending the CONSORT 

statement. J Evid Based Med. Aug 2010;3(3):140-155.

231. Lee S, Kim J-E, Kim J-H, Kim T-H, Choi S-M. Acupuncture and related interventions for 

treating plantar heel pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013(2). 

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232. Uthman Olalekan A, Uthman Rashidah T. Acupuncture for renal colic. Cochrane 

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233. Lim Chi Eung D, Ng Rachel WC, Chen W, Cheng Nga Chong L, Zaslawski C, Li X. 

Acupuncture for primary hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database of Systematic 

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234. Li Z-j, Liang F-r, Chen J, et al. Acupuncture for sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing 

loss. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2012;Issue 1.

235. Lee Shao C, Gyte Gillian ML, Dou L. Acupuncture for turning a breech baby in 

pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2012;Issue 1.

236. Kim Kun H, Lee Myeong S, Choi T-Y, Kim T-H, Ernst E. Acupuncture for symptomatic 

gastroparesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2012;Issue 2.

237. Cao H, Wang Y, Zhao H, Liu Jian P, Han M. Acupuncture for chronic constipation. 

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doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004117.pub3/abstract.

238. Wang Y, Zhishun L, Peng W. Acupuncture for stress urinary incontinence in adults. 

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2011;Issue 10.

239. Wang E, Saxena M. Acupuncture for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of 

Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2011;Issue 2.

240. Liang Cui M, Peng W, Ma Xiao J. Acupuncture for post-stroke upper limb pain. 

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241. Lee Myeong S, Lee D-H, Kim J-I, Shin B-C, Ernst E. Acupuncture for allergic rhinitis. 

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242. Kim T-H, Lee Myeong S, Kim Kun H, Kang Jung W, Choi T-Y, Ernst E. Acupuncture 

for treating acute ankle sprains in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: 

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243. Kim T-H, Lee Myeong S, Kim Kun H, Kang Jung W, Choi T-Y, Ernst E. Acupuncture for 

angina pectoris. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2011;Issue 3.

244. Kim Kun H, Lee Myeong S, Kim T-H, Kang Jung W, Choi T-Y, Lee Jae D. Acupuncture 

and related interventions for the symptoms of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane 

Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2011;Issue 11.

245. Furlan Andrea D, Yazdi F, Tsertsvadze A, et al. Acupuncture for (sub)acute non-specific 

low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews. 2011;Issue 8.

246. Yang J, Feng Y, Ying L, et al. Acupuncture for hypertension. Cochrane Database of 

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APPENDIX. PEER REVIEW COMMENTS/AUTHOR 

RESPONSES

Comment Response

The scope here states that acupuncture is “one type of Traditional 

Chinese Medicine” (TCM). In fact, acupuncture is one aspect of 

Chinese or Oriental Medicine, (which includes multiple modalities 

including herbal medicine, manual therapies, and movement 

therapies) and TCM is school of thought in Chinese Medicine. 

There are other schools of thought as well. Acupuncture is 

practiced by practitioners of traditional Japanese Medicine as well 

as practitioners of Medical Acupuncture. 

We have revised the sentence accordingly.

paragraph 1

The reviewers use the terms “effectiveness and harms” in .... this 

biases the reader toward negative bias. The usual terms are risk 

and benefit.

We have replaced the term “harms” with the broader, 

more accurate, and more common term “adverse events” 

to avoid any notion of bias.

page 4: Bubble Plots 

Review methods described on page 4 are somewhat difficult to 

follow. I would suggest editing for clarification. 

The section has been edited for clarity and revised 

accordingly.

Reasoning for confidence of effect seems somewhat arbitrary. I 

am not sure that rating a systematic review low based only on 

the included studies not being indexed in PubMed is the best 

indicator available for assessing quality of evidence, although I do 

understand the reasoning. 

With hundreds of reviews and RCTs we needed a 

simple system and used an issue that was both widely 

discussed as well as easy to follow up. We have added 

more references addressing the use of publically 

available studies in acupuncture research to provide more 

information on the rationale. 

Also, it is unclear how the investigators controlled for the same 

RCTs being included in multiple SRs, as this could potentially 

alter the strength of the effect size. 

For evidence maps we rely on the systematic reviews as 

published and have no control over the inclusion criteria 

of the review. To address this point, we have added a 

note following each of the three evidence maps and the 

limitation section alerting the reader to this issue.

Pg 6 ln 32 title should be VHA CO Field Advisory Committee. changed

Pg12 ln 35 back pain is listed as unclear, yet included in part of 

positive effect seen in chronic pain. Is there a distinction between 

acute back pain and chronic back pain which would account for 

this? Given that back pain is the leading cause of chronic pain it 

seems surprising the evidence would be so different for back pain 

and chronic pain.

We have added a comparison of the studies included in 

the IPD review on chronic pain and the back pain, neck 

pain, headache, and osteoarthritis reviews. We have 

also highlighted issues surrounding the unique scope 

of reviews and the overlap of reviewed studies across 

reviews in each of the evidence maps and in the limitation 

section of the report.

In one of the reviews on the use of acupuncture for opioid 

addiction (page 22), which was not incorporated in the bubble 

plot, the issue of comparative effectiveness studies is raised – 

the conclusion was that acupuncture was no better than other 

treatment, but non-inferiority could be considered a positive 

finding.

To address this point, we have added a sentence to 

the limitation section of the report clarifying that an 

assessment of acupuncture need to take the clinical 

efficacy but also risks and benefits compared to standard 

treatment into account.

Pg 28 ln 2-3 and 20-21 in discussion on further research the 

evidence base is listed as unclear. With trend to positive in pain 

and wellness as well as some findings of positive evidence in pain 

it would have seemed that at least for the indications where the 

evidence is positive a more definitive statement than the evidence 

is unclear could have been made. 

To address the point, we have specified in the future 

research section that the unclear evidence refers to 

specific clinical indications within the domains, not the 

domains itself. 
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9 49 CONTENTS 34

When this report is made public services and facilities will be 

trying to determine what conditions have sufficient research to 

support their use. Those conditions with positive findings would 

appear to be conditions where use would be justified while those 

trending towards positive it could be considered. However, by 

reporting that the evidence base is unclear it would make all use 

seem questionable. It may be that policy will need to be written on 

how to use these findings and it may be that such guidance would 

be better than having each facility interpret the data individually. 

If there were any trends on patterns of usage both in frequency 

and duration of treatment that were seen that would be useful 

information for the field

We have moved the limitation section to the end of the 

report and stated more clearly that the evidence maps 

are not designed to give definitive answers regarding the 

effectiveness of acupuncture. We have made more explicit 

that we did not review the evidence base ourselves with 

standard methods, i.e. a systematic review; we only 

estimated the effectiveness of acupuncture judging from 

published reviews and recent trials. Consequently the 

evidence map is only meant as a broad overview over the 

evidence base indicating in which areas research has been 

conducted and we broadly summarized the results of the 

184 included reviews.

Ernst E, White AR: A review of problems in clinical acupuncture 

research. Am J Chin Med 1997; 25(1):3-11

We have cited the paper illustrating the complexity of the 

research area in the Future Research study.

Acupuncture trials are frequently inconclusive. Although 

the gold standard in clinical research is the double- blinded, 

placebo- controlled trial, yet this was designed to evaluate 

pharmaceuticals and not acupuncture, which includes and operator 

and individualization of treatment. One article concludes that 

“Problems in clinical acupuncture research include the diversity of 

forms of therapy, need for individualization, blinding and control 

procedures. “ (see above- Ernst E, White : Am J Chin Med 1997; 

25(1):3-11) . Because our research methods are not yet adequate, 

it is important to consider supporting veteran demand at the same 

time sponsoring research activity in order to clarify the issues.

We agree, however the issue about supporting veteran 

demands while at the same time sponsoring research is a 

decision for VA policy makers.

I would suggest writing a set of “take home points” for each of 

the medical indications for which acupuncture was assessed. That 

is, using plain language, briefly describe the indications for which 

the VA should offer acupuncture to patients and which indications 

need further study. 

We have added a summary to the report and clarified that 

guidance on how acupuncture should be offered within 

the VA is outside the scope of the evidence map.

Assessment needs to be done that can assess overall value of 

acupuncture taking into account multiple factors: clinical efficacy, 

cost savings, patient satisfaction, risk vs benefit compared to 

standard treatment for a particular clinical diagnosis. Most 

acupuncture studies look at clinical efficacy only.

We have added this point to the limitation section.

The bias is simply that the review sets randomized, placebocontrol trials as the gold standard, when there are multiple issues 

with using placebo for acupuncture studies.

Simply stating that there is no significant difference between sham 

and true acupuncture obscures the possibility that both sham and 

true acupuncture actually had positive effects. The effects of both 

should be reported.

For this reason we have not limited the evidence map 

to reviews of placebo-controlled trials and instead have 

focused on reviews on all passive-controlled comparators, 

including no control treatment, waiting lists, and addon trials where acupuncture was added to a common 

treatment in one group only while the control group 

received no additional treatment. We have added the 

choice of comparator issue to the limitation section to 

highlight that it adds to the complexity of the research 

area. Future research is needed to help distinguish 

between the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 

acupuncture and sham acupuncture. If the explanation 

for the observation of little difference in effectiveness 

between true and sham acupuncture is that both have 

positive effects, then it may be that there is no need 

for training in acupuncture and for VA to hire licensed 

acupuncturists, since the sham acupuncture could be 

performed by a technician with minimal training.
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9 50 CONTENTS 34

Furthermore, the use of standardized treatments for the treatment 

arm may not be the optimal treatment for any given patient. 

Traditional acupuncture involves tailoring treatments to a person 

based on several factors, apart from the conventional medical 

diagnosis. Not all patients with the same symptom are given the 

same Chinese medical diagnosis. Because of this, each patient 

may be treated with different points.

We have added this point to the Future Research section 

(see Ongoing Research).

I am concerned that the supposed lack of evidence for some 

indications would be used to set policy precluding using 

acupuncture for specific conditions. For instance, in my 

experience, carpal tunnel syndrome responds very well to 

acupuncture. I am curious about the data that they examined. I 

believe that a trial of treatment is always warranted, as the risks 

and benefits to the patient are much more favorable than more 

invasive interventions.

To address this point, we have added that this report 

was not designed to inform policies regarding the use 

of acupuncture or precluding acupuncture for specific 

conditions within the VA to the limitation section. We 

have added more information regarding the carpal tunnel 

review.