# Patent

## Title
Methods for eliminating magnetic field and temperature related errors in magnetic sensors used for the measurement of coating thickness

## Abstract

Methods for eliminating error in magnetic sensors used for measuring a coating thickness caused by static or changing external magnetic fields or temperature. The methods involve measuring an output voltage of a magnetic sensor, corresponding to an internal resistance of the magnetic sensor, in a static or changing magnetic field or external temperature, storing the value of the output voltage, performing mathematical operations with the stored value of the output voltage, and correcting the output voltage of the magnetic sensor to accurately indicate a coating thickness.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a divisional application which claims the benefit of application Ser. No. 10/087,216, filed Mar. 4, 2002 now U.S. Pat No. 6,724,187. The disclosure of the prior application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a method to measure non-magnetic coatings on ferro-magnetic substrates, using a magnetic sensor, where errors due to offset voltage of the magnetic sensor, temperature dependence of the sensor parameters and disturbing magnetic fields are compensated.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Patent EP0028487 discloses a measuring device that uses a Hall-sensor together with a permanent magnet. In this device the flux of external magnetic fields is superimposed to the flux of the internal permanent magnet and can not be separated. Therefore the change of the output signal of the Hall-sensor due to these external fields can not be determined. This results in erroneous measurements.
Pat. DE19910411 discloses a method for offset compensation of Hall-sensors. This method eliminates the offset by applying two different currents to the Hall-sensor, measuring the Hall-voltage at each current and calculating the offset from these two measured voltages. However this method does not allow for compensation of external magnetic fields.
In Pat. US33359495 a device is described that has a Hall-sensor with a coil arranged around the Hall-sensor. This device uses alternating electromagnetic fields generating eddy currents in the substrate. These eddy currents strongly depend on the conductivity of the substrate. The eddy currents in turn generate a secondary magnetic field opposed and superimposed to the primary field. This results in a change of the output voltage of the Hall-sensor. Since the strength of the eddy currents and consequently the strength of the secondary magnetic field strongly depend on the conductivity, this has a negative influence on the measuring results. An additional error occurs when the substrate is covered with a conductive coating. Also in the conductive coating eddy currents are generated. They have the same effect on the flux through the Hall-sensor as those generated in the substrate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide simple methods which allow to eliminate the different error sources when using magnetic sensors for the measurement of coating thickness.
With the first two methods the influence of external magnetic fields, as they can be present in mechanically or thermally treated substrates, or of time varying fields on the measuring device can be eliminated. Additionally this invention makes use of the advantages of the static magnetic field being insensitive to the conductivity of substrate and metal coatings.
A further advantage of this method is the automatic compensation of the temperature dependent offset voltage of magnetic sensors. This offset voltage occurs when applying a current to the sensor, even in the absence of a magnetic field.
A further described method of this invention can be used to compensate the influence of temperature on the signal voltage.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the measuring device.
FIG. 2 is a circuitry block diagram of the magnetic sensor for compensation of the temperature dependence of the signal voltage.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The measuring device is equipped with a magnetic sensor 10 and a coil 20 disposed in the neighbourhood of the sensor. The control unit 30 contains the sensor electronics 31 to feed the magnetic sensor 10 with a current I and to receive the signal voltage U. The control unit 30 also contains the coil control unit 32 to feed the current Ic through the coil 20.
The compensation of external magnetic fields as well as the offset voltage of the magnetic sensor 10 can be performed by either of the methods described as preferred embodiments hereafter.
With the first method the output voltage U in the magnetic sensor 10 is measured first by the magnetic sensor control unit 31 without a current Ic through the coil 20, when the measuring probe 15 is placed on the object under test 50. The output voltage U depends on the external magnetic field Bext through the magnetic sensor 10. This output voltage U1, is transferred from the control unit 30 to the evaluation unit 40. There it is digitised and stored. With the next step a current Ic is feed through the coil 20. This current generates a magnetic field B that is superimposed to the external magnetic field Bext. This creates a different magnetic flux through the magnetic sensor 10 and consequently a different output voltage U2. This voltage U2 is transferred from the control unit 30 to the evaluation unit 40. There it is digitised and stored. A linear relation exists between output voltage U and magnetic flux B through the magnetic sensor which can be written in the following form:

U=U0+K·B·I  (1)

U0 is the offset voltage, K is the sensor constant and I is the current through the magnetic sensor 10. Equation 1 immediately shows that the output voltage is the sum of the offset voltage and the sum of all magnetic flux components Ba, Bb, . . . through the magnetic sensor 10:

U=U0+Ua+Ub+ . . . =U0+K·(Ba+Bb+ . . . )·I  (2)

Therefore in the evaluation unit 40 the following difference can be calculated:

Ures=(U2−U1)=[Uo+K·(B+Bext)·I]−[Uo+K·Bext·I]=K·B·I  (3)

The result Ures represents the voltage the magnetic sensor would generate if no external magnetic field were present. Simultaneously the offset voltage U0 is eliminated. Using the functional relation between output voltage U of the magnetic sensor 10 and the distance of the sensor from the substrate (=coating thickness d=f(U)) the true coating thickness d can be calculated from the result Ures.
With the second method a certain current IC1 is feed through the coil 20 by the coil control unit 32 when the measuring probe is placed on the object under test. The magnetic field B1 generated by this current, together with an external magnetic field Bext, generates a magnetic flux through the magnetic sensor 10, resulting in an output voltage.

U1=U0+K·(B1+Bext)·I  (4)

This output voltage U1 is transferred from the control unit 30 to the evaluation unit 40. There it is digitised and stored. With the next step a second current IC2 is feed through the coil 20. In a preferred embodiment the current is selected as IC2=−IC1. The absolute value of the magnetic field B2 is the same as that of B1, but with reverse polarity: B2=−B1. The magnetic field B2, together with the external magnetic field Bext generates a magnetic flux through the magnetic sensor 10, resulting in an output voltage:

U2=U0+K·(B2+Bext)·I=U0+K·(−B1+Bext)·I  (5)

This output voltage U2 is transferred from the control unit 30 to the evaluation unit 40. There it is digitised and stored. Using equation 2 and the two digitised output voltages U1 and U2, the voltage resulting from the external magnetic field Bext and the offset voltage U0 can be eliminated as follows:

Ures=[U1−U2]=K·[(B1+Bext)−(B2+Bext)]·I=K·[B1−B2]·I  (6)

Because of B2=−B1, =B equation 6 can be rewritten as:

Ures=2·K·B ·I  (7)

Using the functional relation between output voltage U of the magnetic sensor 10 and the distance of the sensor from the substrate (=coating thickness d=f(U)) the true coating thickness d can be calculated from the result Ures.
In a preferred embodiment the influence of time varying magnetic fields, which usually have typical frequencies such as 60 Hz (e.g. those generated by transformers), can be eliminated by repeated changes between those two currents IC1 and IC2. The resulting output voltage is determined using the following equation:

Ures={[U1−U2]1+[U1−U2]2+ . . . +[U1−U2]N}/N =K·{[(B1+Bext1)−(B2+Bext2)]1+[(B1+Bext1)−(B2+Bext2)]2+ . . . +[(B1+Bext1)−(B2+Bext2)]N}/N·I =2 K·[B+{(Bext1−Bext2)1+(Bext1−Bext2)2+ . . . +(Bext1−Bext2)1N}/N]·I  (8)

with N being the number of repetitions. Those components of external magnetic fields in curved brackets will be averaged to zero, especially when the N pairs of measurements are taken in an interval that which is equal to one or several periods of the time varying magnetic field.

A further method in accordance with this invention allows to compensate the temperature dependence of the output voltage U. The temperature in the magnetic sensor 10 or the temperature change with respect to a reference temperature can be determined by measuring the internal resistance 11 of the magnetic sensor 10. This can be used to determine a compensation factor to correct the output voltage for temperature changes.
Starting from equation 1 the temperature gradient of the output voltage can be calculated as follows (a change in offset voltage can be neglected as effect of second order):

dU/dT=B·[dKH/dT·I+K·dI/dT]=B·K·I·[α+β]  (9)

using the following abbreviations:

dK/dT=K(T0)·α, dI/dT=I(T0)·β

K(T0) und I(T0) are related to reference temperature T0.

α and β are the temperature coefficients of the output voltage U and the sensor resistance 11 respectively. Since the coefficients α and β are known for each individual type of magnetic sensor, these parameters can be implemented directly in the control unit or used as parameters in a digital control unit.
The temperature dependant output voltage can be determined using the following equation:

U(T)=U(T0)+dU/dT·(T−T0)=B·K(T0)·I(T0)·{1+[α+β]·(T−T0)}  (10)

Equation 10 shows that the output voltage, measured at a temperature T, needs to be corrected by a factor {1+[α+β]·(T−T0)} as given in equation 10, in order to reduce the output voltage to the correct value at reference temperature T0. To do so the evaluation unit 40 has to calculate the factor in curved brackets which is transferred via the control unit 30 to the control of the magnetic sensor 31 to adjust the current I through the magnetic sensor by this factor.
To determine the temperature T the voltage drop across the sensor resistance 11 is measured by the sensor control unit 31 by feeding a constant current through this resistance 11. First this is done at temperature T0 as a reference, and then at each measurement of the output voltage U. To calculate the actual temperature T or the temperature deviation ΔT from the reference temperature T0 the following equation is used:

R(T)=R(T0)·[1+β·(T−T0)]=R(T0)·[1+β·ΔT]  (11)

β is the temperature coefficient of the sensor resistance 11 given above.

Then the temperature difference relative to T0 is calculated as:

ΔT=(1/β)·R(T)/R(T0)  (12)

The procedure to determine a temperature compensated coating thickness is as follows:
First with a reference measurement the sensor resistance R(T0) is determined in the control unit 30. This value is digitised and store in the evaluation unit 40. Each time a coating thickness measurement is taken the value R(T) is determined first, transferred from the control unit 30 to the evaluation unit 40, where it is digitised and stored. This value is then used to calculate the temperature difference ΔT according to equation 12. Subsequently, using ΔT, the correction factor {1+[α+β]·(T−T0)} is calculated in the evaluation unit 40 and transferred to the control unit 30. Then this parameter is used in the magnetic sensor control unit 31 to adjust the current I such, that the output voltage conforms to the respective voltage at reference temperature T0.
Alternatively to adjusting the current I through the resistor 11 of the magnetic sensor 10 upon temperature change the correction of the output voltage U at the measured temperature T can also be done digitally in the evaluation unit 40 using equation 10 and 12.
Of course it is obvious for a person skilled in the art to combine the method for temperature compensation of the output voltage with one of the methods for compensation of external magnetic fields.

## Claims

1. A method to compensate for temperature dependence of a measuring device for measuring the thickness of a coating comprising the steps of:
using a magnetic sensor element as the measuring device;
receiving a temperature signal corresponding to the internal resistance of the magnetic sensor element;
determining a correction factor using the temperature signal and temperature coefficients of the magnetic sensor element; and
correcting an output signal of the magnetic sensor element using the correction factor.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the output signal of the magnetic sensor element is corrected by applying the correction factor to an input signal of the magnetic sensor element.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the correction factor is determined by calculation, wherein the correction factor is determined by the following relationship:


1+[(α+β)×(T−To)], and

wherein α is a temperature coefficient of an output voltage of the magnetic sensor element, β is a temperature coefficient of the internal resistance of the magnetic sensor element. T is an ambient temperature, and To is a reference temperature.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the magnetic sensor element is a Hall-sensor element.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the magnetic sensor element is a GMR-sensor element.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature signal corresponds solely to the internal resistance of the magnetic sensor element.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the output signal of the magnetic sensor element is corrected by applying the correction factor to an input signal of the magnetic sensor element.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the correction factor is determined by calculation, wherein the correction factor is determined by the following relationship:


1+[(α+β)×(T−To)], and

wherein α is a temperature coefficient of an output voltage of the magnetic sensor element, β is a temperature coefficient of the internal resistance of the magnetic sensor element, T is an ambient temperature, and To is a reference temperature.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein the magnetic sensor element is a Hall-sensor element.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the magnetic sensor element is a GMR-sensor element.