[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-13715

________________________

Agency No. A216-265-732

SENTHOORAN MURUGAN, 

 Petitioner,

versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

 Respondent.

________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________

(August 24, 2021)

Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

BRANCH, Circuit Judge:

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Senthooran Murugan petitions for review of a decision of the Board of 

Immigration Appeals (BIA), affirming the denial of his application for asylum, 

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture 

(CAT). In 2017, Murugan fled Sri Lanka and entered the United States without 

authorization. He claims that he suffered past persecution in Sri Lanka on account 

of an imputed political opinion and membership in the particular social group of 

Tamils, and that he would suffer future persecution and torture if returned to Sri 

Lanka. An immigration judge (IJ) found that Murugan could not establish that he 

suffered past persecution or that he would suffer future persecution on account of 

an imputed political opinion or membership in a particular social group and denied 

his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief. The BIA 

affirmed that decision.

On appeal, Murugan contends that the BIA and the IJ committed various 

legal and factual errors in analyzing his claims. Because the agency applied the 

correct legal standards and its factual findings are supported by substantial 

evidence, and because Murugan failed to exhaust some of his arguments before the 

BIA, we dismiss in part and deny in part Murugan’s petition for review.

I. Background

Murugan is a native and citizen of Sri Lanka and a member of the country’s 

Tamil minority. In September 2017, he fled Sri Lanka and subsequently entered 

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the United States without authorization. Murugan claims that he left Sri Lanka 

because of three incidents involving the Sri Lankan Army. 

The first incident occurred in February 2017. Murugan was arrested while 

returning home from work and questioned by Sri Lankan soldiers about what he 

was doing alone late at night, where he had come from, and where he was going. 

He was not harmed, but he was detained at an army camp and told that he would 

be released only if his parents came to pick him up. Murugan’s parents came to 

pick him up the next morning, and he was released. 

Then, in June 2017, Murugan was arrested, along with two others, while 

distributing humanitarian aid to refugees who had come to his village from Vanni, 

Sri Lanka.1

 He was brought to an army camp, tied to a chair, and interrogated for 

four days. The soldiers wanted to know whether Murugan had a prior connection 

to the refugees because the refugees came from a part of Sri Lanka that was under 

the control of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Murugan denied 

having a prior connection to the refugees. 

During the interrogation, Murugan was repeatedly slapped in the face and 

kicked in the thigh, and he later testified that he thought he was going to be killed. 

After four days of interrogation, Murugan’s parents and neighbors secured his 

1 The refugees had been displaced by the Sri Lankan civil war, which was fought between 

the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. See Lingeswaran v. U.S. 

Att’y Gen., 969 F.3d 1278, 1283 (11th Cir. 2020).

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release. Before the army released Murugan, they warned him not to tell the media 

or any human rights organization about his mistreatment and that they would be 

monitoring him going forward. 

After his release, Murugan was hospitalized for two days and received 

x-rays of his legs and arms, a blood test, and pain medication. He also attended 

mental health counseling because he had stopped speaking or eating following his 

detention. Murugan did not report his arrest to the police or any other government 

authority. 

Finally, in August 2017, soldiers came to Murugan’s home, arrested him, 

and brought him to an army camp. There, they asked him why he had continued to 

help the Vanni refugees after he was warned not to do so during his previous 

arrest. Murugan denied the accusation that he had continued to help the refugees,

but the soldiers did not believe him and threatened to bring him to the “fourth 

floor”—an army torture camp for prisoners affiliated with the LTTE. 

After six hours of detention, Murugan was released. He testified that he was 

released because his parents had come to the camp and begged the army to release 

him. After his release, Murugan’s parents told him that his life was in danger and 

that the two people who had been arrested along with him back in June 2017 had 

been re-arrested and sent to the “fourth floor.” Murugan’s parents sold land and 

family jewelry to get Murugan out of the country. He left Sri Lanka on his own 

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passport, under his own name, in September 2017 and entered the United States in 

November 2017. 

II. Procedural History

In December 2017, the government issued to Murugan a notice to appear, 

alleging that he was removable as “an alien present in the United States who ha[d] 

not been admitted or paroled.”2

 Murugan then applied for asylum, withholding of 

removal, and CAT relief. He alleged past persecution and a well-founded fear of 

future persecution based on an imputed political opinion and membership in the 

particular social groups of Tamils and returned asylum seekers.3

 He also later 

testified that if he returned to Sri Lanka, he feared he would be arrested at the 

airport and then tortured and killed. 

2

 We decline Judge Martin’s invitation to use a term other than “alien” in this opinion. 

Rather, we use the term “alien” as it is the statutory term chosen by Congress. See Nat’l Broiler 

Mktg. Ass’n v. United States, 436 U.S. 816, 827 (1978) (“[A] statute is not an empty vessel into 

which this Court is free to pour a vintage that we think better suits present-day tastes.” (quotation 

omitted)); Harris v. Garner, 216 F.3d 970, 976 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (“[T]he role of the 

judicial branch is to apply statutory language, not to rewrite it.”); In re Davis, 565 F.3d 810, 823 

(11th Cir. 2009) (“Our function is to apply statutes . . . not to improve statutes by altering them.” 

(quotation omitted)); see also Abakporo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., No. 20-12750, 2021 WL 3598346, at 

*7 (11th Cir. Aug. 13, 2021) (Branch, J., concurring); Davis v. Gregory, No. 20-12716, 2021 

WL 2944462, at *4 (11th Cir. July 14, 2021) (Branch, J., concurring); Jean-Louis v. U.S. Att’y 

Gen., No. 20-12082, 2021 WL 2885838, at *2 (11th Cir. July 9, 2021) (Branch, J., concurring); 

Rivera v. U.S. Att’y Gen., No. 20-13201, 2021 WL 2836460, at *7 (11th Cir. July 8, 2021) 

(Branch, J., concurring).

3 Although Murugan also alleged persecution based on race, he did not provide evidence 

for that claim before the IJ. 

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After a removal hearing before an IJ on May 16, 2018, where Murugan 

conceded removability, the IJ issued a written decision denying Murugan’s 

application for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief. The IJ found that 

the harms Murugan suffered did not rise to the level of past persecution. He also 

found that Murugan failed to demonstrate a well-founded fear of future 

prosecution, noting that “[t]he record is devoid of evidence demonstrating that his 

fear of persecution would be objectively reasonable,” or a pattern or practice of 

persecution of Tamils or returned asylum seekers in Sri Lanka. In particular, the IJ 

found that Murugan failed to “offer[] any evidence, other than his own testimony, 

that any individuals have indicated they would single him out and harm him upon 

returning to Sri Lanka,” that “the record indicates that [Murugan’s] family remains 

unharmed in Sri Lanka,” and that the government had established that Murugan 

could “safely relocate within Sri Lanka and that it is reasonable to expect him to do 

so.” 

Moreover, the IJ further found that Murugan failed to establish that he was 

or would be persecuted on account of a statutorily protected ground. Specifically, 

Murugan failed to demonstrate a nexus between the alleged persecution and an 

imputed political opinion because he “provided no evidence, direct or 

circumstantial, that anyone imputed or would impute any political opinion to him.” 

As to his membership in the particular social groups of Tamils and returned asylum 

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seekers, the IJ similarly found “insufficient evidence that [Murugan] faced 

persecution based on his Tamil ethnicity,” and that the proposed group of returned 

asylum seekers was “overbroad and not socially distinct.” Finally, the IJ rejected 

Murugan’s application for withholding of removal and CAT relief because he 

failed to establish eligibility for asylum. 

Murugan appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. He argued that he provided 

sufficient evidence to show past persecution and that there was a pattern or practice 

of persecution of Tamils and returned asylum seekers in Sri Lanka. He also argued 

that he provided sufficient evidence to demonstrate a nexus between the alleged

persecution and an imputed political opinion or membership in the particular social 

groups of Tamils and returned asylum seekers. Lastly, Murugan argued that he 

had provided sufficient evidence of a pattern or practice of persecuting Tamils and

returned asylum seekers in Sri Lanka and argued that it would be unreasonable for 

him to relocate within Sri Lanka. 

The BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decision. It concluded that “a single, 

brief detention and a longer 4-day detention during which [Murugan] was 

interrogated, slapped, and kicked—does not constitute persecution.” It also 

concluded that the IJ did not clearly err in finding that Murugan failed to establish 

a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a protected ground and that 

“[n]othing the Sri Lankan army said or did indicated any political or other 

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protected motive.” Finally, the BIA agreed that Murugan failed to establish that 

there was a pattern or practice of persecution of Tamils in Sri Lanka and that the 

government had met its burden of demonstrating Murugan’s ability to relocate 

safely. Because Murugan failed to establish his eligibility for asylum, the BIA 

concluded that he failed to establish eligibility for withholding of removal or CAT

relief. 

III. Standard of Review

“When the BIA issues its own decision, we review only that decision, except 

to the extent the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s opinion or reasoning.” Lopez v. 

U.S. Att’y Gen., 914 F.3d 1292, 1297 (11th Cir. 2019). We review the BIA’s legal 

conclusions de novo and its factual findings for substantial evidence. Lingeswaran 

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 969 F.3d 1278, 1286 (11th Cir. 2020). “[W]e must affirm the 

BIA’s factual findings so long as they are supported by reasonable, substantial, and 

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. (quotation omitted). 

And we may reverse the BIA’s factual findings only if the evidence compels that 

conclusion. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992); see 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1252(b)(4)(B) (noting that the BIA’s factual findings “are conclusive unless any 

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary”).

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IV. Analysis

To be eligible for asylum, Murugan was required to prove that he is a 

“refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). A refugee is a person who is “unable or 

unwilling” to return to his home country “because of [past] persecution or a wellfounded fear of [future] persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, 

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1101(a)(42)(A); see Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1287 (11th Cir. 2001), 

overruled on other grounds by Patel v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 971 F.3d 1258 (11th Cir. 

2020) (en banc). We agree with the BIA that Murugan failed to establish past 

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. But even if Murugan 

could establish past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution, he

also failed to establish that the persecution was or would be on account of race, 

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

A. Past Persecution

Murugan argues that the BIA erred in concluding that he failed to 

demonstrate past persecution. “[P]ersecution is an extreme concept that does not 

include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.” Gonzalez v. 

Reno, 212 F.3d 1338, 1355 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 

1431 (9th Cir. 1995)). In particular, “[m]inor physical abuse and brief detentions 

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do not amount to persecution.” Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 

1353 (11th Cir. 2009).

Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that the harms Murugan 

suffered do not rise to the extreme level of persecution. Murugan was detained 

three times and, during the longer 4-day detention, was tied to a chair, slapped, and 

kicked. These harms, while serious, do not rise to the level of persecution. See id. 

(holding that an alien who was detained for four days and beaten and interrogated 

for five hours did not demonstrate past persecution); Djonda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

514 F.3d 1168, 1171, 1174 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding that an alien who was 

arrested, beaten, detained for 36 hours, hospitalized for two days, and threatened 

with re-arrest did not demonstrate past persecution).

Murugan separately argues that the BIA erred in its analysis of past 

persecution by failing to consider the mental harms he suffered from his detention 

and interrogation. But the IJ discussed Murugan’s mental harms in his opinion, 

and substantial evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that the harms that Murugan 

suffered —both physical and mental—do not rise to the extreme level of 

persecution. Murugan offered little testimony as to his mental harms other than 

that he received counseling two or three times. He confirmed that he was not 

provided with any diagnosis related to the counseling and that he did not have any 

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problems presently other than “fear.” Accordingly, Murugan failed to establish 

that he suffered past persecution.

B. Future Persecution

Murugan next argues that the BIA erred in concluding that he failed to 

demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution. An alien who establishes 

past persecution is presumed to have a well-founded fear of future persecution. 8 

C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). But absent a showing of past persecution, an alien must 

show that he has a “subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable” fear of future 

persecution if returned to his home country.4

 Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289.

The objective prong can be satisfied with “specific, detailed facts showing 

[that the alien has] a good reason to fear that he . . . will be singled out for 

persecution” on account of a statutorily protected ground. Id. at 1290 (quotation 

omitted). An alien can also establish a well-founded fear of future persecution 

(and does not need to show an individualized risk of persecution) if he proves a 

pattern or practice of persecuting “a group of persons similarly situated to 

[himself].” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2)(iii). To prove the existence of a pattern or 

4 An alien does not have a well-founded fear of persecution if they “could avoid future 

persecution by relocating to another part of the . . . country . . . if under all the circumstances, it 

would be reasonable to expect [them] to do so.” Kazemzadeh, 577 F.3d at 1352. Because we 

conclude that Murugan failed to demonstrate an objectively reasonable fear of future

persecution, we do not address the BIA’s determination that Murugan could relocate within Sri 

Lanka. 

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practice of persecution, the alien must prove that the mistreatment of persons 

similarly situated is “extreme and pervasive.” Lingeswaran, 969 F.3d at 1291. 

Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and the IJ’s conclusions that 

Murugan failed to demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution. 

Murugan failed to establish an individualized risk of persecution because he failed 

to point to any evidence showing that he would be singled out for persecution if 

returned to Sri Lanka.

Murugan also failed to demonstrate a pattern or practice of persecution of 

persons similarly situated to himself. In Lingeswaran, we rejected a similar claim 

and held that “the mistreatment of Tamils in Sri Lanka is not so extreme and 

pervasive as to establish a pattern or practice of persecution.” 969 F.3d at 1291. 

Here too, the record does not compel the conclusion that there is a pattern or 

practice of persecution of Tamils or returned asylum seekers in Sri Lanka. 

The dissent contends that the IJ (and subsequently the BIA) “ignored” 

evidence that Murugan submitted related to the country conditions in Sri Lanka in 

late 2018 (the “2018 evidence”), after concluding that the materials Murugan 

submitted were “outdated.” But this blanket assertion that the IJ ignored all of 

Murugan’s supporting materials because they were outdated misrepresents the 

record. The IJ stated that “some of the country conditions evidence submitted by 

[Murugan] [were] outdated and therefore [did] not support [Murugan’s] argument 

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that he will currently be subject to persecution in Sri Lanka.” Plainly, by using the 

word “some,” the IJ acknowledged that Murugan submitted other, more recent, 

evidence. And the IJ listed the 2018 evidence in the list of “documentary 

evidence” he considered. Further, the IJ stated that he had considered “the entire 

record carefully,” and that “[a]ll evidence has been considered, even if not 

specifically discussed further in [the] decision.” See Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 810 

F.3d 792, 803 (11th Cir. 2016) (“[W]hile the agency is required to consider all 

evidence that a petitioner has submitted, it need not address specifically each claim 

the petitioner made or each piece of evidence the petitioner presented.” (quotation 

omitted)); see also Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1376 (11th Cir. 2006) 

(explaining that an “[IJ] is not required to discuss every piece of evidence 

presented before him”). And the IJ cited on several occasions to Exhibit 8 in his 

analysis—as did the BIA—which was some of the 2018 evidence Murugan 

submitted. Thus, the record clearly establishes that the agency considered 

Murugan’s 2018 evidence.

The 2018 evidence details how Sri Lanka’s President Maithripala Sirisena 

suddenly fired the prime minister and appointed as the new prime minister former 

President Mahinda Rajapaksa—whose former presidency was marred by a series 

of human rights abuses and issues, many of which involved Tamils. The dissent 

relies on this 2018 evidence to conclude that the “record clearly contains sufficient 

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evidence of serious human rights abuses by the Sri Lankan government against 

Tamils” in support of Murugan’s claim of a well-founded fear of future 

persecution. However, whether there was “sufficient evidence” to support 

Murugan’s claim is not the applicable standard of review. Rather, we are limited 

to determining whether the agency’s decision is supported by substantial evidence. 

Lingeswaran, 969 F.3d at 1286. Under the highly deferential substantial evidence 

standard, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s 

decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision. Silva v. U.S. 

Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2006). Contrary to what one may 

discern upon reading the dissent, we cannot “reweigh the evidence from scratch.” 

Id. (quotation omitted); Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1278 (“Courts of appeal sit as 

reviewing bodies to engage in highly deferential review of BIA and IJ 

determinations. Commensurate with this role, we cannot engage in fact-finding on 

appeal[.]” (internal citations omitted)). Thus, we will reverse findings of fact “only 

when the record compels a reversal.” Silva, 448 F.3d at 1236 (quotation omitted); 

see also Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481 n.1. 

Importantly, even assuming arguendo that the record may support a contrary 

conclusion (as the dissent alleges), as we have said repeatedly, that fact alone “is 

not enough to justify a reversal of the administrative findings.” Silva, 448 F.3d at 

1236 (quoting Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004)). But to 

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be clear, the record does not support the position advanced by the dissent. The 

2018 evidence—that the record establishes the IJ considered—at best establishes 

concern that, because Rajapaksa was appointed the new prime minister, abuses 

similar to those that occurred in the past against Tamils under Rajapaksa’s 

presidency will occur again. Speculation that such abuses may occur again based 

on evidence of past “serious problems and abuses” does not satisfy Murugan’s 

“very high burden of establishing a current pattern or practice of persecution.”5

(emphasis added). In other words, although Murugan provided evidence of 

“serious problems and abuses perpetrated by the Sri Lankan government” in the 

past, the record does not compel the conclusion that the agency erred in its 

findings.

C. Nexus Requirement

Murugan also argues that the BIA erred in determining that he failed to 

demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on 

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or 

political opinion (the “nexus requirement”).

6

 

5 Murugan and the dissent also contend that the IJ applied the wrong legal standard to 

determine whether a pattern or practice of persecution of Tamils or returned asylum seekers

exists in Sri Lanka. We lack jurisdiction to consider this argument because Murugan failed to 

exhaust it before the BIA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); see also Jeune, 810 F.3d at 800; AmayaArtunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006).

6 Relatedly, Murugan contends that the BIA misinterpreted Gaksakuman v. U.S. Att’y 

Gen., 767 F.3d 1164 (11th Cir. 2014), which Murugan maintains supports his argument that he 

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To be eligible for asylum, an alien must show a nexus between the alleged 

persecution and a protected status—“that race, religion, nationality, membership in 

a particular social group, or political opinion was or will be at least one central 

reason for persecuting the applicant.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (emphasis 

added). To show a nexus, the alien must “present specific, detailed facts showing a 

good reason to fear that he . . . will be singled out for persecution on account of” 

the statutorily protected ground. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1286 

(11th Cir. 2005) (quotation and emphasis omitted). 

Murugan maintains that a “context sensitive” analysis “compels a conclusion 

that imputed political opinion was one of the central reasons for the harm to which 

would be imputed with a political opinion if returned to Sri Lanka. In Gaksakuman, we noted 

that the petitioner’s “evidence tended to prove that any Sinhalese who sought asylum would be 

perceived as affiliated with the [LTTE] regardless of actual association.” 767 F.3d at 1171 

(emphasis added). Nevertheless, despite our statement as to what Gaksakuman’s evidence 

“tended to prove,” we remanded that case for further proceedings because the BIA failed to give 

“reasoned consideration” to Gaksakuman’s application, and we could not review the evidence in 

the first instance to determine whether he was likely to suffer torture if returned to Sri Lanka. Id. 

Unlike in Gaksakuman, Murugan does not make any reasoned consideration argument here (nor 

could he do so legitimately because it is clear that the agency gave reasoned consideration to his 

application). Thus, any alleged misinterpretation of Gaksakuman is not relevant here because 

the issues on appeal in this case are different from those in Gaksakuman. 

The dissent asserts that Murugan’s brief assertion that the IJ “disregarded” his 2018 

evidence “as too old” and erred “by failing to take into account probative evidence” is “enough

under our precedent” to constitute a reasoned consideration argument. We disagree. As an 

initial matter, Murugan is represented by counsel, and therefore is not entitled to liberal 

construction of his brief. As such, the passing references in Murugan’s counseled brief 

highlighted by the dissent, which are unaccompanied by any supporting legal analysis, are 

insufficient to raise a reasoned consideration argument. But even if he raised such an argument, 

as we explained previously, the agency gave reasoned consideration to his application. 

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[he] was subjected.”7 But the record does not compel the conclusion that an 

imputed political opinion was or would be a central reason for Murugan’s

persecution. Murugan asserted in his application for asylum and in his credible 

fear interview that, during his detention in Sri Lanka, the army officials had asked 

him about his connection with the LTTE and why he helped the refugees from 

Vanni. But when Murugan’s counsel asked Murugan at the merits hearing on his 

application whether the army questioned Murugan about whether he was involved 

in the LTTE, Murugan responded: “No, no, no, they were just suspecting and that 

they were saying that I had contact with these people during war time.” This 

testimony undercut his prior assertions. And in light of Murugan’s conflicting 

statements, we cannot say that the BIA lacked a substantial basis for its conclusion 

that Murugan’s fear of persecution on account of the allegedly imputed political 

opinion was not well-founded. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1290 (“The denial of 

asylum may be reversed only if the evidence presented by the applicant is so 

powerful that a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite fear 

of persecution exists.” (quotation omitted)).8

 

7 By “context-sensitive” analysis, Murugan simply means that “[w]hether or not 

something is political must be determined in the historical context of the country at issue.” 

8 Murugan also argues that: (1) the IJ applied the wrong legal standard to its analysis of 

whether he demonstrated the required nexus between the alleged persecution and a statutorily 

protected ground; (2) the IJ erred in considering his family’s continued safety in Sri Lanka 

because it was irrelevant to his well-founded fear of future persecution; and (3) the BIA failed to 

consider the intersection between his status as a putative failed asylum seeker and his past help to 

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* * *

Because the BIA did not err in its conclusions that Murugan failed to 

demonstrate past persecution, a well-founded fear of future persecution, or a nexus 

between the alleged persecution and a protected ground, it properly denied his 

claim for asylum. And because Murugan failed to demonstrate an entitlement to 

asylum, “he necessarily fail[ed] to establish eligibility for withholding of removal 

or protection under CAT.” Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1288 n.4; see Al Najjar, 257 F.3d 

at 1292–93, 1303.

V. Conclusion

For these reasons, we dismiss in part and deny in part Murugan’s petition for 

review.

PETITION DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.

the refugees from Vanni. We lack jurisdiction to consider these arguments because Murugan 

failed to exhaust them before the BIA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); see also Jeune, 810 F.3d at 

800; Amaya-Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250. 

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MARTIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

The majority opinion gives no more consideration to Mr. Murugan’s claims 

and individualized evidence than did the Board of Immigration Appeals and the 

Immigration Judge. That is to say not much consideration at all. 

Mr. Murugan produced evidence that in October 2018, the Sri Lankan 

government changed drastically when the former president, who had been accused 

of authorizing war crimes and other human rights abuses against Tamils 

“blindsided” political observers and “sudden[ly]” returned as prime minister. 

Because Mr. Murugan is a member of the Tamil ethnic group, his attorney brought 

up these facts at the hearing before the IJ. But the IJ took no notice of this 

evidence, finding that Mr. Murugan’s country conditions evidence was outdated 

because it included materials related to the former president’s rule from 2014 to 

2016. Mr. Murugan argued to the BIA that the IJ improperly disregarded these 

new facts, because they were relevant to what treatment the Tamils could expect 

from the newly returned prime minister. Even so, the BIA mechanically adopted 

the IJ’s decision that Mr. Murugan’s evidence was outdated. Mr. Murugan has 

now tried a third time, pointing out the significance of this evidence in his brief 

before this Court.

The majority opinion, like the IJ and the BIA, fails to engage with this 

evidence. But I see it as substantial and highly probative evidence of a pattern or 

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practice of government persecution of Tamils. Because I believe Mr. Murugan 

met his burden of showing he had a well-founded fear of future persecution based 

on the Sri Lankan government’s practice of persecuting Tamils, I would grant him 

relief on this claim.

I.

Under Section 208(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A), the Attorney General has the discretion to grant asylum to 

noncitizens1 who are “refugee[s]” as defined in INA § 101(a)(42), 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428 & n.5, 107 S. Ct. 

1207, 1211 & n.5 (1987). The INA defines a “refugee” as a person unable to 

return to his or her country of nationality “because of persecution or a wellfounded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership 

in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Id. (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)).

1 The term “noncitizen” is the equivalent of the statutory term “alien.” Nasrallah v. Barr, 

590 U.S. __, 140 S. Ct. 1683, 1689 n.2 (2020); see also United States v. Estrada, 969 F.3d 1245, 

1253 n.3 (11th Cir. 2020). “Alien” is increasingly recognized as an “archaic and dehumanizing” 

term. Maria Sacchetti, ICE, CBP to Stop Using ‘Illegal Alien’ and ‘Assimilation’ Under New 

Biden Administration Order, Wash. Post (Apr. 19, 2021), 

https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/illegal-alien-assimilation/2021/04/19/9a2f878e9ebc-11eb-b7a8-014b14aeb9e4_story.html. Also the majority opinion could use the terms 

“petitioner,” “asylum-seeker,” or “applicant” where the term “alien” was used without 

sacrificing clarity or precision. 

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One way to establish asylum eligibility is for the applicant to put forward 

credible evidence that he has a well-founded fear of persecution in the future on 

account of his race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, 

or political opinion. Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1232 

(11th Cir. 2007). This well-founded fear of future persecution must be both 

“subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 

F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam); see 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(i). 

“The subjective component can be proved by the applicant’s credible testimony 

that he or she genuinely fears persecution, while the objective component can be 

fulfilled either by establishing past persecution or that he or she has a good reason 

to fear future persecution.” Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1257 (quotation marks omitted). 

However, “the applicant need not establish a reasonable possibility of 

persecution if the applicant instead proves that he is a member of, or is identified 

with, a group that is subject to a ‘pattern or practice’ of persecution in his country 

of nationality.” Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1352 (11th Cir. 

2009); see 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii). A noncitizen is deemed to have a wellfounded fear of persecution and does not need to show an individualized risk of 

persecution if he establishes: (1) a pattern or practice of persecution of a group of 

similarly situated persons; and (2) his own inclusion in, and identification with, 

that group of persons such that his fear of persecution upon return is reasonable. 8 

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C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2)(iii). “Pattern or practice” means “persecution of a group 

that is systemic, pervasive, or organized.” In re A-M-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 737, 741 

(BIA 2005) (quotation marks omitted).

“An applicant does not have a well-founded fear of persecution if the 

applicant could avoid future persecution by relocating to another part of the 

applicant’s country of nationality . . . if under all the circumstances it would be 

reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(ii). 

Generally, the applicant bears the burden of establishing that he would be unable to 

reasonably relocate within his country. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(3)(i). But where, as 

here, the persecutor is the government or is government-sponsored, it is presumed 

that internal relocation is not reasonable. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(3)(ii). In this 

circumstance, the government bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance 

of the evidence that it would be reasonable. Id. 

II.

Since the majority opinion does not address it, I will briefly describe Sri 

Lanka’s history of persecuting Tamils, as drawn from the evidence Mr. Murugan 

submitted. Most Sri Lankans are ethnically Sinhalese. For decades, the Sinhalese 

majority (which controlled the government) and the Tamil minority (through a 

group called the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (“LTTE”)), waged a civil war. 

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The LTTE sought to establish an independent state for Tamils so they would be 

free from government discrimination. 

In the years leading up to the end of the war, and for some time after, Sri 

Lanka was governed by President Mahinda Rajapaksa. Mr. Rajapaksa reportedly 

authorized war crimes and other human rights abuses against Tamils during his 

“strongman-style rule.” Beyond these reported abuses, Mr. Rajapaksa was also 

accused of corruption and nepotism. His brother, Gotabaya, served as Defense 

Secretary and was also accused of authorizing war crimes and human rights 

abuses. Specifically, it is reported that Gotabaya oversaw the massacre of tens of 

thousands of Tamils in 2009. The governing Rajapaksa family was also accused of 

creating investigative agencies to exonerate themselves and others for their actions 

during the war.

Mr. Murugan submitted evidence of this history. For example, he submitted 

a 2015 Human Rights Report, in which the U.S. Department of State (the “State 

Department”) observed that people reported “harassment of . . . persons viewed as 

sympathizers of the banned terrorist group the LTTE as well as arbitrary arrest and 

detention, torture, rape, and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence 

committed by police and security forces.” Another report, titled “A Still 

Unfinished War: Sri Lanka’s Survivors of Torture and Sexual Violence 2009–

2015,” said: 

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Six years after the end of the war, the widespread and 

systematic nature of these attacks on Tamils . . . suspected 

of ties to the LTTE goes well beyond punishment or 

revenge. These attacks speak of a government-supported 

effort to annihilate by any means the LTTE and subjugate 

the Tamil population that once supported them. 

A Huffington Post article from 2016 described a “troubling” string of arrests of 

Tamils by the Sri Lankan government, made “under the guise of ‘national 

security[.]’” And the State Department recognized in its 2017 Human Rights 

Report that Tamil men reported that Sri Lanka’s security forces tortured and 

sexually assaulted them.

Sri Lanka saw change in 2015 when Mr. Rajapaksa lost re-election and 

Maithripala Sirisena was elected president. Mr. Sirisena promised accountability 

and reform. There were still reports of persecution against Tamils, but it appeared 

that the government was working to improve. People were hopeful. 

Sadly, things took a dramatic turn for the worse on October 26, 2018. Mr. 

Sirisena fired the prime minister and replaced him with Mr. Rajapaksa, who, again, 

was the former president responsible for the deaths and torture of tens of thousands 

of Tamils. Many people warned that this was an unconstitutional coup, and 

complained that Mr. Sirisena’s suspension of Parliament was done in an attempt to 

delay and “rally and strong-arm votes for Rajapaksa.” Mr. Murugan provided 

news reports that painted the situation as dire for Tamils:

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Two days after the coup, the State Department issued a press statement calling on 

Mr. Sirisena to “immediately reconvene parliament and allow the democratically 

elected representatives of the Sri Lankan people . . . to affirm who will lead their 

government.”

Mr. Murugan submitted evidence of this shift in government to the IJ about 

two weeks after it occurred. The IJ received it on November 14, 2018. Then, on 

November 28, Mr. Murugan testified at a hearing before the IJ. After he testified, 

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Mr. Murugan’s counsel specifically argued that the evidence of Mr. Rajapaksa’s 

takeover showed that Murugan has a well-founded fear of future persecution. 

But the IJ ignored this evidence, calling the materials Mr. Murugan 

submitted “outdated.” The IJ found that Mr. Murugan only submitted country 

conditions evidence from 2014 to 2016, and “did not submit any evidence showing 

that prior conditions persisted.” Based on these findings, the IJ determined Mr. 

Murugan failed to show a pattern or practice of persecution of Tamils or returned 

asylum seekers in Sri Lanka. The BIA agreed, adopting the IJ’s decision and 

acknowledging that the evidence “shows Tamils face hardships in Sri Lanka,” but 

finding that Mr. Murugan did not show “a current pattern or practice of persecution 

against Tamils in Sri Lanka.”2

But this record clearly contains sufficient evidence of serious human rights 

abuses by the Sri Lankan government against Tamils under Mr. Rajapaksa. The 

evidence that Mr. Rajapaksa has returned to power certainly provides sufficient 

evidence to support Mr. Murugan’s claim that he will be persecuted because he is a 

2 The majority opinion says that, “on several occasions,” the IJ and the BIA cited to 

Exhibit 8, which contained “some of the 2018 evidence” Mr. Murugan submitted. Maj. Op. at 

13. Exhibit 8 is the State Department’s 2017 Human Rights Report and a “Fact Sheet” from the 

spokesperson for the State Department. The majority opinion is correct in that the agency cited 

this exhibit. But the reason both the IJ and the BIA cited the exhibit is significant. Both 

acknowledged that the country conditions evidence “showed that Tamils have been subject to 

human rights abuses” in Sri Lanka. Without considering that evidence in conjunction with the 

evidence of Mr. Rajapaksa’s return to power, the agency and the majority do not see the full 

picture of the risk Mr. Murugan faces should he return to Sri Lanka.

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Tamil if he is returned to Sri Lanka. At the very least, the IJ’s and the BIA’s 

decisions should be vacated because they lack reasoned consideration. Mr. 

Murugan’s case should be remanded to the agency for consideration of the totality 

of the evidence in the record. 

III.

A. PATTERN OR PRACTICE OF PERSECUTION

The BIA acknowledged (as did the IJ) that the evidence shows Tamils face 

“hardships” in Sri Lanka, but said these hardships did “not meet the very high 

burden” of showing a “current” pattern or practice of persecution. The BIA was 

referring to the IJ’s finding that the evidence in the record reflected the timeframe 

from 2014 to 2016 and that Mr. Murugan “did not submit any evidence showing 

that prior conditions persisted.”

The IJ’s and the BIA’s findings are not supported by the record. Even 

before Mr. Rajapaksa returned to power, the State Department’s 2017 Human 

Rights Report on Sri Lanka specifically found that “[g]overnment discrimination 

toward and security forces harassment of Tamils . . . persisted.” And it recognized 

that “torture is routine and continued throughout the country,” noting people made 

nearly 300 allegations of torture by state actors as of September of that year. The 

2017 Report also recognized the Sri Lankan government’s efforts to take steps to 

investigate, prosecute, and punish “some” officials who committed human rights 

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abuses, but these efforts quickly stalled. Seventeen months after Mr. Sirisena 

became president, no one had been convicted.

Mr. Murugan provided even more recent evidence showing that, after Mr. 

Rajapaksa was named prime minister in October 2018, Tamils “are at imminent 

risk.” In addition, political observers expect Mr. Rajapaksa’s brother Gotabaya, 

who ordered the mass murder of Tamils, to return to a position within Rajapaksa’s 

government. Another article, dated October 30, 2018, shed light on the fears of Sri 

Lankan activists that Mr. Rajapaksa’s return to power would end any human rights 

investigations implemented by the previous prime minister. 

The timing of the political struggle over Sri Lanka’s prime ministership is 

especially relevant. Mr. Rajapaksa replaced the former prime minister on October 

26, 2018. Two days later, the State Department acknowledged the impropriety of 

this coup. On November 12, Mr. Murugan submitted evidence of the recent 

developments in Sri Lanka, including news articles published from October 28 to 

November 2. This evidence was filed with the IJ on November 14. The hearing 

before the IJ, during which Mr. Murugan’s counsel argued the evidence of Mr. 

Rajapaksa’s takeover establishes a well-founded fear of future persecution, was 

held on November 28. Then, on December 19, the IJ issued its decision. 

But that decision—and the BIA’s adoption of it—was not supported by 

substantial evidence. Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a 

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reasonable person would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Todorovic 

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 621 F.3d 1318, 1323–24 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks 

omitted). Contrary to the agency’s findings, Mr. Murugan did submit evidence 

relevant to whether Tamils were suffering persecution at the hands of the 

government, for the time period as close as a month before the IJ’s decision (and 

two weeks before the November 28 hearing before the IJ). This evidence 

contradicts the findings that conditions in Sri Lanka improved after the civil war, 

and compels a finding contrary to the one the agency reached. This requires 

reversal.3

 See Bigler v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 451 F.3d 728, 732 (11th Cir. 2006) (per 

curiam) (holding that the substantial evidence test “requires reversal of factual 

findings” if the evidence “compels a contrary conclusion”).

In addition to failing to analyze the evidence offered by Mr. Murugan, the 

majority also mistakenly compares Mr. Murugan’s pattern-or-practice claim to the 

one in Lingeswaran v. U.S. Attorney General, 969 F.3d 1278 (11th Cir. 2020). See

Maj. Op. at 12–13. Mr. Lingeswaran also sought asylum on the grounds that he 

3 Also notable, the IJ seemed to apply the wrong standard in its pattern-or-practice 

analysis. The IJ said that Mr. Murugan submitted evidence only of “a pattern of human rights 

violations in general, without sufficiently showing Respondent is in danger of being persecuted 

upon his return.” But this is not the proper analysis for a pattern-or-practice claim. Pattern-orpractice evidence is not individualized—it is based on an individual’s membership in a specific 

group. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2)(iii); In re A-M-, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 741 (“Pattern or 

practice” means “persecution of a group[.]”). No one disputes that Mr. Murugan is Tamil. And 

much of Mr. Murugan’s evidence refers to the harms Tamils have suffered at the hands of the 

government.

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would suffer persecution if removed to Sri Lanka because he was Tamil. See

Lingeswaran, 969 F.3d at 1283–85. But the majority relies on the facts of Mr. 

Lingeswaran’s case, which showed “the Sri Lankan government has made 

recognized efforts to improve the situation for Tamils and reconcile the country” 

following the civil war. Id. at 1291. The majority thus relies on the facts from the 

Lingeswaran opinion to bolster its conclusion that the record Mr. Murugan 

submitted does not compel a conclusion that there is a pattern or practice of 

persecution of Tamils. There are two problems with this. First, the facts of 

Lingeswaran are demonstrably different from Mr. Murugan’s case. Mr. 

Lingeswaran submitted his application for asylum in May 2017, and the BIA 

reached its final decision on July 25, 2018. This was months before Mr. Rajapaksa 

returned to Sri Lanka’s government as prime minister.

Second, and, fundamentally, the evidence relevant to a particular asylum 

eligibility determination is that specific evidence provided by the applicant, and it 

must be evaluated in each individual case. See Sanchez Jimenez, 492 F.3d at 1232 

(“[A]n applicant can prove refugee status by presenting specific and credible 

evidence of . . . fear of future persecution[.]” (quotation marks omitted) (emphasis 

added)); Indrawati v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 779 F.3d 1284, 1302 (11th Cir. 2015) 

((“[T]he IJ and the BIA must consider all the evidence submitted[.]”). So it is the 

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evidence submitted by Mr. Murugan—not the evidence Mr. Lingeswaran presented 

to meet his burden—that matters here.

The evidence Mr. Murugan submitted compels me to conclude that he has a 

well-founded fear of future persecution. I would grant Mr. Murugan’s petition 

because he has established he has a well-founded fear of future persecution based 

on the government’s pattern or practice of persecuting Tamils.

B. RELOCATION

The majority opinion did not address the BIA’s determination that Mr. 

Murugan could relocate within Sri Lanka because its holding that he could not 

demonstrate an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution rendered review 

of the relocation issue unnecessary. Maj. Op. at 11 n.4. Because I think the 

majority opinion should have included a ruling on this issue, I will address the 

relocation finding here.

The IJ found, and the BIA agreed, that the government met its burden to 

show that it was reasonable for Mr. Murugan to relocate within Sri Lanka. The IJ 

found the record “does not demonstrate that there would be unreasonable social or 

cultural constraints, or other practical barriers.” The BIA affirmed, adding that the 

evidence Mr. Murugan relied on “is nearly 4 years old” and he “does not cite any 

recent country conditions evidence that would convince us otherwise.” 

Essentially, the BIA found that Mr. Murugan could reasonably relocate for the 

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same reason it found he was not eligible for asylum: its conclusion that Mr. 

Murugan did not submit evidence that Tamils face a present danger of persecution 

in Sri Lanka. 

But as explained above, this patently misstates the record. Mr. Murugan 

provided over 230 pages of country conditions evidence, some as recent as 

November 2018. The agency disregarded this evidence when reaching its 

conclusion that Mr. Murugan could reasonably relocate within Sri Lanka. 

Contrary to the government’s argument, this evidence does compel the opposite 

conclusion. I would direct the BIA to reconsider this finding on remand as well.

III.

At the very least, the agency did not give reasoned consideration to Mr. 

Murugan’s future-persecution claim, including whether he can reasonably relocate 

within Sri Lanka.4

 It is this Court’s job to find a lack of reasoned consideration 

when, among other things, the BIA misstates the contents of the record or 

4 When discussing a different argument Mr. Murugan made, about his eligibility for 

asylum based on a political opinion imputed to him, the majority opinion says that Murugan 

“does not make any reasoned consideration argument here.” Maj. Op. at 15 n.6. But he has. In 

a discrete section of his opening brief, Mr. Murugan argued that the BIA “disregarded” and 

“fail[ed] to take into account” the 2017 and 2018 evidence he presented, and cited that specific 

evidence. That is enough under our precedent. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 

F.3d 678, 681–82 (11th Cir. 2014). Further, Mr. Murugan made the same argument to the BIA. 

This information provided in his argument was sufficient to enable the BIA to review and correct 

the IJ’s error, and the fact that he did not use the term “reasoned consideration” is not fatal to his 

claim. See Indrawati, 779 F.3d at 1297. Mr. Murugan has done all he needs to do to raise a 

reasoned consideration argument and the majority opinion’s rebuff of any reasoned consideration 

claim is misinformed.

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“provides justifications for its decision which are unreasonable and which do not 

respond to any arguments in the record.” See Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 992 

F.3d 1283, 1294 (11th Cir. 2021) (quotation marks omitted). The agency finding 

that Mr. Murugan did not present any evidence beyond 2016 “showing that prior 

conditions persisted” to show a pattern of persecution of Tamils both misstates the 

record and justifies its decision in ways that fail to respond to Mr. Murugan’s 

arguments. The agency misstated the contents of the record because Mr. Murugan 

submitted evidence from 2017 and 2018—some as recent as a month before the 

IJ’s decision. And the agency provided unreasonable justifications for its decision 

that completely failed to respond to the arguments Mr. Murugan made about the 

recent developments in Sri Lanka. See id. Based on our precedent, I would hold 

that the agency failed to give reasoned consideration to Mr. Murugan’s claims. As 

a result, I would grant his petition for review, vacate the BIA’s decision, and 

remand for further proceedings. Id.

* * *

When this Court is tasked with reviewing a decision of the BIA, we must 

actually review it, albeit with deference. This majority opinion may condemn Mr. 

Murugan to extreme persecution in Sri Lanka because it failed to actually examine 

the evidence of recent political changes in that country. When a dictator with a 

well-documented history of persecuting an ethnic group returns to power, surely 

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our law does not require a member of that group wait to again experience 

persecution before he can claim asylum. Mr. Murugan has met his burden here. I 

respectfully dissent.

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