NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 87

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall, Editor

Volume 87

BOREAS BOREAS Level-lB MAS Imagery:

At-sensor Radiance, Relative X and Y Coordinates

Richard Strub, Raytheon ITSS

Paul Hubanks, RDC

Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Raytheon ITSS

Stephen Ungar, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010021965 2018-05-14T18:52:36+00:00Z
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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 87

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall, Editor

Volume 87

BOREAS BOREAS Level-lB MAS Imagery:

At-sensor Radiance, Relative X and Y Coordinates

Richard Strub, Raytheon ITSS

Paul Hubanks, RDC

Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Raytheon ITSS

Stephen Ungar, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS Level-lb MAS Imagery: At-sensor Radiance, Relative X and Y

Coordinates

Richard Strub, Paul Hubanks Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Stephen G. Ungar

Summary

For BOREAS, the MAS images, along with the other remotely sensed data, were collected to provide

spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes detailed land

cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fPAR and LAI. Collection of the MAS images occurred

over the study areas during the 1994 field campaigns. The level-lb MAS data cover the dates of

21-Jul- 1994, 24-Jul- 1994, 04-Aug- 1994, and 08-Aug- 1994. The data are not

geographically/geometrically corrected; however, files of relative X and Y coordinates for each image

pixel were derived by using the C-130 INS data in a MAS scan model. The data are provided in binary

image format files.

Note that the level-lb MAS data are not contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set. An inventory

listing file is supplied on the CD-ROM to inform users of the data that were collected. See Section 15

for information about how to acquire actual level-lb MAS images.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS Level-lb MAS Imagery: At-sensor Radiance, Relative X and Y Coordinates

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities

that were BOREAS community level activities or required uniform data collection procedures across

sites and time. These activities included the acquisition of the relevant aircraft image data. Data from

the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (MAS) onboard the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) C-130 aircraft were acquired by staff of the

Page 1
MediumAltitudeAircraftBranchatNASA AmesResearchCenter(ARC) andprovidedfor useby

BOREASresearchers.

BOREASInformationSystem(BORIS)personnelworkedwith MASpersonnelatNASA

GoddardSpaceFlightCenter(GSFC)in processingtheMAS andrelatedC-130navigationdatato

deriveandarchivethe12-bandlevel-lb MASimagery.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

ForBOREAS,theMAS data,alongwith theotherremotelysensedimages,werecollectedin order

to providespatiallyextensiveinformationovertheprimarystudyareas.Thisinformationincludes

detailedlandcoverandbiophysicalparametermapssuchasfractionofPhotosyntheticallyActive

Radiation(fPAR),andLeafAreaIndex(LAI). TheMAS datawerealsoto serveastestdatasetsfor

theMODISLandGroup(MODLAND) in exercisingits parameterderivationalgorithms.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Level-lb MAS data in the BORIS contain the following parameters:

Descriptive information as American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) text records,

at-sensor radiance values for image bands 1 to 12, relative X and Y pixel coordinates, and per pixel

view zenith and azimuth angles.

1.5 Discussion

BORIS staff created the level-lb MAS imagery by: 1) extracting aircraft location and attitude

information from BOREAS level-0 C-130 navigation data, 2) combining MAS image and C-130

navigation data to make a Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) file, 3) extracting image and ancillary

information from the HDF file and reformatting it into a band sequential (BSQ) format 8-mm tape

product for distribution, and 4) creating a descriptive inventory of the MAS data product in the BORIS

data base.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BORIS Level-2 MAS Surface Reflectance and Temperature Images in BSQ Format

BOREAS RSS-02 Level-lb ASAS Image Data: At-sensor Radiance in BSQ Format

BOREAS Level-2 NS001 TMS Images: Reflectance and Temperatures in BSQ Format

BOREAS Level-lb TIMS Imagery: At Sensor Radiance in BSQ Format

BOREAS Level-3a Landsat TM Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in BSQ Format

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

BOREAS Staff Science

2.2 Title of Investigation

BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Stephen G. Ungar

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-4007

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

ungar@highwire.gsfc.nasa.gov

Page 2
Contact 2:

Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-7858

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Jeffrey.Newcomer@ gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

MODIS was developed as part of the Earth Observing System (EOS) to meet the scientific needs for

global remote sensing of clouds, aerosols, water vapor, land, and ocean properties from space.

MODIS is scheduled to be launched in 1998 on the EOS AM-1 platform (King et al., 1995). In

support of MODIS remote sensing algorithm development, the MAS was developed by Daedalus

Enterprises, Inc., for NASA's high-altitude ER-2 research aircraft, and is an outgrowth of the

development of the Wildfire infrared imaging spectrometer. In a cooperative effort between the High

Altitude Missions Branch at NASA ARC and the MODIS science team, Wildfire was converted to the

MAS and upgraded over a series of several experiments, starting with the First International Satellite

Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment cirrus campaign (FIRE II) in November

1991.

The locations of the MAS spectral channels were chosen to enable a wide variety of earth science

applications. Of the 50 MAS channels, 19 have corresponding channels on MODIS. The remaining

MAS channels fill in the spectral region around MODIS locations and some provide unique coverage.

One application of the MAS solar channels is the study of cloud properties at high spatial

resolution. The majority of the molecular absorption in the shortwave region of the solar spectrum is

due to water vapor, with some ozone absorption in the broad Chappuis band (N0.6 ]am) continuum.

The reflectance measurements in the 1.61, 2.13, and 3.74 ]am windows provide useful information on

the cloud droplet size. Reflectance measurements in the visible wavelength region, in contrast, show

little variation with droplet size and can thus be used to retrieve cloud optical thickness (cf. Twomey

and Cocks, 1982; Nakajima and King, 1990). The reflectance at 0.94 ]am is attenuated by atmospheric

water vapor; these measurements, in conjunction with spectrally close atmospheric window

reflectances, can provide an estimate of the total precipitable water in cloud-free regions (Kaufman and

Gao, 1992).

Cloud properties can also be estimated from the thermal bands. In the 3.7-1am window, both solar

reflected and thermal emitted radiation are significant, though the use of the reflectance for cloud

droplet size retrieval is seen to be much more sensitive than the thermal component. CO2 absorption is

important around 4.3 ]am and at wavelengths greater than about 13 ]am. The MAS bands in these

spectral regions can indicate vertical changes of temperature. The 4.82- to 5.28-]am channels are useful

for investigating both horizontal and vertical distributions of moisture. Low-level moisture information

is available in the split window measurements at 11.02 and 11.96 ]am, and correction for moisture

attenuation in the infrared windows at 3.90, 11.02, and 11.96 ]am enables estimation of sea surface

skin temperature (Smith et al., 1995).

The MAS infrared spectral bands enable the study of cloud properties at high spatial resolution.

Products include cloud thermodynamic phase (ice vs. water, clouds vs. snow), cloud top properties,

and cloud fraction. The cloud top properties (height, temperature, and effective emissivity) can be

investigated using the CO2 slicing algorithm (Wylie et al., 1994) that corrects for cloud

semitransparency with the MAS infrared CO2 bands at 11.02, 13.23, and 13.72 ]am. Cloud phase can

be obtained using MAS 8.60-, 11.02-, and 11.96-]am brightness temperature differencing (Strabala et

al., 1994) as well as by using visible reflection function techniques (King et al., 1992) utilizing ratios

of the MAS 1.61- and 0.66-1am bands.

Page 3
In additionto theremotesensingof cloudradiativeandmicrophysicalproperties,theMAS is of

valuefortheremotesensingof landandwaterpropertiesunderchannelclear-skyconditions.MAS

visibleandnear-infraredchannelshavebeenusedto estimatesuspendedsedimentconcentrationin

near-shorewatersandto identify watertypes(Moelleret al., 1993;Huhet al., 1995).Landvegetation

propertiescanalsobestudied.

In acooperativeeffortbetweenDr. M. King (Code900,NASA GSFC),BOREASscientists,and

theNASA ARCC-130missionsstaff,theMAS wasinstalledintotheNASA C-130aircraftfor use

duringthe1994summerfield campaignof BOREAS.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

In support of MODIS remote sensing algorithm development, the MAS was developed by

Daedalus Enterprises, Inc., for NASA's high-altitude ER-2 research aircraft. Over the past several

years, upgrades included new detector arrays, grating modifications, an improved broadband lens for

the infrared channels, new Dewars, and various electronics improvements, all of which resulted in

improved in-flight radiometric performance.

The overall goal was to modify the spectral coverage and gains of the MAS in order to emulate as

many of the MODIS spectral channels as possible. With its much higher spatial resolution (50 m vs.

250-1000 m for MODIS), the MAS is able to provide unique information on the small-scale

distribution of various geophysical parameters. Originally and for the BOREAS deployment, the MAS

used a 12-channel, 8-bit data system that somewhat constrained the full benefit of having a 50-channel

scanning spectrometer. Beginning in January 1995, a 50-channel, 16-bit digitizer was used, which

greatly enhanced the capability of the MAS to simulate MODIS data over a wide range of

environmental conditions. The 12 data channels configured for the BOREAS Intensive Field Campaign

(IFC)-2 C-130 flights were:

Data MAS Spectral Center Spectral

Channel Channel Wavelength (_m) Feature

01 01

02 02

03 04

04 05

05 06

06 07

07 09

08 i0

09 20

i0 32

ii 45

12 46

0 547

0 664

0 745

0 786

0 834

0 875

0 945

1 623

2 142

3 900

ii 002

12 032

green peak

chlorophyll

NIR plateau

NIR plateau

NIR plateau

aerosols

water vapor

pollutants

mid-IR water

surface temperature

surface temperature

A total of 716 Earth-viewing pixels are acquired per scan at a scan rate of 6.25 Hz. Information

provided by the aircraft inertial navigation system is used to adjust the timing of the digitizer, providing

up to 3.5 degrees of roll compensation, in 0.03 degree increments.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

As part of the BOREAS Staff Science data collection effort, the ARC Medium Altitude Aircraft

Branch collected the 12-band MAS multispectral scanner data. The MAS was flown on NASA's

C-130 aircraft during BOREAS (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and

objectives). The MAS was flown at medium altitudes aboard NASA's C-130 aircraft based at the

NASA ARC and provided 20-meter spatial resolution at nadir at an altitude of 7,500 meters.

Page 4
4.1.2 Source/Platform

FortheBOREASmissionsin 1994,theMAS wasmountedin theNASA C-130aircraftoperated

by theNASA ARC.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The C-130 mission objectives for BOREAS were to acquire high-resolution digital imagery with a

variety of sensors during optimally clear days of the BOREAS field effort in 1994.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Emitted radiation, reflected radiation, and temperature.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

The optical system of the MAS is composed of a configuration of dichroic beam splitters,

collimating mirrors, folding mirrors, diffraction gratings, filters, lenses, and detector arrays. Both the

spectrometer and fore optics portions are mounted to an aluminum optical baseplate assembly, which

are pinned and mated.

A full face scan mirror canted 45 degrees to the along track direction directs light into an afocal

Gregorian telescope followed by a fold mirror that directs light back through a field stop aperture. A

2.5-cm Pfund assembly paraboloid forms a collimated image of the aperture, which strikes a fold

mirror that directs the incoming radiation upward into the aft optics spectrometer unit Thermal and dark

visible references are viewed on the backscan rotation of the scan mirror. The thermal reference

sources are two blackened copper plate temperature-controllable blackbodies. One blackbody is viewed

prior to the Earth-viewing (active scan) portion of the scan, while the other is viewed following the

active scan. The telescope alignment is maintained under the low temperature environment using Invar

steel and aluminum structural components.

The spectrally broadband energy transmitted and reflected by the dichroics is dispersed onto the

detector arrays from blazed diffraction gratings. The bandpass of a channel is determined by the

geometry of the detector monolithic array and its location with respect to the grating.

The radiation transmitted by the first dichroic (D 1) is reflected by a mirror and diffracted by grating

G1 onto a filter and lens assembly that focuses the radiation onto a silicon photovoltaic array with

channel response in the wavelength range from 0.55 to 0.95 pm (channels 1-9). Part of the radiation

reflected by D 1 reflects off the second dichroic (D2) and is redirected by two fold mirrors, diffracted

by grating G2, passed through a cold blocking filter, and focused onto an indium-antimonide (InSb)

focal plane array assembly containing channels 10-25 (1.61 to 2.38 pro). From D2 the remainder of

the spectrally separated energy strikes the third dichroic D3, part of which is reflected and enters port

3, where it is redirected by two fold mirrors, diffracted by grating G3, and focused onto another InSb

detector array that defines band-pass characteristics for channels 26-41 (2.96 to 5.28 pro). The

remainder of the energy from the scanner is transmitted through dichroic D3 into port 4, where it

encounters a fold mirror, diffraction grating G4, and lens that focuses the thermal radiation onto three

separate mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe) detector arrays, each with its own cold-filter to improve

the signal-to-noise ratio in its respective wavelength range. Port 4 senses radiation in the wavelength

range from 8.60 to 14.17 pm (channels 42-50). The InSb and HgCdTe detectors are cryogenically

cooled by liquid nitrogen to 77 K in pressurized Dewars.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

BOREAS IFC-2 MAS Instrument/Platform Specifications

Platform: NASA ARC C-130

Altitude: 8,000 meters (nominal)

Ground Speed: 200 knots

Pixel Spatial Resolution: 20 meters (at 8,000 meters

Pixels per Scan Line: 716 (roll corrected)

Scan Rate: 6.25 scans/second

Swath width: ~14 km at 7.5 km altitude

altitude)

Page 5
Total Field of View

Instantaneous

Field of View:

Roll Correction:

Bits per Channel:

Data Rate:

Visible Calibration

Infrared Calibration:

85.92 degrees

2.5 milliradians

Plus or minus 3.5 degrees (approx.)

12

246 Megabytes/hour

Integrating sphere on the ground

Two onboard temperature controlled blackbodies

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.

4.2 Calibration

Radiometric calibration of the shortwave (<2.5 ram) channels is obtained by observing laboratory

standard integrating sphere sources on the ground before and after flight missions, while calibration of

the infrared channels is performed in flight by viewing two onboard blackbody sources once every

scan. The blackbody sources are located on either side of the scan aperture in the scanner

subassembly.

Shortwave Calibration

Two radiometric sources are used for shortwave laboratory calibration during MAS development, a

76.2-cm-diameter integrating sphere maintained at NASA ARC, and a 121.9-cm-diameter integrating

hemisphere maintained at NASA GSFC. Both sources are coated with BaSO4 paint and internally

illuminated by 12 quartz-halogen lamps. The 76.2-cm sphere is used at ARC for MAS calibrations just

prior to the aircraft departure for field deployments as well as immediately following its return. This

source is used to monitor long-term stability of the absolute calibration of the MAS. The 121.9-cm

hemisphere has often been shipped to deployment sites and employed for MAS calibrations during the

deployment. More recently, a 50.8-cm diameter integrating hemisphere was purchased by NASA ARC

to ship with the MAS on all deployments. The 50.8-cm integrating hemisphere is coated with Duraflect

by Labsphere, North Sutton, NH, and is internally illuminated by 10 lamps. Recent intercomparisons

in the 76.2- and 121.9-cm integrating sources suggest that this smaller, more portable, source is

suitable for MAS field calibration purposes. This source is set up beneath the MAS prior to each flight

to monitor day-to-day fluctuations in the MAS shortwave calibration. Calibration of the spherical

integrating sources, both at ARC and during field deployments, is performed by NASA GSFC

personnel using a monochromator to transfer calibration to the integrating sources at spectral intervals

of 10 nm.

Thus, for each MAS short-wave channel, the radiance is related to digital count by

Ib = Sb (Cb - Ob ) / mb

where: Ib is the radiance measured in each short-wave spectral band b

Cb is the count value representing the detector response to the integrating source

Sb is the slope

Ob is the offset (digital counts when observing 'zero' radiance level)

mb is the reflectance of the 458 mirror (not used since 1993)

Details of the short-wave calibration and temperature correction procedure are given by Arnold et al.

(1994a, b).

Longwave Calibration

The calibration of wavelengths greater than 2.96 mm is obtained from in-flight observations of two

onboard blackbody sources, one operated at the ambient temperature and the other at an elevated

temperature (typically 30 °C). The two blackbodies are coated with Krylon interior/exterior ultra flat

Page 6
blackpaint.Thecalibrationslopeandinterceptfor thethermalchannelsaredeterminedfrom thistwo

pointmeasurement.Theblackbodysourcesareviewedduringeveryscanof themirror.Theamountof

energyreceivedby thedetectorisrelatedto thedigitizedcountvalueby:

Ib = Sb*Cb+ ib

where: Ib is theradiancemeasuredin eachinfraredspectralbandb

Cbis thecountvaluerepresentingthedetectorvoltageresponseto thesceneradiance

Sbis theslope

ib is theintercept

We assumealinearresponse,aslaboratorydeterminationsindicatefractionalnonlinearityparameters

of lessthan0.0001.Theslopeandintercept,andhencethecalibrationof countsto radiance,are

calculatedfor eachscanlineusingthecountvaluesrecordedwhenviewingtwo on-boardblackbody

sources.Using:

w to indicate the warm blackbody,

a to indicate the ambient blackbody,

m to indicate the MAS instrument,

and taking into account blackbody emissivity e, then

Sb = eb (Iwb -Iab ) / (Cwb - Cab )

ib =Iab + (Im -Iab ) (1 - eb ) - Sb*Cab

Blackbody count values are derived as the average of 12 FOVs across each blackbody surface

during each scan, with the temperature of the blackbodies monitored by embedded thermistors. The

emissivity of the blackbodies was obtained by viewing a well-characterized source in the laboratory,

from which the emissivity was determined to be 0.94 and 0.98 for the longwave and shortwave

infrared bands, respectively. For typical ocean scene temperatures, corrections for instrument radiation

(IM) reflected by the MAS blackbodies are approximately 1.25°C for the longwave and 0.25 ° C for the

shortwave bands, respectively.

Equivalent Planck radiances from the blackbodies are calculated for each spectral band using a

spectral response weighted integral of the form

Ib (T) = Integral[B(h, T) F (h)dhl / Integral[F(h) dhl

where: B(h, T) is the Planck function

F(h) is the spectral response for a given band

h is wavelength

T is the blackbody temperature

This can be fitted to an adjusted Planck function for the range of Earth emitted temperatures by

introducing coefficients aO and al such that

Ib (T) = B(hb, al*T + a0),

where hb is the central wavelength or wavenumber of band b.

4.2.1 Specifications

The following table shows the spectral and radiometric characteristics of each MAS channel in the

complete 50-channel system. Spectral resolution, defined as the full-width at half-maximum bandwidth

of the channel, ranges from around 40 nin in the visible and infrared to about 450 nm in the thermal

infrared.

Page 7
MAS

channel

MODIS

channel

Central Spectral

Wavelength Res.

(_m) (_m)

i

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

i0

ii

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

3O

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

4O

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

5O

4

1

15

2

7

19

6

7

20

21

23

25

29

30

31

32

33

35

36

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

8

9

i0

ii

ii

12

13

13

14

0 547

0 657

0 704

0 745

0 786

0 827

0 869

0 909

0 947

609

663

723

775

825

879

932

979

030

080

129

178

227

276

327

375

960

ii0

280

420

590

740

900

050

210

360

520

670

820

970

120

280

600

790

55

02

96

88

23

72

17

0 044

0 053

0 042

0 041

0 041

0 042

0 042

0 033

0 046

0 052

0 052

0 050

0 049

0 046

0 045

0 045

0 048

0 048

0 047

0 047

0 047

0 047

0 046

0 047

0 047

0 160

0 160

0 160

0 170

0 160

0 150

0 170

0 160

0 160

0 150

0 160

0 160

0 160

0 150

0 160

0 160

0 440

0 620

0 490

0 540

0 450

0 460

0 470

0 600

0 420

Equiv

Noise*

0 335

0 157

0 178

0 180

0 254

0 237

0 281

0 150

0 226

0 039

0 029

0 026

0 026

0 025

0 029

0 014

0 019

0 022

0 012

0 003

0 023

0 026

0 027

0 026

0 033

9 780

7 050

3 090

1 280

0 720

0 470

0 370

0 300

0 810

1 740

0 280

0 140

0 130

0 120

0 140

0 180

0 140

0 120

0 090

0 i00

0 190

0 460

0 490

1 320

2 000

Scene

Temp

(K)**

291

284

284

291

293

293

292

289

257

234

272

289

286

286

28O

275

292

287

294

294

294

291

283

256

229

Saturation

Level

+

Signal-to

noise ratio**

867

1035

1323.

1412

1638

1890

1935

314

1600

892

272

252

244

246

232

58

193

195

53

55

211

240

263

268

329

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

45 2 - 1052

44 6 - 1948

28 7 - 1586

21 5 - 1406

12 4 - 912

i0 7 - 923

8 1 - 728

14 9 - 1232

5 5 - 720

4 5 - 397

5 8 - 570

5 1 - 659

2 8 - 624

1 3 - 503

1 1 - 289

1 4 - 257

17-93

20-88

3 8 - 221

1 0 - 1309

2 3 - 255

2 0 - 245

1 6 - 198

1 5 - 140

10-83

1 7

2 4

5 9

15 7

297

47 5

62 4

78 2

23 8

9 5

83 2

192 9

210 2

234 9

199 7

153 7

363 2

465 0

697 7

654 7

370 9

161 2

147 0

467

25 5

Page 8
* Noise equivalent DI (W/m2/mm/sr) for channels 1-25; noise equivalent

temperature difference NEDT (K) for channels 26-50. All noise measurements are

based on in-flight measurements over the Gulf of Mexico on 16 January 1995.

** The thermal data (channels 26-50) are based on in-flight measurements over the

Gulf of Mexico on 16 January 1995. The short-wave data (channels 1-25) are

based on in-flight measurements over the Gulf of Mexico for the clear-sky

scene (low signal level, where the reflectance is often less than 1%) and

clouds on the north slope of Alaska on 7 June 1995 for the cloudy scene

(high signal level). The range of signal-to-noise values for the short-wave

channels reflects this range of scene radiance values.

+ Units of Watts/(meter 2 * steradian * micrometer)

The wavelength range (in micrometers) of the MAS bands selected for the BOREAS/IFC-2 are:

DATA CHANNEL MAS BAND

01 01

02 02

03 04

04 05

05 06

06 07

07 09

08 i0

09 20

i0 32

ii 45

12 46

Central Wavelength 50%

0 547

0 664

0 745

0 786

0 834

875

945

623

142

900

002

032

0

0

i

2

3

ii

12

Bandwidth

0 043

0 055

0 040

0 040

0 042

0 041

0 043

0 057

0 047

0 150

0.448

0.447

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Details of the shortwave calibration and temperature correction procedure are given by Arnold et al.

(1994a, b).

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

A single set of calibration coefficients was used for all of the BOREAS flights.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

For a more detailed calibration description, the reader is directed to King, et al., 1995.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

As part of the BOREAS Staff Science data collection eflbrt, the NASA ARC personnel collected and

provided the 12-band MAS data to BOREAS for use in science investigations. The MAS was flown on

NASA's C-130 aircraft during BOREAS (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details

and objectives). Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of NASA ARC.

Page 9
6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

Flight summary reports and verbal records on video tapes are available for the BOREAS MAS

data.

6.2 Field Notes

See the C-130 Flight Summary Report from the Aircraft Data Facility, NASA ARC.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

Each of the MAS flight lines cover a portion of the BOREAS Southern Study Area (SSA) or

Northern Study Area (NSA).

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W

Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W

Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W

Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W

The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W

Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W

Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W

Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

At the nominal C-130 operating altitude of 8,000 m, the MAS provided pixel resolutions of 20 m at

nadir to 30 m at the scanning extremes.

7.1.4 Projection

The flight lines are stored in their raw spatial form with pixel resolutions varying from 20 m at

nadir to 30 m at the scanning extremes. The provided files of relative X and Y coordinate indicate the

relative positions of the pixels from the arbitrary origin. These relative X and Y coordinates were

derived from the C-130 navigation data (see Section 9.3).

7.1.5 Grid Description

The provided files of relative X and Y coordinate indicate the relative positions of the pixels. These

relative X and Y coordinates were derived from the C-130 navigation data (see Section 9.3).

Page 10
7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Overall the flight lines cover the period of 21-Jul-1994 to 08-Aug-1994.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Start End Number of

Site Date Time Time Flight Lines

NSA 08-AUG-1994 14:31:58 15:43:08 7

SSA 21-JUL-1994 15:46:07 17:35:35 i0

NSA-YJP 04-AUG-1994 16:47:17 17:23:00 3

NSA-OBS 04-AUG-1994 16:23:44 16:18:02 3

SSA-9YA 24-JUL-1994 17:09:44 17-38:34 3

SSA-FEN 21-JUL-1994 30:35:48 21:15:30 3

24-JUL-1994 15:58:03 16:28:30 3

SSA-OJP 21-JUL-1994 19:24:26 19:53:21 3

SSA-OBS 21-JUL-1994 18:46:32 19:16:16 3

SSA-90A 21-JUL-1994 17:46:19 18:22:03 3

SSA-YJP 21-JUL-1994 20:00:06 20:26:54 3

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

The entire NSA and SSA were only imaged once in 1994. The dates and times for individual tower

sites are shown in section 7.2.2.

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The main parameters contained in the image data files are:

Scaled At-sensor radiance

Relative X coordinate

Relative Y coordinate

Scaled View zenith

Scaled View Azimuth

The parameters cont_ned in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

C130 MISSION ID

C130 LINE NUM

C130 RUN NUM

Page 11
C130 SITE

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

MAS SCAN SPEED

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

For the image data files:

Scaled At-sensor Radiance

The derived radiant energy incident on the sensor aperture at the time of data collection in the

specific MAS wavelength regions.

Relative X Coordinate

The X coordinate of the center of the image pixel in relation to the arbitrarily selected origin. The

trend of the X coordinates of the pixels is dependent on the direction of flight of the aircraft. The X, Y

coordinate system, starts with the nadir pixel location of image line 1 for all flight lines positioned near

the origin (0,0) and progresses based on the direction of flight. The flight direction refers to the angle

of the flight path relative to magnetic North with North as 0 or 360 degrees, East as 90, South as 180,

and West as 270 degrees. For example, the X coordinates for an idealized flight line in the direction of

180 degrees (South) would be increasingly positive to the left of the flight line and increasingly

negative to the fight of the flight line with the X coordinate for the nadir pixel being approximately 0

(zero).

Relative Y Coordinate

The Y coordinate of the center of the image pixel in relation to the arbitrarily selected origin. The

trend of the Y coordinates of the pixels is dependent on the direction of flight of the aircraft. The X, Y

coordinate system, starts with the nadir pixel location of image line 1 for all flight lines positioned near

the origin (0,0) and progresses based on the direction of flight. The flight direction refers to the angle

of the flight path relative to magnetic North with North as 0 or 360 degrees, East as 90, South as 180,

and West as 270 degrees. For example, the Y coordinates for an idealized flight line in the direction of

90 degrees (East) would be increasingly positive to the left of the flight line and increasingly negative

to the fight of the flight line with the Y coordinate for the nadir pixel being approximately 0 (zero).

Scaled View Zenith

The scaled value of the target-centered view zenith angle (complement of elevation angle). The view

zenith indicates the zenith angle at which the radiant energy was traveling when detected by the sensor.

The view zenith angle increases from 0 (straight up) to 90 degrees at the horizon.

Scaled View Azimuth

The scaled value of the target-centered view azimuth angle. The view azimuth angle indicates the

direction in which the radiant energy was traveling when detected by the sensor. The view azimuth

angle increases from 0 to 360 degrees with North as 0 or 360 degrees, East as 90, South as 180, and

West as 270 degrees.

Page 12
Thedescriptionsof theparameterscontainedin theinventorylistingfile ontheCD-ROMare:

Column Name Description

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

C130 MISSION ID

C130 LINE NUM

C130 RUN NUM

C130 SITE

The general term used to denote the spatial area

over which the data were collected.

The date on which the data were collected.

The starting Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

The ending Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

The object (e.g., satellite, aircraft, tower,

person) that supported the instrument.

The name of the device used to make the

measurements.

The number of spectral bands in the data.

The nominal altitude of the data collection

platform above the target.

The minimum angle from the surface normal

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The maximum angle from the surface normal

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The minimum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The maximum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The mission identifier assigned to the C-130

mission in the form of YY-DDD-FF where YY is the

last two digits of the fiscal year, DDD is the

deployment number for "official" C-130 missions

and is day of year for non-"official" C-130

missions (i.e., no site coverage), and FF is the

flight number within the given deployment (00 is

given for non-"official" C-130 missions) . An

example would be 94-006-04.

The number of the C-130 line in its flights over

the BOREAS area as given in the flight logs.

Zero values are given for non-"official" C-130

missions and for data between C-130 sites or

lines.

The number of the C-130 run in its flights over

the BOREAS area as given in the flight logs.

Zero value is given for non-"official" C-130

missions and data between C-130 sites, lines or

runs.

The C-130 site designator as given in the flight

logs. PRE is used for data taken from the

airport to the first "official" C-130 site, BTW is

used for data taken between two "official" C-130

sites, DSC is used for data taken after the last

Page 13
BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

MAS SCAN SPEED

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

"official" C-130 site, TRN is used for transect

data, and YTH and YPA are used for data taken at

the YTH and YPA airports (aircraft never

left the ground).

The data analyst's assessment of the quality of

the spectral bands in the data.

The data analyst's assessment of the cloud cover

that exists in the data.

The rate of scan line data collection by the MAS

instrument during the given flight.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the northwest corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

northwest corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the north

east corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

north east corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the south

west corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southwest corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the south

east corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southeast corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

For the image data files:

Scaled At-sensor radiance - Fractions of Watts/(square meter * steradian *

micrometer). Look near the end of the ASCII header

file for scaling factors.

Relative X coordinate - meters

Relative Y coordinate - meters

Scaled View zenith - Tenths of degrees

Scaled View Azimuth - Tenths of degrees

Page 14
The measurement units for the parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SPATIAL COVERAGE [none]

DATE OBS [DD-MON-YY]

START TIME [HHMM GMT]

END TIME [HHMM GMT]

PLATFORM [none]

INSTRUMENT [none]

NUM BANDS [counts]

PLATFORM ALTITUDE [meters]

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

C130 MISSION ID [none]

C130 LINE NUM [none]

C130 RUN NUM [none]

C130 SITE [none]

BAND QUALITY [none]

CLOUD COVER [none]

MAS SCAN SPEED [scan lines] [second^-l]

NW LATITUDE [degrees]

NW LONGITUDE [degrees]

NE LATITUDE [degrees]

NE LONGITUDE [degrees]

SW LATITUDE [degrees]

SW LONGITUDE [degrees]

SE LATITUDE [degrees]

SE LONGITUDE [degrees]

CRTFCN CODE [none]

7.3.4 Data Source

The values stored in the listed parameters were extracted from the level-lb MAS HDF files

provided to BOREAS by MAS processing personnel. The scaled at-sensor radiance and view angle

values are the result of calibration and processing of the raw MAS data by MAS personnel. The

relative X and Y coordinates were derived in a joint effort between BORIS and MAS personnel using

developed software. The sources of the parameter values contained in the inventory listing file on the

CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

[Determined from latitude and longitude

information provided in the NASA Ames flight

summary reports and navigation data files]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Data base constant]

[Data base constant]

[Data base constant]

[Determined from information

Ames flight summary reports]

provided in the NASA

Page 15
MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

C130 MISSION ID

C130 LINE NUM

C130 RUN NUM

C130 SITE

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

MAS SCAN SPEED

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

Ames Flight Summary Reports]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

Ames Flight Summary Reports]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

Ames Flight Summary Reports]

[Taken from the delivered tape label and the NASA

Ames Flight Summary Reports]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Constant software parameter value]

[Software extracted from MAS HDF files]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Calculated with software from the C-130 altitude

and heading, starting and ending flight line

latitude and longitude and the static MAS scan

angle information]

[Constant data base value]

Page 16
7.3.5 Data Range

The range of values for the image data files are:

Scaled At-sensor Radiance

Dependent on the particular MAS band of interest due to the wavelength region covered and the

scaling factor listed near the end of the ASCII header file.

Relative X Coordinate

Dependent on the direction of flight with an absolute minimum of -2,147,483,648 and absolute

maximum of 2,147,483,647.

Relative Y Coordinate

Dependent on the direction of flight with an absolute minimum of -2,147,483,648 and absolute

maximum of 2,147,483,647.

Scaled View Zenith

Minimum - 0

Maximum - 900

Scaled View Azimuth

Minimum - 0

Maximum - 3599

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in

CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng

Data Data Data

Column Name Value Value Value

the inventory table on the

Unrel Below Data

Data Detect Not

Value Limit Cllctd

SPATIAL COVERAGE N/A N/A None

DATE OBS 21-JUL-94 08-AUG-94 None

START TIME 1431 2110 None

END TIME 1435 2115 None

PLATFORM C-130 C-130 None

INSTRUMENT N/A N/A None

MUM BANDS 12 12 None

PLATFORM ALTITUDE 5369 7962 None

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG 33.5 60.8 None

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG 33.5 60.8 None

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG 104.7 228.4 None

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG 104.7 228.4 None

C130 MISSION ID 94-007-02 94-007-07 None

C130 LINE MUM 1 703 None

C130 RUN MUM 1 2 None

C130 SITE 429 432 None

BAND QUALITY N/A N/A None

CLOUD COVER N/A N/A None

MAS SCAN SPEED 6.25 6.25 None

NW LATITUDE 53.67695 56.08457 None

NW LONGITUDE -106.49118 -98.43622 None

NE LATITUDE 53.65457 56.02245 None

NE LONGITUDE -106.04228 -98.01404 None

SW LATITUDE 53.45052 55.92475 None

SW LONGITUDE -106.50745 -98.48084 None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

None None None

Page 17
SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

CRTFCN CODE

53.44061 55.88116 None None None None

-106.06016 -98.06009 None None None None

CPI-PRE CPI-PRE None None None None

Minimum Data Value --

Maximum Data Value --

Missng Data Value --

Unrel Data Value --

Below Detect Limit --

Data Not Cllctd --

The minimum value found in the column.

The maximum value found in the column.

The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank

N/A

None

-- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

-- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

-- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

A sample data record for the level-lb MAS image data files is not available here. The following are

wrapped versions of the first few records from the level-lb MAS inventory table on the CD-ROM:

SPATIAL COVERAGE,DATE OBS,START TIME,END TIME,PLATFORM, INSTRUMENT,NUM BANDS,

PLATFORM ALTITUDE,MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG,MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG,MIN SOLAR AZ ANG,

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG,CI30 MISSION ID,CI30 LINE NUM, CI30 RUN NUM, CI30 SITE,

BAND QUALITY,CLOUD COVER, MAS SCAN SPEED,NW LATITUDE,NW LONGITUDE,NE LATITUDE,

NE LONGITUDE,SW LATITUDE,SW LONGITUDE,SE LATITUDE,SE LONGITUDE,CRTFCN CODE

'SSA',21-JUL-94,1546,1549, 'C130', 'MAS',I2,7962.0,50.1,50.1,111.9,111.9,

'94-007-02',i,i, '430', 'Fair: some noise in IR channels', 'NOT ASSESSED',

6.25,54.09045,-104.73796,54.06945,-104.35302,53.94723,-104.7599,53.9263,

-i04.3763, 'CPI-PRE'

'SSA',21-JUL-94,1555,1600, 'C130', 'MAS',I2,7847.0,48.7,48.7,114.7,114.7,

'94-007-02',2,1, '430', 'Fair: some noise in IR channels', 'NOT ASSESSED',

6.25,54.1104,-104.95096,54.07979,-104.37902,53.91345,-104.98007,53.88298,

-i04.41086, 'CPI-PRE'

Page 18
8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data for level-lb MAS images is a single image - one of the 16 image bands of

a MAS scene collected over the BOREAS SSA and NSA. Each scene represents imaging performed

over a portion of a sight during one flight line. A scene is made up of 17 sequential 8-ram tape files

described below.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The CD-ROM inventory listing file consists of numerical and character fields of varying length

separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no

spaces between the fields.

One level-lb MAS image product consists of 17 files in the following order:

File

Files

i: An ASCII header file that containing information relating to the

mission, location, acquisition time, sensor parameters, aircraft

location and attitude, and radiometric calibration parameters.

2 - 13: Bands 1 to 12 stored as 16-bit binary values in fractions of

Watts/(square meter * steradian * micrometer)

(low order byte first). Look near the end of the ASCII header

file for scaling factors

File 14: Relative X coordinates stored as 32-bit binary values in tenths of

meters. (low order byte first).

File 15: Relative Y coordinates stored as 32-bit binary values in tenths of

meters. (low order byte first).

File 16: Scaled view zenith values stored as 16-bit binary values in tenths of

degrees. (low order byte first).

File 17: Scaled view azimuth values stored as 16-bit binary values in tenths of

degrees. (low order byte first).

The second scene on the tape occupies tape files 18 - 34. The third scene on the tape occupies tape files

35 - 47 and so on.

The geographic orientation of each scene depends on the direction of the aircraft line of flight.

Pixels and lines progress left to right, and top to bottom so that pixel n, line n is in the lower

right-hand corner of each scene.

All scene files exist on tape as a variable number of fixed length records. ASCII header files are 80

bytes in length. All binary files associated together for a given flight contain the same number of

records. The number of binary records in a flight varies depending on the length of that flight line.

Each binary data record in all flights represents 716 image pixels and are padded to an even multiple of

512. Therefore, the image and view angle file records contain 716"2 + 104 bytes of padding = 1536

bytes and the relative X and Y coordinate files contain 716"4 + 208 bytes of padding = 3072 bytes.

Page 19
9.1 Formulae

9. Data Manipulations

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

Derivation of the relative X and Y coordinates starts with determining the relative positions of the

nadir pixel in each image line. The nadir pixel coordinates are defined to proceed relative to an arbitrary

starting X,Y location. Nadir X,Y coordinates are derived as a function of the following parameters:

• Instantaneous Velocities X, Y, and Z from the C-130 navigation data.

• Tracking (actual direction aircraft is pointing) values derived as a function of true heading and

drift. To arrive upon nadir pixel tracking, the 1-Hz drift values and 30-Hz true heading values

are interpolated to nadir pixel values. Nadir pixel drift is added to the nadir true heading values

to obtain nadir pixel tracking values. Note that drift may be a positive or negative value.

The calculations used to derive relative X and Y coordinates of the nadir pixels are:

X0 = First (earlier) nadir X location

XI = Succeeding nadir X location

Y0 : First (earlier) nadir Y location

Y1 = Succeeding nadir Y location

DTime = Timel - Time0

[Delta time stamps between succeeding nadir pixels]

TH0, THI = True Heading at succeeding nadir pixels

Dr0, Drl = Drift values at succeeding nadir pixels

Tr0, Trl = Tracking at succeeding nadir pixels

VX,VY,VZ : GPS velocities in an X, Y and Z GPS reference system

Sp0, Spl = Ground Speed

[square root ((VX*VX) + (VY*VY) + (VZ*VZ))]

V0x : SP0 * cos(TH0 + Dr0)

[X Velocity at Time0]

Vlx = SPI * cos(THl + Drl)

[X Velocity at Timel]

V0y : SPI * sin(TH0 + Dr0)

[Y Velocity at Time0]

Vly = SPI * sin(THl + Drl)

[Y Velocity at Timel]

AVEV01X : (V0x + Vlx) / 2.0

[Average X velocity between Time0 and Timel]

AVEV01Y = (V0y + Vly) / 2.0

[Average Y velocity between Time0 and Timel]

X = X0 + (AVE01X * DTime)

[Succeeding nadir X coordinate]

Y = Y0 + (AVE01Y * Dtime)

[Succeeding nadir Y coordinate]

Once the position of the aircraft at the center pixel time is known, what remains to be determined is the

center pixel position on the ground and along the scan line on each side. The latter is determined by

dividing the ScanAngle by the number or pixels, e.g.:

if (pixel <= 0 )

ScanAngle = - fabs(Anglelncr * (pixel)

else

ScanAngle : fabs(AngleIncr * (pixel))

Page 20
TheCenterPixelPositiononthegroundis determinedby thetrigonometryof thesensor'sposition

whichvariesby pitch,altitude,headingandscanangleastheMAS sensorisroll-compensated:

XCoords[pixel] = xO + alt*tan (pitch) *sin (head) -

alt/cos (pitch) * (tan(ScanAngle)) * cos (head) ;

YCoords[pixel] = yO + alt*tan (pitch) *cos (head) +

alt/cos (pitch) * (tan(ScanAngle)) * sin (head) ;

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BORIS staff creates the level-lb MAS image products from HDF files. The input HDF file is

created by combining MAS image data with aircraft navigation data in an iterative procedure as

follows:

• BORIS staff extracts start and end flight line times from the level-0 C-130 aircraft navigation

data associated with the flight.

• The start and end times for the flight line are used by BORIS staff to extract the relevant

aircraft navigation data to determine nadir pixel times.

• BORIS staff processes/linearly interpolates the extracted navigation parameters such as roll,

pitch, heading, drift, and acceleration for the nadir pixel time.

• The nadir location parameters (roll, pitch, radar altitude, X and Y grid coordinates) are plotted

to perform visual review of the data for anomalous values.

• Nadir pixel navigation parameter values are then combined with MAS spectral data by MAS

processing staff to create an HDF image product consisting of MAS spectral data and ancillary

information for each flight line run.

• All HDF files are written to 8-mm tape and logged in the BORIS data base.

• Each MAS HDF file is converted to the BORIS BSQ 8-mm tape product.

• The 17 files, as described above, for each unique flight, are written to tape, in BORIS

level-lb BSQ format, for distribution.

• The BORIS format MAS tapes are then logged into the BORIS data base.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

See Section 9.1.1.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

See Section 9.1.1.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

Page 21
10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

Errors could arise in the acquired imagery due to location accuracy, distortion of lengths,

anisomorphism, instrument's local coherence, and multispectral registerability. Other errors could arise

from inherent radiometric imperfections of the sensors.

Whatever the processing level, the geometric quality of the image depends on the accuracy of the

viewing geometry.

Spectral errors could arise due to image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes,

and response normalization due to change in gain.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

None.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

One set of calibration coefficients was used throughout the BOREAS project rather than

recalculating for each flight. Errors are usually +/- 5% when recalculated for each flight.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS staff calculated the length of the sides of the images from the X and Y coordinate files of

the MAS scenes and compared with data from the flight summary report: An image with 1,416 scan

lines at 6.25 scan/sec should have a flight time of 226 secs. A flight time of 226 secs at 200 knots

should yield an image that is 23 km long. An instrument with a TFOV of 85.92 ° at an altitude of 8,000

m should produce an image with a ground width of 7.5 kin.

BORIS staff visually compared some of the MAS images that were geometrically (not

geographically) corrected with the relative X and Y coordinates to registered Landsat Thematic Mapper

(TM) images. The geometry and positioning of the features in the MAS images matched well with

those in the Landsat TM scene.

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None.

11.3 Usage Guidance

None.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

11. Notes

Page 22
12. Application of the Data Set

These data could be used as a first step to creating surface energy and reflectance maps of the imaged

areas. They could also be used in comparison studies with the Landsat images acquired over the areas.

Lastly, they could be compared with actual MODIS data after it is available later in 1999.

None given.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

BORIS personnel developed software and command procedures to:

• Unpack and subset the level-0 C-130 navigation data.

• Perform linear interpolation of the level-0 C- 130 navigation parameters.

• Convert the HDF data files received from MAS personnel to the BORIS BSQ 8-mm tape

product.

• Write the 17 files for each unique flight to tape for distribution.

• Extract header information from level-lb BSQ images on tape.

• Log the BSQ format MAS tapes into the BORIS data base.

The software is written in the C language and is operational on VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100

systems at GSFC. The primary dependencies in the software are the tape I/O library and the Oracle

data base utility routines.

The details of the software used by MAS personnel to derive the HDF level- lb products are

currently unknown.

14.2 Software Access

All of the described BORIS software is available upon request. BORIS staff would appreciate

knowing of any problems discovered with the software, but cannot promise to fix them.

15. Data Access

The level-lb MAS images are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System

(EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

Page 23
15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

The BOREAS level-lb MAS data can be made available on 8-mm, Digital Archive Tape (DAT), or

9-track tapes at 1600 or 6250 Bytes Per Inch (BPI).

16.2 Film Products

Color aerial photographs and video records were made during data collection. The video record

includes aircraft crew cabin intercom conversations and an audible tone that was initiated each time the

sensor was triggered. The BOREAS data base contains an inventory of available BOREAS aircraft

flight documentation, such as flight logs, video tapes, and photographs.

16.3 Other Products

Although the inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-lb MAS

images are not. See Section 15 for information about how to obtain the data.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Arnold, G.T., M. Fitzgerald, P.S. Grant, and M.D. King. 1994a. MODIS Airborne Simulator Visible

and Near-Infrared Calibration - 1992 ASTEX Field Experiment: Calibration Version - ASTEX King

1.0. NASA Technical Memorandum 104599, 19 pp.

Arnold, G.T., M. Fitzgerald, P.S. Grant, and M.D. King. 1994b. MODIS Airborne Simulator Visible

and Near-Infrared Calibration - 1991 FIRE-Cirrus Field Experiment: Calibration Version - FIRE King

1.1. NASA Technical Memorandum 104600, 23 pp.

Gumley, L.E., P.A. Hubanks, and E.J. Masuoka. 1994. MODIS Airborne Simulator Level 1B data

user's guide. NASA Technical Memorandum 104594 Vol. 3, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt MD.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Anderson, G.P. and J.H. Chetwynd. 1992. FASCOD3P User's Guide, Phillips Laboratory,

Hanscom AFB.

Page 24
Ardanuy,P.E.,D. Han,andV.V. Salomonson.1991.TheModerateResolutionImaging

Spectrometer(MODIS) scienceanddatasystemrequirements.IEEETrans.Geosci.RemoteSens.,

29, 75-88.

Bromba,M.U.A. andH. Ziegler. 1981.Digital filter for computationallyefficient smoothingof noisy

spectra.Anal. Chem.,53, 1299-1302.

Clough,S.A., F.X. Kneizys,L.S.Rothman,andW.O.Gallery. 1981.Atmosphericspectral

transmittanceandradiance:FASCODlB. SPIE,277,152-166.

Gao,B.C., A.F.H. Goetz,andW.J.Wiscombe.1993.Cirrusclouddetectionfrom airborneimaging

spectrometerdatausingthe 1.38mm watervaporband.Geophys.Res.Lett.,20,301-304.

Gumley,L.E. andM.D. King. 1995.Remotesensingof floodingin theUSupperMidwestduringthe

summerof 1993.Bull. Amer. Meteor.Soc.,76, 933-943.

Huh, O.K., C.C. Moeller, W.P. Menzel,L.J. Rouse,Jr.,andH.H. Roberts.1995.Remotesensing

of turbidcoastalandestuarinewater:A methodof multispectralwater-typeanalysis.Submittedto J.

CoastalRes.

Jedlovec,G.J.,K.B. Batson,R.J.Atkinson, C.C.Moeller, W.P.Menzel, andM.W. James.1989.

ImprovedCapabilitiesof theMultispectralAtmosphericMappingSensor(MAMS).NASA Technical

Memorandum100352,MarshallSpaceFlight Center,Huntsville,AL, 71pp.

Kaufman,Y.J. andB.C.Gao.1992.Remotesensingof watervaporin thenearIR from

EOS/MODIS.IEEETrans.Geosci.RemoteSens.,30,871-884.

King, M.D., D.D. Herring,andD.J.Diner. 1995.TheEarthObservingSystem(EOS):A space-based

programfor assessingmankind'simpactontheglobal environment.Opt.Photon.News,6, 34-39.

King, M.D., W.P. Menzel,P.S.Grant, J.S.Meyers,G.T.Arnold, S.E.Platnick, L.E. Gumley, S.

Tsay,C.C.Moeller, M. Fitzgerald,K.S.Brown, andF.G.Osterwisch.1995.AirborneScanning

Spectrometerfor RemoteSensingof Cloud,Aerosol,WaterVaporandSurfaceProperties.Journalof

AtmosphericandOceanicTechnology.

King, M.D., Y.J. Kaufman,W.P. Menzel,andD. Tanre.1992.Remotesensingof cloud,aerosol,

andwatervaporpropertiesfrom theModerateResolutionImagingSpectrometer(MODIS).IEEE

Trans.Geosci.RemoteSens.,30, 2-27.

Moeller, C.C.,O.K. Huh, H.H. Roberts,L.E. Gumley,andW.P. Menzel. 1993.Responseof

Louisianacoastalenvironmentsto acold front passage.J.CoastalRes.9, 434-447.

Nakajima,T. andM.D. King. 1990.Determinationof theopticalthicknessandeffectiveparticleradius

of cloudsfrom reflectedsolarradiationmeasurements. PartI: Theory.J.Atmos.Sci.,47, 1878-1893.

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.Nickeson,

A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.2000.CollectedDataof The

BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.

Revercomb,H.E., H. Buijs, H.B. Howell, D.D. LaPorte,W.L. Smith, andL.A. Sromovsky.1988.

Radiometriccalibrationof IR Fouriertransformspectrometers:Solutionto aproblemwith the

High-spectralresolutionInterferometerSounder.Appl. Opt.,27,3210-3218.

Page25
Running,S.W.,C.O.Justice,V. Salomonson,D. Hall, J. Barker,Y.J. Kaufman,A.H. Strahler,

A.R. Huete,J.P.Muller, V. Vanderbilt,Z.M. Wan,P.Teillet, andD. Carneggie.1994.Terrestrial

remotesensingscienceandalgorithmsplannedfor EOS/MODIS.Int. J.RemoteSens.,15,

3587-3620.

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.Ranson,D. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Smith, W.L., R.O. Knuteson,H.E. Revercomb,W. Feltz,H.B. Howell, W.P.Menzel,N. Nalli, O.

Brown, J.Brown,P.Minnett,andW. McKeown. 1995.Observationsof theinfraredradiative

propertiesof theocean- Implicationsforthemeasurementof seasurfacetemperaturevia satellite

remotesensing.SubmittedtoBull. Amer.Meteor.Soc.

Strabala,K.I., S.A.Ackerman,andW.P.Menzel.1994.Cloudpropertiesinferredfrom 8-12mm

data.J.Appl. Meteor.,33,212-229.

Tsay,S.C.,K. Stamnes,andK. Jayaweera.1989.Radiativeenergybalancein thecloudyandhazy

Arctic. J.Atmos.Sci.,46, 1002-1018.

Tsay,S.C.,K. Stamnes,andK. Jayaweera.1990.Radiativetransferin planetaryatmospheres:

Developmentandverificationof aunifiedmodel.J.Quant.Spectrosc.Radiat.Transfer,43, 133-148.

Twomey,S.andT. Cocks.1982.Spectralreflectanceof cloudsin thenear-infrared:Comparisonof

measurementsandcalculations.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,60,583-592.

Wylie, D.P.,W.P.Menzel,H.M. Woolf, andK.I. Strabala.1994.Fouryearsof global cirruscloud

statisticsusingHIRS. J.Clim., 7, 1972-1986.

17.3 Arehive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

Page 26
None.

18. Glossary of Terms

19. List of Acronyms

ARC

ASCII

BOREAS

BORIS

BPI

BSQ

CCT

CD-ROM

DAAC

DAT

EOS

EOSDIS

FIRE

FOV

fPAR

GIS

GMT

GPS

GSFC

HDF

IFC

IFOV

IR

ISCCP

LAI

MAS

MODIS

- Ames Research Center

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Bytes Per Inch

- Band Sequential

- Computer Compatible Tape

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Digital Archive Tape

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- First ISCCP Regional Experiment

- Field-of-View

- fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation

- Geographic Information System

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Global Positioning System

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- Hierarchical Data Format

- Intensive Field Campaign

- Instantaneous Field-of-View

- Infrared

- International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project

- Leaf Area Index

- MODIS Airborne Simulator

- MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer

MODLAND - MODIS Land Group

NAD83

NASA

NIR

NSA

OA

OBS

OJP

ORNL

PANP

SSA

TM

URL

YA

YJP

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Near-Infrared

- Northern Study Area

- Old Aspen

- Old Black Spruce

- Old Jack Pine

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Southern Study Area

- Thematic Mapper

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Young Aspen

- Young Jack Pine

Page 27
20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 25-Apr- 1995

Last Updated: 06-Jul- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date

BORIS Review: 09-Jun- 1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

The level-lb MAS images were derived in a joint effort by both BORIS and MAS personnel at the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The

contributions of the above individuals and agencies to completing this data set are greatly appreciated.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 28
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

September 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS Level-1B MAS hnagery: At-sensor Radiance, Relative X and Y

Coordinates 923

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

Richard Strub, Paul Hubanks, Jeffrey A. Newcomer, and Stephan Ungar

Forrest G. Hall, Editor

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 87

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

R. Strub and J. A. Newcomer: Raytheon ITSS; P. Hubanks: RDC

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

For BOREAS, the MAS images, along with the other remotely sensed data, were collected to provide

spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes detailed land

cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fPAR and LAI. Collection of the MAS images occurred

over the study areas during the 1994 field campaigns. The level-lb MAS data cover the dates of 21-

Jul- 1994, 24-Jul- 1994, 04-Aug- 1994, and 08-Aug- 1994. The data are not geographically/geometrically corrected; however, files of relative X and Y coordinates for each image pixel were derived by

using the C-130 INS data in a MAS scan model. The data are provided in binary image format files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, remote sensing science, MAS images.

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