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## Other Youth Topics

## Breadcrumb

            -  Youth Topics 
            -  Juvenile Justice 
            -           Connections with Youth in the Child Welfare System      

# Connections with Youth in the Child Welfare System

## Youth involved in the Child Welfare System

In general, youth involved in the child welfare system, like their peers in the juvenile justice system, are
                      - disproportionately members of racially/ethnically marginalized groups
                      - live at or below the poverty line;
                      - have strained, limited, or no family connections;
                      - usually have mental health needs; and
                      - have negative educational experiences and outcomes.

## Youth in Both the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems

Many youth find themselves involved in *both* the juvenile justice system and the child welfare system at some point in their lives. These youth tend to face a greater number of risk factors than youth involved in just one system, and those risk factors are typically more complex and paired with fewer protective factors than those of single-system youth. They also experience recidivism at higher rates than single-system youth. 1 These factors mean that it is of the upmost importance to properly understand and listen to the experiences of dual-system youth, and to properly implement meaningful interventions created with them in mind.
                      - In a study of juvenile justice involvement in three states (Cook County, IL, Cuyahoga County, OH, and New York, NY) the prevalence of dual-system youth in each location was 45 percent, 69 percent, and 70 percent, respectively.  2
                      - In 2018 the Los Angeles, CA Probation Department found that 83 percent of youth in the juvenile justice system had been referred to child protective services for maltreatment at least once.  3
                      - Increased information sharing and coordinated case supervision between the juvenile justice system and child welfare system is recommended by researchers as one promising avenue to better serve this population.  4

## Pathways to being involved in both systems

Youth may follow pathways in becoming known to multiple systems of care. Three ways this can happen include the following:
                      - Most frequently, they enter the foster care system because of substantiated abuse or neglect and then, while in foster care, commit an offense that brings them into the delinquency system.
                      - They enter the delinquency system with a prior contact with the child welfare system because of abuse or neglect, but may not be in foster care at the time of their arrest.
                      - They enter the delinquency system with no prior contact with child welfare but, because of information revealed by the youth, the probation department refers them to child welfare for investigation of abuse or neglect. 5

Additionally, in some states, child welfare and juvenile justice services may be administered by the same agency.

## Overlapping risk factors

The factors that lead to involvement with the child welfare system often contribute and coincide with those that bring youth to the attention of the juvenile justice system.
                      - Trauma:  Trauma  experienced prior to and during system involvement can negatively affect development for youth involved in both the juvenile justice and child welfare system. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) has been shown to be effective in reducing PTSD and depressive symptoms as well as behavioral issues among youth.  6
                      - Family:  Compromised social and family networks can make it difficult for youth to establish prosocial coping mechanisms as they mature emotionally and cognitively. Family tensions, which may result from abuse and neglect or out-of-home placement, can make it difficult for youth to establish a support network to help them overcome personal barriers to life success.
                      - Abuse and Neglect:  Child maltreatment (i. e., physical and/or sexual abuse, neglect) is a significant predictor of poly-violence perpetration, or the perpetration of multiple types of violence onto others. Children who have been neglected or abused are far more likely than their peers to enact violence against others, including but not limited to criminal violence, child abuse, and intimate partner violence.  7  Persistent maltreatment and neglect extending from infancy to adulthood is also significantly correlated with an increased risk of juvenile delinquency and criminality broadly.  8
                      - Impact of Abuse on Delinquency : Children who are survivors of abuse are not only at high risk for becoming involved with the child welfare system, but they typically fall into one of three categories: victim, delinquent, or victim-delinquent. The first group consists of youth who are primarily victims of abuse with little to no engagement in delinquent behavior, the second consists of youth who are primarily engaged in delinquent behavior and are victim to lesser amounts of abuse, and the third group consists of youth who are victim to the highest frequency and intensity of abuse and have the highest engagement in delinquent behavior.  9                          - The more violence a child is exposed to and victimized by, the more likely they are to engage in serious delinquent behavior and criminality themselves.
                      - Community Resources:  Lack of community-based services and supports, especially in impoverished communities and racially/ethnically marginalized communities may lead to cross-system involvement. This is one area wherein concerned community leaders and organizations can play an active role in reducing the likelihood of youth becoming involved in both the juvenile justice and child welfare systems.
                      - Substance Use/Mental Health:  Many youth involved in both systems struggle with  substance use  and/or  mental health  issues.

Youth involved with both the juvenile justice and child welfare systems, or “crossover youth,” can present a co-occurrence of risky behaviors and conditions. Even when they grapple with only one risky behavior or condition, the intensity of treatment is often greater than that for youth involved with a single system.

For example, many youth involved in multiple systems experience educational difficulties, including truancy and poor academic performance. These educational issues can derail the aspirations for higher education of even the most motivated youth. Educators’ early identification of these educational issues can be an impactful intervention to better serve crossover youth. Diagnosed and undiagnosed learning or other disabilities are often present and need to be addressed when planning for school completion, academic success, and job training.

## Challenges in the Transition to Adulthood

Sustained family and community relationships are important in providing critical support to youth as they face the challenges of young adulthood. In many cases, out-of-home placement in either the juvenile justice system or the child welfare system can exacerbate family and community tensions, making successful integration into society as a young adult and the transition to adulthood even more difficult. Allowing youth to exit either system without working to repair these family and community relationships can reduce a youth’s future success in employment, education, and financial matters. Providing sufficient familial and community resources for youth during their transition, however, can have an equally powerful impact towards benefitting their development and future trajectory rather than harming it.

## Resources for Practitioners

**Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Racial and Ethnic Minority Youth: A Guide for Practitioners****(PDF, 28 pages)**This guide addresses reasons for differences in mental health etiology and outcomes among youth. While some youth who are members of racially/ethnically marginalized groups experience lower rates of lifetime mental health disorders, their disorders tend to have a more chronic course.

**Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach****(PDF, 27 pages)**This paper introduces SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and offers a framework for how an organization, system, or service sector can become trauma informed by integrating the perspectives of researchers, practitioners, and people with experience of trauma.

**Child Abuse and Neglect Resources**This website shares resources, publications, and data sources on child abuse and neglect, including federal and non-federal resources for the public, interested community members, and practitioners.

**Model Programs Guide: Foster Care/Child Welfare System**This guide presents evidence-based juvenile justice and youth prevention, intervention, and reentry programs. Each program is rated either effective, promising, or no effect. Users can search the database for programs and interventions based on the age range of the child or young adult or can use other search filters to find programs for families and youth either involved in or at risk of being involved in the child welfare system.

**Education for Youth Under Formal Supervision of the Juvenile Justice System****(PDF, 18 pages)**This literature review discusses the intersection of the educational and the juvenile justice systems. It outlines the academic characteristics and challenges of youth in the juvenile justice system (including those in detention and long-term secure residential facilities, and under probation supervision) and interventions aimed at improving educational outcomes for this high-risk population.

**Practice Guide: Quality Education Services are Critical for Youth Involved with the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems****(PDF, 27 pages)**This practice guide operates under the premise that quality education services are crucial in ensuring positive outcomes for youth involved with the juvenile justice and child welfare systems, particularly due to education’s potential to counterbalance the negative effects of previous hardships and traumas on youth’s educational outcomes. The guide provides practices and strategies for child-serving agencies and practitioners both at the implementation policy levels.

**Reentry Employment Opportunities (REO)****Program**This program provides funding for justice-involved youth and young adults and adults who were formerly incarcerated. Organizations partner with juvenile and adult justice systems to assist in providing employment and training to this population of individuals who may find it difficult to obtain employment or training without additional assistance. The mission is to inform the public workforce system on how best to serve this population. The REO program develops strategies and partnerships that will facilitate the implementation of successful programs at the state and local levels that will improve the workforce outcomes for this population.

**Understanding Child Trauma**This infographic provides key statistics and information to help the public recognize the signs of child traumatic stress. This infographic can be downloaded as a whole or by the three key subject areas and is available in English and Spanish.

## Resources for Youth Transitioning into Adulthood

**Transition to Adulthood and Independent Living Programs**This webpage provides information on types of programs that serve youth aging out of out-of-home care, as well as tools and strategies for improving transition to adulthood and Independent Living programs.

**DoD Starbase**This program enables student to participate in challenging "hands-on, mind-on" activities in aviation, science, technology, engineering, math, and space exploration. The program provides students with 20-25 hours of stimulating experiences at National Guard, Navy, Marine, Air Force Reserve, and Air Force bases across the nation.

**USDA 1890 National Scholars Program****(PDF, 18 pages)**This program provides full tuition, employment, employee benefits, fees, books, use of a laptop, printer, and software while on scholarship and room and board each year for four years to students pursuing a bachelor's degree at 1890 Historically-Black Land Grant Institutions.

**YouthBuild**This program provides job training and educational opportunities for at-risk youth, ages 16-24, while constructing or rehabilitating affordable housing for low-income or homeless families in their neighborhoods. Youth split their time between the construction site and the classroom, where they earn their GED or high school diploma, learn to be community leaders, and prepare for college and other postsecondary training opportunities.

## References

1 Dierkhising et al., 2019; Herz, Ryan, and Bilchik, 2010; Kim et al., 2020; Lee & Villagrana, 2015; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 20212 Herz et al., 2019; Herz and Dierkhising, 20193 McCroskey, Herz, & Putnam–Hornstein, 20184 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 20215 Herz & Ryan, 20086 Cole et al., 2016; de Arrellano et al., 2014; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 20217 Milaniak, I., & Widom, C. S., 2015; Jung et al., 20158 Thornberry, 20089 Cuevas et al., 2013

## Other Resources on this Topic

### Agencies 

                          - National Institute of Justice
                          - Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
                          - Tribal Justice and Safety

### Announcements 

                          - 2022 National Crime Victims’ Service Awards Recipients Announced
                          - 2023 Advancing Racial Justice and Equity in Youth Legal Systems Certificate Program
                          - 50th Anniversary of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA)
                          - Brightly-Colored Fentanyl Used to Target Young Americans
                          - Department of Justice Awards More Than $136 Million to Support Youth and Reform the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million to Protect Children from Exploitation, Trauma, and Abuse
                          - Event: National Conference on Juvenile Justice
                          - Fact Sheet: System Involvement Among LBQ Girls and Women
                          - How to Connect to OJJDP TTA
                          - National Drug Court Month
                          - National Youth Justice Awareness Month, 2015
                          - OJJDP’s Fiscal Year 2021 Discretionary Awards Total Nearly $344 Million
                          - Opportunity: Call for Lightning Talk and Poster Submissions
                          - Podcast: Justice Matters
                          - Report: Coordination to Reduce Barriers to Reentry: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 and Beyond
                          - Report: Data Snapshot on Hispanic Youth Delinquency Cases
                          - Report: Drug and Alcohol Use Reported by Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2008–2018
                          - Report: Healing Indigenous Lives: Native Youth Town Halls
                          - Report: Juvenile Court Statistics 2014
                          - Report: Juveniles Incarcerated in U.S. Adults Jails and Prisons, 2002–2021
                          - Report: Mentoring in Juvenile Treatment Drug Courts
                          - Report: Patterns of Juvenile Court Referrals of Youth Born in 2000
                          - Report: PREA Data Collection Activities, Calendar Year 2022
                          - Report: Referrals to Law Enforcement and School-Related Arrests in U.S. Public Schools During the 2020-21 School Year
                          - Report: Spotlight on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Spotlight on Juvenile Justice Initiatives: A State by State Survey
                          - Report: Student Discipline and School Climate in U.S. Public Schools
                          - Report: Substantiated Incidents of Sexual Victimization Reported by Juvenile Justice Authorities, 2013–2018
                          - Report: The Impact of COVID-19 on Juvenile Justice Systems: Practice Changes, Lessons Learned, and Future Considerations
                          - Report: The Prevalence of Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships Among Children and Adolescents
                          - Request for Information: Programs and Strategies for Justice–Involved Young Adults
                          - Resource: 5 Ways Juvenile Court Judges Can Use Data
                          - Resource: A Law Enforcement Official’s Guide to the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model
                          - Resource: Activate: The Center to Bring Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Research to Youth-Supporting Professionals
                          - Resource: Adverse Childhood Experiences Capacity Assessment Tool Roadmap
                          - Resource: Answering the Call
                          - Resource: Archived Webinar – Multi-Tiered Systems of Support in Residential Juvenile Facilities
                          - Resource: Arrests of Youth Declined Through 2020
                          - Resource: Beyond the Box
                          - Resource: Changing Prison Culture Reduces Violence
                          - Resource: Child Victims and Witnesses Support Materials
                          - Resource: Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice System Involvement
                          - Resource: Child Welfare in the News
                          - Resource: Common Problems, Common Solutions: Looking Across Sectors at Strategies for Supporting Rural Youth and Families Tool-Kit
                          - Resource: Community Violence Intervention: The Chicago Story
                          - Resource: Complex Trauma Fact Sheets
                          - Resource: Core Youth Outcomes in Youth of Color
                          - Resource: Court Improvement Programs: Collaboration Between Child Welfare Agencies and Legal and Judicial Communities
                          - Resource: Data Snapshot: Youth Victims of Suicide and Homicide
                          - Resource: Dear Colleague Letter: Court-Imposed Fees and Fines for Youth
                          - Resource: Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2019
                          - Resource: Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million To Protect Children From Exploitation, Trauma and Abuse
                          - Resource: Diversion Programs I-Guide
                          - Resource: Drug Courts
                          - Resource: Emoji Drug Code: Decoded
                          - Resource: Facility Characteristics of Sexual Victimization of Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2018
                          - Resource: Family-Based Justice Center
                          - Resource: Family-Based Justice Center
                          - Resource: Federal Justice Statistics Program 2020-2021 Datasets
                          - Resource: Five Things
                          - Resource: Five Things About Juvenile Delinquency Intervention and Treatment
                          - Resource: Focused Deterrence of High-Risk Individuals: Response Guide No. 13
                          - Resource: Guide for Drafting or Revising Tribal Juvenile Delinquency and Status Offense Laws
                          - Resource: Highlights From the 2020 Juvenile Residential Facility Census
                          - Resource: Improving Youth Defense
                          - Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement
                          - Resource: Judicial Leadership for Community-Based Alternatives to Juvenile Secure Confinement
                          - Resource: Juvenile Court Statistics 2021
                          - Resource: Juvenile Residential Facility Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic
                          - Resource: Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2019
                          - Resource: Key Considerations for Applying an Equity Lens to Collaborative Practice
                          - Resource: Let's Talk Podcast - The Offical National Runaway Safeline Podcast
                          - Resource: Leveraging the Every Student Succeeds Act to Improve Educational Services in Juvenile Justice Facilities
                          - Resource: Literature Review on Teen Dating Violence
                          - Resource: Literature Review: Children Exposed to Violence
                          - Resource: Mentoring as a Component of Reentry
                          - Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing Career Interests and Exploration
                          - Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing School Attendance, Academic Performance, and Educational Attainment
                          - Resource: National Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Dashboard
                          - Resource: OJJDP Urges System Reform During Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM)
                          - Resource: Preventing Youth Hate Crimes & Identity-Based Bullying Fact Sheet
                          - Resource: Prevention and Early Intervention Efforts Seek to Reduce Violence by Youth and Youth Recruitment by Gangs
                          - Resource: Probation Reform: A Toolkit for State Advisory Groups (SAGs)
                          - Resource: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Processing of Delinquency Cases
                          - Resource: Raising the Bar: Creating and Sustaining Quality Education Services in Juvenile Detention
                          - Resource: Reentry Matters: Voices of Experience
                          - Resource: Resilience, Opportunity, Safety, Education, Strength (ROSES) Program
                          - Resource: Suicide and Homicide Death Rates Among Youth and Young Adults Aged 10–24: United States, 2001–2021
                          - Resource: Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking
                          - Resource: Support for Prosecutors Who Work with Youth
                          - Resource: The Fight Against Rampant Gun Violence: Data-Driven Scientific Research Will Light the Way
                          - Resource: The Mentoring Toolkit 2.0: Resources for Developing Programs for Incarcerated Youth
                          - Resource: The National Center for Youth with Diverse Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity & Expression (The National SOGIE Center) 
                          - Resource: Toolkit for Implementing Authentic Youth Engagement Strategies Within State Advisory Groups
                          - Resource: Trends and Characteristics of Delinquency Cases Handled in Juvenile Court, 2020
                          - Resource: Trends and Characteristics of Youth in Residential Placement, 2021
                          - Resource: Trends in Youth Arrests for Violent Crimes
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Homicide Data
                          - Resource: We Meet Them Where They Are: The Importance of Mentoring as a Component of Youth Gang Violence Intervention
                          - Resource: What Youth Say About Their Reentry Needs
                          - Resource: Youth and the Juvenile Justice System: 2022 National Report
                          - Resource: Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM) Toolkit
                          - Resource: Youth Justice Action Month: A Message from John Legend
                          - Resource: Youth Reentry and Family Engagement
                          - Resource: Youth Voice in Juvenile Justice Research
                          - Resource: Youths with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Respect Youth Stories: A Toolkit for Advocates to Ethically Engage in Youth Justice Storytelling
                          - Second Chance Month: April 2023
                          - Share with Youth: Youth Reentry Technical Assistance (YRTA) Center Fellowship Program
                          - Webinar Archive: Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Meeting
                          - Webinar Recording: Building Parent Leadership and Power to Support Faster, Lasting Reunification and Prevent System Involvement
                          - Webinar Recording: Don’t Leave Us Out: Tapping ARPA for Older Youth
                          - Webpage: Youth Violence Intervention Initiative
                          - Youth Voices Have Moved to YE4C

### Collaboration Profiles 

                          - Providing Unbiased Services for LGBTQ Youth Project
                          - Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships
                          - Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships

### Conferences 

                          - 2015 NDTAC National Conference Materials

### Data Sources 

                          - Bureau of Justice Statistics
                          - National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
                          - National Youth Gang Survey Analysis
                          - Uniform Crime Reports

### Feature Articles 

                          - Correctional Education Guidance Package
                          - CrimeSolutions.gov Website Launched
                          - Department of Education Opportunity: Performance Partnership Pilots for Disconnected Youth
                          - Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs
                          - Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C
                          - Keeping youth in school and out of the justice system
                          - Myth Busters: National Reentry and Medicaid
                          - Programs and Strategies for Justice–Involved Young Adults
                          - Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach
                          - Secretary Duncan Hosts First Meeting with National Council of Young Leaders

### Programs 

                          - Gang Resistance and Education Program
                          - OJP Releases FY 2015 Program Plan for Funding Initiatives
                          - Reintegration of ExOffenders Program

### Publications 

                          - 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment
                          - A Comparison of Four Restorative Conferencing Models
                          - Aftercare Services
                          - Amber Alert: Best Practices
                          - Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles: A Framework for Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century
                          - Behavioral Health Problems, Treatment, and Outcomes in Serious Youthful Offenders
                          - Changing Lives: Prevention and Intervention to Reduce Serious Offending
                          - Comprehensive Responses to Youth At Risk: Interim Findings From the SafeFutures Initiative
                          - Criminal Career Patterns
                          - Curriculum for Training Educators of Youth in Confinement
                          - Developmental Sequences of Girls’ Delinquent Behavior
                          - Economic Costs of Youth Disadvantage and High-Return Opportunities for Change
                          - Employment and Training for Court-Involved Youth
                          - Explanations for Offending
                          - Facilitating Cross-System Collaboration: A Primer on Child Welfare, Alcohol and Other Drug Services, and Courts
                          - Fact Sheet: Disproportionate Minority Contact
                          - Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice Issues 2013 Report
                          - Federal Justice Statistics, 2010
                          - First Issue of Journal of Juvenile Justice Available
                          - From the Courthouse to the Schoolhouse: Making Successful Transitions
                          - Functional Impairment in Delinquent Youth
                          - Graphic Novels for Youth in Custody
                          - Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970-98
                          - Highlights of the 2010 National Youth Gang Survey
                          - Implementation of the Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Program
                          - Improving Literacy Skills of Juvenile Detainees
                          - Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: A Community Care Model
                          - Intensive Parole Model for High-Risk Juvenile Offenders
                          - Interim Report for the Department of Labor Youth Offender Demonstration Project: Process Evaluation
                          - Juvenile Arrests 2011
                          - Juvenile Correctional Education: A Time for Change
                          - Juvenile Court Statistics 2009
                          - Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Gang Prevention
                          - Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Juvenile Transfer Laws
                          - Juvenile Mentoring Program: 1998 Report to Congress
                          - Juvenile Mentoring Program: A Progress Review
                          - Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2010
                          - Make a Friend-Be a Peer Mentor
                          - Mentoring-A Proven Delinquency Prevention Strategy
                          - Mobilizing Communities To Prevent Juvenile Crime
                          - National Children’s Mental Health Awareness Day 2013 Short Report, May 9, 2013
                          - National Partnership for Juvenile Services Launches Online Journal
                          - Native American Traditional Justice Practices
                          - OJJDP Annual Report 2012: How OJJDP Is Working for Youth Justice and Safety
                          - OJJDP Family Listening Sessions: Executive Summary
                          - OJJDP Releases Fact Sheet on Delinquency Cases in Criminal Courts
                          - OJJDP Releases Fact Sheet on Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts
                          - OJJDP’s Model Programs Guide Adds Three Literature Reviews
                          - OJJDP’s Statistical Briefing Book - 2012
                          - Prediction and Risk/Needs Assessment
                          - Predictors of Youth Violence
                          - Promoting Recovery and Resilience for Children and Youth Involved in Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems
                          - Prosecution, Transfer, and Registration of Serious Juvenile Sex Offenders
                          - PTSD, Trauma, and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Detained Youth
                          - Reintegrating Juvenile Offenders Into the Community: OJJDP's Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Demonstration Program
                          - Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Intensive Aftercare
                          - Risk Assessment for Adolescents
                          - Serving Youth in Confinement
                          - Socioeconomic Mapping and Resource Topography
                          - Special Education and the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Spring 2014 Issue of Journal of Juvenile Justice
                          - Stories of Change Among Justice-Involved American Indian Youth
                          - Successful Program Implementation: Lessons Learned from Blueprints
                          - Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Detained Youth
                          - Survey of Youth in Residential Placement (SYRP) 2003
                          - The Impact of Gangs on Communities
                          - The Northwestern Juvenile Project: Overview
                          - Trauma-informed Care and Outcomes Among Youth
                          - Victims, Judges, and Juvenile Court Reform Through Restorative Justice
                          - Women and Girls in the Corrections System
                          - You’re an Adult Now: Youth Offenders in Adult Corrections
                          - Young Offenders: What Happens and What Should Happen

### Resources 

                          - Alaska Native Tribal Courts Gain Right to Protect Women in Domestic Violence Cases
                          - Community-Based Responses to Justice-Involved Young Adults
                          - Creating and Maintaining Good Relationships Between Juvenile Justice and Education Agencies
                          - Data Dashboards to Support Title I, Part D Program Administration: A Step-By-Step Guide
                          - Fact Sheet: Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts, 2013
                          - Fact Sheet: Solitary Confinement Banned for Juveniles in Federal Prisons
                          - Gender-Specific Programming
                          - Juvenile Arrests 2012
                          - Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2014 National Report
                          - Juvenile Residential Facility Census, 2012: Selected Findings
                          - New Modules Developed for Sexual Assault Advocate/Counselor Training
                          - New Reports Highlight OJJDP’s Tribal Green Reentry Grantee Experiences
                          - New Title I, Part D Data Collection Resource
                          - OJJDP Bulletin: Deterrence Among High-Risk Adolescents
                          - OJJDP News @ a Glance, January/February 2015
                          - OJJDP News @ a Glance, May/June 2015
                          - OJJDP Releases Research on Youth's Mental Health Needs and Long-Term Outcomes after Detention
                          - OJJDP Safe Start Center
                          - OJJDP Updates National DMC Data to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - OJJDP, MENTOR Launch National Mentoring Resource Center
                          - OJJDP's Pathways to Desistance Bulletins Now Available in E-Book Format
                          - OJJDP’s Model Programs Guide Adds Three Literature Reviews
                          - Policy Guidance: Girls and the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Promote Your Youth Program
                          - Quality Education Services Are Critical for Youth Involved With the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems
                          - Report: 2015 Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice Recommendations
                          - Report: Co-Offending Among Adolescents in Violence Victimizations, 2004-13
                          - Report: Data Snapshot on Hispanic Youth Delinquency Cases
                          - Report: Defend Children: A Blueprint for Effective Juvenile Defender Services
                          - Report: Developmentally Appropriate Criminal Justice Responses to Justice-Involved Young Adults
                          - Report: Evaluations of OJJDP’s Juvenile Justice Reform and Reinvestment Initiative
                          - Report: Expanding Access to Justice, Strengthening Federal Programs
                          - Report: Impact of Domestic Violence Policies and Practices on Girls and Young Women
                          - Report: Judicially-Led Responses to Eliminate School Pathways to the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Juvenile Court Statistics
                          - Report: Juvenile Court Statistics 2014
                          - Report: Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2013
                          - Report: Mentoring in Juvenile Treatment Drug Courts
                          - Report: National Juvenile Probation Office Survey
                          - Report: Recommendations of the LGBT Subcommittee: Advancing the Reform Process for LGBQ/GNCT Youth in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Sexual Victimization in Prisons, Jails, and Juvenile Correctional Facilities
                          - Report: Spotlight on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Report: Spotlight on Juvenile Justice Initiatives: A State by State Survey
                          - Report: The Prevalence of Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships Among Children and Adolescents
                          - Resource: 5 Ways Juvenile Court Judges Can Use Data
                          - Resource: A Guide to the Guidelines: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement
                          - Resource: Arts-Based Programs and Arts Therapies Literature Review
                          - Resource: Arts-Based Programs and Arts Therapies Webpage
                          - Resource: Beyond the Box Resource Guide
                          - Resource: Building a School Responder Model
                          - Resource: Child Labor Trafficking
                          - Resource: Data Snapshot on Youth Residential Facilities
                          - Resource: Diversion Programs I-Guide
                          - Resource: Drug Courts
                          - Resource: Engage, Involve, Empower: Family Engagement in Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts
                          - Resource: Focused Deterrence of High-Risk Individuals: Response Guide No. 13
                          - Resource: Improving Outcomes for Youth with Disabilities in Juvenile Corrections
                          - Resource: Increasing Access to Higher Education for Justice-Involved Individuals
                          - Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement
                          - Resource: Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Guidelines
                          - Resource: Leveraging the Every Student Succeeds Act to Improve Educational Services in Juvenile Justice Facilities
                          - Resource: Mentoring as a Component of Reentry
                          - Resource: New Title I, Part D Data Collection Guide
                          - Resource: OJJDP Policy: Monitoring of State Compliance with the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
                          - Resource: OJJDP Updates Juvenile Homicide Data to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: Raising the Bar: Creating and Sustaining Quality Education Services in Juvenile Detention
                          - Resource: Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: The Mentoring Toolkit 2.0: Resources for Developing Programs for Incarcerated Youth
                          - Resource: Tribal Access to Justice Innovation
                          - Resource: Updated Model Indian Juvenile Code
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Homicide Data
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Juveniles in Residential Placement
                          - Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Law Enforcement and Court Data
                          - Resource: Youths with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System; Trauma Among Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Assessing Exposure to Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress in the Juvenile Justice Population
                          - Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Evidence-Informed Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Problems with Youth Involved in the Juvenile Justice System
                          - Second Chance Pell Pilot Program for Incarcerated Individuals
                          - Share with Youth: Educational Pathways for Youth Transitioning from Juvenile Justice Facilities
                          - Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking
                          - The Effects of Adolescent Development on Policing
                          - Tip Sheet: Federal Resources and Initiatives for Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At Risk
                          - Trainings: Substance Abuse Treatment, Child Welfare, and Court Professionals
                          - Tribal Crime Data Collection Activities, 2015

### Technical Assistance 

                          - Bureau of Justice Assistance Training and Technical Assistance
                          - National Juvenile Justice Evaluation Center
                          - National Reentry Resource Center
                          - National Training and Technical Assistance Center - Juvenile Justice Programs
                          - The National Center on Education, Disability, and Juvenile Justice (EDJJ)
                          - Tribal Youth Training and Technical Assistance Center

### Tools & Guides 

                          - 3 Bold Steps for School Community Change
                          - CJCA Toolkit for Reducing the Use of Isolation
                          - CrimeSolutions.gov
                          - Departments of Justice, Education Release: Correctional Education Guidance Package for Serving Juvenile Justice System-Involved Youth
                          - Desktop Guide to Quality Practice for Working With Youth in Confinement
                          - Grants 101:  A Resource from Department of Justice
                          - IACP Youth Focused Policing: Program Impact Tools
                          - National Institute of Corrections
                          - OJJDP Updates Statistical Briefing Book
                          - Performance Measures Resources
                          - Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
                          - Resource: A Law Enforcement Official’s Guide to the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model
                          - Resource: Re-Entry Education Toolkit
                          - Risk and Protective Factors Data Tool

### Training Resources 

                          - IACP Launches Online Training Series on Juvenile Interviewing and Interrogation

### Videos & Podcasts 

                          - Supporting the Success of Youth in Juvenile Justice Settings
                          - Understanding Teen Dating Violence

### Webinars & Presentations 

                          - NDTAC Explores What It Takes To Make Youth in Justice Settings College and Career Ready
                          - Webinar: NDTAC Examines the Provision of Free Appropriate Education for Youth With Disabilities in Juvenile Secure Care

### Websites 

                          - Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
                          - Disproportionate Minority Contact
                          - Federal Bureau of Prisons
                          - Gangs (Security Threat Groups)
                          - National Gang Center
                          - National Girls Institute
                          - Resource: How OJJDP Is Meeting the Needs of At-Risk and Justice-Involved LGBTQI-GNC Youth
                          - Resource: National Resource Center on School-Justice Partnerships Website

### Youth Topics 

                          - Juvenile Justice
                          - Suicide Prevention
                          - Trafficking Prevention
                          - Violence Prevention

## Youth Briefs

How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities
Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. Transition services should stem from the individual youth’s needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future.

Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference
Research links early leadership with increased self-efficacy and suggests that leadership can help youth to develop decision making and interpersonal skills that support successes in the workforce and adulthood. In addition, young leaders tend to be more involved in their communities, and have lower dropout rates than their peers. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people

How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues
Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse.

Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions
Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system.

Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs
Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth.

Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth
Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Read about one youth’s experience in AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC).

## Main navigation

- Juvenile Justice
- Youth Involved with the Juvenile Justice System
- Judicially Waived Cases
- Risk & Protective Factors
- Connections with Youth in the Child Welfare System
- Prevention & Early Intervention
- Points of Intervention
- Reentry
- Diversion Programs
- Federal- & State-Level Data
- References

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## Latest Resources

### Announcements

Event: National Conference on Juvenile Justice

Resource: Juvenile Court Statistics 2021

Print and Disseminate Child Victims and Witnesses Support Materials (Funding Opportunity)

### Collaboration Profiles

Providing Unbiased Services for LGBTQ Youth Project

Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships

Youth M.O.V.E. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships

### Feature Articles

Just Launched! Redesigned YE4C

Programs and Strategies for Justice–Involved Young Adults

CrimeSolutions.gov Website Launched

### Publications

Economic Costs of Youth Disadvantage and High-Return Opportunities for Change

Prosecution, Transfer, and Registration of Serious Juvenile Sex Offenders

Young Offenders: What Happens and What Should Happen

### Resources

Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking

Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement

Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book

### Youth Topics

Juvenile Justice

Suicide Prevention

Violence Prevention