NASA Technical Memorandum 104566, Vol. 21

SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Stanford B. Hooker and Elaine R. Firestone, Editors

Volume 21, The Heritage of SeaWiFS:

A Retrospective on the CZCS

NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

James G. Acker

September 1994
NASA Technical Memorandum 104566, Vol. 21

SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Stanford B. Hooker, Editor

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland

Elaine R. Firestone, Technical Editor

General Sciences Corporation

Laurel, Maryland

Volume 21, The Heritage of SeaWiFS:

A Retrospective on the CZCS

NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

James G. Acker

Hughes STX

Lanham, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

1994
J. Acker

Abstract

The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission is based on the scientific heritage of the Coastal

Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), a proof-of-concept instrument carried on the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) NIMBUS-7 environmental satellite for the purpose of measuring upwelling radiance

from the ocean surface. The CZCS mission provided the first observations of ocean color from space, and over

the mission lifetime of 1978–1986, allowed oceanographers an initial opportunity to observe the variable patterns

of global biological productivity. One of the key elements of the CZCS mission was the formation of the CZCS

NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET), a group of optical physicists and biological oceanographers. The CZCS NET

was designated to validate the accuracy of the CZCS radiometric measurements and to connect the instrument’s

measurements to standard measures of oceanic biological productivity and optical seawater clarity. In the

period following the cessation of CZCS observations, some of the insight and experience gained by the CZCS

NET activity has dissipated as several proposed follow-on sensors failed to achieve active status. The SeaWiFS

mission will be the first dedicated orbital successor to CZCS; it in turn precedes observations by the Moderate

Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) of the Earth Observing System (EOS). Since the CZCS NET

experience is an important model for SeaWiFS and MODIS surface truth efforts, this document is intended to

provide a comprehensive review of the validation of oceanographic data for the first orbital ocean color sensor

mission. This document also summarizes the history of the CZCS NET activities. The references listed in

the Bibliography are a listing of published scientific research which relied upon the CZCS NET algorithms, or

research which was conducted on the basis of CZCS mission elements.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) was launched

on board the NIMBUS-7 environmental satellite on 24 October 1978. The CZCS was considered a proof-of-concept

mission, and was only operated on a limited basis, nominally two hours per day, due to the power budget for

the other NIMBUS-7 instruments. The CZCS data was

subsequently reprocessed by Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the University of Miami, as described in

Feldman et al. (1989). Algorithms for the calculation of

total pigment concentration and the diffuse attenuation

coefficient K for light at a wavelength of 490 nm, K(490),

were created for CZCS remotely sensed data. These algorithms were based on data collected during a series of preand post-launch ocean optical survey cruises conducted by

members of the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET).

The CZCS was a scanning radiometer with five spectral bands at 443, 520, 550, 670, and 750 nm in the visible and near-infrared (IR) range, and a sixth thermal IR

band at 10.5–12.5 μm. The NIMBUS-7 orbit was placed

at a height of 955 km, giving the CZCS a ground resolution of 825×825 m. The CZCS was equipped with a 20◦

tilt capability, in 2◦ increments, to minimize the effects

of sun glint. The CZCS operated from 1978–86, producing approximately 250,000 minutes of data (about 125,000

two-minute scenes) for oceanographic research. Each scene

contained 970 scan lines.

The CZCS NET data set, collected in both Case 1

(clear, low productivity) and Case 2 (turbid, high productivity, coastal) waters (Morel and Prieur 1977), forms the

primary data set for the CZCS pigment algorithm to which

improved algorithms for the Sea-viewing Wide Field-ofview Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission will initially be compared.

In order to provide an accessible resource for this baseline

data set, the SeaWiFS Project initiated a compilation of

the CZCS NET ocean optical surveys to serve as both a

guideline for the SeaWiFS algorithm development process

and a review of the CZCS in-water calibration and validation effort.

Despite continual use of the CZCS NET data in the

years following the launch of NIMBUS-7, no single, comprehensive overview of CZCS NET research activities has

been compiled. Due to the importance of this data set,

it is clearly advantageous to the SeaWiFS Project, as well

as subsequent satellite missions carrying ocean color sensors planned by the United States and other countries, to

compile a single document for archive and reference. The

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Earth Observing System (EOS) program plans a mission

(called EOS-Color) similar to SeaWiFS in the late 1990s,

and plans several deployments of the Moderate Resolution

Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). MODIS will be carried on the EOS multi-instrument orbital platforms with

morning and afternoon equatorial crossing times, designated as the EOS-AM and -PM platforms. The Japanese

National Space Development Agency (NASDA) Advanced

Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS) will carry the Ocean

Color Temperature Sensor (OCTS). The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) is designated for a

late 1990s European Space Agency (ESA) mission. Given

the manifest of approved or projected ocean color missions,

1
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

compilation of the CZCS NET effort is both timely and

useful.

1.1 The CZCS NET Program

1.1.1 Membership

The scientists who participated in the CZCS NET team

program are shown in Table 1. The name of each scientist

is followed by his affiliation during the CZCS NET activity

and current affiliation or status (if known).

1.2 CZCS NET Areas of Responsibility

The following presents a concise summary of the designated responsibilities of each member of the original CZCS

NET, along with a supporting description of activities the

member carried out during his CZCS NET tenure.

Frank Anderson

South African Representative to the CZCS NET

Anderson and his colleagues conducted their research in

South African waters concerning ocean optics and fisheries

applications of CZCS data.

Roswell Austin

Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient

Austin employed data from several cruise stations to

develop the robust K(490) algorithm used by the CZCS

NET. Austin and Petzold (1981) describes the K(490) algorithm and methods used in the beam attenuation measurements.

Edward Baker

In Situ Concentrations

Baker’s measurements of in situ concentrations of total,

inorganic, and organic particulate matter during the preand post-launch cruise program aided the development of

CZCS algorithms for both pigment concentration and water clarity.

Dennis Clark

Global Case 1Water Phytopigment

Concentration Algorithm

In conjunction with several other CZCS NET members,

Clark conducted pre- and post-launch validation cruises.

He selected bio-optical data from cruise stations for the

development of a functional relationship between spectral

absorption and pigment concentration. The location of

the cruise stations, the general methodology for bio-optical

measurements made by the CZCS NET, and the CZCS

pigment algorithm are described in Clark (1981). He was

also responsible for level-2 products.

Sayed El-Sayed

Post-launch Investigations of Pigment Concentrations

El-Sayed coordinated one of two prelaunch cruises for

the investigation of ocean optical properties aboard the

R/V Gyre. The Texas A&M group conducted research in

conjunction with the CZCS mission in several oceanic regions during the course of CZCS operation, particularly in

the Southern Ocean and the Mediterranean Basin investigating pigment concentrations. He also acted as the liaison

between the CZCS NET and data system personnel, and

contractors at GSFC during the development of the level-2

product algorithm and its validation.

Warren Hovis

CZCS NET Chairman

Prior to the CZCS mission, Hovis conducted airborne

ocean observations that supported the CZCS mission concept. During the prelaunch phase he coordinated the development of initial algorithms and acted as liaison to the

NIMBUS-G mission planning. Following launch, his activities included the scheduling of CZCS operations, instrument calibration, facilitating the production of data products, team coordination, level-1 products, and the monitoring of instrument function.

Howard Gordon

Atmospheric Correction Algorithms and

Surface Truth Measurements

Gordon’s description of the CZCS atmospheric correction algorithm has been published in several works. Ocean

Colour: Theory and Applications in a Decade of CZCS

Experience (Barale and Schlittenhardt 1992) has a chapter devoted to the subject. The primary function of CZCS

NET cruises was to provide measurements of water-leaving

radiance that could be compared to atmospherically corrected values measured by the CZCS. These measurements

allowed determination of the best method for correcting

ocean radiances for light scattering induced by the intervening atmosphere and aerosols. Gordon et al. (1980 and

1983a) provide good overviews of the atmospheric correction method.

During the post-launch cruises, Gordon and his associates conducted measurements of the backscattering coefficient, for correlation with pigment concentration, and

made preliminary measurements of aerosol optical thickness.

James Mueller

Data Production and Instrument Calibration

Mueller’s CZCS NET activities included improvements

to CZCS data processing, monitoring of instrument operation and sensitivity degradation, scheduling of observations, and instrument calibration. Mueller acted as the

NIMBUS-7 Applications Scientist for Oceanography during his CZCS NET tenure at GSFC.

2
J. Acker

Table 1. Institutional affiliations of the NET during the period of the CZCS NET activity and at present.

Name Affiliation as NET Member Present Affiliation

Warren Hovis GSFC and NOAA/NESS1 Ret., Bradenton, Florida

Dennis Clark NOAA/NESS NOAA/NESDIS2

Frank Anderson Nat’l. Research Inst. for Oceanology, S. Africa Ret., Cape Town, S. Africa

Roswell Austin SIO3 Visibility Laboratory CHORS/SDSU4

Howard Gordon University of Miami, Miami, FL Same

James Mueller GSFC CHORS/SDSU

Sayed Z. El-Sayed Texas A&M University same

Boris Sturm Commissione delle Comunita Europee JRC5 Same

Robert Wrigley NASA Ames Research Center Same

Charles Yentsch Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences Same

John Apel NOAA/PMEL6, Seattle, WA JHU-APL7

Edward Baker NOAA/PMEL, Seattle, WA Same

Wayne Esaias8 GSFC GSFC

Charles McClain8 GSFC GSFC

1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite Service

2. National Environmental Satellite Data Information Service

3. Scripps Institution of Oceanography

4. Center for Hydro-Optics and Remote Sensing/San Diego State University

5. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

6. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

7. Johns Hopkins UniversityApplied Physics Laboratory

8. Voted associate NET members during the latter stages of the CZCS operational lifetime.

Boris Sturm

European Representative to the CZCS NET

Sturm reported on, and conducted research in, European waters during the CZCS mission. Sturm also reviewed the production of level-2 scenes for European waters, and was responsible for atmospheric correction methods.

Robert Wrigley

Airborne Program Supporting CZCS

Wrigley and his colleagues conducted airborne ocean

color surveys during the CZCS mission period, notably in

regions along the Pacific coast of the US and in Monterey

Bay. In addition, he was responsible for oceanic and lacustrine color measurements, and data analysis.

Charles Yentsch

Relationship of Optical Properties

Yentsch participated in the sea truth program, and

made initial applications of the CZCS data to several aspects of ocean biological productivity. He worked on the

relationship of optical properties to biological production

rates, level-2 products, and oceanographic applications.

2. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS

The primary source of information on the activities of

the CZCS NET is the minutes of team meetings held prior

to the launch of NIMBUS-7 and during the operational

lifetime of CZCS. Secondary sources include cruise data

reports and published scientific journal articles.

Many of the scientific issues facing the CZCS NET

were dealt with over the course of several meetings. This

chronology provides an overview of how ocean color remote sensing from an orbital sensor developed into a significant tool for oceanographic research. The initial skepticism of the oceanographic research community toward

CZCS evolved into a recognition of both the usefulness of

ocean color data and the necessity for a dedicated orbital

ocean color mission (for which SeaWiFS was designed).

In this summary, terminology in use at the time, such

as sea truth for data validation, and sun glitter for sun

glint, is used for consistency and clarity.

2.1 NET Activities in 1975

2.1.1 Field Activities

In 1975, the first CZCS NET algorithm development

cruise was conducted from 26 October–3 November. The

research area was the Southern California Bight where

seven bio-optical stations were occupied. CZCS NET participants on this cruise were R. Austin and C. Yentsch.

The data from this cruise is used in the CZCS pigment

algorithm data set (Clark 1981).

2.2 NET Activities in 1976

2.2.1 CZCS NET Meetings

In 1976, four CZCS NET meetings were held—the first

through fourth—in what became a series of 25 such meetings held during the course of the CZCS mission.

3
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

2.2.1.1 First Meeting

The first meeting of the CZCS NET took place 15–16

January 1976 at GSFC. Design and work on the instrument at Ball Brothers was described, including some calibration components. W. Hovis was selected by the team

as the CZCS NET Leader. The ground facility for CZCS

and NIMBUS-7 was described. Questions concerned certification of data, ship scheduling, calibration, and oceanographic usage of the data. The meeting minutes include

an initial description of the CZCS concept, and aircraft

observations with an ocean color imager which supported

the mission concept.

2.2.1.2 Second Meeting

The second CZCS NET meeting was also held at GSFC,

on 19–20 February 1976. W. Hovis described an airborne

optical scanning radiometer, called the Ocean Color Scanner (OCS), designed to be deployed on the NASA U-2 aircraft. He also noted that a scanning radiometer was slated

to fly on SEASAT-A. The team entered a discussion of

engineering, power budgets, and berthing on NIMBUS-G.

A report from R. Austin and D. Clark included discussion

of surface truth and a NIMBUS Observation Processing

System (NOPS) review. The report also described the October 1975 experiment off the coast of Southern California

with OCS overflights of surface vessels. A report from S.

El-Sayed covered similar topics.

H. Gordon commented on modeling and removal of atmospheric effects, and on the need for measurements of

upwelling irradiance. These comments may be considered

the genesis of the CZCS atmospheric correction algorithm.

C. Yentsch discussed surface truth requirements, and

the Surface Truth Subcommittee, consisting of R. Harris, D. Clark, R. Austin, F. Newth, S. El-Sayed, and C.

Yentsch, was named. R. Wrigley reported on pre- and

post-launch investigations and ground, i.e., surface truth,

requirements. Wrigley also provided a review of NOPS.

CZCS NET members were given several Task Assignments at this meeting:

1) surface truth measurements (Surface-Truth Subcommittee);

2) optical modeling (H. Gordon and R. Austin);

3) aircraft program (F. Newth, R. Wrigley, D. Clark,

and W. Hovis);

4) algorithm development and data processing (CZCS

NET);

5) ancillary data (W. Hovis and D. Clark);

6) outside coordination of measurements (R. Austin,

W. Hovis, and F. Newth for Europe);

7) user-community contact (D. Clark and S. El-Sayed);

8) output products (D. Clark);

9) data distribution and archive (W. Hovis); and

10) investigations and data utilization (W. Hovis).

A discussion of the budget allocations for pre- and postlaunch investigations was undertaken during the meeting.

The Surface Truth Subcommittee convened and submitted

a strawman proposal for minimal sea truth measurements.

One notable point was the stipulation that irradiance measurements were to be made for the four CZCS spectral

bands. The initial suite of minimal sea truth measurements were:

Optical—upwelling irradiance, downwelling irradiance, Alpha (beam transmission), path radiance and atmospheric transmittance, Secchi

depth, Munsell color;

Biochemical—chlorophyll, seston mass, species

composition, Gelbstoff fluorescence; and

Physical—temperature (three methods—PRT-5,

towed thermistor, and bucket), and salinity.

W. Hovis was given the task of identifying a standard instrumentation package for ship deployment.

2.2.1.3 Third and Fourth Meetings

The third meeting of the CZCS NET was scheduled

to take place at the Ball Brothers plant where the CZCS

was fabricated on 24–25 May 1976. An agenda for this

meeting is found as an appendix to the second meeting,

but no other record is available.

The fourth meeting of the CZCS NET was held 27–29

September 1976 in Brussels, Belgium, at the Commission

of the European Communities. The meeting was held in

conjunction with a meeting of the European Association

of Scientists in Environmental Pollution (EURASEP).

W. Hovis discussed ocean color research and described

the CZCS instrument and data products. C. Yentsch discussed light interaction with suspended and dissolved matter in the water column, and S. El-Sayed described remote

sensing ground truth and estimation of primary productivity. H. Gordon discussed radiative transfer modeling with

respect to the ocean and atmosphere. R. Austin outlined

ocean color measurement problems and provided preliminary results from the Southern California experiment for

D. Clark, who could not attend. R. Wrigley presented data

from spectrometric measurements of western lakes. CZCS

data flow and output products were also described. B.

Sturm provided a detailed description of European activities planned in support of NIMBUS-G. The CZCS NET

members agreed that a prelaunch cruise combined with an

OCS overflight was “absolutely necessary,” and planned

the cruise for the R/V Gyre in September–October 1977

(see below).

2.3 NET Activities in 1977

2.3.1 CZCS NET Meetings

In 1976, four CZCS NET meetings were held. The fifth

through seventh meetings are summarized herein. The

minutes for the eighth meeting were not available.

4
J. Acker

The fifth CZCS NET meeting was held in La Jolla, California, 13–14 January 1977. Great Lakes research with the

OCS and real-time communication during OCS operations

was described. The planned Monterey experiment (May

1977) was outlined by W. Barnes. The Gyre cruise was

rescheduled to mid-October 1977 to reduce the hurricane

threat. The South African contingent described a redefined

effort emphasizing fisheries applications, with a change in

CZCS NET membership. C. Yentsch discussed sea-truth

methods. W. Hovis discussed the design and construction of a four-channel underwater photometer, which was

first discussed at the third CZCS NET meeting (Section

2.2.1.3). The team toured the Scripps Optical Laboratory and heard presentations by D. Kiefer and W. Wilson.

The team also considered ground station capability, cloud

cover, data distribution, and data archiving. The CZCS algorithm development team was assembled at this meeting,

and a long list of action items was generated.

The minutes of the sixth CZCS NET meeting of 4 April

1977 held at GSFC, contain a discussion of items relevant

to the algorithm development effort. Four new algorithms

not in the original plan are stated in these minutes as required. A request was made by the data system developers

for a preliminary algorithm form. It was agreed that a twostep delivery would be made, with preliminary algorithms

of several types to be provided by 9–10 June 1977, and final

algorithms due 1 March 1978. H. Gordon was tasked with

providing possible algorithm forms for deriving chlorophyll

and sediment from CZCS radiance measurements. Specification of CZCS targets was also requested.

At the 9 June 1977 meeting (though entitled in the minutes as the Second CZCS Algorithm Development Team

Meeting, this meeting was the seventh CZCS NET meeting in numerical sequence), W. Wilson presented equation

forms for atmospheric correction of sediment and chlorophyll. Revisions of these forms were specified to be due

January–February 1978. An examination of the possible

regional and seasonal variability of constants in the algorithm equation was requested. J. Mueller evaluated preprocessing techniques. It was determined that atmospheric

correction “dramatically” increased processing time; therefore, the first CZCS processing plan from the Image Processing Division (IPD) would not have atmospheric correction. The CZCS NET was tasked with determining constants for the chlorophyll and sediment algorithms, and to

assess the regional variability of these constants.

As was previously stated, the minutes for the eighth

CZCS NET meeting were not available.

2.3.2 Field Activities

A prelaunch algorithm development cruise was conducted on the R/V Gyre in the Gulf of Mexico during

October, under the auspices of Texas A&M University. S.

El-Sayed participated, and was aided by C. Trees. Ten

stations were visited on this cruise, which took place from

8–27 October. Data from these 10 stations are included in

the CZCS pigment algorithm data set (Clark 1981).

The NOAA R/V Researcher conducted a prelaunch

cruise in the Gulf of Mexico simultaneously with the Gyre,

occupying nine oceanographic stations at the same time

as the Gyre. R. Austin, on board the Researcher, conducted measurements of spectral downwelling irradiance,

upwelling radiance, attenuation and scattering properties.

A measurement at Mill Creek site in the Chesapeake

Bay was made in August 1977. This data point is cited in

Hovis et al. (1980) and Clark (1981).

2.3.3 Miscellaneous Activities

An article entitled “Remote Sensing of Ocean Color,”

(Hovis and Leung 1977), was published in the March–April

1977 issue of Optical Engineering. The article described

some theoretical constraints on remote sensing of ocean

color from space, and also contained observations made

with the OCS from a U-2 aircraft at 19.8 km altitude.

A NIMBUS-G meeting entitled, “Third Data Handling

Meeting,” was held 3–4 November 1977 at GSFC. W. Hovis discussed CZCS coverage plans, and CZCS supporting

research, including planned sea truth measurements to be

conducted on board the Researcher and Gyre.

2.4 NET Activities in 1978

Only one meeting was held in this year—the ninth

CZCS NET meeting.

2.4.1 CZCS NET Meeting

PMEL, in Seattle, Washington, was the site of the

ninth CZCS NET meeting on 8–9 August 1978. W. Hovis

discussed the NIMBUS-G launch scheduler. B. Ramsey,

NOAA, was assigned to be the full-time CZCS coordinator and scheduler. Funds for the Researcher extended postlaunch cruise were discussed. Anomalies with the thermal

band were described from the prelaunch instrument review.

F. Anderson reported on planned 1978–79 South African

cruises. R. Wrigley displayed airborne ocean color imagery

taken over the Gulf of Mexico. His attachment describes

OCS overflights in the Gulf of Mexico in October 1977 over

the Gyre and Researcher, with simultaneous measurements

performed by D. Clark and R. Austin on the Researcher.

H. Gordon, with the assistance of A. Morel, reported

on the deliberations of the Water Color Working Group

colloquium of the Inter-Union Commission on Radio Meteorology (IUCRM) and also provided a preliminary draft

of the atmospheric correction algorithm. The NOPS discussion included a description of cloud and land masks.

The CZCS NET recommended changing the term chlorophyll in the product list to Pigment, and sediment to

Diffuse Absorption Coefficient-K.

A report on the prelaunch Gulf of Mexico expedition

was sought with particular urgency, with inputs to W.

5
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

Hovis due by the end of September, before the launch of

NIMBUS-G. Plans for future validation cruises were discussed.

2.4.2 Field Activities

The most prominent activity was the first post-launch

CZCS NET cruise, on which D. Clark and H. Gordon were

participants. The cruise took place in the Gulf of Mexico

on the R/V Athena from 1–14 November 1978. A report

on this cruise appears in Gordon et al. 1980. A more detailed description appears in Section 3.1. Data from the 10

stations occupied on this cruise comprise part of the CZCS

pigment algorithm data set (Clark 1981).

The Gyre also conducted a post-launch cruise under

chief scientist S. El-Sayed from 8–20 November 1978 in

the Gulf of Mexico.

2.5 NET Activities in 1979

2.5.1 CZCS NET Meetings

At the 10th CZCS NET meeting, conducted on 7–8

January 1979 at GSFC, W. Hovis reported that roughly

118 minutes of the 120 minute CZCS allocation were being

used. Degradation was already apparent in the CZCS and

other instruments on board NIMBUS-7.

R. Austin, S. El-Sayed, C. Yentsch, and others discussed the Gulf of Mexico post-launch cruise. Cloud cover

was a significant problem. The next planned cruise was in

the Gulf of California region on the R/V Velero IV and

R/V New Horizon. Cloud cover was expected to be minimal from January–March. A radiance profiler for measurements of upwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance in

five bands was being constructed and expected to be available for the California mission.

C. Yentsch described plans for the Northeast Coast mission, covering Nova Scotia to the Chesapeake Bay.

NOPS data processing was reported to be very slow—

one hour for each two-minute CZCS scene. Algorithm improvements were expected to reduce the processing time,

but hands-on cloud screening by W. Hovis was currently

very useful. Data requests were still being handled without difficulty. Emphasis on ocean pollution monitoring

was recommended in the event more CZCS power became

available.

There were two attachments to the report. One described computing methods for derived products, and the

other concerned activities of EURASEP.

The CZCS NET members met for the 11th official meeting at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla,

California, on 14–15 November 1979. In his instrument

status update, W. Hovis reported on the degradation of

radiation cooler efficiency. Calibration had changed precipitously by two counts in all bands.

Data processing delays substantially affected the validation effort. The identification of “high” and “super”

priority scenes for validation purposes was stressed.

Image processing and improvements to image processing methods were discussed. The undetermined causes of

grey-scale banding were topics of discussion both prior to

and after the meeting. Efforts to complete software to

compute CZCS derived products were also described.

Attendees watched a live overpass of NIMBUS-7 in the

Scripps Visibility Laboratory’s recently completed image

processing facility. B. Sturm reported on delays in the

EURASEP program and on a study that took place 8–9

November 1979 at the mouth of the Tiber River in the

Mediterranean Sea.

C. Yentsch reported that the CZCS experiment had

already demonstrated that the primary factor determining ocean color was biological productivity. He noted that

ocean color sensing should become a significant element of

the NASA oceanographic program, as ocean color remote

sensing could allow estimates of global ocean productivity.

In this regard, W. Hovis noted that NASA had requested

him to lead the algorithm development effort of the National Oceanic Survey.

2.5.2 Field Activities

Two algorithm development cruises took place in 1979.

The first, in the Gulf of California and the Pacific Ocean,

took place on 4–26 March on the Velero IV , and occupied 20 stations from which data were used in the CZCS

pigment algorithm. The second, aboard the R/V Athena,

occupied 15 stations along the eastern continental United

States and in the Sargasso Sea, including one station designated “Nowhere.” According to the ship’s cruise track,

“Nowhere” is located approximately 31◦ N and 72◦ W in

the western Atlantic. Data from the 15 stations is used in

the CZCS pigment algorithm (Clark 1981).

S. El-Sayed participated in a cruise on the R/V Islas Orcadas, in the Scotia Sea and southwestern Atlantic

Ocean, from 22 February–9 April 1979.

2.6 NET Activities in 1980

2.6.1 CZCS NET Meetings

The two primary objectives of the 12th CZCS NET

meeting, held at GSFC on 23–24 January 1980, were a review of CZCS quick-look images, and the identification of

the areas for which complete processing was desired. A decision on CZCS Radiation and Temperature Tape (CRTT)

production, in view of J. Mueller’s findings, was also slated

for discussion.

W. Hovis noted that the CZCS thermal channel had

stopped producing useful data in November 1979, probably due to cooler failure. Banding in the images, primarily due to film transport speed, had been considerably

reduced. Other causes included errors in satellite attitude

measurements. Pseudo-contouring was judged to be overcome by processing errors and was abandoned.

6
J. Acker

Scheduling over validation areas and missions was discussed, and F. Anderson described upcoming work in South

African coastal waters, which would be extended by S. ElSayed into the Antarctic Ocean. C. Yentsch described the

potential usefulness of spectral band ratios, particularly

with regard to chlorophyll absorption. R. Austin presented

imagery which showed large variations in euphotic zone

particulate content due to transient variability in offshore

currents.

J. Mueller described the problems inherent in the use

of stair-case, i.e., electronic degradation, information used

in CZCS calibration. Meetings on this subject led to the

recommendation to use “raw” radiance values in CRTT

production. Delays were expected in the IPD production

schedule due to this and other changes. Calibration information was to be added to the header on reprocessed

CRTTs.

The CZCS NET and visitors examined numerous quicklook images to determine scenes of interest.

2.6.2 Miscellaneous Activities

J. Mueller provided memoranda for the period of time

before and after the 12th CZCS NET meeting, concerning changes to the CZCS data processing and calibration

methodology.

The initial problem consisted of random banding seen

in initial CRTT runs. The culprit bug was variation in

the CZCS active calibration, which varied by 1–2 digital

counts. Scaling to the table had the effect of amplifying

the effect to 4–8 digital counts in the actual data. Initially,

the scan was recalibrated every 16 lines.

The first fix was to use only the initial voltage staircase

and test lamp value for each scene. Shifts in voltage and

lamp output would still occur between scenes. The NET

agreed to use prelaunch coefficients applied to raw CZCS

output counts, based on the belief that the detectors would

be more stable than the active reference sources. This new

processing scheme involved several changes to the way the

calibration data was documented on the data records.

While the changes were being implemented, interim

scenes were produced for use in the algorithm validation

program. The new processing scheme was developed so

that CZCS data could be reliably archived.

In addition, Mueller’s correspondence from this period

described the calibration of CZCS channel 6, which required a separate algorithm. It can be noted that this

correspondence reflected the difficulty and complexity of

implementing these changes to the data processing system during active mission operations. This early CZCS

experience indicates the utility of providing a great deal

of flexibility in both data processing software and calibration methods for current and future sensors. Such built-in

flexibility will allow such systems to adapt to unanticipated bugs in the hardware and software interface while

not causing extensive data processing delays.

2.6.3 Algorithm Development Meeting

The 25 April 1980 algorithm development meeting at

GSFC included some of the CZCS NET members. The

meeting featured a discussion of schemes developed to decrease scene processing time. Orbit numbers 130, 296, and

1,330 were designated for the derived products validation

effort.

H. Gordon provided an assessment of grey-scale range

for the output product derived from data collected on these

orbits. A memo in the minutes described the work of R.

Austin and T. Petzold on the diffuse attenuation coefficient

K(490) algorithm, including data discrimination for the

initial algorithm.

2.6.4 CZCS NET Meeting

The CZCS NET, hosted by A. Morel, convened the

13th meeting overseas on 21–22 May 1980 at the Laboratorie Physique et Chemie Marines, Villefranche, France. The

sensor status report from W. Hovis involved the thermal

channel, which was operational, but was likely to be affected by increasing temperature during the summer. Hovis reported that 131 validation scenes had been processed.

The data processing system status was presented to the

CZCS NET, with considerable discussion of the calibration

method. Requests for data tapes with regional data were

solicited.

H. Gordon gave a summary of algorithm development,

noting several improvements to the running time. Effects

from satellite tilt geometry were to require reprocessing.

He provided a table of grey-scale level assignments.

R. Smith described chlorophyll concentrations and features in the California Bight, and F. Anderson reported

on South African research activities. B. Sturm reported

on JRC activities, including their cloud-masking technique

and calculation methods. B. Sørensen, of EURASEP, reported on validation studies, aerial surveys with an instrument similar to the NASA OCS, and the need for regional

European algorithms. NASA-ESA connections for CZCS

quick-look data were described. S. El-Sayed reported on

Texas A&M validation of data from the Gulf of Mexico

cruise.

J. Mueller reported on the production of validation

scenes. D. Clark, J. Mueller, and W. Hovis were appointed

to oversee the release of CZCS data to the archive.

The 14th CZCS NET meeting returned to GSFC on

18–19 September 1980. R. Austin reviewed activities of

the Scripps group and presented results from the R/V

Oceanographer trans-Pacific cruise. Further work on the

diffuse attenuation coefficient, K(490), algorithm was presented. R. Wrigley provided an analysis of central Pacific

data and a report on a fisheries related cruise. S. El-Sayed

reported on the February–March Gulf of Mexico cruise,

and W. Wilson reported on the nearly completed status of

atmospheric algorithms.

7
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

2.6.5 Field Activities

The Texas A&M group conducted two simultaneous

cruises, one in the Gulf of Mexico from 25 February through

27 March, and the second aboard the S.A. Agulhas in the

Southern Ocean, between Africa and Antarctica.

2.7 NET Activities in 1981

2.7.1 CZCS NET Meeting

The 15th CZCS NET meeting, 13–14 January 1981,

held at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, featured several different items. C. Yentsch reported on possible research applications of CZCS data.

H. Gordon described a correction factor for level-2 products. R. Austin presented Scripps Visibility Laboratory

research on spectral irradiance curves and work in the Pacific. B. Sturm described algorithm correction methods,

and D. Clark described how the CZCS system would be

tuned to surface radiance and pigment measurements. C.

Yentsch also discussed methods for algorithm corrections

from in situ sampling, and sun glint avoidance protocols. J.

Mueller discussed corrections to the chlorophyll algorithm

and suggested that 20% of observing time be devoted to

open ocean coverage. S. El-Sayed described Texas A&M

activities.

2.7.2 Algorithm Development Meeting

During the 25 March 1981 algorithm development meeting held at GSFC, H. Gordon discussed two primary topics:

1) possible different algorithms for each target area, and

2) compatibility with the European ocean color program.

J. Mueller suggested assessing how many scenes were contaminated with sun glitter, and how much data loss this

might entail. Removal of contaminated scenes and screening methods were presented.

2.7.3 CZCS NET Meetings

After the March algorithm development meeting, two

additional CZCS NET meetings were held during 1981—

the 16th and 17th in the series.

2.7.3.1 16th Meeting

The 16th CZCS NET meeting of 19–20 May 1981, at

GSFC, began with the sensor status report given again by

W. Hovis. His report only mentioned degradation of calibration lamp 1 and the non-recovery of the thermal band

to an acceptable operating temperature. Data processing

and delivery were discussed.

The development of the level-2 product was reviewed,

and the approved level-2 film products were approved for

archive. Open ocean coverage plans were reviewed, with

emphasis on coverage of “approved” ship support deployments.

D. Clark reported on the level-2 algorithms, with the

recommendation that a single algorithm be chosen, allowing calculation of derived products. The manuscript Phytoplankton Pigment Algorithms for the NIMBUS-7 CZCS

(Clark 1981) was attached to this set of minutes. The

manuscript located the cruise stations in the Gulf of Mexico, western Atlantic, and California and Mexican coastal

waters, from which data for algorithm development was obtained, and also described the measurement methods used

during the sea truth cruises (see Section 4.1).

H. Gordon reported on further progress with the atmospheric correction algorithm. He recommended holding the

processing of gain 1 validation scenes until further investigation had been completed with the orbit 3,226 scene.

F. Anderson evaluated the Gordon algorithm with data

taken from South African coastal waters.

J. Mueller provided an analysis of sun glint contamination, with findings and recommendations. The primary

recommendation was to cease processing any scenes below a 17◦ sun angle. The CZCS NET recommended not

processing scenes at 10◦ latitude or less. Mueller also presented a draft proposal to publish CZCS oceanographic

data maps.

C. Yentsch reported on work being done in the Georges

Bank region and attached a research manuscript to the

minutes which related light attenuation to phytoplankton

chlorophyll estimates. S. El-Sayed reported on activities

in the Antarctic Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean, with

two manuscripts on plankton productivity in the eastern

Mediterranean Sea.

R. Austin reported on the Fisheries Demonstration Project, which utilized a rapid data processing scheme from

direct transmission of CZCS data. He noted problems regarding drops in channel radiances.

B. Sørensen reported on further EURASEP activities.

B. Sturm reported on JRC European algorithm development research, noting that the NASA algorithm was useful

in the Mediterranean yet underestimated chlorophyll in the

North Sea (see section 6.1).

2.7.3.2 17th Meeting

The 17th CZCS NET meeting took place at Bigelow

Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor,

Maine, on 9–10 September 1981. W. Hovis reported on the

critical issue of apparent sensor degradation. S. El-Sayed

reported on the cruise series in the Mediterranean, and

provided a draft of a paper by C. Trees and El-Sayed on the

level-2 Gelbstoff parameter. D. Clark described the status

of the level-2 processing effort. R. Austin also discussed

sensor degradation and described fast data processing. R.

Wrigley reported on research in the deep ocean and off the

Monterey peninsula. C. Yentsch described both the East

Coast and Gulf of Mexico programs and led a discussion of

a CZCS follow-on mission. H. Gordon presented a paper on

the clear water radiance atmospheric correction method,

co-authored by D. Clark.

8
J. Acker

2.7.4 Field Activities

The Texas A&M group conducted another cruise on the

S.A. Agulhas, in the Southern Ocean, from 10 February–

20 March 1981. The Texas A&M group also conducted a

cruise off the coast of Israel in July, the first of a five-cruise

effort off the Israeli coast in the Mediterranean. (The exact

dates for all five cruises are not available—the effort continued through February 1983.) The first of four cruises off

the Egyptian coast by the Texas A&M group took place

in December 1981.

2.8 NET Activities in 1982

2.8.1 CZCS NET Meetings

The 18th CZCS NET meeting was held 26–27 January

1982, at GSFC, and opened with a review of several items

by W. Hovis, including: the status of open ocean level-1

processing, quick-look products, quality control on level-2

products, and an appeal to the CZCS NET to cosign a

memo for continued advocacy of open ocean coverage. He

pointed out that the final issue was relevant to the issue of

a CZCS follow-on sensor. C. Yentsch reported on level-2

processing and the choice of selected scenes with considerable oceanographic interest. H. Gordon discussed both

in-water algorithms and atmospheric corrections, as well

as an evaluation of gain settings.

R. Austin discussed calibration issues and CZCS applications programs. S. El-Sayed provided a summary of

the level-2 algorithm development for review by the team

(see below). B. Sturm discussed JRC activities in 1981,

and presented measurements of chlorophyll and total suspended matter in the northern Adriatic Sea. F. Anderson

discussed research performed by the South African group

in Lambert’s Bay on the southwest coast of South Africa,

and J. Mueller described the assembly of Global Productivity charts.

The CZCS NET assembled in College Station, Texas,

for the 19th meeting on 11–12 May 1982. C. Yentsch discussed investigations of warm and cold core rings. H. Gordon reported correction factors for sensor drift. R. Austin

described activities by the Scripps group on the coast of

California and studies encompassing aerosols, fisheries, and

sensor degradation and calibration. F. Anderson reported

on further research in South African waters.

J. Mueller advocated CZCS usage during the upcoming

Optical Dynamics Experiment (ODEX) for aerosol studies.

B. Sturm reported on European activities, including research in African waters and in the English Channel. The

Open Ocean Project, use of the CZCS over oligotrophic

waters, was under consideration by the NIMBUS Project

due to tape recorder utilization needs.

At the 20th meeting, held at the University of Rhode

Island on 28–29 July 1982, W. Hovis discussed the status

of the CZCS atlas and the assignments to the CZCS NET

for regional coverage and data. A paper by D. Kiefer and

B. Mitchell on light levels and productivity was presented

to the team. C. Yentsch discussed studies of Georges Bank

productivity and provided seven relevant papers to the

minutes. R. Austin reported on the cruise of the R/V

Bartlett, which addressed water clarity and light attenuation. H. Gordon discussed aerosols and warm core rings.

2.8.2 Reports

In the report from the Department of Oceanography

at Texas A&M on CZCS NET activities, S. El-Sayed described his assignment at GSFC for the purpose of supervising the Clear Water Radiance (CWR) procedure. ElSayed acted as the liaison between the CZCS NET scientists and GSFC data processing personnel and associated

contractors. He helped develop an automated CWR processing scheme and processed 115 validation scenes using

a combination of manual and automated methods. Gain

settings affected this process, so El-Sayed processed gain

1 scenes, with D. Clark and H. Gordon collaborating on

gain 2 scene processing.

S. El-Sayed also assisted in the following five areas:

1) a collaboration with R. Austin which assessed

sensor degradation,

2) updated CZCS Derived Product Algorithm specifications,

3) assisted the analysis of “no data found” cancellations of special requests,

4) applied various CZCS image enhancement techniques, and

5) assisted W. Hovis in the selection of CZCS scenes

for coverage of the BIOMASS oceanographic experiment.

He noted that there was a clear need for the continuing

presence of optical or biological oceanographers to interact with the CZCS data processing environment at GSFC.

This recommendation predates the establishment of the

Ocean Optics Group and the SeaWiFS Project at GSFC.

2.8.3 Field Activities

The second Egyptian coast cruise by the Texas A&M

group took place in April 1982. The final two Egyptian

coast cruises conducted by the Texas A&M group took

place in August and November of 1982.

2.9 NET activities in 1983

2.9.1 CZCS NET Meetings

Two CZCS NET meetings were held during 1983, the

minutes of which each had various papers and manuscripts

attached to them. The papers that were published appear

in the following summaries with their dates of publication.

9
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

2.9.1.1 21st Meeting

The 21st NET meeting was held at the NASA Ames Research Center, in California, on 19–20 January 1983. The

report prepared by W. Hovis covered the reduced power

available on NIMBUS-7 due to solar cell degradation and

the requirements of other instruments. Level-1 and level-2

production rates were also described. He also reported that

work on the CZCS atlas was continuing. The CZCS NET

was instructed to continue submitting level-2 product requests with a production target of 500 scenes produced in

1983.

The effects of El Chich ́on aerosols were discussed. Although the products from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA satellites were

substantially affected, the CZCS atmospheric correction

algorithm capably handled atmospheric perturbations produced by the volcanic aerosols.

R. Austin presented the results of work on water clarity

and the global K atlas. F. Yap of Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) reported on geolocation grids for CZCS

imagery.

Manuscripts attached to the minutes of this meeting

included:

a) Sturm, Viollier, Wrigley, and Klooster on turbid

coastal waters;

b) El-Sayed, Ichiye, and Trees on Gulf of Mexico

imagery in the Ocean Color Atlas; and

c) Trees et al. (1985) on errors in the standard fluorometric chlorophyll/pigment method.

Three manuscripts addressing CZCS applications were also

attached to the minutes:

Traganza et al. (1983);

Traganza and Conrad; and

Traganza, Nestor, and McDonald.

The latter two papers were produced at the U.S. Naval

Postgraduate School, in Monterey, California.

2.9.1.2 22nd Meeting

The U.S. Naval Academy hosted the 22nd meeting on

29 July 1983. The sensor status report by W. Hovis continued to highlight the diminishing power availability on

the NIMBUS spacecraft.

The CZCS Atlas was moving toward a mid-1984 publication date. H. Gordon presented an analysis comparing

the current CZCS sensor degradation algorithm, adopted

in July 1982, and his updated version. D. Clark presented

results supporting Gordon, with dramatic errors up to a

factor of 10 in some scenes. Implementation of the new

algorithm was discussed.

C. Yentsch and R. Austin presented results from their

activities. The CZCS NET went on record with a recommendation for a minimum of one annual validation exercise

and also endorsed the concept of a microfilm browse product of CZCS scenes.

Numerous research manuscripts were attached to this

report, including:

1) Gordon et al. (1983b) on the reduction of CZCS

radiometric sensitivity;

2) Austin and McGlamery (1983);

3) Trees et al. (1985) on errors in the standard

chlorophyll and pigment fluorometric determination;

4) Yentsch (1983) on the remote sensing of biological substances;

5) Gordon et al. (1983a) on Middle Atlantic Bight

phytoplankton pigment concentrations derived

from CZCS data and compared to surface measuremnts;

6) Caraux and Austin (1983) on seasonal chlorophyll frontal boundaries observed by the CZCS

instrument;

7) a list of South African publications;

8) Walters and Neethling (undated) on total suspended solids derived from CZCS data along the

South African coast;

9) Walters (1983) on the South African CZCS algorithm; and

10) Traganza et al. (1983) on nutrient mapping with

satellite remote sensing.

2.10 NET activities in 1984

2.10.1 Meetings Held

The minutes of an algorithm development meeting, held

22 February 1984 at GSFC, were attached to the minutes

of the 22nd CZCS NET meeting. A report from the contractor discussed the implementation of the CWR procedure, instrument degradation corrections, and the derived

products user’s guide. A succinct description of the CWR

procedure was shown and was compared to H. Gordon’s

results. The CZCS NET was then tasked with providing

GSFC with copies of all validation reports that compared

CZCS derived products with surface truth measurements,

and also any other sea surface data taken coincedent with

CZCS coverage.

A letter from W. Esaias, Ocean Productivity Program

Manager at NASA Headquarters (HQ), discussed concerns

related to the accuracy of CZCS derived products, instrument sensitivity, and the “quasi-operational” use of CZCS

data. Esaias noted the success of CZCS in demonstrating

the potential of satellite ocean color data.

The 23rd CZCS NET meeting was held at Bigelow Laboratories, in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, on 22 August 1984.

No minutes are available for this meeting; the only record

available for this meeting is a list of attendees.

10
J. Acker

2.11 NET Activities in 1985

2.11.1 Final CZCS NET Meeting

GSFC hosted the 24th, and final meeting on 8–9 May

1985. W. Hovis reported a degraded operations capability

of the CZCS, the primary difficulty being non-recognition

of on commands to the instrument. Production of derived

products, level-1 microfilm, the Derived Products User’s

Guide, the CZCS Atlas, and the NESDIS archive were all

covered in reports. The CZCS Atlas was close to printing. J. Sissala was overseeing the Open Ocean coverage

effort. W. Esaias reported on the Global CZCS Ocean

Basin Chlorophyll Data Set using level-2 processing with

software from the University of Miami. Continuation of the

diffuse attenuation coefficient K(490) measurement was

recommended.

C. Yentsch discussed warm core ring studies and other

ocean processes studies. R. Austin discussed continuing

CZCS sensitivity decay studies. B. Sturm reported on

research and calibration efforts in the Adriatic Sea. R.

Wrigley discussed testing of the ER-2 instrument and comparison to the CZCS. D. Clark reported on the NOAA

level-2 processing effort and plans for ocean color instruments on NOAA platforms.

The CZCS NET requested redefinition of their role in

the calibration and validation of level-2 and level-3 products and a plan for level-2 validation.

W. Esaias and C. McClain were voted in as associate

CZCS NET members at the conclusion of this meeting.

3. SEA TRUTH PROGRAM

Tables 2–6 give a review of the cruise stations occupied during the pre- and post-launch CZCS NET validation cruises. Marine optical data from the listed cruise

stations were used in the CZCS Case 1 water pigment algorithm, as described in Clark (1981). Figure 1 shows all

the stations occupied during the CZCS NET at-sea data

validation program. Figures 2–6 display maps of the biooptical stations occupied during each of the pre- and postlaunch cruises.

3.1 Post-launch Deployments

Segments of the R/V Athena cruise were described and

analyzed in Gordon et al. 1980. This paper highlighted

comparisons of along-track pigment measurements with

CZCS imagery. The along-track pigment measurements

made from 13–14 November (Dry Tortugas to Tampa Bay)

were compared to pigments estimated from the CZCS image (orbit 296) of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida Straits, and

Atlantic Ocean. The NIMBUS-7 overpass occurred while

the ship occupied Station 10, due west of Tampa Bay. In

addition to the along-track measurements, the measured

pigment concentration at Station 10 was compared to two

estimates taken from the CZCS scene, based on different

choices for the clear water atmospheric correction algorithm.

4. RESEARCH METHODS

4.1 Published Descriptions

The following sections are excerpts from publications

written by CZCS NET members. The excerpts describe

the methods used for optical and biological measurements

used in the development of the CZCS atmospheric correction and the CZCS pigment algorithm. Other descriptions

of methods can be found in related publications. These

excerpts are published here verbatim except for editorial

comments, contained within brackets, [ ], included for clarity. The full citations of the following are included in both

the Bibliography and the References section of this document.

4.1.1 Gordon et al. (1980)

“Upwelled radiance measurements were made with a

submersible scanning spectral radiometer with a 2◦ FOV

[field-of-view] and a 5-nm spectral resolution. Values of C

[pigment] which ranged from 0.07 to 77 mg m−3, were measured by means of the fluorometric technique (7).” [The

symbol (7) refers to the Yentsch and Menzel (1963) paper

cited by Gordon.]

4.1.2 Gordon et al. (1983a)

“The upwelled spectral radiance measurements were

made at 5 nm increments with a submergible radiometer

covering a 400–700 nm spectral range. The spectral resolution of the instrument was 4 nm.”

4.1.3 Clark (1981)

“The actual optical measurements which were carried

out on a typical pre- and post-launch bio-optical station

are depicted schematically in Figure 2, in which the spectral radiometer denoted by SR 1 measures the downwelling

spectral irradiance Ed (λ,z) at depth z, while SR 2 measures the upwelling spectral radiance Lu (λ,z) at depth z

and SR 3, mounted on the deck of the ship, measures the

downwelling sky and sun spectral irradiance Esun (λ,z)

when SR 1 and SR 2 are at depth z to compensate for

variations in the incident irradiance. Usually, measurements are obtained at three depths. Profiles of C [pigment], total seston, and the beam attenuation coefficient

are also obtained at each station.” [Actual calculations for

KL(λ), Lu(λ,0) and LW (λ) to derive LW (443), LW (520),

LW (550), and LW (670) are given in the text.]

4.1.4 Austin (1980)

“The primary optical surface-truth measurements for

the remote sensing of ocean color are the upwelling (nadir)

11
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

Fig. 1. Oceanographic stations occupied during the CZCS NET at-sea data validation (sea truth) program.

Both pre- and post-launch stations are shown.

12
J. Acker

Table 2. Prelaunch cruise I took place aboard the R/V Pacific Clipper. The actual research dates were 26 October–3

November 1975, in the Southern California Bight. The CZCS NET participants in this cruise were R. Austin and C.

Yentsch. Fig. 2 maps the cruise stations.

Station Station Coordinates Occupation

No. Name Longitude (West)/Latitude (North) Date and Time [GMT]

1 Pacific Beach 117◦17.2, 32◦48.1 10/26/75, 2258

6 Mission Bay 117◦24.1, 32◦46.6 10/28/75, 2050

7A La Jolla 117◦25.0, 32◦46.9 10/29/75, 1904

7B La Jolla 117◦24.0, 32◦45.9 10/29/75, 2115

15A Del Mar 117◦22.8, 32◦55.8 11/01/75, 2030

15B Del Mar 117◦22.8, 32◦55.8 11/01/75, 2350

17 San Pedro 118◦06.6, 33◦39.5 11/03/75, 2020

Table 3. Prelaunch cruise II took place aboard the R/V Gyre. The actual research dates were 10–25 October 1977, in

the Gulf of Mexico. The CZCS NET participants in this cruise were S. El-Sayed, D. Clark, E. Baker, and H. Gordon.

C. Trees also performed ocean optics research on this cruise. The R/V Researcher joined the Gyre at the Tampa South

Station, and accompanied the Gyre to the Campeche East Station. R. Austin of the CZCS NET participated on board

the Researcher. Fig. 3 maps the cruise stations.

Station Station Coordinates Occupation

No. Name Longitude (West)/Latitude (North) Date and Time [GMT]

1 Galveston 94◦44.7, 28◦49.5 10/10/77, 1428

2 Tampa South 83◦20.0, 27◦11.6 10/14/77, 1746

3 Tampa North 83◦12.0, 28◦39.0 10/15/77, 1702

4 Apalachee Bay 83◦58.0, 29◦26.0 10/16/77, 1855

5 DeSoto Canyon 86◦48.0, 30◦00.2 10/17/77, 1946

6 Mississippi Delta 89◦39.0, 28◦46.2 10/19/77, 1650

7 Mississippi South 89◦01.9, 28◦59.2 10/21/77, 1815

8 Mid-Gulf 89◦00.0, 25◦59.5 10/22/77, 1817

9 Campeche East 87◦10.0, 22◦54.8 10/24/77, 1931

10 Campeche West 89◦47.2, 22◦01.6 10/25/77, 1555

Table 4. Post-launch cruise I was on the R/V Athena. The actual research dates were 1–14 November 1978, in the

Gulf of Mexico. The CZCS NET participants in this cruise were D. Clark, H. Gordon, and E. Baker. Other ocean

optics researchers included: W. Broenkow, A. Strong, R. Stumpf, R. Comeyne, E. King, J. Kapsch, R. Hill, S. Roman,

D. Kiefer, and J. Soohoo. Fig. 4 maps the cruise stations.

Station Station Coordinates Occupation

No. Name Longitude (West)/Latitude (North) Date and Time [GMT]

1 Panama City 85◦52.4, 30◦01.0 11/01/78, 1643

2 Mobile 87◦32.0, 29◦57.0 11/02/78, 1750

3 Mississippi S. Pass 89◦02.0, 29◦00.0 11/03/78, 1745

4 Louisiana W. 92◦17.0, 28◦09.5 11/04/78, 1855

5 DeSoto Canyon 87◦15.2, 29◦15.0 11/05/78, 2032

6 Mississippi SW Pass 89◦29.5, 29◦00.0 11/09/78, 1803

7 Louisiana Ship Shoal 91◦11.0, 28◦38.0 11/10/78, 1815

8 Key West 82◦03.0, 24◦26.0 11/12/78, 1720

9 Dry Tortugas 82◦44.0, 24◦23.0 11/13/78, 1739

10 Tampa Bay 83◦39.0, 27◦30.0 11/14/78, 1731

13
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

Table 5. Post-launch cruise II took place on board the R/V Velero IV. The actual research dates were 4–26 March

1979, in the Gulf of California. CZCS NET participants in this cruise were D. Clark, E. Baker, and other unidentified

members of the team. The ocean optics research was performed by B. Mitchell. Fig. 5 maps the cruise stations.

Station Station Coordinates Occupation

No. Name Longitude (West)/Latitude (North) Date and Time [GMT]

1 San Christobal Bay 114◦40.2, 27◦28.0 3/04/79, 1926

2 Lazaro 112◦10.0, 24◦25.0 3/05/79, 2329

3 Cabo Falso 109◦58.8, 22◦51.0 3/06/79, 1955

4 San Jose Island 110◦32.9, 24◦51.0 3/07/79, 1855

5 Punta Pulpito 111◦27.2, 26◦32.0 3/08/79, 1745

6 Isla Tiburon 112◦16.0, 28◦24.0 3/09/79, 1810

7 Angel de la Guardia 113◦20.0, 29◦25.0 3/10/79, 1856

8 Bahia Guaymas 110◦46.0, 27◦42.6 3/11/79, 1937

9 Isla San Ignacio 109◦02.0, 25◦09.2 3/12/79, 2045

10 Mazatlan 106◦38.5, 23◦08.5 3/15/79, 1954

11 Isla Macapule 109◦03.1, 25◦04.7 3/16/79, 1938

12 Punta Concepcion 111◦52.1, 26◦59.6 3/17/79, 1941

13 San Lorenzo 112◦45.0, 28◦34.0 3/18/79, 1945

14 Mid-Gulf 111◦01.5, 26◦57.5 3/19/79, 2240

15 La Paz Bay 110◦23.0, 24◦24.5 3/20/79, 1840

17 Punta Tosca 111◦38.5, 24◦16.8 3/22/79, 1932

18 Isla Cedros 115◦07.5, 28◦06.5 3/24/79, 1937

19 Cabo San Quintin 115◦58.8, 30◦11.8 3/25/79, 2112

20 Isla Los Coronados 117◦29.4, 32◦32.9 3/26/79, 2022

Table 6. Post-launch cruise III took place on the R/V Athena. The actual research dates were from 31 May–23 June

1979 in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Sargasso Sea. The CZCS NET participants in this cruise were D. Clark, H.

Gordon, and E. Baker. Fig. 6 maps the cruise stations.

Station Station Coordinates Occupation

No. Name Longitude (West)/Latitude (North) Date and Time [GMT]

1 Cape Romain 78◦52.8, 32◦58.5 5/31/79, 2050

2 Chesapeake Entrance 75◦53.4, 36◦34.2 6/01/79, 1713

3 Gulf Stream Eddy 71◦12.5, 34◦34.9 6/04/79, 2034

4 North Wall 68◦14.6, 38◦26.4 6/09/79, 1800

5 Nantucket Shoals 70◦04.9, 40◦38.3 6/10/79, 1724

6 Cape Cod 69◦28.0, 41◦48.0 6/13/79, 1600

7 Georges Bank 68◦01.0, 40◦52.7 6/14/79, 1548

8 Warm Eddy 71◦18.9, 39◦44.5 6/15/79, 1606

9 Delaware Bay Entr. 74◦27.0, 38◦32.0 6/16/79, 1600

10 Cape Hatteras 75◦16.0, 35◦22.0 6/18/79, 1750

11 Nowhere 72◦03.9, 31◦56.0 6/19/79, 1800

12 Bermuda Triangle 69◦58.0, 28◦59.0 6/20/79, 1739

13 Sargasso Sea 71◦30.0, 27◦00.0 6/21/79, 1619

14 Western Sargasso 75◦55.4, 27◦00.0 6/22/79, 1704

15 Gulf Stream 79◦40.6, 26◦13.1 6/23/79, 1758

14
J. Acker

Fig. 2. Map of the bio-optical stations occupied by the R/V Pacific Clipper during the first CZCS NET

prelaunch cruise.

Fig. 3. Map of the bio-optical stations occupied by the R/V Gyre and R/V Researcher during the second

CZCS NET prelaunch cruise. The Researcher met the Gyre at Station 2, the Tampa South Station, and the

two ships worked in tandem at the remaining oceanographic stations.

15
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

Fig. 4. Map of the bio-optical stations occupied by the R/V Athena during the first CZCS NET post-launch

cruise. Station 10 was occupied at the time of a CZCS (on board the NIMBUS-7 satellite) overflight. A

comparison of the at-sea data obtained at Station 10 with the CZCS data is found in Gordon et al. (1980).

spectral radiance Lu; the upwelling spectral irradiance, Eu;

and the downwelling spectral irradiance, Ed; all as function

of depth z.” (Austin then describes other properties which

may be derived.)

“The measurements of spectral radiance and irradiance

were performed with the Scripps submersible radiometer.

This instrument was described by Tyler and Smith (1970);

however it has since been modified in a variety of ways to

improve its stability, to allow its calibration to be readily

checked in the field and facilitate operation and data reduction. Briefly, the instrument consists of a dual Ebert-Fastie

monochromator with a photomultiplier detector. The spectral range is from 350 to 750 nm and the spectral bandwidth is approximately 5 nm. The stray-light sensitivity

of the instrument is extremely low as a result of the dual

monochromator design allowing measurements to be made

in the red spectral region, far removed from the wavelength

of maximum water transmittance, at input irradiances of

5×10−3 μW cm−2 nm−1 or less. The instrument is housed

in an underwater pressure case capable of operating at

depths down to 100 m. For radiance measurements, the

flux is transmitted through a clear plexiglas port and the

field of view, as determined by the monochromator and

the fore-optics, is approximately 0.4×6.0◦. The irradiance

measurements were obtained by covering the clear entrance

port with a diffuse cap of special design which provides a

cosine angular sensitivity in water (Tyler and Smith 1970).

“A deck sensor continuously monitored the irradiance

from the sun and sky and provided the information necessary to correct for changes in the input irradiance at the

ocean surface. Data were corrected for the variations occurring in the period of the subsurface measurements by

scaling to a reference value obtained with a clear high sun.

“The functions of the underwater unit, such as the selection of wavelength, wavelength interval per step, integration time, system sensitivity, etc., were controlled by

the investigator from a deck control and display console.

The output data were passed to a data logger which added

time, date, station number, and other fixed data, and

recorded all information on paper tape. An HP 9825A

calculator was interfaced with the data logger, enabling all

data to be recorded on magnetic tape cassette and flexible

16
J. Acker

Fig. 5. Map of the bio-optical stations occupied by the R/V Velero IV during the second CZCS NET postlaunch cruise.

17
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

Fig. 6. Map of the bio-optical stations occupied by the R/V Athena during the third and final CZCS NET

post-launch cruise.

18
J. Acker

disk for permanent storage and to allow the data to be

analyzed, listed, and plotted directly after acquisition for

immediate review.”

4.1.4.1 Also From Austin (1980)

“Vertical Irradiance Profiles: Vertical profiles of the

downwelling irradiance at 518 nm were taken at each station. The data were used to determine the depths for

obtaining water samples for productivity studies and to

determine the diffuse attenuation coefficient in the water

column.

“The irradiance meter consisted of an underwater sensor unit with a spectrally filtered photomultiplier tube and

a pressure transducer, a gimballed deck cell to provide

corrections for changes in surface irradiance, and a deck

control and display console. The instrument computed

the logarithm of the ratio of underwater irradiance to surface irradiance, and recorded it against depth on an x-y

plotter. The required depths for sampling were obtained

directly from the plot and diffuse attenuation coefficients

were computed from the slope of the plotted curve.”

4.1.4.2 Also From Austin (1980)

“Beam Transmittance and Volume Attenuation Coefficient: Vertical profiles of the beam transmittance of the

water provide a rapid means of assessing the vertical structure of the water column. Layers of turbid and clear water

are often present in close juxtaposition and their presence,

thickness, and location have major implications relative to

the depths at which other measurements are to be made

and water samples are to be taken, and to the nature of

the optical signal which is returned upward to the water

surface. Such profiles were made at each station. The

instrument used for most of these measurements was the

Visibility Laboratory-built ALSCAT (Austin and Petzold

1975). The instrument measures the beam transmittance

at any of 10 operator-selectable wavelengths from 400 to

670 nm. In addition, it measures the volume scattering

function (VSF) at 0.175, 0.35, and 0.7◦ from the forward

direction. The instrument measures water temperature

and pressure together with the above optical properties

and plots two of the measured variables against depth.”

[Derivation equations follow this section.]

4.1.5 Hovis et al. (1980)

“During these experiments, NET investigators made

in-situ measurements of ocean optical properties, together

with measurements of phytoplankton pigments, total suspended particulates, salinity, phytoplankton species, and

surface temperature.”

4.2 Actual Measurements

Bio-optical data taken at 62 at-sea stations on five research cruises constitutes the CZCS pigment algorithm

database. Dates, times, and locations for these stations

appear in the listing of pre- and post-launch cruise deployments in the historical section of this document. In addition to spectroradiometer measurements, measurements

were made of spectral beam attenuation with a transmissometer, as well as Secchi depth and Munsell color estimates. The pigment fluorescence measurements were aided

by fluorometer calibration performed by D. Kiefer, using

cultured phytoplankton stocks, for which chlorophyll a was

determined by the spectrophotometric trichromic method

(Strickland and Parsons 1972).

Austin and Petzold (1981) described measurements of

the diffuse attenuation coefficient in sea water and the

CZCS diffuse attenuation coefficient algorithm.

4.3 Algorithm Synthesis

The CZCS NET assisted the NIMBUS experiment science team in the development and coding of algorithms

based on the in-water measurements. Level-1 and level-2

products were based on the algorithms submitted by the

CZCS NET to the NIMBUS experiment.

Clark (1981) describes data analysis and development

of the mature CZCS phytoplankton pigment algorithm.

5. ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION

The use of an algorithm to correct water-leaving radiances for the effects of light scattering and aerosol absorption by the intervening atmosphere was an innovative

aspect of the CZCS mission. Theoretical considerations

and actual measurement techniques for the atmospheric

correction algorithm adopted by the CZCS NET are described below, with pertinent references highlighted.

5.1 Methods

Gordon (1978) gives a theoretical description of an atmospheric correction method for a CZCS-type sensor. His

method is based on a theoretical treatment of Rayleigh and

aerosol scattering of upwelled radiance from the sea surface. An algorithm for this method was initially applied

to CZCS data.

An improved method of atmospheric correction is described by Gordon and Clark (1981), which describes the

clear-water radiance estimation method. This method was

employed for reprocessing of CZCS data and was employed

in an analysis of CZCS imagery of the mid-Atlantic Bight

(Gordon et al. 1983a).

Gordon and Casta ̃no (1989) describes an atmospheric

correction method which incorporates multiple scattering

effects.

5.2 Actual Measurements

Gordon (pers. comm.) conducted some measurements

of aerosol optical depth during the post-launch cruise phase

19
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

of the CZCS NET activity. However, the primary measurements used to improve atmospheric correction of CZCS

data were actual atmospheric pressure and total ozone

fields (Austin 1993).

5.3 Algorithm Synthesis

Atmospheric correction was a keystone of the CZCS

mission from its inception. Algorithms based on theoretical consideration of atmospheric light scattering were incorporated in the initial production of CZCS scenes and

all subsequent reprocessing programs. Initial processing of

CZCS data using atmospheric correction was cumbersome,

slow, and limited by computer speed, but improvements

in algorithms and computer technology allowed significant

improvement in the processing of CZCS data and creation

of higher level products. Descriptions of the technical details and software development for both in-water pigment

and atmospheric correction algorithms are scarce in the

documentation of CZCS NET activities, but may be more

readily available in NIMBUS documentation.

One of the most notable successes of the CZCS atmospheric correction algorithm was demonstrated subsequent to the eruption of the El Chich ́on volcano in 1983.

While the aerosols from El Chich ́on confounded other remote sensing instruments, notably the AVHRR, the CZCS

atmospheric correction algorithm compensated for the El

Chich ́on aerosol layer with little or no perturbation to the

radiance data.

6. CURRENT STATUS

SeaWiFS relies on the heritage of CZCS for some of

the basic fundamentals of marine optics and atmospheric

correction methods. A brief overview of evaluation and

potential improvements of pigment algorithms and atmospheric correction algorithms is given below.

6.1 In-Water Algorithms

The SeaWiFS Project, using the CZCS NET experience as a guideline, has established rigorous methodologies for the collection of bio-optical oceanographic data,

and has sought to improve both the instrumentation and

methods used for the calibration of radiometric sensors.

It is anticipated that the database of in-water radiometric measurements will be augmented through the conduct

of bio-optical research performed in coordination with the

SeaWiFS mission.

McClain and Yeh (1994) compared the results obtained

by utilizing the bio-optical algorithms of: D. Clark (MullerKarger et al. 1990); Gordon et al. (1983a); Smith and Wilson (1981); Andersen (1991); and Sturm (1993). The latter

two publications describe the European algorithm, which

was developed for waters near the European continent. In

their analysis of two CZCS scenes using each algorithm,

McClain and Yeh found similar agreement for all the algorithms except the European algorithm, which gave somewhat higher pigment concentrations.

6.2 Atmospheric Correction Algorithms

The existing methods for the atmospheric correction

of ocean color data have reached an applicable limit with

regard to the processing of CZCS data. The SeaWiFS

Project is developing an improved atmospheric correction

scheme that is more site-specific, based on aerosol sources,

and using the multiple-scattering treatment of Gordon and

Casta ̃no (1989).

7. CONCLUSIONS

Despite the fact that the CZCS mission can be viewed

retrospectively as a remarkable success, one of the primary

lessons of the CZCS NET is the need for a well-integrated

team and consistent, continuing examination of the data.

The historical record indicates that several known factors,

as well as unanticipated events, had to be addressed in

order to obtain meaningful analyses of CZCS data, both

during the lifetime of the instrument and in subsequent

refinements and reprocessing of the data.

S. El-Sayed (pers. comm.) provided several lessons

learned from his CZCS NET experience. He noted the

criticality of team member interaction in the development

of the algorithm. The CZCS NET attained a goal that was

originally thought to be difficult or impossible to achieve by

the broader oceanographic community. A distinct advantage was the selection of NET members with noteworthy

expertise in their respective fields.

In addition to vital team member rapport, quality leadership was another key to the success of the CZCS mission.

El-Sayed commended Hovis for his outstanding leadership

role of the CZCS NET. International cooperation was also

necessary for the global CZCS program, as specialists from

Europe and South Africa were members of the CZCS NET.

Finally, El-Sayed states “sheer doggedness and persistence” were necessary to overcome obstacles to algorithm development. Although this observation constitutes

a fairly fundamental lesson, it seems important to note that

in order for CZCS successors to provide scientifically valid

oceanographic data, “sheer doggedness and persistence”

are likely to be just as vital to the program as state-of-theart technology.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the many members of the CZCS

NET who provided information and their personal recollections

to this document. In particular, S. El-Sayed, J. Mueller, C.

Trees, H. Gordon, W. Hovis, R. Austin, and W. Esaias were

very helpful. Also, the GSFC library helped to compile the

Bibliography of ocean color references. The assistance of G.

“Pete” Banholzer was especially noteworthy.

20
J. Acker

Glossary

AM-1 Not an acronym, used to designate the morning

platform of EOS

A&M (Texas) Agriculture and Mechanics (University)

ADEOS Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (Japan)

APL Applied Physics Laboratory

AVHRR Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer

CHORS Center for Hydro-Optics and Remote Sensing

CRTT CZCS Radiation and Temperature Tape

CSC Computer Sciences Corporation

CWR Clear Water Radiance

CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner

EOS Earth Observing System

ESA European Space Agency

EURASEP European Association of Scientists in Environmental Pollution

FOV Field-of-View

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center

HP Hewlett-Packard

HQ Headquarters (NASA)

IPD Image Processing Division

IR Infrared

IUCRM Inter-Union Commission on Radio Meteorology

JHU Johns Hopkins University

JRC Joint Research Centre (Europe)

MERIS Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASDA National Space Development Agency (Japan)

NESDIS National Environmental Satellite Data Information

Service

NESS National Environmental Satellite Service

NET NIMBUS Experiment Team

NIMBUS Not an acronym, but a series of NASA experimental weather satellites containing a wide variety of

atmosphere, ice, and ocean sensors.

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOPS NIMBUS Observation Processing System

OCS Ocean Color Scanner

OCTS Ocean Color Temperature Sensor

ODEX Optical Dynamics Experiment

PM-1 Not an acronym, used to designate the afternoon.

PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

R/V Research Vessel

SDSU San Diego State University

SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor

SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography

VSF Volume Scattering Function

Symbols

Ed Downwelled spectral irradiance.

Ed(λ, z) Downwelled spectral irradiance.

Esun(λ, z) Spectral sun irradiance distribution.

Eu Upwelled spectral irradiance.

K(490) Diffuse attenuation coefficient of seawater measured

at 490 nm.

KL(λ) Attenuation coefficient upwelled radiance.

Lu(λ, 0) Upwelled spectral radiance at the surface.

LW (λ) Water-leaving radiance.

LW (443) Water-leaving radiance at 443 nm.

LW (520) Water-leaving radiance at 520 nm.

LW (550) Water-leaving radiance at 550 nm.

LW (670) Water-leaving radiance at 670 nm.

x Abscissa.

y Ordinate.

References

Andersen, J.H., 1991: CZCS level-2 generation. OCEAN Technological Series, Nos. 1–8, Ocean Colour European Archive

Network, 49 pp.

Austin, R.W., 1980: Gulf of Mexico, ocean color surface truth

measurements. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 19, 269–285.

, 1993: Optical remote sensing of the oceans: BC (Before

CZCS) and AC (After CZCS). Ocean Colour: Theory and

Applications in a Decade of CZCS Experience, V. Barale

and P. Schlittenhardt, Eds., ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels

and Luxembourg, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell,

Massachusetts, 1–15.

, and T.J. Petzold, 1975: An instrument for the measurement of spectral attenuation coefficient and narrow-angle

volume scattering function of ocean waters. Visibility Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Report,

SIO Ref. 75-25, 12 pp.

, and , 1981: The determination of diffuse attenuation

coefficient of sea water using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum

Press, 239–256.

, and B.L. McGlamery, 1983: Passive remote sensing of

ocean optical propagation parameters. 32nd Symp.,

AGARDElectromagnetic Wave Propagation Panel on Propagation Factors Affecting Remote Sensing by Radio Waves,

Oberammergau, Germany, 45-1–45-10.

Barale, V., and P. Schlittenhardt, 1993: Ocean Colour: Theory

and Applications in a Decade of CZCS Experience, ECSC,

EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts, 367 pp.

Caraux, D., and R.W. Austin, 1983: Delineation of Seasonal

Changes of Chlorophyll Frontal Boundaries in Mediterranean Coastal Waters with NIMBUS-7 Coastal Zone Color

Scanner Data. Rem. Sens. Environ., 13, 239–249.

Clark, D.K. 1981: Phytoplankton algorithms for the NIMBUS-7

CZCS. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 227–238.

Feldman, G., N. Kuring, C. Ng, W. Esaias, C. McClain, J. Elrod, N. Maynard, D. Endres, R. Evans, J. Brown, S. Walsh,

M. Carle, and G. Podesta, 1989: Ocean Color: Availability

of the global data set. EOS, Trans. AGU, 70, 634.

21
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

Gordon, H.R, 1978: Removal of atmospheric effects from satellite imagery of the oceans. Appl. Opt., 17, 1,631–1,636.

, D.K. Clark, J.W. Mueller, and W.A. Hovis, 1980: Phytoplankton pigments form the NIMBUS-7 Coastal Zone

Color Scanner: Comparison with surface measurements.

Science, 210, 63–66.

, and , 1981: Clear water radiances for atmospheric

correction of coastal zone color scanner imagery. Appl.

Opt., 20, 4,175–4,180.

, , J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, and W.W.

Broenkow, 1983a: Phytoplankton pigment concentrations

in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Comparison of ship determinations and CZCS estimates. Appl. Opt., 22, 20–36.

, J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, and D.K. Clark,

1983b: NIMBUS-7 CZCS: reduction of its radiometric sensitivity. Appl. Opt., 24, 3,929–3,931.

, and D. Casta ̃no, 1989: Aerosol analysis with the Coastal

Zone Color Scanner: A simple method for including multiple scattering effects. Appl. Opt., 28, 1,320–1,326.

Hovis, W.A., and K.C. Leung, 1977: Remote sensing of ocean

color. Optical Eng., 16, 158–166.

, D.K. Clark, F. Andersen, R.W. Austin, W.H. Wilson,

E.T. Baker, D. Ball, H.R. Gordon, J.L. Mueller, S. ElSayed, B. Sturm, R.C. Wrigley, and C.S. Yentsch, 1980:

NIMBUS-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner: System description and initial imagery. Science, 210, 60–63.

McClain, C.R., and E-n. Yeh, 1994: CZCS Bio-Optical Algorithm Comparison. In: McClain, C.R., J.C. Comiso, R.S.

Fraser, J.K. Firestone, B.D. Scheiber, E-n. Yeh, K.R. Arrigo, and C.W. Sullivan, 1994: Case Studies for SeaWiFS

Calibration and Validation, Part 1. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 13, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 3–8.

Morel, A., and L. Prieur, 1977: Analysis of variations in ocean

color. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 709–722.

Muller-Karger, F.E., C.R. McClain, R.N. Sambrotto, and G.C.

Ray, 1990: A comparison of ship and CZCS-mapped distributions of phytoplankton in the southeastern Bering Sea.

J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,483–11,499.

Smith, R.C., and W.H. Wilson 1981: Ship and satellite biooptical research in the California Bight. Oceanography

from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 281–294.

Strickland, J.D.H., and T.R. Parsons, 1972: A Practical Handbook of Sea Water Analysis. Fish. Res. Board. Canada,

310 pp.

Sturm, B., 1993: CZCS data processing algorithms. Ocean

Colour: Theory and Applications in a Decade of CZCS

Experience, V. Barale and P. Schlittenhardt, Eds., ECSC,

EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts, 95–116.

Traganza, E., V. Silva, D. Austin, W. Hanson, and S. Bronsink, 1983: Nutrient mapping and recurrence of coastal upwelling centers by satellite remote sensing: Its implication

to primary production and the sediment record. Coastal

Upwelling, E. Suess and J. Thiede, Ed., Plenum Press, 61–

83.

Trees, C.C., M.C. Kennicutt II, and J.W. Brooks, 1985: Errors

associated with the standard fluorometric determination of

chlorophylls and phaeopigments. Mar. Chem., 17, 1–12.

Tyler, J.E., and R.C. Smith, 1970: Measurements of Spectral

Irradiance Underwater, Gordon and Breach, 103 pp.

Walters, N.M., 1983: Coastal zone colour scanner (CZCS) algorithm description for the South African coastal waters.

Internal report, NPRL Div. of Optical Sciences, Pretoria,

S. Africa, 30 pp.

Yentsch, C.S., 1983: Remote Sensing of Biological Substances.

Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology, A.P. Cracknell, Ed., D. Reidel Publishing Co., 263–

297.

Yentsch, C.S., and D.W. Menzel, 1963: A method for the determination of phytoplankton, chlorophyll, and phaeophytin

by fluorescence. Deep-Sea Res., 10, 221–231.

22
J. Acker

Bibliography

The following is a collection of references to published research that was based on CZCS data, or research relevant to

the CZCS mission. Every effort has been made by both the

author and editors to present this information accurately; however, due to the volume of material and publication time constraints, it was not possible to ensure that all of the information

in each reference is correct.

–A–

Aarup, T., S. Groom, and P.M. Holligan, 1989: CZCS imagery of the North Sea. Remote Sensing of Atmosphere

and Oceans, E. Raschke, A. Ghazi, J.F.R. Gower, P. McCormick, A. Gruber, A.F. Hasler, and C.S. Yentsch, Eds.,

Adv. in Space Res., 9, Pergamon Press, 443–451.

, , and , 1990: The processing and interpretation

of North Sea CZCS imagery. Neth. J. Sea Res., 25, 3–9.

Abbott, M.R, and P.M. Zion, 1984: Coastal Zone Color Scanner

(CZCS): Imagery of near-surface phytoplankton pigment

concentrations from the first coastal ocean dynamics experiment (CODE-1), March–July 1981. NASA Contractor

Report 174169, 81 pp.

, and , 1987: Spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton pigment off northern California during Coastal

Ocean Dynamics Experiment 1. J. Geophys. Res., 92,

1,745–1,755.

, and B. Barksdale, 1991: Phytoplankton pigment patterns

and wind forcing off central California. J. Geophys. Res.,

96, 14,649–14,667.

Ade, G., D.H. Lawrence, and X. Ling, 1985: Analysis of CZCS

data for the UK South-western Approaches. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 6, 1,749–1,763.

Ahlnas, K., and T.C. Royer, 1989: Application of satellite visible band data to high latitude oceans. Rem. Sens. Environ., 28, 85–93.

Aiken, J., G.F. Moore, and P.M. Holligan, 1992: Remote sensing of oceanic biology in relation to global climate change.

J. Phycol., 28, 579–590.

Alberotanza, L., G. Aldighieri, and A. Bergamasco, 1983: North

Adriatic Sea cruise 1982: STD tridimensional structure.

Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Ciesm, 28, 135–139.

, V. Barale, and A. Bergamasco, 1985: Nimbus 7 CZCS images as inputs in circulation modelling of the North Adriatic Sea. 1st Congresso, Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica

dell’Atmosfera e dell’Oceano, Rome, Italy, June 19–22,

1984. Nuovo Cimento C, Serie 1, 8 C, 621–630.

Amos, C.L., and B.J. Topliss, 1985: Discrimination of suspended particulate matter in the Bay of Fundy using the

Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner. Canadian J. Remote Sens., 11, 85–92.

Anderson, F.P., L.V. Shannon, S.A. Mostert, N.M. Walters,

and O.G. Malan, 1981: A South African ocean colour experiment. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed.,

Plenum Press, 381–386.

Andr ́e, J.-M., 1992: Ocean color remote-sensing and the subsurface vertical structure of phytoplankton pigments. DeepSea Res., 39, 763–779.

, and A. Morel, 1989: Simulated effects of barometric pressure and ozone content upon the estimate of marine phytoplankton from space. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1,029–1,037.

, and , 1990: Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery, revisited.

Oceanol. Acta, 14, 3–22.

Anonymous, 1981: All-out effort to boost US fisheries with

ocean data. World Fish., 30, 29–31.

, 1990: ‘OCEAN’ Project: A proposal of CZCS data exploitation towards an improved understanding of the European marine environment. Proc. 10th EARSeL Symp.

“New European systems, sensors and applications,” G. Konecny, Ed., 220–223.

Aranuvachapun, S., 1984: “Atmospheric optical depth

spectrum as determined from satellite remote sensing radiance.” In: Satellite Remote Sensing, Proc. 10th RSS

Anniversary Conf., 219–226.

, 1986: Satellite remote sensing of atmospheric optical

depth spectrum. Wkshp. on Atmos. Corrections, University of Nottingham, England, May 22, 1985. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 7, 499–514.

, 1986: The atmospheric optical depth spectrum determined from CZCS radiance. Intl. J. Rem. Sens., 7, 105–

118.

Arnone, R.A., 1984: Evaluation of CZCS and Landsat for coastal optics and water properties. Proc. 17th Intl. Symposium

on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM, 599–608.

, 1987: Satellite-derived color-temperature relationship in

the Alboran Sea. Rem. Sens. Environ., 23, 417–437.

, and P.E. La Violette, 1984: A method of selecting optimal angstrom coefficients to obtain quantitative ocean

color data from Nimbus-7 CZCS. Ocean Optics VII, M.

Blizard, Ed., SPIE, 489, 187–194.

, and , 1984: Satellite definition of the bio-optical

and thermal variation of coastal eddies associated with the

African current. U.S. NORDA Tech. Note 291, 24 pp.

, and R. Oriol, 1985: CZCS (Coastal Zone Color Scanner)

atlas of water optical properties in the Alboran Sea. U.S.

NORDA Report 117, 28 pp.

, R.R. Bidigare, C.C. Trees, and J.M. Brooks, 1986: Comparison of the attenuation of spectral irradiance and phytoplankton pigments within frontal zones. Proc. Ocean Optics VIII, M.A. Blizard, Ed., SPIE, 126–130.

, and P.E. La Violette, 1986: Satellite definition of the biooptical and thermal variation of coastal eddies associated

with the African current. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2,351–

2,364.

, D.A. Wiesenburg, and K.D. Saunders, 1990: The origin

and characteristics of the Algerian current. J. Geophys.

Res., 95, 1,587–1,598.

, R.A. Oriol, G. Terrie, and L. Estep, 1992: Ocean optical

database. U.S. NOARL Tech. Note 254, 41 pp.

Austin, R.W., 1979: Coastal zone color scanner radiometry.

Ocean Optics VI, SPIE, 170–177.

23
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

, 1980: Gulf of Mexico, ocean-color surface-truth measurements. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 269–285.

, and T.J. Petzold, 1981: The determination of the diffuse

attenuation coefficient of sea water using the coastal zone

color scanner. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower,

Ed., Plenum Press, 239–256.

, and B.L. McGlamery, 1983: Passive remote sensing of

ocean optical propagation parameters. Propagation Factors Affecting Remote Sensing by Radio Waves, 45.1–45.11.

–B–

Balch, W.M., and F.T. Haxo, 1984: Spectral properties of Noctiluca miliaris suriray, a heterotrophic dinoflagellate. J.

Plankton Res., 6, 515–525.

, R. Evans, J. Brown, G. Feldman, C. McClain, and W.

Esaias, 1992: The remote sensing of ocean primary

productivity—Use of a new data compilation to test satellite algorithms. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2,279–2,293.

Ball Aerospace Systems Division, 1979a: Development of the

Coastal Zone Color Scanner for Nimbus 7. Volume 1: Mission Objectives and Instrument Description. Boulder, Colorado, 76 pp.

, 1979b: Development of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner

for Nimbus 7. Volume 2: Test and Performance Data,

Revision A. Boulder, Colorado, 99 pp.

Banse, K., and M. Yong, 1990: Sources of variability in satellitederived estimates of phytoplankton production in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7,201–7,215.

Barale, V., 1987: Remote observations of the marine environment: Spatial heterogeneity of the mesoscale ocean color

field in CZCS imagery of California near-coastal waters.

Rem. Sens. Environ., 22, 173–186.

, 1991: Sea surface colour in the field of biological oceanography. Proc. European Symp. on the Role of Aerospace

Technology in Oceanology, Msida, Malta, Nov. 28–Dec. 1,

1988. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 12, 781–793.

, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and M.C. Hendershott, 1984: Remotely sensing the surface dynamics of the Adriatic Sea.

Deep-Sea Res., 31, 1,433–1,459.

, C.R. McClain, and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 1986: Space and

time variability of the surface color field in the northern

Adriatic Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12,957–12,974.

, and R. Wittenberg-Fay, 1986: Variability of the ocean

surface color field in central California near-coastal waters

as observed in a seasonal analysis of CZCS imagery. J.

Mar. Res., 44, 291–316.

, and C.C. Trees, 1987: Spatial variability of the ocean

color field in CZCS imagery. COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical Mtg. on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse, France,

June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 95–97, 99, 100.

Bearden, P.A., 1988: Use of satellite remote sensing to determine the distribution of the Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the eastern North Pacific. M.A. thesis, San Diego State University Department of Geography,

183 pp.

Bekkering, J.A., 1986: The JRC program for marine coastal monitoring. Proc. 7th Intl. Symp. on Remote Sensing

for Resources Development and Environmen Management,

Vol. 2, Enschede, Netherlands, Aug. 25–29, 1986. Rotterdam, Netherlands, A.A. Balkema, 699–702.

Bernal, R.E., and Y-F. Thomas, 1988: The waters in the Strait

of Gibraltar: study of the quality of surface waters. Photo

Interpretation: Images Aeriennes et Spatiales, 88, 11–18.

Blizard, M.A., 1984: Ocean Optics VII; Proc. of the Mtg., Monterey, California, June 25–28, 1984. SPIE, 489, 419 pp.

Blough, N.V., O.C. Zafiriou, and J. Bonilla, 1993: Optical absorption spectra of waters from the Orinoco River outflow: terrestrial input of colored organic matter to the

Caribbean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2,271–2,278.

Boxall, S.R., and I.S. Robinson, 1987: Shallow sea dynamics

from CZCS imagery. COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical Mtg.

on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse, France, June 30–

July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 37–46.

Brewer, P.G., 1986: Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS): Status

of the U.S. GOFS Program. EOS, Trans. AGU, 67, 827–

832.

Bricaud, A., and A. Morel, 1985: Atmospheric corrections and

interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery: Use

of a reflectance model. Oceanography from Space: Proc. of

the ATP Symposium on Remote Sens., R. Chesselet, Ed.,

Lab. Phys. Chim. Mar., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, 33–

50.

, , and J.-M. Andre, 1987: Spatial/temporal variability

of algal biomass and potential productivity in the Mauritanian upwelling zone, as estimated from CZCS data.

COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical Mtg. on Oceanography

from Space, Toulouse, France, June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv.

Space Res., 7, 53–62.

Brock, J.C., C.R. McClain, M.E. Luther, and W.W. Hay, 1991:

The phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Arabian Sea

during the southwest monsoon of 1979. J. Geophys. Res.,

96, 20,623–20,642.

, and , 1992: Interannual variability in phytoplankton

blooms observed in the northwestern Arabian Sea during

the southwest monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 733–750.

, and , 1993: Comment on “A note on the possible

connection between the El Chich ́on eruption and ocean

production in the northwest Arabian Sea during 1982,” by

A.E. Strong. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 989.

Brown, O.B., R.H. Evans, and D.B. Olson, 1983: Visible and

infrared satellite remote sensing: a status report. World

Meteorological Organization, WCRP Publ. Series No. 1,

Vol. 2, 215–244.

, , J.W. Brown, H.R. Gordon, R.C. Smith, and K.S.

Baker, 1985: Phytoplankton blooming off the U.S. East

Coast: A satellite description. Science, 229, 163–167.

Bukata, R.P., J.H. Jerome, J.E. Bruton, and S.C. Jain, 1980:

Nonzero subsurface irradiance reflectance at 670 nm from

Lake Ontario water masses. Appl. Opt., 19, 2,487–2,488.

Bushnell, M., and G.A. Maul, 1982: Ocean optical data from

potential OTEC sites in the Gulf of Mexico.

NOAA-AOML Tech. Memo. 49, 237 pp.

24
J. Acker

–C–

Campbell, J.W., 1989: Temporal patterns of phytoplankton

abundance in the North Atlantic. COSPAR, IAMAP, 27th

Scientific Committee on Oceanic Res., 27th Plenary Meeting, Symp. 1 and Topical Mtg. on the Remote Sens. of Atmosphere and Oceans, Espoo, Finland, July 18–29, 1988.

Adv. Space Res., 9, 453–460.

, and W.E. Esaias, 1983: Basis for spectral curvature algorithms in remote sensing of chlorophyll. Appl. Opt., 22,

1,084–1,093.

, and T. Aarup, 1992: New production in the North Atlantic derived from seasonal patterns of surface chlorophyll.

Deep-Sea Res., 39, 1,669–1,694.

Caraux, D., and R.W. Austin, 1982a: Coastal upwellings and

Rhone River extension in the Gulf of Lions (Mediterranean Sea)—Visualization by analysis of chlorophyll

frontal boundaries on the basis of Nimbus-7

CZCS radiometer data. Photo Interp., 21, 2.1–2.6. In

French, English, and Spanish.

, and , 1982b: Remote sensing (Nimbus-7 CZCS) analysis of phytoplankton distribution in coastal waters of the

Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean). Trans., Intl.

Soc. for Photogrammetry and Remote Sens., Intl. Symposium, Vol. 1. Toulouse, France, 689–695.

, and , 1983: Delineation of seasonal changes of chlorophyll frontal boundaries in Mediterranean coastal waters

with Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner data. Remote

Sens. Environ., 13, 239–249.

, and , 1984: Multispectral satellite remote sensing

of an oceanic cyclone in the northwestern Mediterranean.

Intl. J. Remote Sens., 5, 855–860.

Carder, K.L., D.J. Collins, M.J. Perry, L.H. Clark, and J.M.

Mesias, 1986a: The interaction of light with phytoplankton

in the marine environment. Ocean Optics VIII, P.N. Slater,

Ed., 637, 42–55.

, R.G. Steward, J.H. Paul, and G.A. Vargo, 1986b: Relationships between chlorophyll and ocean color constituents

as they affect remote-sensing reflectance models. Limnol.

Oceanogr., 31, 403–413.

, , G.R. Harvey, and P.B. Ortner, 1989: Marine humic

and fulvic acids: their effects on remote sensing of ocean

chlorophyll. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 68–81.

, D.K. Costello, W.W. Gregg, K. Haddad, and J.M. Prospero, 1991a: Determination of Saharan dust radiance and

chlorophyll from CZCS imagery. J. Geophys. Res., 96,

5,369–5,378.

, W.W. Gregg, D.K. Costello, K. Haddad, and J.M. Prospero, 1991b: Determination of Saharan dust radiance and

chlorophyll from CZCS imagery. J. Geophys. Res., 96,

5,369–5,378.

, S.K. Hawes, R.G. Steward, K.A. Baker, R.C. Smith, and

B.G. Mitchell, 1991c: Reflectance model for quantifying

chlorophyll a in the presence of productivity degradation

products. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20,599–20,611.

Chase, R.R.P., 1981: NASA’s potential remote sensing capabilities that could be applied to upwelling studies. IDOE

Intl. Symp. on Coastal Upwelling, American Geophysical

Union, Washington, D.C., 6–8.

Chelton, D.B., and M.G. Schlax, 1991: Estimation of time averages from irregularly spaced observations: With application to coastal zone color scanner estimates of chlorophyll

concentration. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14,669–14,692.

Cicone, R., E. Crist, M. Metzler, and T. Parris, 1982: Development, implementation and evaluation of satellite-aided

agricultural monitoring systems. Infrared Optics Div.,

ERIM, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 111 pp.

, and M.D. Metzler, 1982: Comparison of Landsat MSS,

Nimbus 7 CZCS, and NOAA 6/7 AVHRR features for land

use analysis. Proc. 8th Intl. Symp. on Machine processing

of remotely sensed data: Crop inventory and monitoring.

IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 291–297.

, and , 1984: Comparison of LANDSAT MSS, Nimbus7 CZCS, and NOAA-7 AVHRR features for land-use analysis. Remote Sens. Environ., 14, 257–265.

Clark, D.K., 1981: Phytoplankton pigment algorithms for the

Nimbus-7 CZCS. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower,

Ed., Plenum Press, 227–237.

, A.E. Strong, and E.T. Baker, 1980: Upwelled spectral

radiance distribution in elation to particulate matter in

sea water. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 287–298.

, H.W. Yates, and J.W. Sherman III, 1985: Marine applications for satellite-derived ocean color imagery: From ASW

to albacore tuna fishing, applications for ocean color are

exploding–while the data source faces imminent electronic

death. Sea Technol., 26, 35–40.

, and N.G. Maynard, 1986: Coastal zone color scanner

imagery of phytoplankton pigment distribution in Icelandic

waters. Ocean Optics VIII, P.N. Slater, Ed., SPIE, 637,

350–357.

, and J.W. Sherman III, 1986: Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone

Color Scanner: Ocean color applications. Mar. Technol.

Soc. J., 20, 43–56.

Collins, D.J., 1982: LIDAR and acoustics applications to ocean

productivity. Jet Propulsion Lab Publ. 82–56, Pasadena,

California, 73 pp.

, W.-L. Yang, D.A. Kiefer, J.B. Soohoo, and C. Stallings, 1986: A model for the use of satellite remote sensing

for the measurement of primary production in the ocean.

Ocean Optics VIII, P.N. Slater, Ed., SPIE, 637, 335–348.

Colwell, R.N., 1986: Land applications for remote sensing from

space. Space Science and Applications: Progress and Potential. IEEE Press, New York, New York, 77–122.

Comiso, J.C., 1991: Satellite remote sensing of the Polar Oceans.

J. Marine Sys., 2, 395–434.

25
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

, N.G. Maynard, W.O. Smith, Jr., and C.W. Sullivan, 1990:

Satellite ocean color studies of Antarctic ice edges in summer and autumn. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9,481–9,496.

, C.R. McClain, C.W. Sullivan, J.P. Ryan, and C.L. Leonard, 1993: Coastal zone color scanner pigment concentrations in the southern ocean and relationships to geophysical

surface features. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2,419–2,451.

Cracknell, A.P., 1981: Optical scanners and remote sensing

of estuarine and coastal water quality. “Matching remote

sensing technologies and their applications,” Proc. RSS 9th

Conf., University of Reading, Reading, England,285–297.

, S.M. Singh, and N. Macfarlane, 1980: Remote sensing of

the North Sea using Landsat-2 MSS and Nimbus-7 CZCS

data. Proc., 14th Intl. Symp. on Remote Sensing of the

Environment, Vol. 3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM, 1,643–

1,651.

, and , 1981: Coastal zone research using remote sensing techniques (North Sea): calibration of coastal zone

color scanner. Proc. EARSeL–ESA symposium, Appl. of

Remote Sens. Data on the Continental Shelf, N. Longdon

and G. Levy, Ed., ESA-SP-167, 157–168.

, and F.J. Vernberg, 1982: Initial plans for remote sensing

of the North Sea using coastal zone colour scanner (CZCS).

Processes in Marine Remote Sensing, F.P. Diemer, Ed.,

243–262.

Curran, R.J., 1972: Ocean color determination through a scattering atmosphere. Appl. Opt., 11, 1,857–1,866.

–D–

Davis, P.A., E.R. Major, and H. Jacobowitz, 1984: Assessment

of Nimbus-7 ERB short-wave scanner data by correlative

analysis with narrowband CZCS data. J. Geophys. Res.,

89, 5,077–5,088.

Denman, K.L., and M.R. Abbott, 1988: Time evolution of surface chlorophyll patterns from cross-spectrum analysis of

satellite color images. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6,789–6,798.

Deschamps, P.-Y., and D. Tanr ́e, 1978: Corrections atmospheriques pour la teledetection de la couleur de

l’ocean. (Atmospheric corrections of ocean color data, obtained by remote sensing.) Actes de Colloques, Centre National pour l’Exploitation des Oceans, 5, 133–140.

, M. Herman, and D. Tanr ́e, 1984: Modelling of the atmospheric effects and its application to the remote sensing of

ocean color. Appl. Opt., 22, 3,751–3,758.

, and M. Viollier, 1987: Algorithms for ocean colour from

space and application to CZCS data. COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical Mtg. on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse,

France, June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 11–19.

Deuser, W.G., F.E. Muller-Karger, and C. Hemleben,

1988: Temporal variations of particle fluxes in the deep

subtropical and tropical North Atlantic—Eulerian versus

Lagrangian effects. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6,857–6,862.

, , R.H. Evans, O.B. Brown, W.E. Esaias, and G.C.

Feldman, 1990: Surface-ocean color and deep-ocean carbon

flux: How close a connection? Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1,331–

1,343.

DFVLR, Inst. fur Optoelektronik, Oberpfaffenhofen, W. Germany: Radiometric comparison of two ocean color scanners: Nimbus-7/CZCS and OSTA-1/OCE. Proc. 18th Intl.

Symp. on Remote Sens. Environ., Vol. 2, Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM, 931–937.

Dister, B., and O.C. Zafiriou, 1993: Photochemical free radical

production rates in the eastern Caribbean. J. Geophys.

Res., 98, 2,341–2,352.

Doerffer, R., J. Fischer, H. Grassl, I. Hennings, R. Reuter, D.

Diebel-Langohr, V. Amann, H. Van der Piepen, V. Ittekot,

and A. Spitzy, 1986a: The influence of yellow substances on

remote sensing of sea water constituents from space. Vol.

1: Summary. ESA Report CR(P)-2443-VOL-1, 24 pp.

, , , , , , , , , and

, 1986b: The influence of yellow substances on remote

sensing of sea water constituents from space. Vol. 2: Appendices. ESA Report CR(P)-2443-VOL-2, 257 pp.

Duchossois, G., 1987: Europe’s position concerning ocean colour

activities. Ocean Color Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed.,

Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–6, 1986, 7–8.

Duerr, C., 1982: Studying the ocean from outer space. Sea

Grant Today, 12, 7–8.

Dugdale, R.C., A. Morel, A. Bricaud, and F.P. Wilkerson,

1989: Modeling new production in upwelling centers: a

case study of modeling new production from remotely

sensed temperature and color. J. Geophys. Res., 94,

18,119–18,132.

Dupouy, C., 1982: A study of blooms of phytoplankton on the

Roscoff-Plymouth radial western English Channel in 1980

and 1981—The contribution from satellite imagery of the

ocean color. Docteur (3e cycle) Thesis, Lille I Universite,

Lille, France, 227 pp. In French.

, 1983: Deux aspects differents des floraisons de phytoplancton vus par satellite (CZCS) en Manche occidentale.

Two different aspects of phytoplankton blooms seen by

satellite (CZCS) in the western English channel. Proc.

EARSeL–ESA symposium on remote sensing applications

for environmental studies, N. Longdon and O. Melita, Eds.,

173–177.

, J.P. Rebert, and D. Toure, 1986: NIMBUS-7 Coastal

Zone Color Scanner pictures of phytoplankton growth on

an upwelling front in Senegal. Marine Interfaces Ecohydrodynamics, J.C.J. Nihoul, Ed., 619–644.

, and H. Demarcq, 1987: CZCS as an aid for understanding

modalities of the phytoplankton productivity during upwelling off Senegal. COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical Mtg.

on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse, France, June 30–

July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 63–71.

, M. Petit, and Y. Dandonneau, 1988: Satellite detected

cyanobacteria bloom in the southwestern tropical Pacific:

Implication for oceanic nitrogen fixation. Intl. J. Remote

Sens., 9, 389–396.

26
J. Acker

Durkee, P.A., T.H. Vonder Haar, E.E. Hindman, and D.R.

Jensen, 1983: The relationship between marine aerosol particles and satellite detected radiance. Preprints, 5th Conf.

on Atmos. Radiation, Baltimore, Maryland, Oct. 31–Nov.

4, 1983. Boston, Massachusetts, American Meteorological

Soc., 94–97.

, E.E. Hindman, T.H. Vonder Haar, and D.R. Jensen, 1984:

Marine aerosol optical depth from satellite-detected radiance. Preprints, Conf. on Satellite/Remote Sens. and

Appl., Clearwater Beach, Florida, June 25–29, 1984, Boston, Massachusetts, American Meteorological Soc., 11–14.

–E–

Eckstein, B.A., and J.J. Simpson, 1991a: Aerosol and Rayleigh radiance contributions to coastal zone color scanner

images. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 12, 135–168.

, and , 1991b: Cloud screening Coastal Zone Color

Scanner images using channel 5. Intl. J. Remote Sens.,

12, 2,359–2,377.

Edgerton, C.F., 1974: Ocean color analysis. Sci. and Tech.

Aerospace Reports, 12, 2,945–2,946.

Ekstrand, S., 1991: Quantification of chlorophyll a in coastal waters using Landsat TM: Proc. 24th Intl. Symp. on

Remote Sens. of Environment, ERIM, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 162–163.

Elrod, J.A., 1988: CZCS view of an oceanic acid waste dump.

Remote Sens. Environ., 25, 245–254.

Erickson, D.J., III, and B.E. Eaton, 1993: Global biogeochemical cycling estimates with the CZCS satellite data and

general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20,

683–686.

Esaias, W.E., 1981: Remote sensing in biological oceanography.

Oceanus, 24, 2–38.

Escadafal, R., and Y. Callot, 1991: Monitoring Saharan dust

source areas with multispectral imagery. Proc. 8th Thematic Conf. on Geologic Remote Sens., Vol. 2, Denver,

Colorado, Apr. 29–May 2, 1991, Ann Arbor, Michigan,

ERIM, 1,473–1,483.

Eslinger, D.L., and R.L. Iverson, 1986: Wind effects on Coastal

Zone Color Scanner chlorophyll patterns in the U.S. MidAtlantic Bight during spring 1979. J. Geophys. Res., 91,

12,985–12,992.

, J.J. O’Brien, and R.L. Iverson, 1989: Empirical orthogonal function analysis of cloud-containing Coastal Zone

Color Scanner images of northeastern North American coastal waters. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,884–10,890.

Estep, L., and R. Arnone, 1993: Correlation of CZCS surface

Ks with Ks derived from Secchi disk. Photogramm. Eng.

and Remote Sens., 59, 345–350.

–F–

Feldman, G.C., 1986: Variability of the productive habitat in

the eastern equatorial Pacific. EOS: Trans. AGU, 67, 106–

108.

, D. Clark, and D. Halpern, 1984: Satellite color observations of the hytoplankton distribution in the eastern Equatorial Pacific during the 1982–1983 El Ni ̃no. Science, 226,

1,069–1,071.

, N. Kuring, C. Ng, W. Esaias, C. McClain, J. Elrod, N.

Maynard, and D. Endres, 1989: Ocean color—Availability

of the global data set. EOS, Trans. AGU, 70, 634.

Felix, R.E.R., S. Neshyba, and M. Zhao, 1987: Hydrographic

features off Chile revealed in satellite images. Collect.

Oceanogr. Works/Haiyan Wenji, 10, 62–75.

Fellous, J., and A. Morel, 1987: French activities in ocean

color observations. Ocean Color Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–6, 1986,

58–69.

Ferrari, G.M, S.R. Galli de Paratesi, G. Maracci, M. Ooms, P.

Schlittenhardt, B. Sturm, and S. Tassan, 1984: Remote

monitoring of sediments and chlorophyll as tracers of pollutant movements in a Mediterranean coastal area. Proc.

IGARSS ’84, Remote Sensing—From Research Towards

Operational Use, Vol. 2, T.D. Guyenne and J.J. Hunt, Eds.,

ESA-SP-215, 701–707.

Fiedler, P.C., 1984: Satellite observations of the 1982–1983 El

Ni ̃no along the U.S. Pacific coast. Science, 224, 1,251–

1,254.

, and R.M. Laurs, 1990: Variability of the Columbia River

plume observed in visible and infrared satellite imagery.

Intl. J. Remote Sens., 11, 999–1,010.

Firestone, J.K., M. Darzi, G. Fu, E-n. Yeh, and C.R. McClain,

1991: Oceanographic data analysis with NASA’s SEAPAK

software. Proc., ACSM/ASPRS, Vol. 3, 145–161.

First Conference of the National Group on the Physics of the

Atmosphere and Ocean. Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 8C, 605–

993.

Fischer, J., and P. Koepke, 1984: The influence of perturbing

water properties in chlorophyll mapping. Proc. IGARSS

’84, Vol. 2, ESA-SP-215, 709–713.

, and R. Doerffer, 1987: An inverse technique for remote

detection of suspended matter, phytoplankton and yellow

substance from CZCS measurements. COS-PAR, 26th Plenary, Topical Mtg. on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse,

France, June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 21–23,

25, 26.

, M. Reynolds, A. Morel, H. Van der Piepen, and D. Spitzer,

1984: Ocean Color Working Group report to ESA Observation Advisory Committee. European Space Agency, Paris,

France, 1984.

Frassetto, R., M. Reynolds, A. Morel, H. Van der Piepen, and

D. Spitzer, 1984: Ocean Color Working Group report to

ESA Observation Advisory Committee. European Space

Agency, Paris, France, 76 pp.

, and L. Pantani, 1987: Italian activities in ocean color remote sensing. Ocean Color Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–6, 1986,

71–72.

Fukushima, H., and T. Ogishima, 1985: Applicability of atmospheric correction algorithm for CZCS data to Japanese

coastal area. Digest, IGARSS ’85, Vol. 2., IEEE Inc., New

York, New York, 987–992.

27
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

, Y. Sugimori, M. Toratani, R.C. Smith, and Y. Yasuda,

1989: Aerosol anomalies in Nimbus-7 coastal zone color

scanner data obtained in Japan area. Quantitative remote

sensing: An economic tool for the Nineties: Proc. IGARSS

’89 and 12th Canadian Symp. on Remote Sens., Vol. 2.

IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 881–884.

Fusco, L., 1981: Nimbus-7 coastal-zone colour scanner data

processing for Earthnet-experience to date. ESA Bulletin,

27, 36–42.

–G–

Gabric, A.J., P. Hoffenberg, and W. Boughton, 1990: Spatiotemporal variability in surface chlorophyll distribution in

the central Great Barrier Reef as derived from CZCS imagery. Aus. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 41, 313–324.

, L. Garcia, L. Van Camp, L. Nykjaer, W. Eifler, and W.

Schrimpf, 1993: Offshore export of shelf production in the

Cape Blanc (Mauritania) giant filament as derived from

coastal zone color scanner imagery. J. Geophys. Res., 98,

4,697–4,712.

Gagliardini, D.A., H. Karszenbaum, H., R. Legeckis, and V.

Klemas, 1984: Application of LANDSAT MSS,

NOAA/TIROS AVHRR, and Nimbus CZCS to study the

La Plata River and its interaction with the ocean. Remote

Sens. Environ., 15, 21–36.

Gallegos, S.C., T.I. Gray, and M.M. Crawford, 1989: A study

into the responses of the NOAA-n AVHRR reflective channels over water targets. Quantitative remote sensing: An

economic tool for the Nineties; Proc. IGARSS ’89 and 12th

Canadian Symp. on Remote Sens., Vol. 2. IEEE Inc., New

York, New York, 712–715.

Garcia, C.A.E., and I.S. Robinson, 1989: Sea surface velocities in shallow seas extracted from sequential Coastal Zone

Color Scanner satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12,681–

12,691.

Gautier, C., 1989: A multi-sensor remote sensing approach for

measuring primary production from space. NASA Contractor Report 184662, 62 pp.

Giannini, J.A., 1986: A description of large-scale variability in

the ocean using the diffuse attenuation coefficient. Proc.,

IGARSS ‘86—Today’s Solutions for Tomorrow’s Information Needs, Vol. 3, 1,313–1,318.

Giannini, J.A., 1988: Variability of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in waters off the US East Coast. Proc., IGARSS

’88, Vol. 3, 1,395–1,397.

Gienapp, H., and B. Sturm, 1983: A CZCS post-launch experiment over the German Bight, and its evaluation with

regard to the ‘Gelbstoff’ and suspended matter contents,

as well as the frontal dynamics. Ein CZCS-Postlaunchexperiment uber der Deutschen Bucht und seine Auswertung im Hinblick auf die dortigen Gelbstoff—und Schwebstoffgehalte sowie die Frontendynamik. Deutsche Hydrogr.

Z., 36, 97–128.

Gilbert, G.D., 1992: Proceedings on Ocean Optics XI, 20–22

July 1992, San Diego, California. SPIE, 1750, 560 pp.

Goes, J.I., H. do R. Gomes, A. Kumar, A. Gouveia, V.P. Devassey, A.H. Parulekar, and L.V.G. Rao, 1992: Satellite and

ship studies of phytoplankton along the west coast of India.

Oceanography of the Indian Ocean, B.N. Desai, Ed., 67–80.

Golovko, V.A., 1985: Influence of the adequacy of the allowance

for the atmosphere and spectral-measurement errors on the

reliability of identifying the state of natural objects. Remote sensing of the Earth from the Meteor-Priroda satellite: The Bulgaria-1300-II Soviet-Bulgarian experiment,

Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 120–127. In Russian.

Gordon, H.R., 1976: Radiative transfer: a technique for simulating the ocean in satellite remote sensing calculations.

Appl. Opt., 15, 1,974–1,979.

, 1978: Removal of atmospheric effects from satellite imagery of the oceans. Appl. Opt., 17, 1,631–1,636.

, 1981a: A preliminary assessment of the Nimbus-7 CZCS

atmospheric correction algorithm in a horizontally inhomogeneous atmosphere. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R.

Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 257–265.

, 1981b: Reduction of error introduced in the processing

of coastal zone color scanner-type imagery resulting from

sensor calibration and solar irradiance uncertainty. Appl.

Opt., 20, 207–210.

, 1983: Nimbus-7 CZCS: reduction of its radiometric sensitivity with time. Appl. Opt., 22, 3,929–3,931.

, 1988a: Ocean color remote sensing systems: Radiometric

requirements. Recent Advances in Sensors, Radiometry,

and Data Processing for Remote Sensing, P.N. Slater, Ed.,

SPIE, 924, 151–167.

, 1988b: Semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color. J.

Geophys. Res., 93, 10,909–10,924.

, 1990: Radiometric considerations for ocean color remote

sensors. Appl. Opt., 29, 3,228–3,236.

, 1992: Diffuse reflectance of the ocean—Influence of nonuniform phytoplankton pigment profile. Appl. Opt., 31,

2,116–2,129.

, J.L. Mueller, and R.C. Wrigley, 1980a: Atmospheric correction of NIMBUS-7 coastal zone color scanner imagery.

Remote Sensing of Atmospheres and Oceans, A. Deepak,

Ed., Academic Press, 457–483.

, D.K. Clark, W.A. Hovis, and J.L. Mueller, 1980b: Phytoplankton pigments from the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color

Scanner—Comparisons with surface measurements. Science, 210, 63–66.

, and A.Y. Morel, 1980a: Atmospheric effects in the remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments. Bound.-Layer

Meteorol., 18, 299–313.

, and , 1980b: Initial coastal zone color scanner imagery. Proc. 14th Intl. Symp. on Remote Sensing of the

Environment, 1, Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM, 517–527.

, and D.K. Clark, 1981: Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of coastal zone color scanner imagery.

Appl. Opt., 20, 4,175–4,180.

, and A.Y. Morel, 1981: Water colour measurements—

an introduction. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower,

Ed., Plenum Press, 207–212.

28
J. Acker

, D.K. Clark, J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, and R.H. Evans,

1982: Satellite measurement of the phytoplankton pigment

concentration in the surface waters of a warm core Gulf

Stream ring. J. Mar. Res., 40, 491–502.

, and M. Wang, 1982: Surface-roughness considerations

for atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. I. The

Rayleigh-scattering component. Appl. Opt., 31, 4,247–

4,260.

, J.W. Brown, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, and D.K. Clark,

1983a: Nimbus 7 CZCS—Reduction of its radiometric sensitivity with time. Appl. Opt., 22, 3,929–3,931.

, , D.K. Clark, O.B. Brown, R.H. Evans, and W.W.

Broenkow, 1983b: Phytoplankton pigment concentrations

in the Middle Atlantic Bight—Comparison of ship determinations and CZCS estimates. Appl. Opt., 22, 20–36.

, and A.Y. Morel, 1983: Remote assessment of ocean color

for interpretation of satellite visible imagery: review. Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 4, SpringerVerlag, 114 pp.

, R.W. Austin, D.K. Clark, W.A. Hovis, and C.S. Yentsch,

1985: Ocean color measurements. Satellite oceanic remote

sensing, B. Saltzman, Ed., Advances in Geophysics, 27,

Academic Press, 297–333.

, and D.J. Casta ̃no, 1987: Coastal Zone Color Scanner

atmospheric correction algorithm—Multiple scattering effects. Appl. Opt., 26, 2,111–2,122.

, J.W. Brown, and R.H. Evans, 1988: Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone

Color Scanner. Appl. Opt., 27, 862–871.

, and D.J. Casta ̃no, 1988: Coastal Zone Color Scanner

atmospheric correction: influence of El Chich ́on. Appl.

Opt., 27, 3,319–3,322.

, and , 1989: Aerosol analysis with the Coastal Zone

Color Scanner: a simple method for including multiple

scattering effects. Appl. Opt., 28, 1,320–1,326.

, and M. Wang, 1992a: Surface roughness considerations

for atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. I. The

Rayleigh-scattering component. Appl. Opt., 31, 4,247–

4,260.

, and , 1992b: Surface-roughness considerations for

atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. II. Error

in the retrieved water-leaving radiance. Appl. Opt., 31,

4,261–4,267.

, and R.H. Evans, 1993: Comment on “Aerosol and Rayleigh radiance contributions to Coastal Zone Colour Scanner images,” by Eckstein and Simpson. Intl. J. Remote

Sens., 14, 537–540.

Gower, J.F.R., 1983: Water colour imaging from space (satellite

photography). Remote sensing of shelf sea hydrodynamics,

J.C.J. Nihoul, Ed., Elsevier Oceanography Series, 38, 1–

24.

, 1985: Mapping ocean dynamic structure using optical

spectroscopic measurements from space. Adv. Space Res.,

5, Pergamon Press, 237–246.

, 1987a: Oceanography from Space. Proc. of the Topical

Mtg. of the 26th COSPAR Plenary Mtg., Toulouse, France,

June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 146 pp.

, 1987b: Canadian activities and goals in remote sensing

of ocean color and fluorescence from space. Ocean Color

Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer,

France, Nov. 5–6, 1986, 41–48.

, 1989: Potential future applications of ocean colour sensing for large scale and global studies. In: Remote Sensing

of Atmosphere and Oceans, E. Raschke, A. Ghazi, J.F.R.

Gower, P. McCormick, A. Gruber, A.F. Hasler, and C.S.

Yentsch, Eds., Adv. Space Res., 9, Pergamon Press, 39–

43.

Grassl, H., 1983: Kann Ozeanographie vom Weltraum aus betrieben werden? Can oceanography be pursued from space?

Meteorologische Fortbildung, 13, 36–42.

Gregg, W.W., and J.J. Walsh, 1992: Simulation of the 1979

spring bloom in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: a coupled physical/biological/optical model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5,723–

5,743.

Grenfell, T.C., and D.K. Perovich, 1984: Spectral albedos of sea

ice and incident solar irradiance in the southern Beaufort

Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3,573–3,580.

Grew, G.W., 1985: Characteristic vector analysis of inflection

ratio spectra: New technique for analysis of ocean color

data. NASA Tech. Paper 2428, 26 pp.

, and L.S. Mayo, 1983: Ocean color algorithm for remote

sensing of chlorophyll (Nantucket Shoals). NASA Tech.

Paper 2164, 29 pp.

Groom, S.B., and P.M. Holligan, 1987: Remote sensing of

coccolithophore blooms. COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical

Mtg. on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse, France, June

30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 73–78.

Grove, R.S., and C.J. Sonu, 1983: Lagrangian coastal processes with application of remote sensing technology. Proc.

Oceans ’83, “Effective Use of the Sea: An Update,” Vol. 1,

318–325.

Guan, F.-M., J. Pelaez, and R.H. Stewart, 1985: The atmospheric correction and measurement of chlorophyll concentration using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. Limnol.

Oceanogr., 30, 273–285.

Guyenne, T.D., 1987: Ocean Colour Workshop, European Space

Agency, ESA-SP-1083, 119 pp.

Guyot, G., and M. Verbrugghe, 1981: Spectral Signatures of

Objects in Remote Sensing. Proceedings of the International Conference, Inst. Nat. Recherche Agronomique, 674 pp.

–H–

Haggerty, P.D., M. Ehlers, and B.R. Pearce: A multisensor

satellite database of the Gulf of Maine, 1990. Technical

Papers, 1990 ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Vol. 4,

Denver, Colorado, Mar. 18–23, 1990. Amer. Congr. on

Surveying and Mapping and Amer. Soc. for Photogramm.

and Remote Sens., Bethesda, Maryland, 141–150.

29
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

Harashima, A., and Y. Kikuchi, 1990: Biogeophysical remote

sensing: a ground truth data base and graphics system for

the northwestern Pacific Ocean. EOS, Trans. AGU, 71,

314.

Harding, L.W. Jr., 1989: The use of aircraft and satellite remote sensing of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations

in case 2 estuarine waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Univ.

of Maryland 1989 NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program in Aeronautics and Research, College Park,

Maryland, 33 pp.

Haury, L.R., J.J. Simpson, J. Pelaez, C.J. Koblinsky, and D.

Wiesenhahn, 1986: Biological consequences of a recurrent

eddy off Point Conception, California. J. Geophys. Res.,

91, 12,937–12,956 (with accompanying figures 13,101–

13,102).

Hawkins, J., 1985: Remote sensing at NORDA. EOS,

Trans. AGU, 66, 482–483.

Hay, B.J., C.R. McClain, and M. Petzold, 1993: An assessment of the Nimbus-7/CZCS calibration for May 1986 using satellite and in situ data from the Arabian Sea. Remote

Sens. Environ., 43, 35–46.

Hickman, G.D., M.J. Duggin, and J.A. Sweet, 1991a: The evaluation and comparison of satellite and aircraft sensing systems to measure ocean color. Proc. MTS ’91, 1,093–1,101.

, S.C. Gallegos, and M.J. Duggin, 1991b: Accuracy of

ocean color data derived from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). U.S. NOARL Tech. Note 116, 20 pp.

Hoge, F.E, and R.N. Swift, 1986: Chlorophyll pigment concentration using spectral curvature algorithms—An evaluation

of present and proposed satellite ocean color sensor bands.

Appl. Opt., 25, 3,677–3,682.

, and , 1987: Ocean color spectral variability studies

using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Appl. Opt.,

26, 18–21.

, C.W. Wright, and R.N. Swift, 1987: Radiance-ratio algorithm wavelengths for remote oceanic chlorophyll determination. Appl. Opt., 26, 2,082–2,094.

Hojerslev, N.K., 1982: Bio-optical properties of the Fladen

Ground: ‘Meteor’—FLEX-75 and FLEX-76. J. du

Conseil—Conseil Intl. pour l’Exploration de la Mer, 40,

272–290.

Holley, H.J., and Savastano, K.J., 1980: Remote sensing for

coastal fisheries applications. Proc., 14th Intl. Symp. on

Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 1. Ann Arbor,

Michigan, ERIM, 587–595.

Holligan, P.M., M. Viollier, C. DuPouy, and J. Aiken, 1983a:

Satellite studies on the distributions of chlorophyll and dinoflagellate blooms in the western English Channel. Cont.

Shelf Res., 2, 81–96.

, and , D.S. Harbour, P. Camus, and M.

Champagne-Phillippe, 1983b: Satellite and ship studies of

coccolithophore production along a continental shelf edge.

Nature, 304, 339–342.

, and A. Morel, 1987: Remote sensing of ocean colour for

studies of biological productivity and biochemical cycles.

Ocean Color Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranchesur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–6, 1986, 19–22.

, T. Aarup, and S.B. Groom, 1989: The North Sea: Satellite colour atlas. Cont. Shelf Res., 9, 667–765.

Holyer, R.J., 1982: Principal components as a method for atmospherically correcting Coastal Zone Color Scanner data.

Proc. Pattern analysis in the marine environment, R.M.

Brown, Ed., NORDA, 199–223.

, and P.E. La Violette, 1984: The use of principal components analysis techniques: Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color

Scanner data to define mesoscale ocean features through a

warm humid atmosphere. Report, NORDA-60, 78 pp.

Hord, R.M., 1986: Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications.

Wiley Series in Remote Sensing, John Wiley & Sons, New

York, New York, 362 pp.

Horstmann, U., H. Van der Piepen, and K.W. Barrot, 1986:

The influence of river water on the southeastern Baltic Sea

as observed by Nimbus 7 CZCS imagery. Ambio, 15, 286–

289.

Hosumura, T., H. Shimoda, and T. Sakata, 1986: Geometric

correction of NIMBUS-7 CZCS image by using row and

column functions. Proc. 6th Asian Conf. on Remote Sensing, Hyderabad, India, November 21–26, 1985. University

of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 215–221.

Hovis, W.A., 1974: Detection of ocean color changes from high

altitudes. Sci. and Tech. Aerospace Reports, 12, 661 pp.

, 1975: Ocean color imagery: Coastal zone color scanner.

NASA Tech. Memo. 58168, Vol. 1-C, 13 pp.

, and K.C. Leung, 1977: Remote sensing of ocean color.

Opt. Eng., 16, 158–166.

, 1978: The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) experiment. The Nimbus 7 User’s Guide, NASA Tech. Memo.

79969, 19–32.

, 1980: Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner: system description and initial imagery. Science, 210, 60–63.

, 1981: The Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner

(CZCS) program. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower,

Ed., Plenum Press, 213–225.

, 1983: Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper calibration and atmospheric correction. 21st Goddard Memorial Symposium,

Amer. Astronautical Soc., Greenbelt, Maryland, Mar. 24–

25, 1983, 11 pp.

, 1984a: Optical remote sensing of the ocean. 22nd Aerospace Sciences Mtg., Jan. 9–12, 1984, Amer. Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reno, Nevada, 5 pp.

, 1984b: Practical applications of Nimbus-7 coastal zone

color scanner data. Recent advances in civil space remote

sensing, SPIE, 481, 208–211.

, 1985: Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper calibration and atmospheric correction. Landsat-4 science characterization

early results. NASA Conf. Publ. 2355, Vol. 3, pt. 2, J.L.

Barker, Ed., 411–420.

, 1989: Calibration of spacecraft and aircraft sensors, visible and near infrared. RSRM ’87: Advances in remote

sensing retrieval methods, A. Deepak, H.E. Fleming, and

J.S. Theon, Eds., A. Deepak Publ., 71–78.

30
J. Acker

, D.K. Clark, F. Anderson, R.W. Austin, W.H. Wilson,

E.T. Baker, D. Ball, H.R. Gordon, J.L. Mueller, and S.Z.

El-Sayed, 1980: Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner—

System description and initial imagery. Science, 210, 60–

63.

, J.S. Knoll, and G.R. Smith, 1985: Aircraft measurements

for calibration of an orbiting spacecraft sensor. Appl. Opt.,

24, 407–410.

Huang, N.E., 1979: New developments in satellite oceanography and current measurements. Reviews of Geophysics and

Space Physics, 17, 1,558–1,568.

Hudaux, A., W. Mehl, L. Fusco, and J. Loodts, 1984: Format

description for computer compatible tapes. Intl. J. Remote

Sens., 5, 819–838.

Hughes, P., 1986: Ocean color: a key to climate change. Weatherwise, 39, 267–270.

–I–

International Council of Scientific Unions, 1978: Proceedings of

the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, 14, 62 pp.

International Oceanographic Commission, 1977: Oceanographic

products and methods of analysis and prediction. IOC

Technical Series, 12, 172 pp.

Ishizaka, J., 1990a: Coupling of Coastal Zone Color Scanner

data to a physical-biological model of the southeastern U.S.

continental shelf ecosystem. 1. CZCS data description and

Lagrangian particle tracing experiments. J. Geophys. Res.,

95, 20,167–20,181.

, 1990b: Coupling of Coastal Zone Color Scanner data to

a physical-biological model of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystem. 2. A Eulerian model. J. Geophys.

Res., 95, 20,183–20,199.

, 1990c: Coupling of Coastal Zone Color Scanner data to

a physical-biological model of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystem 3. Nutrient and phytoplankton

fluxes and CZCS data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 95,

20,201–20,212.

, H. Fukushima, M. Kishino, T. Saino, M. Takahashi, 1992:

Phytoplankton pigment distributions in regional upwelling

around the Izu Peninsula detected by Coastal Zone Color

Scanner on May 1982. J. Oceanogr., 48, 305–327.

Iverson, R.L., 1989: Continental shelf fish production estimation from CZCS chlorophyl data. Univ. of Maryland, 1989

NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program in Aeronautics and Research, College Park, Maryland, 15 pp.

–J–

Jain, S.C., H.H. Zwick, W.D. McColl, R.P. Bukata, and J.H.

Jerome, 1980: Combined coastal zone color scanner

(CZCS), aircraft, and in situ water quality remote sensing experiment in Lake Ontario. Ocean Optics VI, SPIE,

178–188.

Johns, W.E., T.N. Lee, F.A. Schott, R.J. Zantopp, and R.H.

Evans, 1990: The North Brazil current retroflection: seasonal structure and eddy variability. J. Geophys. Res., 95,

22,103–22,120.

Johnson, D.S., 1979: Meteorological satellites—status and outlook. Use of data from meteorological satellites, B. Battrick

and J. Mort, Eds., ESA-SP-143, 3–13.

Johnson, R.W., and R.C. Harriss, 1979: Applications of remote

sensing for water quality and biological measurements in

coastal waters. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Photogrammetry and

Amer. Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Washington,

D.C., Mar. 18–24, 1979, 14 pp.

, and , 1980: Remote sensing for water quality and biological measurements in coastal waters. Photogrammetric

Engineering and Remote Sens., 46, 77–85.

Joint EOSAT/NASA SeaWiFS Working Group, 1987: System

concept for wide-field-of-view observations of ocean phenomena from space. Report of the Joint EOSAT/NASA

SeaWiFS Working Group, Earth Observation Satellite Co.,

Lanham, Md., 92 pp.

–K–

Kaestner, M., 1980: The influence of the atmosphere on remote

sensing data in the 0.4–0.8 micron range above the ocean.

Annalen der Meteorologie, 15, 181–182. (In German)

Kahru, M.M., 1988: Statistical analysis of the near-surface distributions of chlorophyll and temperature fields on the basis of remote imagery from CZCS and AVHRR scanners.

Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, 36–43. (In Russian)

, 1989: A comparison between the variability structure

of the remotely sensed sea-surface temperature and pigment distributions. Proc., 16th Intl. Congress, Intl. Soc.

for Photogrammetry and Remote Sens., Vol. 1, 193–202.

English version, Intl. Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sens., 27, 252–260.

Kaufman, Y.J., 1988: Atmospheric effect on spectral

signature—Measurements and corrections. IEEE Trans.

Geosci. Remote Sens., 26, 441–450.

Khosraviani, G. and A.P. Cracknell, 1985: Atmospheric effects

in multiple-look observations from space. Proc. 18th Intl.

Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol.

2, Paris, France, October 1–5, 1984, Ann Arbor, Michigan,

ERIM, 751–757.

, and , 1987: A two-look technique for studying atmospheric effects in optical scanner data for the ocean. Intl.

J. Remote Sens., 8, 291–308.

Kiefer, D.A., R.J. Olson, and W.H. Wilson, 1979a: Reflectance

spectroscopy of marine phytoplankton, Part 1. Optical

properties as related to age and growth rate. Limnol.

Oceanogr., 24, 664–672.

, and W.H. Wilson, 1979b: Reflectance spectroscopy of

marine phytoplankton: Part 2. A simple model of ocean

color. Limnol. Oceanogr., 24, 673–682,

Kim, H.H., 1980: Design study for an advanced ocean color

scanner system. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 315–327.

, H. Van der Piepen, M. Viollier, R. Fiedler, and J.S.

Van der Piepen, 1985: Radiometric comparison of two

ocean color scanners Nimbus-7/CZCS and OSTA-1. Proc.

18th Intl. Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 2, Paris, France, October 1–5, 1984, Ann Arbor,

Michigan, ERIM, 931–937.

31
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

, 1988: Atmospheric effect removal from space imagery.

Proc., 4th Intl. Colloquium on Spectral Signatures in Remote Sens., ESA-SP-287, 193–196.

, W.D. Hart, and H. Van der Piepen, 1982: Initial analysis

of OSTA-1 ocean color experiment imagery. Science, 218,

1,027–1,031.

Kirby, C.M., M.M. Walrod, R.A. Arnone, and R.A. Oriol, 1992:

Optical properties of the Red Sea. 6th Conf. on Satellite

Meteorology and Oceanography, Atlanta, Georgia, Jan. 5–

10, 1992. Preprints, American Meteorological Soc., Boston,

Massachusetts, 385–388.

Kumari, B., R.M. Dwivedi, A. Narain, G. Subbaraju, and

P.V.R. Nair, 1986: Development of K algorithm for ocean

colour mapping using Nimbus-7 CZCS data—Studies in

the Arabian Sea. Proc. 6th Asian Conf. on Remote Sens.,

Hyderabad, India, November 21–26, 1985. University of

Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 608–613.

Kuring, N., M.R. Lewis, T. Platt, and J.E. O’Reilly, 1990:

Satellite-derived estimates of primary production on the

northwest Atlantic continental shelf. Cont. Shelf Res., 10,

461–484.

Kuzmic, M., 1991: Exploring the effects of bura over the northern Adriatic—CZCS imagery and a mathematical model

prediction. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 12, 207–214.

–L–

La Violette, P.E., 1983: The advection of submesoscale thermal

features in the Alboran Sea Gyre. U.S. NORDA Tech.

Note 240, 39 pp.

, 1984: Advection of submesoscale thermal features in the

Alboran Sea gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 550–565.

, and R.A. Arnone, 1984: Bio-optical variability in the

Alboran Sea as assessed by Nimbus-7 coastal zone color

scanner. U.S. NORDA Tech. Note 283, 32 pp.

Lagerloef, G.S.E., 1988: EOF analysis of AVHRR and CZCS

imagery. 3rd Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Anaheim, California, Feb. 1–5, 1988, Preprints,

American Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Massachusetts, 410–

415.

Lanzl, F., 1982: DFVLR activities in remote sensing of water.

Digest, 1982 Intl. Geoscience and Remote Sens. Symposium, Vol. 1. IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 5 pp.

Laurs, R.M., 1983: The need for satellite ocean color measurements in fisheries research and related activities. Proc.

Advanced Remote Sensing, SPIE, 11–12.

, P.C. Fiedler, and D.R. Montgomery, 1984: Albacore tuna

catch distributions relative to environmental features observed from satellites. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 1,085–1,099.

, and J.T. Brucks, 1985: “Living marine resources applications.” In: Satellite oceanic remote sensing, B. Saltzman,

Ed., Advances in Geophysics, 27, Academic Press, 419–

452.

Leming, T.D., and W.E. Stuntz, 1984: Zones of coastal hypoxia revealed by satellite scanning have implications for

strategic fishing. Nature, 310, 136–138.

Lewis, M.R., and T.C. Platt, 1987: Remote observation of

ocean colour for prediction of upper ocean heating rates

COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical Mtg. on Oceanography

from Space, Toulouse, France, June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv.

Space Res., 7, 127–130.

, N. Kuring, and C. Yentsch, 1988: Global patterns of

ocean transparency: Implications for the new production

of the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6,847–6,856.

Lohrenz, S.E., R.A. Arnone, D.A. Wiesenburg, and I.P. DePalma, 1988: Satellite detection of transient enhanced primary production in the western Mediterranean Sea. Nature, 335, 245–247.

Lopez-Soria, S., and J. Ishizaka, 1990: Coupling of Coastal

Zone Color Scanner data to a physical-biological model of

the southeastern US continental shelf ecosystem 1. CZCS

data description and Lagrangian particle tracing experiments. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 20,167–20,181.

Lorenzen, C.J., 1969: Remote measurement of ocean color as

an index of biological productivity. Remote Sens. Environ.,

2, 991–1,001.

Lowrey, B.E., 1989: Optical archiving for scientific data. Quantitative remote sensing: An economic tool for the Nineties;

Proc. IGARSS ’89 and 12th Canadian Symp. on Remote

Sens., Vol. 2. IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 901–903.

Lutjeharms, J.R.E., and N.M. Walters, 1985: Ocean colour

and thermal fronts south of Africa. South African Ocean

Colour and Upwelling Experiment, L.V. Shannon, Ed., Sea

Fisheries Res. Institute, Cape Town, South Africa, 227–

237.

–M–

Malila, W.A., 1986: Components and comparisons of potential information from several imaging satellites. Proc. IGARSS ’86, Remote Sensing: Today’s Solutions for Tomorrow’s Information Needs, Vol. 1, T.D. Guyenne and J.J.

Hunt, Eds., ESA-SP-254, 3–8.

Maracci, G., 1985: Results of atmospheric optical measurements at two sites on the Cape west coast. South African

Ocean Colour and Upwelling Experiment, L.V. Shannon,

Ed., Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Cape Town, South Africa, 171–

175.

, and M. Ooms, 1988: Optical properties of sea water

bodies: Measurements with an underwater radiometer and

a high-resolution spectroradiometer. Proc., IGARSS ’88,

Vol. 3, 1,379–1,380.

Marsh, G., 1989: Oceanography from Space. Space, 5, 26–29.

Maul, G.A., 1977: Recent progress in the remote sensing of

ocean surface currents. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 11, 5–13.

, 1985: Introduction to satellite oceanography. Martinus

Nijhoff Publ., 606 pp.

Maynard, N.G., 1986: Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery in

the marginal ice zone. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20, 14–27.

, V. Barale, and J. Svejkovsy, 1987: Satellite observed dynamics of chlorophyll and suspended sediments in a shallow, high latitude embayment. COSPAR, 26th Plenary,

Topical Mtg. on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse,

France, June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 83–

88.

32
J. Acker

, and D.K. Clark, 1987: Satellite color observations of

spring blooming in Bering Sea shelf waters during the ice

edge retreat in 1980. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7,127–7,139.

McClain, C.R., L.J. Pietrafesa, and J.A. Yoder, 1984: Observations of Gulf Stream-induced and wind-driven upwelling in

the Georgia Bight using ocean color and infrared imagery.

J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3,705–3,723.

, and L.P. Atkinson, 1985: A note on the Charleston Gyre.

J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,855, 11,857–11,861.

, S.-Y. Chao, L.P. Atkinson, J.O. Blanton, and F. de Castillejo, 1986: Wind-driven upwelling in the vicinity of Cape

Finisterre, Spain. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8,470–8,486.

, J.A. Yoder, J.O. Blanton, L.P. Atkinson, and T.N. Lee,

1988: Variability of surface pigment concentrations in the

South Atlantic Bight. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,675–

10,697.

, R.N. Sambrotto, G.C. Ray, and F.E. Muller-Karger,

1990a: A comparison of ship and Coastal Zone Color Scanner mapped distribution of phytoplankton in the southeastern Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,483–11,499.

, J. Ishizaka, and E.E. Hofmann, 1990b: Estimation of the

processes controlling variability in phytoplankton pigment

distributions on the southeastern US continental shelf. J.

Geophys. Res., 95, 20,213–20,235.

, W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, J. Elrod, and D. Endres,

1990c: Physical and biological processes in the North Atlantic during the First GARP Global Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,027–18,048.

, M. Darzi, J.K. Firestone, G. Fu, E-n. Yeh, and D.L.

Endres, 1991a: SEAPAK user’s guide, version 2.0. Volume I—System description. NASA Tech. Memo. 100728,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 158 pp.

, , , , , , 1991b: SEAPAK user’s

guide, Version 2.0. Volume II—Descriptions of programs.

NASA Tech. Memo. 100728, NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 586 pp.

, G. Fu, M. Darzi, and J.K. Firestone, 1992: PC-SEAPAK

user’s guide, Version 4.0. NASA Tech. Memo. 104557,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20 pp., plus color plates.

McClain, E.P., 1977: Recent progress in earth satellite data applications to marine activities. Conference Record, Oceans

’77, Vol. 1, IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 14A1–14A8.

, 1980: Passive radiometry of the ocean from space: an

overview. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 7–24.

McCluney, W.R., 1974: Ocean color spectrum calculations.

Sci. and Tech. Aerospace Reports, 12, 924.

McDonnell, M.J., D. Pairman, and A.D.W. Fowler, 1984: Overview of PEL image processing capability. Intl. J. Remote

Sens., 5, 883–886.

McEvoy, N.A., 1981: An adaptive algorithm for on-board compression of remotely sensed data. Proc. 9th Conf. RSS,

University of Reading, 461–471.

McGoldrick, L.F., 1985: Remote sensing for oceanography: an

overview. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 6, 284–

292.

McMurtrie, J.T., Jr., 1984: Spatial structures of optical parameters in the California current as measured with the

Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner. M.S. Thesis, U.S.

Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 151 pp.

Mehl, W., B. Sturm, and W. Melchior, 1980: Analysis of Coastal Zone Colour Scanner imagery over Mediterranean coastal waters. Proc., 14th Intl. Symp. on Remote Sensing of

the Environment, Vol. 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM,

653–662.

Metzig, G., 1982: Planktonmessung vom Satelliten. Plankton

measurement from satellites. Institut fur Geophysik and

Meteorologie, Mitteilungen, 33, 84 pp.

, and E. Raschke, 1982: The determination of chlorophyll

from satellite measurements of the ocean color. Annalen

der Meteorologie, 18, 45–47.

Michaelsen, J., X. Zhang, and R.C. Smith, R.C., 1988: Variability of pigment biomass in the California Current system as

determined by satellite imagery. II—Temporal variability.

J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,883–10,896.

Ministero degli Affari Esteri, ESA, 1980: Applications of remote sensing and ranging systems from space. Proc., 20th

Intl. Scientific Conference on Space, Rome, Italy, March

11–13, 1980, Rassegna Internazionale Elettronica Nucleare

ed Aerospaziale, 425 pp. In Italian, English, and French.

Mitchell, B.G., E.A. Brody, E.-n. Yeh, C. McClain, J. Comiso,

and N.G. Maynard, 1991: Meridional zonation of the Barents Sea ecosystem inferred from satellite remote sensing

and in situ bio-optical observations. Polar Res., 10, 147–

162.

Mitchelson, E.G., N.J. Jacob, and J.H. Simpson, 1986: Ocean

colour algorithms from the Case 2 waters of the Irish Sea in

comparison to algorithms from Case 1 waters. Cont. Shelf

Res., 5, 403–415.

Monahan, F.C., I.G. O’Muircheartaigh, and M.P. Fitzgerald,

1981: The feasibility of using remotely sensed color as an

index of Irish coastal water properties. Proc. Application

of Remote Sensing Data on the Continental Shelf, EAReL–

ESA symposium, N. Longdon and G. Levy, Ed., ESA-SP167, 233–237.

Montgomery, D.R., R.E. Wittenberg-Fay, and R.W. Austin,

1986: The applications of satellite-derived ocean color products to commercial fishing operations. Mar. Technol. Soc.

J., 20, 72–86.

Moran, S.E., 1974: Ocean color analysis. Government Reports

Announcements, 74, 100–101.

Morel, A., 1977: Analysis of variations in ocean color. Limnol.

Oceanogr., 22, 709–722.

, 1980: In-water and remote measurements of ocean color.

Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 177–201.

, 1984: Remote sensing of the ocean in the chromatic visible region and its interpretation. Lectures, Space Oceanography, Summer School, Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes, France,

Toulouse, Cepadues-Editions, 643–688. In French and English.

33
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

, and J.-F. Berthon, 1989: Surface pigments, algal biomass

profiles, and potential production of the euphotic layer:

relationships reinvestigated in view of remote-sensing applications. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1,545–1,562.

, and J.-M. Andr ́e, 1991: Pigment distribution and primary

production in the western Mediterranean as derived and

modeled from coastal zone color scanner observations. J.

Geophys. Res., 96, 12,685–12,698.

Mortimer, C.H., 1988: Discoveries and testable hypotheses arising from Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery of southern

Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 203–226.

Mueller, J.L., 1976: Ocean color spectra measured off the Oregon coast: characteristic vectors. Appl. Opt., 15, 394–

402.

, 1984a: Effects of water reflectance at 670 nm on Coastal

Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) aerosol radiance estimates off

the coast of central California. Ocean Optics VII, M. Blizard, Ed., SPIE, 489, 179–186.

, 1984b: Optical variability in the eastern North Pacific

Ocean as measured by the NIMBUS-7 coastal zone color

scanner. Proc. PACON ’84: Pacific Congress on Marine

Technology, 11–12.

, 1985: Nimbus-7 CZCS—Confirmation of its radiometric

sensitivity decay rate through 1982. Appl. Opt., 24, 1,043–

1,047.

, 1988: Nimbus-7 CZCS—Electronic overshoot due to cloud

reflectance. Appl. Opt., 27, 438–440.

, and P.E. LaViolette, 1981: Color and temperature signatures of ocean fronts observed with the Nimbus-7 CZCS.

Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum

Press, 295–302.

, and R.E. Lange, 1989: Bio-optical provinces of the northeast Pacific Ocean: a provisional analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1,572–1,586.

Mukai, S., 1990: Atmospheric correction of remote sensing images of the ocean based on multiple scattering calculations.

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 28, 696–702.

, and S. Izawa, 1988: Marine remote sensing using

LOWTRAN-6 and NIMBUS-7. Systems and Control, 32,

73–80.

, and K. Takemata, 1990: Removal of atmospheric effect

from the CZCS images. Noise and Clutter Rejection in

Radars and Imaging Sensors, T. Suszuki, H. Ogura, and

S. Fujimura, Eds., Elsevier Science Publ., 84–89.

, I. Sano, K. Masuda, and T. Takashima, 1991: Optical properties of atmospheric aerosols derived from CZCS

data. Proc., IGARSS ’91, Vol. 2. IEEE Inc., New York,

New York, 943–946.

, K. Masuda, and T. Takashima, 1992: Atmospheric correction for ocean color remote sensing: optical properties of

aerosols derived from CZCS imagery. IEEE Trans. Geosci.

and Remote Sens., 30, 818–24.

, and T. Mukai, 1992: Multicolor approach for atmospheric

correction of Nimbus-7 CZCS imagery. Adv. Space Res.,

12, 353–356.

Muller-Karger, F.E., C.R. McClain, and P.L. Richardson, 1988:

The dispersal of the Amazon’s water. Nature, 333, 56–59.

, , T.R. Fisher, W.E. Esaias, and R. Varela, 1989a:

Pigment distribution in the Caribbean Sea: observations

from space. Progr. Oceanogr., 23, 23–64.

, J.J. Walsh, K.L. Carder, and R.G. Zika, 1989b: Rivers

in the sea—Can we quantify pigments in the Amazon and

the Orinoco River plumes from space? Quantitative remote sensing: An economic tool for the Nineties; Proc. of

IGARSS ’89 and 12th Canadian Symp. on Remote Sens.,

Vol. 1. IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 339–342.

, C.R. McClain, R.N. Sambrotto, G.C. Ray, 1990: A comparison of ship and coastal zone color scanner

mapped distribution of phytoplankton in the southeastern

Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,483–11,499.

, J.J. Walsh, M.B. Meyers, and R.H. Evans, 1991: On

the seasonal phytoplankton concentration and sea surface

temperature cycles of the Gulf of Mexico as determined by

satellites. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12,645–12,665.

Muralikrishna, I.V., 1982: Ocean color studies in the Arabian

Sea. Remote sensing applications in marine science and

technology, A.P. Cracknell, Ed., D. Reidel, 299–316.

–N–

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1979a: Development of the coastal zone color scanner for NIMBUS

7. Vol. 1: Mission objectives and instrument description.

NASA Contractor Report 166720, Vol. 1., 76 pp.

, 1979b: Development of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner

for NIMBUS 7. Vol. 2: Test and performance data, revision

A. NASA Contractor Report 166649, 99 pp.

, 1982: The marine resources experiment program

(MAREX). NASA Tech. Memo. 87368, NASA, Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 119 pp.

, 1984: NIMBUS-7 CZCS: Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery for selected coastal regions. NASA Contractor Report 180755, 99 pp.

, 1990: Proc. First NASA Climate Data System Workshop. NASA, Washington, DC, Doc. No. NSSDC/WDCA-R&S 90–09, 408 pp.

National Group for the Physics of the Atmosphere and the

Oceans, 1984: Proc. 1st Congress, Nuovo Cimento C, Serie

1, 8 C, Rome, Italy, 392 pp. In Italian and English.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1983:

NOAA’s environmental satellite data archive. Mar. Fish.

Rev., 45, 65.

Needham, B.H., 1985: “Data availability.” In: Satellite oceanic

remote sensing, B. Saltzman, Ed., Advances in Geophysics,

27, Academic Press, 481–493.

Nuttle, W.K., J.S. Wroblewski, and J.L. Sarmiento, 1991: “Advances in modeling ocean primary production and its role

in the global carbon cycle.” In: Global change and relevant

space observations, J.L. Fellous, Ed., Adv. Space Res., 11,

Pergamon Press, 67–76.

Nykjaer, L., L. Van Camp, P. Schlittenhardt, and R. Refk,

1986: Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) images and

ocean dynamics: Application to the Northwest African

upwelling area. Proc., ESA/EARSeL Europe from Space

Symp., ESA-SP-258, 219–223.

34
J. Acker

, , M. Metzner, and P. Schlittenhardt, 1987: Remote

sensing of the Northwest African upwelling area—an example of the distribution of chlorophyll-like pigment and sea

surface temperature. Proc. IGARSS ’87, Remote Sensing:

Understanding the Earth as a System, Vol. 2, IEEE Inc.,

New York, New York, 1,595–1,599.

, , and P. Schlittenhardt, 1988: The structure and

variability of a filament in the northwest African upwelling

area as observed from AVHRR and CZCS images. Proc.,

IGARSS ’88, Vol. 2, Guyenne, T.D., and J.J. Hunt, Eds.,

1,097–1,100.

–O–

Oakes, A.G., D. Han, H.L. Kyle, G.C. Feldman, and A.J. Fleig,

1989: Nimbus-7 data product summary. NASA Research

Publ. 1215, 103 pp.

Okami, N., M. Kishino, S. Sugihara, and S. Unoki, 1982a: Analysis of ocean color spectra (I)—Calculation of irradiance

reflectance. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 38, 208–214.

, , , N. Takematsu, and S. Unoki, 1982b: Analysis of ocean color spectra (III)—Measurements of optical

properties of sea water. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 38, 362–

372.

Olson, D.B., 1986: Lateral exchange within Gulf Stream warm

core ring surface layers. Deep-Sea Res., 33, 1,691–1,704.

–P–

Palmer, H.D., 1986: Preliminary results of the ocean color imaging interest survey. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20, 66–71.

Pan, D., J.F.R. Gower, and G.A. Borstad, 1988: Seasonal variation of the surface chlorophyll distribution along the British

Columbia coast as shown by CZCS satellite imagery. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 227–244.

Park, P.K., J.A. Elrod, and D.R. Kester, 1989: Satellites as

tools to study marine pollution. Program and Abs., 8th

Intl. Ocean Disposal Symp., 16–17.

Parslow, J.S., 1991: An efficient algorithm for estimating chlorophyll from Coastal Zone Color Scanner data. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 12, 2,065–2,072.

Parsons, C.L., 1987: Airborne multibeam radar altimetry IGARSS ’87. Remote Sensing: Understanding the Earth as a

System Proc. IGARSS ’87, Remote Sensing: Understanding the Earth as a System, Vol. 1, 18-21 May 1987, Ann

Arbor, Michigian, IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 161–

155.

Patton, R.J., 1984: CZCS data dissemination system for commercial application. Oceans ’84 Conf. Record: Industry,

Government, Education. Designs for the Future, Vol. 2,

956–961.

Peacock, K., 1984: The optical variability of the ocean surface

from CZCS imagery. Ocean Optics VII, M. Blizard, Ed.,

SPIE, 489, 208–219.

Pedersen, J.-P., 1990: Ocean surface temperature and col-our

studies from satellites. Polar Res., 8, 3–9.

Pelaez, J., and F. Guan, 1982: California current chlorophyll

measurements from satellite data. Rep. CalCOFI, 23, 212–

225.

Perry, M.J., J.P. Bolger, and D.C. English, 1989: Primary

production in Washington coastal waters. Coastal Ocean

ograpy of Washington and Oregon, M.R. Landry, and B.M.

Hickey, Eds., School of Oceanogr., University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 117–138.

Phinney, D.A., and C.S. Yentsch, 1986: The relationship between phytoplankton concentration and light attenuation

in ocean waters. Ocean Optics VIII, P.N. Slater, Ed.,

SPIE, 637, 321–327.

Plass, G.N., Humphreys, T.J., and G.W. Kattawar, 1978: Color

of the ocean. Appl. Opt., 17, 1,432–1,446.

Platt, T., C. Caverhill, and S. Sathyendranath, 1991: Basinscale estimates of oceanic primary production by remote

sensing—the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,147–

15,159.

Prasad, K.S., and R.L. Haedrich, 1993: Satellite observations

of phytoplankton variability on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland during a spring bloom. Intl. J. Remote Sens.,

14, 241–252.

–Q–

Quenzel, H., and M. Kaestner, 1978: Remote sensing of chlorophyll in the ocean: masking effects of the atmosphere. Meteorologisches Institut, Wissenschaftliche Mitteilung 33,

110 pp.

, and , 1980: Optical properties of the atmosphere:

calculated variability and application to satellite remote

sensing of phytoplankton. Appl. Opt., 19, 1,338–1,344.

, and , 1981: Masking effect of the atmosphere on

remote sensing of chlorophyll. Oceanography from Space,

J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 365–370.

–R–

Ramsey, R.C., 1968: Study of the remote measurement of ocean

color. Final report, TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach,

California, 94 pp.

Rast, M., and M. Reynolds, 1987: Overview of ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) activities in ocean color remote

sensing. Ocean Color Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–6, 1986, 9–11.

Rigterink, P.V., 1989: Economic benefits to the shrimping industry of using remote sensing data to monitor hypoxia in

the Gulf of Mexico. ASPRS/ACSM, Vol. 3, 338–347.

Robinson, I.S., 1983: Satellite observations of ocean colour.

Philo. Trans., Royal Soc. of London, Ser. A, 309, 415–432.

, 1985: Satellite Oceanography: An Introduction for Oceanographers and Remote-Sensing Scientists. Ellis Harwood

Series in Marine Science, Ellis Harwood Ltd. Publishers,

455 pp.

, and P.M. Holligan, 1987: Developments in ocean color

research in the United Kingdom. Ocean Color Workshop,

T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–

6, 1986, 91–99.

35
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

, and D. Spitzer, 1987: Ocean color applications in ocean

dynamics and coastal processes. Ocean Color Workshop,

T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–

6, 1986, 23–26.

–S–

Saltzman, B., 1985: Satellite oceanic remote sensing. Adv. Geophysics, 27, 511 pp.

Sarmiento, J.L., 1992: Assimilation of satellite color observations in a coupled ocean GCM-ecosystem model. NASA

Contractor Report 191218, 5 pp.

Sasaki, Y., I. Asanuma, K. Muneyama, Y. Emori, Y. Yasuda, J.

Iisaka, and J. Tozawa, 1984: Development of atmospheric

correction algorithms for Nimbus-7 CZCS, Landsat MSS

and MOS-1 MESSR. Proc. 17th Intl. Symposium on Remote Sens. of Environ., Vol. 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan,

ERIM, 579–588.

Sathyendranath, S., L. Prieur, and A. Morel, 1987: An evaluation of the problems of chlorophyll retrieval from ocean

colour, for case 2 waters. COSPAR, 26th Plenary, Topical

Mtg. on Oceanography from Space, Toulouse, France, June

30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res., 7, 27–30.

, and T. Platt, 1989: Remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll:

consequence of non-uniform pigment profile. Appl. Opt.,

28, 490–495.

, A.D. Gouveia, S. Shetye, P. Ravindran, and T. Platt,

1991a: Biological control of surface temperature in the

Arabian Sea. Nature, 349, 54–56.

, T. Platt, E.P.W. Horne, W.G. Harrison, R. Outerbridge,

O. Ulloa, and M. Hoepffner, 1991b: Estimation of new production in the ocean by compound remote sensing. Nature,

353, 129–133.

Sato, M., Y. Tozawa, M. Ioka, K. Muneyama, and Y. Sasaki,

1985: A method to integrate NOAA/AVHRR infrared image with chlorophyll concentration map generated by CZCS

data and its application to the Sea of Okhotsk. Proc.

18th Intl. Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 3, Paris, France, October 1–5, 1984, Ann Arbor,

Michigan, ERIM, 1,343–1,352.

Satsuki, M., H. Fukushima, Y. Sugimori, and T. Okaichi, 1987:

Remotely sensed phytoplankton pigment concentrations around Japan using the coastal zone color scanner. Red

Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology,

D.M. Anderson and T. Nemoto, Eds., Far Seas Fish. Res.

Lab., Orido, Shimizu-shi, Japan, 185–188.

Schumacher, J.D., W.E. Barber, B. Holt, and A.K. Liu, 1991:

Satellite observations of mesoscale features in lower Cook

Inlet and Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska. NASA Contractor

Report 190050, PMEL Contribution 1230, 24 pp.

Scorer, R.S., 1986: Etna: the eruption of Christmas 1985 as

seen by meteorological satellite. Weather, 41, 378–384.

, 1987: Cloud formations seen by satellite. Proc., NATO

Advanced Study Institute on remote sensing applications in

meteorology and climatology, Dundee, Scotland, Aug. 17–

Sept. 6, 1986. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, The

Netherlands, 1–18.

, R.S., 1989: Use of visible wavelengths in the study of particulate air pollution using regular meteorological satellite

observations. Atmos. Environ., 23, 817–829.

Shannon, L.V., 1985: Description of the Ocean Colour and

Upwelling Experiment. South African Ocean Colour and

Upwelling Experiment, L.V. Shannon, Ed., Sea Fish. Res.

Inst., Cape Town, South Africa, 1–12.

, and F.P. Anderson, 1982: Applications of satellite ocean

colour imagery in the study of the Benguela current system

(southern Africa). S. Afr. J. Photogramm. Remote Sens.

Cartography, 13, 153–170.

, and J.L. Henry, 1983: Phytoplankton primary production

in the Benguela Current from ship and satellite measurements. Abstr., 5th Natl. Oceanogr. Symp., Rhodes Univ.,

Grahamstown, South Africa, B18.

, and S.A. Mostert, 1983: Dynamics of phytoplankton in

the Benguela Current as determined by satellite. Abstr.,

5th Natl. Oceanogr. Symp., Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown,

South Africa, B19.

, , N.M. Walters, and F.P. Anderson, 1983a: Chlorophyll concentrations in the southern Benguela Current region as determined by satellite (NIMBUS 7 Coastal Zone

Colour Scanner). J. Plankton Res., 5, 565–583.

, N.M. Walters, and A.G.S. Moldan, 1983b: Some features

in two Cape bays as deduced from satellite ocean-colour

imagery. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 1, 111–122.

, S.A. Mostert, and P. Schlittenhardt, 1984: The Nimbus 7 CZCS experiment in the Benguela Current region

off southern Africa, February 1980. II—Interpretation of

imagery and oceanographic implications, J. Geophys. Res.,

89, 4,968–4,976.

, N.M. Walters, and S.A. Mostert, 1985: Satellite observations of surface temperature and near surface

chlorophyll in the southern Benguela region. South African

Ocean Colour and Upwelling Experiment, L.V. Shannon,

Ed., Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Cape Town, South Africa, 183–

210.

Sherman, J.W. III, 1985: “The 1978 oceanic trilogy—Seasat,

Nimbus-7, and TIROS-N.” In: Satellite oceanic remote

sensing, B. Saltzman, Ed., Advances in Geophysics, 27,

11–60.

Simmons, R.C., 1984: NASA Oceanic Processes Program, annual report, fiscal year 1984. NASA Tech. Memo. 87565,

154 pp.

Simpson, J.H., and J. Brown, 1987: The interpretation of visible band imagery of turbid shallow seas in terms of the

distribution of suspended particulates. Dynamics of turbid coastal environments, Estuarine and Brackish-Water

Sciences Association, Plymouth, United Kingdom, 1,307–

1,313.

Simpson, J.J., 1986: Temperature-plant pigment-optical relations in a recurrent offshore mesoscale eddy near Point

Conception, California. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12,919–

12,936.

, 1992: Image masking using polygon fills and morphological transformations. Remote Sens. Environ., 40, 161–183.

36
J. Acker

, J. Pelaez, L.R. Haury, D. Wisenhahn, and C.J. Koblinsky, 1986: Temperature-plant pigment-optical relations

in a recurrent offshore mesoscale eddy near Point Conception, California. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12,919–12,936.

Singh, S.M., 1982: Quality of upwelling radiance retrieved from

coastal zone colour scanner (CZCS) data for ocean colour

determination. Trans., Intl. Soc. for Photogrammetry and

Remote Sens., Intl. Symposium, Vol. 1. Groupement pour

le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale, Toulouse, France, 697–706.

, 1983: Normalization of water-leaving radiance obtained

from the Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) data. Remote Sens. Appl. in Environ. Studies, ESA-SP-188, 217–

222.

, and A.P. Cracknell, 1982: Coastal zone colour scanner:

failure of active calibration. J. Physics E (Scientific Instruments), 15, 1,003–1,007.

, , and J.A. Charlton, 1983: Comparison between

CZCS data from 10 July 1979 and simultaneous in situ

measurements for south-eastern Scottish waters. Intl. J.

Remote Sens., 4, 755–784.

, , and D. Spitzer, 1985: Evaluation of sensitivity decay

of Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) detectors by comparison with in situ near-surface radiance measurements.

Intl. J. Remote Sens., 6, 749–758.

Slater, P.N., S.F. Biggar, R.G. Holm, R.D. Jackson, and Y.

Mao, 1987: Reflectance-and radiance-based methods for

the in-flight absolute calibration of multispectral sensors.

Remote Sens. Environ., 22, 11–37.

Smith, R.C., 1981: Remote sensing and depth distribution of

ocean chlorophyll. Marine Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 5, 359–361.

, and K.S. Baker, 1977: The remote sensing of chlorophyll.

COSPAR, 20th Plenary Mtg., 12 pp.

, and W.H. Wilson, 1981: Ship and satellite bio-optical

research in the California Bight. Oceanography from Space,

J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 281–294.

, and K.S. Baker, 1982a: Oceanic chlorophyll concentrations as determined by satellite (NIMBUS-7 Coastal Zone

Color Scanner). Mar. Biol., 66, 269–279.

, and , 1982b: Ship and satellite bio-optical research

in the California Bight. NASA Contractor Report 168681,

23 pp.

, P. Dustan, D. Au, K.S. Baker, and E.A. Dunlap, 1986:

Distribution of cetaceans and sea-surface chlorophyll concentrations in the California Current. Mar. Biol., 91, 385–

402.

, O.B. Brown, F.E. Hoge, K.S. Baker, and R.H. Evans,

1987: Multiplatform sampling (ship, aircraft, and satellite)

of a Gulf Stream warm core ring. Appl. Opt., 26, 2,068–

2,081.

, X. Zhang, and J. Michaelsen, 1988: Variability of pigment

biomass in the California Current system as determined by

satellite imagery. Pt. 1: Spatial variability. J. Geophys.

Res., 93, 10,863–10,882.

, K.J. Waters, and K.S. Baker, 1991: Optical variability

and pigment biomass in the Sargasso Sea as determined

using deep-sea optical mooring data. J. Geophys. Res.,

96, 8,665–8,686.

Sousa, F.M., and A. Bricaud, 1992: Satellite-derived phytoplankton pigment structures in the Portuguese upwelling

area. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11,343–11,356.

Spitzer, D., 1987: National Remote Sensing Program

(NRSP) of the Netherlands. Ocean Color Workshop, T.D.

Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–6,

1986, 83–90.

Stokman, G.N.M., and H.T.C. Van Stokkom, 1986: Multispectral scanning techniques for water quality studies in

the North Sea. Proc. Monitoring to detect changes in water quality series, Budapest Symp., D. Lerner, Ed., IAHSAISH Pub. 157, 143–151.

Strong, A.E., 1993: A note on the possible connection between

the El Chich ́on eruption and ocean production in the northwest Arabian Sea during 1982. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 985–

987.

Strub, P.T., 1991: Event-scale relationships between surface

velocity, temperature and chlorophyll in the coastal ocean,

as seen by satellite. NASA Contractor Report 190266,

273 pp.

, and D.B. Chelton, 1986: Analysis of AVHRR, CZCS and

historical in situ data off the Oregon Coast. NASA Contractor Report 192120, 10 pp.

, C. James, A.C. Thomas, and M.R. Abbott, 1990: Seasonal and nonseasonal variability of satellite-derived surface pigment concentration in the California Current. J.

Geophys. Res., 95, 11,501–11,530.

Stumpf, R.P., and M.A. Tyler, 1988: Satellite detection of

bloom and pigment distributions in estuaries. Remote Sens.

Environ., 24, 385–404.

Sturm, B., 1979: Biological applications including pollution

monitoring. Use of Data from Meteorol. Satellites, ESASP-143, 217–222.

, 1980: Determination of chlorophyll concentration in the

sea from Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS)

data. Proc., Appl. of remote sensing and ranging systems from space: 20th Intl. Scientific Conference on Space,

Rassegna Internazionale Elettronica Nucleare ed Aerospaziale, Rome, Italy, 271–283.

, 1981a: Ocean colour remote sensing and quantitative retrieval of surface chlorophyll in coastal waters using Nimbus CZCS data. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower,

Ed., Plenum Press, 267–279.

, 1981b: The atmospheric correction of remotely sensed

data and the quantitative determination of suspended matter in marine water surface layers. In: Remote Sensing in

Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology. Halsted Press,

New York, New York, 163–197.

, 1982: Selected topics of Coastal Zone Color Scanner

(CZCS) data evaluation. Remote sensing applications in

marine science and technology, A.P. Cracknell, Ed., D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 137–167.

37
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

, 1983: Selected topics of Coastal Zone Color Scanner

(CZCS) data evaluation. Proc. Advanced Study Institute

on Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and

Technology, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, The

Netherlands, 137–167.

, 1986: Correction of the sensor degradation of the Coastal

Zone Color Scanner on NIMBUS-7: Proc., ESA/EARSeL

Europe from Space Symp., ESA-SP-258, 263–267.

, 1987: Application of CZCS data to productivity and water quality studies in the Northern Adriatic Sea. COSPAR,

26th Plenary, Topical Mtg. on Oceanography from Space,

Toulouse, France, June 30–July 11, 1986. Adv. Space Res.,

7, 47–51.

, and P. Schlittenhardt, 1985: Coastal Zone Color Scanner

(CZCS) imagery from Northwest African upwelling. Proc.

Simposio Internacional sobre las Areas de Afloramiento

Mas Importantes del Oeste Africano (Cabo Blanco y Benguela), Vol. 1, Bass, C., R. Margalef, and P. Rubies, Eds.,

253–280.

, A. Beckering, G. Fraysse, S. Gallideparatesi, and B.M.

Henry, 1987. Status and prospects of the Joint Research

Committee (JRC) work on the application of ocean color

monitoring from space. Ocean Color Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–6, 1986,

35–46.

, M. Kuzmic, and M. Orlic, 1992: An evaluation and interpretation of CZCS-derived patterns on the Adriatic shelf.

Oceanol. Acta, 15, 13–23.

Sugihara, G., and R.M., May, 1990: Applications of fractals in

ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 5, 79–86.

Sugihara, S., and M. Kishino, 1988: Algorithm for estimating

the water quality parameters from irradiance just below

the sea surface. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,857–10,862.

Suits, G., W. Malila, and T. Weller, 1988a: Procedures for

using signals from one sensor as substitutes for signals of

another. Remote Sens. Environ., 25, 395–408.

, , and , 1988b: An approach for detecting postlaunch spectral changes in satellite multispectral sensors.

SPIE, 924, 129–135.

Sullivan, C.W., C.R. McClain, J.C Comiso, and W.O. Smith,

Jr., 1988: Phytoplankton standing crops within an Antarctic ice edge assessed by satellite remote sensing. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 12,487–12,498.

Sun, Y.-Y., 1983: Corrections for in-flight calibration of the

coastal zone colour scanner. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 4, 829–

834.

, and P.J. Minett, 1984: “Removal of atmospheric effects in

the remote sensing of ocean colour using measurements at

two zenith angles.” In: Satellite remote sensing, Proc. RSS

10th Anniversary Conf., University of Reading, 209–218.

Svejkovsky, J., 1988: Sea surface flow estimation from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and Coastal Zone

Color Scanner satellite imagery: A verification study. J.

Geophys. Res., 93, 6,735–6,743.

Sydor, M., 1981: Lake-wide monitoring of suspended solids using satellite data. A study of Minnesota land and water resources using remote sensing, 14, University of Minnesota,

Minneapolis, Minnesota, 29 pp.

Szekielda, K.-H., 1986: Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS)

and related technologies. Satellite remote sensing for resources development, B. Sellman, Ed., Graham & Trotman,

London, England, 93–97.

–T–

Tanis, F.J., 1980: Measurement of sea surface upwelling radiance in the Gulf of Mexico using the NIMBUS-G coastal

zone color scanner. Proc. 14th Intl. Symp. on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 3, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM 1,859–1,864.

, and D.R. Lyzenga, 1981: Development of Great Lakes

algorithms for the Nimbus-G coastal zone color scanner.

NASA Contractor Report 173511, 95 pp.

, and S.C. Jain, 1984: Comparison of atmospheric correction algorithms for the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. Proc.

17th Intl. Symposium on Remote Sens. of Environ., Vol. 2.

Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM, 923–935.

Tassan, S., 1987: Evaluation of the potential of the Thematic

Mapper for marine application. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 8,

1,455–1,478.

, 1988: The effect of dissolved ‘yellow substance’ on the

quantitative retrieval of chlorophyll and total suspended

sediment concentrations from remote measurements of water colour. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 9, 787–797.

, and B. Sturm, 1986: An algorithm for the retrieval of

sediment content in turbid coastal water from CZCS data.

Intl. J. Remote Sens., 7, 643–655.

Thomas, A.C., and P.T. Strub, 1989: Interannual variability

in phytoplankton pigment distribution during the spring

transition along the west coast of North America. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18,095–18,117.

, and , 1990: Seasonal and interannual variability of

pigment concentrations across a California Current frontal

zone. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,023–13,042.

Thomas, R.H., 1991: Studying the Earth’s poles from satellites.

Earth in Space, 3, 10–14.

Thomas, Y.-F., 1984: Teledetection des structures turbides en

Manche. (Remote sensing of turbidity in the English Channel.) Espace Geographique, 13, 273–276, 291–294.

, 1985: Motions and concentrations of suspended matter in

the surface waters of the English Channel. Proc. 18th Intl.

Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol.

3, Paris, France, October 1–5, 1984, Ann Arbor, Michigan,

ERIM, 1,703–1,713. In French.

, and R.M. Zbinden, 1989: Calculation of the solid load in

suspension from CZCS imagery: Calcul de la charge solide

en suspension a partir de l’imagerie, C.Z.C.S. Bulletin—

Centre de Geomorphologie du CNRS, 36, 33–38.

Thompson, A.M., W.E. Esaias, and R.L. Iverson, 1990: Two

approaches to determining the sea-to-air flux of dimethyl

sulfide: satellite ocean color and a photochemical model

with atmospheric measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 95,

20,551–20,558.

Thomson, R.E., and J.F.R. Gower, 1985: A wind-induced mesoscale eddy over the Vancouver Island continental slope. J.

Geophys. Res., 90, 8,981–8,993.

38
J. Acker

Tilton, J.C., and H.K. Ramapriyan, 1989: Data compression

experiments with LANDSAT thematic mapper and

Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner data. Proc., Scientific

Data Compression Workshop, NASA Conf. Publ. 3025,

311–334.

Tokmakian, P.T. Strub, and J. McClean-Padman, 1990: Evaluation of the maximum cross-correlation method of estimating sea surface velocities from sequential satellite images.

J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 852–865.

Topliss, B.J., 1989: Ocean colour imagery—An investigation of

some water-related parameters influencing algorithm development and data product interpretation. Canadian J.

Remote Sens., 15, 56–67.

, and P.C.F. Hurley, 1988: Monitoring offshore water quality from space. Proc., IGARSS ’88, Vol. 3, 1,399–1,402.

, C.L. Almos, and P.R. Hill, 1990: Algorithms for remote

sensing of high concentration, inorganic suspended sediment. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 11, 947–966.

, L.A. Payzant, P.C.F. Hurley, J.R. Miller, and J. Freemantle, 1991: Interpretation of multiseason multi-year colour

imagery for a continental shelf region. Oceanol. Acta, 14,

533–547.

Tozawa, Y., M. Sato, M. Ioka, K. Muneyama, Y. Sasaki, and

I. Asanuma, 1983: Data processing techniques of remote

sensing for oceanography. Ocean Hydrodynamics of the

Japan and East China Seas, T. Ichiye, Ed., 361–374.

Trees, C.C., and S.Z. El-Sayed, 1986: Remote sensing of chlorophyll concentrations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ocean

Optics VIII, P.N. Slater, Ed., SPIE, 637, 328–334.

Trux, J., 1989: Oceans of life. Geographical Mag., 62, 36–39.

Tvirbutas, A., and C. McPherson, 1984: Application of image

processing techniques to marine fisheries. Oceans ’84, Industry, Government, Education. Designs for the Future,”

Vol. 1, Marine Technol. Soc., Washington, DC, and IEEE

Inc., New York, New York, 494–501.

Tyler, M.A., and R.P. Stumpf, 1989: Feasibility of using satellites for detection of kinetics of small phytoplankton blooms

in estuaries: Tidal and migrational effects. Remote Sens.

Environ., 27, 233–250.

– U, V –

Van Camp, L., L. Nykjaer, E. Nittelstaedt, and P. Schlittenhardt, 1991: Upwelling and boundary circulation off Northwest Africa as depicted by infrared and visible satellite observations. Progr. Oceanogr., 26, 357–402.

Van der Piepen, H., 1987: Federal Republic of Germany’s interests, activities and goals in remote sensing of ocean

color, fluorescence from space. Ocean Color Workshop,

T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Nov. 5–

6, 53–58.

, 1990: Ocean colour—methods, technologies, applications.

Remote sensing of the Earth’s environment. ESTEC, Noordwijk, ESA-SP-301, 51–59.

, V. Amann, and R. Fiedler, 1985: Reconnaissance and

interpretation of sea colors. DFVLR-Nachrichten, 21–26.

In German.

, , and R. Doerffer, 1991: Remote sensing of substances

in water. GeoJournal, 24, 27–48.

Vanselous, T.M., A.J. Kemmerer, W.A. Hovis, and D.K. Clark,

1978: Marine applications of the NIMBUS-G Coastal Zone

Color Scanner. Proc., 12th Intl. Symp. on Remote Sensing

of the Environment, Vol. 1. Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM,

621–637.

Vasta ̃no, A.C., S.E. Borders, and R.E. Wittenberg, 1985: Sea

surface flow estimation with infrared and visible imagery.

J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 401–403.

Vaughan, R.A., and J. Coker, 1987: “A comparison of the use

of CZCS and AVHRR data to study frontal systems in

the waters off the west coast of Europe.” In: Advances

in digital image processing, Proc. RSS 13th Annual Conf.,

636–640.

Viehoff, T., 1986: Analyse von mesoskaligen Temperatur-und

Trubungsfeldern Analysis of mesoscale temperature and

turbidity fields. Annalen der Meteorologie, 23, 214–215.

Viollier, M., 1978: Experience aeroportee de teledetection (temperature et couleur de la mer) dans le detroit du Pas-deCalais. Airborne remote sensing measurement of ocean

color and sea surface temperature in the Straits of Dover.

Oceanol. Acta, 1, 265–269.

, 1982: Radiometric calibration of the Coastal Zone Color

Scanner on Nimbus 7—A proposed adjustment. Appl. Opt.,

21, 1,142–1,145.

, D. Tanr ́e, and P.Y. Deschamps, 1980: Algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 247–267.

, N. Baussart, and P.Y. Deschamps, 1981: Preliminary

results of CZCS Nimbus 7 experiment for ocean colour remote sensing—Observation of the Ligurian Sea. Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 387–

393.

, D. Tanr ́e, and P.Y. Deschamps, 1982: Overview of problems linked to precise determination of chlorophyll concentration from a satellite ocean color monitor. Recensement

des problemes lies a une determination precise de la concentration en chlorophylle a partir d’un satellite. Report,

Universite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille, Laboratoire

d’Optique Atmospherique, 26 pp.

, and B. Sturm, 1984: CZCS data analysis in turbid coastal

water. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4,977–4,985.

, and G. Belbeoch, 1985: Displaying CZCS data in “true

colour” mode. Proc. 18th Intl. Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 3, Paris, France, Oct. 1–5,

1984. Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERIM, 1,727–1,730.

, J. DuPont, and J.Y. Balois, 1985: (Satellite remote sensing of suspended matter in the eastern Channel.) Teledetection par satellite du materiel particulaire en suspension

en Manche orientale. Hommes et Terres du Nord, 3, 230–

233.

, A. Sournia, J. Birrien, and P. Morin, 1987: Remote sensing of phytoplankton blooms at hydrobiological boundaries

off Brittany. Observations satellitaires du phytoplancton

dans les zones de discontinuite hydrologique au large de la

Bretagne. Oceanography from Space, Proc. ATP Symp. on

Remote Sens, R. Chesselet, Ed., 51–56.

39
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

–W–

Walsh, J.J., D.A. Dieterle, 1985: Use of satellite ocean color

observations to refine understanding of global geochemical cycles. IAF, 36th Intl. Astronautical Con-gress, Stockholm, Sweden, Oct. 7–12, 52 pp.

, , and M.B. Meyers, 1986: A simulation analysis of

the fate of phytoplankton within the mid-Atlantic bight.

NASA Contractor Report 177265, 62 pp.

, , and W.E. Esaias, 1986: Satellite detection of phytoplankton export from the mid-Atlantic Bight during the

1979 spring bloom. NASA Tech. Memo. 88782, 53 pp.

, , and , 1987: Satellite (CZCS) detection of phytoplankton export from the mid-Atlantic Bight during the

1979 spring bloom. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 675–703.

Walters, N.M., 1983: Chlorophyll and sediment distributions

along the South African coast from satellite. Abstr., 5th

Natl. Oceanogr. Symp., Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown,

South Africa, 4.

, 1983: Verification of the utility of the Coastal Zone Colour

Scanner in portraying pigment concentrations along the

Cape West Coast. S. Afr. J. Physics, 6, 63–66.

, 1985: Algorithms for the determination of nearsurface chlorophyll and semi-quantitative total suspended solids in South African coastal waters from Nimbus7 CZCS data. South African Ocean Colour and Upwelling

Experiment, L.V. Shannon, Ed., Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Cape

Town, South Africa, 175–182.

, O.G. Malan, and D.C. Neethling, 1982: Aerosol observations from Nimbus-7 CZCS along the South Afri-can west

coast. Adv. Space Res., 2, 105–107.

, and E.H. Schumann, 1985: Detection of silt in coas-tal

waters by Nimbus-7 CZCS. South African Ocean Colour

and Upwelling Experiment, L.V. Shannon, Ed., Sea Fish.

Res. Inst., Cape Town, South Africa, 219–226.

, C.J. Kok, and C. Claase, 1985: Optical properties of the

South African marine environment. South African Ocean

Colour and Upwelling Experiment, L.V. Shannon, Ed., Sea

Fish. Res. Inst., Cape Town, South Africa, 157–170.

Wang, M., 1991: Atmospheric correction of the second generation ocean color sensors. Ph.D. Thesis, University of

Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 142 pp.

Waters, P., 1991: Globe watching. Image Processing, 3, 10–

14.

Weeks, A., and J.H. Simpson, 1991: The measurement of suspended particulate concentrations from remotely-sensed

data. Intl. J. Remote Sens., 12, 725–737.

White, C., 1990: The Nimbus satellites—Pioneering earth observers. Earth in Space, 3, 5–7.

White, P.G., 1969: An ocean color mapping system. Papers,

5th Marine Technology Soc. Conf., 429–442.

Whitlock, C.H., 1982: Marine sediment tolerances for remote

sensing of atmospheric aerosols over water. Appl. Opt., 21,

4,196–4,198.

Wiesnet, D.R., and M. Deutsch, 1985: A new application of

the Nimbus-7 CZCS: Delineation of the 1983 Parana River

flood in South America. “Theodolite to satellite,” 51st

Amer. Soc. of Photogramm. Mtg., Vol. 2, 746–754.

, and , 1987: Flood monitoring in South America from

the Landsat, NOAA, and Nimbus satellites. COSPAR,

Intl. Union of Geological Sciences, 26th Plenary, Workshop

X and Topical Mtg. on Remote Sensing: Earth’s Surface

and Atmosphere, Toulouse, France, June 30–July 11, 1986.

Adv. Space Res., 7, 77–84.

Williams, S.P., E.F. Szajna, and W.A. Hovis, 1985a:

NIMBUS-7 coastal zone color scanner (CZCS), Level-1

data product users’ guide. NASA Tech. Memo. 86203,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 49 pp.

, , and , 1985b: Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color

Scanner (CZCS), Level-2 data product users’ guide. NASA

Tech. Memo. 86202, NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 60 pp.

Wilson, W.H., 1979: Measurements of atmospheric transmittance in a maritime environment. Proc. Seminar on Atmospheric Effects on Radiative Transfer, SPIE, 153–159.

, and R.W. Austin, 1978: Remote sensing of ocean color.

SPIE, 160, 23–30.

, , and R.C. Smith, 1978: Optical remote sensing of

chlorophyll in ocean waters. Proc., 12th Intl. Symp. on

Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 2. Ann Arbor,

Michigan, ERIM, 1,103–1,113.

Wilson, W.H., R.C. Smith, and J.W. Nolten, 1981: The CZCS

geolocation algorithms. NASA Contractor Report 169313,

43 pp.

Wittenberg-Fay, R.E., 1985: The use of satellite observations

of ocean color in commercial fishing operations. Proc. 19th

Intl. Symp. on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol.

2, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 991–998.

Wolanski, E., D.J. Carpenter, and G.L. Pickard, 1986: The

Coastal Zone Color Scanner views the Bismarck Sea. Annales Geophysicae, Series B—Terrestrial and Planetary

Physics, 4, 55–62.

Wrigley, R.C., and S.A. Klooster, 1983: Coastal Zone Color

Scanner data of rich coastal waters. Digest, IGARSS ’83,

Vol. 2, IEEE Inc., New York, New York, 5 pp.

, R.E. Slye, S.A. Klooster, R.S. Freedman, M. Carle, and

L.F. Macgregor, 1992: The airborne ocean color imager:

system description and image processing. J. Imaging Sci.

Technol., 36, 423–30.

– X, Y, Z –

Yamanaka, I., T. Hosomura, and E. Kozasa, 1984: Image analysis of the NIMBUS-CZCS data in the waters adjacent to

Japan.; Nihon kinkai ni okeru NIMBUS-CZCS no gazokaiseki. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab./Enyosuikenho, 21,

25–82.

Yentsch, C.S., 1984: “Satellite representation of features of

ocean circulation indicated by CZCS colorimetry (phytoplankton growth).” In: Remote sensing of shelf sea hydrodynamics, Proc. 15th Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics, J.C.J. Nihoul, Ed., Elsevier Oceanography Series, 38,

337–354.

40
J. Acker

, 1989: An overview of mesoscale distribution of ocean

color in the North Atlantic. Remote Sensing of Atmosphere

and Oceans, E. Raschke, A. Ghazi, J.F.R. Gower, P. McCormick, A. Gruber, A.F. Hasler, and C.S. Yentsch, Eds.,

Adv. Space Res., 9, Pergamon Press, 435–442.

, and D.A. Phinney, 1986: The role of streamers associated with mesoscale eddies in the transport of biological

substances between slope and ocean waters. Marine Interfaces Ecohydrodynamics, J.C.J. Nihoul, Ed., 53–164.

Yoder, J.A., 1981: Role of Gulf Stream frontal eddies in forming phytoplankton patches on the outer southeastern shelf.

Limnol. Oceanogr., 26, 1,103–1,110.

, 1987: Update of NASA’s (National Aeronautics and Space

Administration’s) ocean color activities. Ocean Color

Workshop, T.D. Guyenne, Ed., Villefranche-sur-Mer,

France, Nov. 5–6, 1986, 13–15.

, 1990: Coupling remote measures of ocean chlorophyll

with observations and models of coastal circulation. Coastal Ocean Prediction Systems program: understanding and

managing our coastal ocean, Vol. 2, New Hampshire, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, 235–238.

Zaitzeff, J.B., and P. Clemente-Colon, 1986: Remote

sensing—Image processing for monitoring surface effects

of deep seabed mining. Proc. 19th Intl. Symposium on

Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 2, Ann Arbor,

Michigan, ERIM, 1,035–1,044.

Zibordi, G., G. Maracci, and P. Schlittenhardt, 1990: Ocean

colour analysis in coastal waters by airborne sensors. Intl.

J. Remote Sens., 11, 705–725.

Zion, P.M., 1983: Description of algorithms for processing Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) data. NASA Contractor

Report 173466, 34 pp.

Zirino, A., P.C. Fiedler, and R.S. Keir, 1988: Surface pH, satellite imagery and vertical models in the tropical ocean. Science of the Total Environ., 75, 285–300.

Zwick, H.H., and S.C. Jain, 1981: Recent work in passive optical imaging of water. Proc. Application of remote sensing

data on the continental shelf, EAReL-ESA symposium, N.

Longdon and G. Levy, Ed., ESA-SP-167, 189–194.

41
The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program

The SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Vol. 1

Hooker, S.B., W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, W.W. Gregg, and

C.R. McClain, 1992: An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean

Color. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 1, S.B. Hooker

and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 24 pp., plus color plates.

Vol. 2

Gregg, W.W., 1992: Analysis of Orbit Selection for SeaWiFS:

Ascending vs. Descending Node. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 2, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 16 pp.

Vol. 3

McClain, C.R., W.E. Esaias, W. Barnes, B. Guenther, D. Endres, S. Hooker, G. Mitchell, and R. Barnes, 1992: Calibration and Validation Plan for SeaWiFS. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 3, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 41 pp.

Vol. 4

McClain, C.R., E. Yeh, and G. Fu, 1992: An Analysis of GAC

Sampling Algorithms: A Case Study. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 4, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 22 pp., plus color plates.

Vol. 5

Mueller, J.L., and R.W. Austin, 1992: Ocean Optics Protocols

for SeaWiFS Validation. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

5, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 43 pp.

Vol. 6

Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker, 1992: SeaWiFS Technical

Report Series Summary Index: Volumes 1–5. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 6, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 9 pp.

Vol. 7

Darzi, M., 1992: Cloud Screening for Polar Orbiting Visible

and IR Satellite Sensors. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

7, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 7 pp.

Vol. 8

Hooker, S.B., W.E. Esaias, and L.A. Rexrode, 1993: Proceedings of the First SeaWiFS Science Team Meeting. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 8, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 61 pp.

Vol. 9

Gregg, W.W., F.C. Chen, A.L. Mezaache, J.D. Chen, J.A.

Whiting, 1993: The Simulated SeaWiFS Data Set, Version 1. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 9, S.B. Hooker,

E.R. Firestone, and A.W. Indest, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 17 pp.

Vol. 10

Woodward, R.H., R.A. Barnes, C.R. McClain, W.E. Esaias,

W.L. Barnes, and A.T. Mecherikunnel, 1993: Modeling

of the SeaWiFS Solar and Lunar Observations. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 10, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 26 pp.

Vol. 11

Patt, F.S., C.M. Hoisington, W.W. Gregg, and P.L. Coronado,

1993: Analysis of Selected Orbit Propagation Models for

the SeaWiFS Mission. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

11, S.B. Hooker, E.R. Firestone, and A.W. Indest, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 16 pp.

Vol. 12

Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker, 1993: SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Summary Index: Volumes 1–11. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 12, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 28 pp.

Vol. 13

McClain, C.R., K.R. Arrigo, J. Comiso, R. Fraser, M. Darzi,

J.K. Firestone, B. Schieber, E-n. Yeh, and C.W. Sullivan, 1994: Case Studies for SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation, Part 1. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 13,

S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 52 pp., plus

color plates.

Vol. 14

Mueller, J.L., 1993: The First SeaWiFS Intercalibration RoundRobin Experiment, SIRREX-1, July 1992. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 14, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, 60 pp.

Vol. 15

Gregg, W.W., F.S. Patt, and R.H. Woodward, 1994: The Simulated SeaWiFS Data Set, Version 2. NASA Tech. Memo.

104566, Vol. 15, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 42 pp., plus color plates.

Vol. 16

Mueller, J.L., B.C. Johnson, C.L. Cromer, J.W. Cooper, J.T.

McLean, S.B. Hooker, and T.L. Westphal, 1994: The Second SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment,

SIRREX-2, June 1993. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol.

16, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 121 pp.

Vol. 17

Abbott, M.R., O.B. Brown, H.R. Gordon, K.L. Carder, R.E.

Evans, F.E. Muller-Karger, and W.E. Esaias, 1994: Ocean

Color in the 21st Century: A Strategy for a 20 -Year Time

Series. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 17, S.B. Hooker

and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20 pp.

42
J. Acker

Vol. 18

Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker, 1994: SeaWiFS Technical Report Series Summary Index: Volumes 1–17. NASA Tech.

Memo. 104566, Vol. 18, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone,

Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,

Maryland, (in press).

Vol. 19

McClain, C.R., R.S. Fraser, J.T. McLean, M. Darzi, J.K. Firestone, F.S. Patt, B.D. Schieber, R.H. Woodward, E-n. Yeh,

S. Mattoo, S.F. Biggar, P.N. Slater, K.J. Thome, A.W.

Holmes, R.A. Barnes, and K.J. Voss, 1994: Case Studies

for SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation, Part 2. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 19, S.B. Hooker, E.R. Firestone,

and J.G. Acker, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Maryland, 73 pp.

Vol. 20

Hooker, S.B., C.R. McClain, J.K. Firestone, T.L. Westphal,

E-n. Yeh, and Y. Ge, 1994: The SeaWiFS Bio-Optical

Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), Part 1. NASA

Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 20, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 40 pp.

Vol. 21

Acker, J.G., 1994: The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) Program. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 21, S.B. Hooker

and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 43 pp.

43
 Form Approved

 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering

 and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of

 information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite

 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

 September 1994 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

6. AUTHOR(S)

 James G. Acker

Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes

Goddard Space Flight Center 94B00140

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

 AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, D.C. 20546–0001 TM–104566, Vol. 21

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

 James G. Acker: Hughes STX, Lanham, Maryland; and Elaine R. Firestone: General Sciences Corporation, Laurel,

 Maryland

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

 16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

 OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

 REPORT NUMBER

Unclassified–Unlimited

Subject Category 48

 -

SeaWiFS, Oceanography, Coastal Zone Color Scanner, CZCS, NIMBUS-7, 43

NIMBUS-7 Experiment Team, CZCS NET

Report is available from the Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI),

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076–1320; (301)621-0390

The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission is based on the scientific heritage of the Coastal Zone Color

Scanner (CZCS), a proof-of-concept instrument carried on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

NIMBUS-7 environmental satellite for the purpose of measuring upwelling radiance from the ocean surface. The CZCS mission

provided the first observations of ocean color from space, and over the mission lifetime of 1978–1986, allowed oceanographers

an initial opportunity to observe the variable patterns of global biological productivity. One of the key elements of the CZCS

mission was the formation of the CZCS NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET), a group of optical physicists and biological

oceanographers. The CZCS NET was designated to validate the accuracy of the CZCS radiometric measurements and to connect

the instrument's measurements to standard measures of oceanic biological productivity and optical seawater clarity. In the

period following the cessation of CZCS observations, some of the insight and experience gained by the CZCS NET activity has

dissipated as several proposed follow-on sensors failed to achieve active status. The SeaWiFS mission will be the first dedicated

orbital successor to CZCS; it in turn precedes observations by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) of

the Earth Observing System (EOS). Since the CZCS NET experience is an important model for SeaWiFS and MODIS surface

truth efforts, this document is intended to provide a comprehensive review of the validation of oceanographic data for the first

orbital ocean color sensor mission. This document also summarizes the history of the CZCS NET activities. The references

listed in the Bibliography are a listing of published scientific research which relied upon the CZCS NET algorithms, or research

which was conducted on the basis of CZCS mission elements.

 Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified Unlimited

 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18, 298-102

 SeaWiFS Technical Report Series

Volume 21– The Heritage of SeaWiFS: A Retrospective on the CZCS NIMBUS Code 970.2

 Experiment Team (NET) Program

 Series Editors: Stanford B. Hooker and Elaine R. Firestone

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)