NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 95

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jaime Nickeson, Editors

Volume 95

BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery:

Digital Counts

Richard Strub and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010022243 2018-05-14T18:51:21+00:00Z
The NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to

the advancement of aeronautics and space

science. The NASA Scientific and Technical

Information (STI) Program Office plays a key

part in helping NASA maintain this important

role.

The NASA STI Program Office is operated by

Langley Research Center, the lead center for

NASA's scientific and technical information. The

NASA STI Program Office provides access to

the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of

aeronautical and space science STI in the world.

The Program Office is also NASA's institutional

mechanism for disseminating the results of its

research and development activities. These

results are published by NASA in the NASA STI

Report Series, which includes the following

report types:

• TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of

completed research or a major significant

phase of research that present the results of

NASA programs and include extensive data or

theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of

significant scientific and technical data and

information deemed to be of continuing

reference value. NASA's counterpart of

peer-reviewed formal professional papers but

has less stringent limitations on manuscript

length and extent of graphic presentations.

• TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific

and technical findings that are preliminary or

of specialized interest, e.g., quick release

reports, working papers, and bibliographies

that contain minimal annotation. Does not

contain extensive analysis.

• CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and

technical findings by NASA-sponsored

contractors and grantees.

CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected

papers from scientific and technical

conferences, symposia, seminars, or other

meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA.

SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, or historical information from NASA

programs, projects, and mission, often concerned with subjects having substantial public

interest.

TECHNICAL TRANSLATION.

English-language translations of foreign scientific and technical material pertinent to NASA's

mission.

Specialized services that complement the STI

Program Office's diverse offerings include creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research results...

even providing videos.

For more information about the NASA STI Prograin Office, see the following:

Access the NASA STI Program Home Page at

http://www, sti.nasa.gov/STI-homepage.html

E-mail your question via the Internet to

help@ sti.nasa.gov

Fax your question to the NASA Access Help

Desk at (301) 621-0134

• Telephone the NASA Access Help Desk at

(301) 621-0390

Write to:

NASA Access Help Desk

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320
NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 95

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jaime Nickeson, Editors

Volume 95

BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery:

Digital Counts

Richard Strub and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery: Digital Counts

Richard Strub, Jefferey A. Newcomer

Summary

The BOREAS Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program focused on providing the research

teams with the remotely sensed satellite data products they needed to compare and spatially extend

point results. The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) Program launched the first of a series

of satellites (ERTS-1) in 1972. Part of the NASA Earth Resources Survey Program, the ERTS

Program and the ERTS satellites were later renamed Landsat to better represent the civil satellite

program's prime emphasis on remote sensing of land resources. Landsat satellites 1 through 5 carry

the MSS sensor. CCRS and BOREAS personnel gathered a set of MSS images of the BOREAS region

from Landsat satellites 1, 2, 4, and 5 covering the dates of 21-Aug-1972 to 05-Sep-1988. The data are

provided in binary image format files of various formats.

Note that the Landsat MSS images are not contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set. An inventory

file of the available images is provided on the CD-ROM to inform users of the data that are available.

See Section 15 for information on how to acquire the data.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery: Digital Counts

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities

that were BOREAS community-level activities, or required uniform data collection procedures across

sites and time. These activities included the acquisition of the relevant satellite data. Data from the

Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) instruments on the Landsat satellites were acquired from the

Page 1
CanadaCentrefor RemoteSensing(CCRS)andtheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey(USGS)Earth

ResourcesandObservationalSystems(EROS)DataCenter(EDC)andprovidedfor useby BOREAS

researchers.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

ForBOREAS,theLandsatMSSimagery,alongwith theotherremotelysensedimages,were

collectedin orderto providespatiallyextensiveinformationovertheprimarystudyareas.Manyof the

MSSimageswereacquiredearlyonin theprojectandwereusefultoolsin thesiteselectionprocess.

TheMSSdataprovideahistoricalbaselineof landcoverinformationfrom asfar backas1972.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Landsat MSS data in the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) contains the following

parameters:

Original image header information, image coordinates, calibration transformation tables, and gains and

offset values for each of the image bands 1 through 4.

1.5 Discussion

BORIS personnel developed software to extract needed information from the image data files to

verify its content and inventory the information from each scene. The image data remain in the original

formats, which are:

• CCRS Landsat Ground Station Operations Working Group (LGSOWG) Band Interleaved by

Line (BIL) and Band Sequential (BSQ).

• BIP2 format from USGS EDC. Some of this data originated from the Federally Owned

Landsat Database (FOLD).

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS Level-3s Landsat TM Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in LGSOWG Format

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

BOREAS Staff Science

2.2 Title of Investigation

BOREAS Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Josef Cihlar

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

588 Booth Street, 4th Floor

Ottawa, Ontario

K1AOY7 Canada

(613) 947-1265

Josef.Cihlar@geocan.emr.ca

Page 2
Contact 2:

Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-7858

(301) 286-0239

Jeffrey.Newcomer@ gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

Since 1972, the Landsat program satellites have provided repetitive, synoptic, global coverage of

high-resolution multispectral imagery. The characteristics of the different channels of the MSS and

Thematic Mapper (TM) sensors aboard the Landsat satellites were selected to maximize their

capabilities for detecting and monitoring various Earth resources.

Through its onboard instruments, Landsat monitors Earth's mountain ranges, deserts, forests, and

crops by measuring the light waves they reflect. For example, MSS band 1 can be used to detect green

reflectance from healthy vegetation, and band 2 of MSS is designed for detecting chlorophyll

absorption in vegetation. MSS bands 3 and 4 are ideal for recording near-IR reflectance peaks in

healthy green vegetation and for detecting water-land interfaces.

MSS Bands 4, 2, and 1 can be combined to make false-color composite images where band 4

controls the amount of red, band 2 the amount of green, and band 1 the amount of blue. This band

combination makes vegetation appear as shades of red, brighter reds indicating more vigorously

growing vegetation. Soils with no or sparse vegetation will range from white (sands) to greens or

browns depending on moisture and organic matter content. Water bodies will appear blue. Deep, clear

water will be dark blue to black in color, while sediment-laden or shallow waters will appear lighter in

color. Urban areas will appear blue-gray in color. Clouds and snow will be bright white, and they are

usually distinguishable from each other by the shadows associated with the clouds.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

The MSS system uses a scanning mirror in conjunction with a Ritchey-Chretien Cassegrainian

telescope to focus radiance from Earth's surface onto a focal plane. Scanning 185-kilometer swaths,

radiant energy is collected in west-to-east scans. During reverse scans, a shutter blocks the detectors.

A fiber optic bundle receives light from the telescope and transmits it to the focal plane (correlates to

one fiber for each detector). A total of 24 detectors and filters correspond to four spectral bands.

The MSS sensors flown aboard Landsat 4 and 5 are similar to the MSS sensors that were flown

aboard Landsat 1, 2, and 3. However, the optics of the MSS system for Landsat 4 and 5 were adjusted

so that the Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) would still approximate an 80- by 80-meter ground

area. This optical adjustment provided compatibility between the earlier and later MSS data collections.

Designators for the four spectral bands also were adjusted from the first series of MSS sensors

(MSS 1, 2, 3) and those that flew with the TM sensor (MSS 4, 5), as shown in the table below. The

MSS system on Landsat 3 was designed with a thermal channel; however this channel developed

operating problems that caused the channel to subsequently fail.

The IFOV is 86.0 microradians, equating to a nominal ground resolution of 79 meters.

Page 3
Landsat 1-3 Landsat 4-5

Wavelength

(micrometers)

Band 4 Band 1 0.5

Band 5 Band 2 0.6

Band 6 Band 3 0.7

Band 7 Band 4 0.8

Band 8 10.4

-0.6

-0.7

-0.8

- i.i

- 12.6

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The Landsat satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 920 km for Landsat 1, 2, and 3 and 705 km for

Landsat 4 and 5.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

The MSS imagery collected for BOREAS include data from the MSS sensors aboard Landsat 1, 2,

4, and 5.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The Landsat MSS is designed to respond to and measure both reflected and emitted Earth surface

radiation to enable the investigation, survey, inventory, and mapping of Earth's natural resources.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Reflected radiation.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

An oscillating mirror scans across-track in a west-to-east direction in 185-kilometer swaths. During

reverse scans, a shutter blocks the detectors. During every other mirror retrace, the individual sensors

in the MSS bands are exposed to a rotating, variable density-wedge optical filter illuminated by an

onboard calibration lamp. The resulting calibration data are subsequently utilized to make radiometric

corrections on the MSS detector signals. The thermal-band detectors are exposed to temperature

references during alternate mirror retraces when the spectral bands are not being calibrated. Nominal

mirror frequency is 13.62 hertz.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

A full MSS image contains 3,240-3,500 pixels in each of 2,340 lines (see Sections 6.1 and 11.1).

Before any geometric corrections, the ground resolution is 80 m for bands 1, 2, 3, and 4 at nadir. The

pixel values of the images can range from 0 to 128.

The MSS sensor depends on the forward motion of the spacecraft for the along-track scan and uses

moving mirror assembly to scan in the cross-track direction (perpendicular to the spacecraft). The

IFOV for each detector is equivalent to an 80-m square when projected to the ground at nadir.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Hughes Aircraft Company

Santa Barbara Remote Sensing Division

Santa Barbara, CA

4.2 Calibration

Significant changes in calibration data occurred between instruments and within the data collected

from a single instrument. For a chronological history of MSS calibration, refer to the "MSS

Radiometric Calibration Handbook."

Page 4
4.2.1 Specifications

Ground IFOV 80 m

Avg. Altitude 920 and 705 km (Landsat

Data Rate 86.8 kbps

Quantization levels 128

Orbit angle 189 degrees

Orbital Nodal Period 103 minutes

Scan width 185 km

Scan angle 14.9 degrees

Image overlap at Equator 14 %

Repeat Coverage 18 days

i, 2, 3 and 4, 5, respectively)

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

None given.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

Internal calibration wedge data were acquired with every scan.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

A rotating shutter wheel was located between the telescope and the fiber optic bundle. This device

was synchronized with the scan mirror to block the detectors during reverse scans. At the end of every

other scan, the detectors viewed a calibration lamp through a graded density filter on the shutter wheel.

This process allowed the detectors to respond to a continuously varying radiance. The data record was

commonly referred to as the calibration wedge or the cal wedge.

Prior to launch, a calibrated integrating sphere was used to measure detector response to known

radiance values. At the same time, detector response to the onboard calibration lamp also was

recorded. By using detector responses at precise locations on the calibration wedge, a linear regression

technique could be implemented to transfer the calibration of the integrating sphere to the calibration

lamp. Therefore, the detector response was known in an absolute sense before launch such that values

recorded by the detectors could be converted to physical units of radiance. After launch, the calibration

lamp was used to maintain the absolute calibration that was recorded before launch.

However, there were many factors that could cause errors in the absolute calibration (e.g., changes

to the lamp that occurred during or after launch or changes in the optical path between the calibration

lamp and the detectors, which included the optical fiber bundle, the shutter wheel, and the spectral

filters). Therefore, the absolute radiometric accuracy of MSS data is unknown.

Following ground transmission, the MSS data were decompressed, calibration wedge values were

extracted, and the data were radiometrically corrected.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

The BOREAS Landsat MSS images were acquired through the CCRS and the USGS EDC. A full

MSS image contains 3,240-3,500 pixels in each of 2,340 lines (see Sections 6.1 and 11.1). Before

any geometric corrections, the ground resolution is 80 m at nadir. The pixel values of the images can

range from 0 to 128. This allows each pixel to be stored in a single-byte field.

Page 5
6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

The BORIS MSS data came from several sources and platforms. Thus, individual characteristics

and formats vary. For explicit information on data formats, see the following:

• The Standard Landsat MSS CCT Format Technical Memo DPD-TM-79-103C from the Data

Processing Division of the CCRS.

• The LAS Image Processing System has software and help on the BIP2 format.

6.2 Field Notes

Not applicable.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The BOREAS Landsat MSS images primarily cover the Southern Study Area (SSA) and the

Northern Study Area (NSA). A few images were acquired for the transect area between the SSA and

the NSA. The SSA and the NSA are located in the southwest and northeast portions of the overall

region.

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W

Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W

Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W

Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W

The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W

Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W

Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W

Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

Before any geometric corrections, the spatial resolution is 80 m at nadir. These values increase

with scan angle away from the nadir path. The LGSOWG images have had systematic geometric

corrections applied to create a high level of internal spatial integrity; but without geometric registration,

the actual geographic corner and center coordinates contained on the tape can be offset from their actual

positions by as much as 20 kin. The BIP2 data are in their original format and have not had any

geometric corrections applied.

Page 6
7.1.4 Projection

The LGSOWG Landsat MSS images are in a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection

based on the NAD83.

7.1.5 Grid Description

None given.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Many of the MSS images were acquired early on in the project and were useful tools in the site

selection process. The MSS data provide a historical baseline of landcover information from as far

back as 1972.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Date Coverage Date Coverage

21-AUG-72 Transect 22-JUL-80 SSA

22-AUG-72 Region 13-JUL-81 NSA

22-AUG-72 Transect 18-JUL-81 SSA

23-AUG-72 Transect 01-AUG-81 Transect

24-AUG-72 Region 22-AUG-81 SSA

24-AUG-72 Transect 05-JUL-83 Transect

30-JUL-73 Transect 27-AUG-83 SSA

01-AUG-73 Transect 31-AUG-83 NSA

15-AUG-73 NSA 22-JUN-84 NSA

02-SEP-73 NSA II-JUL-84 Region

10-JUL-75 Transect 19-JUL-84 Region

10-JUN-76 Transect 01-AUG-84 NSA

18-JUN-76 Transect 12-AUG-84 Region

16-JUL-76 Transect 17-AUG-84 NSA

25-JUL-76 SSA 01-JUN-88 NSA

08-AUG-76 NSA 04-AUG-88 NSA

22-AUG-76 Region 20-AUG-88 NSA

21-JUL-77 SSA 05-SEP-88 NSA

15-JUL-78 SSA

03-AUG-78 SSA

14-AUG-78 Region

07-JUL-79 Transect

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

The Landsat MSS satellite revisit frequency is 18 days for each path/row; however, in the

BOREAS region the overlap between adjacent scene paths is about 50% at the latitude of the BOREAS

study area.

7.3 Data Characteristics

Page 7
7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The main parameter contained in the image data files is scaled at-sensor radiance. The parameters

contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

PATH NUM

ROW NUM

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

CRTFCN CODE

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

For the image data files:

Scaled at-sensor radiance - The scaled value representing the radiant energy

incident on the sensor aperture at the time of data

collection in the specific TM wavelength regions.

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

The general term used to denote the spatial area

over which the data were collected.

The date on which the data were collected.

The starting Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

The ending Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for the

data collected.

The object (e.g., satellite, aircraft, tower,

person) that supported the instrument.

The name of the device used to make the

measurements.

The number of spectral bands in the data.

Page 8
BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

PATH NUM

ROW NUM

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

CRTFCN CODE

The data analyst's assessment of the quality of

the spectral bands in the data.

The data analyst's assessment of the cloud cover

that exists in the data.

For Landsat and SPOT, the sequential number

given to the orbital paths trending from

northeast to southwest and extending around the

earth.

For Landsat and SPOT, the sequential number

given to the nominal scene acquisition points

along the orbital paths which trend from

northeast to southwest.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the northwest corner of the minimum bounding rectangle

for the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

northwest corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the north

east corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

north east corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the south

west corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southwest corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The NAD83 based latitude coordinate of the south

east corner of the minimum bounding rectangle for

the data.

The NAD83 based longitude coordinate of the

southeast corner of the minimum bounding

rectangle for the data.

The nominal altitude of the data collection plat

form above the target.

The minimum angle from the surface normal

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The maximum angle from the surface normal

(straight up) to the sun during the data

collection.

The minimum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The maximum azimuthal direction of the sun

during data collection expressed in clockwise

increments from North.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

Page 9
7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The units for the scaled at-sensor radiance values vary by band. To obtain at-sensor radiance values

in Watts/(m2 * sr * ]am) use the formula:

At-sensor Radiance = Scaled Value * Gain + Offset

where the Gain and Offset values are contained in the ASCII header file. The measurement units for

the parameters contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SPATIAL COVERAGE [none]

DATE OBS [DD-MON-YY]

START TIME [HHMM GMT]

END TIME [HHMM GMT]

PLATFORM [none]

INSTRUMENT [none]

NUM BANDS [counts]

BAND QUALITY [none]

CLOUD COVER [none]

PATH NUM [unitless]

ROW NUM [unitless]

NW LATITUDE [degrees]

NW LONGITUDE [degrees]

NE LATITUDE [degrees]

NE LONGITUDE [degrees]

SW LATITUDE [degrees]

SW LONGITUDE [degrees]

SE LATITUDE [degrees]

SE LONGITUDE [degrees]

PLATFORM ALTITUDE [meters]

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG [degrees]

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG [degrees]

CRTFCN CODE [none]

7.3.4 Data Source

The sources of the parameter values contained in the inventory listing file on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SPATIAL COVERAGE

DATE OBS

START TIME

END TIME

PLATFORM

INSTRUMENT

NUM BANDS

Determined by BORIS software from latitude and

longitude information contained in the

data files.

Determined by BORIS software from data and time

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from data and time

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from data and time

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from platform

information contained in the data files.

Constant software value

Determined by BORIS software from processing of

Page 10
BAND QUALITY

CLOUD COVER

PATH NUM

ROW NUM

NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITDE

SW LATIUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

CRTFCN CODE

the data files.

Not assessed.

Not assessed.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from location

information contained in the data files.

Determined by BORIS software from platform

information contained in the data files.

Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information.

Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information

Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information.

Calculated with software from latitude and

longitude and time information.

Assigned by BORIS based on processing.

7.3.5 Data Range

The maximum range of digital numbers in each Landsat MSS image band is limited from 0 (zero) to

128. The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the inventory table on

the CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SPATIAL COVERAGE N/A N/A None None None None

DATE OBS 21-AUG-72 05-SEP-88 None None None None

START TIME 800 1734 None None None None

END TIME 800 1734 None None None None

PLATFORM LANDSAT-I LANDSAT-5 None None None None

INSTRUMENT N/A N/A None None None None

NUM BANDS 4 4 None None None None

BAND QUALITY N/A N/A None None None None

CLOUD COVER N/A N/A None None None None

PATH NUM 33 88 None None None None

ROW NUM 12 22 None None None None

Page 11
NW LATITUDE

NW LONGITUDE

NE LATITUDE

NE LONGITUDE

SW LATITUDE

SW LONGITUDE

SE LATITUDE

SE LONGITUDE

PLATFORM ALTITUDE

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG

MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG

MIN SOLAR AZ ANG

MAX SOLAR AZ ANG

CRTFCN CODE

55.09167 68.91718 None None None None

-163.08096 -99.41002 None None None None

53.7818 67.51253 None None None None

-164.9836 -95.69717 None None None None

53.02074 68.13619 None None None None

-159.07222 -98.33821 None None None None

52.8364 66.77645 None None None None

-161.1463 -96.47385 None None None None

705300 920000 None None None None

36.5 56 None None None None

36.5 56 None None None None

128 156 None None None None

128 156 None None None None

PRE PRE None None None None

Minimum Data Value --

Maximum Data Value --

Missng Data Value --

Unrel Data Value --

Below Detect Limit --

Data Not Cllctd --

The minimum value found in the column.

The maximum value found in the column.

The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank

N/A

None

-- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

-- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

-- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

A sample data record for the level-3s Landsat MSS images is not available here. The following are

wrapped versions of sample records from the inventory table on the CD-ROM:

SPATIAL COVERAGE,DATE OBS,START TIME,END TIME,PLATFORM, INSTRUMENT,NUM BANDS,

BAND QUALITY,CLOUD COVER, PATH NUM, ROW NUM, NW LATITUDE,NW LONGITUDE,NE LATITUDE,

NE LONGITUDE,SW LATITUDE,SW LONGITUDE,SE LATITUDE,SE LONGITUDE,PLATFORM ALTITUDE,

MIN SOLAR ZEN ANG,MAX SOLAR ZEN ANG,MIN SOLAR AZ ANG,MAX SOLAR AZ ANG,CRTFCN CODE

'TRANSECT',21-AUG-72,800,800, 'LANDSAT-I', 'MULTI-SPECTRAL SCANNER',4,

'NOT ASSESSED', 'NOT ASSESSED',37,21,56.69167,-101.321,55.20957,-100.28639,

57.21594,-98.4287,55.71383,-97.49305,915000.0,48.0,48.0,150.0,150.0, 'PRE'

Page 12
8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of Landsat MSS image data tracked by BORIS is a full MSS scene.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The CD-ROM inventory listing file consists of numerical and character fields of varying length

separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no

spaces between the fields.

The Landsat MSS data are stored in their original formats. Each scene is made up of the files as

described below. There are several image processing software packages available with specific

software and help for working with various forms of MSS and other sensor imagery.

The following document may help in extracting the MSS image data from tape:

• The Standard Landsat MSS CCT Format Technical Memo DPD-TM-79-103C from the Data

Processing Division of the CCRS.

The data in the BOREAS archive from Landsat 1 and 2 contain data in both LGSOWG and BIP2

formats. BOREAS data from Landsat 4 and 5 contain only LGSOWG format; there are no data in the

BOREAS archive from Landsat 3.

8.2.1 LGSOWG BSQ format

An image stored in the LGSOWG BSQ format contains 14 files. The files are:

File Description

1 Volume Directory

2 Leader, Band 1

3 Image Data, Band 1

4 Trailer Data, Band 1

5 Leader, Band 2

6 Image Data, Band 2

7 Trailer Data, Band 2

8 Leader, Band 3

9 Image Data, Band 3

i0 Trailer Data, Band 3

ii Leader, Band 4

12 Image Data, Band 4

13 Trailer Data, Band 4

14 Null Volume Directory

8.2.2 LGSOWG BIL format

An image stored in the LGSOWG BIL format contains 5 files. The files are:

File Description

1 Volume Directory

2 Leader

3 Image Data

4 Trailer Data

5 Null Volume Directory

8.2.3 BIP2 format

An image stored in the LGSOWG BIP2 format (also known as the X-format) contains five files.

The files are:

Page 13
File Description

1 Strip 1 Image Data in BIP2 with

2 Strip 2 Image Data in BIP2 with

3 Strip 3 Image Data in BIP2 with

4 Strip 4 Image Data in BIP2 with

5 SIAT file

ID and Annotation

ID and Annotation

ID and Annotation

ID and Annotation

Records

Records

Records

Records

9.1 Formulae

9. Data Manipulations

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

Not applicable.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BORIS staff did not extract or reformat the Landsat MSS data. Processing involved only the

extraction of selected header parameters that have been inventoried in the BORIS data base.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

None

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

Errors could arise in the acquired imagery due to location accuracy, distortion of lengths,

anisomorphism, and the instrument's local coherence and multispectral registrability. Other errors

could arise from inherent radiometric imperfections of the sensors.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Whatever the processing level, the geometric quality of the image depends on the accuracy of the

viewing geometry. Spectral errors could arise due to image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation,

cross-talk, spikes, and response normalization due to change in gain.

Page 14
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

The level-3s Landsat MSS imagery has had geometric corrections applied so that the spatial

resolution for all pixels is 80 m in all bands. The level-3s imagery has a high level of internal spatial

integrity, but the actual geographic coordinate information contained on the tape can be offset from the

actual positions by as much as 20 kin.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS personnel used developed software to extract image header information to enter into a

relational data base. In addition, the software scanned the records of the files checking for proper

record sizes. BORIS personnel did not look at the images themselves.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

Early Landsat data have been known to be noisy and sometimes contain striping, particularly in the

visible bands.

11.3 Usage Guidance

None given.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12. Application of the Data Set

The Landsat MSS data can be used to look at landcover states and changes over the data coverage

period.

None.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

BORIS personnel developed software and command procedures to:

• Extract header information from level-3S Landsat MSS images on tape.

• Log level-3s Landsat MSS image products into the Oracle data base tables.

• Convert image header coordinates between the geographic systems of (latitude, longitude),

UTM (northing, easting), and BOREAS (x,y) grid locations.

Page 15
Thesoftwarementionedunderitems1to 3 is writtenin theC languageandis operationalonVAX

6410andMicroVAX 3100systemsat GSFC.Theprimarydependenciesin thesoftwarearethetape

I/O libraryandtheOracledatabaseutility routines.

Thegeographiccoordinateconversionutility (BOR_CORD)hasbeentestedandusedon

Macintosh,IBM PC,VAX, SiliconGraphics,andSunworkstations.

14.2 Software Access

All of the described software is available upon request. BORIS staff would appreciate knowing of

any problems discovered with the software, but cannot promise to fix them.

15. Data Access

The Landsat MSS imagery is available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System

(EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or oml@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.oml.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

The Landsat MSS data can be made available on 8-mm or Digital Archive Tape (DAT) media.

16.2 Film Products

None.

Page 16
16.3 Other Products

Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual Landsat MSS

images are not. See Section 15 for information about how to obtain the data.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Helder, D. 1993. MSS radiometric calibration handbook: Brookings, South Dakota, South Dakota

State University, 141 p. [Research performed under DOI USGS Cooperative Agreement No.

1434-92-A-00751]

http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/landsat#mss7

Hughes Aircraft Corporation. 1972. Multispectral Scanner System for ERTS. HS324-5214. Santa

Barbara, CA.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1971. NASA Earth Resources Technology Satellite

data users handbook: [Greenbelt, MD], National Aeronautics and Space Administration [variously

paged].

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1976. Landsat data users handbook: [Greenbelt,

MD], National Aeronautics and Space Administration [variously paged].

U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Landsat data users handbook (rev. ed.): [Arlington, Va.], U.S.

Geological Survey [variously paged].

U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1984. Landsat 4 data

users handbook: [Washington, DC], U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration [variously paged].

User's Guide for Landsat Thematic Mapper Computer-Compatible Tapes. 1985. Earth Observation

Satellite Company. Lanham, MD.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Byrne, G.F., P.F. Crapper, and K.K. Mayo. 1980. Monitoring land-cover change by principal

component analysis of multitemporal Landsat data. Remote Sens. Environ. 10:175-184.

Chavez, P.C., S.C. Guptill, and J.A. Bowell. 1984. Image processing techniques for Thematic

Mapper data. Technical Papers. 50th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Soc. of Photogr. 2:728-743.

Crist, E.P. and R.C. Cicone. 1984. Application of the Tasseled Cap concept to simulated Thematic

Mapper data. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens. 50:343-352.

Engel, J.L. and O. Weinstein. 1983. The Thematic Mapper: An Overview. IEEE Transactions on

Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-21:258-265.

Friedel, J. 1992. System description of the Geocoded Image Correction System. Report

GC-MA-50-3915, MacDonald Detwiller Associates, Richmond, B.C.

Hall, F.G., B.J. Markham, J.R. Wang, F. Huemmrich, P.J. Sellers, D.E. Strebel, E.T. Kanemasu,

R.D. Kelly, and B.L. Blad. 1990. FIFE: Results overview. AMS Symposium on the First ISLSCP

Field Experiment (FIFE). Anaheim, CA, February 7-9.

Page 17
Holmes,R.A. 1984.Advancedsensorsystems:ThematicMapperandbeyond.RemoteSens.

Environ. 15:213-221.

Kanemasu,E.T., J.L. Heilman,J.O.Bagley,andW.L. Powers.1977.Using Landsatdatato

estimateevapotranspirationof winterwheat.EnvironmentalManagement.1:515-520.

Lulla, K. 1983.TheLandsatsatellitesandselectedaspectsof PhysicalGeography.Progressin Phy.

Geogr.7:1-45.

Malila, W.A. 1985.Comparisonof theInformationContentsof LANDSAT TM andMSSData.

PhotogrammetricEngineeringandRemoteSensing.51:1449-1457.

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.Nickeson,

A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.2000.CollectedDataof The

BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.

Pollock,R.B.andE.T.Kanemasu.1979.Estimatingleaf-areaindexof wheatwith Landsatdata.

RemoteSens.Environ.8:307-312.

Robinov,C.J.1982.Computationwith physicalvaluesfrom Landsatdigital data.Photogr.Engr.&

Rein.Sens.48:781-784.

Salomonson,V.V. 1984.Landsat4 and5 statusandresultsfrom ThematicMapperdataanalysis.

Proceedings.MachineProcessingof RemotelySensedDataSymposium.Lab.for theApplicationsof

RemoteSensing.WestLafayette,IN. p 13-18.

Satterwhite,M.B. 1984.DiscriminatingvegetationandsoilsusingLandsatMSSandThematicMapper

bandsandbandratios.TechnicalPapers.50thAnnualMeetingof theAmer.Soc.of Photogr.

2:479-485.

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.Ranson,D. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, D.E. Strebel,E.T.Kanemasu,R.D. Kelly, B.L. Blad, B.J.Markham,and

J.R.Wang.1990.Experimentdesignandoperations.AMS SymposiumontheFirst ISLSCPField

Experiment(FIFE).Anaheim,CA. February7-9.

Page18
Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Singh,A.N. andR.S.Dwived. 1986.TheUtility of LANDSAT ImageryasanIntegralPartof the

DataBasefor SmallScaleSoil Mapping.Int. J.RemoteSensing.7:1099-1108.

Taranik,J.V. 1978.Characteristicsof theLandsat Multispectral Data System. U.S. Dept. of the

Interior. Open File Report File Report 78-187. Sioux Falls, SD.

Thompson, D.R. and O.A. Wehmanen. 1980. Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in

corn-soybean growing region. Photogr. Engr. & Rein. Sens. 46:1082-1089.

Williams, D.L., J.R. Irons, B.L. Markham, R.F. Nelson, D.L. Toll, R.S. Latty, and M.L. Stauffer.

1984. A statistical evaluation of the advantages of Landsat Thematic Mapper data in comparison to

Multi-spectral Scanner data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-22.

17.3 Arehive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

ASCII

BIL

BOREAS

BORIS

BPI

BSQ

CCRS

CCT

CD-ROM

DAAC

DAT

EOS

EOSDIS

EROS

ERTS

FOLD

GICS

GSFC

IFOV

LGSOWG

LTWG

MSS

NAD27

NAD83

19. List of Acronyms

- American Standard Code for Information

- Band Interleaved by Line

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Byte per inch

- Band Sequential

- Canada for Remote Sensing

- Computer Compatible Tape

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Digital Archive Tape

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Earth Resources and Observational Systems

- Earth Resources Technology Satellite

- Federally Owned Landsat Database

- Geocoded Image Correction System

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- Instantaneous Field-of-View

- Landsat Ground Station Operations Working

- LGSOWG Technical Working Group

- Multispectral Scanner

- North American Datum 1927

- North American Datum 1983

Interchange

Group

Page 19
NASA

NSA

ORNL

SSA

TIPS

TM

URL

UTM

WWW

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Northern Study Area

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Southern Study Area

- Thematic Mapper Image Processing System

- Thematic Mapper

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Universal Transverse Mercator

- World Wide Web

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 15-Jun- 1998

Last Updated: 23-Jul- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 01-Jul- 1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

The Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images were acquired by CCRS and processed by

RADARSAT International under an agreement with CCRS, and from the USGS EROS Data Center in

South Dakota. The efforts of these groups and the BORIS staff in providing these data are greatly

appreciated.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

BOREAS Staff Science, "BOREAS Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program." In Collected

Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S. Conrad, S.

Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T.

Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 20
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

September 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery: Digital Counts 923

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

Richard Strub and Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Forrest G. Hall and Jaime Nickeson, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 95

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

R. Strub, J.A. Newcomer, and J. Nickeson: Raytheon ITSS

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program focused on providing the research

teams with the remotely sensed satellite data products they needed to compare and spatially extend

point results. The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) Program launched the first of a series

of satellites (ERTS-1) in 1972. Part of the NASA Earth Resources Survey Program, the ERTS Program and the ERTS satellites were later renamed Landsat to better represent the civil satellite

program's prime emphasis on remote sensing of land resources. Landsat satellites 1 through 5 carry

the MSS sensor. CCRS and BOREAS personnel gathered a set of MSS images of the BOREAS region

from Landsat satellites 1, 2, 4, and 5 covering the dates of 21-Aug-1972 to 05-Sep-1988. The data are

provided in binary image format files of various formats.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, remote sensing science, Landsat images.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

2O

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

298-102