United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest 

Service

Technology & 

Development 

Program

2300–Recreation 

April 2014 

1423–2815P–MTDC

A Guide to Maintaining 

the Historic Character 

of Your Forest Service 

Recreation Residence
Cover: This photo in September 1923 shows a newly built recreation 

residence in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains at the Silver Creek 

tract of the Rainier National Forest, which is now part of the Mt. BakerSnoqualmie National Forest in the Pacific Northwest Region.
A Guide to Maintaining 

the Historic Character 

of Your Forest Service 

Recreation Residence

Kathleen Snodgrass 

Project Leader

USDA Forest Service

Technology and Development Center 

Missoula, MT

April 2014

USDA Non-Discrimination Policy

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, 

employees, and applicants for employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, 

disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital 

status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual’s income is 

derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment 

or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases 

will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.)

To File an Employment Complaint

If you wish to file an employment complaint, you must contact your agency’s EEO Counselor 

(http://www.ascr.usda.gov/doc/EEO_Counselor_List.pdf) within 45 days of the date of the 

alleged discriminatory act, event, or in the case of a personnel action. Additional information 

can be found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_file.html.

To File a Program Complaint

If you wish to file a Civil Rights program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA 

Program Discrimination Complaint Form, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_

filing_cust.html, or at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-9992 to request the form. You may 

also write a letter containing all of the information requested in the form. Send your completed 

complaint form or letter to us by mail at U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director, Office of 

Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, by fax (202) 

690-7442 or email at program.intake@usda.gov.

Persons with Disabilities

Individuals who are deaf, hard of hearing or have speech disabilities and you wish to file either 

an EEO or program complaint please contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 

877-8339 or (800) 845-6136 (in Spanish).

Persons with disabilities who wish to file a program complaint, please see information above on 

how to contact us by mail directly or by email. If you require alternative means of communication 

for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) please contact USDA’s 

TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

Forest Service

The Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), has developed 

this information for the guidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooperators. The 

Forest Service assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this information by 

anyone except its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the 

information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement 

or approval of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
ii

Contents

History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The National Historic Preservation Act and Forest Service Special Use Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Your Role in Historic Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Characteristics of Preservation and Rehabilitation Treatment Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

General Principles for Maintaining the Historic Character of Your Recreation Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Interior Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Routine Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Minor Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Major Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chimneys and Flues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Exterior Walls and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Windows and Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Decks, Porches, and Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Secondary Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Landscape, Hardscape, and Site Amenities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Additions to Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Location and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Replacement Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Working Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Contents
1

R

History

Recreation residences played a role in national forest land use policies before the establishment of the Forest Service as an agency of the U.S. Department 

of Agriculture. Between 1897 and 1914, annual special use 

permits authorized individual recreation residences, often 

called summer cabins or summer homes. In 1915, Congress 

passed the “Term Occupancy Act” to allow private recreation 

residences and commercial recreation facilities on National 

Forest System lands. Many national forests identified suitable 

locations for recreational development. They established recreation residence tracts that were divided into individual lots 

for planned recreation development.

By the 1950s, public demand grew for more active outdoor recreation opportunities, such as camping and hiking, 

while the emphasis on establishing new recreation residences 

began to decline. In 1960, the Forest Service stopped promoting the program. The Chief of the Forest Service issued 

a moratorium in 1968, ending the development of new recreation residence tracts. Eight years later, the Forest Service 

expanded the moratorium to halt development of new lots 

within existing tracts. Over the years, many permits have 

expired or have not been renewed. Today, the Forest Service 

administers special use permits for about 14,000 recreation 

residences, a decrease from a peak of nearly 20,000 structures. The Term Occupancy Act represents a unique era in 

Forest Service history and an enduring connection that recreation residence permit holders have with these tracts of public land. 

Introduction

As a recreation residence permit holder, you are a partner with the Forest Service in stewardship of these historic 

resources. As a permit holder of a historic or contributing

recreation residence, you assume the responsibility of maintaining the natural and historic character of your structures, 

improvements, and the land around them. The Forest Service 

developed this guide to help you identify and understand your 

role as the permit holder and owner of your recreation residence on National Forest System lands.

The National Historic Preservation Act and 

Forest Service Special Use Permits

Federal agencies must manage and preserve historic 

properties under Federal jurisdiction, as directed by the 

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Forest Service 

officials are required to identify, evaluate, and plan for potential effects and avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts 

to historic properties located on Federal lands or pursuant to 

a Federal action.

Compliance requirements of the National Historic 

Preservation Act, located in Title 36 of the Code of Federal 

Regulations (CFR) Part 800, section 106, specify a standard 

process that Federal agency officials must use to consider the 

potential impacts of proposed “undertakings” (projects) on 

historic properties. This process is completed through consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), 

Native American Tribes, and other interested parties. Using 

this process, agency officials obtain the best possible information for developing alternatives that avoid, minimize, or 

mitigate any adverse impacts to historic properties.

History 
2

The Forest Service is required to evaluate recreation residences nearing the 50-year-old threshold—the qualifying age 

for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. They 

may be eligible for listing either as individual properties or 

as properties that contribute to a larger historic district (figure 

1). Under Forest Service policy, recreation residences generally are evaluated in conjunction with other residences and 

common areas in the tract where they are located. Newer residences within recreation tracts that are historically significant 

may contribute to the overall eligibility of the tract and may 

be subject to guidance similar to that for older residences 

within the tract. 

This guide applies to recreation residences that are individually or tract eligible for listing or that contribute to a historic district. In some cases, this guide also applies to older 

individual recreation residences and tracts that have not yet 

been fully evaluated for historic significance. Because these 

residences are located on Federal lands, they are covered by the 

National Historic Preservation Act, and the Forest Service is 

required to administer them “in a spirit of stewardship for the 

inspiration and benefit of present and future generations.” One 

Figure 1—This 1961 A-frame 

recreation residence contributes 

to the historic Dalles tract of the 

Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National 

Forest in the Pacific Northwest 

Region. Although this is a newer 

style than usually comes to 

mind when considering historic 

recreation residences, it was 

popular in the region during the 

1950s and 1960s. There are five 

A-frames in this tract; this one 

still looks the same as when it 

was built.

part of this requirement is that changes to these residences 

should conform to “The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards 

for the Treatment of Historic Properties,” which were codified in 36 CFR Part 68 (1995). Newer recreation residences 

within a historic tract may be required to generally conform 

to the principles in this guide so that they will not diminish 

the integrity of the tract as a whole.

This guide does not apply to recreation residences that 

are ineligible for listing individually, are not part of a listed 

or an eligible recreation residence tract, and don’t contribute 

to a historic district. This guide also doesn’t apply to the “isolated cabins” authorized by the Organic Act of 1897. If you 

are unsure whether your recreation residence is covered by 

the National Historic Preservation Act, or whether this guide 

applies to your recreation residence, contact your district 

ranger.

The best ways to preserve the significant historic, architectural, and cultural features of a recreation residence are 

continued use, careful preservation or rehabilitation, and 

periodic maintenance. The Secretary of the Interior’s standards for preservation and for rehabilitation provide guidance 

Introduction 
3

for achieving these purposes, especially when considering 

changes to the outside of buildings. The section “Characteristics of Preservation and Rehabilitation Treatment Standards” 

of this guide, explains what these standards are and how they 

may apply to your recreation residence. The full text of the 

two standards is included near the end of this guide.

Character-defining features (figure 2) are the components that combine to create the appearance or uniquely represent the significance of a historic building. The standards 

address these features and provide guidance to ensure that 

work done to maintain, repair, or improve historic buildings 

does not obscure, damage, or destroy them.

As a Federal agency, the Forest Service is required 

to consult with the SHPO who reviews, advises, and 

recommends approval or disapproval of proposed changes to 

these properties. This consultation helps the Forest Service 

assure proposed projects meet the Secretary’s standards and 

maintain the historic character of the structure and property. 

Figure 2—This recreation 

residence in a riparian 

canyon of the Cleveland 

National Forest in the Pacific 

Southwest Region has 

character-defining features 

typical of that area in the 

1920s: a distinctive low-slope 

roof with exposed rafter tails, 

rock foundation, narrow 

beveled lap siding, rustic 

pole railings, perpendicular 

lattice under the porch, and 

removable screens on each 

window.

However, the Forest Service is legally responsible for 

authorizing proposed changes to historic properties.

Nothing in the National Historic Preservation Act or 

“The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment 

of Historic Properties” prevents recreation residences from 

being used, occupied, maintained, modified, expanded, or—if 

necessary—replaced, after proper review and approvals. Your 

use, occupancy, and maintenance of your historic recreation 

residence continues the historic purpose of the recreation residence tract. In most cases, your interests and Forest Service 

and SHPO preservation goals can be accomplished by recognizing the distinct architectural character of the recreation 

residence, maintaining historic materials, replacing deteriorated material with similar or in-kind new material, and using 

compatible designs for additions and for new construction. 

You also must comply with all applicable Federal, State, 

county, and municipal laws, ordinances, and regulations.

Introduction 
4

Your Role in Historic Preservation

As the permit holder and owner of a recreation residence 

in a historic tract, you are a partner with the Forest Service 

in preserving the historic character of the tract. The restrictions on management and maintenance of the outside of your 

residence and surrounding landscape mean the area where 

your residence is located will retain its natural beauty and the 

characteristics that initially appealed to you. Your neighboring permit holders are working toward the same preservation 

goals, so the overall aesthetic and historical integrity of the 

tract and the long-term real estate value of your residence 

will remain intact.

Recreation residences within historic tracts may look 

nearly the same as when first built, or they may have been 

modified over the years to better serve the needs of their owners. Many residents find that conforming to preservation standards is the best way to sustain the value of their recreation 

residences. In other cases, the rehabilitation standards may 

better address continuing or changing uses. As the owner, you 

decide whether preservation or rehabilitation standards are 

more appropriate for your recreation residence.

Choosing the appropriate treatment standard, as 

explained in the section “Characteristics of Preservation and 

Rehabilitation Treatment Standards” of this guide, will help 

you design and plan maintenance and improvement projects 

that maintain or enhance your recreation residence’s value 

and usefulness.

Evidence of prehistoric and historic use of your recreation residence lot may be hidden under the ground surface. 

Artifacts and evidence of structures or other features may be 

more than 10,000 years old or from the early 1900s. People 

at the site in the past may have left stone or metal arrowheads, spearheads, knives, or other tools, hearths or firepits, 

animal bone fragments, patent medicine bottles, crockery or 

china, toys, or a host of other interesting tidbits. Federal law 

protects these archaeological resources from intentional or 

inadvertent disturbance or removal because of their scientific 

value. Prior to approval of any work that includes ground disturbance, your local district ranger and the ranger’s staff will 

work with you to determine whether an archaeological site 

may be affected. The site could yield exciting archaeological 

discoveries.

Recreation residence special use permits are administered through the ranger district where the recreation residence is located. Whenever your recreation residence needs 

repair or updating that may affect the exterior of the building, 

you should contact your district ranger well in advance of 

the anticipated work. This helps the district ranger schedule 

enough time for necessary prework reviews, consultation 

efforts, and written approvals. You will work with your local 

Forest Service district ranger, heritage program specialists, 

and special use permit administrators to assure that the work 

meets your needs and the requirements for use, occupancy, 

maintenance, rehabilitation, or reconstruction.

The process of review, consultation, and approval takes 

time and must be completed before you can begin work. 

Written approval for “no adverse effect” exterior repairs 

and limited in-kind material replacements may take about 3 

months. It can take around 6 months to obtain final approval 

for work that may have adverse effects. Alternatives that 

avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse effects must be 

explored, Forest Service staff must consult the SHPO and 

sometimes the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, 

and you must complete any necessary mitigation measures 

before you receive approval to change your recreation residence. Final approval for building replacements could take a 

year. 

Some Forest Service units have programmatic agreements that allow for streamlining the regulatory process and 

shortening the review and approval times for some types of 

work. Contact your district ranger to learn whether a programmatic agreement is in place for your recreation residence 

tract and what the agreement covers.

For complex projects that require more than 50 hours 

of Forest Service personnel time, you may have to pay cost 

recovery fees for the administrative costs of processing the 

special use application and/or for compliance monitoring. 

Cost recovery fees are separate from land use fees.

Introduction 
5

This guide will help you in several ways. If you submit 

project proposals that conform to the principles explained in 

this guide, they are likely to help you progress more quickly 

through the review and approval process. The technical information will help you maintain the historic character (figure 3) 

and property value of your recreation residence. 

General information about historic preservation and 

about maintaining and restoring historic buildings is available 

from sources such as the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the National 

Park Service Historic Preservation Services, the National 

Register of Historic Places, the National Trust for Historic 

Preservation, the “Historic Facilities” section of the online 

Forest Service “Facilities Toolbox,” and several Forest Service publications. You can access this information in the 

“Resources” section of this guide.

Figure 3—The character of 

recreation residences varies with 

location. In Florida, screened-in 

porches and ventilated attics 

were important to the comfort 

of residents before electric air 

conditioners became common. 

This 1940s recreation residence 

at the Ocean Pond tract of the 

Osceola National Forest in the 

Southern Region retains most of 

its original appearance.

Characteristics of Preservation and 

Rehabilitation Treatment Standards

“The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties” describe four distinct but interrelated treatment approaches: preservation, rehabilitation, 

restoration, and reconstruction. Each of the standards for 

treatment is supported by guidelines that apply to specific 

resource types, such as buildings. A link to detailed information about all of the standards and guidelines is available in 

the “Resources” section of this guide.

The preservation standard is best suited for keeping a 

building as close to its historic configuration and materials 

as possible while being used similarly to its original purpose. 

This standard focuses on maintenance and repair of a building’s existing historic materials and appearance, including 

historic modifications. When you choose to repair rather than 

Characteristics of Preservation and Rehabilitation Treatment Standards 
6

replace original features, you preserve the authenticity and 

historic value of a building. Some mechanical, electrical, and 

plumbing system improvements and other limited changes 

required to conform to building codes are appropriate for 

preservation projects, but new exterior additions or extensive 

replacements are not. In order for the preservation standard 

to be applied, most of the historic fabric of the building must 

be intact. If you are satisfied with the size and configuration 

of your recreation residence and have no present need to add 

to or modify the structure or the materials, you may choose to 

apply the preservation standard to maintenance projects that 

would result in little or no change to the property’s form, features, or materials.

The rehabilitation standard allows repairs, alterations, 

and additions to historic buildings while preserving those 

portions or features of the building that convey its historical, 

cultural, or architectural values. Historic building materials 

and character-defining features are protected and maintained, 

while damaged or deteriorated materials or features may be 

replaced using traditional or similar substitute materials. Of 

the four treatment approaches, only rehabilitation allows significant alterations and additions. If you need to alter or add 

to your recreation residence to meet continuing or changing 

uses, you may choose to apply the rehabilitation standard. 

Rehabilitation projects have more potential to affect the 

qualities that make a property historically or architecturally 

significant than do preservation projects. Rehabilitation projects are more likely to require Section 106 consultation and 

extensive administrative evaluation than maintenance projects 

that conform to the preservation standard.

Neither the restoration nor the reconstruction standard 

is normally appropriate for use on historic recreation residences. The restoration standard typically is used to restore 

a building to the way it appeared at a particular period in 

its history; for example, when the building was used by an 

important person or when an important event occurred. The 

reconstruction standard typically is used to re-create a historically important building that was partly or completely deteriorated or destroyed.

General Principles for Maintaining 

the Historic Character of Your 

Recreation Residence

How can you as a recreation residence permit holder 

meet regulatory requirements while making the changes that 

will keep your recreational residence suitable for use and 

occupancy by your families and guests? Factors that could 

affect historic integrity and strategies that can be used to 

minimize the effect of changes are explained and illustrated 

in this guide with drawings and photos. Keep in mind that 

State, county, and local ordinances and building codes also 

govern work done to recreation residences. If code requirements appear to conflict with historic preservation, contact 

your district ranger for assistance in developing options for 

resolution. More information about maintaining the historic 

character of recreation residences and tracts follows in the 

“Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings,” “Additions to Existing Buildings,” and “Replacement Buildings” sections of this 

guide.

The general principles for maintaining the historic character of your recreation residence that are explained in this 

guide are based on:

• The Recreation Special Uses Handbook—Forest Service Handbook (FSH) 2709.14, “Chapter 20, Recreation Residences and Other Noncommercial, Privately 

Owned Improvements Authorized to Individuals” and 

other special uses requirements of the Forest Service 

Manual (FSM) and FSH.

• The special use permit and operation and maintenance 

plan requirements issued for all recreation residences 

holders on National Forest System lands.

• FSM 2360, “Heritage Program Management.”

• The nationally accepted principles for preservation 

outlined in “The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards 

for the Treatment of Historic Properties,” especially 

the standards for preservation and for rehabilitation 

(included near the end of this guide).

If you have any doubt, contact your district ranger or 

special use program manager to find out if there is any relevant guidance.

Over time, your cost of maintenance will be substantially 

less than replacing deteriorated historic features and will be 

far less disruptive to your use of your recreation residence. 

General Principles for Maintaining the Historic Character of Your Recreation Residence 
7

Preventing deterioration or stopping decay early helps keep 

the scale and complexity of work manageable. Properly 

maintaining a historic building may be a little different than 

maintaining a modern building. Of course, the same general 

principles apply:

• Foundations, walls, and roofs are all important, but if 

the roof doesn’t keep moisture out, there will soon be 

little else left.

• For longest life, keep everything in good shape rather 

than waiting to repair after parts break or deteriorate.

• Check the building every year. Repair and repaint 

wherever needed.

Although historic building materials and components 

may be more durable than some modern materials if maintained properly, they may require different routine maintenance. For instance, keep exterior wood surfaces (except 

some decay-resistant species) painted or stained to avoid 

deterioration; clean flues and chimneys of wood burning 

stoves and fireplaces at least once a year and sometimes more 

often; regularly clean moss off of wood shingle or shake 

roofs; and attach and remove snow shutters (figure 4) each 

season.

Figure 4—The snow shutters 

have not yet been removed for 

the summer from this recreation 

residence high in the Sierra 

Nevada Mountains of the 

Eldorado National Forest in the 

Pacific Southwest Region.

Include routine maintenance items, as well as repair of 

components that have broken or deteriorated, each time operating plans must be updated, reviewed, and approved by the 

district ranger. Some repairs, such as repointing masonry, 

require advanced technical knowledge and skills to achieve 

the preservation standard. Carefully note these repairs in the 

operating plan to assure that consultation with the SHPO is 

coordinated in a timely manner, if necessary. Seek SHPO or 

professional advice about accomplishing technical preservation maintenance, when appropriate.

Generally speaking, repair and replacement components 

should be “matching” or “in kind.” These terms mean new 

components that exactly or closely match the historic materials in size, composition, spacing, location, color, craftsmanship, design details, and so on. Some exceptions to the 

requirement for in-kind components are explained in this 

guide. Design details include such things as knee braces, 

molding and trim patterns, gutter or handrail shapes, doorknobs or latches, and so on—all the smaller bits and pieces 

that contribute to the overall character of the building.

General Principles for Maintaining the Historic Character of Your Recreation Residence 
8

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Work

From the standpoint of your special use permit, you may 

undertake four types of maintenance and rehabilitation work 

at your historic or contributing recreation residence: interior 

changes, routine maintenance, minor changes, and major 

changes. Each type of work has a different potential to affect 

the historic character of a residence or recreation residence 

tract. Approval requirements differ depending on the seriousness of the potential effect. The Forest Service must individually approve any changes to the building or lot before they 

are made. Your district ranger will let you know if there is a 

programmatic agreement with the SHPO that allows certain 

maintenance to be completed without individual approval.

Interior Changes

Changes to the interiors of recreation residences usually have little to no potential to affect the historic recreation residence tract. Forest Service policy for recreation 

residences does not address nonstructural interior changes. 

Most of these changes are exempt from Forest Service review 

and consultation and are left to your discretion. The Forest 

Service may require you to submit plans for review. Forest 

Service staff may need to consult with the SHPO for major 

structural modifications, such as adding a loft. It is usually in 

your interest to maintain the historic woodwork, fireplaces, 

cabinetry, and other attractive interior features, because they 

add value to your residence.

Routine Maintenance

Routine maintenance (figure 5) consists of making 

approved in-kind exterior repairs to the residence using 

approved identical or carefully matched materials. Routine 

maintenance may include:

• In-kind replacement of a doorknob or one or two 

windowpanes

• Replacement of one or two pieces of siding with 

identical material

• Weeding around the building

Figure 5—Part of the 

windowsill broke off of 

this recreation residence’s 

left window. Replacing 

it with a windowsill 

that exactly matches the 

other windows is routine 

maintenance.

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Work 
9

• Similar activities that don’t visibly change the exterior 

of the building or include structural changes

Repairs that do not match historic materials or that 

change the exterior appearance are not routine maintenance.

Minor Changes

Minor changes (figure 6) always require heritage staff 

review and approval by the district ranger prior to starting 

work. As long as minor changes follow the guidelines, they 

have little potential to affect historic properties.

Figure 6—This window on a cabin at Adams Camp of the Nez Perce National Forest in 

the Northern Region was rebuilt to match the historic window, installed in the original 

window opening, and painted the original color. Window replacements that match the 

historic windows are minor changes.

Minor changes include but are not limited to:

• In-kind replacement of a window or a door

• Repainting with an approved color

• Limited in-kind replacement of siding or trim

• Repair or in-kind replacement of an exterior light fixture

• Maintenance of vegetation on the recreation residence 

lot

Refer to your recreation residence operation and maintenance plan for more information. Please contact your local 

district ranger for further clarification.

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Work 
10

Major Changes

Major changes (figure 7) involve extensive exterior or 

structural work. They may include:

• Repairing the foundation and masonry

• Removing or replacing a structure

• Adding a dormer

• Changing size and arrangement of windows

• Replacing siding

To avoid delaying your planned construction, contact 

your district ranger at least 6 months before you want to 

make major changes. Major changes always require review 

by the Forest Service heritage staff for historic characteristic 

Figure 7—All of the siding on 

this 1917 recreation residence 

at the Chelminar Grotto tract 

of the Okanogan-Wenatchee 

National Forest in the Pacific 

Northwest Region was recently 

replaced with new siding in the 

same configuration as the original 

siding. Siding replacement is a 

major change, even when the 

new siding matches the original 

siding.

compatibility and approval by the district ranger. Forest Service staff also may need to consult with the SHPO. Proposed 

changes may or may not be approved based on historic preservation requirements. However, proposed changes that comply with the guidelines will be more likely to go through the 

review and approval process smoothly.

State or local governments may require that you obtain 

building or sanitation permits for major changes. State and 

local permits are separate from the Forest Service review and 

approval process. You must obtain these permits prior to 

beginning the work.

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Work 
11

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

This section is based on “The Secretary of the Interior’s 

Standards for Rehabilitation” which states that rehabilitation is 

the process of returning a property to a state of utility, through 

repair or alteration, while preserving those portions and features 

significant to its architectural and historic values. It applies to 

routine maintenance, minor changes, and major changes.

Rehabilitation work must comply with the building code 

requirements that have been adopted by the jurisdiction in 

which the recreation residence is located. Because recreation 

residences are built on National Forest System land, work must 

comply with the International Building Codes if they are more 

restrictive than local building codes. In some States, historic 

building codes take precedence over other codes, including 

some portions of specific fire-resistive code requirements.

The most important principle for maintaining the historic 

character of recreation residences is that original, historic 

exterior material should be carefully maintained and repaired. 

When original material has deteriorated beyond repair, use 

replacement materials and methods that match the historic 

design, appearance, pattern, size, scale, proportions, textures, 

colors, and details as close as possible. Do not use modern 

materials that change the appearance of the building. These 

principles apply to the whole exterior of recreation residences, 

including the roof, siding, doors, windows, porches, decks, 

chimneys, and landscaping. The following guidance for major 

building components will help you understand how to apply 

these principles during building rehabilitation projects.

Roofs

Similar roof forms and materials contribute to the sense of 

visual continuity within a recreation residence tract. Preserve 

the original shape, line, slope, and overhang of the roof and of 

architectural features, such as chimneys and dormers. Design 

roof changes to withstand the snow and wind loads of the area, 

as required by local building codes or the International Building Codes, whichever are more restrictive. Comply with any 

State or local fire code requirements when roof materials are 

replaced or other changes are made to a roof. If a replacement 

roof is approved, the new roof should have the same eave depth 

and details (such as rafter tails) as the original (figure 8).

Figure 8—A tree fell during a 

storm and destroyed most of 

the original roof of this 1950 

recreation residence at the Denny 

Creek tract of the Mt. BakerSnoqualmie National Forest in 

the Pacific Northwest Region. 

The new roof structure and 

materials match the appearance 

of the historic roof, although the 

structure was strengthened to 

meet code requirements for snow 

loading.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
12

General Roofing Guidelines

• Follow the guidance in any operating plans or 

best management practices guides that apply to 

your recreation residence.

• Replace old roofing with materials that match 

the original or existing roof.

✧ Match roofing on dormers and additions to 

the rest of the structure.

✧ Match roofing on secondary buildings with 

the main structure.

✧ Choose a roof color that conforms to color 

guidelines in the “Colors” section of this 

guide. 

• Do not use metal, composition, or other fireproof material that resembles wood shingles or 

shakes, unless approved. Consultation among 

the district ranger, SHPO, and local building 

officials may be required.

• Consult with your district ranger before making 

decisions concerning roofing. Requirements 

vary by State and locality. 

You may replace old wood shingles or shakes with 

wood shingles or shakes that are treated with fire-retardant chemicals.

Skylights were not normally installed in pre-1950s recreation residences. Please note that the addition of skylights 

could compromise the historic value of the recreation residence. To increase the likelihood of approval for new skylights, 

locate them where they are not visible from the front of the 

building. Specify skylights small enough that it is not necessary 

to cut the roof purlins or joists to install them. Match the color 

of skylight frames with the color of the roofing. Do not install 

high-profile, bubble-type skylights because they are almost 

always inappropriate and generally will not be approved.

Historically, shed or gable roofed dormers (figure 9) 

were used as a way of letting light in and raising part of the 

ceiling to create usable space in an attic or loft. Maintain and 

repair original dormers using matching materials, colors, and 

design. See the “Additions to Existing Buildings” section of 

this guide for information about adding dormers.

Figure 9—This 1934 photo of a recreation residence at the Deer Lake tract 

of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest in the Eastern Region shows 

a shed-type dormer with windows that bring extra light to the interior of 

the building. The original photo caption: “Very good type of summer home 

construction.”

Chimneys and Flues

Original masonry chimneys and metal stovepipes for 

wood heat stoves or cookstoves are prominent features of 

many recreation residences (figure 10). Historic chimneys 

may have been constructed of native stone, river cobbles, or 

brick. Historic chimneys or flues may have been located on 

the exterior of the gable end, near the middle of the building 

and the peak of the roof, or in another location.

Carefully maintain and repair original stone or masonry 

chimneys, using matching masonry. Match the width, depth, 

color, strike pattern, and texture of the original mortar. If 

the chimney can’t be repaired, a replacement chimney may 

be approved. Use fireproof materials that match the scale, 

size, design, texture, and materials of the original chimney. 

Nonfunctional chimneys usually should be maintained and 

repaired if they contribute to the historic character and design 

of the recreation residence.

Single wall metal pipes or flues from wood stoves that 

extend through the roof or wall without proper shielding from 

combustible materials are extremely hazardous. Because it is 

so dangerous, replacement of a single-wall flue or pipe with 

a code-compliant modern flue or chimney may be approved. 

Adding proper shielding may be a more appropriate choice in 

many cases.

When installing new or replacement chimneys and flues, 

match the scale, size, design, materials, texture, and color of 

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
13

historic chimneys or flues on the residence. If the residence has 

no historic chimneys or flues, design additions or replacements 

to be similar to nearby historic chimneys. Comply with “NFPA 

211—Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid 

Fuel-Burning Appliances” for all new and replacement wood 

stove, fireplace, chimney, and flue installations. View NFPA 

211 on the Web after you have created a username and pass-

word at <http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/document

-information-pages?mode=code&code=211&DocNum=211>.

To draw properly, the top of any flue or chimney must 

be at least 3 feet higher than the roof adjacent to the chimney 

or flue and at least 2 feet higher than any part of the build-

ing (including the roof) that is within 10 horizontal feet of 

the flue or chimney (figure 11). Approval may be needed 

to extend historic chimneys or flues. Use extension materi-

als that match the existing chimney and crown or flue. All 

chimneys and flues must have Forest Service-approved spark 

arresters.

Figure 10—This 1920s photo 

of a recreation residence of the 

Cleveland National Forest in the 

Pacific Southwest Region has a 

distinctive chimney built with 

local stone.

Figure 11—The fieldstone chimney extends well above the roof of this 1957 

recreation residence at the Rollways tract of the Huron-Manistee National 

Forest in the Eastern Region. Smoke rises properly through this chimney 

that meets code requirements. A metal spark arrester prevents the escape of 

burning material that could ignite a forest fire.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
14

Exterior Walls and Supports

The type, materials, and details of the exterior walls 

contribute to the overall character of recreation residences. 

Many residences were constructed of round or hewn logs, 

while others were built with wood frames and one or more 

types of wood siding (figure 12). Exterior design details, 

such as exposed rafter tails or entrance hoods above doors, 

are also important to the character of historic residences.

Sometimes, peeled round logs or natural branches were 

used to support porch roofs or serve as porch railings, adding a rustic or natural appearance to the residence (figure 

13). Natural stone or river cobbles were sometimes used 

rather than siding, especially on the lower portion of the 

BOARD AND BATTEN TONGUE AND GROOVE

WOOD SHINGLES WOOD SHAKES CEDAR BARK LOG CABIN

SHIPLAP

DUTCH LAP DOLLY VARDEN

CHANNEL RUSTIC

BEVELED LAP BEADBOARD

Figure 12—This line 

drawing shows the 

most common historic 

wood siding types on 

recreation residences.

walls (below the windowsills) and covering or comprising the 

foundation (figure 14).

After Forest Service approval, maintain and repair the 

original siding and trim using matching materials, design 

details, and approved colors. If the original siding and trim 

have deteriorated beyond repair, replace them with new materials that match the original appearance, pattern, size, scale, 

proportions, textures, colors, and details. Do not use substitute 

siding materials that would change the appearance of the building, such as vinyl, aluminum, or T1-11 plywood. Use modern 

siding material that looks similar to the original siding only if it 

has been specifically approved on a case-by-case basis.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
15

Figure 13—The peeled log 

porch posts and rails add a rustic 

appearance to this recreation 

residence, which is part of the 

Gramm tract of the Medicine 

Bow-Routt National Forest in the 

Rocky Mountain Region. The 

1905 cabin, the oldest cabin at 

the Gramm tract, once served as a 

general store.

Figure 14—Natural stone was 

used at the corners, on the lower 

portion of the walls, and as the 

foundation for this recreation 

residence at the Pisgah National 

Forest in the Southern Region.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
16

Windows and Doors

Windows and doors are prominent visual elements of any 

building and often reflect the architectural style or period of 

construction. The pattern, arrangement, location, size, design 

details, and shape of windows and doors contribute significantly to a building’s historic and stylistic character.

The original windows in many historic recreation residences are true divided lite windows, which means that the 

window is composed of several small panes of glass (lites), 

separated by muntins. In most cases, at least half of each window slides open either horizontally or vertically or swings 

open on hinges. Removable screens (figure 15) were attached 

to the outside of many windows during the summer so that 

they could be opened without admitting bugs. In deep snow 

areas, removable or operable shutters (see figure 4) often 

covered the windows in the winter to prevent breakage from 

accumulated snow.

Vertically opening windows (figure 16) usually were 

single hung (only half of the window moves), but some were 

double hung (each of the two halves of the window open). 

Figure 15—The screen on this 

small divided-lite window keeps 

bugs out when the window is 

open during the summer. The 

screen is attached using four 

pivoting double wing screen 

clips for easy removal. The 1958 

recreation residence is at the 

Rollways tract of the HuronManistee National Forest in the 

Eastern Region.

Some historic recreation residences have hinge-opening windows (figure 17). Casement windows swing open on side 

hinges and awning windows swing open on top hinges.

Number terminology indicates how many panes of glass 

are in a window. For example, a one-over-one (1/1) window 

has one pane of glass in the upper half of the window and one 

pane in the lower half. In the early 1900s, patterns such as 3/1 

and 6/1 were common for vertically opening windows (see 

figure 16).

Historic recreation residence doors usually were constructed from several pieces of wood—a frame of vertical 

stiles and horizontal rails holding raised or flat panels in 

place, referred to as “rail and stile” or “frame and panel” 

(figure 18). One or more windowpanes were sometimes used 

instead of panels in the upper part of the door. “Ledge and 

brace” or “plank and batten” doors were made from several 

vertical boards tied together by horizontal boards at the top 

and bottom and sometimes included a diagonal bracing board 

to keep the door square (figure 19).

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
17

SIX-OVER-ONE

WINDOW

MUNTIN

SINGLE-HUNG

SASH

Figure 16—This line drawing shows a 6/1 single hung window, common for 

early 20th century recreation residences.

Figure 17—These line drawings show the difference between a side-hinged 

casement window and a top-hinged awning window.

CASEMENT WINDOW AWNING WINDOW

Figure 18—This rail and stile door is original to a mid-20th century 

recreation residence at the High Rollways tract of the Huron-Manistee 

National Forest in the Eastern Region.

Figure 19—These drawings show the difference in appearance between rail 

and stile and plank and batten doors.

RAIL AND STILE DOOR

 WITH WINDOWS

PLANK AND BATTEN DOOR

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
18

After you receive Forest Service written approval, carefully maintain and repair original wooden windows and doors 

whenever possible. If replacement is necessary, match the 

original size, proportions, and details. Although retention of 

historic material (wood) is recommended, substitute materials 

may be approved on a case-by-case basis, especially in areas 

prone to fires, hurricanes, or floods. Make sure the texture, 

shape, and style match the historic window or door.

General Window and Door Guidelines

• Follow the guidance in any operating plans or best management practices that 

apply to your recreation residence.

• Do not use stock doors and windows that don’t fill the existing door and window 

openings.

• Do not use snap-in muntins. Energy-efficient windows with multipane divisions 

may be approved on a case-by-case basis.

• Retain the original window configuration, if possible (figure 20).

• Do not use vinyl or aluminum windows unless specifically approved.

• Do not change the number, location, proportion, or size of the windows and 

doors on the front of the building. New windows or doors on the sides and rear 

of your recreation residence may be approved on a case-by-case basis.

Figure 20—This series of drawings 

shows the difference between 

appropriate and inappropriate 

replacement windows. Appropriate 

replacement windows are the same 

size and configuration as original 

windows.

ORIGINAL WINDOW INAPPROPRIATE

WINDOW REPLACEMENT

APPROPRIATE

WINDOW REPLACEMENT

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
19

Sliding glass doors may be approved for installation on 

recreation residences originally constructed after 1960 in a 

style, such as A-frame, where such doors were a common 

architectural feature. On older residences, swinging doors 

with large areas of glass may be approved in some instances 

if they aren’t visible from the front of the building.

Replacement wood storm and screen windows or doors 

may be approved for installation if the style matches those 

used originally (figure 21). Metal storm or screen windows or 

doors with a painted or baked-enamel finish in colors matching the guidelines in the “Colors” section of this guide may 

be approved on a case-by-case basis. Match the size of the 

original window frames or doorframes. Interior storm windows 

will not change the character of the original window, and you 

don’t need approval to install them.

After you receive Forest Service approval, carefully 

maintain and repair historic permanent window shutters. 

Replacement of irreparable shutters may be approved if they 

match the materials, style, and color of the original shutters. 

Do not add permanent shutters if shutters weren’t part of the 

original building design. You may add winter or storm shutters if they can be removed without damaging the window 

frames. Shutters must completely cover the window opening 

when closed. Decorative, non-functional shutters are almost 

always inappropriate and probably will not be approved.

Figure 21—The wood screen 

door is original to this small 1938 

recreation residence at the Loon 

Lake tract of the Huron-Manistee 

National Forest in the Eastern 

Region.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
20

Foundations

A firm foundations is essential to structural integrity and 

ties the building into the site. Historic recreation residences 

may have been built on continuous concrete foundation walls, 

concrete or concrete block piers, native rock or river cobble 

masonry foundation walls, rock piers, brick piers, wood 

skids, or wooden posts or piers. Foundations may have been 

constructed in various heights: short so that the floor was 

close to the ground (figure 22), moderately high so that the 

building was raised above the ground a foot or two (figure 

23), or even quite tall to encourage ventilation, to accommodate sloping sites (figure 24), or to take advantage of views.

Whatever the material and configuration, carefully maintain and repair the historic foundation of your residence with 

matching materials that are approved by the Forest Service. 

Figure 22—This 1948 recreation 

residence in the Hart Creek tract at 

the Okanogan-Wenatchee National 

Forest in the Pacific Northwest 

Region was built close to the 

ground on a concrete foundation. 

The low foundation has not led to 

deterioration of cabin logs because 

the climate is relatively dry and the 

soil drains well.

If a foundation fails, you will need Forest Service approval 

to replace it. The replacement foundation must comply with 

current building codes and be built of material that looks similar to the original foundation or other historic foundations 

in the area. The replacement foundation should be the same 

height as the original unless drainage or other structural problems must be remedied. Do not use exposed concrete block 

unless the original foundation was constructed of that material. In some locations, the Forest Service may approve stone 

or brick facing to cover concrete foundations.

 Some recreation residences may be constructed on or 

near archaeological sites. Extra care, permitting, and archaeological surveys may be required for ground disturbing activities at these locations.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
21

Figure 23—The foundation of 

this 1938 recreation residence 

at the Indian Creek tract of the 

Okanogan-Wenatchee National 

Forest in the Pacific Northwest 

Region raises the floor 1 to 3 feet 

above the gently sloping ground.

Figure 24—This recreation 

residence at the Cascades tract 

of the Medicine Bow National 

Forest in the Rocky Mountain 

Region was built in 1927 on 

a concrete block post and 

beam foundation—a relatively 

inexpensive method to support 

a building on a sloping lot. This 

foundation may not meet current 

building codes.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
22

General Foundation Guidelines

• Follow the guidance in any operating plans or 

best management practices that apply to your 

recreation residence.

• Install approved new utility connections below 

ground or on the side or back of the building to 

minimize changes to the appearance of the residence. You may need an archaeological survey 

prior to trenching for the buried line.

• If previously painted, repaint foundations using 

colors that match the guidelines in the “Colors” 

section of this guide.

You may install approved skirting around the 

perimeter of residences with exposed foundation piers 

to keep animals out or mask utility connections. The 

new skirting must match the original siding or skirting that was typically used in the time period when the 

residence was constructed. Typical historical skirting 

materials include dry stacked stone, vertical boards, 

and perpendicular or diagonal lattice.

Decks, Porches, and Railings

Decks and porches reflect the recreational purpose of 

recreation residences and often serve as an extension of the 

living space, allowing the owners to enjoy natural settings 

(figure 25). These features were usually made of wood, but 

some porch or deck floors may have been constructed using 

concrete or masonry. Railings were commonly built as a 

safety barrier if the porch or deck was raised off the ground. 

Peeled round logs or natural branches may have been used 

to support porch roofs or as porch railings to add a rustic or 

natural appearance to the building.

After receiving written Forest Service approval, carefully 

maintain and repair original and existing porches, decks, and 

railings with matching materials. If the original porch, deck, 

railing, or any of its distinctive elements has deteriorated 

beyond repair, replace the unserviceable pieces with new 

materials that match the original appearance, pattern, size, 

scale, proportions, textures, colors, and details.

Figure 25—The covered front porch of this small recreation residence at the 

Upper Teanaway tract of the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest in the 

Pacific Northwest Region adds a pleasant outdoor living space.

General Deck, Porch, and Railing Guidelines

• Follow the guidance in any operating plans or 

best management practices that apply to your 

recreation residence.

• Do not use substitute materials that change the 

appearance of the porch, deck, or railing, such 

as stainless steel cables. Substitute material that 

simulates the appearance of the original material may be approved on a case-by-case basis.

• Do not enclose porches or decks that were not 

historically enclosed with screening or walls. 

Leave porches and decks open to the surrounding environment.

• Match historic styles when adding new railings 

that are needed for safety.

Adding a porch, deck, or railing where none 

existed before may adversely affect historic structures. New porches, decks, and railings are considered 

additions to buildings. See the “Additions to Existing 

Buildings” section of this guide for guidance. New 

porches or decks may not be approved in some areas 

due to soils or fisheries concerns, wildfire hazards, or 

historic preservation restrictions. Contact your district 

ranger for more information.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
23

Secondary Buildings

In some recreation tracts, secondary buildings were constructed at about the same time as the recreation residences 

to provide storage for firewood, sanitary facilities, sheltered 

outdoor living space, and so on. Existing secondary buildings such as outhouses (figure 26), garages, sheds, and water 

towers may be contributing elements to the historic district.

Historic secondary buildings are usually made from the same 

materials as the main building and show the same stylistic 

features (figure 27).

After Forest Service approval, maintain secondary buildings to the same standards as primary buildings. Secondary 

buildings are inappropriate in some historic recreation residence tracts. In these tracts, existing secondary buildings may 

remain in place only if conditionally accepted. Your permit 

will specify the conditional terms, if they apply.

Figure 26—Historic outhouses are common in recreation residence tracts. 

On occasion, a secondary building, such as this 1940 Works Progress 

Administration-built outhouse at the Pintal Mountain tract of the Tonto 

National Forest in the Southwest Region, may be of higher historic 

significance than the recreation residence on the lot, particularly if the 

residence has been modified. This “modern” outhouse (properly sited, 

vented, and screened, with a concrete floor) was built as part of a nationwide 

effort to replace inadequate outhouses that led to transmission of diseases.

Figure 27—This early 20th 

century photo shows a family 

enjoying a covered outdoor room 

next to its recreation residence at 

the Silver Springs tract of the Mt. 

Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest 

in the Pacific Northwest Region. 

The outbuilding was built about 

the same time as the residence 

with similar materials in a similar 

style.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
24

Colors

In general, historic recreation residences within tracts 

were originally painted or stained similar to their neighbors. 

The predominant colors varied with location but usually harmonized with the surroundings.

Repaint or stain exterior surfaces using the existing 

approved color or the same color as the original paint or 

stain. In some instances, you may use another Forest Service-approved color. Contact your local district ranger for 

approved paint or stain colors for your specific recreation 

residence tract. You must receive Forest Service approval of 

paint and stain colors before application. Generally, approved 

exterior colors blend with the surrounding landscape, including those for outside doors, trim, and casings. Bright colors 

usually are not appropriate for buildings or trim in any recreation residence tracts, but there may be exceptions where 

there is clear evidence of historic use of bright colors.

Landscape, Hardscape, and Site Amenities

National forest recreation residence permit holders generally were not encouraged to add landscape, hardscape, or 

site amenities to their lots (figure 28). However, where these 

elements are present, they may be part of the overall character of the tract and may be worthy of preservation. Retention 

and maintenance of these items are determined on a case-bycase basis.

Forest Service policy is to phase out nonnative lawns 

and nonnative or invasive plants, especially in riparian areas. 

Native grasses, shrubs, wildflowers, and trees do not need 

watering or require weed killers or fertilizer that could leach 

into watersheds. The Forest Service may approve native 

plantings if appropriate for the historic character of the tract.

Fences and modern concrete block or cast walkway 

or driveway pavers can’t be added without Forest Service 

approval. New permanent outdoor fireplaces and gazebos 

are almost always inappropriate and are not likely to be 

approved. Retention and maintenance of historical fences, 

historic walks (figure 29) and pathways, historic stone or 

brick outdoor fireplaces, and historic gazebos will be determined by the Forest Service on a case-by-case basis.

Figure 28—This 1938 recreation residence is surrounded only by native 

vegetation at the Moore’s Creek area of the Boise National Forest in the 

Intermountain Region.

Figure 29—These historic stone steps and retaining wall contribute to 

the overall character of the Bryant tract. The tract is part of the Eldorado 

National Forest in the Pacific Southwest Region.

Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 
25

Additions to Existing Buildings

Many recreation residences have been added to over 

time (figure 30). In some instances, new additions may be 

desirable to meet the needs of current owners. An addition is 

almost always a better choice than removing and replacing 

the historic recreation residence with a new structure. However, the new addition should not detract from the historic 

character of the existing recreation residence.

Historic additions were usually subordinate in scale and 

character to the main building, lower in height, located on 

the rear or side of the building, and made of materials similar 

to the original construction. This tradition of preserving and 

Figure 30—Located at the Seven 

Oaks tract of the San Bernardino 

National Forest in the Pacific 

Southwest Region, the addition 

on the back of this log recreation 

residence is compatible in size 

and construction.

echoing the architectural style and materials of the original 

recreation residence should be followed when designing new 

additions.

Additions are always considered major changes. Forest Service staff must review the plans and consult with the 

SHPO for historic characteristic compatibility before approving an addition. You must obtain Forest Service approval 

prior to beginning work. Building additions must comply 

with local building and sanitation codes. You must obtain any 

required State or local permits prior to construction.

Additions to Existing Buildings 
26

Location and Size

Locate additions as inconspicuously as possible to maintain the original appearance of the building, especially from 

the front. In most cases, place additions at the side or back of 

the historic structure (figure 31) to allow the proportions and 

character of the original building to remain apparent. Generally, do not design additions that are taller or located higher 

on the lot than the original building. Stay within the limits to 

the total size of the residence, including additions. Contact 

your district ranger for specific information.

Character-defining features are the components that 

combine to create the appearance or uniquely represent the 

significance of a historic building. Do not design an addition 

that will obscure, damage, or destroy the character-defining 

features of the historic building. This may mean constructing 

a connection between the addition and the original building 

that is narrower than the rest of the addition, as shown in several of the drawings in figure 31.

Figure 31—This series of 

drawings shows appropriate 

locations (back or side) and 

proportional sizes for recreation 

residence additions

Additions to Existing Buildings 
27

Appearance

Design and construct your addition to look different 

enough from the historic recreation residence that it is obvious it is not part of the original building, yet similar enough 

that it doesn’t distract from or clash with the original building. Use slightly different, but still historically appropriate, 

materials. For instance, you might use shingle siding on the 

addition to a log building. Or, you might use smooth-planed 

siding on the addition of a residence with rough-sawn siding, 

especially if the siding boards are the same width. Be aware 

that the use of siding materials such as T1-11, vinyl, or metal 

is almost always inappropriate if those materials were not 

available when the original residence was built. The Forest 

Service may approve composite siding or other materials if 

the appearance is similar to historic siding.

Consider the style, mass, scale, materials, color, roof 

form, and proportion and spacing of the windows and doors 

when designing compatible additions. Align the foundation 

for your addition with the original foundation.

Design the ratio of openings (windows and doors) to 

solid walls of your addition to be similar to that of the original recreation residence. Generally, opening areas that are a 

noticeably larger percentage of the total wall area are inappropriate (figure 32), except on porches. The Forest Service 

may approve larger expanses of glass on the side or back of 

an addition on a case-by-case basis.

ORIGINAL RATIO 33% WINDOWS 50% WINDOWS

Figure 32—These three 

drawings show the differences 

that result from increasing the 

ratio of openings to solid walls. 

Noticeably larger ratios produce 

an incompatible appearance.

Additions to Existing Buildings 
28

Match the pitch (figure 33) and shape of the roof for 

your addition to that of the original building. The Forest Service may accept a different pitch and shape if they were commonly used on other historic buildings in the area. For example, in some areas, shed or hip roofs were commonly used for 

porches and small entrance hoods on gable roof buildings, so 

these roof shapes might be acceptable for those types of additions. Use roofing for your addition that matches the main 

building roof.

12

 3

12

 5

12

 8

12

 12

Figure 33—These four 

drawings show the differences 

in appearance of common roof 

pitches.

Design dormer additions to be subordinate to the overall 

roof massing and to have about the same size and roof pitch 

as existing historic dormers (if any). If there are no existing 

dormers, match the pitch of new gable or hip dormers to the 

pitch of the main roof. Contact your district ranger for information on appropriate roof pitch for shed dormers.

Additions to Existing Buildings 
29

Locate new dormers to minimize changes to the roof 

purlins or rafters of the original building. Match the setbacks 

of existing dormers (if any) from the roof ridgeline and outside building wall. If there are no existing dormers, set new 

dormers a minimum of 3 feet toward the center of the building from the outside of the first floor wall and at least 12 

inches below the roof ridge or at least 3 feet from the ridge 

measured along the roof slope. Do not design the width of 

new dormers to be more than one-half of the overall roof 

width (figure 34). Two small dormers on the same elevation 

often can be a suitable alternative to one large dormer.

3' MIN 1/2 W MAX 12" MIN

3' MIN

W (ROOF WIDTH)

Figure 34—New dormers should 

be located at least 3 feet from the 

ridge of the roof and the outside 

wall of the recreation residence. 

Dormers should not be more 

than half the width of the roof.

Design new dormer windows to have the same proportions and style as the building’s original windows. Match the 

siding of new dormers to existing dormers (if any) or use siding similar to the main outside walls of the building. The Forest Service may approve shingles similar to the existing roof 

materials for use as dormer siding in some cases. Match roofing of new dormers to the rest of the roof. Match new dormer 

detailing to existing dormers or the rest of the building. This 

means that if the rest of the building has exposed rafter tails, 

new dormers must also have exposed rafter tails. If the rest of 

a building has divided lite windows, the dormers must also, 

and so on.

Additions to Existing Buildings 
30

Replacement Buildings

If a recreation residence is destroyed by an act of nature 

such as a forest fire or flood, the Forest Service may approve 

construction of a replacement residence. In some cases, an 

alternate location (legally referred to as an “in lieu lot”) that 

is less likely to be affected by an act of nature may be offered 

for the replacement residence. In a few cases, the Forest 

Service may not renew permits for destroyed recreation residences beyond the current permit period due to over-riding 

local considerations.

Removal and replacement of an existing intact historic 

recreation residence always has an adverse impact and is 

not a course of action that should be undertaken lightly. The 

review and approval process is likely to take about a year. In 

many historic recreation residence tracts, the Forest Service 

is unlikely to approve such replacements. The process normally includes:

• Consultation between the recreation residence owner 

and the Forest Service for consideration of alternatives to replacement

• Formal agency consultation with the SHPO

• Implementation of stringent mitigation measures 

(funded by the recreation residence owner)

Alternatives may include measures such as retaining the 

existing residence but expanding with a small, appropriate 

addition. If “recordation” of the existing structure is required 

before it is removed or an archaeological investigation is 

required prior to or during demolition or construction, you 

will be responsible for the cost. In addition, environmental 

and safety requirements and constraints, such as protection 

of streamside areas or vegetation from equipment and debris, 

may increase your demolition or construction costs. If you 

and the Forest Service can’t come to an agreement about the 

appropriate mitigation, the Forest Service may invoke the disagreement provisions of the Recreation Residence Permit.

The replacement of a recreation residence is a major 

change. Review and consultation for historic characteristic compatibility must be completed before approval can be 

granted. Keep in mind that for complex or controversial projects, this may include an assessment of cost recovery fees if 

the processing or monitoring requires more than 50 hours of 

Forest Service personnel time.

If your replacement of a recreation residence in a historic tract is approved, design and construct the new recreation residence to complement and be compatible with the 

patterns and styles of the historic buildings in the residential 

tract (figure 35). This does not mean replicating a neighboring historic recreation residence or designing a structure that 

creates a false sense of history. It means that your replacement residence must be of similar size and shape as historic 

recreation residences in the area, and it must be built using 

similar materials, colors, proportions, windows, and doors. 

The design also must conform to any requirements stipulated 

during negotiations and consultation with the SHPO. Contact 

your district ranger for more specific design requirements.

Replacement recreation residences must comply with 

local building and sanitation codes. You must obtain any 

required permits prior to beginning construction or reconstruction.

See the sections on “Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings” and “Additions to Existing Buildings”of this guide for 

details on materials, proportions, and features. Additional 

variations that are allowed for replacement residences are 

identified in the General Replacement Building Guidelines.

Replacement Buildings 
31

Figure 35—This replacement 

recreation residence at the 

Okanogan-Wenatchee National 

Forest’s Indian Creek tract in the 

Pacific Northwest Region was 

built in 2006. The size, general 

shape, proportions, window-towall ratio, colors, and materials 

are reasonably similar to historic 

residences in the tract, but the 

design doesn’t mimic the historic 

buildings.

General Replacement Building Guidelines

• Follow the guidance in any operating plans or best management practices that apply to your recreation residence.

• Design a replacement residence that has shape, size, and proportions—including roofs, walls, foundations, 

windows, and doors—that are compatible with and complement the surrounding setting, site, and landscape 

features.

• Make the general form of the replacement building a simple shape similar to nearby existing historic residences.

• Ensure that the front of the replacement residence is similar width to the existing historic buildings in the recreation residence tract.

✧ If more width is needed, include wings or bays set back several feet from the front of the building to reduce 

the visual difference from common historic widths or forms.

• Follow the overall size restrictions within your recreation residence tract. Contact your district ranger if you 

are unsure of the restrictions.

• Use exterior materials for the replacement recreation residence that are consistent with the wooded environment and architectural style of adjacent historic residences. Details such as eave and window trim, rafter tails, 

or use of sawn or round timbers should be consistent. The Forest Service may approve modern materials for 

use if their form and appearance is similar to those used in nearby historic recreation residences.

Replacement Buildings 
32

Working Together

We look forward to working with you as a partner in preserving the historic character of the tract in which your recreation residence is located. Working together, we can ensure 

that this area will retain its natural beauty and continue to 

provide the recreation opportunities you enjoy.

As you consider how to maintain your recreation residence to suit the needs of your family and guests, keep the 

general principles outlined in this guide in mind. Our goal is 

to help you move through the necessary review and approval 

process smoothly and quickly.

This guide explains the general requirements for maintaining historic recreation residences. As you begin to plan 

your work, review the more detailed information about maintenance, renovation, additions, and replacement of recreation 

residences that is available from your district ranger. Check 

your operation and maintenance plan, special use permit, the 

“Best Management Practices Guide for Maintaining the Historic Character of Permitted Recreation Residences,” or other 

documents provided by your district ranger. Contact your district ranger with any questions or suggestions on how we can 

better work together.

Resources

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP)

The ACHP is an independent Federal agency that promotes the preservation, enhancement, and productive use of 

our Nation’s historic resources and advises the President and Congress on national historic preservation policy. Links and 

resources from the ACHP include the text of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 <http://www.achp.gov

/docs/nhpa%202008-final.pdf> and Protecting Historic Properties: A Citizen’s Guide to Section 106 Review

<http://www.achp.gov/docs/CitizenGuide.pdf>.

401 F Street, NW, Suite 308

Washington, DC 20001–2637

Phone: (202) 517–0200

Email: achp@achp.gov

Web site: <http://www.achp.gov>

National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers (NCSHPO)

NCSHPO is the professional association of the State government officials who carry out the national historic preservation 

program as delegates of the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended 

(16 USC 470).

Suite 342, Hall of the States

444 N. Capitol Street, NW

Washington, DC 20001

Phone: (202) 624–5465

Web site: <http://www.ncshpo.org/>

Working Together 
33

National Park Service Cultural Resources Preservation

This branch of the National Park Service helps our Nation’s citizens and communities identify, evaluate, protect, and preserve historic properties for future generations of Americans. The branch provides links and resources, such as The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties <http://www.nps.gov/tps/standards.htm>, 

and publications, such as

• Preservation Brief 4: Roofing for Historic Buildings 

<http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/4-roofing.htm>

• Preservation Brief 45: Preserving Historic Wooden Porches 

<http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/45-wooden-porches.htm>

• Preservation Brief 47: Maintaining the Exterior of Small and Medium Size Historic Buildings

<http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/47-maintaining-exteriors.htm>

1849 C Street, NW (2255)

Washington, DC 20240

Phone: (202) 513–7270

Web site: <http://www2.cr.nps.gov/preservation.htm>

National Register of Historic Places

The National Register of Historic Places is the official list of the Nation’s historic places worthy of preservation. Links 

and resources from the national register besides the register list include contact information for the State Historic Preservation Offices <http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/shpolist.htm> and other basic national register information and publications such 

as My Property Is Important To America’s Heritage, What Does That Mean: Answers To Questions For Owners Of Historic Properties <http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/index.htm>.

1849 C Street, NW (2280)

Washington, DC 20240

Phone: (202) 354–2211

Web site: <http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/>

National Trust for Historic Preservation

The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded nonprofit organization working to save America’s historic places. The organization takes direct action, advocates on Capitol Hill and in statehouses and town halls, and works with 

government and the public to preserve and protect historic buildings and sites. The organization works to build sustainable 

communities, promote diversity and place, protect historic places on public lands, and re-imagine historic sites through advocacy, local chapters, PreservationNation Web site, and Preservation magazine.

National Trust for Historic Preservation

The Watergate Office Building

2600 Virginia Ave., Suite 1000

Washington, DC 20037

Phone: (202) 588–6000

Email: info@savingplaces.org

Web site: <http://www.preservationnation.org/>

Resources 
34

Forest Service Heritage Program

<http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/heritage/>

Forest Service Manual 2360–Heritage Program Management

<http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/fsm/2300/2360.doc>

Forest Service Manual 2300–Recreation, Wilderness, and Related Resource Management

<http://www.fs.fed.us/cgi-bin/Directives/get_dirs/fsm?2300!..>

Forest Service Handbook 2709.11, Chapter 20–Cost Recovery

<http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/fsh/2709.11/wo_2709.11_20.doc>

Forest Service Handbook 2709.14–Recreation Special Uses Handbook

Chapter 20–Recreation Residences and Other Noncommercial, Privately Owned Improvements Authorized to Individuals

<https://fs.usda.gov/FSI_Directives/2709.14_contents.doc>

Forest Service

1400 Independence Ave., SW

Washington, DC 20250–0003

Phone: (800) 832–1355

The National Technology and Development Program

The historic facilities section of the electronic Forest Service Facilities Toolbox, the Early 20th Century Building Materials series of publications: Siding and Roofing, Fiberboard and Plywood, Resilient Flooring, and Introduction, and the publication Dovetails and Broadaxes: Hands-On Log Cabin Restoration

• Toolbox Web page <http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/toolbox/his/index.htm>

• Publications Web page <http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/

• Controlling Rodents in Forest Service Facilities: Reports From the Field

Available to Forest Service and BLM employees at:

<http://fsweb.mtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/php/library_card.php?p_num=0471%202332>

Missoula Technology and Development Center

5785 Hwy 10 West

Missoula, MT 59808

Phone: (406) 329–3900

36 CFR 251.58–Cost Recovery

<http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title36-vol2/xml/CFR-2011-title36-vol2-sec251-58.xml>

Resources 
35

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation

1) A property will be used as it was historically, or be 

given a new use that maximizes the retention of distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships. Where a treatment and use have not been 

identified, a property will be protected and, if necessary, stabilized until additional work may be undertaken.

2) The historic character of a property will be retained 

and preserved. The replacement of intact or repairable 

historic materials or alteration of features, spaces, and 

spatial relationships that characterize a property will 

be avoided.

3) Each property will be recognized as a physical record 

of its time, place, and use. Work needed to stabilize, 

consolidate, and conserve existing historic materials 

and features will be physically and visually compatible, identifiable upon close inspection, and properly 

documented for future research.

4) Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their own right will be retained and preserved.

5) Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that 

characterize a property will be preserved.

6) The existing condition of historic features will be 

evaluated to determine the appropriate level of intervention needed. Where the severity of deterioration 

requires repair or limited replacement of a distinctive 

feature, the new material will match the old in composition, design, color, and texture.

7) Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will 

be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. 

Treatments that cause damage to historic materials 

will not be used.

8) Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed, 

mitigation measures will be undertaken.

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation 
36

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation

The following standards are to be applied to specific 

rehabilitation projects in a reasonable manner, taking into 

consideration economic and technical feasibility.

1) A property shall be used for its historic purpose or be 

placed in a new use that requires minimal change to 

the defining characteristics of the building and its site 

and environment.

2) The historic character of a property shall be retained 

and preserved. The removal of historical materials or 

alteration of features and spaces that characterize a 

property shall be avoided.

3) Each property shall be recognized as a physical record 

of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false 

sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or architectural elements from other 

buildings, shall not be undertaken.

4) Most properties change over time; those changes that 

have acquired historic significance in their own right 

shall be retained and preserved.

5) Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize 

a historic property shall be preserved.

6) Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather 

than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration 

requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new 

feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, 

and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence.

7) Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not 

be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means 

possible.

8) Significant archaeological resources affected by 

a project shall be protected and preserved. If such 

resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures 

shall be undertaken.

9) New additions, exterior alterations, or related new 

construction shall not destroy historic materials that 

characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with 

the massing, size, scale, and architectural features to 

protect the historic integrity of the property and its 

environment.

10) New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner that if 

removed in the future, the essential form and integrity 

of the historic property and its environment would be 

unimpaired.

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation 
37

Glossary

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation: An independent agency of the United States Government that promotes the preservation, enhancement, and productive use of 

the Nation’s historic resources and advises the President and 

Congress on national historic preservation policy.

Character Defining Features: Physical components that 

combine to create the appearance or uniquely represent the 

significance of a historic building.

Consultation: Working with interested parties such as State 

Historic Preservation Officers; Federal, State, and local agencies; Indian tribes; Native Hawaiian organizations; and the 

private sector to determine concerns about a project and identify potential measures to avoid or mitigate adverse effects to 

a historic property.

Design Details: Smaller bits and pieces that contribute to 

the overall character of the building, such as knee braces, 

molding and trim patterns, gutter or handrail shapes, doorknobs or latches, and so on.

Historic Character: Visual and tangible characteristics of 

a building that convey a sense of time and place or reflect 

important events or people associated with the building.

Historic Tracts: Established locations within national forests containing one or more cabins authorized in accordance 

with the recreation residence program that have been evaluated and found to be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.

In-kind or Matching Components: New components 

that closely or exactly match the replaced historic materials in size, material, spacing, location, color, craftsmanship, 

design details, and so on.

Isolated Cabins: Cabins or small houses that were authorized under the authority of the Organic Act of 1897. They 

are privately owned but located on National Forest System 

land. They are similar in size and purpose to recreation residences, but are not within a recreation residence tract.

Mitigation: Action taken to reduce the severity or effect 

of the adverse effect to a historic property. Mitigation may 

include records searches, relocation or salvage and reuse of 

buildings or significant features, photographic documentation, detailed structural drawings, excavation of archaeological sites, and other measures.

National Historic Preservation Act: The 1966 law 

(amended several times) that established a Federal program 

for the preservation of historic and archaeological sites in the 

United States. Among other things, the act created the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, State Historic Preservation Officers, National Register of Historic Places, and the 

Section 106 review process.

National Register of Historic Places: Administered by 

the National Park Service, the register is the official nationwide list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects 

that are officially designated “historic properties.” To be 

listed, properties must meet age, significance, and integrity 

requirements. Listed properties are not legally protected from 

damage or destruction but do benefit from the prestige of listing and also qualify for certain grants, loans, and tax incentives. These properties are referred to as “listed.” Properties 

that likely meet the requirements to be listed but haven’t gone 

through the formal process are referred to as “eligible.”

No Adverse Effect: Does not directly or indirectly alter 

characteristics of a historic property that qualify it for inclusion in the register.

Preservation: The act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of 

a historic property.

Glossary 
38

Recreation Residences: Privately owned, noncommercial 

residence located on National Forest System lands and authorized by a recreation residence term special use permit that 

is maintained by the permit holder for personal, family, and 

guest use and enjoyment and is not a permanent residence.

Rehabilitation: The process of returning a property to a 

state of utility, through repair or alteration, while preserving 

those portions and features significant to its architectural and 

historic values.

Restoration: The act or process of accurately depicting the 

form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a 

particular period of time.

Section 106 Review: Each project affecting eligible or 

listed historic properties owned, funded, or permitted by Federal agencies must undergo a review process that evaluates 

the project and, if necessary, establishes methods to avoid 

or mitigate adverse effects. Section 106 is the section of the 

National Historic Preservation Act that defines the review 

process.

Special Use Permits: Legal documents that allow a specific occupancy or use of National Forest System land for a 

specific period of time.

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO): Each 

State, each territory, Puerto Rico, and Washington, DC, has 

established its own SHPO. The SHPO coordinates statewide 

inventory of historic properties; nominates properties to the 

national register; maintains a statewide preservation plan; 

coordinates with other SHPOs and the Federal Government 

on historic preservation issues; administers Federal assistance 

for historic preservation in that State; assists Federal agencies 

in carrying out their historic preservation responsibilities; and 

advises, assists, and educates people and governments within 

the State.

Acknowledgments

A dedicated team of Forest Service heritage and recreation special uses professionals from every region, the Washington Office, and Grey Towers provided extensive advice 

and background material, resolved difficult issues, and were 

crucial to the production of this report. The author expresses 

her thanks and gratitude to team members Matt Arnn, Milo 

Booth, Penni Borghi, Carl Davis, Cindy Dean, Julett Denton, 

Troy Ferone, Greg Greenway, Donna Grosz, Melissa Hearst, 

Jan Hollenbeck, Michael Kaczor, Joyce McKay, Susan Marvin (retired), Karen O’Leary, Candice Polisky, Will Reed, 

Ken Sandri, Bill Sapp, Jim Sauser, Brandon Smith, Gail 

Throop, Brian Vachowski (retired), Richa Wilson, and Bill 

Yourd. Thanks also to the National Forest Homeowners Officers and Directors, especially Geoff Anderson, Sarah Dahl, 

Roy Glauthier, Mary Clarke Ver Hoef, and Chris Oberti.

The author would like to thank the many Forest Service 

employees who provided photos and the Missoula Technology and Development Center draftsperson Deb Mucci, who 

provided drawings to illustrate the concepts in this report.

As always, many thanks to MTDC editors Geraldine 

Wolf and Andrew McLean, visual information specialist 

Sunni Bradshaw, and office automation clerk Claudia Ruple 

for their work on this report.

Acknowledgments 
About the Author

Kathleen Snodgrass came to MTDC as a project 

leader in 2001. She began her career with the Forest Service 

at the Nez Perce National Forest, working in facilities, landscape architecture, land line, and general engineering before 

serving as the facilities architect for about 7 years. She also 

spent about 10 years working in highway design and construction with the Idaho Division of Highways after graduating from Washington State University in 1974 with a bachelor’s of science degree in architectural studies.

Library Card

Snodgrass, Kathleen. 2014. A Guide to Maintaining the 

Historic Character of Your Forest Service Recreation Residence (1423–2815P–MTDC). Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Missoula Technology 

and Development Center. 38 p.

This guide will help owners of recreation residences 

within Forest Service recreation tracts maintain the historic 

character of their recreation residences. It explains how owners can meet regulatory requirements while making necessary 

changes to suit their needs. Through drawings and photos, 

information is provided about factors that could affect historic integrity and strategies that can minimize the effect of 

changes.

Keywords: additions, alterations, archaeological 

resources, cabins, character, construction, historic, in-kind, 

maintenance, National Historic Preservation Act, preservation, recreation, rehabilitation, repairs, replacements, residences, restoration, special use permits, summer homes

Additional single copies of this publication may be 

ordered from:

USDA Forest Service

Missoula Technology and Development Center

5785 Hwy. 10 West

Missoula, MT 59808–9361

Phone: 406–329–3978

Fax: 406–329–3719

Email: wo_mtdc_pubs@fs.fed.us

Electronic copies of MTDC’s documents are available on the Internet at:

http://www.fs.fed.us/pubs 

Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management 

employees can search MTDC’s documents, CDs, 

DVDs, and videos on their internal computer networks at:

http://fsweb.mtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/search/

http://fsweb.sdtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/

For additional technical information contact MTDC:

Phone: 406–329–3900

Fax: 406–329–3719