NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 50

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jaime Nickeson, Editors

Volume 50

BOREAS RSS-4 1994 Jack Pine Leaf

Biochemistry and Modeled Spectra in

the SSA

Stephen Plummer, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, UK

Neil Lucas, University of Kingston, UK

Terry Dawson, University of Southampton, UK

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

July 2000

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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 50

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jaime Nickeson, Editors

Volume 50

BOREAS RSS-4 1994 Jack Pine Leaf

Biochemistry and Modeled Spectra in

the SSA

Stephen Plummer, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, UK

Neil Lucas, University of Kingston, UK

Terry Dawson, University of Southampton, UK

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

July 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS RSS-4 1994 Jack Pine Leaf Biochemistry and Modeled Spectra

in the SSA

Stephen Plummer, Neil Lucas, Terry Dawson

Summary

The BOREAS RSS-4 team focused its efforts on deriving estimates of LAI and leaf chlorophyll and

nitrogen concentrations from remotely sensed data for input into the Forest BGC model. This data set

contains measurements of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) needle biochemistry from the BOREAS SSA in

July and August 1994. The data contain measurements of current and year-1 needle chlorophyll,

nitrogen, lignin, cellulose, and water content for the OJP flux tower and nearby auxiliary sites.

The data have been used to test a needle reflectance and transmittance model, LIBERTY (Dawson

et al., in press). The source code for the model and modeled needle spectra for each of the sampled

tower and auxiliary sites are provided as part of this data set. The LIBERTY model was developed and

the predicted spectral data generated to parameterize a canopy reflectance model (North, 1996) for

comparison with AVIRIS, POLDER, and PARABOLA data. The data and model source code are

stored in ASCII files.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS RSS-04 1994 Jack Pine Leaf Biochemistry and Modeled Spectra in the SSA

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The needle biochemistry data set described here was obtained from the Southern Study Area (SSA)

Old Jack Pine (OJP) (Pinus banksiana) site during Intensive Field Campaign (IFC)-2 in 1994 (19-Jul

to 08-Aug-1994) of the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). The data were collected to

help parameterize leaf and canopy reflectance and ecosystem simulation models. The data comprise

Page 1
measurementsof currentandyear1needlechlorophyll,nitrogen,lignin, cellulose,andwatercontent

for towerandauxiliarysiteslocatedaroundtheOJPflux tower.Theneedleswerestrippedfrom

branchessampledfrom theuppercanopyusinga shotgunor, wherethecanopywaslow,using

clippers.Alsoincludedaspartof thisdatasetarethesourcecodefor theLeafIncorporating

BiochemistryExhibitingReflectanceandTransmittanceYields(LIBERTY)modelandmodeledneedle

spectrafor eachof thesampledtowerandauxiliarysites.Thedatasetalsocontainsneedlespectral

reflectanceandtransmittanceforthesesamplesgeneratedusingtheLIBERTY model.LIBERTYis a

leafreflectancemodeldevelopedaspartof adoctoralthesisby TerryDawson;afull descriptionis

availablefrom referencesgivenin Section17.A copyof thesourcecodefor version1.1of the

softwareis availableonrequest.SeeSection14.2.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

TheRemoteSensingScience(RSS)-04investigationsweredesignedto obtainLeafAreaIndex

(LAI), fractionof absorbedPhotosyntheticallyActiveRadiationfPAR andfoliar chemistrydatafor a

complex,spatiallyvariableforestcanopyin orderto:

• Parameterizeanecosystemsimulationmodel.

• Testempiricalrelationshipshypothesizedbetweenbiophysicalvariablesandremotelysensed

data.

• Parameterizeaforestreflectancemodelandcompareit with AirborneVisibleandInfrared

ImagingSpectrometer(AVIRIS),PolarizationandDirectionalityofEarthReflectance

(POLDER)andPortableApparatusfor RapidAcquisitionsof BidirectionalObservationsof

LandandAtmosphere(PARABOLA)datato deducewhetherobservedbetweencanopy

chemistryandreflectanceareaproductof canopystructureratherthanfoliar chemical

variationsthemselves(seereferencelist,Section17).

• Drive theecosystemsimulationmodelwithestimatesof LAI andchemistryderivedfrom

remotelysenseddata.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Variationinjackpineneedlechemistrycomprising:cellulose,chlorophyll,lignin,nitrogen,and

wateracrosstherange(high,medium,low production)of auxiliaryandtower sites.Needlereflectance

andtransmittancespectraweregeneratedusingtheLIBERTYneedlereflectancemodel(see

references).

1.5 Discussion

Themeasurementsthatcomprisethisdatasetwerecollectedasacontributiontothedetermination

of thebiochemicalcharacteristicsof theBOREASSSA.Suchmeasurementswererequiredto

parameterizeleafandcanopyreflectancemodelsandasinitial indicatorsof canopystatefor usein

ecosystemmodelssuchasFOREST-BGC.Thedatasetprovidedhereiscurentlyexperimental,for

reasonsdescribedbelowandshouldbeusedin thiscontext.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREASRSS-041994SouthernStudyAreaJackPineLAI andFPARData

BOREASRSS-07LAI, GapFraction,andfPAR Data

BOREASTE-09PhotosyntheticCapacityandFoliageNitrogenDataovertheNSA

Page2
2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. Stephen Plummer, Professor Paul Curran

2.2 Title of Investigation

RSS-04: Coupling Remotely Sensed Data to Ecosystem Simulation Models

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Dr. Stephen Plummer

Role: data collection and transport, project supervision

Section for Earth Observation

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology

Monks Wood

Abbots Ripton

Cambs, PE17 2LS UK

+44 1487 773381

+44 1487 773277 (fax)

S.Plummer@ite.ac.uk

*formerly Remote Sensing Applications Development Unit British National Space Centre

Contact 2:

Dr. Neil Lucas

Role: data collection and transport

School of Geography

University of Kingston

Penrhyn Road

Kingston upon Thames

Surrey, KTI 2EE UK

+44 181 547 7510

+44 181 547 7497 (fax)

Contact 3:

Mr. Terry Dawson

Role: sample processing and the LIBERTY model

Doctoral student

Department of Geography

University of Southampton

Highfields

Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK

Contact 4:

Jaime Nickeson

Raytheon ITSS

NASA GSFC

Code 923

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-3373

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Jaime.Nickeson@ gsfc.nasa.gov

Page 3
3. Theory of Measurements

For discussion of the LIBERTY leaf reflectance model, please see the papers by Dawson et al.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Branch samples were collected in ambient atmospheric conditions during the sampling period.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

All spectral measurements were made using laboratory facilities at the Universities of Southampton

and New Hampshire.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

Not applicable.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Concentrations (mass basis) of cellulose, chlorophyll, lignin, nitrogen, and water in current and

>= 1-year-old needles. Infinite reflectance, single needle reflectance, and transmittance predicted using

the LIBERTY needle reflectance model (see references).

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

A Perkin-Elmer Lambda 19 spectrophotometer was used for 'infinite reflectance' measurements of

fresh and dried ground jack pine needles as well as powdered samples of individual biochemicals.

Infinite reflectance is the reflectance from a stack of needles of sufficient thickness that the addition of

more needles does not change the reflectance.

The Perkin-Elmer Lambda 19 spectrophotometer is a double-beam, double-monochromator, ratio

recording spectrometer operating in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectral ranges. The

instrument was connected to an integrating sphere 60 mm in diameter. The two detectors consisted of

(i) a side window photomultiplier for the visible wavelengths and (ii) a PbS detector for the

near-infrared wavelengths. A prealigned tungsten-halogen lamp provided the illumination source. The

reflectance spectra of samples were scanned over the 400-2500-nm wavelength interval with 1-nm

increments. The spectral resolution varied between 1 to 2 nan in the 400-1000 nan wavelengths and

from 4 to 5 nm in the middle infrared (1000-2500 nm). Calibration of the instrument was performed

using internal radiometric and spectral calibration standards and a barium sulphate (BaSO4) standard.

Instrumental corrections were performed as necessary, according to sample mounting and

measurement type (Hosgood et al., 1994). Because water vapor absorbs radiation in the near-infrared

range, the instrument was continually purged with nitrogen during measurements, the pressure being

maintained at 3 to 4 bars.

Measurements of single jack pine needle reflectance and transmittance spectra were made using a

Zeiss Universal Microspectrophotometer (UMSP) 50 microscope that was linked to a computer for

data acquisition and processing. Illumination was from a 100 W tungsten light with a color temperature

of 3400 K. Depending upon the optical configuration, reflectance and transmittance measurements

were taken at 1 nm steps over a wavelength range of 400-800 nm, individual values being determined

from a mean of 16 measurements taken along the length of each needle and based upon a mean of 10

measurements taken at each sample point. A grating monochromator was used between the leaf

specimen and the photometer with a slit width set to 10 nm. Measurements were made under an X20

dry objective with a measurement spot of approximately 500 micrometers being used, although this

was varied to the largest possible area measurement of the leaf surface to maintain maximum

homogeneity. Measurements were standardized against a didymium spectroscopy standard.

Page 4
Leafbiochemistrymeasurementsweregeneratedfromneedlesamplesobtainedat l0 jackpine

tower/auxiliarysiteslocatedin thevicinity of theSSAOJPandYoungJackPine(YJP)Towersites.

Eightbranchsamplesper sitewereobtainedaftersundown.Thebranchletswereimmediatelydivided

intocurrentyearandgreaterthan1-year-oldneedlesandstoredin polythenebagsin coldboxes.The

sampleswerethentransferredto refrigeratorsatPaddockwoodSchool.Thebranchletsampleswere

strippedof theirneedlesandtheneedlesweighedbeforetransferto afreezerto awaitshippingbackto

theUK.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

See Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.5.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument**

Perkin-Elmer Analytical Instruments

Seer Green Customer Centre

Chalfont Rd, Seer Green

Bucks HP9 2FX, UK

(http://www.perkin-elmer.com/)

Carl Zeiss Ltd

P.O. Box 78

Woodfield Rd

Welwyn Garden City

Herts AL7 1L, UK

(http://www.zeiss.co.uk/)

** Mention of company names or instruments does not indicate recommendation by the Natural

Environment Research Council (NERC) or the University of Southampton.

4.2 Calibration

Prediction of chemistry is dependent on known calibration standards provided by (for chlorophyll)

the Aldrich Chemical Company (UK) and (for lignin, cellulose and nitrogen) developed by the

University of New Hampshire (UNH).

LIBERTY was developed specifically for conifer needles so the estimation of single leaf reflectance

and transmittance spectra from stacked needles is possible. However, the program is equally valid for

any leaf species with the minor caveat that the in-vivo absorption coefficients used were determined

from empirical work on various pine species.

4.2.1 Specifications

Calibration of the Perkin-Elmer instrument was performed using internal radiometric and spectral

calibration standards and a BaSO4 standard. Instrumental corrections were performed as necessary,

according to sample mounting and measurement type (Hosgood et al., 1994). Because water vapor

absorbs radiation in the near-infrared range, the instrument was continually purged with nitrogen

during measurements, the pressure being maintained at 3 to 4 bars. Measurements with the Zeiss

instrument were standardized against a didymium spectroscopy standard.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

None given.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

None given.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

Not applicable.

Page 5
5. Data Acquisition Methods

These leaf biochemistry measurements were generated from needle samples obtained at 10 jack pine

tower/auxiliary sites located in the vicinity of the SSA OJP and YJP tower sites. The site codes are as

follows:

F516P*

F7JOP

F7J1P

F8L6T (SSA-YJP tower)

G1K9P

G2L3T (SSA-OJP tower)

G4K8P

G7K8P

G8L6P

G9LOP

*See Section 6.2, Field Notes.

Samples were acquired from the upper tree canopy using either tree clippers (for young trees) or a

large-bore shotgun for mature trees.

Shotgun sampling was restricted to areas outside the wind aligned blob (WAB) for the two tower

sites. Shotgun sampling in the upper canopy is more difficult than it seems, primarily because the

shooting position can result in shoulder bruising from the recoil and because of the resistance of

branches to falling. A number of shot types were assessed in the sampling and the most effective type

for bringing down branches from the upper canopy proved to be 00 gauge, a compromise between

large scatter and high velocity shot.

Eight branch samples per site were obtained after sundown. The branchlets were immediately

divided into current year and greater than 1-year-old needles and stored in polythene bags in cold

boxes. The samples were then transferred to refrigerators at Paddockwood School. The branchlet

samples were stripped of their needles and the needles weighed before transfer to a freezer to await

shipping back to the UK.

For shipping, the samples were sealed in polythene Ziploc bags in a cool box containing dry ice.

Because of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations on transport of dry ice on passenger

aircraft, the amount of dry ice used was restricted. On arrival in the UK, the samples were transferred

to a large freezer facility at University of Wales, Swansea, and subsequently to a similar facility at the

University of Southampton.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

None given.

6.2 Field Notes

02-Aug-1995 Site F516P not found. A sample site was thus established at 150 m in from Route

913 on a bearing of 59 degrees.

• 02-Aug-1995 Site F7J1P 60% Jack Pine, 20% Spruce, 20% Aspen.

• 02-Aug-1995 Site F7JOP 34% Jack Pine, 33% Spruce, 33% Aspen.

Page 6
7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The eight branch samples per site were a compromise between time/manpower and

representativeness, particularly given that some of the auxiliary sites were not particularly uniform in

terms of species. The coverage was also restricted to jack pine for the same reasons. The following site

locations were sampled North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83):

Site West North UTM UTM UTM

Longitude Latitude Easting Northing Zone

F8L6T 104.64527

G2L3T 104.69203

F516P 105.11174

F7JOP 105.05116

F7JIP 105.03226

GIK9P 104.74810

G4K8P 104.76399

G7K8P 104.77147

G8L6P 104.63755

G9LOP 104.73778

53.87581

53 91634

53 86608

53 88334

53 88211

53 90881

53 91884

53 95882

53 96558

53 97576

523350.7 5969540

520257.0 5974035

492681.9 5968405

496666.7 5970320

497909.2 5970183

516576.8 5973183

515529.6 5974295

515023.9 5978742

523807.6 5979530

517227.6 5980634

0 13

0 13

0 13

0 13

0 13

0 13

0 13

0 13

0 13

0 13

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The data are point measurements at the given locations.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

All the samples were collected from 25-Jul-1994 to 05-Aug-1994.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Not available.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

These data represent the jack pine leaf chemistry during the 1994 growing season.

Page 7
7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

Model Data: Infinite reflectance, single needle reflectance and transmittance predicted using the

LIBERTY needle reflectance model (see refs). The parameters contained in the data files on the

CD-ROM are:

For sample data:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE NUM

SAMPLE GROUP

LEAF WATER CONC

LEAF NITROGEN CONC

LEAF LIGNIN CONC

LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

REVISION DATE

CRTFCN CODE

For mean data:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE GROUP

NUM OBS

MEAN LEAF WATER CONC

SDEV LEAF WATER CONC

MEAN LEAF NITROGEN CONC

SDEV LEAF NITROGEN CONC

MEAN LEAF LIGNIN CONC

SDEV LEAF LIGNIN CONC

MEAN LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

SDEV LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

REVISION DATE

CRTFCN CODE

Page 8
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Model data:

Variable Definition

infinite reflectance

single needle reflectance

transmittance

predicted reflectance

predicted single needle reflectance

predicted single needle transmittance

For sample data:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE NUM

SAMPLE GROUP

LEAF WATER CONC

LEAF NITROGEN CONC

LEAF LIGNIN CONC

LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

CRTFCN CODE

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by

BOREAS, in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is

the group associated with the sub-site

instrument e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the

identifier for sub-site, often this will refer to

an instrument.

The date on which the collection of data

commenced.

The date on which the collection of the data was

terminated.

The identifier given to the BOREAS auxiliary and

tower sites during the execution of field

operations. An example of this is B9B7A.

The number of the sample.

Arbitrary designation assigned to a group of

samples which were used to derive statistics.

Water content, calculated as a function of dry

mass, in current and >= 1-year-old needles.

Spectrally-derived concentration of cellulose in

current and >= 1-year-old needles.

Spectrally-derived concentration of lignin in

current and >= 1-year-old needles.

Spectrally-derived concentration of cellulose in

>= 1-year-old needles

Spectrophotometrically derived concentration of

chlorophyll-a in current and >= 1-year-old

needles

Spectrophotometrically derived concentration of

chlorophyll-b in current and >= 1-year-old

needles

Spectrophotometrically derived concentration of

total chlorophyll in current and >= 1-year-old

needles

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Page 9
REVISION DATE

For mean data:

Column Name

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE GROUP

NUM OBS

MEAN LEAF WATER CONC

SDEV LEAF WATER CONC

MEAN LEAF NITROGEN CONC

SDEV LEAF NITROGEN CONC

MEAN LEAF LIGNIN CONC

SDEV LEAF LIGNIN CONC

MEAN LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

SDEV LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by

BOREAS, in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is

the group associated with the sub-site

instrument e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the

identifier for sub-site, often this will refer to

an instrument.

The date on which the collection of data

commenced.

The date on which the collection of the data was

terminated.

The identifier given to the BOREAS auxiliary and

tower sites during the execution of field

operations. An example of this is B9B7A.

Arbitrary designation assigned to a group of

samples which were used to derive statistics.

Number of observations of the given sample used

to calculate given values.

Mean leaf water content, calculated as a function

of dry mass, in current and >= 1-year-old

needles.

Standard deviation of leaf water content,

calculated as a function of dry mass, in current

and >= 1-year-old needles.

Mean spectrally-derived concentration of nitrogen

in current and >= 1-year-old needles.

Standard deviation of spectrally-derived

concentration of nitrogen in current and >=

1-year-old needles.

Mean of spectrally-derived concentration of lign

in in current and >= 1-year-old needles.

Standard deviation of spectrally-derived

concentration of lignin in current and >=

1-year-old needles.

Mean spectrally-derived concentration of

cellulose in current and >= 1-year-old needles.

Standard deviation of spectrally-derived

concentration of cellulose in current and >=

1-year-old needles.

Page 10
MEANLEAFCHLOROPHYL A CONC

SDEVLEAFCHLOROPHYL A CONC

HEANLEAFCHLOROPHYL B CONC

SDEVLEAFCHLOROPHYL B CONC

HEANLEAFCHLOROPHYL TOTCONC

SDEVLEAFCHLOROPHYL TOTCONC

CRTFCNCODE

REVISIONDATE

Mean of 8 samples of spectrophotometrically

derived concentration of chlorophyll-a in current

and >= 1-year-old needles

Standard deviation of spectrophotometrically

derived concentration of chlorophyll-a in current

and >= 1-year-old needles

Mean spectrophotometrically derived concentration

of chlorophyll-b in current and >= 1-year-old

needles

Standard deviation of spectrophotometrically

derived concentration of chlorophyll-b in current

and >= 1-year-old needles

Mean spectrophotometrically derived concentration

of total chlorophyll in current and >=

1-year-old needles

Standard deviation of spectrophotometrically

derived concentration of total chlorophyll in

current and >= 1-year-old needles

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Model data:

Variable Units

infinite reflectance

single needle reflectance

transmittance

unitless

unitless

unitless

For sample data:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE NUM

SAMPLE GROUP

LEAF WATER CONC

LEAF NITROGEN CONC

LEAF LIGNIN CONC

LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

REVISION DATE

CRTFCN CODE

[none]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

[DD-MON-YY]

[none]

[none]

[none]

[percent]

[percent]

[percent]

[percent]

[milligrams] [gram^-i ]

[milligrams] [gram^-i ]

[milligrams] [gram^-i ]

[DD-MON-YY]

[none]

Page 11
For mean data:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE GROUP

NUM OBS

MEAN LEAF WATER CONC

SDEV LEAF WATER CONC

MEAN LEAF NITROGEN CONC

SDEV LEAF NITROGEN CONC

MEAN LEAF LIGNIN CONC

SDEV LEAF LIGNIN CONC

MEAN LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

SDEV LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

REVISION DATE

CRTFCN CODE

[none

[none

[DD-MON-YY]

[DD-MON-YY]

[none

[none

[counts]

[]ercent]

[]ercent]

[]ercent]

[]ercent]

[]ercent]

[]ercent]

[]ercent]

[]ercent]

[milligrams]

[milligrams]

[milligrams]

[milligrams]

[milligrams]

[milligrams]

[DD-MON-YY]

[none]

[gram^-i ]

[gram^-i ]

[gram^-i ]

[gram^-i ]

[gram^-i ]

[gram^-i ]

7.3.4 Data Source

The source of the parameter values contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Model data:

Variable Source

infinite reflectance

single needle reflectance

single needle transmittance

LIBERTY needle reflectance model

LIBERTY needle reflectance model

LIBERTY needle reflectance model

For sample data:

Column Name Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE NUM

SAMPLE GROUP

LEAF WATER CONC

LEAF NITROGEN CONC

LEAF LIGNIN CONC

LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

Page 12
REVISION DATE

CRTFCN CODE

For mean data:

Column Name

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE GROUP

NUM OBS

MEAN LEAF WATER CONC

SDEV LEAF WATER CONC

MEAN LEAF NITROGEN CONC

SDEV LEAF NITROGEN CONC

MEAN LEAF LIGNIN CONC

SDEV LEAF LIGNIN CONC

MEAN LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

SDEV LEAF CELLULOSE CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC

REVISION DATE

CRTFCN CODE

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[RSS04 team]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Laboratory analysis of fresh samples]

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

[Assigned by BORIS Staff]

7.3.5 Data Range

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the data files on the

CD-ROM.

Model data:

Variable Range

infinite reflectance

single needle reflectance

single needle transmittance

0.0 - 1.0

0.0 - 1.0

0.0 - 1.0

For sample data:

Column Name

Minimum Maximum Missng

Data Data Data

Value Value Value

Unrel

Data

Value

Below

Detect

Limit

Data

Not

Cllctd

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

START DATE

END DATE

OP GRID ID

SAMPLE NUM

SAMPLE GROUP

LEAF WATER CONC

SSA-9JP-AUX02

RSS04-LCH01

25-JUL-94

05-AUG-94

F516P

1

0

55.6

SSA-YJP-FLXTR None None None None

RSS04-LCH01 None None None None

25-JUL-94 None None None None

05-AUG-94 None None None None

G9LOP None None None None

72 None None None None

1 None None None None

164.9 -999 None None None

Page 13
LEAF NITROGEN CONC .8 1.51 None

LEAF LIGNIN CONC 21.98 28.23 None

LEAF CELLULOSE CONC 31.39 45.45 None

LEAF CHLOROPHYL A .946 3.17 -999

CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL B .056 1.129 -999

CONC

LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT 1.278 4.001 -999

CONC

REVISION DATE 26-AUG-98 26-AUG-98 None

CRTFCN CODE CPI CPI None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

For mean data:

Column Name

Minimum Maximum Missng

Data Data Data

Value Value Value

Unrel

Data

Value

Below

Detect

Limit

Data

Not

Cllctd

SITE NAME SSA-9JP-AUX02 SSA-YJP-FLXTR None

SUB SITE RSS04-LCH01 RSS04-LCH01 None

START DATE 25-JUL-94 25-JUL-94 None

END DATE 05-AUG-94 05-AUG-94 None

OP GRID ID F516P G9LOP None

SAMPLE GROUP 0 1 None

NUM OBS 6 ii None

MEAN LEAF WATER CONC 72 146.6 -999

SDEV LEAF WATER CONC 3.4 16.8 -999

MEAN LEAF NITROGEN .975 1.285 -999

CONC

SDEV LEAF NITROGEN .042 .142 -999

CONC

MEAN LEAF LIGNIN 23.373 27.298 -999

CONC

SDEV LEAF LIGNIN .227 1.213 -999

CONC

MEAN LEAF CELLULOSE 33.616 43.565 -999

CONC

SDEV LEAF CELLULOSE .453 2.386 -999

CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL .294 .682 -999

A CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL .085 .212 -999

A CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL 1.87 3.205 -999

B CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL .278 .644 -999

B CONC

MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL 1.533 2.6 -999

TOT CONC

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL .226 .565 -999

TOT CONC

REVISION DATE 26-AUG-98 26-AUG-98 None

CRTFCN CODE CPI CPI None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Page 14
Minimum Data Value --

Maximum Data Value --

Missng Data Value --

Unrel Data Value --

Below Detect Limit --

Data Not Cllctd --

The minimum value found in the column.

The maximum value found in the column.

The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank

N/A

None

-- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

-- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

-- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

The following are wrapped verions of records from sample data files:

Model Predicted spectra file:

Wave,R, single refl, single trans,R, single refl, single trans,R, single refl,

single trans,R, single refl, single trans,R, single refl, single trans,R,

single refl, single trans,R, single refl, single trans,R, single refl, single trans,

R, single refl, single trans,R, single refl, single trans

400,0.026798,0.026788,0.019226,0.021052,0.021049,0.013404,0.022272,0.022268,

0.014603,0.023306,0.0233,0.015637,0.0226,0.022595,0.01493,0.026995,0.026984,

_.019432,_.026845,_.026835,_.019275,_.023424,_.023418,_.015756,_.020923,_.02092,

0.013278,0.023411,0.023405,0.015743

Sample data file:

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,START DATE,END DATE,OP GRID ID,SAMPLE NUM, SAMPLE GROUP,

LEAF WATER CONC,LEAF NITROGEN CONC,LEAF LIGNIN CONC,LEAF CELLULOSE CONC,

LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC,LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC,LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC,

REVISION DATE,CRTFCN CODE

'SSA-9JP-AUX02', 'RSSO4-LCHOI',25-JUL-94,05-AUG-94, 'F516P',I, '0',i.395,1.02,22.28,

41.92,1.303, .261,1.564,26-AUG-98, 'CPI'

'SSA-9JP-AUX02', 'RSSO4-LCHOI',25-JUL-94,05-AUG-94, 'F516P',2, '0',i.244, .88,22.28,

38.82,1.548, .259,1.807,26-AUG-98, 'CPI'

'SSA-9JP-AUX02', 'RSSO4-LCHOI',25-JUL-94,05-AUG-94, 'F516P',3, '0',i.25, .92,24.1,

39.1,i.i01, .462,1.563,26-AUG-98, 'CPI'

'SSA-9JP-AUX02', 'RSSO4-LCHOI',25-JUL-94,05-AUG-94, 'F516P',4, '0',i.091, .92,23.17,

35.72,2.34, .28,2.621,26-AUG-98, 'CPI'

Page 15
Mean data file:

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,START DATE,END DATE,OP GRID ID,SAMPLE GROUP,NUM OBS,

MEAN LEAF WATER CONC,SDEV LEAF WATER CONC,MEAN LEAF NITROGEN CONC,

SDEV LEAF NITROGEN CONC,MEAN LEAF LIGNIN CONC,SDEV LEAF LIGNIN CONC,

MEAN LEAF CELLULOSE CONC,SDEV LEAF CELLULOSE CONC,MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC,

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL A CONC,MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC,

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL B CONC,MEAN LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC,

SDEV LEAF CHLOROPHYL TOT CONC,REVISION DATE,CRTFCN CODE

'SSA-9JP-AUX02', 'RSS04-LCH01',25-JUL-94,05-AUG-94, 'F516P', '0',8,1.242, .125, .995,

.ii,23.373,1.092,39.646,2.148, .294, .151,i.994, .635,1.7, .556,26-AUG-98, 'CPI'

'SSA-9JP-AUX02', 'RSS04-LCH01',25-JUL-94,05-AUG-94, 'F516P', 'i',8, .755, .08, .975,

.142,25.578, .987,33.648,1.293, .395, .191,2.231, .28,1.836, .28,26-AUG-98, 'CPI'

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data tracked by BOREAS Information System (BORIS) is all the leaf

chemistry data or all the modeled spectra data, including the model code and input files.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The chemistry data files on CD-ROM contain a series of numerical and character fields of varying

length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed within single apostrophe marks. There

are no spaces between the fields.

Each data file on the CD-ROM has 4 header lines of HTML code at the top. When viewed with a

Web browser, this code displays header information (data set rifle, location, date, acknowledgements,

etc.) and a series of HTML links to associated data files and related data sets. Line 5 of each data file is

a list of the column names, and line 6 and following lines contain the actual data.

Two additional files are included with this dataset and pertain to the LIBERTY model input and

output, MODELED_SPECTRA.DAT and LIBERTY.ZIP.

Predicted Spectra File: MODELED_SPECTRA.DAT

The file contains numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The file

was generated with Macintosh Excel v5.0. The file contains nine header records followed by a series

of data records. The nine header records are:

Record i: Filename, Number of Rows/Columns, PI-Names

Record 2: Related data sets

Record 3-7: Column names for the data in the file with a brief description

Record 8: Plot name - data for each plot consist of three columns R, single

refl, single trans

Record 9: Column names for the data in the file delimited by commas

Compressed within the file LIBERTY.ZIP file are eight files:

liberty.c

libinv.c

lib_user.txt

albino.dat

pigment.dat

water.dat

ligcell.dat

protein.dat

Page 16
For additionalinformationabouttheASCIIfilesextractedfrom theLIBERTY.ZIPfile andhowthey

areused,seethelib_user.txtfile (alsoextractedfrom thezipfile). Zip archivefilesarecompatiblewith

archivescreatedby PKWARE'sPKZIPandPKUNZIPfor MS-DOS,butin manycasestheprogram

optionsor defaultbehaviorsdiffer. Theliberty.ziparchivehasbeentestedandextractedonanSGI

with IRIS 6.5,aSunwith SunOS5.7,andaMac (UnZip andZipIt). Seealso,section9.3.2.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

water(% dry) = (fresh weight - dry weight)/(dry weight)

Chlorophyll-a = 9.93 A660 - 0.777 A642.5

Chlorophyll-b = 17.6 A642.5 - 2.81 A660

Total Chlorophyll = 7.12 A660 + 16.8 A642.5

where A660 and A642.5 refer to absorption at 660 and 642.5 nm, respectively.

The nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose chemistry was derived using partial least- squares regression on the

first difference of the spectral measurements. A full discussion of the approach and its comparison

against stepwise multiple regression is given in Bolster et al. (1996).

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

Not applicable.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

See Section 5 for preliminary information.

a) Water

The samples were removed from a deep freeze and weighed. Then they were frozen down to -30 °C

and placed in a freeze-drier for 2 days. The samples were then reweighed and water content was

calculated as a function of the dry mass:

water(% dry) = (fresh weight - dry weight)/(dry weight)

b) Chlorophyll

For chlorophyll analysis, fresh samples were defrosted and then ground in a coffee grinder. Despite

the delay between collection and processing, the fresh-cut samples were in excellent condition.

Spectral reflectance of all 154 samples was measured using a Spectron S 106 laboratory spectrometer.

The chlorophyll was determined by wet chemical methods. Forty-six samples were selected by

Mahalanobis distance from the mean to represent the spectral variation in the data set prescribed by the

first difference of the spectral reflectance.

Chlorophyll determination was conducted following the method of MacKinney (1941) and

Lichtenthaler (1987) for three independent measurements per sample, making a total of 138 (46*3)

individual values. The chlorophyll from ground freeze-dried samples was extracted in 90% acetone

buffered with CaCO3. The concentration of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b in the aliquot was then

derived spectrophotometrically using the Spectron S 106 calibrated against samples of spinach of

known chlorophyll concentration obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company, UK.

Stepwise regression was conducted using five prediction wavelengths in the 400-750-nm

wavelength region to generate a prediction equation for the remaining samples. The correlation

coefficients against chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll were all greater than 0.92.

Page 17
Visualexaminationof thethreeseparatepredictionsrevealedlargedisparitiesin onlytwo of the

samples.Thesedisparitieswereattributedto laboratoryspectralmeasurementerrorandwererevised.

Theresultingrelationshipswere:

Chlorophyll-a= 9.93A660 - 0.777A642.5

Chlorophyll-b= 17.6A642.5- 2.81A660

Total Chlorophyll= 7.12A660 + 16.8A642.5

whereA660 andA642.5referto absorptionat 660and642.5nm,respectively.

Thestandarddeviationbetweenmeasurementsof thesamesamplevariedbetween0.0237to

0.6338mg/g,with anaveragestandarddeviationof 0.201mg/g.

e) Nitrogen, Lignin, Cellulose

Theconcentrationof thesethreechemicalswasderivedfor RSS-04by UNH (Aber,Bolster,

Martin). Ground,freeze-driedsamplesweredispatchedto UNH, wheretheywereregroundusinga

Wiley Mill to increaseparticlesizeconsistency.Thesampleswerethenscannedin anNIRSystems

6500monochromatorwith a spinningcupmodulecalibratedusingarangeof plant species,including

PinusresinosaandPinusstrobus.Whilejack pine(Pinusbanksiana)isnot in thecalibrationset,the

predictedvaluesfall well within theconcentrationrangesof thecalibrationdataset.Thechemistrywas

thenderivedusingpartialleast-squaresregressiononthefirst differenceof thespectralmeasurements.

A full discussionof theapproachandits comparisonagainststepwisemultipleregressionis givenin

Bolsteret al. (1996).

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

Estimated infinite reflectance, single-needle reflectance, and transmittance were calculated for each

sample plot based on the plot average of measured chemical concentrations of needles. A full

description of the LIBERTY model is given in the series of papers by Dawson et al. (see Section 17).

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None, except see Dawson et al. for spectral estimation.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

• Predicted needle infinite reflectance spectra

• Predicted single needle reflectance and transmittance spectra

LIBERTY is a general-purpose radiative transfer model for predicting the reflectance and transmittance

spectra of a leaf, or stack of leaves in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths (400-2500 nm). By

treating a leaf as an aggregation of cells, with multiple radiation scattering between cells, output spectra

is a function of three structural parameters and the combined absorption coefficients of leaf

biochemicals. The user is prompted for input values, and the model output is written to an external file

for use with graphing and spreadsheet packages as well as for coupling with vegetation canopy or

ecosystem models. It is written in C and, using external absorption coefficient files, has been

successfully compiled for the following platforms:

• MS-DOS

• SUN Microsystems Solaris

• Silicon Graphics IRIX

No header or make files are required; all calls to external libraries and function definitions are made at

the beginning of the program.

Page 18
LIBERTY wasdevelopedspecificallyfor coniferneedles,sotheestimationof singleleaf

reflectanceandtransmittancespectrafrom stackedneedlesispossible.However,theprogramis

equallyvalid for anyleaf specieswith aminorcaveat;thein-vivo absorptioncoefficientsusedwere

determinedfrom empiricalwork onvariouspinespecies.

LIBERTYusesexternaldatafiles.Thisallowstheuserto easilymodify theexistingabsorption

coefficientsor providenewones.Therequiredfile list is:

PIGHENT.DAT

ALBINO.DAT

WATER.DAT

LIGCELL.DAT

PROTEIN.DAT

Absorption coefficient of in-vivo chlorophylls and carotenoids

Absorption coefficient of dried albino leaf due to lignin

(visible wavelengths)

Water absorption coefficient

Combined absorption coefficient of lignin and cellulose

Protein absorption coefficient

The following inputs are required from the user:

Variable Description Typical values (range)

Cell Diameter Average leaf cell diameter (i/m 6) 40 (20-100)

Intercellular radiative flux passing between 0.045 (0.01-0.i)

Determinant for the cells

amount of air space

Leaf thickness Arbitrary value to determine single 1.6 (i-i0)

leaf reflectance and transmittance

from infinite reflectance criteria

Baseline Wavelength compensate for changes in absolute Fresh: 0.0006

reflectance independent absorption Dry: 0.0004

to absorption

Albino Absorption in the visible region 2 (0-4)

due to lignin absorption

Chlorophyll Chlorophyll (pigment) 200 (0-600

content content(mg/m 2)

Water content Water content (g/m 2) i00 (0-500

Lignin and Combined lignin and cellulose 40 (10-80)

Cellulose content content (g/m 2)

Nitrogen content Nitrogen content (g/m 2) 1 (0.3-2.0

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None given.

Page 19
10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

Some error should be expected as a function of the delay in transferring samples from each site

back to the UK. While every effort was made to limit this effect (sealed bags, refrigeration, darkness,

CO2), the facilities/manpower were not available for onsite processing, particularly given the

'alternative-fund status' of RSS-04 involvement.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

For a discussion of the accuracy of estimates of nitrogen, lignin and cellulose, please see Bolster et

al. (1996) and reports to the NERC and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program (ACCP) by Curran, Kupiec and Smith (1994). Similarly, for

a full discussion of the LIBERTY model and the assumptions of the model, please see the Dawson et

al. series of papers.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BOREAS staff has reviewed submitted data files, formats, and documentation for general

consistency and content.

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None given.

11.3 Usage Guidance

None given.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None given.

11. Notes

None given.

12. Application of the Data Set

Page 20
Nonegiven.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

Version 1.1 LIBERTY leaf reflectance and transmittance model. LIBERTY is a general-purpose

radiative transfer model for predicting the reflectance and transmittance spectra of a leaf, or stack of

leaves, in the visible and infrared wavelengths (400-2500 nm). By treating a leaf as an aggregation of

cells, with multiple radiation scattering between cells, output spectra is a function of three structural

parameters and the combined absorption coefficients of leaf biochemicals. The user is prompted for

input values, and the model output is written to an external file for use with graphing and spreadsheet

packages as well as for coupling with vegetation canopy or ecosystem models. It is written in C and,

using external absorption coefficient files, has been successfully compiled for the following platforms:

• MS-DOS

• SUN Microsystems Solaris

• Silicon Graphics IRIX

14.2 Software Access

Anyone wishing to register an interest in receiving updates to the LIBERTY code should contact

Stephen Plummer at the e-mail address given in Section 2.3. See additional information regarding the

LIBERTY model in Section 9.3.2.

15. Data Access

The RSS-04 leaf chemistry and spectral data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and

Information system (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive

Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

Page 21
15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) files containing leaf chemistry data

and the LIBERTY output file produced by RSS-04, the source code for LIBERTY, updates to the

model can be obtained from Dr. Stephen Plummer (see Section 2.3).

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Not applicable.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Bolster, K.L., M.E. Martin, and J.D. Aber, 1996. Determination of carbon fraction and nitrogen

concentration in tree foliage by near-infrared reflectance - A comparison of statistical methods. Can. J.

Forest. Res. 26,590-600.

Curran, P.J. and J.A. Kupiec. 1994. The remote sensing of foliar chemistry Final Report to the

Natural Environment Research Council. March 1994.

Dawson, T.P., P.J. Curran, and S.E. Plummer. 1995. Modelling the spectral response of coniferous

leaf structures for the estimation of biochemical concentrations. RSS'95. Rein. Sens. Soc.

Nottingham, UK. 587-594.

Dawson, T.P., P.J. Curran, and S.E. Plummer. 1996. A model approach to the biochemical analysis

of coniferous forests from AVIRIS data. Proc. Second Int. Airborne Rein. Sens. Conf. ERIM. Ann

Arbor, MI. Vol. I, 221-227.

Dawson, T.P., Curran, P.J. and Plummer, S.E., 1996, LIBERTY - Towards the estimation of foliar

biochemical concentration using high spectral resolution airborne sensors, RSS'96, Rein. Sens. Soc.,

Nottingham, UK, 79-86.

Dawson, T.P., P.J. Curran, and S.E. Plummer. 1997. LIBERTY - modelling the effects of leaf

biochemistry on reflectance spectra. Rein. Sens. Env. (in press).

Hosgood, B., S. Jacquemoud, G. Andreoli, J. Verdebout, G. Pedrini, and G. Schmuck. 1995. Leaf

optical properties experiment 93 (LOPEX93). Joint Research Centre European Commission

publication no. EUR 16095 EN, Luxembourg.

Page 22
Kupiec,J.A.andP.J.Curran.1994.Thechemicalandspectralvariability in a slashpinecanopy.

FinalReportto NASA AcceleratedCanopyChemistry(NewObservations)Program.UNH

Subcontract93-20,Vol II.

Lichtenthaler,H.K. 1987.Chlorophyllsandcaroteinoids:pigmentsof photosyntheticbiomembranes.

Methodsin Enzymology.148,350-382.

Mackinney,G. 1941.Absorptionof light by chlorophyll solutions.J.Biol. Chem.140,315-322.

North,P.R.1996.A three-dimensionalforestlight interactionmodelusinga Monte-Carlomethod.

IEEE Trans.Geosci.andRein.Sens.34, 946-956.

North,P.R.andS.E.Plummer.1994.Estimationof coniferbi-directionalreflectanceusingaMonte

Carlomethod.IGARSS'94,IEEE. Piscataway,NJ.Vol. I, 114-116.

North, P.R.,S.E.Plummer,D.W. Deering,andLeroy,M. 1996.Validationof aBRDF modelfor

borealforest.IGARSS'96,IEEE. Piscataway,NJ.Vol.III, X, 1654-1656.

SellersP.J,andF.G.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

SellersP.J.,F.G.Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly ,D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,

B. Goodison,P.Crill, K.J. Ranson,D. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety,76, 1549-1577.

SellersP.J.,F.G.Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

SellersP.J.,andF.G.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

SellersP.J.,F.G.Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E. Guertin.(1997).

"BOREASin 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections",Journalof

GeophysicalResearch(JGR),BOREASSpecialIssue,102(D24),Dec. 1997,pp.28731-28770.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None given.

18. Glossary of Terms

Page 23
19. List of Acronyms

ACCP

ASCII

AVIRIS

BGC

BNSC

BOREAS

BORIS

DAAC

EOS

EOSDIS

FAA

fPAR

GMT

GSFC

IFC

ITE

LAI

- Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program

- American Standard Code For Information Interchange

- Airborne Visible and InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer

- Biogeochemistry

- British National Space Centre

- BOReal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Federal Aviation Administration

- Fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- Intensive Field Campaign

- Institute of Terrestrial Ecology

- Leaf Area Index

NAD83

NASA

NERC

NSA

OBS

OJP

ORNL

PANP

PAR

LIBERTY - Leaf Incorporating Biochemistry Exhibiting Reflectance and

Transmittance Yields

- znorth American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Natural Environment Research Council (UK)

- Northern Study Area

- Old Black Spruce

- Old Jack Pine

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert Nationa Park

- Photosynthetically Active Radiation

PARABOLA- Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisition of Bidrectional Observations

of Land and Atmosphere

PI

POLDER

RSADU

RSS

SSA

UMSP

UNH

URL

UTM

WAB

YJP

- Principal Investigator

- Polarization and Directionality of Earth Rdiance

- Remote Sensing Applications Development Unit

- Remote Sensing Science

- Southern Study Area

- Universal Microspectrophotometer

- University of New Hampshire

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Universal Transverse Mercator

- Wind-Aligned Blob

- Young Jack Pine

Page 24
20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 07-Jan- 1997

Last updated: 14-Sep- 1998

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 09-Sep- 1998

Science Review: 15-Jul- 1998

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

Data: Leaf chemistry data were gathered by Dr. Stephen Plummer (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology)

and Dr. Neff Lucas (University of Kingston) and processed at the Universities of Southampton and

New Hampshire under the direction of Terry Dawson (University of Southampton).

Model Spectra: The LIBERTY model and associated spectra were generated as part of a doctoral

study by Mr. Terry Dawson (University of Southampton).

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

Plummer., S., N. Lucas, and T. Dawson, "Jack Pine Leaf Biochemistry and Modeled Spectra in

the SSA." In Collected Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D.

Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D.

Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 25
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

July 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS RSS-4 1994 Jack Pine Leaf Biochemistry and Modeled Spectra in

the SSA 923

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

Stephen Plummer, Neil Lucas, and Terry Dawson

Forrest G. Hall and Jaime Nickeson, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 50

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

S. Plummer: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology; N. Lucas: University of Kingston;

T. Dawson: University of Southampton; J. Nickeson: Raytheon ITSS

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS RSS-4 team focused its efforts on deriving estimates of LAI and leaf chlorophyll and

nitrogen concentrations from remotely sensed data for input into the Forest BGC model. This data set

contains measurements of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) needle biochemistry from the BOREAS SSA in

July and August 1994. The data contain measurements of current and year-1 needle chlorophyll,

nitrogen, lignin, cellulose, and water content for the OJP flux tower and nearby auxiliary sites. The

data have been used to test a needle reflectance and transmittance model, LIBERTY (Dawson et al., in

press). The source code for the model and modeled needle spectra for each of the sampled tower and

auxiliary sites are provided as part of this data set. The LIBERTY model was developed and the

predicted spectral data generated to parameterize a canopy reflectance model (North, 1996) for comparison with AVIRIS, POLDER, and PARABOLA data. The data and model source code are stored in

ASCII files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, remote sensing science, LIBERTY.

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