United States Office of Water EPA

- 820

- D

- 15

- 003
Environmental Protection 4304T November 2015 Agency



# DRAFT

AQUATIC LIFE

AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

CADMIUM

- 201 5

### ii 

# EPA 820

- D

- 15

- 003

AQUATIC LIFE

AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

CADMIUM

(CAS # 7440

- 43

- 9)



# 201 5

November 2015

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Water Office of Science and Technology Health and Ecological Criteria Division

Washington, D.C

.

### iii NOTICES

When published in final form, this document will prov ide information to s tates and t ribes
authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA), to protect aquatic

life from toxic effects of cadmium. Und er the CWA, s tates and t ribes are to establish water quality
criteria to protect designated uses. State and tribal decision makers retain the discretion to adopt
approaches on a case

- by

- case basi s that differ from these criteria when appropriate. While thi s document contains EPA’s draft scientific recommendations regarding ambient concentrations of
cadmium that protect aquatic life, it does not substitute for the CWA or EPA’s regulations; nor is it a
regulation itself. Thus, it cannot impose legally binding requirements on EPA, s tates, t ribes, or the
regulated community, and might not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances.
EPA may change this draft document in the future. This document has been approved for publication
by the Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or

recommendation for use. This document can be downloaded from:
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ criteria/aqlife.html Notices

.

### iv 

# FOREWORD

Section 304(a ) ( l) of the Clean Water Act , 33 U.S.C. 

### § 1314(a)(1), directs the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the
latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare that
might be expected from the pre sence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. This

document is EPA’s proposal of new recommended ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for the
protection of aquatic life based upon consideration of available information relating to effe cts of

cadmium on aquatic organisms

, and consideration of independent external peer review and EPA
workgroup comments.

The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act: section
304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has d ifferent meanings in each section. In section 304, the

term represents a non

- regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological and human health effects

. The

criteri a presented in this document are such a scientific assessment of ecological effects

. In section
303(c) , the term water quality criteria refers to criteria adopted by a state as part of their legally

binding water quality standards . Criteria in water quality standards establish the maximum acceptable
pollutant concentrations in ambient waters protective of the state’s designated uses

. States may adopt

w ater quality criteria in their water quality standards that have the same numerical values as EPA’s
recommended section 304(a)(1) criteri a . However, states may decide to ad opt water quality crit eria

d ifferent from EPA’s section 304 recommendations to reflect local environmental conditions and
human exposure patterns. Alternatively, states may use different data and assumptions than EPA in
deriving numeric criteria that are scientifically defensib le and protective of designated uses. It is not
until their adoption as part of state water quality standards and approved by EPA (or in limited
instances promulgated by EPA) under section 303(c) that criteria become applicable water quality

standards for Clean Water Act purposes

. Information to assist the states and Indian tribes in
modifying the recommended criteria presented in this document is contained in the Water Quality
Standards Handbook (U.S. EPA 1994 a ). This handbook and additional information on the
development of water quality standards and other water

- related programs of this agency have been

dev eloped by the Office of Water.

This draf t document does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. It does not
establish a binding norm a nd cannot be finally determinative of the issues addressed. Agency
decisions in any particular situation will be made by applying the Clean Water Act and EPA
regulations on the basis of specific facts presented and scientific information then available.

Elizabeth Southerland

Director
Office of Science and Technology

### v



# A UTHORS / R EVIEWERS / A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Technical Analysis Leads

Michael Elias

, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological

Criteria Division, Washington, DC elias.mike@epa.gov

Susan Laessig

, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division, Washington, DC

Joseph Beaman

, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC

Reviewers (20 1 5

- 201 6 ) Elizabeth Behl, Kathryn Gallagher, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC

EPA P eer Reviewers (2015 ) Cindy Roberts, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Office of Science Policy, Washington, DC

Russ Hockett, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Mid

- Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN

Jim Lazorchak, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH

Susan Laessig, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division, Washington, DC

Glynis Hill, U.S. EPA, Office of Policy, Office of Regulatory Policy and Management

, Washington, DC

Jeff Gallagher, U.S. EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC

Joe Beaman and Wade Lehman , U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC

Claudi a Fabiano and Lars Wilcut, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC

Amelia Letness, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington,

DC

### vi

Ruth Chemerys and Rosaura Conde, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Washington, DC

Cheryl Atkin son, Frank Borsuk, and Kuo

- Liang Lai , U.S. EPA Region 3, Philadelphia, PA

Amy Bergdale

, U.S. EPA Region 3, Wheeling, WV

Joel Hansel, U.S. EPA Region 4, Atlanta, GA

Candice Bauer a nd Kay Edly , U.S. EPA Region 5, Chicago, IL

Lareina Guenzel, U.S. EPA Region 8, Denver, CO

Jane Hashimoto and Terrence Fleming, U.S. EPA Region 9 , San Francisco, CA

Lisa Macchio, Kathleen Collins, John Palmer, and Burt Shephard, U.S. EPA Region 10

, Seattle,

WA

### vii 

# T ABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ iv

AUTHORS / REVIEWERS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

................................ ....................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... vii

LIST OF TABLES

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... ix

LIST OF FIGURES

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... x
LIST OF APPEND ICES

................................ ................................ ................................ .............. x
ACRONYMS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ xii

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

................................ ................................ ........ 1

1.1 History of the EPA Cadmium AWQC for Aquatic Life

................................ ....................... 1

2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

................................ ................................ ............................ 6

2.1 Overview of Cadmium Sources and Occurrence

................................ ................................ 6

2.2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Cadmium in the Aquatic Environment

................... 8

2.3 Mode of Action and Toxicity

................................ ................................ ............................. 10

2.3.1 Water quality parameters affecting cadmium toxicity

................................ .............. 13

2.4 Conceptual Model

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 14

2.5 Assessment Endpoints

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 16

2.6 Measurement Endpoints

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 17

2.7 Analysis Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 23

2.7.1 Hardness Adjustment

................................ ................................ ................................ 24

2.7.2 Acute criterion

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 26

2.7.3 Chronic criterion

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 27

3 EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS

................................ ............... 29

3.1 Freshwater Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

................................ ................................ ........... 29

3.1.1 Acute toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 29

3.1.2 Chronic toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 39

3.2 Estuarine Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

................................ ................................ ............. 46

3.2.1 Acute Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 46

3.2.2 Chronic Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 54

3.3 Bioaccumulation

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 57

3.4 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants

................................ ................................ ................................ . 58

4 The National Criteria for Cadmium

................................ ................................ ................. 59

4.1 The Freshwater Cadmium Criteria

................................ ................................ ................... 59

4.2 The Estuarine/Marine Cadmium Criteria

................................ ................................ ......... 60

4.3 Freshwater Criteria Calculations

................................ ................................ ..................... 60

4.3.1 Acute

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 60

4.3.2 Chronic

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 62

4.4 Estuarine/Marine Criteria Calculations

................................ ................................ ........... 63

### viii

4.4.1 Acute

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 63

4.4.2 Chronic

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 64

5 EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION

................................ ................................ ................ 68

5.1 Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ ....................... 68

5.1.1 Acute toxicity data for freshwater mussels

................................ ............................... 70

5.1.2 Suitability of acute Hyalella azteca data

................................ ................................ .. 70

5.1.3 Uncertainty in the freshwater FAV calculation

................................ ........................ 72

5.1.4 Acute criteria duration

................................ ................................ .............................. 73

5.2 Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ ................... 74

5.2.1 Suitability of chronic Hyalella azteca data

................................ ............................... 75

5.2.2 Uncertainty in the freshwater FCV calculation

................................ ........................ 80

5.3 Additional Aquatic Life Water Quality Assessments for Cadmium

................................ .. 81

5.4 Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ ............. 83

5.4.1 Uncertainty in estuarine/marine FAV calculation

................................ .................... 84

5.5 Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ ......... 88

5.5.1 Final Acute

- to

- Chronic Ratio

................................ ................................ ................... 89

5.5.2 Uncertainty in the estuarine/marine FCV calculation

................................ ............... 91

5.6 Bioaccumulation

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 91

5.6.1 Uncertainty with cadmium exposure routes

................................ ............................. 93

5.7 Effects on Aquatic Plants

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 97

5.8 Protection of Listed Species

................................ ................................ .............................. 98

5.8.1 Acute toxicity data for listed species

................................ ................................ ........ 98

5.8.2 Chronic toxicity data for listed species

................................ ................................ ... 101

5.9 Comparison of 2001 and 2015 Criteria Values

................................ .............................. 102

5.9.1 Comparison of acute freshwater criterion to 2001 document

................................ . 102

5.9.2 Comparison of chronic freshwater criterion to 2001 document

............................. 108

5.9.3 Hardness correlation and equations for cadmium toxicity adjustment

................... 112

5.9.4 Comparison of acute estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document

....................... 112

5.9.5 Comparison of chronic estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document

.................... 118

6 UNUSED DATA

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 119

7 REFERENCES

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 120

### ix 

# LIST OF T ABLES

Table 1. Summary of 2001 and 2015 Draft Aquatic Life AWQC for Cadmium.

....................... xiv
Table 2. Number of Aquatic Species Included in Cadmium AWQC

................................ ............. 4
Table 3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cadmium.

................................ .............................. 9
Table 4. Summary of Assessment Endpoints a nd Measures of Effect Used in Criteria Derivation.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 23
Table 5. Summary of Acceptable Toxicity Data Used to Meet the Minimum Data R equirements

in the “1985 Guidelines”.

................................ ................................ ............................. 24
Table 6. Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Acute Toxicity vs. Hardness Relationship

. . 31

Table 7. Ranked Freshwater GMAVs.

................................ ................................ .......................... 34
Table 8. Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Chronic Toxicity vs. Hardness Relationship.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 41

Table 9. Ranked Freshwater GMCVs.

................................ ................................ .......................... 44

Table 10. Ranked Estuarine/M arine GMAVs.

................................ ................................ .............. 49

Table 11. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMCVs.

................................ ................................ .............. 56

Table 12. Freshwater CMC and CCC at Various Water Hardness.

................................ .............. 59

Table 13. Freshwater FAV Calculation.

................................ ................................ ....................... 62

Table 14. Freshwater FCV Calculation.

................................ ................................ ....................... 63

Table 15. Estuarine/Marine FAV Calculation.

................................ ................................ ............. 64

Table 16. Acute

- to

- Chronic Ratios.

................................ ................................ .............................. 65
Table 17. Acute studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion.

............ 71
Table 18. Chronic studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion.

........ 76
Table 19. Individual species slopes and selected regression statistics for the equation ln(LC 50 

### Cd)

= ln(Salinity).

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 86
Table 20. Acute Summary of Listed Species Tests.

................................ ................................ ... 101
Table 21. Chronic Summary of Listed Species Tests.

................................ ................................ 102
Table 22. Freshwater GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents.

.. 103
Table 23. Comparis on of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FAV and CMC in the

2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

................................ ............................ 108

Table 24. Fres hwater GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents.

.. 109
Table 25. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FCV and CCC in the

2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

................................ ............................ 111

Table 26. Hardness

- Toxicity Relationship Data used i n U.S. EPA (2001) Compared to this

Update.

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 112
Table 27. Estuarine/Marine GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015

Doc uments.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 113
Table 28. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC

in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

................................ .................. 117

### x

Table 29. Estuarine/Marine GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015

Documents.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 118
Table 30. Total Number of Toxicity Values for Species and Genera in 2001 AWQC and 2015

Update.

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 119



# LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Conceptual Model Depicting the Major Sources, Transport and Exposure Media and

Ecological Effects of C admium in the Environment.

................................ ................... 16
Figure 2. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMAVs.

................................ ................................ ........ 39
Figure 3. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMCVs.

................................ ................................ ........ 46
Figure 4. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMAVs.

................................ .............................. 54
Figure 5. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMCVs.

................................ .............................. 57
Figure 6. Individual Species Slopes Showing the Relationship between Natural Log Transformed

Salinity and Natural Log Transformed Acute Cadmium Toxicity.

.............................. 87



# LIST O F APPENDICES

Appendix A Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ .. A

- 1
Appendix B Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data

................................ ........................ B

- 1
Appendix C Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data

................................ ............................... C

- 1
Appendix D Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data

................................ ..................... D

- 1
Appendix E Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ ... E

- 1
Appendix F Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data

................................ .......................... F

- 1
Appendix G Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data

................................ ................................ .................. G

- 1
Appendix H Other Freshwater Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ ...................... H

- 1
Appendix I Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data

................................ ................................ ............. I

- 1
Appendix J Unused Studies

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ J

- 1
Ap pendix K Issue Summary Regarding Test Conditions and Methods for Water Only Toxicity Testing

with Hyalella azteca

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... K

- 1

### xi 

# ACRONYMS

ACR Acute

- to

- Chronic Ratio AWQC Ambient Water Quality Criteria

BAF Bioaccumulation Factor

CCC Criterion Continuous Concentration

CF Conversion Factor

CMC Criterion Maximum Concentration

CV Chronic Value (expressed in this document as an EC 20 

### or MATC)

CWA Clean Water Act

EC

x 

### Effect Concentration at X Percent Effect Level

ELS Early Life Stage

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ESA Endangered Sp ecies Act

FACR Final Acute

- to

- Chronic Ratio

FAV Final Acute Value

FCV Final Chronic Value

GMAV Genus Mean Acute Value

GMCV Genus Mean Chronic Value

LC

x 

### Lethal Concentration at X Percent Survival Level

LOEC Lowest Observed Effect Concentration

M ATC Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (expressed mathematically as the

geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC)

MDR Minimum Data Requirements

NOEC No Observed Effect Concentration

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

SD Sens itivity Distribution

SMACR Species Mean Acute

- to

- Chronic Ratio

SMAV Species Mean Acute Value

SMCV Species Mean Chronic Value

TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load

TRAP EPA’s Statistical Program: Toxicity Relationship Analysis Program (Version

1.21) WQB E LS Water Quality

- based Effluent Limitations WQC Water Quality Criteria WQS Water Quality Standards

### xii 

# EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EPA has updated the Agency’s recommended cadmium aquatic life ambient water

quality criteria in accord with provisions of §304(a) of the Clean Water Act to periodically revise

Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) in order to reflect the latest scientific knowledge

. Recommended 304(a) water quality criteria for cadmium were originally developed in 198 0

( EPA 440/5

- 80

- 025 , U.S. EPA 1980 ), and subsequently updated in 1985 (EPA 440/5

- 84

- 032),

1996 (EPA

- 820

- B

- 96

- 001) and 2001 (EPA

- 822

- R

- 01

- 001, U.S. EPA 2001). Cadmium aquatic

life criteria are updated in this revision consistent with methods described in U.S. EPA’s

“ Guidelines for Deriving Nu merical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of

Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses ” (1985 Guidelines) (Stephan et al. 1985).

Revisions in this up date are based on data that have become available since 2001

. Literature searches of laboratory aq uatic toxicity tests with cadmium published between 2001

and 2014 identified 90 new studies containing acute and chronic toxicity data that are acceptable

for deriving the revised cadmium criteria . The relationship of cadmium toxicity to total hardne ss

was also revised with the newly acquired data (see Ta ble 6 and Table 8 ). The 2015 update

incorporates data for 70 new species and 49 new genera. The dataset used to develop the updated

criteria is composed of 7 5 freshwater genera for acute toxicity (compared to 55 genera in the

2001 criteria), 20 freshwater genera for chronic toxicity (compared to 16 genera in the 2001

criteria), and 7 9 estuarine/ marine genera for acute toxicity (compared to 54 genera in the 2001

criteria). No new chronic toxicity data were available for estuarine/marine genera.

Studies evaluating the freshwater acute toxicity of cadmium are available for nine

F ederally

- listed species. Eight of these species are fish and one is a freshwater mussel. The most

sensitive Listed species are in the family Salmonidae, as represented by the genera

Oncorhynchus ( O. kisutch, O. mykiss and O. tshawytscha ) and Salvelinus ( S. confluentus ). Acute

toxicity data are also available for the Listed freshwater mussel Neosho mucket ( Lampsilis

rafinesqueana ). Studies evaluating the freshwater chronic toxicity of cadmium are available for

four F ederally

- listed species, three of which are also represen ted by the genera Oncorhynchus

( O. kisutch, O. mykiss and O. tshawytscha ) and one by the genera Salmo ( S. salar ). Acute

estuarine/marine toxicity data are available for the Listed Oncorhynchus kisutch . There are no

acceptable chronic toxicity data for estu arine/marine Listed species

. Summaries provided in the

### xiii

document descri be the best available data for Federally

- listed species that have been tested for

sensitivity to cadmium; these data demonstrate that the 2015 cadmium criteria update is

protective of these tested species.

S ufficient toxicity data were available to fulfill requirements of calculating acute and

chronic freshwater and acute estuarine /marine criteria using a species sensitivity distributi on , as

described in the 1985 Guidelines

. Data were not sufficient to calculate the chronic

estu a rine/marine criterion and Acute

- Chronic Ratios (ACRs) were therefore used to derive this

criterion. The Final Acute

- Chronic Ratio (FACR) for this update was derived from seven genera

ACRs ( three freshwater invertebrate genera , five freshwater fish genera , and one acutely

sensitive saltwater mysid genus ). The freshwater ACR values used represent a range of species

acute sensitivities, from very sensitive to mod erately sensitive, and have taxonomically

- related

marine species. This differs from the 2001 update, where only two saltwater ACRs were

available and used to calculate the saltwater FACR ; however these two species are now re

classified as a single genus, A mericamysis

. Acute and chronic hardness slopes wer e revised with data for several new species. The

updated acute cadmium hardness slope incorporates data for 2 0 species (12 species used in the

2001 draft criteria and eight new species) (see Ta ble 6 ). The updated chronic slope incorporates

data for four species ( two s pecies used in the 2001 draft criteria and two new species) (see Table

8 ). The new chronic slope uses EC 20 

### estimates for three of the four species, instead of only

Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration s ( MATCs ) used for the 2001 chronic slope

(MATCs were used only for Daphnia magna in the 2015 slope to retain the invertebrate species)

.

The 2015 freshwater and estuarine/marine Criterion Maximum Concentration ( CMC )

and Criterion Continuous Concentration ( CCC ) values for cadmium are summarized and

compared to corresponding 2001 criteria values in Table 1 . The available freshwater toxicity

data for cadmium, evaluate d using procedures described in the 1985 Guidelines, indicates that

freshwater aquatic li fe should be protected if the 1

- hour average CMC does not exceed:

CMC (μg/L, dissolved conc.) = e (1. 103 x ln(hardness)

– 4.291 ) 

### x CF (Eq. 1)

Where CF (conversion factor) = 1.136672

- [(ln hardness) (0.041838)];

and the four

- day average CCC does not exceed:

CCC (μg/L, dissolved conc.) = e (0. 7977 x ln(hardness)

- 3.897 ) 

### x CF (Eq. 2)

Where the CF (conversion factor) = 1.101672

- [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]

### xiv

more than o nce every three years on average.

T he 2015 freshwater acute CMC is 2.1 μg/L dissolved cadmium based on a hardness of

100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### . The CMC was derived to be protective of the commercially and

recreationally important rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) , consistent with procedures

described in the 1985 G uidelines , and is also protective of all salmonid species for which toxicity

data are available

. This value is very slightly higher than the 2001 CMC of 2.0 μg/L dissolved

cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### . The 2015 freshwater chronic CCC is 0.73

μg/L dissolved cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3, 

### and is an increase (i.e.,

less stringent) from the 2001 criteria of 0.25 μg/L dissolved cadmium, based on a hardness of

100 mg/L a s CaCO 3 

### . This increase is primarily due to use of EC 20 

### s over MATCs, new data for

existing species and the inclusion of a new sensitive genus ( Cottus ), which now represent s the

third most sensitive genus

.

The 2015 estuarine/marine acute CMC of 35 μg/L dissolved cadmium is more stringent

than the 2001 recommended criterion of 40 μg/L , which is primarily due to the addition of three

new sensitive genera, consisting of a mysid ( Neomysis ), a jellyfish ( Aurelia ) and a copepod

( Tigriopus ). The estuarine/mari ne chronic CCC is now 8.3 μg/L dissolved cadmium compared to

the 2001 CCC of 8.8 μg/L

. Available data suggest the acute toxicity of cadmium may be

influenced by salinity, with a trend of decreasing sensitivity to cadmium with increasing salinity.

However, this trend could not be definitively characterized and a mathematical relationship

could not be described to define the dependency (see Section 5.4.1 )

.

Table 1

. Summary of 2001 and 2015 Draft Aquatic Life AWQC for Cadmium

. 2015 AWQC Update 2001 AWQ C

Acute ( 1

- hour
, dissolved Cd) c 

### Chronic

( 4

- day
, dissolved Cd) Acute

(1

- day,

dissolved Cd ) Chronic

( 4

- day
, dissolved Cd)

Freshwater (T otal H ardness = 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ) a 

### 2.1 μg/L b 

### 0.73 μg/L 2

. 0 μg/L b 

### 0.25 μg/L

Estuarine/marine 35 μg/L 8.3 μg/L 40 μg/L 8.8 μg/L

a 

### Freshwater acute and chronic criteria are hardness

- dependent and were normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as 

### CaCO 3 

### to allow the presentation of representative criteria values.

b 

### Lowered to protect the commercially and recreationally important species ( rainbow trout ), as per the 1985 Guidelines, Steph a n et al

. ( 1985 )

.

c 

### The duration of the 2015 acute criteria was changed to 1

- hour to reflect the 1985 Guidelines

- based

recommended acute duration.

### 1



# 1 I NTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

National Recommended Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) are established by the

United States Environmental Protection Agency ( U.S. EPA) under t he Clean Water Act (CWA).

Section 304(a) (1) aquatic life criteria serve as recommendations to states and tribes by defining

ambient water concentrations that will protect against unacceptable adverse ecological effects to

aquatic life resulting from exposure to pollutant s found in water . Aquatic life criteria address the

CWA goals of providing for the protection and propagation of fish and shellfish. Once EPA

publi shes final §304(a) recommended water quality criteria, states and authorized tribes may

adopt the criteria based on EPA’s recommendations and scientific information into their water

quality standards to protect designated uses of water bodies. States and a uthorized tribes may

also adopt criteria to reflect site

- specific conditions or use other scientifically

- defensible methods

to develop standards. After adoption, states are to submit new and revised w ater quality

standards (WQS) to EPA for review and appro v al or disapproval

. When approved by EPA, the

state’s WQS become ap plicable WQS for CWA purposes. Such purposes include identification

of impaired waters and establishment of TMDLs under CWA section 303(d) and derivation of

water quality

- based effluent lim itations in permits issued under the CWA section 402 National

Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program.

As required by the CWA, U.S. EPA periodically reviews and revises 304(a) AWQC to

ensure the y are consistent with the latest scienti fic info rmation. Once peer reviewed and

finalized, t his draft 2015 update will super s ede t he AWQC for cadmium that was last updated in

2001 (EPA

- 822

- R

- 01

- 001, U.S. EPA 2001)

. The cadmium water quality criteria provided in this

document were updated in accordance with methods outlined in the Agency’s “ Guidelines for

Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms

and Their Uses ” (referred to as the 1985 Guidelines) (Stephan et al. 198 5 ). This document

describes scientifically defensible water quality criteria values for cadmium pursuant to CWA

§ 304(a)

, derived utilizing best available data in a manner consistent with the 1985 Guidelines

and reflecting best professional scientific judgments of toxicological effects

.



## 1.1 History of the EPA Cadmium AWQC for Aquatic Life

U.S. EP A first published AWQC for cadmium in 1980 (EPA 440/5

- 80

- 025)

, and updated

the criteria in 1985 (EPA 440/5

- 84

- 032) , 1996 (EPA

- 820

- B

- 96

- 001) and again in 2001 ( EPA

-

### 2

822

- R

- 01

- 001 1 

### )

. Each update superse des the previous U.S. EPA aquatic life water quality criteria

and uses the most recent data to estimate maximum and continuous concentrations of cadmium

that would protect most aquatic organism populations from unacceptable short

- or long

- ter m

effects.

The 1980 acute and chronic freshwater and saltwater criteria were expressed as t otal

recoverable cadmium

. The acute and chronic freshwater criteria were adjusted for ambient water

hardness since the presence of calcium and other ions in freshwater a re known to reduce the

toxicity of cadmium. An acute saltwater criterion was calculated and the effects of temperature

and salinity were considered

, although no clear relationship to toxicity could be established with

the available data , thus t he acute saltwater criteria was not adjusted for temperature

. Because of a

limited dataset at the time , a chronic saltwater criterion was not developed

. Data for aquatic

plants indicated that a reduction in growth occur red at concentrations above the lowes t effect

concentrations for fish and invertebrates, so aquatic life criteria were not developed for plants

.

The 198 5 criteria update was based on the measurement of acid

- soluble cadmium instead

of total recoverable cadmium, b ased on the conservati sm of using total recoverable cadmi um in

situations where it is occluded in minerals, clays, and sand

, or strongly sorbed to particulate

matter. While the 198 5 criteria provided extensive scientific and practical rationale for using

acid

- soluble cadmium meas urements, no standard analytical method was available. In the

absence of a U.S. EPA

- approved method for the measurement of acid

- soluble cadmium, total

recoverable cadmium was considered the preferred concentration measure

.

A cute toxicity values for 44 freshwater genera were used for the 1985 crite ria update to

develop a Final Acute Value (FAV) , which was lowered further to protect the commercially

important rainbow trout , the most sensitive species

. The acute freshwater criterion was set at

3.589 μ g/L a t a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO 3, 

### not to be exceeded over a 1

- hour average more

than once e very 3 years , on average

. A cute toxicity values were available at that time for 35

estuarine/marine species ( 33 genera ) and the most sensitive genera was Mysidopsis ( Table 2 )

Acute toxicity was generally found to increase with decreasing salinity , while the effect of

temperature on acute toxicity appeared to occur on a species

- specific basis . However, correction

1 

### http://www.epa.gov/nscep/

### 3

factors were not developed for either due to limitations in supporting data

. Th e estuarine/marine

FAV was 85.09 μ g/L, not to be exceeded over a 1

- hour average more than once every 3 years.

Chronic freshwater toxicity values used to derive the 1985 criteria were available for 16

species (1 3 genera ) . T he Final Chronic Value ( FCV ) was calculated in the same manner as the

FAV because the acute

- to

- chronic ratios , which were available for eight species

, varied widely

.

The resulting freshwater FCV was 0.6582 μ g/L at a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , n ot to be

exceeded over a 4

- day average more than once every 3 years

, on average

. The mean acute

- to

chronic ratio for two saltwater species was u sed to calculate a n estuarine/marine FCV of 9.345

μ g/L , not to be exceeded over a 4

- day average more than once every 3 years

, on average

.

The 1995 criteria revision (U.S. EPA 1996 a ) updated freshwater criteria based on the

incorporation of new acute and chronic data and the re

- evaluation of existing data

. Sever al

Species Mean Acute Values ( SMAVs ) were changed based on a preference for flow

- through

tests and measured test concentrations. Data from tests conducted with uncharacterized river

water were remov ed from the acceptable acute dataset. The resulting acute dataset cons isted of

43 Genus Mean Acute Values ( GMAVs ) . T he FAV was 4.134 μg/L total recoverable cadmium,

normalized to a hardness of 50 mg/L. The FAV was not lowered to protect a commercially or

r ecreationally important species. Genus Mean Chronic Values ( G MCVs ) were changed based on

the availability of additional test data , the removal of two test values conducted in river water,

a nd the removal of a test value where cadmium con centrations were no t measured. The resulting

chroni c dataset consisted of 12 GMCVs. The FCV was calculated using an “N” of 43, which was

the number of GMAVs, rather than 12, the number of GMCVs. T he FCV was 1.429 μg/L total

recoverable cadmium, normalized to a hardness of 50 mg/L.

The 2001 criteria update was based on dissolved cadmium (passing through a 0.45 μm

filter) to more accurately account for bioavailability and reflect the latest EPA policy for metals

risk assessment ( U.S. EPA 1993b )

. Freshwater SMAV s for cadmium were available for 65

species in 55 genera (24 fish, 39 invertebrates , 1 frog, and 1 salamander ) ( Table 2 ) . T he most

sensitive vertebrate species was brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) . The most sensitive invertebrate

species was Daphnia magna

, which was approximately 9 times less sensitive than brown trout

.

F reshwater criteria were corrected for hardness based on separate acute and chronic cadmium

toxicity versus hardness slope s that w ere generated using acute data f or 12 species and chronic

### 4

data for 3 species

. C onversion factors were applied to convert total recoverable to dissolved

cadmium concentrations

. Acceptable freshwater chronic test data were available for 14 fish species and 7

invertebrate species ( Table 2 )

, with the amphipod Hyalella azteca identified as the most

sensitive species in the 2001 criteria . Acute

- to

- chronic ratios were calculated for 6 species . The

2001 estuarine/marine acute crite ri on w as based on SMAVs for 61 species in 54 genera ( 50

invertebrates and 11 fish species ) ( Table 2 )

, with mysid s and striped bass identified as the most

sensitive species . Chronic saltwater tests were available for two mysid species

, from which

a cute

- to

- chronic ratios we re calculated.

Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) reported in the 2001 criteria document for freshwater

species ranged from 7 to 6,910 for invertebrates and from 3 to 2,213 for fishes. BCFs fo r

saltwater invertebrates ranged from 5 to 3,160. Toxicity values for freshwater and saltwater

aquatic plants were reviewed and acute values were found to be in the same range as toxicity

values for fish and invertebrates , while chronic values were found to be considerabl y higher

.

The resulting 2001 freshwater CMC was 2 .0 μg/L dissolved cadmium and the resulting

freshwater CCC was 0.25 μg/L dissolved cadmium , when normalized to a total hardness of 100

mg/L as CaCO 3



### . The 2001 saltwater CMC was 40 μg/L dissolved cadmium , while t he 2001

saltwater CCC was 8.8 μg/L

.

Table 2

. Number of Aquatic Species Included in Cadmium AWQC

Freshwater A cute Freshwater

Chronic Estuarine/Marine

Acute Estuarine/Marine

Chronic

1980 29 13 31 1

1985 52 16 35 2

1996 NA a 

### NA NA NA

2001 65 21 61 2

2015 101 2 7 9 4 2

a 

### NA = Not Available

For th e 201 5 update, U.S. EPA conducted a literature search and review of acute and

chronic toxicity data that have become available since the 2001 update

. This update incorporates

additional toxicity data for the development of both freshwater and estuarine/marine acute and

chronic criteria and new toxicity data related to w at er hardnes s, which remain s the primary

### 5

quantitative correlation used to modify metal toxicity estimates in freshwater (U.S. EPA 199 6 a ).

U.S. EPA also re

- evaluated studies with Hyale lla a zteca and freshwater mussel glochidia (a

larval stage of unionid mussels ), both of which were used in the development of the 2001

criteria. U.S. EPA re

- evaluated studies with H. azteca because r ecent research has shown that the

outcome of toxicity tests with H . azteca can be impacted by culture and test conditions (e.g.,

chloride concentration, food quantity and composition) and that tests using standard

recommended test methods may not be acceptable

. All Hyalella studies were therefore re

evaluated for acceptability with newly developed guidelines ( Appendix K )

. The acceptable

duration of t ests using glochidia w as also r e considered

. Glochidia are a larval stage of unionid

freshwater mussels that occur in the water column and remain viable for only a limited period of

time prior to attaching to a host fish. T he duration of an acceptable toxicity tes t was adjusted to

24 hours to account for potential adverse effects to glochidia during this larval stage, as recent

information indicat es that glochidia can be the most sensitive lifestage for some chemicals and

play s a n important role in the viability of unionid mussel populations

.

### 6



# 2 P ROBLEM FORMULATION

Problem formulation provides a strategic framework to develop water quality criteria by

providing an overview of a chemical’s source s and occurrence, fate and transport in the

environment, and toxicological characteristics and factors affecting toxicity. A problem

formulation uses this information to develop a conceptual model and identify the most releva nt

chemical properties and endpoints for evaluation . The structure of t he problem formulation

developed for cadmium is consistent with U.S. EPA’s Guidelines for Ecological Risk

Assessment (U.S. EPA 1998)

.



## 2.1 Overview of Cadmium Sources and Occurrence

Cadmi um is a relatively rare, naturally occurring metal found in mineral deposits and

distributed ubiquitously at low concentrations in the environment. Cadmium is a minor metallic

element that was first discovered in Germany in 1817 as a by

- produ c t of the zinc refining process

(International Cadmium Association 2013). The primary current industrial uses of cadmium are

for manufactur ing batteries, pigments, plastic stabili z ers, metal coatings, alloys and electronic s

(Fulkerson and Goeller 1973; Hutton 1983; Pickering and Gast 1972; Wilson 1988)

. Nickel

cadmium ( NiCd ) batteries account for the majority (over 80%) of global cadmium consumption

, followed by its use in pigments , coatings and plating, stabilizers for plastics, nonferrous alloys

and other specializ ed uses ( e.g ., photovoltaic devices) (USGS 2013)

. Of particular note is the

recent use of cad m ium (as cadmium selenide or cadmium sulfide ) in the manufacture of

nanoparticle s (also referred to as quantum dot s) used as a semiconductor in photovoltaic devices

(e.g., solar cells and emitters for color displays ). The ecological and toxicological effects of these

emerging materials to aquatic organisms are largely unknown at this time, and therefore

represent a ne w source of cadmium to the environment (Tang 2013). Demand for cadmium has

increased based on it s use in NiCd batteries

, while more traditional uses of cadmium in coatings,

pigments and stabilizers ha ve been declining due to environmental and health concer ns (USGS

2013). Cadmium is also present as an impurity in zinc, lead and copper ore mine waste s , fossil

fuel s
, iron and steel, cement, and fertilizers (Cook and Morrow 1995 ; International Cadmium

Association 201 3) , and is present as a natural or introduced constituent in inorganic phosphate

fertilizers (MNDH 2014).

### 7

In 2012

, approximately 70 percent of the world’s new cadmium supply was produced in

Asia, with China, the Republic of Korea and Japan representing the leading producers (USGS

2013). Ca dmium is no longer actively mined in the U.S. or Canada (USGS 2013), but it is

produced domestically as a by

- product of the extraction, smelting and refining of zinc, copper

and lead ores. A leading source of cadmium (23% of the global supply) is from the recovery of

spent NiCd batteries and other cadmium

- bearing scrap materials (International Cadmium

Association 2013; USGS 2013). In 2010, an estimated 637 metric tons of refined cadmium was

produced domestically from recovered materials (USGS 2013) . T he amo unt of cadmium

contained in products imported to the U.S. in 2007 was estimated to be about 1,900 metric tons

(USGS 2007).

Cadmium concentr ations in natural sources vary with geograph ic location and type of

deposit. C oncentrations of c adm ium in mineral deposits , such as mineral sul f ides, typically rang e

from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg

, with an average concentration of 0.18 mg/kg (Ba bich and Stotzky 1978;

EC 2001; Nriagu 1980 )

. A s a phosphate rock impurity, cadmium can vary in concentration from

as low as 0.1 mg/kg in Tennessee ores to as high as 980 mg/kg in western ores (U.S. EPA

1993a ). In the U.S., cadmium concentrations in coal range from 5.47 mg/kg in the Interior

Province

, to 2.89 mg/kg in the Illinois Basin

, to 0.28 mg/kg in Alaska

, to 0.13 mg/kg in the

Appalachia n region

. This range in cadmium concentration depends on the type of co al

, with

bituminous coal having the highest average concentration (0.91 mg/kg ) and anthracite coal

having the low est average concentration ( 0.22 mg/kg )

.

Cadmium enters the environment as a result of both natural processes (weather ing and

erosion of rock and soils, natural combustion from volcanoes and forest fires ) and anthropogenic

sources (mining, agriculture, urban activities, and waste streams from industrial processes,

manufacturing, fossil fuel combustion, incineration and municipal effluent) ( Hem 1992 ; Hutton

1983; Morrow 2001; Pickering and Gast 1972; Shevchenko et al. 2003; WHO 2010 ).

Anthropogenic sources account for more than 90 percent of the total cadmium present in surface

water, with atmospheric particulate deposition from fossil fuel combustion contributing

approximately 40 percent of the total cadmium pre s ent in surface water (Wood et al. 2012). T he

agricultural application of phosphate fertilizer releases 33 to 56 percent of total anthropogenic

cadmium to the environment ( Pan et al. 2010 ; Panagapko 2007 ). Waste from cement

### 8

manufacturing and metallurgic smelting and refining o perations account for the other major

sources (Pan et al. 2010; Wood et al. 2012).

In the U.S., industrial and manufacturing facilities and mining operations report the

volume of cadmium and other toxic s ubstances released to the environment via the U.S. EPA

Toxics Release Inventory ( TRI ). Data from the TRI indicate the average yearly release of

cadmium and cadmium compounds to the environment from all industries (between 2002 and

2012) ranged from approximately 2 .6 million pounds in 2009 to 10 million pou nds in 2012

. In

coastal zones , co ntinental riverine runoff represents a major secondary source of cadmium to

estuaries and adjoining coastal waters (Cullen and Maldonado 2013) , and e levated cadmium

concentrations are often detected in runoff from urban and industrial areas, which increas es the

loading of cadmium to nearby waterways and sediments (Gobel et al. 2007).

C admium concentrations in unpolluted freshwaters are typically very low and frequently

below analytical detection limits (Mebane 2006 ). In na tural waters, cadmium co

- occurs with zinc

at a dissolved Cd/Zn ratio of approximately 0.3 percent (Wanty et al. 2009). D issolved cadmium

concentrations in unpolluted waters of the U.S. have been estimated to range from 0.002 to 0.08

μg/L (Stephan et al. 1994)

. Surface water monitoring of the Great Lakes between 2003 and 2006

indicated cadmium concentrations ranging from <0.001 μg/L ( below detection limit) to 0.015

μg/L in Lake Huron, 0.098 μg/L in Lake Erie, 0.028 μg/L in Lake Ontario

, 0. 015 μg/L in Lake

Superior and 0.005 μg/L in Lake Michigan ( Lochner and Water Quality Monitoring and

Surveillance 2008 ; Rossmann and Barres 1992 ). C admium concentration s in the world’s oceans

are estimated to range from <0.005 to 0.110 μg/L, with higher concentrations reported near some

coastal areas ( Cook and Morrow 1995; Elinder 1985; Jensen and Bro

- Rasmussen 1992; OECD

1994; Pan et al. 2010 ; WHO 1992 ). C admium concentrations in surface waters of impacted

environments are frequently 2

- 3 μg/L or greater ( Abbasi and Soni 1986; Allen 1994; Annune et

al. 1994 ; Flick et al. 1971; Friberg et al. 1971; Henriksen and Wright 1978; Nilss on 1970; Spry

and Wiener 1991 ).



## 2.2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Cadmium in the Aquatic

Environment

Cadmium has two oxidation states . The metallic state (Cd 0 

### ) is insoluble and rarely

present in water, while several salts of the divalent state ( e.g., CdCl 2 

### and CdSO 4 

### ) freely dissolve

### 9

in water (Merck 1989). Divalent cadmium is the predominant form in most well oxygenated

f reshwaters that are low in organic carbon. The physical and chemical properties of cadmium are

summarized in Table 3

.

Table 3

. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cadmium

. CAS Registry Number 7440

- 43

- 9

Atomic w e i gh t 112.40 g/mol

P h y sical f o rm Soft, white solid Density 8.64 g/cm 3 

### (@ room temperature )

Me lti n g p o i n t a 

### 321oC

B o ili n g p o i n t a 

### 765oC

V a p o r p r e ss u r e b 

### 1 torr at 394oC

Water s o l ub ili t y (g/L) a



### Cadmium Cadmium carbonate (CdCO 3 

### ) Cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 

### ) Cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH) 2 

### ) Cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO 3 

### ) 2 

### ) Cadmium sulfate (CdSO 4 

### ) Insoluble

Insoluble

1400 @ 20 oC

0.0026 @ 26 oC

Soluble

755 @ 0 oC

a 

### Reference : Merck 1989

. b 

### Reference : ATSDR 2012

.

Upon entering the freshwater or estuarine/marine aquatic environment, cadmium

becomes strongly adsorbed to clays, muds, humic and organic materials and some hydrous

oxides (Watson 1973) . This complexation tends to remove cadmium f rom the water column by

precipitation (Lawrence et al. 1996) , where it may not be bioavailable except to benthic feeders

and bottom dwellers (Callahan et al. 1979; Kramer et al. 1997). It is estimated that up t o 93

percent of cadmium entering surface water s will react with constituents in the water column and

will be removed to sediments (Lawrence et al. 1996) , and the formation of these complexes is

considered to be the most important factor in determining the fate and transport of cadmium in

the aquatic e nvironment.

Once in sediments, c admium can be resuspended in particulate form or can return to the

water column in dissolved form following hydrolysis or via upwelling in coastal zones ( Bewers

et al. 1987 ; U.S. EPA 1979 )

. The solubility of cadmium compo unds in water depends both on the

specific cadmium compound ( Table 3 ) and on abiotic conditions, such as pH, alkalinity,

hardness and organic matter. S orption processes , for example, b ecome increasingly important

with increas ing pH.

### 10



## 2.3 Mode of Action and Toxicity

Cadmium is a non

- essential metal (NRC 2005) with no biological function in aquatic

animals (Eisler 1985 ; Lee et al. 1995; McGeer et al. 2012 ; Price and Morel 1990; Shanker 2008 ).

In one study comparing the acute toxicity of all 63 atomically stable heavy metals in the periodic

table, cadmium was found to be the most acutely toxic metal to the amphipod

, Hyalella azteca

,

based on the results of se ven

- day acute aquatic toxicity test s (Borgmann et al. 2005). In addition

to acute toxicity, c admium is a known teratogen and carcinogen, is a probable mutagen and is

known to induce a variety of other short

- and long

- term adverse physiological effects in f ish and

wildlife at both the cellular and whole

- animal level ( ATSDR 2012 ; Eisler 1985; Okocha and

Adedeji 2011 ). Ch ronic exposure l eads to adverse effects on growth, reproduction, immune and

endocrine system s , development, and b ehavior in aquatic organisms (McGeer et al. 2012). Other

toxic effects include histopathologies of the gill, liver and kidney in fish, renal tubular damage,

alte ration s of free radical production and the antioxidant defense system, immunosuppression,

and structural effects on invertebrate gills (Giari et al. 2007; Jarup et al. 1998 ; McGeer et al.

2011; Okocha and Adedeji 2011 ; Shanker 2008 )

. Toxic effects are thought to result from the free ionic form of cadmium (Goyer et al.

1989), which causes acute and chronic toxicity in aquatic organisms primarily by disrupting

calcium homeostasis and causing oxidative damage. In freshwater fish, c admium competes with

calcium at high affinity binding sites in the gill membrane and blocks the uptake of calcium from

water by interfer ing with ion uptake in specialized calcium channels that are located in the

mitochondria

- rich chloride cell s (Carroll et al. 1979; Evans 1987 ; McGeer et al. 2012 ; Morel and

Hering 1993; Pagenkopf 1983 ; Tan and Wang 2009 ) . The combined effect of competition for the

binding sites and blockage of calcium uptake on the gill membrane results in acute hypocalcemia

in freshwater fish, which is characterized by cadmium accumulation in tissues as well as

decreased calcium concentration s in plasma ( McGeer et al. 2011 ; Roch and Maly 1979; Wood et

al. 1997 ). This mechanism is also thought to be the target of cadmium toxicity in marine fish

( McGeer et al. 2012 ; Schlenk and Benson 2005)

, al though c admium is generally considered to be

less toxic in seawater than in freshwater

. The lesser sensit ivity of marine fish and aquatic

organisms in general may be both a function of physiology and environmental condition. Rocha

et al. (2015) observed an increase in catalase activity (ox i d a tive stress) in the marine mussel,

### 11

Mytilus galloprovincialis , suggesting a pos s ible mode of action for this taxa

. Mebane et al.

( 2006 ), for example, suggests the energy demands for fish to maintain ho meostasis in the lower

ionic composition fresh water environment may make fish more sensitive to metals, such as

cadmium, which inhibit ion regulation

. H igher levels of calcium and chloride in seawater are

also believed to compete to a greater degree with cadmium

, and cadmium complex es with

elevated levels of chloride p otentially making it less bioavai l able to aquatic life (Engel and

Flower 1979)

. However, application of the calcium competition for apical entry and the

subsequent osmoregulatory disturbance toxicity mechanism for insects has been questioned by

Poteat and Buchwalter (2013). Their research (Poteat et al. 2012, 2013) has demonstrated the

lack of interaction between calcium and cadmium at the apical surface o f aquatic insects in

dissolved exposures. Cadmium exposure is also associated with the disruption of sodium balance

and accompa n ying Na + 

### /K +



### - ATPase activity (Atli and Canli 2007). Once inside the cell

, cadmium

can disrupt enzymatic function (Okocha and Aded eji 2011)

, by either directly affecting Ca

ATPase activity or inhibiting antioxidant processes

. Cadmium also inhibits enzymes such as

catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase and reducing agents such as GSH,

ascorbate, b

- carotene and a

- tocopherol, all of which can lead to the generation of excess reactive

oxygen species and reduced ATP production (McGeer et al. 2012).

C admium can bioaccumulat e in aquatic organisms

, with total upta ke depend ing on the

environmental cadmium concentration , exposure route and the duration of exposure ( Annabi et

al. 2013 ; Francis et al. 2004 ; McGeer et al. 2000 ; Roméo et al. 1999 ). Cadmium concentrations

typically build up in tissue s at the site of exposure , such as the gill surface and gut tract wall

(Chevreuil et al. 1995)

. Cadmium is then transferred via circulation to nearly all other tissues and

organs, with the liver and kidney (in addition to the gill or gut) typically accumulating high

concen trations relative to muscle tissue s (Annabi et al. 2003; McGeer et al. 2012). Although

cadmium bioaccumulate s in some aquatic species, there does not appear to be a consistent

relationship between body burden and toxicological effect. In a detailed review of this

relationship, Mebane ( 2006 ) concluded that for both aquatic invertebrates and fish, tissue

concentrations associated with adverse effects regularly overlap with tissue concentrations where

no adverse effects were observed. This inconsistent relatio nship between whole body tissue

concentration and effect may be related to specific organs and/or tissues with in which the

accumulation i s occurring and which would not be accurately quantified by whole body tissue

### 12

residue analysis, and/or to the metabolic bioavailability of cadmium in tissues. D etoxification

mechanisms in aquatic organisms , including the formation and activation of antioxidants,

metallothionein, glutathione, and heat shock proteins ( McGeer et al. 2011)

, effectively sequester

the metal in a detoxified form, thereby allowing the organism to accumulate elevated levels of

cadmium before displaying a toxic response. While the amount of detoxified metal that an

aquatic organism can accumulate is theoretically unlimited, an organism will only expe rience

toxic effects once the concentration of metabolically available metal is exceeded ( Mebane 2006 ;

Rainbow 2002). Under natural conditions, most accumulated cadmium in tissues is expected to

exist in the detoxified state, which may explain the poor rel ationship between toxic effect and

whole body tissue residue concentration s of trace metals reported by Rainbow (2002) for aquatic

invertebrates and fish. Mebane ( 2006 ) concluded that

, although there were not adequate data to

establish acceptable tissue effect concentrations for aquatic life, cadmium is unlikely to

accumulate in tissue to levels that would result in adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates or fish

at calculated chronic criterion concentrations . The evaluation of direct exposure effects to

organisms via water is therefore considered more applicable to the development of criteria for

aquatic life.

Mammals and avian wildlife could be exposed to cadmium within prey and abiotic media

while foraging in aquatic habitats or via the ingestion of pr ey that have bioaccumulated cadmium

from the aquatic environment. Although few adverse effects to mammals and avian wildlife have

been demonstrated from the presence of cadmium in the aquatic environment, a number of

laboratory

- based investigations have de monstrated a range of sublethal and lethal toxic effects,

the majority of which are associated with chronic exposure ( Burger 2007 ; Cooke and Johnson

1996; Eisler 1985; Furness 1996; Hanson and Chedrese 2004)

. However, the biological integrity

of aquatic sy stems is considered to be at greater risk from cadmium tha n terrestrial systems

based on the greater sensitivity of aquatic organisms relative to birds and mammals ( Burger

2007 ; Wren et al. 1995). Freshwater biota are the most sensitive to cadmium, marine organisms

are generally considered to be more resistant than freshwater organisms, while mammals and

birds are considered to be comparatively resistant to cadmium ( Burger 2007 ; Eisler 1985). Based

on this trend , criteria that are protective of aquatic life are also considered to be protective of

mammalian and avian wildlife (including aquatic

- depend e nt wildlife) and are accordingly the

focus of this evaluation

.

### 13



## 2.3.1 Water quality parameters affecting cadmium toxicity

Water quality parameters such as hardness, pH, salinity, alkalinity , some metals, and

organic carbon can alter the toxicity of metal s to aquatic organisms

. W hen adequate data are

available, w ater quality criteria can be adjusted to quantify how these environmental factor s

affect the toxic ity of a chemic a l

. W ater hardness , which is the amount of minerals (primarily

calcium and to a lesser extent magnesium) dissolved in surface water

, is one important water

quality parameter influencing the toxicity of cadmium

. The acute toxicity of cadmium has bee n shown to decrease with increas ing water

hardness i n most freshwater animals (Sprague 1985)

. Available d ata for 14 genera (representing

six of the eight required MDR families) listed in Appendix A indicate that cadmium is more

acutely toxic in soft than in hard water. Acute tests conducted with Daphnia magna at three

different water hardness levels , for example, demonstrate that daphni ds are at least five times

more sensitive to cadmium in soft water than in hard water (Chapman et al. 1980)

. Similarly, t he

acute toxicity of cadmium to D. magna was reduced (48

- hr LC 50 

### increased from 7.5 to 24.8

μg/L) as the calcium concentration was incr eased from 0.46 to 192 mg/L (Tan and Wang 2011)

. The ability of calcium to reduc e the toxicity of cadmium was also observed in water with D.

pulex (Clifford and McGeer 2010), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) ( Niyogi et al. 2008)

and brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) (Carroll et al. 1979 ).

In addition to hardness

, o ther water quality characteristics have been shown to influence

the toxicity of cadmium to aquatic species. Increased levels of dissolved organic carbon , for

example, have been shown to reduce the toxicity of cadmium to daphnids by reduc ing the

bioavailability of cadmium through complexation ( Clifford and McGeer 2010 ; Giesy et al. 1977;

Niyogi et al. 2008 )

. Conversely, o ther water chemistry variables , including magnesium, pH and

alkalinity have been shown to have little or no effect on cadmium toxicity (Clifford and McGeer

2010 ; Niyogi et al. 2008 )

. The relationship between s alinity and temperature and cadmium

effects could not be quantitatively established. These analys e s are de scribed in detail in Section

5.4.1

.

D evelopment of an initial (phase I) biotic ligand model (BLM

– formerly the “gill

model”) was attempted for cadmium to better account for the bioavailability of this metal to

aquatic life. The c a d mium BLM is based on a conceptual model similar to the gill site model

### 14

proposed by Pagenkopf (1983) , but it is recognized that the gill itself may be a general surrogate

for the actual s ite of toxic action

. For cadmium , it is thoug h t that more hig h ly specific enzymatic

binding si tes affect ing the activity of C a 2+



### - ATPase may be the actual site of toxic action ( Fu et

al. 1989 ; Hogstrand and Wood 1996 ). Based on the preliminary findings in 2003 during the

Phase I development of a cadmium BLM ( Hydro Q ual 2003 ) a significant pH effect was also

observed when pH was decreased from 7.0 to 4.7 for steelhead trout

, Oncorhynchus mykiss . In

the BLM framework

, this was explained as a competitive interaction between H + 

### and Cd 2+ 

### at the

biotic ligand

, rather than a change in cadmium spe ciation

. Preliminary results for the cadmium

BLM for more compl ex interactions indicate the effect levels should generally increase with

increasing DOC, pH and hardness (both as calcium and magnesium) (U

. S

. EPA et al. 2003).

Further development of the BLM for cadmium may help to better quantify the bioavailable

fraction of this chemical

. However, because hardness is a surrogate for other ions affecting

ca dmium toxicity

, and based on available data

, U.S. EPA believe s that a cadmium BLM model is

not necessary for th e current criteria update.



## 2.4 Conceptual Model

A conceptual model characterizes relationships between human activities, stressors, and

ecological effects on the assessment endpoints identified for evaluation (U.S. EPA 1998). The

conceptual model links exposure characteristics with the ecological endpoints important for the

developmen t of management goals. Under the CWA, these management goals are established by

states and tribes as designated uses of waters of the United States (for example, the protection of

aquatic life). In deriving aquatic life criteria, U.S. EPA is developing acc eptable thresholds for

pollutants that, if not exceeded, are expected to be protective of aquatic life. A state and/or tribe

may implement these criteria by adopting them into their respective water quality standards.

The conceptual model depicted in Figure 1 provides a broad overview of how aquatic

organisms c ould be exposed to cadmium. As depicted in Figure 1 and discussed in Section 2.1

, cadmium enters the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources

of cadmium, which largely result from the weathering and erosion of rock and soils, represent a

re latively minor source to the environment compared to anthropogenic sources. Although there

are multiple anthropogenic sources (see Section 2.1 ), emi ssions of cadmium to the atmosphere

(e.g., combustion, smelting/refining, and manufacturing) and contributions from leaching/runoff

### 15

(via the application of phosphate fertilizers) represent the major cadmium inputs ( 40 and up to 56

percent, respectively) to surface water (Pan et al. 2010).

Up to 93 percent of cadmium entering surface water will react with organic and inorganic

constituents in the water column, including particulate matter, iron oxides, and clay materials,

and will be removed to sediments (L awrence et al. 1996 ). S ediments are therefore a reservoir for

c admium in the aquatic envi ronment and can become a source of exposure for benthic and water

column dwelling aquatic life and higher trophic level species

. Figure 1 depicts exposure

pathways for the biological receptors of concern (e.g. , aquatic animals) and the potential attribute

changes (i.e., effects such as reduced survival, growth and r eproduction) in t hose receptors from

cadmium exposure. Although the multiple potential exposure pathways depicted in Figure 1 are

likely to be complete

, the development of the water quality criteria for cadmium focuses on

evaluating the direct exposure of aquatic life to cadmium in surface water because this potential

exposure pathway

, and the potential for adverse effects on survival, growth, and reprod uction

from direct aqueous exposure
, is considered to represent the greatest potential risk to most

aquatic species

, and is consi stent with the approach established in the 1985 Guidelines

. Nevertheless, consideration of the fate and transport mechanisms, exposure pathways, and

receptors depicted in Figure 1 may be helpful for states and tribes as they adopt criteria into

standards and evaluate potential exposure pathways affecting designated uses.

### 16

Figure 1 . Conceptual Model Depicting the Major Sources, Transport and Exposure Media and Ecological Effects of Cadmium in the Environment. (Note: Solid line indicates potentially important pathway/media/receptor; dashed line indicates secondary pathway/media/receptor)

.



## 2.5 Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints are defined as the explicit expressions of the environmental value s

to be protected and are comprised of both the ecological entity (e.g., a species, community, or

other entity) and the attribute s or characteristic s of the entity to be protected (U.S. EPA 1998).

Assessment endpoints may be identified at any level of organization (e.g., indivi dual, population,

community). In context of the Clean Water Act, aquatic life criteria for toxic s ubstances are

typically determined based on the results of toxicity tests with aquatic organisms

, for which

adverse effects on growth, reproduction, or surviv al are measured . This information is

aggregated into a species sensitivity analysis that characterizes an impact to the aquatic

community. Criteria are d esigned to be protective of the vast majority of aquatic animal species

in an aquatic community (i.e., approximately the 95 th 

### percentile of tested aquatic animals

### 17

representing the aquatic community). Assessment endpoints c onsistent with the criteria

developed in this document are summarized in Table 4

. The concept of using laboratory toxicity tests to protect North American bodies of water

and resident aquatic species and their uses is based on the theory that effects that occur on a

species in appropriat e laboratory tests will generally occur on the same species in comparable

field situations. Since aquatic ecosystems are complex and diversified, the 1985 Guidelines

require acceptable data be available for at least eight genera with a specified taxonomic diversity

(the standard eight

- family minimum data requirement, or MDR). The intent of the eight

- family

MDR is to serve as a typical surrogate sample community representative of the larger and

generally much more diverse natural aquatic community, not neces sarily the most sensitive

species in a given environment. For many aquatic life criteria, enough data are available to

describe a species sensitivity distribution to represent the distribution of sensitivities in natural

ecosystems. In addition, since aqua tic ecosystems can tolerate some stress and occasional

adverse effects, protection of all species at all times and places are not deemed necessary (the

intent is to protect 95 percent of a group of diverse taxa, and any commercially and

recreationally impo rtant species). Thus, if properly derived and used, the combination of a

freshwater or saltwater acute CMC and chronic CCC should provide an appropriate degree of

protection of aquatic organisms and their uses from acute and chronic toxicity to animals,

to xicity to plants, and bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms (Stephan et al. 1985).



## 2.6 M easurement Endpoints

Assessment endpoint s require one or more measures of ecological effect

, which are

termed “ measurement endpoints ” . Measurement endpoints are the measures of ecological effect

used to characterize or quantify changes in the attributes of an assessment endpoint or changes in

a surrogate entity or attribute

, in this case a response to chemical exposure. T oxicity data are

used as measures of direct and indirect effects on representative biological receptors. The

selected measures of effect for the development of aquatic life criteria encompass changes in the

growth, reproduction, and survival of aquatic organisms.

The toxicity data used for the develop ment of aquatic life criteria depend on the

availability of applicable toxicity test outcomes , the acceptability of test methodologies, and an

in

- depth evaluation of the acceptability of each specific test, as performed by the U.S. EPA.

### 18

Measurement endpoints for the development of aquatic life criteria are derived using acute and

chronic toxicity studies for representative test species , which are then quantitatively and

qualitatively analyzed, as de scribed in the Analysis Plan b elow. Meas urem ent endpoints

considered for each assessment endpoint in this criteria document are summarized in Table 4

. The following sections discuss toxicity data requirements for the fulfillment of these

measurement en d points.

Overview of Toxicity Data Requirements

U.S. EPA has specific data requirements to assess the potential effects of a stressor on an

aquatic ecosystem and develop 304(a) aquatic life crit eria under the CWA. Acute toxicity test

data for species from a minimum of eight diverse taxonomic groups are required for the

development of acute criteria to ensure the protection of various components of an aquatic

ecosystem.

 Acute f

reshwater criteria require data from the following tax o nomic groups:

o the family Salmonidae in the class Osteichthyes

o a second family in the class Osteichthyes, preferably a commercially or
recreationally important warmwater species (e.g., bluegill, channel catfish)

o a third family in the phylum Chordata (may be in the class Osteichthyes or may
be an amphibian)

o a planktonic crustacean (e.g., cladoceran, copepod)

o a benthic crustacean (e.g., ostracod, isopod, amphipod, crayfish)

o an insect (e.g., mayfly, dragonfly, damselfly, st onefly, caddisfly, mosquito,
midge)

o a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata (e.g., Rotifera, Annelida,
Mollusca)

o a family in any order of insect or any phylum not already represented

 Acute estuarine/marine criteria require data from the following tax o nomic groups:

o two families in the phylum Chordata

o a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata

o a family from eithe r Mysidae or Penaeidae

o three other families not in the phylum Chordata (may include Mysidae or

Penaeidae, whichever wa s not used above)

o any other family
Chronic toxicity test data (longer

- term effects on survival, growth, or reproduction) are

generally required for a minimum of three taxa, with at least one chronic test being from an

### 19

acutely

- sensitive species. Acute

- chro nic ratios (ACRs) can be calculated with data f or species of

aquatic animals from at least three different families if the following data requirements are met:

 at least one is a fish

 at least one is an invertebrate

 at least one is an acutely sensitive fres hwater species , for freshwater chronic criterion (the
other two may be saltwater species)

 at least one is an acutely sensitive saltwater species for estuarine/marine chronic criterion
(the other two may be freshwater species)

Because acceptable chronic values for all eight minimum data requirements were

available for cadmium in freshwater, the chronic criterion wa s derived following the same genus

level sensitivity distribution (SD) approach used to calculate the acute criterio n (see the 1985

Guidelines for additional detail). The chronic estuarine/marine criterion for cadmium was

derived using the ACR approach.

The 1985 Guidelines also require at least one acceptable test with a freshwater alga or

vascular plant. If plants are among the aquatic organisms most sensitive to the chemical , results

of a plant in another phylum should also be available. Data on toxicity to aquatic plants are

examined to determine whether plants are likely to be unacceptably affected by concentrations

below those expected to cause unacceptable effects on aquatic animals. However, as discussed in

Section 2.7

, the relative sensitivity of fresh and estuarine/marine algae and plants to cadmium

( Appendix E and Appendix F ) is less than vertebrates and invertebrates

, so plant criteria are not

developed.

Measures of Effect

Measure of cadmium exposure concentration

C onsistent with previous AWQC documents for cadmium, only effects data from tests

that used the following cadmium salts (either anhydrous or hydrated) were used for development

of the AWQC:

 cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 

### ) (CAS # 10108

- 64

- 2)

 cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO 3 

### ) 2 

### ) (CAS # 10325

- 94

- 7)

 cadmium sulfate (CdSO 4 

### ) (CAS # 10124

- 36

- 4)

### 20

Measured concentrations of cadmium can be expressed as either total recoverable

cadmium, acid

- soluble cadmium, or total dissolved cadmium (using a conversion factor) based

on the differen t forms of cadmium present in the aquatic environment. Previous aquatic life

criteria for cadmium were expressed either in terms of total recoverable cadmium (U.S. EPA

1980; 1983a) or as acid

- soluble cadmium (U.S. EPA 1985). Since 1993, U.S. EPA has

recomm ended using dissolved metal concentrations (defined as the metal in solution that passes

through a 0.45

- μm membrane filter) for developing criteria, based on the greater bioavailability

of dissolved metals in surface water. Cadmium criteria are accordingly expressed as dissolved

metal concentrations consistent with current recommendations (Prothro 1993; U.S. EPA 1993b,

1994), which typically involves converting measured total recoverable cadmium concentrations

to estimated dissolved cadmium concentrations u sing a conversion factor. It should be noted,

however, the majority of cadmium present in natural surface water is in the dissolved form and

differences between the 0.45

- μm filtered (dissolved) and unfiltered (total) concentrations in

surface water samples are usually small, with dissolved concentrations typically averaging 90 to

95 percent of the concentration present in an unfiltered sample ( Clark 2002; Mebane 2006;

Stephan 1995 ). These averages are generally consistent with dissolved concentrations of 94

percent for freshwater (at a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ) and 99 percent for marine

environments that were discussed in Section 4.3.1 and Section 4.4.1 for the updated criteria,

respectively.

All concentrations for toxicity tests are expressed as total cadmium in this document , not

as the form of the chemical tested. In the aquatic environment, cadmium is measured as total

recoverable metal or free divalent metal.

Acute m easures of e

ffect

The acute measures of effect on aquatic organisms are the LC 50 

### , EC 50 

### , and IC 50 

### . LC

stands for “Lethal Concentration” and an LC 50 

### is the concentration of a chemical that is

estimated to kill 50 percent of the test organisms. EC stands for “Effect Concentration” and the

EC 50 

### is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50 percent

of the test organisms. IC stands for “Inhibitory Concentration” and the IC 50 

### is the concentration

of a chemical that is estimated to inhibit some biological process (e.g. , growth) in 50 percent of

the test organisms. Data that were determined to have acceptable quality and to be useable in the

derivation of water quality criteria as described in U.S. EPA’s 1985 Guidelines for the derivation

### 21

of a freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are presented in Appendix A and Appendix B

, respective ly

.

Acute toxicity data on freshwater mussel glochidia lifestage

Glochidia are an early parasitic life stage of unionid freshwater mussels , which are free

living in the water column prior to finding an appropriate fish host

. Based on their unique life

history com pared to most aquatic life, glochidia toxicity tests were carefully examined to

determine if they provided ecologically relevant toxicological information for the derivation of

aquatic life criteria. Glochidia may be present in the water column for a period of time ranging

from seconds to days, depending on the species , and they have potential to be exposed to

c ontaminants in surface water during that time

. U.S. EPA determined it wa s important to

consider the potential for adverse effects to glochidia in the development of water quality criteria

for cadmium because adverse effects on this sensitive early life s tage could have implications on

the viability of unionid mussel populations. The potential for adverse effects to glochidia was

also c onsidered in the development of a mmonia criteria (U

. S

. EPA 2013 )

. In order for the toxicity test results with glochidia to be ecologically relevant, the

duration of the acute toxicity test must be comparable to the duration of the free

- living stage of

glochidia prior to attaching to a host. Research conducted by Fritts et al. ( 2014 ) supports the

recommendation of a maximum test duration of 24 hours for glochidia

, corresponding with the

ecologically relevant period of host infectivity of this parasitic life stage. Survival of glochidia at

the end of 24 hours should be at least 90% in the laboratory control and if the viability is less

than 90% at 24 hours in the control, then the next longest duration less than 24 hours that had at

least 90% survival in the control is considered acceptable for use. Th ese requirements for the

acceptance of glochidia tests w ere put forward in the 201 3 ammonia criteria document and w ere

peer reviewed at that time (U.S. EPA 2013)

.

Chronic m easures of e

ffect

The endpoint for chronic exposure is the EC 20 

### , which represents a 20 percent

effect/inhibition concentration. This is in contrast to a concentration that causes a low level of

reduction in response, such as an EC 5 

### or EC 10 

### , which is rarely statistically significantly different

from the control treatment. U.S. EPA selected an EC 20 

### to estimate a low level of effect that

would be statistically different from control effects, but not severe enough to cause chronic

### 22

ef fects at the population level (see U.S. EPA 1999c). Reported NOECs (No Observed Effect

Concentrations) and LOECs (Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations) were only used for the

derivation of chronic criteri on when an EC 20 

### could not be calculated for the gen us. A NOEC is

the highest test concentration at which none of the observed effects are statistically different

from the control. A LOEC is the lowest test concentration at which the observed effects a re

statistically different from the control. When LOECs and NOECs are used , a Maximum

Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) is calculated , which is the geometric mean of the

NOEC and LOEC.

Regression analysis was used to characterize a concentration

- effect relationship and to

estimate concentrations at whi ch chronic effect s are expected to occur

. For the calculation of

chronic criteri on , point estimates were selected for use as the measure of effect in favor of

MATC s , as MATCs are highly dependent on t he concentrations tested

. P oint estimates also

provide a dditional information that is difficult to determine with an MATC , such as a measure of

effect level across a range of tested concentrations. C hronic toxicity data that met the test

acceptability and quality assurance/control criteria in U.S. EPA’s 1985 Gu idelines for the

derivation of freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are presented in Appendix C and

Appendix D , respectively

.

### 23

Table 4

. Summary of Assess ment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria

Derivation

. Assessment Endpoints for the Aquatic Community Measures of Effect

Survival , growth, biomass, and reproduction

of fish and invertebrates (freshwater and estuarine/marine) A cute: LC 50 

### , EC 50 

### C hronic: EC 2 0 

### , MATC (only used when an EC 20 

### could not be calculated for the genus) Maintenance and growth of aquatic plants from standing crop or biomass (freshwater and estuarine/marine) LOEC, EC 20 

### , EC 50 

### , IC 50 

### , reduced growth rate, cell viability, calculated MATC

MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC)

NOEC = No observed effect concentration

LOEC = Lowest observed effect concentration

LC 50 = Lethal concentration to 50% of the test population

EC 50 /EC 20 = Ef

fect concentration to 50%/20% of the test population

IC 50 = Concentration of cadmium at which some effect is inhibited 50% compared to control organism



### Use of data from c hronic tests with Hyalella azteca

The use of H. azteca data for criteria derivation has created an uncertainty due to issues

with culture and testing conditions. Laboratory evidence indicates that sufficient levels of

bromide and chloride are required for maintaining healthy H. azteca culture s, which are

impo rtant to accurately characteriz ing the toxicity of pollutants to H. azteca (U.S. EPA 2009 a ).

In response to this concern, each H. azteca acute and chronic toxicity test w as evaluated with the

acceptability criteria recommended by U.S. EPA (2012) ( Appendix K ). These criteria address

the minimum levels of bromide and chloride in dilution water , along with other factors such as

the use of a substrate an d minimum survival of control to characterize test acceptability.



## 2.7 Analysis Plan

During CWA § 304(a) criteria development, U.S. EPA reviews and considers all relevant

toxicity test data. Information available for all relevant species and genera are reviewed to

identify: 1) data from acceptable tests that meet data quality standards; and 2) whether the

acceptable data meet the minimum data requirements (MDRs) as outlined in U.S. EPA’s 1985

Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1986a). T he taxa represented b y the different MDR

groups represent taxa with different ecological, trophic, taxonomic and functional characteristics

in aquatic ecosystems

, and are intended to be a representative subset of the diversity within a

typical aquatic comm unity

.

### 24

For this cadmium criteria update, the MDRs described in Section 2.6 are met and

criterion values are developed for acute and chronic freshwater and acute and chronic

estuarine/marine species. Table 5 provides a summary of the Phyla, Families, Genera and

Species for which toxicity data are available and that were used to fulfill the MDRs for

calculation of acute and chronic criteria for both freshwater and estuarine/marine organisms. A

relatively large number of tests from acceptable studies of aquatic algae and vascular plants are

also available for possible derivation of a Final Plant Value. However, the relative sensitivity of

fresh and est uarine/marine algae and plants to cadmium ( Appendix E and Appendix F ) is less

than aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates so plant criteria are not developed.

Table 5 . Summary of Acceptable Toxicity Data Used to Meet the Minimum Data Requirements in the “1985 Guidelines”.

Freshwater Acute Freshwater Chronic

Phylum Families GMAVs SMAVs Families GMCVs SMCVs

Annelida 4 11 12 2 2 2
Arthropoda 18 22 32 3 4 6

Bryozoa 3 3 3

- - - Chordata 15 2 7 35 8 11 16

Cnidaria 1 1 4

- - - Mollusca 4 9 13 3 3 3
Platyhelminthes 2 2 2

- - -
Total 47 7 5 101 16 20 27



### Estuarine/Marine Acute Estuarine/Marine Chronic
Phylum Families GMAVs SMAVs Families GMCVs SMCVs

Annelida 6 10 10

- - - Arthropoda 31 37 44 1 1 2

Chordata 14 14 16

- - - Cnidaria 2 2 2

- - - Echinodermata 3 3 4

- - - Mollusca 9 12 17

- - - Nematoda 1 1 1

- - -
Total 66 79 94 1 1 2



## 2.7.1 Hardness Adjustment

Water hardness is the primary quantitative correlation used to modify metal toxicity

estimates (U.S. EPA 1996 a ). The hardness adjustment is used as a surrogate for this criteria

### 25

revision to estimate the effect of all ions on the toxicity of cadmium. U.S. EPA’s 1985

Guidelines state that when sufficient data are available to demonstrate that toxicity is related to a

water quality characteristic, the relationship s hould be tak en into account using an analysis of

covariance (Stephan et al. 1985). As noted i n the G uidelines , the relationship between hardness

and the toxicity of metals in freshwater is best described by a log

- log relationship. The ratio of

calcium and magnesium ions influence the toxicity of cadmium and the subsequent cadmium

toxicity

- hardness relationship, especially since cadmium is known to behave like a calcium

analog (Playle et al. 1993a). A n analysis of covariance was cond ucted to examine the

relationship be tween hardness and cadmium toxicity to freshwater aquatic animals . The analysis

of covariance was performed separately for acute and chronic toxicity, using the R statistical

program ( Dixon and Brown 1979 ; Neter and Wass erman 1974; R Development Core Team

2012).

Before conducting the analysis of covariance, currently available toxicity data with

available hardness values were evaluated for each species to determine if they were useful for

characterizing the relationship between hardness and cadmium toxicity in freshwater

. The 1985

G uidelines do not provide explicit rules regarding whether data for a particular species are

useful, but they do emphasize the importance of having a range of tested hardness values for a

partic ular species. Since the publication of the 1985 Guidelines

, U.S. EPA has determined that in

order to meet the precondition for inclusion in the covariance model for determin in g the hardness

relationship, a species should have definitive toxicity values available over a range of hardness

level s, such that the highest hardness is at least three times the lowest, and at least 100 mg/L

higher than the lowest (U.S. EPA 2001). As such, EPA evaluated the cadmium s tudies per the

1985 G uidelines conditions above prior to inclusion in the covariance model and excluded

studies from the analysis whe re only a single acute toxicity value was available, or where

multiple tests were conducted at the same hardness. Examples of excluded tests include t hose

that were conduc ted to evaluate the effects of cadmium to a non

- hardness parameter, such as Na

or K (e.g., Clifford 2009). In cases where the hardness

- toxicity relationship for a particular

species is highly divergent between studies

, then data from these studies w ere onl y used when

they were specifically designed to investigate the effects of hardness

, and when both the toxicity

and hardness values provided we re definitive (not greater than or less than values ) . For example,

the hardness

- toxicity relationship for the fath ead minnow is highly divergent from one life stage

### 26

to another. Adult fathead minnow responses are highly correlated

, while fry responses are not, so

only tests conducted with adults were used ( U.S. EPA 2001).

As noted above, this 2015 cadmium update evaluated definitive toxicity values available

over a specified range of hardness level s to develop the acute and chronic hardness

- toxicity

relationships. This procedure was very similar to that used f or the 2001 up date, except that

multiple tests conducted at the same hardness level were excluded and data from the same study

were favored over highly divergent data from multiple studies for a particular species. In

addition, EC 20 

### and MATC values are used in the chron ic slope for this effort, whereas the 2001

update used only MATCs. The data used to calculate the acute and chronic hardness

- toxicity

relationships are identified in Appendix A and Appendix C , respectively.

An a nalysis of covariance

, to evaluate the relationship between natural log transformed

hardness and natural log transformed cadmium toxicity to the tested species , is the first step

following data selection

. If the analysis of covariance m odel term describing the similarity of

hardness slopes among individual species is not statistically significant at an alpha of 0.05

(P>0.05) , then a model with a single hardness slope is statistically equivalent to a model with

separate hardness slopes for each species , and a pooled slope can be calculated

. The pooled

hardness slope is then calculated using linear regression, and is considered the best estimate for

characterizing the relationship between toxicity and hardness for all test species

. The results of

the acute and chronic hardness correction procedures are described in Se c tion 3.1.1 and Section

3.1.2 , respectively, and individual species slopes are provided in Ta ble 6 and Table 8

.



## 2.7.2 Acute c riteri on

Acute criteria are derived from the sensitivity distribution (SD) of genus mean acute

values (GMAVs), c alculated from species mean acute values (SMAVs) for available and

acceptable data. SMAVs are calculated using the geometric mean for all acceptable toxicity tests

for a given species (e.g.

, all tests for Daphnia magna ). If only one test is available, the SMAV is

that test value by default. As stated in the 1985 Guidelines, flow

- through test data are normally

given preference over non

- flow

- through data for a species , when available

. Whe n relationships

a re apparent between life

- stage and sensitivity, only va lues for the most sensitive life

- stage are

considered.

### 27

GMAVs are calculated using the geometric means of all calculated SMAVs within a

given genus (e.g., all SMAVs for genus Daphnia

– including Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna ).

I f only one SMAV is available f or a genus, then the GMAV is represented by that value.

GMAVs derived for each of the genera are then rank

- ordered by sensitivity

, from most (Rank 1)

to least sensitive (Rank N ).

A cute freshwater and estuarine / marine criteri a are based on the Final Acute Value

(FAV) . The FAV is determined by first ordering the GMAVs by rank from most to least

sensitive for regression analysis

. The r egression analysis is typically driven by the four most

sensitive genera in the sensitivity distribution

, based on the need to interpolat e or extrapolat e (as

appropriate) to the 5 th 

### percentile of the distribution represented by the tested genera. Use of a

sensitivity distribution where the criteria values are based on the four most sensitive taxa in a

triangul ar distribution represent s a censored statistical approach that improves estimation of the

lower tail when the shape of the whole distribution is uncertain , while accounting for the total

number of genera within the whole distribution

. S ince there were mor e than 59 GMAVs in both

the freshwater and estuarine/marine cadmium acute datasets, the four GMAVs closest to the 5 th



### percentile of the distribution were used to calculate the FAV

, consistent with procedures

described in the 1985 Guidelines. The acute crit erion

, defined as the C riterion M aximum

C oncentratio n ( CMC )

, is then calculated by divid ing the FAV by two, which is intended to

provide an acute criterion protective of nearly all individuals in the distribution (Stephan et al.

1985) ;t he F AV/2 approach was developed to estimate minimal effect levels, approximately equal

control mortality limits, based on analysis of 219 acute toxicity tests on a range of chemicals, as

described in the Federal Register on May 18, 1978 (43 FR 21506

- 18).



## 2.7.3 Chronic c riteri o n

A chronic criterion is typically determined by one of two methods. If data requirements

are met with acceptable chronic test data available for all eight families , then the chronic criter ia

are derived using the same method as for the acute criteri a
, em ploying chronic values (e.g., EC 20 

### )

estimated from acceptable toxicity tests. While t his is the case for the freshwater cadmium

chronic dataset, acceptable chronic data are not available for all eight families for

estuarine/marine species

. For the estuarine/marine chronic dataset

, the chronic criterion was

therefore derived by determining an appropriate Final A cute

- C hronic R atio ( F ACR).

### 28

T he procedure used to calculate an F ACR i nvolves divid ing an acute toxicity test value

by a “paired” chroni c test value

. T ests for a chemical are considered paired when they are

conducted by the same laboratory

, with the same test organism and with the same dilution water

( see Stephan et al. 1985 ). If there is a clear trend, the FACR may be the geometric mean o f the

available ACRs, or an individual ACR (or combination therefore)

, based on the most sensitive

taxa. Available data met with these guidelines and t he Fin al Chronic Value (FCV) for

estuarine/marine aquatic animals was obtained by divid ing the FAV by the FACR , consistent

with procedures described in Section IV.A of Stephan et al. (1985)

. Available chronic toxicity data for freshwater and estuarine/marine plants were reviewed

to determine whether plants are more sensitive to cadmium than fr eshwater and estuarine/marine

animals (see Appendix A

, Appendix B

, Appendix E and Appendix F ). Plants were found to be

less sensitive, and in most cases , at least an order of magnitude less sensitive to cadmium than

other aquatic species. It was therefore not necessary to develop chr onic criteria based on plant

toxicity values in this update.

### 29



# 3 EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS

The data used to update the acute and chronic criteria for cadmium were collected via

literature searches of EPA’s ECOTOX database

, as described in the ECOTOX User Guide

Version 4.0 (see: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/blackbox/help/userhelp4.pdf). ECOTOX is an

extensive database of selected toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife created

and maintained by the U.S. EPA, Office of Res earch and Development, National Health and

Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's Mid

- Continent Ecology Division (U.S. EPA

2007a). The search of cadmium and cadmium compounds for this update includes data entered in

ECOTOX through October 201 4

. Newly acquired data were evaluated for acceptability based on data quality guidelines given

in Toxicity Test Applicability ( Appendix A ) of the1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985 )

. Data

included in the 2001 cadmium criteria were previously reviewed and were not re

- evaluated as

part of the 2015 update. All acute and chronic toxicity data (see Appendices A

- G ) determined to

be applicable and reliable were used to recalculate the CMC and the CCC, consistent with the

1985 Guidelines and as described in the following sections

.



## 3.1 Freshwater Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

3.1.1 Acute t oxicity

Acceptable data on the acute effects of cadmium in freshwater are available for a total of

101 species representing 7 5 genera ( Appendix A ), the diversity of which satisfy the eight

taxonomic MDRs specified in the 1985 Guidelines. R anked GMAVs for cadmium in freshwater

based on acute toxicity are identified in Table 7 and plotted in Figure 2

. The following sections

detail the derivation of these GMAV summaries.

Hardness c orrection

Water hardness is the primary quantitative correlation used to modify metal toxicity

estimates (U.S. EPA 199 6 a ). The hardness adjustment is used as a surrogate to estimate the

effect of primarily calcium on the toxicity of cadmium . Data to be used for the calculation of the

hardness correction were selected according to procedures described in Section 2.7.1 . An

analysis of covariance was then performed using a subset of the data from Appendix A (each

study used in the acute hardness sl ope derivation is identified by an asterisk) for the 2 0 species

### 30

for which the appropriate data were available , as shown in Ta ble 6 . These included the 12

species used in the determination of the acute toxicity hardness slope in the 2001 criteria

document (U.S. EPA 2001) and eight new species. For all 2 0 species, the high est hardness was at

least three times the lowest, and the highest hardness was at least 100 mg/L greater tha n the

lowest ( Appendix A ). In addition, for H. circumcincta, T. tubifex, D. pulex, C. riparius

, and D.

rerio

, only studies for which multiple tests were conducted across a hardness gradient were used.

Consistent with data quality criteria used for development of the 2001 AWQC for cadmium and

as discussed in Section 2.7.1 , the dataset used for P. promelas consisted of only tests conducted

with adults. For D. magna

, t he relationship between acute toxicity and hardness had a very

shallow slope and a large confidence interval (and large standard error), indicating a poor

correlation. This outcome was b ased on the poor correlation between hardness and acute toxicity

for D. magna and occu rred only when tests with less than 24

- hr old neonates were included in

the database. Accordingly, only the five D. magna tests from Chapman et al. (1980) initiated

with less than 24

- hr old neonates were used for th e analysis

.

Based on the final dataset used to calculate the acute hardness slope and consistent with

the 1985 Guidelines , an analysis of covariance was performed to determine if a single pooled

species slope would be acceptable. The P

- value of the model term describing the relationship

between hardness and species w as 0.38 , indicating that the individual species hardness slopes are

not significantly different from one another, and that a single pooled slope could be calculated

. The pooled slope for the log

- log relationship between hardness an d acute toxicity was

1. 103 . A list of the species and accompanying slopes used to estimate the final acute hardness

slope is provided in Ta ble 6

.

### 31

Ta ble 6

. Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Acute Toxicity vs. Hardness Relationship. Species n Slope R 2 

### Value 95% Confidence Interval df Hydra circumcincta a 

### 3 0. 5363* 1.000 0.4706

– 0.6020 1 Hydra viridissima 2 1.788

--- --- 0 Hydra vulgaris 4 0.5 386 0.6 35

- 0.7029

– 1.780 2 Branchiura sowerbyi 2 1.545

--- --- 0 Limnodrilius hoffmeisteri 2 0.7888

--- --- 0 Tubifex tubifex b 

### 4 1.421* 0.957 0.5052

- 2.337 2

Villosa vibex 2 0.9286

--- --- 0 Daphnia magna c 

### 5 1.182* 0.915 0.5194

- 1.845 3 Daphnia pulex d 

### 7 0. 9307 * 0. 867 0. 5113

- 1. 350 5 Chironomus riparius e 

### 2 0.4571

--- --- 0 Oncorhynchus mykiss f 

### 33 1.050 * 0.6 33 0. 7570

- 1. 342 3 1 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 6 1.258* 0.947 0.8461

- 1.669 4

Salmo trutta 6 1.256* 0.900 0.6762

- 1.837 4

Carassius auratus g 

### 2 1. 588

--- --- 0

Danio rerio h 

### 2 0.9270

--- --- 0 Pimephales promelas i 

### 1 7 1. 540 * 0. 547 0.7 684

- 2.312 1 5

Poecilia reticulata 3 0. 8752 0. 949

- 1.700

- 3.450 1

Morone saxatilis 2 0.4666

--- --- 0 Lepomis cyanellus 4 0.8986 0.880

- 0.1127

- 1.910 2 Lepomis macrochirus 7 0.8 734* 0. 956 0.6575

- 1.089 5

Final Model 115 1. 103 *# 0.9 64 0. 9544

- 1.252 75
Species highlighted in bold are new for the 20 15 updated hardness slope. * Slope is significantly different than 0 (p<0.05) # Individual species slopes not significantly different (p=0. 38 )

a

– 3 tests from Clifford (2009) at different hardness levels where hardness was manipulated as Ca.

b

- 4 tests from Rathore and Khangarot (2003) at different hardness levels.

c

– Following the procedure described in the 2001 AWQC document, used 5 tests from Chapman et al. (Manuscript) performed at different hardness levels.

d

- 7 tests from Clifford (2009) ; Clifford and McGeer (2010) at different hardness levels where hardness wa s manipulated as Ca

.

e

- 2 tests from Gillis and Wood (2008) at different hardness levels.

f

– Excluded 6 tests from Davies et al. (1993) where hardness manipulated as Mg; excluded 2 tests from Davies and Brinkman (1994b) because of aged test solutions; excluded 3 tests from Nyogi et al. 2008 that manipulated water quality parameters in addition to hardness.

g

– 2 tests from McCarty et al. (1978) at different hardness levels.

h

– 2 tests from Alsop and Wood (2011) at different hardness levels and same test temperature.

i

– Following the procedure described in the 2001 AWQC document, used only adult life stages

.



### Summaries of studies used in acute criterion determination

The 2015 update includes acute toxicity data for 66 invertebrate species, 33 fish species

, one salamander species, and one frog species

, for a total of 101 species grouped into 75 genera

.

Of the 75 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have new data

( Table 7 and Appendix A ). The most sensitive genus is the fish Salvelinus with a GMAV of

### 32

4.750 μg/L (normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ). The mo st sensitive

invertebrate genus is represented by the amphipod Hyalella azteca

, with the seventh most

sensitive normalized GMAV of 26.29 μg/L. As noted in Table 7 , if the SMAVs for a genus

differ by greater than a factor of 10, then the most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV

calculation. This difference was primarily due to the sensitivity between the life stage tested for

each species and was applied to the GMAV calculation for Salvelinus

, Ptychocheilus

, Physa and

Orconectes . This approach ensures that the most sensitive effect level is used for each genus.

The pooled slope of 1. 103 was used to normal ize the freshwater acute values in

Appendix A to a hardness = 100 mg/L CaCO 3 

### , except where it was not possible because no

hardness value was report ed or a value could not be estimated . Species Mean Acute Values

(SMAV) were calculated as geometric means of the normalized acute values. Only the

underlined EC 50 

### /LC 50 

### values shown in Appendix A were used to calculate the SMAVs for each

species

. The SMAVs for freshwater invertebrates ranged from 26.29 μg/L total cadmium for the

amphipod, H. azteca , to >144,586 μg/L total cadmium for the midge, Chironomus riparius . Of

the fish species tested, the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

, had the lowest SMAV of 4.468

μ g/L total cadmium, and the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus , had the highest SMAV of 75,693

μ g/L total cadmium. As indicated by the data, both invertebrate and fish species display a wide

range of sensitivities to cadmium.

Fish species represent the six most acutely sensitive genera to cadmium ( Table 7 ), and

salmonids ( Salmo

, Salvelinus

, Oncorhynchus and Prosopium ) represent four of the six most

sensitive fish genera

. The most sensitive genus, Salvelinus , is over 10,200 times more sensitive

than the most resistant, Chironomus

. The second through fifth most sensitive genera (out of a total of 75 ) were used in the

computation of the Final Acute Value (FAV). As stated above, whenever there are 59 or more

GMAVs in the acute criteria dataset, the FAV is calculated using the four GMAVs closest to the

5 th 

### percentile of the distribution. The distribution of ranked freshwater GMAVs for cadmium is

depicted in Figure 2 and is expressed as normalized total cadmium.

The four species and hardness

- normalized associated endpoints (SMAV or GMAV) used

in calculating the acut e criterion ( sensitivity rank 2

- 5 ) are ranked below from most to least

sensitive:

### 33

2. Cottus (GMAV= 4.926 μg/L total Cd)

3. Morone saxatilis , Striped bass (GMAV= 5.883 μg/L total Cd)

4. Salmo trutta , Brown trout (GMAV= 6.066 μg/L total Cd)

5

. Oncorhynchus (GMAV= 7.84 1 μg/L total Cd)

T he most sensitive genus, Salvelinus (GMAV of 4.750 μg/L total cadmium)

, is not

included in the criteria numeric calculation because it falls below the 5 th 

### percentile of sensitivity

in the distribution of 75 genera included in the dataset. The resulting calculated FAV is 6.4 4 5

μg/L total cadmium. T he SMAV for the commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout

( Table 7 ) is lower than the calculated FAV , along with the SMAVs for cutthroat trout

, Chinook

salmon, brown trout , bull trout , shorthead and mottled sculpin, and striped bass

. As

recommended by the 19 85 Guidelines, the freshwater FAV for total cadmium at a hardness of

100 mg/L was therefore lowered to 4.468 μg/L to protect the commercially and recreationally

important rainbow trout

. Because rainbow trout was the most sensitive salmonid specie s tested

(and lowest SMAV in the acute dataset)

, t his lowered value is also protective of all the salmonid

species for w hich toxicity data are available

, and other sensitive fish species as well

. Summaries

are provided below for the individual species or genera (i n cases where more than one species is

included in the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the freshwater FAV

. All values are

provided in terms of total cadmium.

Cottus

Two species of sculpin, Cottus bairdii and Cottus confusus , are used to derive the

normalized GMAV of 4.962 μg Cd /L , the second most sensitive genus in the acute dataset , and

the lowest of the four GMAVs used to calculate the FAV ( Table 7 ) . Besser et al. (2006, 2007)

and Brinkman and Vieira (2007) exposed fry of C

. bairdii to flow

- through measured conditions

to yield normalized 96

- hr LC 50 

### s ranging from 2.806 to 7.645 μg/L, wit h the SMAV of 4.540

μg/L cadmium. The C. confusus normalized SMAV of 5.345 μg/L cadmium is based on the

static

- renewal measured study reported by Mebane et al. (2012)

.

Morone saxatilis

Two acceptable acute values from one study (Palawski et al. 1985) were used to calculate

the hardness

- normalized SMAV/GMAV for the striped bass, Morone saxatilis . The 63

- day old

### 34

fish were exposed in static, unmeasured chambers at two different test hardnes s levels (40 and

285 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ). The GMAV for the species is 5.883 μg/L total cadmium and is the third

lowest in the acute dataset

.

Salmo trutta

The hardness

- normalized SMAV/GMAV of 6.066 μg/L total cadmium for the brown

trout is based on the geometric mean of five 96

- hr LC 50 

### s as reported by Davies and Brinkman

(1994c), Brinkman and Hansen (2004a, 2007) and Stubblefield (1990) . All tests were flow

through measured exposures and used either the fingerling or fry life stage ( see Appendix A )

.

The GMAV for the brown trout is the fourth lowest in the acute dataset

.

Oncorhynchus

The hardness

- normalized GMAV of 7. 911 μg/L total cadmium for the genus

Oncorhynchus is the fifth lowest in the acute dataset, and is calculated from SMAVs of four

different species (cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii; coho salmon, O. kisutch ; rainbow trout,

O mykiss ; Chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha )

. Oncorhynchus is one of the most widely tested

genera in the freshwater acute dataset. All but the cutthroat trout are Listed species . Hardness

normalized SMAVs range from 4.468 to 14.34 μg/L total cadmium ( Table 7 ) and are composed

of anywhere from one ( O. kisutch ) to 37 ( O. mykiss ) acute values ( Appendix A ).

Table 7 . Ranked Freshwater GMAVs. (Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### and expressed as total cadmium). (Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC)

.

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

7 5 48,458 Midge, Chironomus plumosus 16,241

- - Midge, Chironomus riparius >144,586

74 31,404 Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus 75,693

- - Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambica 13,029

73 28,710 Common carp, Cyprinus carpio 28,710

7 2 27,070 Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum 27,070

7 1 24,249 Mayfly, Rhithrogena hageni 24,249

70 >23,794 Little green stonefly, Sweltsa sp. >23,794

### 35

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

6 9 16,084 Oligochaete, Rhyacodrilus montana 16,084

6 8 15,895 Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis 15,895

6 7 14,041 Oligochaete, Stylodrilus heringianus 14,041

6 6 13,429 Oligochaete, Branchiura sowerbyi 13,429

6 5 10,968 Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus 10,968

6 4 10,903 Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus 10,903

6 3 10,131 Oligochaete, Spirosperma ferox 8,935

- - Oligochaete, Spirosperma nikolskyi 11,488

6 2 9,701 Earthworm, Varichaetadrilus pacificus 9,701

6 1 8,169 Oligochaete, Quistadrilus multisetosus 8,169

60 8,028 Mayfly, Hexagenia rigida 8,028

5 9 7,867 Red shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis 7,867

5 8 7,377 Green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus 5,402

- - Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus 10,074

5 7 7,357 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 7,357

5 6 6,656 Yellow perch, Perca flavescens 6,656

5 5 6,182 Flagfish, Jordanella floridae 6,182

5 4 5,100 Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata 5,100

5 3 4,946 Mayfly, Drunella grandis 4,946

5 2 4,164 Tubificid worm, Tubifex 4,164

5 1 3,651 Amphipod, Crangonyx pseudogracilis 3,651

50 2,891 Copepod, Diaptomus forbesi 2,891

4 9 2,860 Zebrafish,

Danio rerio 2,860

4 8 2,210 African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis 2,210

4 7 2,195 Crayfish,

Procambarus acutus 898.7

- - Crayfish,

Procambarus alleni 7,263

- - Red swamp crayfish,

Procambarus clarkii 1,620

### 36

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

4 6 >1,917 Caddisfly, Arctopsyche sp. >1,917

4 5 1,831 Goldfish,

Carassius auratus 1,831

44 1,531 Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 1,531

43 1,512 Oligochaete, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri 1,512

42 1,130 Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile 1,130

41 >973.2 Snail, Gyraulus sp. >973.2

40 892.1 Isopod,

Caecidotea bicrenata 892.1

39 668.6 Lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis 668.6

38 496.4 Cladoceran, Alona affinis 496.4

37 493.7 Bryozoa, Plumatella emarginata 493.7

36 448.2 Cyclopoid copepod, Cyclops varicans 448.2

35 425.3 Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus 425.3

34 389.3 Pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis 389.3

33 384.2 Planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala 384.2

32 382.6 Leech, Glossiphonia complanata 382.6

31 317.1 Bryozoa, Pectinatella magnifica 317.1

30 241.0 Worm, Lumbriculus variegatus 241.0

29 225.4 Snail, Aplexa hypnorum 225.4

28 190.8 Snail, Physa acuta 2,383 b

- - Pouch snail, Physa gyrina 190.8

27 180.2 Worm, Nais elinguis 180.2

26 171.0 Amphipod, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus 171.0

25 121.9 Hydra, Hydra circumcincta 207.4

- - Hydra Hydra oligactis 141.1

- - Green hydra, Hydra viridissima 41.06

- - Hydra, Hydra vulgaris 183.9

24 108.4 Cladoceran, Diaphanosoma brachyurum 108.4

### 37

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

23 103.4 Crayfish,

Orconectes immunis >24,972 b

- - Crayfish, Orconectes juvenilis 148.4

- - Crayfish, Orconectes placidus 72.11

- - Crayfish,

Orconectes virilis 26,948 b

22 94.50 Isopod,

Lirceus alabamae 94.50

21 88.67 Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa 88.67

20 73.91 Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis 73.91

19 73.80 Bonytail, Gila elegans (LS) 73.80

18 72.54 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia 66.29

- - Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata 79.37

17 72.07 Southern rainbow mussel,

Villosa vibex 72.07

16 70.01 Mussel, Lasmigona subviridis 70.01

15 69.80 Razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus (LS) 69.80

14 69.65 Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus 69.65

1 3 69.49 Mussel, Actinonaias pectorosa 69.49

12 67.94 Bryozoa, Lophopodella carteri 67.94

11 66.10 Cladoceran, Daphnia ambigua 27.80

- - Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 40.54

- - Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex 118.3

- - Cladoceran, Daphnia similis 143.2

10 57.18 Neosho mucket, Lampsilis rafinesqueana (LS) 49.46

- - Fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea 39.56

- - Southern fatmucket, Lampsilis straminea claibornensis 104.4

- - Yellow sandshell, Lampsilis teres 52.34

9 42.96 Colorado squawfish, Ptychocheilus lucius (LS) 42.96

- - Northern pike minnow, Ptychocheilus oregonensis 5,065 b

8 <33.46 White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (LS) <33.46

### 38

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

7 26.29 Amphipod, Hyalella azteca 26.29

6 >17.05 Mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni >17.05

5 7.841 Cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii 5.966

- - Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS) 14.34

- - Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (LS) 4.468

- - Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (LS) 9.888

4 6.066 Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 6.066

3 5.883 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 5.883

2 4.926 Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii 4.540

- - Shorthead sculpin,

Cottus confusus 5.345

1 4.750 Bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (LS) 4.750

- - Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 3,362 b

a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b T here is a 10x diff

erence in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the calculation (e.g

. , only

bull trout was used to determine GMAV for Salvelinus

, not brook trout)

. [ The following species were not included in the Ranked GMAV Table because hardness was not reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized to the standard total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 : Leech, Nephelopsis obscura ; Crayfish, Orconectes limosus ; Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii ; Stonefly, Pteronarcella

badia ; Midge, Culicoides furens ; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus .]

LS = Federally

- listed species

### 39

Figure 2

. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMAVs.



## 3.1.2 Chronic toxicity

Acceptable data on the chronic effects of cadmium in freshwater are available for 2 7

species

, grouped into 20 genera ( Appendix C ) . As with the freshwater cadmium acute dataset

, the diversity of species representing the chronic dataset satisfy the eight MDRs specifie d in the

1985 Guidelines , and regression analysis was therefore used to derive the new freshwater CCC.

This is in contrast to the acute

- chronic ratio methodology, which must be used when the MDRs

are not met

. R anked GMC Vs for cadmium in freshwater based on chronic toxicity are identified

in Table 9 and plotted in Figure 3 . The following sections detail the derivation of these GMC V

s ummaries.

### 40

Hardness correction

Following the procedures described in Section 2.7.1 , an analysis of covariance was

applied to the data in Appendix C (each study used in the chronic hardness slope derivation is

identified by and asterisk) to calculate the chronic hardness correction slo pe for four species

( Daphnia magna

, Oncorhynchus mykiss

, Salmo trutta and Salvelinus fontinalis ) ( Table 8 ). Two

of the four species ( O. mykiss and S. fontinalis ) were not included in the 2001 AWQC dataset.

Although included in the 200 1 revision

, data for P. promelas were not used for the hardness

correction slope in the 2015 update because no EC 20 

### values and only MATCs were available for

these tests

. Fo r D. magna , both EC 20 

### values and MATCs were available , but the EC 20 

### values

from multiple studies were too divergent

. T herefore

, the same three MATC values from

Chapman et al. (Manuscript) used in the 2001 revision were retained in the 2015 update so that

an invertebrate species could be included in the calculation of the chronic cadmium toxicity

hardness slope. The acceptable data for rainb ow trout were limited to data from Brown et al.

( 1994 ), Davies and Brinkman (1994b), Besser et al. ( 2007 )

, and Mebane et al. ( 2008 ). Rainbow

trout data from Davies et al. (1993) were not included, as differences in toxicity due to different

levels of hardn ess were attributed entirely to magnesium amendments.

Using the final dataset to calculate the chronic cadmium toxicity

- hardness slope, an

analysis of covariance test was performed to determine whether a single pooled species slope

was acceptable for use in the criteria derivation. The P

- value of the resulting relationship

between hardness and individual species slopes was 0. 15 , indicating that individual species

hardness slopes were not significantly different from one another, and that a single pooled sl ope

could be used. The pooled slope for the log

- log relationship between hardness and chronic

toxicity was 0. 7977

. A list of the species and accompanying slopes used to estimate the final

chronic hardness slope is provided in Table 8

.

### 41

Table 8 . Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Chronic Toxicity vs. Hardness Relationship.

Species n Slope R 2 

### Value 95% Confidence

Interval df Daphnia magna a 

### 3 0.7712 0.962

- 1.166

- 2.709 1 Oncorhynchus mykiss b 

### 6 0. 4602* 0. 7 05 0.04712

- 0.8732 4

Salmo trutta 6 1. 329* 0. 765 0.3072

- 2.350 4 Salvelinus fontinalis 3 1.078 0.862

- 4.406

- 6.563 1

Final Model 18 0. 7977 *# 0. 841 0

. 4334

- 1. 162 10 Species highlighted in bold are new relative to the 2001 AWQC hardness slope estimation * Slope is significantly different than 0 (p<0.05) # Individual species slopes not significantly different (p=0. 15 )

a 

### Includes 3 MATCs from Chapman et al. ( Manuscript )

. b 

### Includes o ne value from Brown et al. (1994)

, two values from Davies and Brinkman (1994b), one value from Besser et al. (2007) and two from Mebane et al. (2008) . Excluded 3 values from Davies

et al. (1993) because hardness was manipulated using magnesium.



### Summaries of studies used in chronic freshwater criterion determination

Of the 20 Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCV) in the updated chronic criteria dataset,

four of the genera included previously in the 2001 update have new data. A new species in the

updated dataset, mottled sculpin ( C. bairdii ) now represents the most sensitive fish species and

the third most sensitive genus in the distribution with a GMCV = 1.72 1 μg/L (total cadmium and

normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ). The most sensitive invertebrate is the

amphipod Hyalella azteca with a normalized GMCV = 0.7453 μg/L (based on the 42

- d ay

reproduction endpoint) . There are sufficient data to fu lfill the requirements to calculate chronic

freshwater criteria using the species sensitivity distribution (SD) method. Acceptable data on the

chronic effects of cadmium on freshwater animals include 1 1 species of invertebrates and 1 6

species of fish group ed into 20 genera ( Table 9 ). Six new species include the oligochaete

( Lumbriculus variegatus ), the fatmucket ( Lampsilis siliquoidea ), the snail ( Lymna ea stagnalis ),

the Rio Grande cutthroat trout ( O. clarkii virginalis ), the mottled sculpin ( C. bairdii ) and the

cladoceran ( Ceriodaphnia reticulata ). All of the toxicity values and SMCVs derived are

tabulated and included in Appendix C

. The first through fourth most sensitive genera (out of a

total of 20 ) were used in th e computation of the Final Chronic Value (FC V) and are ranked

below from most to least sensitive:

### 42

1. Hyalella azteca

, Amphipod (GMCV= 0.7453 μg/L total Cd)

2. Ceriodaphnia , Cladoceran (GMC V= 1.293 μg/L total Cd)

3. Cottus bairdii, Mottled sculpin (GMC V= 1.721 μg/L total Cd)

4. Chironomus dilutus

, Midge (GMC V= 2.000 μg/L total Cd)

The resulting calculated FCV is 0.80 μg/L total cadmium. Summaries are provided

below for the individual species or genera (in cases where more than one species is included in

the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the fre shwater FCV. All values are provided in

terms of total cadmium.

Hyalella azteca

One full

- life cycle study satisfied the acceptability criteria for H. azteca (Ingersoll and

Kemble 2001) based on newly recommended culture and control conditions (see Appendix K ).

H. azteca were exposed under flow

- through measured conditions (control, low, middle and high

exposures) at a mean temperature of 23°C and a total hardness of 280 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### . A 3

- mm

nylon mesh substrate was provided during the test. The seven

- to eight

- day old amphipods were

exposed to water only mean total cadmium concentrations of 0.10 (control), 0.12, 0.32, 0.51, 1.9

and 3.2 μg/L for 42 days. The water used for this test (USGS Columbia Lab well water) is

acceptable for H. azteca studies (around 25 mg Cl/L and 0.08 mg Br/L). For this study, both

weight (measured by scale) and length data were obtained, and there are differences in the

inferred growth between the two measures. After consul tation with the study authors, it was

determined that techniques used to measure length data were more likely to reflect true growth

than the weight measurements. Since the time the original study was conducted, the same

laboratory has developed a robust e mpirica l relationship between amphipod length and weight.

Applying this formula, the 28

- d average control length of 4.37 mm represe nts an average dry

weight of 0.434 mg and the 42

- d average control length of 4.67 mm translates to an average dry

weight of 0 .524 mg. These weight values are above the minimum control performance values

listed in Appendix K . In additio n, the average control reproduction (6 .4 young/female) also met

minimum performance values. Although the feeding rate used in this test was below that

recommended for H. azteca exposures lasting longer than 10 days, the finding that control

organisms met performance criteria applied in tests u sing a higher feeding rate supports retaining

these data for use in deriving AWQC. The most sensitive endpoint from this test was

### 43

reproduction; the reproduc tion EC 20 

### for this test is 1.695 μg/L, or 0.7453 μg/L when normalized

to a total hardness of 100 mg/ L as CaCO 3



### . H. azteca is now the most chronically sensitive genus

in the data set with a hardness

- normalized SMCV/GMCV of 0.7453 μg/L ( Table 9 ). This value is

a revision to the 42

- day MATC of 0.9844 μg/L that was previously used in the 2001 AWQC

cadmium document (see Section 5.2.1 for additional discussion on suitability of chronic Hyalella

studies)

.

Ceriodaphnia dubia

An acceptable C. dubia seven

- day static

- renewal toxicity test was conducted by Jop et al.

(1995) using recon stituted soft laboratory water. The <24

- hr old neonates were exposed to 1, 5,

10, 19 and 41 μg/L measured cadmium concentrations in addition to a laboratory water control at

25°C. The NOEC and LOEC were 10 and 19 μg/L cadmium, respectively, with a result in g

chronic value of 13.78 μg/L cadmium. An EC 20 

### could not be calculated with the information

provided for this test

. Similarly, both Spehar and Fiandt ( 1986 ) and Brooks et al. ( 2004 ) lacked

the detail s necessary to calculate EC 20 

### s

. MATC s for these tests were reported at 2.20 and 1.93

μg/L total cadmium, respectively. C hronic values for these three studies range d from 1.264 to

49.75 μg/L total cadmium when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### . Researchers at Southwest Texas State University (2000) also evaluated the chronic

toxicity of cadmium to C. dubia . Five replicate tests were conducted using static

- renewal

exposures and laboratory reconstituted hard water at a hardness of 270 mg/L as dilution water for

the five cadmium concentrations. For reproduction, NOECs ranged from 1.073 to 5.457 μg/L,

LOECs from 2.391 to 9.934 μg/L, and the MATCs from 1.602 to 7.259 μg/L cadmium.

Reproductive EC 20 

### s for these tests were very similar to the MATCs, and ranged from 1.341 to

6.129 μg/L cadmium at 270 m g/L hardness

, which is equivalent to 0.6071 to 2.775 μg/L when

normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3

. 

### A n EC 20 

### could not be estimated for C.

reticulata ( Table 9 ) and data from this study could n ot be used in the GMCV calculation

. The

resultant hardness

- normalized SMCV and GMCV for this species is 1.293 μg/L, and is the

second most sensitive genus in the chronic data set

.

Cottus bairdii

Besser et al. (2007) evaluated the chronic toxicity of cadmium to the mottled sculpin,

( Cottus bairdii ), via a 28

- day flow

- through measured concentration early life stage (ELS) test.

### 44

Swim

- up fry were exposed to five cadmium concentrations diluted with a well water/reverse

osmosis treated water mixture (103 mg/L average total hardness) . S urvival, growth and biomass

were evaluated at the test termination. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint with a NOEC,

LOEC and MA TC of 1.4, 2.6 and 1.91 μg/L cadmium, respectively. The estimated hardness

normalized survival EC 20 

### of 1.721 μg/L cadmium is very similar to the MATC, and ranks Cottus

as the third most chronically sensitive genus to cadmium.

Chironomus dilutus

Ingersoll and Kemble (2001) exposed the midge Chironomus dilutus to cadmium under

the same conditions listed above for the amphipod H. azteca , except that a thin 5 m L layer of

sand was provided as a substrate. The <24

- hr old larvae were exposed to water

- only mean

me asured total cadmium concentrations of 0.15 (control), 0.50, 1.5, 3.1, 5.8 and 16.4 μg/L

cadmium for 60 days. The mean weight, biomass, percent emergence and percent hatch 20

- day

NOEC and LOEC values for all endpoints were 5.8 and 16.4 μg/L cadmium, respectively. The

calculated EC 20 

### based on percent hatch was 4.548 μg/L total cadmium or 2.000 μg/L when

normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , and is the fourth most sensitive genus to

cadmium in the chronic dataset

.



### Table 9 . Ranked Freshwater GMCVs.
( Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### and expressed as total cadmium )

. (Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

Rank a GMCV

(μg/L) Species SMCV (μg/L)

20 >38. 66 Blue tilapia,

Oreochromis aureus >38. 66 c

19 36. 70 Oligochaete, Aeolosoma headleyi 36. 70

18 16. 43 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus 16.43

17 15.16 Oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus 15.16

16 14.22 Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu 14. 22 c

15 14.17 Northern pike,

Esox lucius 14. 17 c

14 14.16 Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 14.16

13 13.66 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 13. 66 c

12 11. 29 Fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea 11.29

### 45

Rank a GMCV

(μg/L) Species SMCV (μg/L)

11 9. 8 87 Pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis 9.887

10 8.723 Flagfish, Jordanella floridae 8.723

9 3.516 Snail, Aplexa hypnorum 3.516

8 3.360 Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar (LS) 2.389

- - Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 4.725

7 3.251 Rio Grande cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis 3.543

- - Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS) NA b

- - Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (LS) 2. 1 9 2

- - Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (LS) 4. 4 26

6 2.356 Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 2.356

- - Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush NA b

5 2.024 Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 0.9150

- - Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex 4.478

4 2.000 Midge,

Chironomus dilutus 2.000

3 1. 72 1 Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii 1. 72 1

2 1.293 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia 1.293

- - Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata NA b

1 0.7453 Amphipod, Hyalella azteca 0.7453

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.

b Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC 20 data are available for the genus.

c Calculated from the MATC and not EC 20 but retained to avoid losing a G MCV

. [The following species were not included in the Ranked GMCV Table because hardness test conditions were not reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized to the standard hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 : Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum .]

LS = Federally

- listed species

### 46

Figure 3

. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMCVs

.



## 3.2 Estuarine Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

3.2.1 Acute Toxicity

Acceptable a cute data for cadmium are available for 9 4 different estuarine/marine species

representing 7 9 genera. Table 10 identifies and Figure 4 plots the ranked GMAVs for cadmium

in estuarine/marine environments based on acute toxicity. The following sections detail the

derivation of these GMAV summaries.

Water q uality p arameters a ff ecting t oxicity

Estuarine/marine fish species are generally more resistant to cadmium than freshwater

fish species with SMAVs ranging from 75.0 μg/L for the striped bass (at a salinity of 1 g/kg) to

> 80,000 μg/L for the Mozambique tilapia ( Appendix B ). In a study of the interaction of

### 47

dissolved oxygen and salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the mummichog, for example,

Voyer (1975) found that 96

- hr LC 50 

### s at a salinity of 32 g/kg were about one

- half of 96

- hr LC 50 

### s

at salinit ies of 10 and 20 g/kg. As discussed in Section 5.4.1 , t his increase in toxicity with

increasing salinity is not consistent with other data reported in Appendix B and Appendix I

, and

a salinity correction factor could not be developed

. Limited investigations have been conducted to c haracterize the influence of temperature

on cadmium toxicity. O’Hara (1973a) investigated the effect of water temperature and salinity on

the toxicity of cadmium to the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator . LC 50 

### s at 20°C were 32,300, 46,600

and 37,000 μg/L at salin ities of 10, 20 and 30 g/kg, respectively. Increasing the water

temperature from 20 to 30°C lowered the LC 50 

### at all of the salinities tested. Toudal and Riisgard

(1987) reported that increasing the water temperature from 13 to 21°C at a salinity of 20 g/kg

also lowered the LC 50 

### value of cadmium for the copepod, Acartia tonsa . Thus, increasing

temperature levels generally resulted in the greater toxicity of cadmium to aquatic organisms, but

sufficient data are not available to develop a quantitative relation ship.

Summaries of studies used in acute estuarine/marine criterion determination

Suitable cadmium acute toxicity test results for estuarine/marine organisms are now

available for 7 8 invertebrate specie s and 16 fish species

, f or a total of 9 4 species grouped into 7 9

genera ( Appendix B ). Thirty eight of the 7 9 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated

dataset have new data . Three new invertebrate species, Tigriopus brevicornis

, Aurelia aurita and

Neomysis integer now represent the three most sensitive taxa in the distribution ( GMAV s of

29.14, 61.75 and 65.25 μg/L , respectively )

. The most sensitive fish is the striped bass, Morone

saxa tilis

, with a GMAV = 75.0 μg/L and ranked the 5 th 

### most sensitive species in the new dataset

( Table 10 )

. Acute sensitivity ranges widely a mongst the estuarine/marine genera for which acute

values are available, with the most sensitive species approximately 5,800 times more sensitive

than the m ost resistant species. T he GMAVs for estuarine /marine invertebrate species rang e

from 29.14 μg/L for the copepod

, Tigriopus to 169,787 μg/L for the horseshoe crab, Limulus

( Table 10 ). The SMAVs for estuarine/marine polychaetes range from 200 μg/L for Capitella

capitata to 12, 052 μg/L for Neanthes arenaceodentata . Estuarine/marine molluscs have S MAVs

that range from 60 μg /L for the horse clam ( Tresus capax ) to 23,200 μg/L for the dog whelk

( Nucella lapillus )

. Acute values are available for more than one species in each of 14 genera, and

### 48

the range of SMAVs within each genus is no more than a factor of 10 for 13 of the 14 ge nera.

Oysters ( Crassostrea ) include SMAVs that differ by a factor of 21.9, which is possibly due to

different exposure conditions between the tested species

. As described for the freshwater data,

only the most sensitive SMAV is used in calculating the GMAV for Crassostrea

. Only the data

from Reish et al. (1976) were used for C. capitata , and only data from Martin et al. (1981) and

Nelson et al. (1988) were used for M. edulis . Similarly, only data from Sullivan et al. (1983)

were used for E. affinis , while only data from Wright and Frain (1981) were used for

Marinogammarus obtusatus . Finally, only data from Cripe (1994) were used for F. duorarum

, only data from Park et al. (1994) were used for Rivulus marmoratus and only data from Hilmy et

al. (1985) were used for Mugil cephalus to avoid using test results from studies in which the life

stage tested is known to be less sensitive than other life stages ( Appendix B ). The distribution of

ranked estuarine /marine GMAVs for cadmium is depicted in Figure 4

.

There are sufficient data to fulfill the necessary requirements to calculate an acute

criterion for cadmium in estuarine/marine water using the species sensitivity distribution (SD)

method. T he second through fifth most sensitive genus were used in the computation of the Final

Acute Value (FAV) a nd are ranked below from most to least sensitive:

2. Aurelia aurita , Moon jellyfish (GMAV=61.75 μg/L total Cd)

3. Neomysis integer , Mysid (GMAV=65.25 μg/L total Cd)

4. Americamysis (GMAV=67.39 μg/L total Cd)

5. Morone saxatilis , Striped bass (GMAV=75.0 μg/ L total Cd)

The most sensitive genus, Tigriopus (GMAV=29.14 μg/L total cadmium)

, is not included

in the criteria numeric calculation because it falls below the 5 th 

### percentile of sensitivity in the

distribution of 7 9 genera included in the dataset. The re sulting calculated FAV is 69.62μg/L total

cadmium. Summaries are provided below for the individual species or genera (in cases where

more than one species is included in the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the

estuarine/marine FAV. All values are provided in terms of total cadmium.

Aurelia aurita

F ree

- swimming larva e (ephyra) of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurita

, w ere exposed to

cadmium nitrate in static, unmeasured chambers for 48

- hr (Faimali et al. 2013). The

### 49

S MAV/ G MAV of 61.75 μg/L cadmium is the third most sensitive species in the

estuarine/marine acute dataset and the second most sensitive genus ( Table 10 ).

Neomysis integer

The GMAV/SMAV of 65.25 μg/L cadmium for the mysid, Neomysis integer

, is based on

the geometric mean of two 96

- hr LC 50 

### s from tests conducted at two different salinities (Roast et

al. 2001b). Adult mysids were exposed to unmeasured renewed cadmium chloride solutions

adjusted to either 1 or 30 g/kg salinity. The resulting acute values were 28.2 and 151 μg/L

cadmium at salin ities of 1 and 30 g/kg, respectively ( Appendix B ).

Americamysis

The GMAV of 67.39 μg/L cadmium for Americamysis is the geometric mean of the

SMAVs for the two mysid species A. bahia and A. bigelowi (formerly identified as Mysidopsis

bigelowi ). A cceptable acute values for A. bahia range from 11.1 to 110 μg/L total cadmium.

While there are 13 acceptable acute values

, the SMAV of 41.29 μg/L total cadmiu m is calculated

from only the two flow

- through measured exposures conducted at salinit ies of 10

- 17 g/kg

(Nimmo et al. 1977a) and 30 g/kg (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985).

Morone saxatilis

S triped bass has a GMAV/SMAV of 75.0 μg/L cadmium and is the most sensitive fish

species and the fifth most sensitive genus in the estuarine/marine acute dataset (Palawski et al.

1985). Th is value is based on a test where 63

- day old fish were exposed to static a nd unmeasured

concentrations of cadmium chloride for 96

- hr at a salinity of 1 g/kg.

Table 10 . Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMAVs. (Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

79 169,787 Horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus 169,787

78 135,000 Oligochaete worm, Monopylephorus cuticulatus 135,000

77 >80,000 Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambicus >80,000

76 62,000 Scorpionfish, Scorpaena guttata 62,000

75 50,000 Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 50,000

### 50

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

74 25,900 Cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus 25,900

73 24,000 Oligochaete worm, Tubificoides gabriellae 24,000

72 23,200 Dog whelk, Nucella lapillus 23,200

71 22,887 Amphipod,

Eohaustorius estuarius 22,887

70 19,550 Mummichog,

Fundulus heteroclitus 18,200

- - Striped killifish, Fundulus majalis 21,000

69 19,170 Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus 19,170

68 14,297 Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus 14,297

67 12,755 Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator 21,238

- - Fiddler crab, Uca triangularis 7,660

66 12,052 Polychaete worm,

Neanthes arenaceodentata 12,052

65 11,000 Shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata 11,000

64 >10,200 California market squid, Loligo opalescens >10,200

63 10,114 Polychaete worm,

Alitta virens 10,114

62 10,000 Oligochaete,

Tectidrilus verrucosus 10,000

61 9,217 Striped mullet, Mugil cephalus 7,079

- - White mullet, Mugil curema 12,000

60 9,100 Nematode,

Rhabditis marina 9,100

59 >8,000 Isopod, Excirolana sp. >8,000

58 7,400 Sand dollar,

Dendraster excentricus 7,400

57 7,120 Wood borer, Limnoria tripunctata 7,120

56 6,700 Amphipod, Diporeia spp. 6,700

55 6,600 Atlantic oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea 6,600

54 4,900 Mud crab, Eurypanopeus depressus 4,900

### 51

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

53 4,700 Polychaete, Nereis grubei 4,700

52 4,100 Green shore crab,

Carcinus maenas 4,100

51 4,058 Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus 2,594

- - Lesser blue crab,

Callinectes similis 6,350

50 3,925 Polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema 3,925

49 3,500 Scud, Marinogammarus obtusatus 3,500

48 3,142 Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus 3,142

47 2,900 Amphipod, Ampelisca abdita 2,900

46 2,600 Cone worm, Pectinaria californiensis 2,600

45 2,413 Common starfish, Asterias forbesi 2,413

44 2,110 Pacific sand crab, Emerita analoga 2,110

43 2,060 Gastropod, Tenguella granulata 2,060

42 1,720 Tiger shrimp,

Penaeus monodon 1,720

41 1,708 Copepod, Pseudodiaptomus coronatus 1,708

40 1,672 Soft

- shell clam, Mya arenaria 1,672

39 1,510 Amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius 1,510

38 1,506 Brown mussel,

Perna perna 1,146

- - Green mussel,

Perna viridis 1,981

37 1,500 Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS) 1,500

3 6 1,271 White shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus 990

- - White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 1,632

3 5 1,228 Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 1,983

- - Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris 760

3 4 1,184 Starlet sea anemone,

Nematostella vectensis 1,184

### 52

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

3 3 1,054 Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia 1,054

3 2 1,041 Amphipod, Corophium insidiosum 1,041

3 1 1,000 Pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides 1,000

3 0 862.9 Green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 1,800

- - Purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 413.7

29 800 Rivulus,

Rivulus marmoratus 800

28 794.5 Harpacticoid copepod, Nitokra spinipes 794.5

27 765.6 Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians 1,480

- - Scallop, Argopecten ventricosus 396

26 739.2 Amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus 739.2

25 736.2 Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis 1,073

- - Blue mussel, Mytilus trossolus 505.0

24 716.2 Amphipod, Elasmopus bampo 716.2

23 645.0 Longwrist hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus 645.0

22 630.7 Amphipod, Grandidierella japonica 630.7

21 630 Amphipod,

Chelura terebrans 630

20 490 Barnacle, Amphibalanus amphitrite 490

19 422.6 Mangrove oyster, Isognomon californicum 422.6

18 410.3 Mysid, Praunus flexuosus 410.3

17 410.0 Isopod, Joeropsis sp. 410.0

16 320 Sand shrimp, Crangon septemspinosa 320

15 310.5 Northern pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum 310.5

14 235.7 Rock crab, Cancer plebejus 250

- - Dungeness crab, Cancer magister 222.3

### 53

Rank a GMAV

(μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L)

13 224 Harpacticoid copepod, Sarsamphiascus tenuiremis 224

12 >200 Cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus >200

11 200 Polychaete worm, Capitella capitata 200

10 188.1 Horse clam, Tresus capax 60

- - Horse clam,

Tresus nuttalli 590

9 173.2 Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas 173.2

- - American oyster, Crassostrea virginica 3,800 b

8 147.7 Calanoid copepod, Eurytemora affinis 147.7

7 130.7 Copepod,

Acartia clausi 144

- - Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa 118.7

6 78 American lobster,

Homarus americanus 78

5 75.0 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0

4 67.39 Mysid, Americamysis bahia 41.29

- - Mysid, Americamysis bigelowi 110

3 65.25 Mysid, Neomysis integer 65.25

2 61.75 Moon jellyfish,

Aurelia aurita 61.75

1 29.14 Harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus brevicornis 29.14

a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b There is a 10x diff

erence in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the calculation

. LS = Federally

- listed species

### 54

Figure 4

. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMAVs

.



## 3.2.2 Chronic Toxicity

Chronic studies were available for only two species of mysids for consideration in

deriving a chronic criterion for cadmium in estuarine/marine water . T he taxonomy of one of

those species has recently changed so there is now only one genus represented by the two species

( Table 11 )

. Because the eight

- family MDR is not met for derivation of the estuarine/marine

FCV, the ACR approach wa s employed whereby the estuarine/marine FAV is divided by the

FACR (see Section 4.4.2 ). Al though three ACRs are typically required to calculate an FACR,

only two ACRs for estuarine/marine species were used in 2001 to calculate the estuarine/marine

FACR

. Freshwater ACRs were not used in 2001 to support the derivation of the estuarine/marine

FACR because the range of freshwater ACR value s was considered too large for inclusion (see

Section 5.9.5 )

. With the availability of additional freshwater toxicity data, t he updated

### 55

estuarine/marine FACR now incorporates six freshwater genus

- level ACRs and one

estuarine/marine genus

- level ACR

. EPA believes that inclusion of the freshwater species ACRs

that are acutely sensitive and have taxon o m i cally

- related marine species with the

estuarine/marine species ACRs is the most appropriate and representative method for deriving

the FACR.

The GMC V for estuarine/marine species based on chronic cad mium toxicity in a

saltwater medium is identified in Table 11 . This GMCV is plotted in Figure 5 in relation to the

new FCV/CCC of 8.4 μg/L total ca dmium

. The following presents a discussion of

estuarine/marine chronic data used in deriving the estuarine/marine chronic criterion for

cadmium. The chronic values a re based on estimated EC 20 

### values for each of two species. T he

EC 20 

### values and SMCVs derive d are tabulated and included in Appendix D

.

Americamysis

Three chronic toxicity tests have been conducted with the estuarine/marine invertebrate,

Americamysis bahia , formerly classified as Mysidopsis bahia , and one acceptable study was

conducted with Americamysis bigelowi , formerly classified as Mysidopsis bigelowi . Nimmo et al.

(1977a) conducted a 23

- day life

- cycle test with A. bahia at a temperatu re ranging from 20 to

28°C and a salinity ranging from 15 to 23 g/kg. Survival was 10 percent at 10.6 μg/L cadmium

, 84 percent at the next lower test concentration of 6.4 μg/L cadmium , and 95 percent in the

controls. No unacceptable effects were observed a t cadmium concentrations < 6.4 μg/L. The

chronic toxicity limits, therefore, are 6.4 and 10.6 μg/L cadmium , with a MATC chronic value of

8.237 μg/L cadmium . The accompanying reproductive EC 20 

### estimate was 5.605 μg/L cadmium

and t he 96

- hr LC 50 

### was 15.5 μg/L cadmium , resulting in an acute

- chronic ratio of 2.765.

Another life

- cycle test was conducted with A. bahia at a constant temperature of 21°C

and salinity of 30 g/kg (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985). All organisms died in 28 days at

23 μg/L cadm ium . At 10 μg/L cadmium, a series of morphological aberrations occurred at the

onset of sexual maturity. External genitalia in males were aberrant, females failed to develop

brood pouches, and both sexes developed a carapace malformation that prohibited mo lting after

release of the initial brood. Although initial reproduction at this concentration was successful,

successive broods could not be born because molting resulted in death. No reproductive effects

on initial or successive broods were noted in the controls or at 5.1 μg/L cadmium . Thus, the

chronic limits for this study are 5.1 and 10 μg/L cadmium, resulting in a MATC of 7.141 μg/L

### 56

cadmium . The corresponding EC 20 

### estimate for survival was 10.93 μg/L cadmium and t he LC 50


### at 21°C and salinity of 30 g/k g was 110 μg/L cadmium, which results in an ACR of 10.06 from

this study ( Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985)

.

These Nimmo et al. ( 1977a) and the Gentile et al. (1982) and Lussier et al. (1985) studies

had excellent agreement between the chronic val ues
, but considerable divergence between the

acute values and acute

- chronic ratios. As discussed in Section 5.4.1

, s everal studies have

demonstrated an increase in the acute toxicity of cadmium with decreasing salinity and

increasing temperature ( Appendix B and Appendix I ) , and t he observed differences in acute

toxicity to the mysids might be partially explained on this basis. Nimmo et al. (1977a) conducted

their acute test at 20 to 28°C and salinity of 15 to 23 g/kg, whereas the test conducted by Gentile

et al. ( 1982 ) and Lussier et al. ( 1985 ) was performed a t 21°C and salinity of 30 g/kg

.

A third A. bahia chronic study was conducted by Carr et al. (1985) at a salinity of 30

g/kg, but the temperature varied f rom 14 to 26°C over the 33 day study. At test termination, >50

percent of the organisms had died in cadmium exposures ≥8 μg/L. After 18 days of exposure,

growth in 4 μg/L cadmium , the lowest concentration treatment group

, was significantly reduced

when com pared to the controls. The resultant chronic limits based on growth are a NOEC < 4

μg / L and a LOEC of 4 μg/L (LOEC) cadmium. The accompanying survival EC 20 

### estimate was

5.833 μg/L cadmium

. The SMCV for A. bahia is the geometric mean of the three EC 20 

### values, or

6.149 μg/L. Acute data were not reported for this study

. Gentile et al. (1982) also conducted a life

- cycle test with the mysid, A. bigelowi , and the

results were very similar to those for A. bahia

. T he EC 20 

### for this test was 11.61 μg/L cadmiu m

and the ACR is 9.47 5 when paired with the acute LC 50 

### for A. bigelowi of 110 μg/L cadmium

.

The resulting GMCV for Americamysis is 8.449 μg/L cadmium ( Table 11 ) and is the only

GMCV in the estuarine/marine chronic dataset.

Table 11 . Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMCVs. (Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

Rank a GMCV

(μg/L) Species SM C V (μg/L)

1 8.449 Mysid

, Americamysis bahia 6.149

- - Mysid, Americamysis bigelowi 11.61

a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.

### 57

Figure 5 . Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMCVs.



## 3.3 Bioaccumulation

No U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level or other maximum acceptable

concentration in tissue, as defined in the 1985 Guidelines

, is available for cadmium . Therefore, a

Final Residue Value was not developed for fish tissue. However, a s discus sed in Section 2.3

, although cadmium can bioaccumulate in the tissues of aquatic life, at criteria concentrations it is

unlikely to accumulate to levels that would result in adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates , fish,

or wildlife from the ingestion of aquatic life that have accumulated cadmium in their tissues

.

Most a quatic organisms are considered to be more susceptible to cadmium from direct a queous

ex posure than through bioaccumulation and the development of criteria protective of direct

exposure effects are considered more applicable to the development of criteria for aquatic life.

Acceptable bioaccumulation data are provided in A ppendix G and discussed in Section 5.6

.

### 58



## 3.4 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants

Available data for estuarine/marine plants were reviewed to determine whether plants are

more sensitive to cadmium than estuarine/marine animals (see Appendix B and Appendix F ).

With only a few exceptions, p lants were less s ensitive than estuar ine/marine animals and it wa s

there fore unnecessary to develop criteria based on the toxicity of cadmium to aquatic plants in

this update. The only two exceptions were the green algae Dunaliella viridis and Scenedesmus

sp ., each having a static

- unmeasured 10

- d MATC of 7.07 μ g/L cadmium

. As recommended in

the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), these un measured plant studies were not used for the

derivation of a Final Plant Value.

### 59



# 4 The National Criteria for Cadmium

4.1 The Freshwater Cadmium C riteri a

Freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)

CMC= e (1. 103 x ln(hardness)

– 4. 291 ) 

### x CF

Where CF (conversion factor) = 1.136672

- [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]

The resultant CMC of 2.1 μg/L for dissolved cadmium at a hardness of 100 mg/L is below all

the SMAVs in Table 7
, when the SMAVs are expressed on a dissolved basis . A comparison of

the updated CMC to the 2001 CMC across various hardness levels is presented in Table 12

.

Freshwater Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)

CCC = e ( 0.7977 x ln(hardness)

– 3.897 ) 

### x CF

Where the CF (conversion factor) = 1.101672

- [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]

The resultant CCC of 0.73 μg/L for dissolved cadmium at a hardness of 100 mg/L is below all

the SMCVs in Table 9 . A comparison of the updated CCC to the 2001 CCC across various

hardness levels is presented in Table 12

.

Table 12 . Freshwater CMC and CCC at Various Water Hardness.

Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ) CMC (μg/L Cd dissolved) CCC (μg/L Cd dissolved)

2001 Criteria (superseded) 2015 Criteria 2001 Criteria (superseded) 2015 Criteria

25 0.52 0. 48 0.09 0.26

50 1.0 1. 0 0.15 0.43

75 1.5 1.5 0.20 0.59

100 2.0 2.1 0.25 0.73

150 3.0 3.2 0.33 1.0

200 3.9 4 .3 0.40 1.2

250 4.9 5.5 0.46 1.4

300 5.9 6.6 0.53 1.7

350 6.8 7.8 0.59 1.9

400 7.7 9.0 0.64 2.1

### 60



## 4.2 The Estuarine/Marine Cadmium Criteria

Estuarine/

Marine Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)

CMC:

Total Cadmium Final Acute Value = 69. 6 2 μg/L

Total Cadmium Criterion Maximum Concentration = ( 69. 6 2 μg/L)/2 = 34. 8 1 μg/L

Dissolved Cadmium Criterion Maximum Concentration = 0.994 x ( 34. 8 1 μg/L) = 35 μg/L

Estuarine/

Marine Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)

CCC:

Final Acute

- Chronic Ratio = 8.291 (see Section 4.4.2 )

Total Cadmium Final Chronic Value = ( 69. 6 2 μg/L)/ 8.291 = 8.397 μg/L

Dissolved Cadmium Final Chronic Value = 0.994 x ( 8.397 μg/L) = 8.3 μg/L



## 4.3 Freshwater C riteri a C alcula tions

4.3.1 Acute

The fresh water Final Acute Value (FAV) for total cadmium at a total hardness of 100

mg/L as CaCO 3 

### was calculated to be 6.4 4 5 μg/L ( Table 13 ) , based on the GM A Vs in Table 7

.

This value is below all other SMAVs listed in Table 7 ( see also Figure 2 )

, with the exception of

the SMAV s for rainbow trout, mottled sculpin, shorthead sculpin, bull trout, striped bass,

cutthroat trout and brown trout

. However, since the SMAV for the commercially and

recreationally important rainbow trout is below this value, the FAV was lowered to 4.468 μg/L

total cadmium ( at a hardness of 100 mg/L ) to protect th is species

. T his lowered value is also

protective of all other species , including salmonids, for which toxicity data are available

. The

result ing freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration ( CMC) at a hardness of 100 mg/L as

CaCO 3 

### for total cadmium is (in μg/L) = e ( 1. 103 [ln(hardness)]

- 4.291 ) 

### , and is equal to 2.2 μg/L. When the

CMC based on total cadmium concentration is converted to dissolved cadmium using the 0.944

conversion factor , which was determined at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### (Stephan 1995;

Univ. of Wisconsin

- Superior 1995), the freshwater CMC for dissolved cadmium (in μg/L) =

0.944 x [e ( 1. 103 [ln(hardness)]

- 4.291 ) 

### ]. T he resultant 2.1 μg/L CMC for dissolved cadmium at a hardness

### 61

of 100 mg/L is lower than all of the SMAVs /GMAVs presented in Table 7 , as illustrated

graphically in Figure 2

.

Conversion factors

Although past water quality criteria for cadmium (and other metals) have been

established based upon the loosely defined term of “acid soluble metals,” EPA made the decision

to allow the expression of metal criteria on the basis of dissolved metal concentration (U.S. EPA

1994b), which is operationally defined as th e portion of metal that passes throu gh a 0.45 μm

filter. Because most of the data in existing databases are from tests that provide only total

cadmium concentrations

, a procedure was required to convert total to dissolved conce ntrations

.

C onversion factor s (CF s ), corresponding to the percent of the total recoverable metal that are

dissolved

, w ere applied to total metal concentration s to estimate dissolved metal concentration s

.

The CF s for cadmium were derived using data from “ s imulation tests” that were conducted to

test the re lationship between total and disso lved cadmium concentrations at a range of different

hardness values. T he objective of the simulation test s w as to estimate the cadmium

concentration s that would have been d etected if dissolved metal concentration s had been

measured (Lussier et al. 1995; Stephan 1995; Univ. of Wisconsin

- Superior 1995). Hardness was

the focus of the simul ation tests (and development of the CFs) because it was determined to be

the most important variable affecting cadmium toxicity in freshwate r

. The data presented in this document are in most cases provided as total cadmium. Only

the final cadmium criteria values are converted from total to dissolved concentrations using the

appropriate CFs, which are hardness

- dependent in fresh water. Acute freshwater total cadmium

concentrations were converted to dissolved concentrations using the factor of 0.973 at a total

hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , 0.944 at a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , and 0.915 at a

total hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### . The equation for the acute freshwater conversion factor is

CF = 1.136672

- [(ln hardness) (0.041838)] where the (ln hardness) is the natural logarithm of

the hardness (Steph a n 1995 ; U.S

. EPA 2009 b ).

### 62

Table 13 . Freshwater FA V Calculation.

N Rank GMAV ln(GMAV) ln(GMAV) 2 P=R/(N+1) sqrt(P)

7 5 5 7.84 2.06 4.24 0.066 0.256

4 6.066 1.80 3.25 0.053 0.229

3 5.883 1.77 3.14 0.039 0.199

2 4.926 1.59 2.54 0.026 0.162

Sum: 7.23 13.17 0.18 0.85

S 2

= 22.287

L = 0.808

A = 1.863

FAV = 6.445 FAV (trout lowered) = 4.468

CMC= 2 .2 Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FAV); and FAV=final acute value

.



## 4.3.2 Chronic

All chronic value s , which were expressed as EC 20 

### s when ever possible and MATCs when

necessary, were adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### using the pooled slope of

0. 7977 (see Section 3.1.2 )

. N ormalized chronic va lues agreed well for most test organisms

within a species and for most species within a genus. The exception was the three values for

Atlantic salmon , which were very different. Twenty

- seven SMCVs were calculated from the

underlined values in Appendix C . From these 2 7 SMCVs, 20 GMCVs were calculated and

ranked ( Table 9 ). A freshwater Fina l Chronic Value was calculated from the 20 GMCVs using

regression analysis ( Table 14 ) . The freshwater Final Chronic Value for total cadmium at a

hardn ess of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### is (in μg/L) = e ( 0.7977 [ln(hardness)]

- 3.897 )



### , and is equal to 0.80 μg/L.

For dissolved cadmium, the Final Chronic value at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### is (in μg/L)

= 0. 909 x [e ( 0.7977 [ln(hardness)]

- 3.897 ) 

### ], and is equal to 0.73 μg/L . The equation for the chronic

freshwater conversion factor is CF = 1.101672

- [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]. At a hardness of 100

mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , all of the SMCVs and GMCVs are above the CCC (dissolved metal basis)

.

### 63

Table 14 . F reshwater FCV Calculation.

N Rank GM C V ln(GM C V) ln(GM C V) 2 P=R/(N+1) sqrt(P)

20 4 2.000 0.69 0.48 0.190 0.436

3 1.721 0.54 0.29 0.143 0.378

2 1.293 0.26 0.07 0.095 0.309

1 0.7453

- 0.29 0.09 0.048 0.218

Sum: 1.20 0.93 0.48 1.34

S 2

= 21 .4 67

L =

- 1. 2 5 4

A =

- 0. 218

FCV = 0.8 0 Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FCV); and FCV=final chronic value.



## 4.4 Estuarine/Marine C riteri a C alculation s

4.4.1 Acute

The estuarine/marine Final Acute Value for total cadmium calculated from the Genus

Mean Acute Values shown in Table 10 is 69. 6 2 μg/L. This FAV is belo w the SMAV for striped

bass (75.0 μg/L), but higher than the SMAVs for the copepod T

. brevicornis (29.14 μg/L), mysid

A. bahia ( 41.29 μg/L), moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita ( 61.75 μg/L), horse clam Tresus capax (60

μg/L) and mysid N. integer ( 65.25 μg/L). Th e resultant estuarine/marine Criterion Maximum

Concentration (CMC) for total cadmium is 3 5 μg/L (FAV/2 or 69. 6 2 μg/L/2). If the total

cadmium CMC is converted to dissolved cadmium using the 0.994 factor determined

experimentally by U.S. EPA according to the procedure described in Section 4.4.1 , the

estuarine/marine CMC for dissolved cadmium is 35 μg/L ( Table 15 ). The resultant CMC of 35

μg/L based on dissolved cadmium is below all but one of the estuarine/marine SMAVs ( the

copepod, Tigriopus brevicornis ) presented in Table 10 ( Figure 4 ).

### 64

Table 15 . Estuarine/Marine FAV Calculation.

N Rank GMAV ln(GMAV) ln(GMAV) 2 P=R/(N+1) sqrt(P)

7 9 5 75.0 4.32 18.64 0.063 0.25 0

4 67.39 4.21 17.73 0.05 0 0.22 4

3 65.25 4.18 17.46 0.038 0.19 4

2 61.75 4.12 17.00 0.025 0.15 8

Sum: 16.83 70.83 0.18 0.83

S 2

= 4. 3

L = 3.780

A = 4.24 3

FAV = 69. 6 2

CMC = 3 5 Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FAV); and FAV=final acute value.



## 4.4.2 Chronic

While there were sufficient data to calculate a freshwater chronic criterion using

regression analysis, the estuarine/marine chronic database consists of data representing only one

Genus/F amily ( Appendix D ). Therefore

, the alternative ACR approach wa s used for deriving an

estuarine/marine chronic criterion. This AWQC document update for cadmium recommends the

use of seven genus

- level ACRs to ca lculate the FACR for estuarine/marine water ( four

freshwater fish genera represented by five species, t wo freshwater invertebrate genera

represented by three species, and one acutely sensitive saltwater mysid genera represented by

two species ). Acceptable ACRs are available for six freshwater invertebrates, eight freshwater

fish and two saltwater invertebrate species representing a diverse number of families ( Table 16 )

. Unfortunately, none of the four methods suggested in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985)

for calculating the FACR are appropriate for cadmium (e.g., the species mean ACR does not

increase or decrease as the SMAV increases; the ACRs f or a number of species are greater than a

factor of ten). Thus, an alternate approach wa s used to determine the FACR.

The recommended FACR of 8.291 wa s obtained from the geometric mean of seven

genus

- level ACRs : one based on estuarine/marine mysids ( 7.007

, which is the geometric mean of

5 .275 for Americamysis bahia and 9.476 for A. bigelowi ), two based on fresh w ater invertebrates

(the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia d u bia ( 19.84) and Daphnia (23.90

, which is the geometric mean

of 57.23 for D. magna and 9.977 for D. pulex ), and f our based on freshwater fish ( the mottled

sculpin

, Cottus bairdii (11.22) , the salmonid s Oncorhynchus and Salmo ( both raised to 2.0 since

the ACRs for O. mykiss

, O. tshawytscha and S. trutta were all below 2.0), and the fathead

minnow, Pimephales promelas (17.90)). The fish C. bairdii , S . trutta, Oncorhynchus and P.

### 65

promelas represent the second, fourth, fifth and fo rty

- fourth most sensitive freshwater genera,

respectively, and the cladoceran s Daphnia and C. dubia are the eleventh and eighteenth most

sensitive genera

. The seven ACRs differ by a factor of 11.95

, repr esent a diverse mix of species

,

and are protective of the marine environment

. The ACRs for the other freshwater species were

not used because they have no taxon omi cally

- related marine species (e.g., pulmonate snails)

,

and/ or the ACRs appear to be outliers.

This approach was chosen because EPA believes th at use of combined ACRs for a

variety of freshwater and estuarine/marine specie s is the most appropriate and representative

method for deriving the FACR. When the estuarine/marine Final Acute Value of 69. 62 μg/L is

divided by the FACR of 8.291

, the resulting estuarine/marine F CV is 8.4 μg/L. The dissolved

cadmium FCV is computed by m ultiplying the total FCV by the conversion factor of 0.994,

resulting in a concentration of 8.3 μg/L.

Table 16 . Acute

- to

- Chronic Ratios.

Species Acute

Value (μg/L) Chronic

Value (μg/L) Ratio Species

A C R Reference

FRESHWATER SPECIES
Snail, Aplexa hypnorum 93 4.002 23.24

- Holcombe et al. 1984; Phipps and

Holcombe 1985
Snail, Aplexa hypnorum 93 0.8737 106.4 49.74 Holcombe et al. 1984; Phipps and

Holcombe 1985

Pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis 367.5 28.68 12.81 12.81 Pais 2012

Fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea 16 5.868 2.727 2.727 Wang et al. 2010d

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia 38.3 1.93 19.84 19.84 Brooks et al. 2004

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 9.9 0.1523 65.00

- Chapman et al. manuscript

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 33 0.2118 155.8

- Chapman et al. manuscript

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 49 0.3545 138.2

- Chapman et al. manuscript

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 30 0.37 81.08

- Canton and Slooff 1982

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 12.66 a 1.10 11.51

- Baird et al. 1990; 1991

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna >6.85 e 2.496 >2.745 b

- Chadwick Ecological Consultants

2003

### 66

Species Acute

Value (μg/L) Chronic

Value (μg/L) Ratio Species

A C R Reference
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna >3.43 e 2.373 >1.446 b

- Chadwick Ecological Consultants

2003
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 41.1 1.528 26.89 57.23 Jemec et al. 2007; 2008

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex 62 6.214 9.977

- Niederlehner 1984a

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex >14.6 e 3.051 >4.785 b 9.977 Chadwick Environmental

Consultants 2003

Rio Grande cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis 2.467 1.871 1.319 1.319 Brinkman 2012

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2. 834 f 2.473 1. 146

- Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 4.391 f 4.762 0. 922

- Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 6.564 f 3.808 1. 724

- Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 8.54 1.82 4.692

- Davies and Brinkman 1994b

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 13.4 10.8 1.241

- Davies and Brinkman 1994b

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.79 1.39 2.007

- Davies and Brinkman 1994b

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 5.200 3.471 1.498

- Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss >12 5.3 >2.264 b 1.640 Wang et al. 2014

Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1.41 1.465 0.9626 0.9626 Chapman 1975, 1982

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 2.37 0.6240 3.798

- Davies and Brinkman 1994c

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 10.1 13.56 0.7448

- Brinkman and Hansen 2004a;

2007
Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 3.9 6.36 0.6132

- Brinkman and Hansen 2004a;

2007
Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 1.23 3.52 0.3494 0.8824 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a;

2007

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 5,995 c 24.71 242.6

- Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 13.2 10.0 1.320 17.90 Spehar and Fiandt 1986

Flagfish, Jordanella floridae 2,500 5.018 498.2 498.2 Spehar 1976a;b

### 67

Species Acute

Value (μg/L) Chronic

Value (μg/L) Ratio Species

A C R Reference Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus 21,100 29.35 718.9 718.9 Eaton 1974, 1980

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdi i 19.77 d 1.76 11.22 11.22 Besser et al. 2007

ESTUARINE/MARINE SPECIES Mysid, Americamysis bahia 15.5 5.605 2.766

- Nimmo et al. 1977

Mysid, Americamysis bahia 110 10.93 10.06 5.275 Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al.

1985

Mysid, (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi ) Americamysis bigelowi 110 11.61 9.476 9.476 Gentile et al. 1982

a Geometric mean of 6 LC 50 s from Baird et al. (1991).

b Not used to calculate the species ACR because it is an undefined value.

c Geometric mean of 5 LC 50 s from Pickering and Gast (1972).

d Geometric mean of 2 LC 50 s from Besser et al. (2007).

e Test species fed.

f Geometric mean of 2 LC 50 s from Davies et al. 1993.

### 68



# 5 EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION

The purpose of this section is to characterize the potential effects of cadmium on aquatic

life based on available test data and to describe additional lines of evidence not used directly in

the criteria calculations, but which support the 201 5 criteria values. This section also provide s a

summary of the uncertainties and assumptions associated with the criteria derivation a nd

explanations for decisions regarding data acceptability and usage in the effects assessment.

Finally , this section descr ibe s substantive differences between the 2001 cadmium AWQC and

the 201 5 update resulting from incorporation of the latest scientific knowledge.

All acceptable acute and chronic values used to derive criteria are presented in Appendix

A (Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data)

, Appendix B ( Ac ceptable Estuarine/ Marine

Acute Toxicity Data

, Appendix C (Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data ) and

Appendix D ( Acceptable Estuarine /Marine Chronic Toxicity Data )

. Acceptable aquatic plant

toxicity data are presented in Appendix E (Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data) and

Appendix F (Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data) and acceptable bioaccumulation

data are presented in Appendix G ( Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data) , though as discussed in

Section 3.4

, the vast majority of plants are less sensitive than other aquatic species and were not

directly used for the derivation of criteria

, while direct toxic effects occur more rapidly than

bioaccumulation e ffects

, and d irect effects were therefore the focus of the criteria development

.

Studies identified as scientifically sound

, but that do not meet the screening guidelines for

inclusion in criterion calculations (e.g., duration too long or short, too few exposure

concentrations) are presented in Appendix H ( Other Freshwater Toxicity Data ) and Appendix I

( Other Estuarine/ M arine Toxicity Data ). The toxicity values in Appendix H and Appendix I for

Hyalella azteca and the glochidia and juvenile life stages of m ussels represent studies that did

not satisfy the recommended test procedures and/or latest science as described in Sections 2.6

,

5.1.2 and 5.2.1 of this document.



## 5.1 Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data

Acceptable acute toxicity data supporting the development of acute criteria are available

for 101 freshwater species grouped into 75 genera. In general, fish are more acutely sensitive to

cadmium than are aquatic invertebrates. F ish comprise the first six of the ten most sensitive

genera to cadmium , followed by an amphipod ( H. azteca )

, the wh ite sturgeon ( Acipenser

### 69

transmontanus )

, a cyprinid ( Ptychocheilus ) , and finally a mussel ( Lampsilis ). The least sensitive

genus is the midge Chironomus

. Several fish studies were identified as not meeting screening guidelines for inclusion in

the criteri a calculations ( Appendix H ), but showed similar ranges of response to the most

sensitive fish species. Davies and Brinkman (1994a) reported a 96

- hr LC 50 

### of 1.87 μg/L

cadmium for S . trutta (fed during the exposure), which is very similar to the unfed 96

- hr LC 50 

### of

2.37 μg/L determined by the same authors using the same dilution water. The data generated for

rainbow trout and reported in Hansen et al. (2002b) showed similar sensitivities to other

acceptable data for rainbow trout . Five

- day LC 50 

### values ranged from 1. 2 8 to 3.17 1 μg/L when

normalized to a total hardne ss of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### . Buhl and Hamilton (1991) and Chapman

and Stevens (1978) reported LC 50 

### s for Coho salmon of 1 6 .0 4 μg/L (96

- hr) and 10.62 μg/L (217

-
hr) , respectively, when normalized to a total hardne ss of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### . In unmeasured

,

flow

- through cadmium exposures with sockeye salmon , Servizi and Martens (1978) reported

unnormalized 7

- day LC 50 

### values ranging from 8 to 4,500 μg/L for fry and alevins, respectively.

The range in sensitivity of the lifestage s tested by the se authors is similar to other salmonid

studies used quantitatively to derive the acute criterion ( Appendix A )

. Sublethal effects of cadmium to invertebrate and vertebrate species have been reported by

a number of authors ( Appendix H ) , many above the 2015 criteria levels . Bluegill sunfish

( Lepomis macrochirus ) cough rate increased when exposed to 50 μg/L cadmium for three days

(Bishop and McIntosh 1981) and Low (2009) obs erved an increase in the auditory threshold for

fathead minnows exposed to 2.1 μg/L cadmium for four days. Ivankovic et al. (2010) reported

increased metallothionein levels in zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) exposed to 10 μg/L

cadmium for seven days, and after 10 days limb regeneration of the Northwestern salamander

( Ambystoma gracile ) was adversely affected at 44.6 μg/L cadmium (Nebeker et al. 1994).

Shorter exposures using adult Daphnia magna (3

- hr) and larval Chironomus dilutes (24

- hr)

resulted in a reduced phototactic index at 30 μg/L and increased HSP gene expression at 200

μg/L cadmium, respectively (Yuan et al. 2003; Lee et al. 2006b). In addition, rainbow trout

exhibited significance avoidance to 52 μg/L cadmium after an 80 minute exposure (Blac k and

Birge 1980).

### 70



## 5.1.1 Acute toxicity data for freshwater mussels

The only acceptable tests evaluating the acute toxicity of cadmium to glochidia were for

the fatmucket

, Lampsilis siliquoidea . However, the glochidia data were not used to derive the

SMA V for this species because data for a more sensitive life stage were available (Wang et al.

2010d ). For the fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea, 5

- day old juveniles (LC 50 

### of 3 9.56 μg/L) were

much more sensitive than glochidia (LC 50 

### of > 5 61.3 μg/L) and the data for the 5

- day old

juveniles were included in the acute toxicity dataset

. All other glochidia test results were considered unacceptable and were not included in the

acute dataset. These included results from tests conducted by Black (2001), who exposed

Fu sconia masoni and Utterbackia imbecillis glochidia to cadmium for 24 hours but did not

report the control mortality adequately for the data to be used quantitatively.



## 5.1.2 Suitability of acute Hyalella azteca d ata

Eleven studies investigated the acute toxicity of cadmium to the amphipod

, H. azteca . Of

those 11 studies, only one was considered acceptable for quantitative use , while the others were

classified as supporting data and not used to derive the SMAV for this species. D ata from the ten

studies we re deemed unacceptable for the following reasons : test species were fed ( Schubauer

Berigan et al. 1993; Collyard et al. 1994; Suedel et al. 1997); dilution water not adequ a tely

characterized (Mackie 1989); the dilution water was river water and had high TOC (Spehar and

Carlson 1984); or the test duration was too short ( <96 hr ) ( McNulty et al. 1999; Gust 2006) or

too long ( Phipps et al. 1995; Borgman et al

. 2005).

Only results reported in Ne beker et al. (1986b) were considered acceptable and only the

EC 50 

### of 8 μg/L cadmium from Nebeker et al. (1986b) was used to derive the H. azteca SMAV,

which is equivalent to 26.29 μg/L cadmium when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as

CaCO 3 

### . The a mphipod H. azteca is the most acutely sensitive invertebrate species in the

cadmium database ( Table 17 )

.

### 71

Table 17 . Acute studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion.

Reference Lifestage Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Concentration

(μg/L) Normalized

Effect

Concentration (μg/L) a Result of Evaluation

Nebeker et al.

1986b Large

juvenile & young adult 34 8 26.29 Acceptable

Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b - 55

- 79 285 443.2 High TOC; River dilution water not

characterized

Mackie 1989

- 15.3 (pH=5.0) 12 95.14 Dilution water not adequ a tely characterized (Cl

- concentration unknown)

Mackie 1989

- 15.3 (pH=5.5) 16 126.9 Dilution water not adequ a tely characterized (Cl

- concentration unknown)

Mackie 1989

- 15.3 (pH=6.0) 33 261.6 Dilution water not adequ a tely characterized (Cl

- concentration unknown)

Schubauer

Berigan et al.

1993 - 280

- 300 230 71.06 Test species fed

Collyard et al.

1994 0

- 2 d 90 ≈13 14.60 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value Collyard et al.

1994 2

- 4 d 90 ≈7.5 8.423 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value Collyard et al.

1994 4

- 6 d 90 ≈9.5 10.67 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value Collyard et al.

1994 10

- 12 d 90 ≈7 7.861 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value Collyard et al.

1994 16

- 18 d 90 ≈11.5 12.91 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value Collyard et al.

1994 24

- 26 d 90 ≈14 15.72 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value Phipps et al.

1995 - 44

- 47 2.8 6.673 Duration too long (10 d)

Suedel et al.

1997 14

- 21 d 17 2.8 19.76 Test species fed; Did not meet specific acceptability criteria for this species

McNulty et al.

1999 - 217

- 301 (starved for 48 hr before test) 99.34 34.77 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al.

1999 - 217

- 301 (starved for 72 hr before test) 82.17 28.76 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al.

1999 - 217

- 301 (starved for 96 hr before test) 65.00 22.75 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al.

1999 - 217

- 301 107.3 37.56 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al.

1999 - 217

- 301 75.42 26.40 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al.

1999 - 217

- 301 74.20 25.97 Duration too short (24 hr)

Jackson et al.

2000 7

- 10 d 48 3.8 8.537 Lack of control survival information; No

bromide in dilution water

Jackson et al.

2000 7

- 10 d 118 12.1 10.08 Lack of control survival information; No

bromide in dilution water

### 72 Reference Lifestage Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Concentration

(μg/L) Normalized

Effect

Concentration (μg/L) a Result of Evaluation Borgmann et al.

2005 1

- 11 d 18 0.15 0.9941 Duration too long (7 d)

Borgmann et al.

2005 1

- 11 d 124 1.60 1.26 2 Duration too long (7 d)

Gust 2006

- - 1.9

- Duration too short (72 hr)

a Normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using the pooled acute slope of 1. 1 03

.



## 5.1.3 Uncertainty in the freshwater FAV calculation

A number of uncertainties are associated with calculation of the freshwater FAV as

recommended by the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), and include use of limi t ed data f o r a

species or genus , acceptability of widely variable d ata for a genus , applicat ion of safety factors

, and extrapolation of laboratory dat a to field situations. There are a number of cases in the acute

database where only one acute test is used to determine the SMAV, and then that SMAV based

on one acute test is used to determine the GMAV. In this situation the re is a level of uncertainty

associated with the GMAV based on the one test result since it does not incorporate the range of

values that would be available if multiple studies were available. The GMAV is still valid, in

spite of absence of these additional data.

The acute database also includes several genera where two or more widely different

SMAVs (>10x factor) are available for estimating the GMAV. In this case the 1985 Guidelines

recommend that some or all of the values prob ably should not be used in calculations

. To resolve

this, only the more sensitive SMAV (primarily due to a more sensitive lifestage tested) was used

to calculate the GMAV, thereby ensuring protection of the genus.

The final step in the acute criteria deri vation process is to divide the FAV by a safety

factor of 2 to yield the CMC. The CMC is set equal to half of the FAV to represent a low level of

effect for the fifth percentile genus, rather than a 50% effect. This adjustment factor was derived

from an analysis of 219 acute toxicity tests with a variety of chemicals (see 43 FR 21506

- 21518

for a complete description) where mortality data were used to determine the highest tested

concentration that did not cause mortality greater than that observed in the control (or b etween 0

and 10% )

. Application of this safety factor is justified in that the concentration represents

minimal acute toxicity to the species.

### 73

Application of water

- only laboratory toxicity tests to protect aquatic species is a basic

premise of the 1985 Guidelines , supported by the requirements of a diverse assemblage of eight

family and the protection of 95 percent of all species. Confirmation has been report ed by a

number of researchers , thereby indicating that on the whole, extrapolation of l aboratory data

does a reasonably good job of protecting natural aquatic communities. Certain exoskeleton

bearing aquatic organisms (e.g., aquatic insects), however, may not be adequately protected due

to their differential accumulation of aqueous vs. dieta ry cadmium (Poteat and Buchwalter 2014),

and this therefore represents uncertainty in the derived CMC. As discussed in Section 5.6.1

, selected insect species evaluated by different researchers exhibited cadmium dietary effect levels

lower than aqueous exposed organisms. T he most sensitive insect in the acute database based on

water

- only laboratory toxicity tests is the mayfly Baetis , ranked as the 35 th 

### most sensitive genus.



## 5.1.4 Acute criteria duration

For the draft 2015 acute cadmium criteria , EPA has changed the duration to 1

- hour from

the 24 hours EPA applied in the 2001 final cadmium criteria document . EPA made this change to

the 2015 criteria to reflect the acute criteria duration recommended in the 1985 Guidelines. The

draft 2001 cadmium criteria document used a 1

- hour duration, which EPA subsequently revised

to 24 hours in the final criteria document. The final cadmium criteria document did not detail the

r ationale for this change EPA has further examined this issue as part of the 2015 draft criteria

revision.

The 24

- hour duration used in the 2001 final cadmium criteria document was based on a

limited number of fish toxicity studies that were conducted in the mid

- 1990s and which

suggested that cadmium time

- to

- effect may be longer than reflected by the 1 hour averaging

period. These studi es were focused on fish and did not address trends in duration for other

aquatic species, such as invertebrates. B ecause of the limited nature of these investigations and

absence of additional supporting information, EPA decided to revise the acute durati on in this

draft document to be consistent with the more protective 1

- hour duration, which is generally

supported by and consistent with the 1985 Guidelines. Page 5 of the 1985 Guidelines, for

example, states that “For the CMC the averaging period should a gain be substantially less than

the lengths of the tests it is based on, i.e., substantially less than 48 to 96 hours. One hour is

probably an appropriate averaging period because high concentrations of some materials can

### 74

cause death in one to three hours. Even when organisms do not die within the first hour or so, it

is not known how many might have died due to delayed effects of this short of an exposure. Thus

it is not appropriate to allow concentrations above the CMC to exist for as long as one hour. Th e

durations of the averaging periods in national criteria have been made short enough to restrict

allowable fluctuations in the concentration of the pollutant in the receiving water and to restrict

the length of time that the concentration in the receiving water can be continuously above a

criterion concentrations.” Page 6 of the 1985 Guidelines further states that “the one

- hour average

should never exceed the CMC.”

Additional information supporting the 1

- hour averaging period is presented in page 35 of

th e Technical Support Document for Water Quality

- based Toxics Control (USEPA 1991) which

states that “ For acute criteria, EPA recommends an averaging period of 1

- hour. That is, to protect

against acute effects, the 1

- hour average exposure should not exceed t he CMC. The 1

- hour acute

averaging period was derived primarily from data on response time for toxicity to ammonia, a

fast

- acting toxicant. The l

- hour averaging period is expected to be fully protective for the fastest

acting toxicants, and even more prote ctive for slower

- acting toxicants.” Frequency and duration

will be further considered as part of the 1985 Guidelines update, but the duration for the 2015

draft cadmium acute criteria will be 1

- hour.



## 5.2 Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data

Acceptable chronic to xicit y data are available for 2 7 freshwater species representing 20

different genera ( Appendix C ). In contrast to the acute toxicity test results, invertebrates were

generally more sensitive to cadmium than fish based on chronic toxicity. The four most sensitive

genera were the amphipod Hyalella , followed by the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia , the mottled

s culpin Cott u s , and the midge Chironomus

. For the acceptable chronic toxicity data, n ormalized

chronic toxicity values ranged from 0.7453 to 36.70 μg/L for invertebrates

, and from 1.721 to

> 38.66 μg/L for fish

. The blue tilapia was the least sensitive organ ism to cadmium and had a

normalized MATC of > 38.66 μg/L

.

Additional chronic toxicity data that were not used quantitatively to derive a criterion are

available for cadmium ( Appendix H ) . S uedel et al. (1997) conducted a C. dubia static

, measured

life

- cycle assessment . T he normalized NOEC of 4.110 μg/ L and LOEC of 16.44 μg/L reported

for th is study are o nly slightly higher than chronic values that were used quantitatively to derive

### 75

a criterion ( Appendix C )

. The 17 to 21

- day NOEC and LOEC values rep orted for Daphnia

magna and D. pulex by Biesinger and Christensen (1972), Winner (1986)

, Winner and Whitford

(1987)

, Enserink et al. (1993), and Knops et al. (2001) were similar to other acceptable chronic

values reported in Appendix C for these species , as were values from long term studies with

Atlantic salmon (Rombough and Garside 1982; Peterson et al. 1983) and brown trout (Davies

and Brinkman 1994c; Brinkman and Hansen 2004a

, 2007).

Other sublethal effects data also not used to derive criteria are provided in Appendix H

,

with many studies again reporting effect l e vels above the criteria . Asian clams ( Corbicula

fluminea ) exhibited reduced phagocytosis activity when exposed to 3 μg/L cadmium for 30 days

(Champ eau et al. 2007), and goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) experienced reduced plasma sodium

levels when exposed to 44.5 μg/L cadmium for 50 days (McCarty and Houston 1976). Scherer et

al. (1997) evaluated lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) for eight months and reported decreased

thyroid follicle epithelial cell height at 5 μg/L cadmium. Delayed development and forelimb

emergence was observed in African clawed frog ( Xenopus laevis ) embryos after a 47 day

exposure to 855 μg/L cadmium (Sharma and Patino 2008).



## 5.2.1 Sui tability of chronic Hyalella azteca d ata

A total of eight H. a zteca chronic studies were reviewed for acceptability as

recommended by EPA (2012). Only data from the Ingersoll and Kemble (2001) study using

USGS Columbia Lab well water as dilution water was considered acceptable for deriving a

freshwater chronic criterion ( Appendix C ). Thus, the H. azteca normalized SMCV (and GMCV)

of 0.7453 μg/L cadmi um is based on only thi s study. Al though the seven other studies we re not

used for deriving the revised cadmium freshwater chronic criterion, the effect levels observed for

each study are provided below and demonstrate the similar sensitivity of the amphipod to

cadmium

, despite the issues which precluded their use in developing the SMCV and GMCV . The

normalized effect concentrations for these seven studies ranged from 0.37 33 to 4.876 μg/L

cadmium, with the majority of values ranging from 0.4

- 2.0 μg/L ( Table 18 )

.

### 76

Table 18 . Chronic studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion.

Reference Method a Lifestage Exposure Effect EC 20 /

MATC (TH=100) (μg/L) Result of Evaluation Ingersoll and Kemble (2001) F, M 7

- 8 d old 42 days Reproduction 0.7453 Acceptable

Borgmann et al.

1989 b R, M <7

- d old 4 2 days Survival 0.6348 Not acceptable Only 64% control survival (need ≥80%)

Borgmann et al.

1991 R, M <7

- d old 42 days Survival 0.4 2 99 (EC 50 ) Not acceptable

Low control weight of 0.34 mg dwt (need ≥ 0.50 mg dwt after 42 days of testing )

Suedel et al.

1997 S, M 14

- 21 d

old 14 days Survival/ growth 0.6576 Not acceptable Test organisms underfed (control weights not reported). Low ionic composition of dilution water.

Chadwick Ecological

Consultants

2003 F, M 7

- 8 d old 28 days ( r econ lab water) Survival 0.37 49 Not acceptable Low control weight of 0.25 mg dwt (need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of testing)

Chadwick Ecological

Consultants

2003 F, M 7

- 8 d old 28 days (surface water) Survival 0.44 61 Not acceptable 0.2 μg Cd/L in dilution water

Stanley et al.

2005 R, M 7

- 14 d old 42 days Survival 2.414 Not acceptable Only 45% control survival (need ≥80%)

Straus 2011 R, M 2

- 9 d old 21 days Survival 4.907 Not acceptable Low control weight of 0.136 mg dwt (need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of testing)

Straus 2011 R, M 2

- 9 d old 28 days Survival 2.277 Not acceptable Low control weight of 0.064 mg dwt (need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of testing)

Pais 2012 R, M 2

- 9 d old 28 days Survival 0. 5127 Not acceptable Low control weight of 0.135 mg dwt (need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of testing )

a 

### S=static, R=renewal, F=flow

- through, U=unmeasured, M=measured



### Borgmann et al. (

1989 b ) C hronic Survival S tudy

This long

- term (6 week) study investigated the effect of cadmium on H

. azteca survival,

growth and reproduction and was primarily a method s development effort . The static

- renewal

life cycle test was initiated with <7

- day old organisms and was conducted at 25°C in

dechlorinated Burlington C ity tap water with exposure concentrations of 0.28 (control), 0.57,

0.92, 1.49, 2.23, 3.42 and 6.28 μg/L cadmium. The water used for testing is acceptable

, with a

### 77

chloride concentration of approximately 26 mg/L and bromide concentration of a round 0.047

mg/L. Other common ion (Na, K, Ca, Mg, SO4, and HCO 3 

### ) concentrations in this water are

reasonable for testin g with H. azteca . However, the food and feeding levels used in this test are

questionable. The authors tested up to 20 organisms in each beaker and added 4 mg Tetramin

flakes once per week to each test beaker

, with additional feedings given up to two times each

week on an as needed basis

. I t is not clear how they determined when more food was required.

Furthermore

, the reported control survival was only 64 percent, w hile 80 percent is considered to

be the minimum acceptable control survival for a 6

- week tes t. The calculated EC 20 

### for survival

was 0.7827 μg/L, or 0.6348 μg/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### .

Borgmann et al. (

1991 ) Chronic Survival Study

An additional H. azteca 6

- week chronic test was conducted by Borgmann using the same

dechlorinated Burlington City tap water. As mentioned previously, this tap water is considered

acceptable for H. azteca testing . However, it appears that organisms in this long

- term test were

also underfed (similar to other tests conducted by this group). The authors state that the animals

were fed Tetramin at a rate of only 5 mg Tetramin/beaker/week , which equates to about 0.25

mg/organism/week. This feeding rate is much l ower than currently recommended for chronic

tests. R esults of other chronic amphipod test s with diet s limited to Tetramin had limited success

, suggesting that amphipod s requir e dietary supplements in addition to the Tetramin (e.g., YCT or

diatoms) to achieve acceptable growth and reproduction ( J. R. Hockett, personal communication )

.

Based on the organism control weights obtained at the end of the test ( 0.34 mg estimated average

dry weight ) , it appears amphipod growth was limited by th e feeding rate and dietary

composition . Acceptable average ending dry weights typically fall within the rang e of 0.7 to 1.0

mg/organism for a 42

- d test. This poor growth and low feeding rate excluded the use of these

data in calculating the SMCV for this species . The reported EC 50 

### for survival in the study was

0.53 μg/L

, or 0.4 2 99 μg/L when normalized to a hardn ess of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### .

Suedel et al. (

1997 ) Chronic Survival and Growth Study

This paper presents the results of several toxicity tests. Although limited information is

provided, the tests appear to be static exposure without renewal. Five tests were c onducted (48

-

h r , 96

- h r , 7

- d ay , 10

- d ay , and 14

- d ay exposures). Organisms were fed in each test by adding

leached, ground maple leaves to the test chambers at the beginning of each exposure. Especially

### 78

for the longer duration tests (10

- d ay and 14

- d ay ), it does n o t appear th e test organisms were fed

sufficient ly, although this remains unclear because body weight data were not reported. Little

information is provided about the test/control water other than hardness (6 to 28 mg/L),

alkalinity (8 to 18 mg/L) an d conductivity (22 to 130 μS/cm) , which indicates the dilution water

was low in ion composition . The authors noted th at water conditions represen t the limits of

environmental tolerance for the tested species . The chronic value of 0.16 μg/L ( based on growth

and survival ) , or 0.6576 μg/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , was not

used quantitatively in this assessment.

Chadwick Ecological Consultant ( 2003 ) Chronic Survival Study

The chronic toxicity of cadmium to H

. azteca was tested with 28

- day flow

- through

measured test procedures using two different dilution waters ( reconstituted laboratory water and

natural surface water from Horsetooth Reservoir ) with different hardness levels . Both dilution

waters were augmented with bromide and chloride to achieve nominal concentrations of

approximately 0.80 mg/L Br and 60 mg/L Cl - 

### , which are above the minimum recommended

levels of 0.02 mg/L Br and 10 mg/L Cl. The 28

- day control survival was ≥90 percent for each

test, which exceeds th e 80 percent minimum requirement. The test organisms were fed 1.0 ml

Y CT daily and the authors reported mean control dry weights at day 28 of 0.25 mg for the

reconstituted water test and 0.43 mg for the natural surface water test. T he recommended mean

cont rol dry weight at day 28 is ≥ 0.35 mg and only the natural surface water test met the

feeding /average control dry weight requirement. Even though the control dry weight of the

natural surface water test met the recommended 0.35 mg average, there is an eleva ted level of

cadmium in the Horsetooth Reservoir water (about 0.2 μg/L cadmium). In addition, the cadmium

concentration measured at day 28 in the lowest nominal exposure concentration (0.6 μg/L ) was

very similar to the next higher concentration, which raises questions about whether organism

response in the lowest concentration was exaggerated by an excursion in cad m ium concentration

,

or if the measured concentration was an analytical anomaly . The 28

- day MATC for the surface

water test was 1.02 μg/L cadmium, which was slightly higher than the estimated 28

- day survival

EC 20 

### of 0.6264 μg/L , or 0.4 4 61 μg/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### . T he

MATC for the reconstituted water was 0.74 μg/L, which was al so higher than the normalized

calculated EC 20 

### of 0.3 7 49 μg/L cadmium.

### 79

Stanley et al. (

2005 ) Chronic Survival Study

Stanley et al. (2005) conducted o ne H. azteca 42

- day chronic test in laboratory

reconstituted water (ASTM hard water) and at a feeding rate of 1 ml YCT/test chamber/day . The

lack of sufficient chloride and bromide ions in the dilution water and sub

- optimal diet w ould not

support the health of H. azteca , especially after 10 days of testing ( Appendix K ) . Additionally

, the control survival in this test was poor (45%) . The results of this test were accordingly not used

to develop AWQC. The non

- normalized chronic limits based on survival are 2 .49 and 5.09 μg/L

with a MATC of 2.414 μg cadmium /L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### .

Straus ( 2011 ) Chronic Survival Studies

H

. azteca neonates ( 2

- 9 days old ) were exposed to cadmium for 21 days in artificial Lake

Ontario reconstituted laboratory water (total hardness of 120

- 140 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ) and for 28

days in a mix ture of reverse osmosis and dechlorinated City of Waterloo tap water ( blended to a

total hardness of 22 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ). Water in both test s was renewed every 48 hours and co tton

gauze was used as a substrate. Although t he test organisms were cultured in artificial media

containing bromide, it is not clear if the artificial Lake Ontario water or the reverse osmosis/tap

water mix contained bromide. The chloride concentrations a lso were not reported for either

dilution water, although the nominal chloride concentration of the artificial Lake Ontario water is

estimated to be approximately 28 mg/L. T est recommendations in the draft recommendation

document (U.S. EPA 2012) note that natural waters with a hardness of <80 mg/L as CaCO 3


### typically have <10 mg Cl - 

### /L. Control organism survival was 93 percent in the 21

- day test and

81.8 percent in the 28

- day test. Control organism mean dry weight averaged 0.136 for the 21

- day

test and 0.064 mg for the 28

- day test. W hen all factors are considered, these two studies do not

meet the test acceptability requirements outlined in the draft recommendations document ( U.S.

EPA 2012 )

. The EC 20 

### s calculated for these two tests based on survival are 6.42 μ g/L for the 21

-
day test and 0.68 μg/L for the 28

- day test

, or 4.907 for the 21

- day test and 2.277 μg/L for the 28

-
day test when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### .

Pais ( 2012 ) Chronic Survival Study

H

. azteca neonates ( 2

- 9 days old ) were exposed to cadmium for 28 days in laboratory

water that was renewed every 48 hours. The dilution water was a mix of reverse osmosis and

dechlorinated City of Waterloo tap water blended to a total hardness of 90 mg/L as CaCO 3



### . A

### 80

cotton gauze substrate was used dur ing the test. The bromide and chloride levels were not

reported by the author, but since the total hardness of the reverse osmosis/tap water blend was 90

mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , the dilution water may have contained an acceptable amount of chloride. U.S.

EPA (2012) note s that natural waters with a hardness of <80 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### typically have

chloride concentrations of <10 mg/L. The bromide level was not reported , but the tap water may

have supplied the minimum bromide level ( 0.02 mg Br/L ) recommended in U.S. EPA (2012)

.

The 28

- day control survival was 100 percent, which exceeds the 80 percent minimum

requirement. However, t he authors reported a mean control organism weight of 0.135 mg, which

is much less than the recommended ≥ 0.35 mg dwt at day 28. Ac cordingly, this study does not

meet the test acceptability requirements and the normalized 28

- day survival EC 20 

### of 0.5 1 27 μg/L

was not used for criteria derivation.



## 5.2.2 Uncertainty in the freshwater FCV calculation

In addition to the uncertainties described above for the freshwater acute criteria derivation

( Section 5.1.3 ), the freshwater FCV calculation is also influenced by the availability of limite d

data, estimation of chronic values with either EC 20 

### or MATC methods, selection of either life

cycle or early life

- stage test results for a species, and the use of the most representative test

duration for the C. bairdii ELS test.

The freshwater chronic database is comprised of 27 species and 20 genera that satisfy the

eight

- family MDR as recommended in the 1985 Guideline s (Stephan 1985). There are several

factors that contribute some uncertainty to the freshwater FCV ( e.g., use of EC 20 

### s over MATCs,

the limited data used to develop the hardness relationship, limited data for H. azteca , selection of

most appropriate exposure scenarios, and other data that is only used qualitatively). In this

update EC 20 

### s were selected as the most appr opriate effect level, but not all studies reported EC 20 

### s

or did not provide the raw data in the paper so EC 20 

### s could be calculated (Note: for all studies

where raw data necessary to calculate EC 20 

### s were not provided, authors were contacted to

request the r aw data , if available. S ome requests are still outstanding). While EC 20 

### s are the

preferred effect level , so that chronic toxicity can be compared equally, this preference limits the

amount of data that are used quantitatively in SMCV and GMCV calculations ( Table 9 and

Appendix C ). This was the case for several species ( C. dubia

, C. reticulata

, D . magna , O.

kisutch

, O. mykiss

, S

. trutta

, S. fontinalis

, S. namaycush , and P. promelas ). Conversely , only

### 81

MATCs were avail a ble for several genera

, and therefore the effect levels associated with those

MATC concentrations are unknown ( Oreochromis

, Micropterus

, Esox , and Catostomus ). These

values were retained in the ranked table to avoid losing the genus.

The use of EC 20 

### s also limited the amount of data that were used to develop the chronic

hardness relationship. Currently there are only enough da ta EC 20 

### data to explore this relationship

for three fish species . This preference for EC 20 

### s precluded the inclusion of data for P. promelas

, but MATC data from a single study for D. magna (Chapman et al. Manuscript) were used so that

an invertebrate could be included in the analysis . The rationale for the exclusion of P. promelas

is that the effect of hardness would be better evaluated without the confounding factor of the

level of effect being unknown (see Section 2.6

, Chronic m easures of e ffect ).

The 1985 Guidelines recommend the use of full life

- cyc le (LC) tests over ear l y life

- cycle

tests (ELS), with the rationale that LC tests will be more sensitive. However, this relationship

was not always apparent. Normalized EC 20 

### s of LC tests were more sensitive (lower effect

concentration s ) for S. fontinalis and O. mykiss , but ELS tests were more sensitive for S. trutta

. To be conservative, the ELS tests were used to derive the SMAV for S. trutta

. As discussed above there is only one acceptable study using the new test requirement s for

H. azteca . While the o ther unacceptable data were not used quantitatively it appears that effect

co n centrations were similar, however the SMAV/GMAV for the most sensitive species in the

freshwater chronic database is based on the results from one study (Ingersoll and Kemble 200 1).

Similarly

, the SMAV/GMAV for the most sensitive fish species, Cottus bairdii is from the

results of one 28 d ELS test (Besser et al. 2007). The other study reported in the same paper
, a

21

- d ELS study, was not used quantitatively bec ause there is a lac k of information on the most

appropriate duration for ELS test s with this species. Most of the available information implies

that ELS tests should last at least 28 days

, so these data were not added to Appendix C ( ASTM

1998; Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1996 b ) . However, incorporating these data would only

change the CCC slightly; t he SMCV for Cottus would change from 1.72 1 to 1.4 70 μg/L and the

crite ria would change fr om 0.80 to 0.79 μg/L total cadmium

.



## 5.3 Additional Aquatic Life Water Quality Assessments for Cadmium

Mebane (20 06 ) recently derived freshwater ambient water quality criteria for cadmium and

included data from studies that focused on species and surface water conditions in Idaho. Acute

### 82

and chronic toxicity were calculated from available effects data and normalized for hardness

based on hardness

- toxicity regression analyses. The four most sensitive genera to acute

exposures were the fish Oncorhynchus (Northwest trout and Pacific salmon), Salvelinus (“char”

trout), Salmo (other trout and Atlantic salmon), and Cottus (scu lpin). The four most sensitive

genera to chronic exposures were the aquatic invertebrates Hyalella and Gammarus and the fish

Cottus and Salvelinus . Mebane ( 2006 ) reported a CMC of 0.75 μg/L total cadmium and a CCC

of 0.37 μg/L total cadmium, based on a har dness of 50 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### . Mebane ( 2006 ) reported

cadmium in total (unfiltered) instead of dissolved ( 0.45

- μm filtered) concentrations , but indicated

that because cadmium is highly soluble in water, the difference between total and dissolved

concentrations would be small, with dissolved cadmium concentrations expected to average

about 90 to 95 percent of total concentrations (Stephan 1995; Clark 2002; Mebane 2006 ). When

adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### , the CMC and CCC calculated using

equa tions reported by Mebane ( 2006 ) are 1.35 and 0.55 μg/L, respectively. These values are

lower than the 2015 revised EPA draft CMC of 2. 2 μg/L and CCC of 0. 80 μg /L, based on total

concentration and a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3



### . The differences in the crit eria derived by

Mebane (2006) and this 2015 draft update are primarily due the addition of new data since 2006,

the subsequent estimation of different updated acute and chronic hardness

- toxicity slopes, and

exclusion of specific test results based on EPA d ata acceptability criteria.

The British Columbia Ministry of Environment (BC

- MOE) recently released a draft

assessment of ambient water quality criteria for cadmium in freshwater to protect species

resident to British Columbia, Canada (BC

- MOE 2014). Th e proposed acute and chronic criteria

are based on dissolved cadmium concentrations in freshwater. The criteria were adjusted for

hardness using established methods to derive an equation from the results of multiple published

studies (Mebane 2006; Stephan et al. 1985; U

. S

. EPA 2001). The BC

- MOE used t he lowest

value from a primary study and applied a factor of 3.5 to account for uncertainty and protect the

survival of the most sensitive species (<10% mortality) at all life stages. The resulting draft CMC

of 0.339 μg/L total cadmium at a water hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO 3 

### was based on effects on

rainbow trout fry growth after a 5

- d exposure, as reported in Hansen et al. (2002 b ). The resulting

draft CCC (30 days) of 0.0772 μg/L at a water hardness of 100 mg/L Ca CO 3 

### was based on

effects on Hyalella azteca survival, as reported in Ingersoll and Kemble (2001). The short

- term

hardness slope factor was 1.04 and the long

- term hardness slope factor was 0.762 ; compared to

### 83

the 2015 draft hardness slope factors of 1. 103 an d 0. 7977

, respectively . The BC

- MOE (2014)

cadmium water quality guideline for long term exposure in marine environments is 0.12 μg/L.

This is in contrast to the higher EPA 2015 draft estuarine/marine chronic CCC of 8.3 μg/L

dissolved cadmium. No short term exposure guideline has been developed by BC

- MOE for the

marine environment. The BC

- MOE proposed cadmium criteria are all lower than the U.S. EPA

2015 criteria, primarily due to differences in the methodology employed (use of lowest value),

larger safety f

actors applied and hardness slope factor differences.



## 5.4 Estuarine /Marine Acute Toxicity Data

Acute toxicity data are available for 9 4 estuarine/marine species representing 7 9 genera.

These data are adequate to support the development of an estuarine/marine acute criterion.

SMAVs for cadmium range from 29.14 to 169,787 μg/L. The four most sensitive genera were

invertebrates with GMAVs ranging from 29.14 to 67.39 μg/L ( Appendix B ).

Additional toxicity data on the effect of cadmium on estuarine/marine species were

available, but did not meet standards of acceptability and were not used quantitatively in

development of the criteria ( Appendix I ) . However, the acute and chronic toxicity values for

th ese tests are similar to those of the accepted studies, provid ing additional suppo rting evidence

about the toxicity of cadmium to estuarine/marine aquatic life. These include data from Roast et

al. (2002a , b ) , who reported a N. integer 5

- day LC 50 

### of 32.43 μg/L, and a 6

- day LC 50 

### for P.

flexuosus of 83.11 μg/L, both of which represent similar outcomes to those provided in

Appendix B

. Nimmo et al. ( 1977a ) and Gentile et al. ( 1982 ) reported similar outcome s for A.

bahia with 8 to 17

- day EC 50 

### values rang ing from 11.3 to 60 μg/L.

Other non

- traditional endpoints for marine/estuarine organisms exposed to cadmium for

shorter time periods are presented in Appendix I

. Daggerblade grass shrimp ( Palaemonetes

pugio ) had increased LPO and ubiquitin levels when exposed for eight hours to 112.4 μg/L

cadmium (Downs et al. 2001a). Reduction in swimming speed and reduced serum osmolality

were observed for nauplii of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis and the mysid

Americamysis bahia subjected for 24 hours to 130 and 3.62 μg/L cadmium, respectively

(Sullivan et al. 1983; De Lisle and Roberts 1994). Bellas et al. (2004) determined a 70

- hr larval

attachment EC 50 

### of 752 μg/L for the s ea squirt Ciona intestinalis , and the mud snail Nassarius

obsoletus had increased oxygen consumption when exposed to 500 μg/L cadmium for 72 hours

### 84

(MacInnes and Thurberg 1973). The mysid, Neomysis integer , displayed a preference for

dissolved oxygen over hypoxia areas after a 7

- day exposure to 1.0 μg/L cadmium (Roast et al.

2002a). Osmotic pressure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas was affected at 34 μg/L cadmium

after 10 days, but not at 3.4 μg/L (Burke et al. 2003). Choi et al. (2008) found that Pacific oysters

( Crassostrea gigas ) exposed to 10 μg/L cadmium for 11 days had an increase d expression of MT

mRNA in digestive gla nd and gills. Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) exposed to 3.7 μg/L

cadmium over 48 hours exhibited histological injury to the olfactory epithelium, and a significant

loss of olfaction at concentrations greater than 347 μg/L, with the adverse effects of e ach still

evident after a 16

- day depuration in clean water (Williams and Gallagher 2013). The persistent

nature of these effects could adversely alter the return rates of anadromous salmon species as

noted by Baldwin et al. (2009).



## 5.4.1 Uncertainty in estuarine/marine FAV calculation

The influence of salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium was investigated with 10

different genera of estuarine/marine animals. A general trend of decreasing toxicity with

increasing salinity was observed for the majorit y of genera ( Appendix B ). Frank and Robertson

(1979) reported that the acute toxicity of cadmium to juvenile blue crabs was reduced by

increasing salinity levels, with 96

- hr LC 50 

### s of 320, 4,700 and 11,600 μg/L at sa linities of 1, 15

and 35 g/kg, respectively ( Appendix B ). The same trend was observed by Bengtsson and

Bergstrom (1987) for the harpacticoid copepo d, Nitocra spinipes , Ringwood (1990) for the

mangrove oyster, Isognomon californicum , Roast et al. (2001b) for the mysid, Neomysis integer

, Wu and Chen (2004) and Frias

- Espericueta et al. (2001) for the white shrimp, Litopenaeus

vannamei , and De Lisle and Roberts (1988) for the mysid, Americamysis bahia , amongst other

species

. In contrast to the results presented above, several authors reported possible relationships

with salinity that seem contradictory, some of which may have been influenced by other tes t

variables. In a study of the interaction of dissolved oxygen and salinity on the acute toxicity of

cadmium to the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus , Voyer (1975) found that 96

- hr LC 50 

### s at a

salinity of 32 g/kg were about half of what they were at lower sa linities of 10 and 20 g/kg. When

tested at approximately 20°C, the 96

- hr LC 50 

### s were 73,000, 78,000 and 30,000 μg/L at salinities

of 10, 20 and 32 g/kg, respectively (all exposures had sufficient dissolved oxygen levels

### 85

throughout the test). The fiddler cra b, Uca pugilator , showed a similar trend in that the crab was

more sensitive to cadmium at the highest salinity tested (30 g/kg) as compared to the mid

- level

salinity (20 g/kg) test, and about the same sensitivity as the lowest salinity (10 g/kg) (O’Hara

1 973). C admium also appears to be more toxic to purple sea urchin embryos ( Strongylocentrotus

purpuratus ) at a higher salinity, although salinity levels differed by only 4 mg/kg and test

temperatures were higher in the higher salinity exposure, which may have confounded potential

conclusions ( Dinnel et al. 1989; Phillips et al. 2003). The potential relationship between salinity

and cadmium saltwater acute toxicity was investigated using an analysis of covariance (Dixon

and Brown 1979; Neter and Wasserman 1 974) as noted in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al.

1985) . Despite the general relationship of decreasing toxicity with increasing salinity, a pooled

species slope could not be calculated.

As noted in the 1985 Guidelines, a final acute equation should be derived based on a

water quality parameter if acute toxicity is shown to be related to that parameter (Stephan et al.

1985). In order to derive a final acute equation from a water quality parameter, however,

sufficient data are required to show that the f actor similarly affects the results of tests with a

variety of species (U.S. EPA 2001). Because a general trend was observed between increasing

salinity and decreasing acute toxicity for the majority of genera, an analysis of covariance

(Dixon and Brown 19 79; Neter and Wasserman 1974) as noted in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan

et al. 1985) using the “R” statistical program, version 3.2.2 (R Core Team 2015), was performed

to examine whether a salinity correction equation could be calculated.

Data for the ten s pecies comprising ten genera were included in the analysis of

covariance . These species had definitive acute values (less than or greater than values were not

used) over a salinity range of at least 7 g/kg. For any given species, data were limited to studi es

conducted at representative and similar temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations. When

test data for multiple life stages were available, data for the most sensitive life stage was used.

In the analysis of covariance model equation , the natural logarithm of the acute value is

the dependent variable, species is the grouping variable, and the natural logarithm of salinity is

the covariate or independent variable. A species

- salinity interaction variable is included to assess

the similarity of slopes among species. A n F

- test is then used to test whether a model with

separate slopes for each species gives a statistically significantly better fit to the data than a

model with a single pooled slope. If the P

- value of the species

- salinity interaction term is

### 86

statistically significant (defined as a P

- value of less than 0.05), then the model with separate

species slopes provides the better fit to the data, and a single pooled slope cannot be calculated.

When data for all ten species were fit to the analysis of covariance model, the species

salinity interaction term used to test for equality of slopes produced a P=0.007, meaning that the

model with separate species slopes provides the better fit to the data, and a single pooled slope

could not be calculated. Individual species slopes were variable, ranging from

- 0.6998 for the

mummichog F. heteroclitus to 5.538 for the amphipod G. japonica ( Table 19 ). Individual

species slopes were also plotted in Figure 6

. As can be seen in Figure 6

, nine of the ten species

experience a decrease in acute cadmium toxicity with increasing salinity (i.e., a positive slope).

Table 19 . Individual species slopes and selected regression statistics for the equation ln(LC 50 

### Cd) = ln(Salinity). A pooled species slope could not be calculated from these data. Species name 95% CI

Scientific Common Slope LCL UCL r 2 

### p n M. edulis Blue mussel 0.7399 na na na na 2 I. californicum Mangrove oyster 1.467 na na na na 2 N. spinipes Harpacticoid copepod 0.3725

- 0.6744 1.419 0.95 0.14 3

A. bahia Mysid 1.010 0.7158 1.305 0.98 <0.01 5 N. integer Mysid 0.4933 na na na na 2 G. japonica Amphipod 5.538 na na na na 2

L. vannamei Whiteleg shrimp 1.032 na na na na 2 C. sapidus Blue crab 1.006 0.8249 1.186 1.00 <0.01 3 U. pugilator Fiddler crab 0.1673

- 3.499 3.834 0.25 0.67 3

F. heteroclitus Mummichog

- 0.6998

- 8.129 6.729 0.59 0.44 3

### 87

Figure 6 . Individual S pecies S lopes S howing the R elationship between N atural L og T ransformed S alinity and N atural L og T ransformed A cute C admium T oxicity.

Data used to generate species slopes in Table 19 have already accounted for the most

sensitive life stage for a particular species. In addition to that consideration, following the

recommendations of the U.S. EPA Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), individual species slopes

were examined and subsequent analysis of covariance models were used to test whether a pooled

species slope could be calculated using only those species with slopes determined to cover a

relative ly broad range of the relevant water quality parameter (i.e., salinity), defined here as at

least 50% of the range of salinities, before and after natural log transformation. Five species: A.

bahia

, N. integer

, C. sapidus

, U. pugilator , and F. heteroclitus , had test data across a salinity

range greater than 50% of the salinity range prior to natural log transformation. When data for

these five species were fit to the analysis of covariance model, the species

- salinity interaction

term used to test for equali ty of slopes produced a P=0.006. Three species: A. bahia

, C. sapidus

,

### 88

and N. integer had test data across a salinity range greater than 50% of the salinity range

following natural log transformation. When data for these species were fit to the analysis of

covariance model, the species

- salinity interaction term used to test for equality of slopes

produced a P=0.003. In both cases, the model with separate species slopes provides the better fit

to the data, and a single pooled slope could not be calculated. De spite the positive relationship

between saltwater acute toxicity and salinity observed for nine of the ten species with available

data, the species slopes are sufficiently variable that no pooled slope can be calculated. Thus, the

saltwater acute data are not normalized for salinity.

In addition to the uncertainties described above for the freshwater acute criteria derivation

( Section 5.1.3 ), the lac k of a statistically defensible salinity

- toxicity relationship to normalize the

acute data adds additional uncertainty to the saltwater FAV

. D espite the positive relationship

between saltwater acute toxicity and salinity observed for nine of the ten species included in the

analysis of covariance

, a pooled slope could not be calculated , precluding salinity normalization

of the data

. As such, the data are used at the tested salinity level, which may or may not be the

most sensitive for the species. Not all studies, however, reported a salinity level which would

potentially exclude them from the FAV calculation if the data were salinity normalized.



## 5.5 Estuarine/ Marine Chronic Toxicity Data

Data for only two estuarine/marine mysid species ( Americamysis bahi a , S MCV = 6.149

μg/L and Americamysis bigelowi

, SMCV = 11.61 μg/L ) are suitable for the derivation of a

chronic criterion, and limited toxicity data are available for qualitative consideration in this

document. A 21

- day survival chronic value of 111.8 μg/L was determined for the s tarlet sea

anemone Nematostella vectensis ( Harter and Matthews 2005 ), and 28

- day LC 50 

### s for the

p olychaete worms Capitella capitata and Neanthes arenaceodentata ranged from 630 to 3,000

μg/L ( Reish et al. 1976 ). White shrimp ( Litope naeus vannamei ), pink shrimp ( Farfante p enaeus

duorarum ), d aggerblade grass shrimp ( Palaemonetes pugio ), r ock crab ( Cancer irroratus ) and

blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) 21 to 30

- day effect levels (LC 50 

### s and LOECs) ranged from 19 to

720 μg/L ( Nimmo et al. 1 977b ; Vernberg et al. 1977 ; Johns and Miller 1982 ; Guerin and Stickle

1995 ; Wu and Chen 2005a ). Scallops were more sensitive to cadmium, with Argopecten

irradians and A

. ventricosus 42

- day EC 50 

### and 30

- day LOEC growth effect levels at 10 and 78

μg/L, respectively ( Pesch and Stewart 1980 ; Sobrino

- Figueroa et al. 2007 ). Similarly

, Atlantic

### 89

silverside ( Menidia menidia ), c unner ( Tautogolabrus adspersus ) and w inter flounder

( Pseodopleuronectes americanus ) 17 to 60

- day survival effects ranged fr o m 100 to > 97 0 μg/L

( MacInnes et al. 1977; Voyer et al. 1979). All of these effect levels are above those reported for

the two mysid species that were used quantitatively for derivation of the chronic criterion

. Additional studies have reported the chronic sublethal effects of cadmium on

estuarine/marine species ( Appendix I ). Delayed development and reduced food consumption

were observed for rock crab larvae ( Ca ncer irroratus ) and white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

exposed for 28 days to 50 and 200 μg/L cadmium, respectively (Johns and Miller 1982; Wu and

Chen 2005a). Increased ATPase activity was exhibited by the American lobster ( Homarus

americanus ) exposed to 6 μg/L cadmium for 30 days (Tucker 1979), and mud crab larvae

( Eurypanopeus depressus ) experienced a delay in metamorphysis when exposed to 10 μg/L

cadmium for 44 days (Mirkes et al. 1978). W hen evaluating fish, significant reduction in gill

tissue respir atory rate was reported for the cunner after a 30

- day exposure to 50 μg/L (MacInnes

et al. 1977). Dawson et al. (1977) also reported a significant decrease in gill

- tissue respiration of

striped bass at 5 μg/L after a 30

- day exposure, as did Calabrese et al . (1975) after a 60

- day

exposure to 5 μg/L.



## 5.5.1 Final Acute

- to

- Chronic Ratio

The limited amount of acceptable estuarine/marine chronic toxicity data precluded the

use of regression analysis to calculate the estuarine/marine CCC (as was done with the

freshwa ter CCC). As stipulated in the 1985 Guidelines, the CCC wa s calculated as the FAV

divided by the FACR. As previously mentioned, a minimum of three ACRs (a fish species and

an invertebrate species, with one being acutely sensitive in saltwater) are typicall y used to

estimate the FACR. This update has ACRs available for six freshwater invertebrates, eight

freshwater fish and two saltwater invertebrate species representing a diverse number of families

( Table 16 )

. The 1985 Guidelines outline four primary ways to combine ACRs to calculate an

appropriate FACR.

 If the species mean acute

- chronic ratios seems to increase or decrease as the SMAV

increases , the Final Acute

- Chronic Ratio should be calculated as the geometric mean of

the acute

- chronic ratios for species whose SMAVs are close to the Final Acute Value.

### 90

 If no major trend is apparent and the acute

- chronic ratios for a number of species are

within a factor of ten, the Final Acute

- Chronic Ratio should be calculated as the
geometric mean of all the species mean acute

- chronic ratios available for both freshwater
and saltwater species.

 For acute tests conducted on metals and possibly other substances w ith embryos and
larvae of barnacles, bivalve molluscs, sea urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and abalones,
it is probably appropriate to assume that the acute

- chronic ratio is 2. Thus, if the lowest
available SMAVs were determined with embryos and larvae o f such species, the Final

Acute

- Chronic Ratio should probably be assumed to be 2, so that the Final Chronic Value
is equal to the Criterion Maximum Concentration.

 If the most appropriate species mean acute

- chronic ratios are less than 2.0, and especially

i f they are less than 1.0, acclimation has probably occurred during the chronic test.
Because continuous exposure and acclimation cannot be assured to provide adequate
protection in field situations, the Final Acute

- Chronic Ratio should be assumed to be 2,
so that the Final Chronic Value is equal to the C riterion Maximum Concentration.

N one of the four methods listed above c ould be used to calculate the FACR for cadmium.

Therefore another approach was chosen to incorporate ACRs of sensitive species from bo th

freshwater and estuarine/ marine environments to calculate an appropriate FACR. There were

several possible methods to compile these values. One option would have been to use the ACRs

available for the two Americamysis species (5.275 for A. bahia and 9.476 for A. bigelowi ), the

chinook salmon

, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (0.9626)

, and the fatmucket

, Lampsilis siliquoidea

(2.727). All are acutely sensitive, and the geometric mean of these four values yields a n FACR

of 3.385. If the freshwater fish is replaced by the rainbow trout

, Oncorhynchus mykiss

(ACR=1.6 40 ), the result ing FACR is 3.8 67 . Alternatively, using the acutely sensitive mottled

sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) ACR of 11.22 instead of th e ACR for the Chinook salmon results in a n

FACR of 6.254.

A final option would be to use ACRs from a diverse mix of freshwater and

estuarine/marine species representing both invertebrates and fish, with the freshwater species

having taxonomically

- related marine species. Using this approach, seven genus

- level ACRs were

used to calculate the FACR for estuarine/marine water (representing five freshwater fish species,

three freshwater invertebrate species, and the two acutely sensitive estuarine/marine mysids). A n

FACR of 8.291 was obtained from the geometric mean of seven genus

- level ACRs:

Americamysis (7.007), Ceriodaphnia (19.84), Daphnia (23.90), Cottus (11.22)

, Oncorhynchus

### 91

(2.0), Salmo (2.0) and Pimephales (17.90). The fish C. bairdii , S . trutta, Oncorhynchus and P.

promelas represent the second, fourth, fifth and forty

- fourth most sensitive freshwater genera,

respectively, and the cladocerans Daphnia and C. dubia are the eleventh and eighteenth most

sensitive genera . This approach was chosen because EPA believes that use of combined ACRs

for a variety of freshw ater and estuarine/marine species is the most appropriate and

representative method for deriving the FACR.



## 5.5.2 Uncertainty in the estuarine/marine FCV calculation

The primary source of uncertainty with the derivation of the estuarine/marine FCV is the

lack o f available data. There have been no new acceptable estuarine/marine chronic data

generated since the 2001 AWQC was published. The only data available are for one genus of

mysid, Americamysis , which is the fourth most sens itive acute genus. T he chronic cri terion is

therefore based on the use of a FACR. The FACR assumes that the relationship between acute

and chronic toxicity for each species is constant

. Acceptable ACRs are averaged across taxa to

calculate the final overall relationship between the acute and chronic toxicity values . Since

freshwater ACRs are used to bolster the calculation of the FACR, due to only one

estuarine/marine genus

- level ACR being available, this creates an additional uncertainty in the

estuarine/mar ine FCV.

T he saltwater FAV is also hampered by the lack of a statistically defensible salinity

toxicity relationship to normalize the acute data. Since the FAV is divided by the FACR to

calculate the FCV, the FAV may not be representative of the true toxi city of cadmium across

various salinity gradients (i.e., may be underprotective in low salinity waters).



## 5.6 Bioaccumulation

Test level b ioconcentration factors (BCFs) for cadmium in freshwater ( Appendix G )

range from 3 for brook trout muscle (Benoit et al. 1976) to 6 5,60 0 for the amphipod

, H

. azteca

( Straus 2011 ). F ish typically accumulate only small amounts of cadmium in muscle as compared

to most other tissues and organs (Benoit et al. 1976; Sangalang and Freeman 1979 ; Jarvinen and

Ankley 1999). However, studies summarized by Jarvinen and Ankley (1999) showed that the

skin, spleen, gill, fin, otolith and bone also have low bioconce ntration factors. Sangalang and

Freeman (1979) found that cadmium residues in fish reach steady

- state only after exposure

### 92

periods greatly exceed 28 days. D. magna , and presumably other invertebrates with about the

same body size

, were found to reach steady

- state within a few days (Poldoski 1979).

Cadmium accumulated by fish from water is eliminated slowly (Benoit et al. 1976 ;

Kumada et al. 1980), but Kumada et al. (1980) found that cadmium accumulated from food is

eliminated much more rapidly. When all var iables, except temperature, a re kept the same,

Tessier et al. (1994a) found that increased exposure temperature generally increased the rate of

soft tissue bioconcentration for the snail

, Viviparus georgianus , but not for the mussel

, Elliptio

complanata

. Poldoski (1979) reported that humic acid decreased the uptake of cadmium by D.

magna , but Winner (1984) did not find any effect. Ramamoorthy and Blumhagen (1984)

reported that fulvic and humic acids increased the uptake of cadmium by rainbow trout.

The onl y BCF reported for a n estuarine/marine fish is a value of 48 from a 21

- day

exposure of mummichog (Eisler et al. 1972) ( Appendix I ). However, among nine s pecies of

invertebrates for which values were available , the BCFs range from 22 to 3,160 for whole body

and from 5 to 2,040 for muscle ( Appendix G ). The highest BCF (3,160) was reported for the

polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema (Klockner 1979). This BCF was reached after sixty

- four

days exposure using the renewal technique ; however, tissue residues had not reached steady

- state

at the end of the exposure period

. BCFs for four species of estuarine/marine bivalve molluscs range widely, from 113 for

the blue mussel (George and Coombs 1977) to 2,150 for the eastern oyster (Zaroogian and Cheer

1976). T he range of reported BCFs is als o large for some individual species. For example, t wo

studies with the bay scallop resulted in BCFs of 168 (Eisler et al. 1972) and 2,040 (Pesch and

Stewart 1980) and three studies with the blue mussel reported BCFs of 113, 306, and 710

( Appendix G and Appendix I ). George and Coombs (1977) studied the importance of metal

speciation on cadmium accumulation in the soft tissues of Mytilus edulis . Cadmium complexed

as Cd

- EDTA, Cd

- alginate, Cd

- humate, and Cd

- pectate ( Appendix I ) was bioconcentrated

(directly taken up from water) at twice the rate of inorganic cadmium ( Appendix G ). Because

bivalve molluscs usually do not reach steady

- state, comparisons between species may be

difficult

, and the length of exposure may be the major determinant of the BCF.

BCFs for five species of estuarine/marine crustaceans range from 22 to 307 for whole

body and from 5 to 25 for muscle ( App endix G and Appendix I ). Nimmo et al. (1977b)

reported whole

- body BCFs of 203 and 307 for two species of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

### 93

and P. vulgaris . Vernber g et al. (1977) reported a BCF of 140 for P. pugio at 25 ° C ( Appendix

I ), and Pesch and Stewart (1980) reported a BCF of 22 for the same species exposed at 10 ° C,

indicating that temperature might be an important variable determin in g the rate of

bioaccumulation . T he commercially important crustaceans, the pink shrimp and lobster, were not

effective bioaccumulators of cadmium with factors of 57 for whole body and 25 for muscle,

respectively ( Appendix G and Appendix I ). It should be noted that the inverse relation

relationship between BCF and exposure concentration explains much of the variation in the

observed BCFs (McGeer et al. 2003; DeForest et al. 2007).



## 5.6.1 Uncertainty with cadmium exposure routes

As reported in the literature, aquatic organisms can accumulate cadmium from both

aqueous and dietary ex posure routes. The relative importance of each, however, is dependent

upon the species. The filter feeding cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia was found to accumulate

more cadmium from water than diet, and at a more rapid rate (Sofyan et al. 2007). Barata et al.

(2002) observed during a 24

- hour laboratory water exposure experiment that Daphnia magna

juveniles accumulated approximately twice as much cadmium from laboratory water exposure

than from an algal food diet. Water exposure accounted for over 50 percent of the cadmium body

burden in the isopod Acellus aquaticus (van Hattum et al. 1998). Fisher et al. (2000) found that

in Acartia tonsa approximately 60 percent of the cadmium was assimilated from water and 40

percent from food. The same trend of accumulating over 50 percent of cadmium from water was

observed for the clam Macoma balthica (Harvey and Luoma 1985) and the blue mussel Mytilus

edulis (Bouchardt 1983). In contrast, d iet

, rather than water, accounted for more than 50 percent

of cadmium accumulated in the predatory insects Chaoborus punctipennis (Munger and Hare

1997), Cryptochironomus sp . and Sialis velata (Roy and Hare 1999), the water mite Limnesia

maculate , the caddisfly Mystacicks spp . (Timmermans et al. 1992), and in five of the seven

stonefly spe cies evaluated by Martin et al. (2007). Diet also accounted for most (>95%) of the

observed cadmium tissue burden of mayflies in the field (Cain et al. 2011)

. This field

observation is consistent with the observations of Xie et al. (2010) , who noted that p eriphyton is

often a sink for cadmium in aquatic environments. In a natural lake experiment, Stephenson and

Turner (1993) found that the grazing amphipod, Hyalella azteca derived more than half (58%) of

accumulated cadmium from periphyton, when compared to the aqueous exposure route. In a

### 94

different lake experiment, r ainbow trout and lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis )

accumulated approximately five times as much cadmium from the food only exposure relative to

the water only dose ( Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989). Mebane (2006) summarized the

contribution of aqueous versus dietary cadmium exposure to the bioaccumulation observed in

various aquatic organisms and found the same species specific differences

. In summary , the

primary route of cadmium accumulation varies among species, with no discernable pattern.

The specific tissues/organs affected in an aquatic organism is also dependent on the

exposure route. Wang and Fisher (1996) noted that bivalve molluscs primarily accumulate

dissolved cadmium across the gi lls, and particulate forms via the gut, suggesting that cadmium

speciation influences exposure route and the subsequent tissues and organs affected. In

crustaceans, aqueous cadmium can be adsorbed to the body surface or taken up internally by

ingestion, pa ssive diffusion, or facilitated transport (Wang and Fisher 1998). For example,

dissolved cadmium adsorbs onto the chitosan exoskeleton of pelagic and benthic crustaceans

(Hook and Fisher 2001; Mohlenberg and Jensen 1980), or inert chitin surfaces of insect s (Hare

1992), where it is rendered unavailable to interfere with internal metabolic processes. In contrast,

ingested cadmium can accumulate into internal tissues potentially interfering with a variety of

metabolic and reproductive processes, such as egg p roduction in copepods (Hook and Fisher

2001). Cadmium assimilated from food is stored in the soft tissue of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

(Nassiri et al. 1997). Norway lobsters ( Neohrops norvegica ) accumulated aqueous cadmium

primarily in their gills and di gestive gland, with most of the dietary cadmium deposited in the

digestive gland (Canli and Furness 1995). The freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus exposed

to cadmium in water accumulated the greatest amount of cadmium in the hepatopancreas, with

less er amount in the gills, exoskeleton and abdominal muscles (Guner 2010).

In fish, uptake of dissolved cadmium is mainly across the gills, the primary site of toxic

action, followed by transport to different organs (Wang and Fisher 1996; Wood et al. 2012).

Accumulation of dissolved cadmium by the gills can be by either passive (diffusion) or active

(pump) transport (Neff 2002). Fish exposed to cadmium in the presence of food initially absorb

cadmium in the intestinal tract and to some degree the stomach, and subsequently transfer it to

other tissues via the circulatory system (Wood et al. 2012). Water

- borne cadmium primarily

accumulated in the gills of rainbow trout and lake whitefish ( Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989),

the kidney of brook trout (Sangalang and Fr eeman 1979) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

### 95

(Cogun et al. 2003), and the liver of the perch Perca fluviatilis (Edgren and Notter 1980). In

comparison, cadmium

- spiked food accumulated mainly in muscle and the intestinal tract of

rainbow trout (Kumada et al. 1980) and in the intestine, kidney and liver of the eel Anguilla

anguilla (Haesloop and Schirmer 1985).

In an effort to determine the most toxic exposure route, a number of investigators have

compared the adverse effects of cadmium to organisms e xposed separately to both aqueous and

dietary cadmium. Hook and Fisher (2001) reported that dietary exposure of marine copepods

( Acartia hudsonica and A. tonsa ) to cadmium was approximately 200 times more toxic than an

aqueous exposure. Marine copepod repr oduction significantly decreased at 0.5 μg/L dietary

cadmium (algal food at 7.19 μg Cd/g dw), but it was not a ffected when the animals were exposed

to dissolved cadmium at a similar concentration (reported aqueous LC 50 

### of 112.4 μg/L). The

hatching rate, ov arian development and egg protein content all decreased at the dietary effect

level, suggesting that the process of yolk development (vitellogenesis) was affected. The more

than two

- fold difference (dietary LOEC of 0.5 μg/L vs. aqueous LOEC of >1.12 μg/L) in effect

levels is likely due to the adsorption of aqueous cadmium to the exoskeleton where it is largely

unavailable, whereas the food

- borne cadmium accumulates in internal tissues and disrupts

metabolic and reproductive processes.

Irving et al. (2003) e xposed grazing mayfly nymphs ( Baetis tricaudatus ) to cadmium

contaminated diatom mats during a 13

- day partial life

- cycle experiment and observed

significantly reduced grazing and growth at 10 μg/g cadmium (LOEC). The corresponding 96

- hr

LC 50 

### determined for this was 1,611 μg/L. When evaluating the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer

, Xie and Buchwalter (2011) found that larvae exposed to dietary cadmium had significantly

suppressed catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Aqueous exposed larvae with simila r

cadmium tissue levels, however, had normal antioxidant enzyme activity. As shown by these

studies, aqueous cadmium is adsorbed onto the chitin surface and potentially rendered

unavailable to disrupt metabolic processes, whereas the food

- borne cadmium acc umulates in

tissues and organs, and if not sequestered or detoxified, could interfer with a variety of metabolic

and reproductive processes. In addition, this difference in toxicity relative to exposure route

suggests that diet

- derived cadmium may be more physiologically active and thus potentially

more toxic in these organisms (Poteat and Buchwalter 2013).

### 96

Female goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) were exposed to dietary cadmium for three years by

Szczerbik et al. (2006) and the authors reported that the highest food dose of 10 mg/g (wet wt.)

inhibited growth, disrupted behavior, prevented ovulation and decreased the gonado

- somatic

index. The lack of ovulation was due to disrupted oocyte development (most likely at the stages

of vitellogenesis and oocyte maturati on) , thereby suggesting the site of toxic action. The only

water exposure effects data available for this species were a 50

- day reduced plasma sodium

LOEC of 44.5 μg/L, a 7

- day LC 50 

### of 170 μg/L

, and a SMAV (96

- hr) of 1,831 μg/L.

Understanding the toxicolo gical link between accumulated cadmium tissue levels and

observation of adverse effects remains difficult to characterize, and therefore has received

considerable interest in recent years (Adams et al. 2011; Mebane 2006; Wood et al 2012). The

poorly unders tood link between cadmium tissue levels and corresponding adverse effects is in

part due to the various mechanisms utilized by different species to detoxify and/or sequester

cadmium, thereby rendering it biologically unavailable. A well

- know n and widespread cadmium

detoxification mechanism is the production of metal binding proteins (e.g., metallothioneins) by

a number of invertebrates and fish in response to a metal exposure. As pointed out by Mebane

(2006), it is unclear if the cadmium accum ulated in the kidneys of fish is bioavailable or

sequestered. Therefore, the link between total cadmium tissue levels and adverse effects is

difficult to quantify since the majority of accumulated cadmium may be in a detoxified form

(Wood et al. 2012).

A s ummary of tissue residue levels for various aquatic organisms indicating the presence

or absence of adverse cadmium effects is provided by Mebane (2006). He concluded that “the

data reviewed on effects of cadmium tissue

- residues in fish and invertebrates w ere insufficient to

analyze quantitatively similarly to data on the effects of waterborne cadmium.” For example,

data compiled by Mebane (2006) for various studies indicate that different fish species can

tolerate gill tissue residues ranging from 2 to 30 mg Cd/kg dw (Benoit et al 1976; Farag et al.

2003), whereas brook trout males died during spawning after exposure to 5.1 mg Cd/kg dw

(Benoit et al. 1976). Likewise, kidney residue levels ranging from 10 to 94 mg Cd/kg dw

produced no adverse effects, yet 50 mg Cd/kg dw also resulted in brook trout mortality during

spawning (Benoit et al. 1976; McGeer et al. 2000). In addition, mayfly adverse effects were

reported at whole body residues of 2 mg Cd/kg dw, while no effects were observed at 30 mg

Cd/kg dw (Besse r et al. 2001; Birge et al. 2000). Mebane (2006) also stated “the data reviewed

### 97

on bioaccumulation and effects of dietary exposures to cadmium indicate that at chronic criterion

concentrations, cadmium is unlikely to bioaccumulate to tissue residue levels expected to cause

obvious adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates or fish.” Adams et al. (2011) likewise noted that

aquatic organisms contain a diverse array of homeostatic mechanisms that are both metal

- and

species

- specific, and therefore the risk to th e aquatic organism could not be determined by

whole

- body tissue residue levels for metals, further suggesting a tissue

- based cadmium criteria

may not accurately reflect ecotoxicological effects of cadmium under real

- world exposure

scenarios at the national

- level



## 5.7 Effects on Aquatic Plants

Ninety acceptable cadmium toxicity tests from 66 studies are available for a large number

of freshwater algae and vascular plant species ( Appendix E )

. These tests lasted anywhere from 4

to 32 days

, and a reduction in g rowth was the most prominent toxic effect observed

. C admium

effect concentrations for most freshwater aquatic algae and plant species were well above 50

μg/L , and cadmium does not appear to be algicidal at a concentration less than 250,000 μg/L

( Appendix E ). However, s everal adverse effect concentrations are in the range known to cause

chronic toxicity to aquatic life

. For example, the growth rate of the diatom, Asterionella formosa

, was reduced by an order of magnitude at 2 μg/L , while the growth EC 50 

### for the green alga,

Chara vulgaris , is 9.5 μg/L ( Appendix E ). Similarly, a significant reduction in the number of

fronds of two aqu atic vascular plant species, Lemna valdiviana and Salvina natans

, occurred at

10 μg/L , and the MATC for growth of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes , is 12.72 μg/L

. A

comparison of the freshwater plant and animal data presented in this document demonstrated that

the lowest toxicity values for fish and aquatic invertebrate species are lower than the lowest

toxicity values for plants. Thus, water quality criteria which protect freshwater animals should

also protect freshwater plants and a final freshwater plant value was therefore not calculated.

Toxicity values are available for 10 species of estuarine/marine diatoms , five species of

green microalgae, one dinoflagellate species, and eight species of m acroalgae ( Appendix F ).

Concentrations causing fifty percent reductions in the growth rates of diatoms range from 5 0

μg/L for Chaetoceros calcitrans and Isochrysis galbana to 7,560,00 0 μg/L for Phaeodact ylum

tricornutum

. Green algae were the most sensitive species to cadmium, with reduced chlorophyll

production observed for Dunaliella viridis and Scenedesmus sp

. at 7.071 μg/L cadmium. The

### 98

brown macroalga (kelp) exhibited mid

- range sensitivity to cadmium, with an EC 50 

### s that ranged

from 355.5 to >1,124 μg/L. The most sensitive estuarine/marine macroalgae tested was the red

alga, Champia parvula , with significant reductions in the growth of both the tetrasporophyte

plant and female plant occurring at 22.8 μg/ L. The estuarine/marine plant and animal data were

also compared, and the most sensitive plant species ( C. parvula ) is more resistant than the most

sensitive animal species in chronic tests . Therefore, water quality criteria for cadmium that

protect estuar ine/marine animals should also protect estuarine/marine plant s and a final

estuarine/marine plant value was therefore not calculated.



## 5.8 Protection of Listed Species

The dataset for cadmium is particularly extensive and includes data representing species

t hat are Federally

- listed as threatened or endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or

NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service. Summaries provided here descri bing the best

available data for the Federally

- listed species that have been tested for sensitivity to cadmium

demonstrat e that the 201 5 cadmium criteria update is protective of these tested species.



## 5.8.1 A cute toxicity data for listed species

There are nine Federally

- listed freshwater species and one estuarine / marine species that

have acceptab le acute toxicity data. Eight of these species are fish and one is a freshwater mussel

( Table 20 )

. All of the freshwater data has been normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L to

facilitate comparison to the acute criteria value expressed at that hardness.

The least sensitive of the Listed f reshwater species are b onytail chub, Gila elegans

, and

razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus

, with normalized SMAVs of 7 3.80 and 69.80 μg/L total

cadmium, , respectively ( Appendix A ). Another Listed fish from the family Cyprinidae

, Colorado squawfish ( Ptychocheilus lucius )

, had a similar level of sensitivity with a normalized

SMAV of 4 2.96 μg/L total cadmium. This specie s was much more sensitive to cadmium than the

non

- Listed northern pike minnow, Ptychocheilus oregonensis

, which is in the same genus and

has a normalized SMAV of 5,065 μg/L total cadmium. All three endangered species were tested

in the laboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey in Yankton, South Dakota, with laboratory test

conditions designed to replicate conditions present in the Green River, Utah (Buhl 1997). One

endangered freshwater mussel, Neosho mucket ( Lampsilis rafinesqueana ), ha s a normalized

### 99

SMAV of 4 9.46 μg/L total cadmium, indicating a sensitivity that falls within the range of other

freshwater mussels within the genus , with n ormalized SMAVs rang ing from 104.4 ( Lampsilis

straminea claibornensis ) to 39.56 ( Lampsilis siliquoidea ) μg/L total ca dmium ( Appendix A ).

All of these SMAVs are an order of magnitude higher than the freshwater acute cadmium criteria

value

.

The most sensitive Listed freshwater species with acceptable acute toxicity data are all

from the family Salmonidae. Three species from the genus Oncorhynchus had normalized

SMAVs that ranged from 4.468 to 14.34 μg/L total cadmium

. The bull trout, Salvelinus

confluentus , was almost as sensitive as the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , with a

normalized SMAV of 4. 750 μg/L total cadmium ( O. mykiss SMAV of 4.468 μg/L total

cadmium). As recommended by the 1985 Guidelines, the freshwater FAV for total cadmium at a

hardness of 100 mg/L was lowered to 4. 468 μg/L (4.218 μg/L dissolved cadmium) to protect the

commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout , which also addresses the

Listed steelhead trout. This lowered FAV , and resultant CMC of 2.1 μg/L dissolved cadmium

yiel d ed by the 1985 Guidelines procedure of dividing the LC50

- based FAV by a factor of 2

, is

also protective of the bonytail chub, razorback sucker, Colorado squawfish, and the freshwater

mussel, Neosho mucket, which are less sensitive than all tested species with acceptable acute

toxicity data from the family Salmonidae. The F AV/2 approach was developed to estimate

minimal effect levels, approximately equal control mortality limits, based on analysis of 219

acute toxicity tests on a range of chemicals, as desc ribed in the Federal Register on May 18,

1978 (43 FR 21506

- 18).

Several life stages of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus , were exposed in

flow

- through measured exposures by Calfee et al. (2014) and Wang et al. (2014). The most

sensitive lifestage were the 61 day post hatch fish with a non

- definit i ve normalized acute value

of <33.46 μg/L total cadmium . However, all other test lifestages were much less sensitive with

normalize d effect concentrations that ranged from >48.37 to >352.4 μg/L total cadmium

( Appendix A ).

While the 96

- hr acute and 7

- d chronic toxicity tests for the f ountain darter, Eth eostoma

fonticola , conducted by Southwest Texas State University (2000) indicated th i s species was very

sensitive, the stud y w as determined to be unacceptable for inclusion in the core dataset because

the test species w as fed in the acute test and the duration was too short for the chronic test to be

### 100

included ( Appendix H )

. While this specie s is endemic to Texas and has a very limited

distribution , the genus Et h eostoma has several Listed species and widespread distribution across

the United States

. Despite th ese data being unacceptable for inclusion in the core criteria dataset

, it is noteworthy that the 2.1 μg/L acute and 0.73 μg/L chronic dissolved cadmium criteria are

protective of this species . (The reported LC50 was 9.62 μg/L dissolved cadmium for this test

found to be unacceptable for use in criteria derivation ; the chronic values were in the 1.4 to 11.5

μg/L range)

The m ottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) represent s the most sensitive of the acutely tested

freshwater species with acceptable toxicity data

. Similarly, shorthead sculpin ( C. confusus ) is

also very sensitive

. Although C. bairdii and C. confusus are not Listed freshwater species

, the

grotto sculpin ( Cottus specus ) is Listed as endangered and the pygmy sculpin ( Cottus paulus ) is

Listed as threatened

. Grotto sculpin are found in five cave systems and two surface streams in

Perry County, Missouri , while pygmy scul pin is endemic to Alabama

. Although no direct

toxicity data are available for either of these sculpin species

, C. bairdii and C. confusus had

normalized SMAV s of 4. 540 and 5.345 μg/L total cadmium , respectively . Dividing the G MAV

for C ottus by two, which is consistent with the procedure used to derive the CMC from the FAV

as indicated above , results in a concentration of 2. 463 μg/L total cadmium (or 2.325 μg/L

dissolved cadmium)

, which is a concentration that is expected to result in survi val that is no

different from the test controls . This normalized concentration is approximately equal to the

2015 freshwater CMC of 2 .1 μg/L dissolved cadmium

, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as

CaCO 3. 

### T he available data suggest the 2015 freshwater CMC would be protective of these Listed

species.

Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) smolts tested in natural filtered seawater with

28.83 g/kg salinity were relatively insensitive to cadmium, with a n LC 50 

### of 1,500 μg/L total

cadmium (Dinnel et al. 1989). The estuarine/marine CMC of 35 μg/L total cadmium would be

protective of this species.

### 101

Table 20 . Acute Summary of Listed Species Tests.

Species Number of acute

values Range of normalized acute

values (Hardness=100 mg/L) SMAV (μg/L) (total cadmium)

Freshwater

- Acute
Neosho mucket, Lampsilis rafinesqueana 1* 49.46 49.46

Bonytail, Gila elegans 2 69.27

- 78.63 73.80

Razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus 2 65.06

- 7 4.89 69.80

Colorado squawfish, Ptychocheilus lucius 2 36.51

- 5 0.55 42.96

Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 4 9.089

- 92.95 14.34

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 45 1.164

- >1 36.6 4.468

Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 8 6.150

- 1 31.5 9.888

Bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus 6 3.347

- 10. 90 4.750

White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus 7* <33.46

- >352.4 <33.46

Estuarine/Marine

– Acute
Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 1 1,500 1,500

* Indicates new species included since the 2001 cadmium document.



## 5.8.2 C hronic toxicity data for listed species

Four Listed freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae representing two genera

( Oncorhynchus and Salmo ) have acceptable chronic toxicity data for cadmium ( Table 21 ) . Of

the 20 genera in the Ranked SMCV Table, the se two genera are ranked seventh and eight h

, respectively ( Table 9 ). The Chinook salmon ( O. tshawytscha ) and rainbow trout ( O. mykiss )

have similar normalized SMCVs of 4. 426 and 2.192 μg/L total cadmium , based on early life

stage growth and survival, respect ively

. Insufficient detail was reported for Coho salmon ( O.

kisutch ), t he third Listed species in th is genus, thus a normalized EC 20 

### could not be calculated. A

normalized SMCV based on the two MATCs reported for Coho salmon would be 7.467 μg/L

total cadmiu m ( Appendix C ). The most sensitive endangered freshwater species, Atlantic

salmon ( Salmo salar ), had a normalized SMCV of 2. 389 μg/L total cadmium

, which is

somewhat more sensitive than brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), the other species in the genus . All of

these freshwater fish species are expected to be adequately protected at the freshwater CCC of

0.80 μg/L total cadmium.

### 10 2

Mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdii ) represent the third most sensitive of the chronically

t ested freshwater species with acceptable toxicity data. As discussed in the preceding section

( Section 5.8.1 ), although C. bairdii is not a Listed species, grotto sculpin ( Cottus specus ) is

Listed as endangered and pygmy sculpin ( Cottus paulus ) is Listed as threatened. C. bairdii had a

normalized SMCV of 1.72 1 μg/L total cadmium

. This normalized concentration is above the

2015 freshwater CC C of 0. 73 μg/L dissolved cadmium based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as

CaCO 3. 

### T he 2015 freshwater CC C is expected to be protective of these species. There are no

acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine Listed species.

Table 21

. Chronic Summary of Listed Species Tests.

Species Number of chronic

values Range of normalized chronic

values

Freshwater

- Chronic
Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 2 4.046

– 13. 78 (MATCs)
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 12 0.7962

– 6.989 (EC 20 s and MATCs )
Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1 4.426 (EC 20 )
Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar 3 2.389

– 392.5 (EC 20 s)



## 5.9 Comparison of 2001 and 201 5 Criteria Values

5.9.1 Comparison of a cute freshwater criterion to 2001 d ocument

The 2001 cadmium freshwater acute criterion was based on data from 39 species of

invertebrates, 24 species of fish and 1 species each of salamander and frog for a total of 65

species grouped into 55 genera ( Table 22 ). This 201 5 update now include s 66 species of

invertebrates, 33 species of fish, one salamander species, and one frog species for a total of 101

species grouped into 75 genera.

Of the 75 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have

new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMAV

calculation in this update ( Table 7 )

. A new genus in the updated dataset, sculpin ( Cottus i )

, also

represents the second most sensitive genera in the distribution with a GMAV of 4.926 μg/L

( normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ). The most sensitive invertebrate genus is

represented by the amphipod Hyalella azteca with a normalized GMAV of 26.29 μg/L.

### 103

Table 22 . Freshwater GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents.
(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ). (Values in bold new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

48,458 195,967 Midge,

Chironomus plumosus - 16,241 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Midge,

Chironomus riparius 195,967 >144,586 Acute value edited from re

- review of

Williams et al. 1985

31,404 21,569 Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus - 75,693 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambica 21,569 13,029 New data for existing species

28,710 8,573 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio 8,573 28,710 New data for existing species

27,070 28,454 Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum 28,454 27,070 Acute value edited from re

- review of

Ham et al. 1995

24,249

- Mayfly,

Rhithrogena hageni - 24,249 New genus

>23,794

- Little green stonefly,

Sweltsa sp. - >23,794 New genus

16,084 12,479 Oligochaete,

Rhyacodrilus montana 12,479 16,084

-

15,895 13,146 Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis 13,146 15,895

-

14,041 10,894 Oligochaete,

Stylodrilus heringianus 10,894 14,041

-

13,429 4,754 Oligochaete,

Branchiura sowerbyi 4,754 13,429 New data for existing species

10,968 10,225 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus 10,225 10,968

-

10,903 11,002 Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus 11,002 10,903

-

10,131 7,861 Oligochaete,

Spirosperma ferox 6,933 8,935

-

- - Oligochaete,

Spirosperma nikolskyi 8,913 11,488

-

9,701 7,527 Earthworm,

Varichaetadrilus pacificus 7,527 9,701 (formerly, Varichaeta pacifica )

8,169 6,338 Oligochaete,

Quistadrilus multisetosus 6,338 8,169

-

8,028

- Mayfly,

Hexagenia rigida - 8,028 New genus

7,867 7,762 Red shiner,

Cyprinella lutrensis 7,762 7,867

-

7,377 8,551 Green sunfish,

Lepomis cyanellus 5,997 5,402

-

- - Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus 12,194 10,074

-

7,357 6,344 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 6,344 7,357

-

6,656

- Yellow perch,

Perca flavescens - 6,656 New genus

### 104

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

6,182 5,759 Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae 5,759 6,182

-

5,100 4,981 Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata 4,981 5,100

-

4,946 4,607 Mayfly,

Drunella grandis 4,607 4,946 (formerly, Ephemerella grandis )

4,164 2,753 Tubificid worm,

Tubifex 2,753 4,164 New data for existing species

3,651 3,439 Amphipod,

Crangonyx pseudogracilis 3,439 3,651

-

2,891

- Copepod,

Diaptomus forbesi - 2,891 New genus

2,860

- Zebrafish,

Danio rerio - 2,860 New genus

2,210 3,093 African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis 3,093 2,210 New data for existing species

2,195 3,536 Crayfish,

Procambarus acutus - 898.7 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Crayfish,

Procambarus alleni - 7,263 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Red swamp crayfish,

Procambarus clarkii 3,536 1,620 New data for existing species

>1,917

- Caddisfly,

Arctopsyche sp. - >1,917 New genus

1,831 1,707 Goldfish,

Carassius auratus 1,707 1,831

-

1,531 59.08 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 59.08 1,531 Same studies but only used F,M tests to

calculate GMAV

1,512 1,568 Oligochaete,

Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri 1,568 1,512

-

1,130 1,055 Northwestern salamander,

Ambystoma gracile 1,055 1,130

-

>973.2

- Snail,

Gyraulus sp. - >973.2 New genus

892.1 955.0 Isopod,

Caecidotea bicrenata 955.0 892.1 (formerly, Asellus bicrenata )

668.6

- Lake whitefish,

Coregonus clupeaformis - 668.6 New genus

496.4 500.1 Cladoceran,

Alona affinis 500.1 496.4

-

493.7 525.3 Bryozoa,

Plumatella emarginata 525.3 493.7

-

448.2 451.6 Cyclopoid copepod,

Cyclops varicans 451.6 448.2

-

425.3

- Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus - 425.3 New genus

389.3

- Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis - 389.3 New genus

384.2

- Planarian,

Dugesia dorotocephala - 384.2 New genus

382.6 389.5 Leech,

Glossiphonia complanata 389.5 382.6

-

### 105

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

317.1 337.4 Bryozoa,

Pectinatella magnifica 337.4 317.1

-

241.0 264.2 Worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus 264.2 241.0

-

225.4 210.3 Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 210.3 225.4

-

674.3 202.6 Snail,

Physa acuta - 2,383 b New species for existing genus, but ten

fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV used in

GMAV calculation

- - Pouch snail,

Physa gyrina 202.6 190.8

-

180.2

- Worm,

Nais elinguis - 180.2 New genus

171.0 159.2 Amphipod,

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus 159.2 171.0

-

121.9

- Hydra,

Hydra circumcincta - 207.4 New genus (formerly, Hydra attenuata )

- - Hydra

Hydra oligactis - 141.1 New genus

- - Green hydra,

Hydra viridissima - 41.06 New genus

- - Hydra,

Hydra vulgaris - 183.9 New genus

108.4

- Cladoceran,

Diaphanosoma brachyurum - 108.4 New genus

103.4 >23,632 Crayfish,

Orconectes immunis >23,281 >24,972 b Ten

- fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV used

in GMAV calculation

-

- - Crayfish,

Orconectes juvenilis - 148.4 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Crayfish,

Orconectes placidus - 72.11 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Crayfish,

Orconectes virilis 23,988 26,948 b Ten

- fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV used

in GMAV calculation

94.50 97.98 Isopod,

Lirceus alabamae 97.98 94.50

-

88.67 87.16 Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa 87.16 88.67

-

73.91 86.82 Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis 86.82 73.91 New data for existing species

73.80 78.32 Bonytail,

Gila elegans 78.32 73.80

-

72.54 72.61 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 63.46 66.29 New data for existing species

- - Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata 83.08 79.37

-

72.07 71.16 Southern rainbow mussel,

Villosa vibex 71.16 72.07

-

70.01

- Mussel,

Lasmigona subviridis - 70.01 New genus

### 106

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

69.80 74.08 Razorback sucker,

Xyrauchen texanus 74.08 69.80

-

69.65 61.10 Cladoceran,

Simocephalus serrulatus 61.10 69.65

-

69.49 68.38 Mussel,

Actinonaias pectorosa 68.38 69.49

-

67.94 72.29 Bryozoa,

Lophopodella carteri 72.29 67.94

-

66.10 50.44 Cladoceran,

Daphnia ambigua - 27.80 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 27.14 40.54 New data for existing species and Attar and Maly 1982 was not used to calculate SMAV, see Unused data (Appendix J)

- - Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex 93.77 118.3 New data for existing species

- - Cladoceran,

Daphnia similis - 143.2 New species added to GMAV

calculation

57.18 68.29 Neosho mucket,

Lampsilis rafinesqueana - 49.46 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Fatmucket,

Lampsilis siliquoidea - 39.56 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Southern fatmucket,

Lampsilis straminea

claibornensis 96.44 104.40

-

- - Yellow sandshell,

Lampsilis teres 48.35 52.34

-

42.96 452.6 Colorado squawfish,

Ptychocheilus lucius 45.59 42.96 Ten

- fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV used

in GMAV calculation

- - Northern pike minnow,

Ptychocheilus oregonensis 4,493 5,065 b

-

<33.46

- White sturgeon,

Acipenser transmontanus - <33.46 New genus

26.29

- Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca - 26.29 New genus

>17.05

- Mountain whitefish,

Prosopium williamsoni - >17.05 New genus

7.841 7.760 Cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii - 5.966 New species added to GMAV

calculation

- - Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 12.58 14.34

-

- - Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 4.265 4.468 New data for existing species

- - Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 8.708 9.888

-

6.066 3.263 Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 3.263 6.066 New data for existing species

5.883 5.916 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 5.916 5.883

-

4.926

- Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii - 4.540 New genus

### 107

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

- - Shorthead sculpin,

Cottus confusus - 5.345 New genus

4.750 <3.971 Bull trout,

Salvelinus confluentus 4.353 4.750 Ten

- fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV used

in GMAV calculation

- - Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis <3.623 3,362 b Carroll et al. 1979 was not used to calculate SMAV, see Unused data (Appendix J)

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b There is a 10x diff

erence in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation

. [ The following species were not included in the Ranked GMAV Table because hardness test conditions were not reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized: Leech, Nephelopsis obscura ; Crayfish, Orconectes

limosus ; Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenb ergii ; Stonefly, Pteronarcella badia ; Midge, Culicoides furens ; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus .]



### Table 23 provides a comparison of the second t o fifth most sensitive taxa ( ≥ 59 genera)

used to calculate the freshwater CMC in this 201 5 AWQC update document compared to the

four most sensitive taxa used to calculate the CMC in the 2001 AWQC document. The 201 5

CMC of 2 .2 μg/L total cadmium is slightly higher than the 2.1 μg/L total cadmium CMC given

in the 2001 document, both of which are normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3


### and lowered to protect a commercially and recreationally important salmonid species . Several

genera ( Moron e , Salmo

, Salvelinus and Oncorhynchus ) are Listed as the most sensitive in both

the 2001 and 201 5 document, but the new genus, C ottus , is now one of the most sensitive in the

current update.

One additional difference is that Salvelinus , previously the second most sensitive genus

in the 2001 document, is no w the most sensitive gen us in the 201 5 document. This is due to the

reassessment and reclassification of the brook trout test by Carroll et al. (1979) as an

unacceptable study because the measured conc entration of cadmium in control water was greater

than the LC 50 

### value of 1.5 μg/L and the control had 100% survival. Elimination of this LC 50


### yields the normalized SMAV of 3, 362 μg/L based on the studies by Drummond and Benoit

( 1976) and Holcombe et al. (1 983). However, since there is greater than a 10

- fold difference in

the SMAVs for the genus only the SMAV for the more sensitive species, S. confluentus , was

used in the GMAV calculation.

In addition, the number of GMAVs used to calculate the CMC increase d from 55 in the

2001 criteria document to 75 in the current update based on the addition of the GM A Vs for

Hydra

, worm Nais

, planarian Dugesia

, mussel Lasmigona , snail s Lymnaea and Gyra ulus

,

### 108

copepod Diaptomus , amphipod Hyalella

, cladoceran Diaphanosoma

, mayflies Baetis

, Hexagenia

and Rhithrogena , stonefly Sweltsa

, caddisfly Arctopsyche

, and fish Acipenser

, Coregonus

,

Cottus

, Danio

, Perca and Prosopium

.

Table 23 . Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FAV and CMC in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

2001 Cadmium Freshwater FAV and CMC 2015 Cadmium Update Freshwater FAV and CMC

Species SMAV a (μg/L) SMAV b

(μg/L) GMAV b

[Rank] (μg/L) Species SMAV c (μg/L) GMAV c

[Rank] (μg/L)

C utthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii 5.966

7.841 [5] Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 14.34

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 4.468

Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 6.221 12.58

7.760 [4] Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 9.888

Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 4.305 8.708 Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 6.066 6.066 [4]
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.108 4.265 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 5.883 5.883 [3] Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 2.925 5.916 5.916 [3] Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdi i 4.540 4. 926 [ 2 ] Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis <1.791 <3.623 <3.971 [2] Shorthead sculpin, Cottus confusus 5.345

Bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus 2.152 4.353 B ull trout,
Salvelinus confluentus 4.750 4. 750 e
[1] Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 1.613 3.263 3.263 [1] B rook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis 3,362 d

Number of GMAVs 55 Number of GMAVs 75 FAV (calculated) 2.764 a 5.590 b FAV (calculated) 6.445 c

FAV (lowered to protect O. mykiss ) 2.108 a 4.265 b FAV (lowered to protect O. mykiss ) 4.468

C M C 1.054 a 2.132 b C M C 2 .2 c

a Normalized to total hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO 3 (using pooled slope of 1.0166).

b Normalized to total hardness of 10 0 mg/L as CaCO 3 (using pooled slope of 1.0166).

c Normalized to total hardness of 10 0 mg/L as CaCO 3 (using pooled slope of 1. 103 ).

d There is a 10x difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation.

e Not used in FAV calculation due to the number of genera (N≥59) (see text).



## 5.9.2 Comparison of chronic f resh w ater cr iterion to 2001 d ocument

Of the 20 Genus Mean Chronic Values (GM C V) in the updated dataset, nine genera have

new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GM C V

calculation in this update ( Table 24 ) . A new species in the updated dataset, mottled sculpin ( C

.

bairdi i ) represents the most sensitive fish species and the third most sensitive genus in the

### 109

distribution with a GM C V of 1.72 1 μg/L ( normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### ).

The most sensitive invertebrate is the amphipod

, Hyalella azteca

, with a normalized GM CV of

0. 7453 μg/L. There are sufficient data to fulfill the requirements to calculate chronic criteria

using species sensitivity distribution (SD) method.

Acceptable data on the chronic effects of cadmium on freshwater animals include 1 1

species of invertebrates and 1 6 spec ies of fish grouped into 20 genera ( Table 9 ). The previous

updated criteria (2001) contained data from 7 species of invertebrates and 14 species of fis h

grouped into 16 genera. The update includes data for six new species added to the dataset,

consisting of the oligochaete

, Lumbriculus variegatus

, fatmucket

, Lampsilis siliquoidea , snail

, Lymnaea stagnalis

, Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis

, mottled sculpin

,

C. bairdi i

, and cladoceran

, C eriodaphnia reticulat a

.

One additional difference between the 2001 document and this 2015 update is the

estimation of EC 20 

### values as the chronic endpoint for each acceptable toxicity test. EC 20 

### values

were used to estimate a low level of effect observed in chronic datasets that are available for

cadmium (see Section 2.6

, Chronic m easures of e ffect )

.

Table 24 . Freshwater GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents.
( Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### )

. (Values in bold new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

2015

GMCV a (μg/L) 2001

GMCV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Comment

>38. 66 >39.48 Blue tilapia,

Oreochromis aureus >39.48 >38. 66 c (formerly, Oreochromis aurea )

36. 70 34.66 Oligochaete,

Aeolosoma headleyi 34.66 36. 70 Different values used from Niederlehner

et al. 1984b that was a more appropriate

duration

16. 43 29.05 Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus 29.05 16. 43

-

15. 16

- Oligochaete,

Lumbriculus variegatus - 15. 16 New genus

14. 22 13.58 Smallmouth bass,

Micropterus dolomieu 13.58 14. 22 c

-

14. 17 13.52 Northern pike,

Esox lucius 13.52 14. 17 c

-

14.16 27.37 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 27.37 14.16

-

13. 66 13.04 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 13.04 13. 66 c

-

11. 29

- Fatmucket,

Lampsilis siliquoidea - 11. 29 New genus

### 110

2015

GMCV a (μg/L) 2001

GMCV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Comment

9. 8 87

- Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis - 9. 8 87 New genus

8. 723 8.886 Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae 8.886 8. 723

-

3.5 1 6 8.055 Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 8.055 3.5 1 6

-

3.360 10.52 Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar 13.24 2.389

-

- - Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 8.360 4.725 New data for existing species, and more sensitive exposure scenatio used

3. 2 51 4.082 Rio Grande cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis - 3. 5 43 New species added to GMCV

calculation

- - Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 7.127 NA b See footnote

- - Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.186 2. 19 2 New data for existing species

- - Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 4.366 4. 4 26

-

2. 3 56 7.726 Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 4.416 2. 3 56

-

- - Lake trout,

Salvelinus namaycush 13.51 NA b See footnote

2. 0 24 <0.6340 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna <0.6340 0. 915 0 New data for existing species

- - Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex 10.30 b 4. 4 7 8 New data for existing species

2.000 4.686 Midge,

Chironomus dilutus 4.686 2.000 (formerly, Chironomus tentans )

1. 72 1

- Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii - 1. 72 1 New genus

1. 2 93 45.40 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 45.40 1. 2 93 New data for existing species

- - Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata - NA b See footnote

0.7 453 0.4590 Amphipod, Hyalella azteca 0.4590 0. 7 453

-

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.

b Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC 20 data are available for the genus.

c Calculated from the MATC and not EC 20 but retained to avoid losing a G MCV

. d N ot used in GMCV calculation because species values are too divergent to use the geometric mean for the genus value, therefore, the most sen sitive value used. [The following species were not included in the Ranked GMCV Table because hardness test conditions were not reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized: Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum .]



### Four new genera were added to the 201 5 chronic freshwater database. The amphipod

Hyalella is the most sensitive in both documents, but the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia , the mottled

sculpin Cottus and the midge Chironomus are now the second, third and fourth most sensitive

genera in the 2 01 5 update ( Table 9 ). The change in the four most sensitive genera presented in

### 111

the 201 5 update is partly due to the inclusion of the new sensitive gen us Cottus , but also to the

estimation of the chronic value by EC 20 

### analysis and not the MATC (geometric mean of the

NOEC and LOEC) as was done in the 2001 document.

As indicated in Table 25 , the 201 5 freshwater CCC is about 3 times the magnitude of the

2001 CCC ( 0. 80 vs. 0.27 μg/L total cadmium ) due to differences in the data used for the CCC

derivations. As a result, the four l owest GMCVs in the 201 5 CCC have a smaller range of

variation in values ( 0. 7453 to 2.000 ) when compared to the four lowest GMCVs in the 2001

CCC, which decreases the uncertainty of the 5 th 

### percentile GMCV estimation. I n the 200 1 CCC

,

there were also only 1 6 GMCVs in the dataset used to derive the CCC . I n the 201 5 CCC

, there

are 20 GMCVs used to derive the CCC, b ased on the addition of the GMCVs for the oligochaete

,

Lumbriculus , snail

, Lymnaea

, fatmucket

, Lampsilis and the mottled sculpin

, Cott u s

. The new

GM CVs affect the chronic species sensitivity distribution. The cumulative probability (P)

decreases as a function of the increased number of GMCVs and results in an increase in the

FCV.

Table 25 . Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to C alculate the Freshwater FCV and CCC in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

2001 Cadmium Freshwater FCV and CCC 2015 Cadmium Update Freshwater FCV and CCC

Species SM C V a (μg/L) SM C V b

(μg/L) GM C V b

[Rank] (μg/L) Species SM C V c (μg/L) GM C V c

[Rank] (μg/L) Midge,

Chironomus tentans 2.804 4.686 4.686 [4]
Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 4.265 7.127

4.082 [3] Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 2.612 4.366 Midge,

Chironomus dilutus 2.000 2.000 [4]
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 1.308 2.186 Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdi i 1. 72 1 1. 721 [3]
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna <0.3794 <0.6340 <0.6340 [2] Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia 1. 2 93 1. 293 [2] Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex 6.167 10.30 d Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata NA e

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca 0.2747 0.4590 0.4590 [1] Amphipod, Hyalella azteca 0. 7453 0. 7453 [1]

Number of GM C Vs 16 Number of GM C Vs 20

F C V (calculated) 0.1618 a 0.2703 b F C V (calculated) 0. 80 c

a Normalized to total hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO 3 (using pooled slope of 0.7490).

b Normalized to total hardness of 10 0 mg/L as CaCO 3 (using pooled slope of 0.7490).

c Normalized to total hardness of 10 0 mg/L as CaCO 3 (using pooled slope of 0. 7 977 ).

d Not used in GMCV calculation because species values are too divergent to use the geometric mean for the genus value, therefore, the most sensitive value used.

e Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC 20 data available for the genus.

### 112



## 5.9.3 Hardness correlation and e quations for cadmium toxicity a djustment

Hardness is used as a surrogate for the ions that can affect the results of toxicity tests on

cadmium. In spite of its limitations, hardness is currently the best surrogate available for metal

toxicity adjustment. The hardn ess toxicity relationship applies the same methodology

(covariance) as presented in the 2001 update. The hardness

- toxicity relationship used to

normalize the data for this revision is described above. A c omparison of the data used in 2001

and this update i s shown in Table 26

.

Table 26 . Hardness

- Toxicity Relationship Data used in U.S. EPA (2001) Compared to this Update.

Sample s ize Number of Vertebrates /

Invertebrates S pecies Hardness Range (mg CaCO 3 

### /L)

2001 AWQC Acute 64 7 / 5 5.3

– 360

Chronic 7 2 / 1 44

– 250

2015 Update Acute 115 10 / 1 0 5 .3

– 360

Chronic 18 3 / 1 19.7

– 301



## 5.9.4 Comparison of acute estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 d ocument

Of the 7 9 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have

new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMAV

calculation in this update ( Table 27 )

. Two new species in the updated dataset, the c opepod,

Tigriopus brevicornis

, and moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurtia

, represent the two most sensitive

species in the distribution with GMAV s of 29.14 and 61.75 μg/L , respectively

. The most

sensitive fish species is the striped bass, Morone saxatilis

, with a GMAV of 75.0 μg/L. There are

sufficient data to fulfill the requirem ents to calculate acute criterio n using the species sensitivity

distribution (SD) method.

Suitable tests of the acute toxicity of cadmium to estuarine/marine organisms are now

available for 7 8 species of invertebrates and 16 species of fish, or a total of 9 4 species grouped

into 7 9 gener a. The 2001 criteria were based on data from 50 species of invertebrates and 10

species of fish for a total of 60 species grouped into 5 4 genera ( Table 27 ).

### 113

Table 27 . Estuarine/Marine GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015

Documents.

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

169,787

- Horseshoe crab,

Limulus polyphemus - 169,787 New genus

135,000 135,000 Oligochaete worm,

Monopylephorus

cuticulatus 135,000 135,000

-

>80,000

- Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambicus - >80,000 New genus

62,000

- Scorpionfish,

Scorpaena guttata - 62,000 New genus

50,000 50,000 Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus 50,000 50,000

-

25,900

- Cunner,

Tautogolabrus adspersus - 25,900 New genus

24,000 24,000 Oligochaete worm,

Tubificoides gabriellae 24,000 24,000

-

23,200

- Dog whelk,

Nucella lapillus - 23,200 New genus

22,887 27,992 Amphipod,

Eohaustorius estuarius 27,992 22,887 New data for existing species

19,550 19,550 Mummichog,

Fundulus heteroclitus 18,200 18,200

-

- - Striped killifish,

Fundulus majalis 21,000 21,000

-

19,170 19,170 Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus 19,170 19,170

-

14,297 14,297 Winter flounder,

Pseudopleuronectes

americanus 14,297 14,297

-

12,755 21,238 Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator 21,238 21,238

-

- - Fiddler crab,

Uca triangularis - 7,660 New species added to GMAV

calculation

12,052 12,836 Polychaete worm,

Neanthes arenaceodentata 12,836 12,052 New data for existing species

11,000 11,000 Shiner perch,

Cymatogaster aggregata 11,000 11,000

-

>10,200 >10,200 California market squid,

Loligo opalescens >10,200 >10,200

-

10,114 6,895 Polychaete worm,

Alitta virens 10,114 10,114 (formerly, Nereis virens )

10,000 10,000 Oligochaete,

Tectidrilus verrucosus 10,000 10,000 (formerly, Limnodriloides verrucosus )

9,217 7,079 Striped mullet,

Mugil cephalus 7,079 7,079

-

- - White mullet,

Mugil curema - 12,000 New species added to GMAV

calculation

9,100

- Nematode,

Rhabditis marina - 9,100 New genus (formerly, Pellioditis marina )

### 114

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

>8,000

- Isopod,

Excirolana sp. - >8,000 New genus

7,400 7,400 Sand dollar,

Dendraster excentricus 7,400 7,400

-

7,120 7,120 Wood borer,

Limnoria tripunctata 7,120 7,120

-

6,700 6,700 Amphipod,

Diporeia spp. 6,700 6,700

-

6,600 6,600 Atlantic oyster drill,

Urosalpinx cinerea 6,600 6,600

-

4,900

- Mud crab,

Eurypanopeus depressus - 4,900 New genus

4,700 6,895 Polychaete,

Nereis grubei 4,700 4,700

-

4,100 4,100 Green shore crab,

Carcinus maenas 4,100 4,100

-

4,058 2,594 Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus 2,594 2,594

-

- - Lesser blue crab,

Callinectes similis - 6,350 New species added to GMAV

calculation

3,925

- Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema - 3,925 New genus

3,500 3,500 Scud,

Marinogammarus

obtusatus 3,500 3,500

-

3,142

- Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus - 3,142 New genus

2,900 2,900 Amphipod,

Ampelisca abdita 2,900 2,900

-

2,600 2,600 Cone worm,

Pectinaria californiensis 2,600 2,600

-

2,413 2,413 Common starfish,

Asterias forbesi 2,413 2,413

-

2,110

- Pacific sand crab,

Emerita analoga - 2,110 New genus

2,060

- Gastropod,

Tenguella granulata - 2,060 New genus (formerly, Morula granulata )

1,720

- Tiger shrimp,

Penaeus monodon - 1,720 New genus

1,708 1,708 Copepod,

Pseudodiaptomus

coronatus 1,708 1,708

-

1,672 1,672 Soft

- shell clam,

Mya arenaria 1,672 1,672

-

1,510

- Amphipod,

Rhepoxynius abronius - 1,510 New genus

1,506

- Brown mussel,

Perna perna - 1,146 New genus (formerly, Perna indica )

- - Green mussel,

Perna viridis - 1,981 New genus

1,500 1,500 Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 1,500 1,500

-

### 115

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

1,271

- White shrimp,

Litopenaeus setiferus - 990 New genus (formerly, Penaeus setiferus )

- - White shrimp,

Litopenaeus vannamei - 1,632 New genus

1,228 1,228 Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 1,983 1,983

-

- - Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes vulgaris 760 760

-

1,184

- Starlet sea anemone,

Nematostella vectensis - 1,184 New genus

1,054 779.8 Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia 779.8 1,054 Acute value removed after re

- review of

Cardin 1985

1,041 929.3 Amphipod,

Corophium insidiosum 929.3 1,041 New data for existing species

1,000

- Pinfish,

Lagodon rhomboides - 1,000 New genus

862.9 948.7 Green sea urchin,

Strongylocentrotus

droebachiensis 1,800 1,800

-

- - Purple sea urchin,

Strongylocentrotus

purpuratus 500 413.7 New data for existing species

800 800 Rivulus,

Rivulus marmoratus 800 800

-

794.5 794.5 Harpacticoid copepod,

Nitokra spinipes 794.5 794.5 (formerly, Nitocra spinipes )

765.6 1,480 Bay scallop,

Argopecten irradians 1,480 1,480

-

- - Scallop,

Argopecten ventricosus - 396 New species added to GMAV

calculation

739.2 590.5 Amphipod,

Leptocheirus plumulosus 590.5 739.2 New data for existing species

736.2 1,073 Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 1,073 1,073

-

- - Blue mussel,

Mytilus trossolus - 505.0 New species added to GMAV

calculation

716.2 716.2 Amphipod,

Elasmopus bampo 716.2 716.2

-

645.0 645.0 Longwrist hermit crab,

Pagurus longicarpus 645.0 645.0

-

630.7 1,170 Amphipod,

Grandidierella japonica 1,170 630.7 New data for existing species

630 630 Amphipod,

Chelura terebrans 630 630

-

490

- Barnacle,

Amphibalanus amphitrite - 490 New genus

422.6

- Mangrove oyster,

Isognomon californicum - 422.6 New genus

410.3

- Mysid,

Praunus flexuosus - 410.3 New genus

410.0 410.0 Isopod,

Joeropsis sp. 410.0 410.0 ( Formerly

, Jaeropsis sp. )

### 116

2015

GMAV a (μg/L) 2001

GMAV (μg/L) Species 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Comment

320 320 Sand shrimp,

Crangon septemspinosa 320 320

-

310.5 310.5 Northern pink shrimp,

Farfantepenaeus

duorarum 310.5 310.5 (formerly, Penaeus duorarum )

235.7 235.7 Rock crab,

Cancer plebejus 250 250 (formerly, Cancer irroratus )

- - Dungeness crab,

Cancer magister 222.3 222.3

-

224 224 Harpacticoid copepod,

Sarsamphiascus

tenuiremis 224 224 (formerly, Amphiascus tenuiremis )

>200 >200 Cabezon,

Scorpaenichthys

marmoratus >200 >200

-

200 200 Polychaete worm,

Capitella capitata 200 200

-

188.1

- Horse clam,

Tresus capax - 60 New genus

- - Horse clam,

Tresus nuttalli - 590 New genus

173.2 930.6 Pacific oyster,

Crassostrea gigas 227.9 173.2 USEPA 2001 did not use the >100 values from Watling 1982 in the SMAV

calculation

- - American oyster,

Crassostrea virginica 3,800 3,800 b Ten

- fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV used

in GMAV calculation

147.7 147.7 Calanoid copepod,

Eurytemora affinis 147.7 147.7

-

130.7 130.7 Copepod,

Acartia clausi 144 144

-

- - Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa 118.7 118.7

-

78 78 American lobster,

Homarus americanus 78 78

-

75.0 75.0 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0 75.0

-

67.39 41.29 Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 41.29 41.29

-

- 110 Mysid,

Americamysis bigelowi 110 110 (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi )

65.25

- Mysid,

Neomysis integer - 65.25 New genus

61.75

- Moon jellyfish,

Aurelia aurita - 61.75 New genus

29.14

- Harpacticoid copepod,

Tigriopus brevicornis - 29.14 New genus

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b There is a 10x diff

erence in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation

.

### 117

New acute data for estuarine/marine species have also been added to the 201 5 docume nt

.

A total of 7 9 genera are now used to derive the estuarine/marine CMC of 35 μg/L in the 201 5

update in contrast to 54 genera and resultant CMC of 40.28 μg/L in the 2001 document ( Table

28 ). T he four most sensitive genera are once again used to calculate the CMC in the 2001

document (n<59), and the second to fifth most sensitive genera are used in the 201 5 update

(n≥59). The approximately 10 percent lower 201 5 CMC is primarily due to the additi on of three

new sensitive genera

, the mysid

, Neomysis

, the jellyfish

, Aurelia and the copepod

, Tigriopus

.

Both A. bahia (mysid) and the striped bass GMAVs are used to calculate the CMC in each

document version. Additional genera included in the 201 5 update include the polychaete worms

,

Ctenodrilus and Ophryotrocha , nematode

, Rhabditis, mussel

, Perna , clam

, Tresus, w h elk

,

Nucella , gastropod

, Tenguella, barnacle

, Amphibalanus

, oyster

, Isognomon

, horseshoe crab

,

Limulus , i sopod

, Excirolana

, copepod Tigriopus

, a mphipod, Rhepoxynius

, mysids

, Neomysis and

Praunus

, sea anemone Nematostella

, shrimp s
, Litopenaeus and Penaeus

, crabs

, Emerita and

Eurypanopeus , jellyfish Aurelia

, and fish

, Lagodon

, Oreochromis

, Scorpaena and

Tautogolabrus

.

Table 28 . Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

2001 Cadmium Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC 2015 Cadmium Update Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC

Species SMAV (μg/L) GMAV

[Rank] (μg/L) Species SMAV (μg/L) GMAV

[Rank] (μg/L) Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0 75.0 [5] Mysid, Americamysis bahia 41.29

67.39
[ 4 ] Mysid, Mysidopsis bigelowi 110 110 [4] Mysid, (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi ) Americamysis bigelowi 110

American lobster,

Homarus americanus 78 78
[ 3 ] Mysid, Neomysis integer 65.25 65.25
[ 3 ] Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0 75.0 [ 2 ] Moon jellyfish,

Aurelia aurita 61.75 61.75 [ 2 ] Mysid, Americamysis bahia 41.29 41.29 [1] Harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus brevicornis 29.14 29.14 a
[ 1]

Number of GMAVs 54 Number of GMAVs 7 9 FAV (calculated) 80.55 FAV (calculated) 69. 6 2

CMC 40.28 CMC 34.81

a Not used in FAV calculation due to the number of genera (N>59) (see text).

### 118



## 5.9.5 Comparison of chronic estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 d ocument

No new data were identified on the chronic effects of cadmium to estuarine/marine

species since the 2001 update ( Table 29 and Table 30 )

. The same estuarine/marine chronic data

presented in the 2001 cadmium document are also used in the 201 5 document update ( note that

the mysid Mysidopsis bigelowi is now classified as America mysis bigelow i )

. Due to the limited

amount of estuarine/marine chronic data the CCC is derived by dividing the FAV by the FACR.

In the 2001 document the FACR was determined based only on the two estuarine/marine ACRs

.

This is b ecause the freshwater ACR s co vered such a wide range, it w as deemed inappropriate to

use any of the available freshwater ACRs in the calculation of the saltwater FCV. Also t he two

estuarine/marine species for which acute

- chronic ratios were available ha d SMAV s in the same

range as the saltwater FAV, and it seem ed reasonable to use the geometric mean of only th ose

two ACRs

. Given the addition of new sensitive estuarine/marine species to the acute criteria

dataset

, a new F ACR was calculated using a combination of both freshwater and

estuarine/marine ACRs (see Section 5.5.1 ). The 201 5 estuarine/marine chronic CCC is 8.4 μg/L

total cadmium (69. 6 2 / 8.291 ) and the 2001 CCC is 8.9 μg/L total cadmium (80.55 / 9.106).

Table 29 . Estuarine/Marine GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015

Documents.

2015

GMCV (μg/L) a 2001

GMCV (μg/L) Species 2001

SM C V (μg/L) 2015

SM C V (μg/L) Comment

8.449 6.173 Mysid

,

Americamysis bahia 6.173 6.149

-

- 7.141 Mysid,

Americamysis bigelowi 7.141 11.61 (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi )

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on 2015 Genus Mean Chronic Value.

### 119

Table 30 . Total Number of Toxicity Values for Species and Genera in 2001 AWQC and 2015 Update.

2001 Criteria 201 5 Update

Freshwater Acute Criterion Total # new acute toxicity values

- 52 a

SMAV 65 101

GMAV 55 75

Freshwater Chronic Criterion Total # new chronic toxicity values

- 1 4 b

SMCV 21 2 7

GMCV 16 20

Estuarine/Marine Acute Criterion Total # new acute toxicity values

- 41 c

SMAV 61 9 4

GMAV 54 7 9

Estuarine/Marine Chronic Criterion

Total # new chronic toxicity values

- 0 d

SMCV 2 2

GMCV 2 1 e

a See Table 22

b See Table 24

c See Table 27

d See Table 29

e Note: Americamysis bigelowi was formerly called Mysidopsis bigelowi

.



# 6 UNUSED DATA

For this 2015 criteria update document, EPA considered and evaluated all available data

that could possibly be used to derive the new acute and chronic criteria for cadmium in fresh and

estuarine/marine waters. A substantial amount of those data were associated with st udies that did

not meet the basic QA/QC requirements described in the 1985 Guidelines (see Stephan et al.

1985). A list of all other studies considered but removed from consideration for use in deriving

the criteria is provided in Appendix J with rationale indicating the reason(s) for exclusion. Note

that u nused studies from previous AWQC documents were not reevaluated.

### 120



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### A

- 1



# Appendix A Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data

### A

- 2

Appendix A: Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data (Values normalized to total hardness=100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### using pooled hardness slope of 1.103 and expressed as total cadmium). (Underlined values are used in SMAV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document). (Hardness values indicated with an asterisk were used in the hardness slope derivation). (Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Hydra, (formerly, Hydra attenuata ) Hydra circumcincta S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0* 69.69 295.3

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 85.1* 128.1 153.1

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 145* 172.0 114.1

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 69.69 295.3

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 73.8 83.18 116.3

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 125 76.44 59.75

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 69.69 295.3

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 61.83 262.0

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 84.31 357.3

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 66.32 281.0

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 69.69 295.3

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 58.45 247.7

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 43.84 185.8

- - Clifford 2009

Hydra, Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference

standard 27.0 57.33 242.9

- 207.4 Clifford 2009

### A

- 3 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Hydra (Monecious species), Hydra oligactis S, M

- 210 320.00 141.1

- 141.1 Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Green hydra (non

- budding), Hydra viridissima S, U Cadmium chloride 19.5* (19

- 20) 3.0 18.20

- - Holdway et al. 2001

Green hydra (Monecious species), Hydra viridissima S, M

- 210* 210.0 92.63

- 41.06 Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Hydra (male clone, Zurich strain), Hydra vulgaris S, M Cadmium chloride 204* 310 141.2

- - Karntanut and Pascoe 2000

Hydra (non

- budding), Hydra vulgaris S, U Cadmium chloride 19.5* (19

- 20) 82.5 500.6

- - Holdway et al. 2001

Hydra (male clone, Zurich strain), Hydra vulgaris S, M

- 210* 520 229.4

- - Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Hydra (Dioecious strain), Hydra vulgaris S, M

- 210* 160 70.57

- 183.9 Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum R,M Cadmium chloride 87 23,220 27,070 28,454 27,070 Ham et al. 1995

Planarian (10

- 15 mm), Dugesia dorotocephala S, U Cadmium sulfate 170 (160

- 180) 690 384.2

- 384.2 Garcia

- Medina et al. 2013

Worm (adult), Lumbriculus variegatus S, M Cadmium nitrate 290 780 241.0 264.2 241.0 Schubauer

- Berigan et al.

1993

Worm (adult, 1.0 cm), Nais elinguis R, M Cadmium chloride 17.89 27 180.2

- 180.2 Shuhaimi

- Othman et al.

2012b

Oligochaete, Branchiura sowerbyi S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3* 240 6,127

- - Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete (2.0 cm, 2.05 mg), Branchiura sowerbyi S, U Cadmium chloride 185* 58,020 29,431 4,754 13,429 Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002

### A

- 4 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Oligochaete, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3* 170 4,340 c

- - Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete (30

- 44 mm), Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri F, M Cadmium 152* 2,400 1,512 1,568 1,512 Williams et al. 1985

Oligochaete, Quistadrilus multisetosus S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 320 8,169 6,338 8,169 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete, Rhyacodrilus montana S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 630 16,084 12,479 16,084 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete, Spirosperma ferox S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 350 8,935 6,933 8,935 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete, Spirosperma nikolskyi S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 450 11,488 8,913 11,488 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete, Stylodrilus heringianus S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 550 14,041 10,894 14,041 Chapman et al. 1982

Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 320 8,169

- - Chapman et al. 1982

Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium chloride 128 3,200 2,437

- - Reynoldson et al. 1996

Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium chloride 128 1,700 1,295

- - Reynoldson et al. 1996

Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride

- 1,032 NA d

- - Fargasova 1994a

Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237 (15oC) 56,000 21,615

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2002
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237 (20oC) 51,900 20,033

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2002
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237 (25oC) 61,470 23,727

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2002

### A

- 5 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237 (30oC) 28,550 11,020

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2002
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 12* 130 1,347

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2003
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 45* 440 1,061

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2003
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 173* 7,950 4,342

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2003
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 305* 8,500 2,484

- - Rathore and Khangarot

2003
Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 250 1,658 603.4

- - Redeker and Blust 2004

Tubificid worm (4

- 5 wk), Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium chloride

- 400 NA d 2,753 4,164 Maestre et al. 2009

Earthworm, (formerly, Varichaeta pacifica ) Varichaetadrilus pacificus S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 380 9,701 7,527 9,701 Chapman et al. 1982

Leech (1

- 20 mm), Glossiphonia complanata R, M Cadmium chloride 122.8 480 382.6 389.5 382.6 Brown and Pascoe 1988

Leech (cocoon), Nephelopsis obscura S, M Cadmium chloride

- 832.6

- - NA e Wicklum et al. 1997

Pond snail (juvenile, stage I, 4 wk), Lymnaea stagnalis S, M Cadmium chloride 250 752 273.7

- - Coeurdassier et al. 2004

Pond snail (juvenile, stage II, 9 wk), Lymnaea stagnalis S, M Cadmium chloride 250 1,515 551.3

- - Coeurdassier et al. 2004

Pond snail (adult, 20 wk), Lymnaea stagnalis S, M Cadmium chloride 250 1,585 576.8

- - Coeurdassier et al. 2004

Pond snail (juvenile, 25 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis R, M Cadmium chloride 135 (130

- 140) 367.5 f

(347 reported

dissolved) 263.9

- 389.3 Pais 2012

### A

- 6 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Snail, Aplexa hypnorum F, M Cadmium chloride 44.8 93 225.4 210.3 225.4 Holcombe et al. 1984; Phipps and Holcombe

1985

Snail, Gyraulus sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 24 >467.7 f
(>455 reported dissolved) >2,257

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Snail, Gyraulus sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 21 >75.04 f
(>73 reported dissolved) >419.6

- >973.2 Mebane et al. 2012

Snail (adult, 3.3

- 15 mm), Physa acuta R, U Cadmium chloride 44 963.6 2,383

- 2,383 Woodard 2005

Pouch snail (adult), Physa gyrina S, M

- 200 1,370 637.7 c

- - Wier and Walter 1976

Pouch snail (juvenile), Physa gyrina S, M

- 200 410 190.8 202.6 190.8 Wier and Walter 1976

Mussel (juvenile), Actinonaias pectorosa S, M

- 82 46.40 57.74

- - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile), Actinonaias pectorosa S, M

- 84 69 83.62 68.38 69.49 Keller, Unpublished

Neosho mucket (juvenile, 5 d), Lampsilis rafinesqueana R, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) 20 49.46

- 49.46 Wang et al. 2010d

Fatmucket (glochidia), Lampsilis siliquoidea S, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) >227 >561.3 c

- - Wang et al. 2010d

Fatmucket (juvenile, 5 d), Lampsilis siliquoidea R, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) 16 39.56

- - Wang et al. 2010d

Fatmucket (juvenile, 2 mo.), Lampsilis siliquoidea R, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) >62 >153.3 c

- - Wang et al. 2010d

### A

- 7 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Fatmucket (juvenile, 6 mo.), Lampsilis siliquoidea R, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) 199 492.1 c

- 39.56 Wang et al. 2010d

Southern fatmucket, Lampsilis straminea

claibornensis S, M

- 40 38 104.4 96.44 104.4 Keller, Unpublished

Yellow sandshell, Lampsilis teres S, M

- 40 11 30.22

- - Keller, Unpublished

Yellow sandshell (juvenile), Lampsilis teres S, M

- 40 33 90.65 48.35 52.34 Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile), Lasmigona subviridis R, M Cadmium chloride 84 57.77 70.01

- 70.01 Black 2001

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 90 114.7 128.8

- - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 90 111.8 125.6

- - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 86 93.0 109.8

- - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 92 81.9 89.77

- - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile, 12 d),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 39 9 25.42

- - Keller and Zam 1991

Mussel (juvenile, 12 d),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 90 107 120.2

- - Keller and Zam 1991

Mussel (juvenile),

Utterbackia imbecillis R, M Cadmium chloride 84 20.42 24.75 86.82 73.91 Black 2001

Southern rainbow mussel (juvenile),

Villosa vibex S, M

- 40* 30 82.41

- - Keller, Unpublished

Southern rainbow mussel (juvenile),

Villosa vibex S, M

- 186* 125 63.03 71.16 72.07 Keller, Unpublished

### A

- 8 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran, Alona affinis S, U Cadmium nitrate 109 546 496.4 500.1 496.4 Ghosh et al. 1990

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Cadmium chloride 90 54 60.64

- - Bitton et al. 1996

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M Cadmium chloride 80 54.5 69.70

- - Diamond et al. 1997

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Cadmium chloride 90 55.9 62.78

- - Lee et al. 1997

Cladoceran (3rd

- 4th instar), Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M Cadmium chloride 80 64.26 82.18

- - Black 2001

Cladoceran (neonate), Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Cadmium chloride 90 40.1 45.03

- - Jun et al. 2006

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M Cadmium chloride 40 31.47 86.45 63.46 66.29 Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran (1st instar larva, <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia reticulata S, U Cadmium chloride 240 184 70.04

- - Elnabarawy et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<6hr), Ceriodaphnia reticulata S, U Cadmium chloride 120 110 89.94 83.08 79.37 Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia ambigua S, M Cadmium chloride 40 10.12 27.80

- 27.80 Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride

- <1.6 NA d

- - Anderson 1948

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 45 65 156.8

- - Biesinger and Christensen

1972 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium nitrate

- 27.07 NA d

- - Canton and Adema 1978

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium nitrate

- 28.36 NA d

- - Canton and Adema 1978

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium nitrate

- 35.45 NA d

- - Canton and Adema 1978

### A

- 9 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 51* 9.9 20.80

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 104* 33 31.60

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 105* 34 32.21

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 197* 63 29.82

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 209* 49 21.73

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M Cadmium chloride 105 30 28.42

- - Canton and Slooff 1982

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M Cadmium chloride 209.2 30 13.29

- - Canton and Slooff 1982

Cladoceran (1st instar larva, <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 240 178 67.76

- - Elnabarawy et al. 1986

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 120 20 16.35

- - Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 120 40 32.71

- - Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 76 59 79.84

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 84 117.1

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 41 99 264.6

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 38 164 476.7

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 76 71 96.08

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 178 248.1

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 116 161.7

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

### A

- 10 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (<4 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 71 101 147.3

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 71 4 5.835

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 41 8 21.38

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 38 16 46.51

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 146 203.5

- - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (genotype A), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 3.6 2.005

- - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype A

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 9.0 5.012

- - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype A

- 2), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 9.0 5.012

- - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype B), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 4.5 2.506

- - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype E), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 27.1 15.09

- - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 115.9 64.54

- - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 10 37.9 480.3

- - Hickey and Vickers 1992

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 129.4 72.06

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1992,

1993 Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone F), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 24.5 13.64

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1992,

1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 3 d, clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 228.8 127.4 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 3 d, clone F), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 25.4 14.14 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

### A

- 11 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (neonate, 6 d, clone F), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 49.1 27.34 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 6 d, clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 250.1 139.3 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 10 d, clone F), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 131.2 73.06 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 10 d, clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 319.3 177.8 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 20 d, clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 326.3 181.7 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 20 d, clone F), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 139.9 77.90 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 30 d, clone F), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 146.7 81.69 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran (neonate, 30 d, clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 355.3 197.8 c

- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium sulfate 250 280 101.9

- - Crisinel et al. 1994

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride

- 360 NA d

- - Fargasova 1994a

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 170 9.5 5.290

- - Guilhermino et al. 1996

Cladoceran (clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 46.1 112 263.1

- - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 90.7 106 118.0

- - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone S

- 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 179 233 122.6

- - Barata et al. 1998

### A

- 12 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (clone A), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 46.1 30.1 70.70

- - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone A), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 90.7 23.4 26.06

- - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone A), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 179 23.6 12.41

- - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 18 66 437.4

- - Baer et al. 1999

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 18 69 457.3

- - Baer et al. 1999

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M

- 170 3.3 1.838

- - Barata and Baird 2000

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 1), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 26 14.48

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 2), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 34 18.93

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 3), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 39 21.72

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 4), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 48 26.73

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 5), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 55 30.63

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 6), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 63 35.08

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 7), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 100 55.68

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 8), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 >120 > 66.82

- - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 40 101.20 278.0

- - Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 44 3 7.418

- - Yim et al. 2006

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 150 4 2.557

- - Yim et al. 2006

Cladoceran ( <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 41.1 NA d

- - Jemec et al. 2007

### A

- 13 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 93 318.76 345.3

- - Mohammed 2007

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 240 77.6 29.52

- - Xie et al. 2007

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 170 79.05 44.02

- - Ferreira et al. 2008a

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone O), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 250 NA d

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone E), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 260 NA d

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone R), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 285 NA d

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone F), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 320 NA d

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone B), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 330 NA d

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone X), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 355 NA d

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone K), Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride

- 550 NA d

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 85 (80

- 90) 19.87 23.77

- - Kim et al. 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U

- 170 (160

- 180) 571.5 318.2

- - Perez and Beiras 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride ~170 20.1 11.19

- - Loureiro et al. 2011

Cladoceran (7 d), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca 2+ =0.46 mg/L (pH=8.1) 7.5 NA d

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca 2+ =19 mg/L (pH=8.1) 14.2 NA d

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca 2+ =192 mg/L (pH=8.1) 24.8 NA d

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca 2+ =19 mg/L (pH=5.8) >170 NA d

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca 2+ =19 mg/L (pH=7.0) 46.2 NA d

- - Tan and Wang 2011

### A

- 14 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (7 d), Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca 2+ =19 mg/L (pH=8.2) 17.5 NA d 27.14 40.54 Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium nitrate

- 90.23 NA d

- - Canton and Adema 1978

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 57 47 87.35

- - Bertram and Hart 1979

Cladoceran (neonate), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium chloride 65 62 99.69

- - Niederlehner 1984

Cladoceran (1st instar larva, <24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 240 319 121.4

- - Elnabarawy et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 120 80 65.41

- - Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 120 100 81.77

- - Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium chloride 53.5 70.1 139.7

- - Stackhouse and Benson

1988
Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 85 66 78.94

- - Roux et al. 1993

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 85 99 118.4

- - Roux et al. 1993

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 85 70 83.73

- - Roux et al. 1993

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium chloride 40 44.96 123.5

- - Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 17.0* 16.86 119.0

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 24.0* 23.61 113.9

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 30.0* 46.09 173.9

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 47.0* 24.73 56.86

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 67.1* 71.94 111.7

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010

### A

- 15 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 119* 116.9 96.48

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 175* 155.1 83.66

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 19.0 26.98 168.4

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32.0 46.09 161.9

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 66.9 70.82 110.3

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 112 89.93 79.35

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 158 68.57 41.39

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 46.09 161.9

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 33.72 118.5

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 42.72 150.1

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 46.09 161.9

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 52.83 185.6

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 43.84 154.0

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 48.34 169.8

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 73.07 256.7

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 62.95 221.2

- - Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference

standard 32 52.83 185.6 93.77 118.3 Clifford 2009; Clifford and

McGeer 2010

### A

- 16 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia similis S, M Cadmium nitrate 44 57.89 143.2

- 143.2 Rodgher et al. 2010

Cladoceran, Diaphanosoma brachyurum S, U Cadmium chloride 67.1 69.80 108.4

- 108.4 Mano et al. 2011

Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa S, U Cadmium chloride 82 71.25 88.67 87.16 88.67 Hatakeyama and Yasuno

1981b

Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus S, M Cadmium chloride 11.1 7 79.07

- - Giesy et al. 1977

Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5 24.5 61.35 61.10 69.65 Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b

Cyclopoid copepod, Cyclops varicans S, U Cadmium nitrate 109 493 448.2 451.6 448.2 Ghosh et al. 1990

Copepod (0.58 mm), Diaptomus forbesi S, U Cadmium chloride 185 5,700 2,891

- 2,891 Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002

Isopod, (formerly, Asellus bicrenata )

Caecidotea bicrenata F, M Cadmium chloride 220 2,129 892.1 955.0 892.1 Bosnak and Morgan 1981

Isopod,

Lirceus alabamae F, M Cadmium chloride 152 150 94.50 97.98 94.50 Bosnak and Morgan 1981

Amphipod (4 mm), Crangonyx pseudogracilis R, U Cadmium chloride 50 1,700 3,651 3,439 3,651 Martin and Holdich 1986

Amphipod, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5 68.3 171.0 159.2 171.0 Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b

Amphipod (large juvenile & young adult), Hyalella azteca S, M Cadmium chloride 34 8 26.29

- 26.29 Nebeker et al. 1986b

### A

- 17 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Prawn (post larva), Macrobrachium rosenbergii R, U Cadmium chloride

- 36.12

- - NA e Sowdeswari et al. 2012

Crayfish (adult, 1.8 g),

Orconectes immunis F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4 >10,200 > 24,972 >23,281 >24,972 Phipps and Holcombe

1985

Crayfish (adult, 4.58 g), Orconectes juvenilis R, M Cadmium chloride 44.1 2,440 6,019 c

- - Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (3rd

- 5th instar, 0.2 g), Orconectes juvenilis R, M Cadmium chloride 44 60 148.4

- 148.4 Wigginton 2005; Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish,

Orconectes limosus S, M Cadmium chloride

- 400

- NA e NA e Boutet and Chaisemartin

1973

Crayfish (adult, 7.06 g),

Orconectes placidus R, M Cadmium chloride 44.1 487 1,201 c

- - Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (3rd

- 5th instar, 0.2 g), Orconectes placidus R, M Cadmium chloride 54.6 37 72.11

- 72.11 Wigginton 2005; Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish,

Orconectes virilis F, M Cadmium chloride 26 6,100 26,948

- - Mirenda 1986

Crayfish (adult, 12.8 g),

Orconectes virilis R, M Cadmium chloride 42.5 3,300 8,479 c 23,988 26,948 Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (adult, 15.5 g),

Procambarus acutus R, M Cadmium chloride 44.5 368 898.7

- 898.7 Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (adult, 5.14 g),

Procambarus alleni R, M Cadmium chloride 45.8 3,070 7,263

- 7,263 Wigginton and Birge 2007

Red swamp crayfish (juvenile),

Procambarus clarkii S, M Cadmium chloride 30 1,040 3,924 c

- - Naqvi and Howell 1993

Red swamp crayfish (adult, 18.5 g),

Procambarus clarkii R, M Cadmium chloride 52.9 2,660 5,368 c

- - Wigginton and Birge 2007

### A

- 18 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Red swamp crayfish (3rd to 5th instar, 0.02 g),

Procambarus clarkii R, M Cadmium chloride 42.1 624 1,620 3,536 1,620 Wigginton 2005; Wigginton and Birge 2007

Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus R, M Cadmium chloride 24 >456.4 f
(>444 reported dissolved) >2,202 g

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus R, M Cadmium chloride 21 76.07 f
(74 reported dissolved) 425.3

- 425.3 Mebane et al. 2012

Mayfly, (formerly, Ephemerella grandis ) Drunella grandis S, U Cadmium sulfate 44 2,000 4,946

- - Warnick and Bell 1969

Mayfly, Drunella grandis F, M Cadmium chloride

- 28,000 NA d 4,607 4,946 Clubb et al. 1975

Mayfly (nymph, 24 mm), Hexagenia rigida S, M Cadmium 79.1 6,200 8,028

- 8,028 Leonhard et al. 1980

Mayfly (nymph), Rhithrogena hageni F, M Cadmium sulfate 48 10,794 f

(10,500 reported dissolved) 24,249

- 24,249 Brinkman and Vieira 2007;

Brinkman and Johnston

2008

Stonefly,

Pteronarcella badia F, M Cadmium chloride

- 18,000

- NA e NA e Clubb et al. 1975

Little green stonefly, Sweltsa sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 26 >5,386 f

(>5,239 reported dissolved) > 23,794

- >23,794 Mebane et al. 2012

### A

- 19 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Caddisfly, Arctopsyche sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 28 >470.8 f
(>458 reported dissolved) > 1,917

- > 1,917 Mebane et al. 2012

Midge (larva), Culicoides furens S, U

- - 300

- - - Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008a Midge (larva), Culicoides furens S, M Cadmium chloride - (35oC) 245.2

- - - Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008b Midge (larva),

Culicoides furens S, M Cadmium chloride - (25oC) 245.2

- - - Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008b Midge (larva), Culicoides furens S, M Cadmium chloride - (10oC) 183.9

- - NA e Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008b

Midge (3rd

- 4th instar larva),

Chironomus plumosus S, U Cadmium chloride 80 12,700 16,241

- - Fargasova 2001, 2003

Midge (larva), Chironomus plumosus S, U

- - 400 NA d

- - Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008a Midge (larva), Chironomus plumosus S, M Cadmium chloride - (35oC) 367.8 NA d

- - Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008b Midge (larva), Chironomus plumosus S, M Cadmium chloride - (25oC) 245.2 NA d

- - Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008b Midge (larva), Chironomus plumosus S, M Cadmium chloride - (10oC) 183.9 NA d

- 16,241 Vedamanikam and Shazilli

2008b

Midge (10

- 12 mm), Chironomus riparius F, M

- 152 >229,500 > 144,586

- - Williams et al. 1985

Midge (4th instar larva), Chironomus riparius R, M Cadmium chloride 124 140,000 110,408 c

- - Pascoe et al. 1990

Midge (3rd instar larva),

Chironomus riparius S, U Cadmium chloride 170 (160

- 180) 128,840 71,744 c

- - Lee et al. 2006a

Midge (3rd

- 4th instar larva), Chironomus riparius S, M Cadmium nitrate 10* 331,000 4,195,140 c

- - Gillis and Wood 2008

Midge (3rd

- 4th instar larva), Chironomus riparius S, M Cadmium nitrate 140* 1,106,000 762,947 c 195,967 >144,586 Gillis and Wood 2008

### A

- 20 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2

- 3 d), Pectinatella magnifica S, U

- 205 700 317.1 337.4 317.1 Pardue and Wood 1980

Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2

- 3 d), Lophopodella carteri S, U

- 205 150 67.94 72.29 67.94 Pardue and Wood 1980

Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2

- 3 d), Plumatella emarginata S, U

- 205 1,090 493.7 525.3 493.7 Pardue and Wood 1980

Westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi R, M Cadmium chloride 32 1.542 f
(1.5 reported dissolved) 5.418 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi R, M Cadmium chloride 31 1.234 f
(1.2 reported dissolved) 4.490 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Westslope cutthroat trout (young of the year), Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi R, M Cadmium chloride 21 0.9663 f
(0.94 reported dissolved) 5.403 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rio Grande cutthroat trout (fry, 0.26 g), Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis F, M Cadmium sulfate 44.9 2.467 f
(2.40 reported dissolved) 5.966

- 5.966 Brinkman 2012

Coho salmon (adult), Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M Cadmium chloride 22 17.5 92.95 c

- - Chapman 1975

Coho salmon (parr), Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M Cadmium chloride 22 2.7 14.34

- - Chapman 1975

Coho salmon (yearling), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Cadmium 90 10.4 11.68 c

- - Lorz et al. 1978

Coho salmon (juvenile), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Cadmium chloride 41 3.4 9.089 c 12.58 14.34 Buhl and Hamilton 1991

Rainbow trout (4 mo.), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, U

- - 0.95 NA d

- - Chapman 1973

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U

- - 6 NA d

- - Kumada et al. 1973

### A

- 21 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U

- - 7 NA d

- - Kumada et al. 1973

Rainbow trout (smolt), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >2.9 > 14.67

- - Chapman 1975

Rainbow trout (smolt), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 4.1 20.74

- - Chapman 1975

Rainbow trout (130 mm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 31* 1.75 6.368

- - Davies 1976a

Rainbow trout (2 mo.), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium nitrate

- 6.60 NA d

- - Hale 1977

Rainbow trout (swim

- up fry, 0.17 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 1.3 6.575

- - Chapman 1975; 1978

Rainbow trout (parr, 6.96 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 1.0 5.057

- - Chapman 1978

Rainbow trout (alevin), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >27 >136.6 g

- - Chapman 1975; 1978

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Cadmium chloride

- 6.0 NA d

- - Kumada et al. 1980

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5* 2.3 5.760 c

- - Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b Rainbow trout (8.8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4* 3.0 7.345

- - Phipps and Holcombe

1985

Rainbow trout (fry), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 9.2 <0.5 < 6.948

- - Cusimano et al. 1986

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 18.3 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 52* 1.88 3.867

- - Stubblefield 1990

Rainbow trout (juvenile), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Cadmium chloride 41* 1.50 4.010 c

- - Buhl and Hamilton 1991

Rainbow trout (36 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 47 2.66 6.116

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 204 3.15 1.435

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 427 7.56 1.524

- - Davies et al. 1993

### A

- 22 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Rainbow trout (36 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 49 3.02 6.632

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 224 6.12 2.514

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 422 5.70 1.164

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (fry, 1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 29* 2.79 10.93

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 258 (aged solution) 8.54 3.002

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 281* 13.4 4.286

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b Rainbow trout (fry, 1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 28* 2.09 8.508

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 276 (aged solution) 10.5 3.426

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 281* 10.0 3.199

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b Rainbow trout (juvenile, 4.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmiun nitrate 140* 22 15.18

- - Hollis et al. 1999

Rainbow trout (263 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 30.7* 0.71 2.611

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (659 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 29.3* 0.47 1.820

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (1,150 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 31.7* 0.51 1.811

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (1,130 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 30.2* 0.38 1.423

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (299 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 30.0* 1.29 4.867

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (289 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 89.3* 2.85 3.228

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 12 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium nitrate 20* 2.07 12.21

- - Hollis et al. 2000a

### A

- 23 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 8

- 12 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium nitrate 120* 19.00 15.53

- - Niyogi et al. 2004b

Rainbow trout (swim

- up fry, 0.131 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 103* 3.7 3.581

- - Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 0.496 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M

- 103* 5.2 5.032

- - Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 1

- 3 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, M Cadmium chloride

- 0.753 NA d

- - Birceanu et al. 2008

Rainbow trout (swim

- up fry, 0.2

- 0.4 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 19.7* 0.864 f
(0.84 reported

dissolved) 5.184 c

- - Mebane et al. 2007; 2008

Rainbow trout (swim

- up fry, 0.2

- 0.4 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 29.4* 0.915 f
(0.89 reported

dissolved) 3.530 c

- - Mebane et al. 2007; 2008

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 6

- 8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium nitrate 44* (40

- 48) 2.75 6.800 c

- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 6

- 8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) (pH=5.8) 3.21 7.938 c

- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 6

- 8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) (pH=8.8) 3.08 7.616 c

- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 6

- 8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium nitrate 44 (40

- 48) (Alkalinity=90 mg/L) 1.02 2.522 c

- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 21* 0.8224 f
(0.8 reported dissolved) 4.598 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 7* 0.4934 f
(0.48 reported dissolved) 9.268 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

### A

- 24 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 13* 1.018 f
(0.99 reported dissolved) 9.660 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 24* 1.336 f
(1.3 reported dissolved) 6.447 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 32* 0.9560 f
(0.93 reported dissolved) 3.359 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 29* 0.8532 f
(0.83 reported dissolved) 3.342 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout (young of the year), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 21* 0.3495 f
(0.34 reported dissolved) 1.954 c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout (1 dph, 0.08 g, 14.3 cm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 103 >52.31 f

(>49.40 reported dissolved) >50.63 c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout (18 dph, 0.1 g, 24.33 cm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 104 3.061 f
(2.89 reported dissolved) 2.930

- - Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout (32 dph, 0.12 g, 26.67 cm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 107 5.115 f
(4.83 reported dissolved) 4.746

- - Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout (46 dph, 0.22 g, 32.1 cm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 107 2.933 f
(2.77 reported dissolved) 2.722

- - Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout (60 dph, 0.33 g, 37.1 cm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 104 3.929 f
(3.71 reported dissolved) 3.762

- - Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout (74 dph, 0.42 g, 40.3 cm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 96 4.808 f
(4.54 reported dissolved) 5.028

- - Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout (95 dph, 0.7 g, 45.43 cm), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 103 3.135 f
(2.96 reported dissolved) 3.034

- - Calfee et al. 2014

### A

- 25 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout (1 dph), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 100 >12.71 f
(>12 reported dissolved) >12.71 c

- - Wang et al. 2014

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 26 dph), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 100 5.401 f
(5.1 reported dissolved) 5.400 4.265 4.468 Wang et al. 2014

Chinook salmon (at hatch), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, U

- - >25 NA d

- - Chapman 1973

Chinook salmon (swim

- up), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, U

- - 1.9 NA d

- - Chapman 1973

Chinook salmon (juvenile), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium chloride 25* 1.41 6.504

- - Chapman 1978; 1982

Chinook salmon (alevin, 0.05 g), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >26 >131.5 g

- - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon (swim

- up fry, 0.23 g), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 1.8 9.103

- - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon (parr, 11.58 g), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 3.5 17.70

- - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon (smolt, 32.46 g), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >2.9 > 14.67

- - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon (juvenile), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium sulfate 21* 1.1 6.150

- - Finlayson and Verrue 1982

Chinook salmon (9

- 13 wk), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Cadmium chloride 211* 26 11.41 c

- - Hamilton and Buhl 1990

Chinook salmon (18

- 21 wk), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Cadmium chloride 343* 57 14.63 c 8.708 9.888 Hamilton and Buhl 1990

Lake whitefish (yearling, 140 mm, 22 g), Coregonus clupeaformis F, M

- 81 530 668.6

- 668.6 McNicol 1997

### A

- 26 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Mountain whitefish (209 g), Prosopium williamsoni F, M Cadmium chloride 52 >8.29 > 17.05

- >17.05 Stubblefield 1990

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5* 1.4 3.506 c

- - Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

Brown trout (fingerling, 22.4 g),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium chloride 48* 2.85 6.403

- - Stubblefield 1990

Brown trout (fingerling),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 37.6* 2.37 6.970

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994c Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 29.2* 1.23 4.781

- - Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 67.6* 3.9 6.006

- - Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 151* 10.1 6.410 3.263 6.066 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007

Bull trout (76.1 mg), Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 30.7 (pH=7.5) 0.91 3.347

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (200 mg), Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 29.3 (pH=7.5) 0.99 3.834

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (221 mg), Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 31.7 (pH=7.5) 1.00 3.550

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (218 mg), Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 30.2 (pH=7.5) 0.90 3.371

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (84.2 mg), Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 30.0 (pH=6.5) 2.89 10.90

- - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (72.7 mg), Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 89.3 (pH=7.5) 6.06 6.864 4.353 4.750 Stratus Consulting 1999

Brook trout (yearling, 21 cm, 110 g), Salvelinus fontinalis F, M

- 45 (44

- 46) >405 > 977.0

- - Drummond and Benoit

1976

Brook trout (100 g), Salvelinus fontinalis F, M Cadmium chloride 47.4 5,080 11,572 <3.623 3,362 Holcombe et al. 1983

### A

- 27 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference
Goldfish,

Carassius auratus S, U Cadmium chloride 20 2,340 13,807 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966
Goldfish,

Carassius auratus S, M Cadmium chloride 20* 2,130 12,568 c

- - McCarty et al. 1978

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus S, M Cadmium chloride 140* 46,800 32,284 c

- - McCarty et al. 1978

Goldfish (8.8 g),

Carassius auratus F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4 748.0 1,831 1,707 1,831 Phipps and Holcombe

1985

Grass carp (18 mm, 17 g), Ctenopharyngodon idellus S, U Cadmium sulfate

- 9,420

- - NA e Yorulmazlar and Gul 2003

Common carp (fry), Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium nitrate 100 4,300 4,299

- - Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (fingerling), Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium nitrate 100 17,100 17,097

- - Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (yolk absorbed), Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride

- 140 NA d

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp (fry), Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride

- 2,840 NA d

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp (advanced fry), Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride

- 2,910 NA d

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp (fingerling), Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride

- 4,560 NA d

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp (fry, 3.34 cm, 0.33 g), Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium chloride 185 220,770 111,987

- - Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002

Common carp (fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g), Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium chloride <125 43,170 33,745

- - Datta et al. 2003

Common carp (fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g), Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium chloride 187.5 (125

- 250) 48,390 24,185

- - Datta et al. 2003

Common carp (fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g), Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium chloride 312.5 (250

- 375) 116,450 33,131

- - Datta et al. 2003

### A

- 28 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Common carp (fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g), Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium chloride >375 310,480 72,243 8,573 28,710 Datta et al. 2003

Red shiner (adult, 0.80

- 2.0 g), Cyprinella lutrensis S, M Cadmium sulfate 85.5 6,620 7,867 7,762 7,867 Carrier 1987; Carrier and Beitinger 1988a

Zebrafish (3

- 7 d, larva),

Danio rerio R, U Cadmium chloride 177.5 2,113 1,122

- - Blechinger et al. 2002

Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio R, M Cadmium nitrate 141 (28oC) 4,047 f

(3,822 reported dissolved) 2,770

- - Alsop and Wood 2011

Zebrafish (larva),

Danio rerio R, M Cadmium nitrate 141* (26.6oC) 1,832 f

(1,730 reported dissolved) 1,254

- - Alsop and Wood 2011

Zebrafish (larva),

Danio rerio R, M Cadmium nitrate 7.8* (26.6oC) 125.2 f

(121.8 reported dissolved) 2,087

- - Alsop and Wood 2011

Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250 (18 o C) 13,657 4,970

- - Vergauwen 2012; Vergauwen et al. 2013 Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250 (26 o C) 11,510 4,189

- - Vergauwen 2012; Vergauwen et al. 2013 Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250 (30 o C) 14,005 5,097

- - Vergauwen 2012; Vergauwen et al. 2013 Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250 (34 o C) 14,241 5,526

- 2,860 Vergauwen 2012; Vergauwen et al. 2013

Fathead minnow (1.5

- 2.5 in., 1

- 2 g), Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 1,050 6,195 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966

Fathead minnow (1.5

- 2.5 in., 1

- 2 g), Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 630 3,717 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966

Fathead minnow (1.5

- 2.5 in., 1

- 2 g), Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium chloride 360* 72,600 17,671 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966

### A

- 29 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Fathead minnow (1.5

- 2.5 in., 1

- 2 g), Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium chloride 360* 73,500 17,890 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966

Fathead minnow (2 g), Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 11,200 5,185

- - Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g), Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 12,000 5,555

- - Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g), Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 6,400 2,963

- - Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g), Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 2,000 925.8

- - Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g), Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 4,500 2,083

- - Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (fry), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 40 21.5 59.06 c

- - Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 48 11.7 26.287 c

- - Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 39 19.3 54.52 c

- - Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 45 42.4 102.3 c

- - Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 44 29.0 71.71 c

- - Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 47 54.2 124.6 c

- - Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (adult), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 103* 3,060 2,961 c

- - Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (adult), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 103* 2,900 2,806 c

- - Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (adult), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 103* 3,100 3,000 c

- - Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (adult), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 262.5* 7,160 2,469 c

- - Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (30 d), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5* 1,280 3,205 c

- - Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

### A

- 30 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Fathead minnow (0.6 g), Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4* 1,500 3,672

- - Phipps and Holcombe

1985 Fathead minnow (larva), Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium chloride 120 >150 >122.7 c

- - Hall et al. 1986

Fathead minnow (30 d), Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium nitrate 44* 13.2 32.64

- - Spehar and Fiandt 1986

Fathead minnow (juvenile), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 141 3,420 2,341 c

- - Sherman et al. 1987

Fathead minnow (juvenile), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 141 3,510 2,402 c

- - Sherman et al. 1987

Fathead minnow (0.8

- 2.0 g), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium sulfate 85.5* 3,580 4,254 c

- - Carrier 1987; Carrier and Beitinger 1988a Fathead minnow (<24 hr), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium nitrate 290 (pH=6

- 6.5) 73 22.55 c

- - Schubauer

- Berigan et al.

1993 Fathead minnow (<24 hr), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium nitrate 290 (pH=7

- 7.5) 60 18.54 c

- - Schubauer

- Berigan et al.

1993 Fathead minnow (<24 hr), Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium nitrate 290 (pH=8

- 8.8) 65 20.08 c

- - Schubauer

- Berigan et al.

1993 Fathead minnow (<24 hr), Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium nitrate 60 210 368.8 c

- - Rifici et al. 1996

Fathead minnow (1

- 2 d), Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium nitrate 60 180 316.1 c 59.08 1,531 Rifici et al. 1996

Colorado squawfish (larva, 9 mm), Ptychocheilus lucius S, U Cadmium chloride 199 78 36.51

- - Buhl 1997

Colorado squawfish (juvenile, 43 mm), Ptychocheilus lucius S, U Cadmium chloride 199 108 50.55 45.59 42.96 Buhl 1997

Northern pike minnow (juvenile, 56 mm), Ptychocheilus oregonensis F, M Cadmium chloride 25 1,092 5,037

- - Andros and Garton 1980

Northern pike minnow (juvenile, 60 mm), Ptychocheilus oregonensis F, M Cadmium chloride 25 1,104 5,093 4,493 5,065 Andros and Garton 1980

### A

- 31 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

Bonytail (larva), Gila elegans S, U Cadmium chloride 199 148 69.27

- - Buhl 1997

Bonytail (juvenile), Gila elegans S, U Cadmium chloride 199 168 78.63 78.32 73.80 Buhl 1997

White sucker,

Catostomus commersoni F, M Cadmium chloride 18 1,110 7,357 6,344 7,357 Duncan and Klaverkamp

1983

Razorback sucker (larva), Xyrauchen texanus S, U Cadmium chloride 199 139 65.06

- - Buhl 1997

Razorback sucker (juvenile), Xyrauchen texanus S, U Cadmium chloride 199 160 74.89 74.08 69.80 Buhl 1997

Channel catfish (7.4 g), Ictalurus punctatus F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4 4,480 10,968 10,225 10,968 Phipps and Holcombe

1985

Flagfish, Jordanella floridae F, M Cadmium chloride 44 2,500 6,182 5,759 6,182 Spehar 1976a;b

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis F, M Cadmium chloride 11.1 900 10,166

- - Giesy et al. 1977

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis F, M Cadmium chloride 11.1 2,200 24,851

- - Giesy et al. 1977

Mosquitofish (juvenile), Gambusia affinis S, U Cadmium chloride

- 2,354 NA d

- - Annabi et al. 2009

Mosquitofish (adult), Gambusia affinis S, U Cadmium chloride

- 1,447 NA d 13,146 15,895 Annabi et al. 2009

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 1,270 7,494

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966 Guppy (3

- 4 wk),

Poecilia reticulata R, M Cadmium chloride 105* 3,800 3,600

- - Canton and Slooff 1982

Guppy (3

- 4 wk),

Poecilia reticulata R, M Cadmium chloride 209.2* 11,100 4,917

- - Canton and Slooff 1982

### A

- 32 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata S, U Cadmium chloride

- 18,635 NA d 4,981 5,100 Yilmaz et al. 2004

Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus S, U Cadmium chloride 115 6,500 5,570

- - Pascoe and Cram 1977

Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus R, M Cadmium chloride 107 23,000 21,342 11,002 10,903 Pascoe and Mattey 1977

Striped bass (63 d),

Morone saxatilis S, U Cadmium chloride 40* 4 10.99

- - Palawski et al. 1985

Striped bass (63 d),

Morone saxatilis S, U Cadmium chloride 285* 10 3.149 5.916 5.883 Palawski et al. 1985

Green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 2,840 16,757 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966
Green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus S, U Cadmium chloride 360* 66,000 16,064 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966
Green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus F, M Cadmium chloride 335* 20,500 5,402

- - Jude 1973

Green sunfish (juvenile), Lepomis cyanellus S, M Cadmium sulfate 85.5* 11,520 13,690 c 5,997 5,402 Carrier 1987; Carrier and Beitinger 1988b

Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5

- 3.5 g), Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium sulfate 20* 1,700 10,031

- - Lemke 1965

Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5

- 3.5 g), Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium sulfate 20 >2,100 > 12,391

- - Lemke 1965

Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5

- 3.5 g), Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium sulfate 350* 22,200 5,574

- - Lemke 1965

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 1,940 11,447 c

- - Pickering and Henderson

1966 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium chloride 207* 21,100 9,456

- - Eaton 1980

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, M Cadmium chloride 18* 2,300 15,243 c

- - Bishop and McIntosh 1981

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, M Cadmium chloride 18* 2,300 15,243 c

- - Bishop and McIntosh 1981

### A

- 33 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference Bluegill (1.0 g), Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4* 6,470 15,840 12,194 10,074 Phipps and Holcombe

1985

Yellow perch (juvenile, 8

- 12 g), Perca flavescens F, M Cadmium nitrate 120 8,140 6,656

- 6,656 Niyogi et al. 2004b

Nile tilapia (adult, 13.1 cm, 77.2 g),

Oreochromis niloticus S, M Cadmium chloride 36.17 24,660 75,693

- 75,693 Garcia

- Santos et al. 2006

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambica R, U Cadmium chloride 28.4 6,000 24,047

- - Gaikwad 1989

Mozambique tilapia (1.52 g),

Oreochromis mossambica R, U Cadmium sulfate 17 1,000 7,059 21,569 13,029 James and Sampath 1999

White sturgeon (2 dph, 0.03g), Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 103 >49.98 f
(>47.2 reported dissolved) >48.37 c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon (30 dph, 0.17g, 30.6 cm), Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 106 >375.9 f
(>355 reported dissolved) >352.4 c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon (61 dph, 1.15 g, 62.5 cm), Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 108 <36.43 f
(<34.4 reported dissolved) < 33.46

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon (72 dph, 1.89 g, 75.6 cm), Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 105 >158.3 f

(>149.5 reported dissolved) >150.0 c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon (89 dph, 3.73 g, 97.57 cm), Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 104 >289.6 f

(>273.5 reported dissolved) >277.3 c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon (2 dph), Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 100 >11.65 f

( >11 reported dissolved) >289.5 c

- - Wang et al. 2014

### A

- 34 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

White sturgeon (larva, 27 dph), Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 100 >11.65 f
(>11 reported dissolved) >289.5 c

- <33.46 Wang et al. 2014

Mottled sculpin (swim

- up fry, 0.033 g),

Cottus bairdi F, M Cadmium chloride 103 7.9 7.645

- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin (juvenile, 0.104 g),

Cottus bairdi F, M Cadmium chloride 103 17 16.45 c

- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin (juvenile, 0.260 g),

Cottus bairdi F, M Cadmium chloride 103 23 22.26 c

- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin (yearling, 2.3 g),

Cottus bairdi F, M Cadmium chloride 103 >67 >64.84 c

- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin (newly hatched),

Cottus bairdi F, M Cadmium chloride 103 2.9 2.806

- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin (fry),

Cottus bairdi F, M Cadmium sulfate 48.7 1.973 f
(1.92 reported

dissolved) 4.362

- 4.540 Brinkman and Vieira 2007

Shorthead sculpin, Cottus confusus R, M Cadmium chloride 21 0.9560 f
(0.93 reported dissolved) 5.345

- 5.345 Mebane et al. 2012

African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis R, U Cadmium chloride 116 3,597 3,053

- - Sunderman et al. 1991

African clawed frog (blastula stage 8

- 11), Xenopus laevis R, U Cadmium nitrate ~100 1,600 1,600 3,093 2,210 Gungordu et al. 2010

Northwestern salamander (larva), Ambystoma gracile F, M Cadmium chloride 45 468.4 1,130 1,055 1,130 Nebeker et al. 1995

### A

- 35 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Acute Value

(μg/L) Normalized

Acute Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMAV (μg/L) 2015

SMAV (μg/L) Reference

a 

### S=static, R=renewal, F=flow

- through, U=unmeasured, M=measured

b 

### Normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using the pooled acute slope of 1.103.

c 

### Data not used to calculate SMAV because more sensitive lifestage availabe, or flow

- through measured test available.

d 

### Not used to calculate SMAV because other normalized data available.

e 

### Freshwater data not normalized so no SMAV calculated.

f 

### Study reported a dissolved value only and this value was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059 and 1.093 for total hardness levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively for freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.

g 

### Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available or value is considered an outlier.

h 

### Carroll et al. 1979 not used in the 2015 AWQC update because the authors noted that the Cd measured concenctration in the con trol water was greater than the LC50 value of 1.5 ug/L and had 100% survival.

### B

- 1



# Appendix B Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data

### B

- 2

Appendix B: Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data (Underlined values are used in SMAV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document). (Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Nematode (juvenile, 2.5 d), (formerly, Pellioditis marina )

Rhabditis marina S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 9,100

- 9,100 Vranken et al. 1985

Polychaete worm (adult),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 12,000

- - Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (juvenile),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 12,500

- - Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(20°C) 18,540

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(20°C) 5,600

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15°C) > 5,600

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15°C) 30,030

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 14,100 12,836 12,052 Reish and LeMay 1991

Polychaete, Nereis grubei S, U Cadmium

chloride - 4,700 4,700 4,700 Reish and LeMay 1991

Polychaete worm, (formerly, Nereis virens )

Alitta virens S, U Cadmium

chloride 20 11,000

- - Eisler 1971

Polychaete worm,

Alitta virens S, U Cadmium

chloride 20 9,300 10,114 10,114 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium

chloride 32 1,770

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(20°C) 1,370

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15 ° C) 4,790

- - Reish et al. 1977

### B

- 3 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference Polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15 ° C) 19,090

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium

chloride 32 4,200

- 3,925 Reish 1978

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(20 ° C) 2,720

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(20 ° C) 2,240

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15 ° C) 3,330

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15 ° C) 6,030

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(10 ° C) 3,690

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(10 ° C) 2,130

- 3,142 Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (adult), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 7,500 c

- - Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (larva), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 200

- - Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (15 d), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(20 ° C) 5,030 c

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(20 ° C) 5,140 c

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15 ° C) 16,300 c

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(15 ° C) 6,000 c

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(10 ° C) 28,444 c

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d), Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride 32

(10 ° C) 5,880 c

- - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm, Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 2,800 c 200 200 Reish and LeMay 1991

### B

- 4 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Starlet sea anemone (adult, female),

Nematostella vectensis S, M Cadmium

chloride 10 1,284

- - Harter and Matthews 2005

Starlet sea anemone (adult, female),

Nematostella vectensis S, M Cadmium

chloride 12 1,092

- 1,184 Harter and Matthews 2005

Cone worm, Pectinaria californiensis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 2,600 2,600 2,600 Reish and Lemay 1991

Oligochaete, (formerly, Limnodriloides

verrucosus )

Tectidrilus verrucosus R, U Cadmium

sulfate - 10,000 10,000 10,000 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete worm, Monopylephorus cuticulatus R, U Cadmium

sulfate - 135,000 135,000 135,000 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete worm, Tubificoides gabriellae R, U Cadmium

sulfate - 24,000 24,000 24,000 Chapman et al. 1982

Atlantic oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea S, U Cadmium

chloride - 6,600 6,600 6,600 Eisler 1971

Gastropod (2

- 15 cm), (formerly, Morula granulata ) Tenguella granulata R, U Cadmium

chloride 32 2,060

- 2,060 Devi 1997

Dog whelk (29.6 mm, 601 mg), Nucella lapillus R, U Cadmium

chloride 34 23,200

- 23,200 Leung and Furness 1999

Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 10,500

- - Eisler 1971

Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 35,000 19,170 19,170 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

### B

- 5 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Barnacle (larva

- nauplii II), Amphibalanus amphitrite S, U Cadmium

nitrate 37 490

- 490 Piazza et al. 2012

Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 25,000 c

- - Eisler 1971

Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis S, M Cadmium

chloride - 1,620 c

- - Ahsanullah 1976

Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis F, M Cadmium

chloride - 3600 c

- - Ahsanullah 1976

Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis F, M Cadmium

chloride - 4300 c

- - Ahsanullah 1976

Blue mussel (embryo), Mytilus edulis S, U Cadmium

chloride 33.8 1,200

- - Martin et al. 1981

Blue mussel (juvenile), Mytilus edulis R, U Cadmium

chloride 25 960 1,073 1,073 Nelson et al. 1988

Blue mussel (embryo), Mytilus trossolus S, M Cadmium

chloride - 505.0 f
(502 reported

dissolved) - 505.0 Nadella et al. 2009

Bay scallop (juvenile), Argopecten irradians S, U Cadmium

chloride - 1,480 1,480 1,480 Nelson et al. 1976

Scallop (juvenile, 35 d, 3 mm), Argopecten ventricosus R, U Cadmium

chloride 36 396

- 396 Sobrino

- Figueroa et al. 2007

Pacific oyster (embryo), Crassostrea gigas S, U Cadmium

chloride 33.8 611

- - Martin et al. 1981

Pacific oyster (larva, 6 d), Crassostrea gigas R, U Cadmium

chloride 34 85

- - Watling 1982

Pacific oyster (larva, 16 d), Crassostrea gigas R, U Cadmium

chloride 34 > 100 227.9 173.2 Watling 1982

American oyster (larva), Crassostrea virginica S, U Cadmium

chloride 25 3,800 3,800 3,800 Calabrese et al. 1973

### B

- 6 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Brown mussel (20

- 24 mm), (formerly, Perna indica ) Perna perna S, U Cadmium

chloride - 2,213

- - Baby and Menon 1986

Brown mussel (20

- 24 mm), Perna perna R, U Cadmium

chloride 32 1,357

- - Baby and Menon 1987

Brown mussel (20

- 24 mm), Perna perna R, U Cadmium

sulfate 32 818.0

- - Baby and Menon 1987

Brown mussel (20

- 24 mm), Perna perna R, U Cadmium

nitrate 32 701.3

- 1,146 Baby and Menon 1987

Green mussel (20

- 25 mm),

Perna viridis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 2,500

- - Mohan et al. 1986

Green mussel,

Perna viridis R, U Cadmium

chloride 33 1,570

- 1,981 Chan 1988

Mangrove oysters (embryo), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 34 500

- - Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (larva, 3 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 34 500

- - Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (larva, 10 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 34 500

- - Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (larva, 24 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 34 4,000 c

- - Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (larva, 36 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 34 4,000 c

- - Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (embryo), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 24 300

- - Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (larva, 3 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 24 380 Ringwood 1990

### B

- 7 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference Mangrove oysters (larva, 10 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 24 400 Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (larva, 24 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 24 2,000 c Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (larva, 36 d), Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium

chloride 24 2,000 c

- 422.6 Ringwood 1990

Horse clam (newly hatched embryos),

Tresus capax S, U Cadmium

sulfate 30 60

- 60 Cardwell et al. 1979

Horse clam, Pacific gaper (newly hatched embryos),

Tresus nuttalli S, U Cadmium

sulfate 29 590

- 590 Cardwell et al. 1979

Soft

- shell clam, Mya arenaria S, U Cadmium

chloride - 2,200

- - Eisler 1971

Soft

- shell clam, Mya arenaria S, U Cadmium

chloride - 850

- - Eisler 1977

Soft

- shell clam, Mya arenaria S, U Cadmium

chloride - 2,500 1,672 1,672 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Horseshoe crab (1st instar larva, 3.3 mm), Limulus polyphemus R, U Cadmium

chloride 20 167,700

- Botton 2000

Horseshoe crab (embryo), Limulus polyphemus R, U Cadmium

chloride 20 171,900

- 169,787 Botton 2000

California market squid (larva), Loligo opalescens S, M Cadmium

chloride 30 > 10,200 >10,200 >10,200 Dinnel et al. 1989

Copepod, Pseudodiaptomus coronatus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 1,708 1,708 1,708 Gentile 1982

### B

- 8 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Calanoid copepod, Eurytemora affinis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 1,080 c

- - Gentile 1982

Calanoid copepod (newly hatched nauplii), Eurytemora affinis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 147.7 147.7 147.7 Sullivan et al. 1983

Copepod,

Acartia clausi S, U Cadmium

chloride - 144 144 144 Gentile 1982

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 337

- - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 90

- - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 220

- - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 122

- - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod (adult),

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium

chloride 15

(18oC) 93

- - Toudal and Riisgard 1987

Calanoid copepod (adult),

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium

chloride 20

(13oC) 151

- - Toudal and Riisgard 1987

Calanoid copepod (adult),

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium

chloride 21

(21oC) 29 118.7 118.7 Toudal and Riisgard 1987

Harpacticoid copepod, (formerly, Nitocra spinipes ) Nitokra spinipes S, U Cadmium

chloride - 1,800

- - Bengtsson 1978

Harpacticoid copepod, Nitokra spinipes F, U Cadmium

chloride 3 430

- - Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987

Harpacticoid copepod, Nitokra spinipes F, U Cadmium

chloride 7 660

- - Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987

Harpacticoid copepod, Nitokra spinipes F, U Cadmium

chloride 15 780 794.5 794.5 Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987

### B

- 9 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference Harpacticoid copepod, (formerly, Amphiascus

tenuiremis ) Saramphiascus tenuiremis S, M Cadmium

nitrate 30.7 224 224 224 Green et al. 1993

Harpacticoid copepod (nauplii), Tigriopus brevicornis S, U Cadmium

chloride 34.5

- 35 17.4

- - Forget et al. 1998

Harpacticoid copepod (copepodid), Tigriopus brevicornis S, U Cadmium

chloride 34.5

- 35 29.7

- - Forget et al. 1998

Harpacticoid copepod (ovigerous female), Tigriopus brevicornis S, U Cadmium

chloride 34.5

- 35 47.9

- 29.14 Forget et al. 1998

Mysid, Americamysis bahia F, M Cadmium

chloride 10

- 17 15.5

- - Nimmo et al. 1977a

Mysid, Americamysis bahia F, M Cadmium

chloride 30 110

- - Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et

al. 1985 Mysid (7 d), Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium

chloride 6 14.7 c

- - De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d), Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium

chloride 14 38.0 c

- - De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d), Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium

chloride 22 70.4 c

- - De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d), Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium

chloride 30 77.3 c

- - De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d), Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium

chloride 38 90.3 c

- - De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (<24 hr), Americamysis bahia S, M

- 10 (20oC) 30.9 c

- - Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr), Americamysis bahia S, M

- 10 (25oC) 20.7 c

- - Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr), Americamysis bahia S, M

- 10 (30oC) <11.1 c

- - Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr), Americamysis bahia S, M

- 30 (20oC) 82.0 c

- - Voyer and Modica 1990

### B

- 10 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference Mysid (<24 hr), Americamysis bahia S, M

- 30 (25oC) 32.8 c

- - Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr), Americamysis bahia S, M

- 30 (30oC) <11.1 c 41.29 41.29 Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (juvenile, 24 hr), (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi ) Americamysis bigelowi F, M Cadmium

chloride 30 110 110 110 Gentile et al. 1982

Mysid (adult, 14 mm), Neomysis integer R, U Cadmium

chloride 30 151

- - Roast et al. 2001b

Mysid (adult, 14 mm), Neomysis integer R, U Cadmium

chloride 1 28.2

- 65.25 Roast et al. 2001b

Mysid (adult, 18 mm), Praunus flexuosus R, U Cadmium

chloride 30 410.3

- 410.3 Roast et al. 2001b

Isopod (adult),

Excirolana vancouverensis R, U Cadmium

chloride 28 > 8,000

- >8,000 Boese et al. 1997

Isopod, (formerly, Jaeropsis sp. ) Joeropsis sp. S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 410.0 410.0 410.0 Hong and Reish 1987

Wood borer, Limnoria tripunctata S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 7,120 7,120 7,120 Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod (adult), Ampelisca abdita F, M Cadmium

chloride - 2,900 2,900 2,900 Scott et al. Manuscript

Amphipod,

Chelura terebrans S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 630 630 630 Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod, Corophium insidiosum S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 1,270

- - Hong and Reish 1987

### B

- 11 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference Amphipod (8

- 12 mm), Corophium insidiosum S, U Cadmium

chloride - 680

- - Reish 1993

Amphipod, Corophium insidiosum R, U Cadmium

chloride 28 960

- - Boese et al. 1997

Amphipod (2

- 4 mm), Corophium insidiosum S, M Cadmium

chloride 35.9

(10oC) 2,110

- - Prato et al. 2008

Amphipod (2

- 4 mm), Corophium insidiosum S, M Cadmium

chloride 35.9

(25oC) 700 929.3 1,041 Prato et al. 2008

Amphipod (juvenile), Diporeia spp. S, M Cadmium

chloride 20

(4oC) 49,400 c

- - Gossiaux et al. 1992

Amphipod (juvenile), Diporeia spp. S, M Cadmium

chloride 20

(10oC) 17,500 c

- - Gossiaux et al. 1992

Amphipod (juvenile), Diporeia spp. S, M Cadmium

chloride 20

(15oC) 6,700 6,700 6,700 Gossiaux et al. 1992

Amphipod, Elasmopus bampo S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 570

- - Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod (8

- 12 mm), Elasmopus bampo S, U Cadmium

chloride - 900 716.2 716.2 Reish 1993

Amphipod (3

- 5 mm),

Eohaustorius estuarius R, M Cadmium

chloride 30

(held 11 days before testing) 41,900

- - Meador 1993

Amphipod (3

- 5 mm),

Eohaustorius estuarius R, M Cadmium

chloride 30

(held 17 days before testing) 36,100

- - Meador 1993

Amphipod (3

- 5 mm),

Eohaustorius estuarius R, M Cadmium

chloride 30

(held 121 days before testing) 14,500

- - Meador 1993

Amphipod,

Eohaustorius estuarius R, U Cadmium

chloride 28 12,510 27,992 22,887 Boese et al. 1997

Amphipod, Grandidierella japonica S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 1,170

- - Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod, Grandidierella japonica R, U Cadmium

chloride 28 340 1,170 630.7 Boese et al. 1997

### B

- 12 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus R, U Cadmium

chloride 20 1,450

- - Boese et al. 1997

Amphipod (500 um), Leptocheirus plumulosus S, U Cadmium

chloride 8 360

- - McGee et al. 1998

Amphipod (700 um), Leptocheirus plumulosus S, U Cadmium

chloride 8 650

- - McGee et al. 1998

Amphipod (1,000 um), Leptocheirus plumulosus S, U Cadmium

chloride 8 880 590.5 739.2 McGee et al. 1998

Amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius R, U Cadmium

chloride 28 1,510

- 1,510 Boese et al. 1997

Scud (adult), Marinogammarus obtusatus S, M Cadmium

chloride - 13,000 c

- - Wright and Frain 1981

Scud (young), Marinogammarus obtusatus S, M Cadmium

chloride - 3,500 3,500 3,500 Wright and Frain 1981

Northern pink shrimp (subadult), (formerly, Penaeus duorarum ) Farfantepenaeus duorarum F, M Cadmium

chloride - 3,500 c

- - Nimmo et al. 1977b

Northern pink shrimp (2nd post larva), Farfantepenaeus duorarum S, U Cadmium

chloride 25 310.5 310.5 310.5 Cripe 1994

White shrimp (juvenile), (formerly, Penaeus setiferus ) Litopenaeus setiferus S, M Cadmium

chloride 11 990

- 990 Vanegas et al. 1997

Whiteleg shrimp (post larva), Litopenaeus vannamei R, U Cadmium

chloride 34 2,490

- - Frias

- Espericueta et al. 2001

White shrimp (post larva, 7.13 mg), Litopenaeus vannamei R, U

- 15 1,070

- 1,632 Wu and Chen 2004

### B

- 13 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference Tiger shrimp (juvenile),

Penaeus monodon R, M Cadmium

chloride 28 1,720

- 1,720 Raj Kumar 2012

Daggerblade grass shrimp (adult), Palaemonetes pugio S, U Cadmium

chloride 20 3,280

- - Khan et al. 1988

Daggerblade grass shrimp (adult), Palaemonetes pugio S, U Cadmium

chloride 20 1,830

- - Khan et al. 1988

Daggerblade grass shrimp (juvenile), Palaemonetes pugio S, M Cadmium

chloride 10 1,300 1,983 1,983 Burton and Fisher 1990

Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris S, U Cadmium

chloride - 420 c

- - Eisler 1971

Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris F, M Cadmium

chloride - 760 760 760 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Sand shrimp, Crangon septemspinosa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 320 320 320 Eisler 1971

American lobster (larva),

Homarus americanus S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 78 78 78 Johnson and Gentile 1979

Longwrist hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 320

- - Eisler 1971

Longwrist hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 1,300 645.0 645.0 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Rock crab (zoea), (formerly, Cancer irroratus ) Cancer plebejus F, M Cadmium

chloride - 250 250 250 Johns and Miller 1982

Dungeness crab (zoeae), Cancer magister S, U Cadmium

chloride 33.8 247

- - Martin et al. 1981

Dungeness crab (zoeae), Cancer magister S, M Cadmium

chloride 30 200 222.3 222.3 Dinnel et al. 1989

### B

- 14 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Blue crab (juvenile), Callinectes sapidus S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 11,600

- - Frank and Robertson 1979

Blue crab (juvenile), Callinectes sapidus S, U Cadmium

chloride 15 4,700

- - Frank and Robertson 1979

Blue crab (juvenile), Callinectes sapidus S, U Cadmium

chloride 1 320 2,594 2,594 Frank and Robertson 1979

Lesser blue crab (intermolt, 1

- 5 g),

Callinectes similis R, U Cadmium

chloride 30 6,350

- 6,350 Ramirez et al. 1989

Green shore crab,

Carcinus maenas S, U Cadmium

chloride - 4,100 4,100 4,100 Eisler 1971

Mud crab (1 g), Eurypanopeus depressus S, U Cadmium

chloride 25 4,900

- 4,900 Collier et al. 1973

Pacific sand crab (juvenile),

Emerita analoga R, U Cadmium

chloride 28 2,110

- 2,110 Boese et al. 1997

Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium

chloride 10

(20 ° C) 32,300

- - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium

chloride 20

(20°C) 46,600

- - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium

chloride 30

(20°C) 37,000

- - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium

chloride 10

(30 ° C) 6,800

- - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium

chloride 20

(30°C) 10,400

- - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium

chloride 30

(30°C) 23,300 21,238 21,238 O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab (intermolt, males,

24

- 29 mm carapace), Uca triangularis R, U Cadmium

chloride 25 7,660

- 7,660 Devi 1987

### B

- 15 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Common starfish, Asterias forbesii S, U Cadmium

chloride - 820

- - Eisler 1971

Common starfish, Asterias forbesii S, U Cadmium

chloride - 7,100 2,413 2,413 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Green sea urchin (embryo), Strongylocentrotus

droebachiensis S, M Cadmium

chloride 30 1,800 1,800 1,800 Dinnel et al. 1989

Purple sea urchin (embryo), Strongylocentrotus purpuratus S, M Cadmium

chloride 30 500

- - Dinnel et al. 1989

Purple sea urchin (embryo), Strongylocentrotus purpuratus S, M Cadmium

chloride 34 342.3 500 413.7 Phillips et al. 2003

Sand dollar (embryo),

Dendraster excentricus S, M Cadmium

chloride 30 7,400 7,400 7,400 Dinnel et al. 1989

Moon jellyfish (ephyra),

Aurelia aurita S, U Cadmium

nitrate 37 61.75

- 61.75 Faimali et al. 2013

Coho salmon (smolt), Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M Cadmium

chloride 28.3 1,500 1,500 1,500 Dinnel et al. 1989

Sheepshead minnow (36 mm, 1.1 g), Cyprinodon variegatus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 50,000 50,000 50,000 Eisler 1971

Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 49,000 c

- - Eisler 1971

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 20 114,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 20 92,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 20 78,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

### B

- 16 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 10 73,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 10 73,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 10 63,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32 31,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32 30,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride 32 29,000 c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 22,000 c

- - Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Mummichog (12

- 20 mm),

Fundulus heteroclitus F, M Cadmium

sulfate 14 18,200 18,200 18,200 Lin and Dunson 1993

Striped killifish (adult), Fundulus majalis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 21,000 21,000 21,000 Eisler 1971

Rivulus (11

- 18 mm),

Rivulus marmoratus F, M Cadmium

sulfate 14 23,700 c

- - Lin and Dunson 1993

Rivulus (11

- 18 mm),

Rivulus marmoratus F, M Cadmium

sulfate 14 18,500 c

- - Lin and Dunson 1993

Rivulus (adult, 120 d),

Rivulus marmoratus S, M Cadmium

chloride 10 32,200 c

- - Park et al. 1994

Rivulus (juvenile, 30 d),

Rivulus marmoratus S, M Cadmium

chloride 10 18,800 c

- - Park et al. 1994

Rivulus (larvae, 7 d),

Rivulus marmoratus S, M Cadmium

chloride 10 800 800 800 Park et al. 1994

Atlantic silverside (adult),

Menidia menidia S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 2,032 c

- - Cardin 1985

Atlantic silverside (juvenile),

Menidia menidia S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 28,532 c

- - Cardin 1985

Atlantic silverside (juvenile),

Menidia menidia S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 13,652 c

- - Cardin 1985

### B

- 17 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Atlantic silverside (larva, 1d),

Menidia menidia S, U Cadmium

chloride 30.4 1,054 779.8 1,054 Cardin 1985

Striped bass (63 d),

Morone saxatilis S, U Cadmium

chloride 1 75.0 75.0 75.0 Palawski et al. 1985

Cabezon (larva), Scorpaenichthys marmoratus S, M Cadmium

chloride 27 > 200 >200 >200 Dinnel et al. 1989

Pinfish (subadult), Lagodon rhomboides S, U Cadmium 1 1,000

- 1,000 Sharp 1988

Shiner perch (adult, 87 mm), Cymatogaster aggregata F, M Cadmium

chloride 30.1 11,000 11,000 11,000 Dinnel et al. 1989

Striped mullet (juvenile, 50 mm), Mugil cephalus S, U Cadmium

chloride 37.3 28,000 c

- - Hilmy et al. 1985

Striped mullet (fry, 10 mm), Mugil cephalus S, U Cadmium

chloride 37.3 7,079 7,079 7,079 Hilmy et al. 1985

White mullet, Mugil curema S, U Cadmium

chloride 36 12,000

- 12,000 Chung 1978

Mozambique tilapia (27 mm),

Oreochromis mossambicus S, U Cadmium

chloride 1 > 80,000

- >80,000 Chung 1983

Cunner (2

- 3 yr., 1 cm, 14

- 29 g), Tautogolabrus adspersus R, U Cadmium

chloride - 25,900

- 25,900 Robohm 1986

Winter flounder (larva), Pseudopleuronectes

americanus S, U Cadmium

chloride - 14,297 14,297 14,297 Cardin 1985

### B

- 18 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Acute Value

(μg/L) 2001 SMAV

(μg/L) 2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Scorpionfish (287 g), Scorpaena guttata R, M Cadmium

chloride - 62,000

- 62,000 Brown et al. 1984

a S=static, R=renewal, F=flow

- through, U=unmeasured, M=measured

c Data not used to calculate SMAV because more sensitive lifestage availabe, or flow

- through measure test available.

d Not used to calculate SMAV because other normalized data available.

f Study reported a dissolved value only and this value was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059 and 1.093 for total hardness levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively for freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.

g Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available or value is considered an outlier.

### C

- 1



# Appendix C Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data

### C

- 2

Appendix C: Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data (Values normalized to total hardness=100 mg/L as CaCO 3 

### using pooled hardness slope of 0.7977 and expressed as total cadmium). (Underlined values are used in SMCV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document). (Hardness values indicated with an asterisk were used in the hardness slope derivation). (Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Method a Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L

CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) MATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) Normalized

Chro nic

Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Reference

Oligochaete, Aeolosoma headleyi R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 175

(160

- 190) 32

- 50.2 40.08 (growth & reproduction) 57.35

(growth) 36.70 34.66 36.70 Niederlehner et al.

1984

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus R, M 28 d

- 140 86.9

- 107.6 96.70 (reproduction) 19.83

(reproduction) 15.16

- - Straus 2011

Oligochaete (adult), Lumbriculus variegatus R, M 28 d

- 22 2.3

- >2.3 >2.3 (survival) - >7.695 c

- 15.16 Straus 2011

Snail (<24 hr, egg masses), Aplexa hypnorum F, M LC Cadmium

chloride 45.3 4.41

- 7.63 5.801 (

- ) 4.002

(reproduction) 7.525

- Holcombe et al. 1984

Snail (<24 hr, egg masses), Aplexa hypnorum F, M LC Cadmium

chloride 45.3 2.50

- 4.79 3.460 (

- ) 0.8737

(survival) 1.643 8.055 3.516 Holcombe et al. 1984

Pond snail (5 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 31 d Cadmium

chloride 135

(130

- 140) 9.43

- 28.3 16.34 (growth) 1.944

(survival) 1.530

- - Pais 2012

Pond snail (10 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 31 d Cadmium

chloride 135

(130

- 140) 28.3

- 94.3 51.66 (survival) 35.56

(growth) 27.99

- - Pais 2012

Pond snail (15 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 31 d Cadmium

chloride 135

(130

- 140) 94.3

- >94.3 >94.3 (growth) 28.68

(growth) 22.57

- - Pais 2012

Pond snail (5 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 28 d Cadmium

chloride 90 5.20

- >5.20 >5.20 (survival & growth) - >5.655 c

- 9.887 Pais 2012

Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum R, M 28 d Cadmium

sulfate - 0.806

- 3.44 1.665 (reproduction) 2.641

(reproduction) - - NA f Sieratowicz et al.

2011

### C

- 3 Species Method a Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L

CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) MATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) Normalized

Chro nic

Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Reference

Fatmucket (juvenile), Lampsilis siliquoidea F, M 28 d Cadmium

nitrate 44

(40

- 48) 4.4

- 8.2 6.007 (survival & growth) 5.868

(growth) 11.29

- 11.29 Wang et al. 2010d

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia - LC

- 100

- 2.20 (

- ) - 2.200 c

- - Spehar and Fiandt

1986
Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC

- 20 10

- 19 13.78 (

- ) - 49.75 c

- - Jop et al. 1995

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 270 5.304

- 9.934 7.259

(survival & reproduction) 6.129

(reproduction) 2.775

- - Southwest Texas State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 270 1.073

- 2.391 1.602

(reproduction) 2.262

(reproduction) 1.024

- - Southwest Texas State Univeristy 2000
Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 270 3.066

- 4.108 3.549

(reproduction) 3.029

(reproduction) 1.371

- - Southwest Texas State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 270 5.457

- 7.174 6.257

(survival & reproduction) 3.376

(reproduction) 1.528

- - Southwest Texas State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 270 1.748

- 2.391 2.044

(reproduction) 1.341

(reproduction) 0.6071

- - Southwest Texas State Univeristy 2000
Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia - LC

- 170 1.1

- 3.4 1.93 (reproduction) - 1.264 c 45.40 1.293 Brooks et al. 2004

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata - LC

- 44 3.6

- 7.5 5.20 (

- ) - 10.01

- NA g Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 53* 0.08

- 0.29 0.1523 (reproduction) - 0.2527 c

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 103* 0.16

- 0.28 0.2117 (reproduction) 0.2118

(reproduction) 0.2068

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 209* 0.21

- 0.91 0.4371 (reproduction) 0.3545

(reproduction) 0.1969

- - Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna R, M LC

- 200 0.37

- 0.48 0.37 (EC 20 ) 0.37

(

- ) 0.2128

- - Canton and Slooff

1982

### C

- 4 Species Method a Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L

CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) MATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) Normalized

Chro nic

Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Reference
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 150 5.0

- 10 7.07 (reproduction) 6.166

(survival) 4.461

- - Bodar et al. 1988b

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium 130 <1.86

- 1.86 <1.86 (reproduction) 1.677

(reproduction) 1.360

- - Borgmann et al. 1989a; b Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 170 0.6

- 2.0 1.10 (growth) - 0.7203 c

- - Baird et al. 1990

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 99 1.67

- 3.43 2.39 (reproduction) 2.496

(reproduction) 2.516

- - Chadwick Ecological

Consultants 2003 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 51 1.97

- 3.43 2.60 (reproduction) 2.373

(reproduction) 4.059

- - Chadwick Ecological

Consultants 2003 Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium

chloride - 0.328

- 0.656 0.46

(reproduction) 1.528

(survival) NA c <0.634

0 0.9150 Jemec et al. 2008

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 65 5.5

- 10.2 7.49 (survival & reproduction) 6.214

(growth) 8.761

- - Niederlehner 1984

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex R, M LC Cadmium

chloride 52 14.6

- >14.6 >14.6 (reproduction) 3.051

(reproduction) 5.140

- - Chadwick Ecological

Consultants 2003
Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex - LC

- 52

- - 1.45 (survival) 2.443

- - Chadwick Ecological

Consultants 2004a
Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex - LC

- 52

- - 2.17 (reproduction) 3.655 10.30 4.478 Chadwick Ecological

Consultants 2004a

Amphipod (7

- 8 d), Hyalella azteca F, M LC Cadmium

chloride 280 0.51

- 1.9 0.984 (growth & survival) 1.695

(reproduction) 0.7453 0.4590 0.7453 Ingersoll and Kemble

2001

Midge (larva, <24 hr),

Chironomus dilutus F, M LC Cadmium

chloride 280 5.8

- 16.4 9.753 (growth) 4.548

(percent hatch) 2.000 4.686 2.000 Ingersoll and Kemble

2001

### C

- 5 Species Method a Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L

CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) MATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) Normalized

Chro nic

Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Reference

Rio Grande cutthroat trout (eyed egg), Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 44.9 1.48

- 3.37 2.296 e
(2.233 dissolved) (survival, growth & biomass) 1.871 e

(1.82 dissolved) (survival, growth & biomass) 3.543

- 3.543 Brinkman 2012

Coho salmon (Lake Superior), Oncorhynchus kisutch - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 1.3

- 3.4 2.102 (

- ) - 4.046

- - Eaton et al. 1978

Coho salmon (West Coast), Oncorhynchus kisutch - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 4.1

- 12.5 7.159 (

- ) - 13.78 7.127 NA g Eaton et al. 1978

Rainbow trout (adult, female, 270 d), Oncorhynchus mykiss - LC

- 250* 3.39

- 5.48 4.310 (

- ) 3.319

(reproduction) 1.598

- - Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M PLC

- 46 1.25

- 1.74 1.47 (lethal to 1%) 2.473

(survival) 4.593

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M PLC

- 217 2.55

- 5.03 3.58 (lethal to 1%) 4.762

(survival) 2.567

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M PLC

- 413.8 2.57

- 5.16 3.64 (lethal to 1%) 3.808

(survival) 1.226

- - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 301* 8.20

- 14.2 10.8 (survival) 9.508

(survival) 3.947 d

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 282 1.48

- 2.24 (aged solution) 1.82

(survival) - 0.7962 c

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 29* 1.02

- 1.89 1.39 (survival) 2.604

(survival) 6.989 d

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994b
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS

- 103* 1.3

- 2.7 1.87 (survival) 3.471

(survival) 3.389 d

- - Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout (4 hr post fert), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M ELS Cadmium

chloride 6.8 0.25

- 2.5 0.79 (delayed hatch & growth) - 6.743 c

- - Lizardo

- Daudt and Kennedy 2008

### C

- 6 Species Method a Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L

CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) MATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) Normalized

Chro nic

Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium

chloride 19.7* 0.6

- 1.3 0.905 e
(0.88 dissolved) (survival) 1.312 e

(1.276 dissolved) (survival) 4.794 d

- - Mebane et al. 2008

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium

chloride 29.4* <0.16

- 0.16 <0.164 e
(<0.16 dissolved) (growth) 2.386 e

(2.321 dissolved) (survival) 6.334 d

- - Mebane et al. 2008

Rainbow trout (1 dph), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium

chloride 100

- - 5.613 e (5.3 dissolved) (survival) 5.612 d 2.186 2.192 Wang et al. 2014

Chinook salmon (egg

- fry), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M ELS Cadmium

chloride 25 1.30

- 1.88 1.563 (survival) 1.465

(growth) 4.426 4.366 4.426 Chapman 1975

Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar - ELS (5°C) Cadmium

chloride 23.5 90

- 270 155.9 (survival & hatch) 19.37

(biomass) 61.47 d

- - Rombough and

Garside 1982

Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar - ELS (8.9°C) Cadmium

chloride 24.5 300

- 800 489.9 (survival) 127.8

(biomass) 392.5 d

- - Rombough and

Garside 1982 Atlantic salmon (alevin),

Salmo salar - ELS (9.6°C) Cadmium

chloride 23.5 2.5

- 8.2 4.53 (survival) 0.7528

(biomass) 2.389 13.24 2.389 Rombough and

Garside 1982

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 3.8

- 11.7 6.668 (

- ) - 12.83 c

- - Eaton et al. 1978

Brown trout (adult, female),

Salmo trutta - LC Cadmium

sulfate 250* 9.34

- 29.1 16.49 (growth) 15.15

(survival) 7.294 d

- - Brown et al. 1994

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 36.9* 1.11

- 1.6 1.33 (survival) 1.368

(survival) 3.030

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994a

Brown trout (fingerling),

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 37.6* <0.7

- 0.7 <0.7 (growth & survival) 0.624

(survival) 1.361

- - Davies and Brinkman

1994c

### C

- 7 Species Method a Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L

CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) MATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) Normalized

Chro nic

Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Reference Brown trout (eggs),

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 149* 9.62

- 19.1 13.56 (survival) 16.02

(biomass) 11.65

- - Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Brown trout (eggs),

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 71.3* 4.68

- 8.64 6.36 (survival) 5.187

(biomass) 6.793

- - Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Brown trout (eggs),

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium

sulfate 30.6* 2.54

- 4.87 3.52 (survival) 2.807

(biomass) 7.218 8.360 4.725 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis - LC Cadmium

chloride 44* 1.7

- 3.4 2.404 (growth of F3 juveniles) 1.224

(reproduction) 2.356

- - Benoit et al. 1976

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis - ELS Cadmium

chloride 37* 1

- 3 1.732 (growth) 2.187

(survival) 4.833 d

- - Sauter et al. 1976

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis - ELS Cadmium

chloride 188* 7

- 12 9.165 (survival & growth) 9.172

(survival) 5.543 d

- - Sauter et al. 1976

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 1.1

- 3.8 2.045 (

- ) - 3.935 c 4.416 2.356 Eaton et al. 1978

Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 4.4

- 12.3 7.357 (

- ) - 14.16 13.51 NA g Eaton et al. 1978

Northern pike,

Esox lucius - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 4.2

- 12.9 7.361 (

- ) - 14.17 13.52 14.17 Eaton et al. 1978

Fathead minnow (0.23 g), Pimephales promelas - LC Cadmium

sulfate 201 37

- 57 45.92 (

- ) 24.71

(reproduction) 14.16

- - Pickering and Gast

1972

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas - ELS

- 44 9

- 18 12.73 (

- ) - 24.50 c

- - Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas - ELS Cadmium

nitrate 44

- 10.0 (

- ) - 19.25 c 27.37 14.16 Spehar and Fiandt

1986

White sucker,

Catostomus commersoni - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 4.2

- 12.0 7.099 (

- ) - 13.66 13.04 13.66 Eaton et al. 1978

### C

- 8 Species Method a Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L

CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) MATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) Normalized

Chro nic

Value b
(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2015

SMCV (μg/L) Reference Flagfish, Jordanella floridae - LC Cadmium

chloride 44 4.1

- 8.1 5.763 (

- ) 5.018

(reproduction) 9.659

- - Spehar 1976a,b

Flagfish, Jordanella floridae - LC Cadmium

chloride 47.5 3.0

- 6.5 4.416 (

- ) 6.274

(reproduction) 11.36

- - Carlson et al. 1982

Flagfish, Jordanella floridae - LC Cadmium

chloride 47.5 3.4

- 7.3 4.982 (

- ) 3.341

(reproduction) 6.050 8.886 8.723 Carlson et al. 1982

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus - LC Cadmium

sulfate 207 31

- 80 49.80 (

- ) 29.35

(survival) 16.43 29.05 16.43 Eaton 1974

Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui - ELS Cadmium

chloride 44 4.3

- 12.7 7.390 (

- ) - 14.22 13.58 14.22 Eaton et al. 1978

Blue tilapia,

Oreochromis aurea - LC Cadmium

nitrate 145 >52.0 >52.0 (

- ) - > 38.66 >39.48 >38.66 Papoutsoglou and

Abel 1988

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdi F, M ELS Cadmium

chloride 103 1.4

- 2.6 1.91 (survival) 1.762

(biomass) 1.721

- 1.721 Besser et al. 2007

a R=renewal, F=flow

- through, U=unmeasured, M=measured, ELS=early life

- cycle test, PLC=partial life

- cycle test, LC=life

- cycle test.

b Freshwater data normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using using the pooled acute slope of 0.7977.

c Not used to calculate SMCV because other normalized data available or normalized EC20 values available.

d Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available, value is considered an outlier, or preference wa s given to the more sen sitive exposure scenario (LC versus ELS tests).

e Study reported a dissolved value only and was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059, and 1.093 for hardness of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L, respectively for freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.

f Freshwater data not normalized so no SMCV calculated.

g No SMCV calculated because normalized EC 20 data available for the genus.

### D

- 1



# Appendix D Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data

### D

- 2

Appendix D: Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data (Underlined values are used in SMCV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document). (Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Method a Test Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Chronic

Limits (μg/L) M ATC

(μg/L) EC 20

(μg/L) 2001

SMCV (μg/L) 2014

SMCV (μg/L) Reference Mysid, Americamysis bahia - LC Cadmium

chloride 15

- 23 6.4

- 10.6 8.237 5.605

- Nimmo et al. 1977a

Mysid, Americamysis bahia - LC Cadmium

chloride 30 5.1

- 10 7.141 10.93

- Gentile et al. 1982;

Lussier et al. 1985 Mysid, Americamysis bahia - LC Cadmium

chloride 30 <4

- 4 <4 d 5.833 6.173 6.149 Carr et al. 1985

Mysid, (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi ) Americamysis bigelowi - LC Cadmium

chloride - 5.1

- 10 7.141 11.61 7.141 11.61 Gentile et al. 1982

a S=static, R=renewal; F=flow

- through, U=unmeasured, M=measured, ELS=early life

- cycle test, LC=life

- cycle test

### E

- 1



# Appendix E Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data

### E

- 2

Appendix E: Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Alga, Euglena gracilis - Cadmium

chloride - - Morphological

abnormalities - 5,000 Nakano et al. 1980

Alga, Euglena gracilis anabaena - Cadmium

nitrate - - Cell division inhibition

- 20,000 Nakano et al. 1980

Blue

- green alga,

Anabaena doliolum R, U

- - 12 d EC 50 (lethal) - 75,000 Kaur et al. 2002

Blue

- green alga,

Anabaena doliolum R, U

- - 12 d Algicidal

- 250,000 Kaur et al. 2002

Blue

- green alga, Anabaena flos

- aquae - Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 - 120 Rachlin et al. 1984

Blue

- green alga (15 d), Anabaena flos

- aquae S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr EC 50 - 140 Heng et al. 2004

Blue

- green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa - Cadmium

nitrate - - Incipient inhibition

- 70 Bringmann 1975

Blue

- green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d Growth 56.21

- 112.41 79.49 Zhou et al. 2006

Blue

- green alga, Spirulina platensis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 18,350 Rangsayatorn et al. 2002

Diatom, Asterionella formosa - - - - Factor of 10 growth rate

decrease - 2 Conway 1978

Diatom,

Navicula incerta - Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 - 310 Rachlin et al. 1982

Diatom, Navicula pelliculosa S, M Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (mat formation) - 31 Irving et al. 2009

Diatom,
Nitzschia costerium - Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 - 480 Rachlin et al. 1982

### E

- 3 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Diatom, Nitzschia palea S, U Cadmium

chloride - 5 d EC 50 (growth) - 27.6 Branco et al. 2010

Green alga, Ankistrodesmus falcatus - Cadmium

chloride - - 58% reduction in growth

- 2,500 Devi Prasad and Devi

Prasad 1982

Green alga, Chara vulgaris S, M Cadmium

sulfate - 7 d Lethal dose

- 56.2 Heumann 1987

Green alga, Chara vulgaris S, M Cadmium

sulfate - 14 d EC 50 (growth) - 9.5 Heumann 1987

Green alga, Chlamydomonas sp. S, U Cadmium

chloride - 12 d EC 50 (growth) - 22,482 Aguilera and Amils 2005

Green alga, Chlamydomonas moewusii S, U Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 4,100 Suarez et al. 2010

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardii F, M Cadmium

chloride 24 96 hr EC 50 (cell density) - 203 Schafer et al. 1993

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardii F, M Cadmium

chloride 24 7 d EC 50 (cell density) - 130 Schafer et al. 1993

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardii F, M Cadmium

chloride 24 10 d EC 50 (cell density) - 99 Schafer et al. 1993

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardii S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 3,020 Li et al. 2012b

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardii S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr EC 50 (cell density) - 2,690 Li et al. 2013

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardii S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr EC 50 (Chlorophyll a) - 1,820 Li et al. 2013

Green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa - - - - Reduction in growth

- 250 Hart and Scaife 1977

Green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 5,170 Li et al. 2012b

### E

- 4 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr Reduced O 2 evolution

- 2,810 Wang et al. 2013

Green alga, Chlorella saccharophila - Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 - 105 Rachlin et al. 1984

Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris - - - - EC 50 (growth) - 50 Hutchinson and Stokes

1975 Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris - Cadmium

chloride - - EC 50 (growth) - 60 Rosko and Rachlin 1977

Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris - Cadmium

chloride 50 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 3,700 Canton and Slooff 1982

Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris S, U Cadmium

sulfate - 15 d Growth <17.99

- 17.99 <17.99 Awasthi and Das 2005

Green alga (South Laguna de Bay strain), Chlorella vulgaris S, U Cadmium

chloride - 12 d EC 50 (growth) - 1,850 Nacorda et al. 2007

Green alga (West Laguna de Bay strain), Chlorella vulgaris S, U Cadmium

chloride - 12 d EC 50 (growth) - 2,500 Nacorda et al. 2007

Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris S, U Cadmium

chloride - 7 d Stimulated growth <562.1

- 562.1 <562.1 Huang et al. 2009

Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - Cadmium

chloride - - 42% reduction in growth

- 2,500 Devi Prasad and Devi

Prasad 1982 Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. S, U Cadmium

chloride - 10 d Growth 1,000

- 5,000 2,236 Qiu et al. 2006

Green alga, Gonium pectorale S, U Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 109 Pereira et al. 2005

Green alga,

Parachlorell kessleri S, M

- - 5 d Growth and chlorophyll a

content 2

- 8 4.000 Ngo et al. 2009

### E

- 5 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata S, U Cadmium

chloride 171 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 130 Versteeg 1990

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - Cadmium

chloride - - Reduction in growth

- 50 Bartlett et al. 1974

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - Cadmium

nitrate - - Reduction in growth

- 255 Slooff et al. 1983a

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 10,500 Bozeman et al. 1989

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 23.2 Thellen et al. 1989

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata S, M Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr IC 50 (growth rate) - 67.44 Rodgher et al. 2012

Green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus - Cadmium

chloride - - 39% reduction in growth

- 2,500 Devi Prasad and Devi

Prasad 1982 Green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 2,660 Li et al. 2012b

Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda - Cadmium

chloride - - Reduction in cell count

- 6.1 Klass et al. 1974

Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda - Cadmium

nitrate - - Incipient inhibition

- 310 Bringmann and Kuhn 1977a,c Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Cadmium

chloride - 144 hr Growth rate and chlorophyll a concentration <50

- 50 <50 Mohammed and Markert

2006

Green alga, Spirogyra decimina S, U Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr Growth <1,124.1

- 1,124.1 <1,124.1 Pribyl et al. 2005

Duckweed, Lemna gibba S, M Cadmium

nitrate - 7 d EC 50 (growth) - 800 Devi et al. 1996

### E

- 6 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference
Duckweed, Lemna gibba S, M Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr Growth <1

- 1 <1 Megateli et al. 2009

Duckweed, Lemna gibba S, U Cadmium

sulfate - 96 hr Total chlorophyll 100

- 500 223.6 Doganlar 2013

Duckweed, Lemna gibba R, U Cadmium

nitrate - 7 d Reduced chlorophyll pigment - 5,000 Uruc Parlak and Yilmaz

2013

Duckweed,

Lemna minor R, M Cadmium

chloride 39 96 hr Reduced chlorophyll

- 54 Taraldsen and Norberg

King 1990
Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U

- - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 200 Wang 1986

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium

chloride - 9 d Chlorosis symptoms < 112.41

- 112.41 <112.41 Paczkowska et al. 2007

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium

chloride - 9 d Growth 112.41

- 562.05 251.4 Paczkowska et al. 2007

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium

sulfate - 7 d EC 50 (growth) - <2,500 Uysal and Taner 2007

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium

chloride - 7 d Growth rate, chlorosis 11.24

- 112.4 35.54 Razinger et al. 2008

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium

chloride - 7 d EC 20 (frond abscission) - 56.0 Henke et al. 2011

Duckweed,

Lemna minor R, M Cadmium

chloride - 7 d EC 50 (growth) - 112.4 Basile et al. 2012

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium

sulfate - 96 hr Total chlorophyll 500

- 1,500 866.0 Doganlar 2013

Duckweed,

Lemna triscula S, U Cadmium

sulfate - 7 d LOEC (Chl a reduction) - 112.4 Malec et al. 2010

Duckweed,

Lemna valdiviana - Cadmium

nitrate - - Reduction in number of

fronds - 10 Hutchinson and Czyrska

1972

Giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza R, U Cadmium

sulfate - 28 d Growth <7.63

- 7.63 <7.63 Sajwan and Ornes 1994

Giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza S, U Cadmium

chloride - 7 d Multiplication rate and fresh weight <1,000

- 1,000 <1,000 Singh et al. 2011

### E

- 7 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference
Giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza S, U Cadmium

sulfate - 96 hr Total chlorophyll 10

- 50 22.36 Doganlar 2013

Duckweed, Wolffia arrhiza S, M Cadmium

nitrate - 7 d Fresh weight 112.41

- 1,124.1 355.5 Piotrowska et al. 2010

Duckweed, Wolffia arrhiza S, M Cadmium

nitrate - 14 d Fresh weight <112.41

- 112.41 <112.41 Piotrowska et al. 2010

Duckweed (3 wk), Wolffia globosa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 12 d Algal lethal

- 8,000 Boonyapookana et al.

2002 Duckweed (3 wk), Wolffia globosa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 9 d EC 50 (biomass) - 1,500 Boonyapookana et al.

2002 Duckweed (3 wk), Wolffia globosa S, U Cadmium

chloride - 9 d EC 50 (total chlorophyll content) - 500 Boonyapookana et al.

2002

Pondweed,

Elodea canadensis R, M Cadmium

chloride - 7 d EC 50 (growth) - 112.4 Basile et al. 2012

Feathered fern,
Azolla pinnata S, U

- - 96 hr Decrease chlorophyll 100

- 500 223.6 Prasad and Singh 2011

Macrophyte, Bacopa monnieri R, M Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr Cysteine content in roots 1,124.1

- 5,620.5 2,514 Singh et al. 2006

Macrophyte, Bacopa monnieri R, M Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr TBARS content in leaves

and roots 1,124.1

- 5,620.5 2,514 Singh et al. 2006

Macrophyte, Bacopa monnieri R, M Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr Cysteine content in leaves <1,124.1

- 1,124.1 <1,124.1 Singh et al. 2006

Water hyacinth (mature), Eichhornia crassipes S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 16 d Growth 2,500

- 4,000 3,162 Hasan et al. 2007

Moss, Leptodictyum riparium R, M Cadmium

chloride - 7 d EC 50 (growth) - 562.5 Basile et al. 2012

### E

- 8 Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Crome sphagnum (young shorts), Sphagnum squarrosum S, U Cadmium

chloride - 25 d LOEC (reduced chlorophyll) - 1,124 Saxena and Saxena 2012

Eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum - - - 32 d EC 50 (root weigtht) - 7,400 Stanley 1974

Water lettuce,

Pistia stratiotes R, U Cadmium

chloride - 21 d Growth 8.993

- 17.98 12.72 Wang et al. 2010b

Macrophyte, Potamogeton crispus R, U Cadmium

chloride - 7 d Decreased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid pigments in

leaves < 2,248

- 2,248 <2,248 Xu et al. 2012

Sage pond weed, Potamogeton pectinatus S, M Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr Chlorophyll a content 2,810

- 5,620 3,974 Rai et al. 2003

Aquatic fern,

Salvinia cucullata S, U Cadmium

chloride - 8 d % biomass, total chlorophyll content <500

- 500 <500 Phetsombat et al. 2006

Fern,

Salvina natans - Cadmium

nitrate - - Reduction in number of

fronds - 10 Hutchincon and Czyrska

1972

Macrophyte, Vallisneria spiralis S, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d Growth 4.496

- 8.993 6.359 Wang et al. 2009e

a S=static, R=renewal; F=flow

- through, U=unmeasured, M=measured

### F

- 1



# Appendix F Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data

### F

- 2

Appendix F: Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data

Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference
Diatom, Asterionella japonica - Cadmium

chloride - 72 hr EC 50 (growth rate) - 224.8 Fisher and Jones 1981

Diatom,

Chaetoceros calcitrans S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 50

- 70 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom, Ditylum brightwellii - Cadmium

chloride - 5 d EC 50 (growth) - 60 Canterford and Canterford

1980

Diatom, Isochrysis galbana S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 96 hr EC 50 (growth

- well test) - 50

- 70 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom, Isochrysis galbana S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 96 hr EC 50 (growth

- shaken flask) - 60 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 22,390 Torres et al. 1998

Diatom (3

- 5 d), Phaeodactylum tricornutum S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 96 hr EC 50 (growth) - 15,720 Horvatic and Persic 2007

Diatom (3

- 5 d), Phaeodactylum tricornutum S, U Cadmium

nitrate - 336 hr EC 50 (growth) - 7,560,000 Horvatic and Persic 2007

Dinoflagellate,

Prorocentrum minimum S, U

- - 96 hr EC 50 (growth, nutrient rich medium) - 674.5 Miao and Wang 2006

Dinoflagellate,

Prorocentrum minimum S, U

- - 96 hr EC 50 (growth, P

- starved medium) - 113.5 Miao and Wang 2006

Diatom,

Skeletonema costatum - Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (growth rate) - 175 Gentile and Johnson 1982

Diatom, Tetraselmis sp. S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 96 hr EC 50 (growth

- well test) - 3,900

- 7,500 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom, Tetraselmis sp. S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 96 hr EC 50 (growth

- shaken flask) - 5,199 Ismail et al. 2002

### F

- 3 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference
Diatom,

Tetraselmis tetrahele S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 96 hr EC 50 (growth

- well test) - 4,500

- 5,800 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Tetraselmis tetrahele S, U Cadmium

chloride 30 96 hr EC 50 (growth

- shaken flask) - 6,900 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Thalassiosira

nordenskioeldii S, U

- - 15 d IC 50 (growth) - 67.00 Wang and Wang 2011

Diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana - Cadmium

chloride - 96 hr EC 50 (growth rate) - 160 Gentile and Johnson 1982

Green alga, Cladophora rupestris R, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41

- 1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009

Green alga,

Dunaliella viridis S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 10 d Chlorophyll production 5

- 10 7.071 Marcano et al. 2009

Green alga, Scenedesmus sp. S, U Cadmium

chloride 35 10 d Chlorophyll production 5

- 10 7.071 Marcano et al. 2009

Green alga,

Ulva intestinalis R, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d NOEC (growth) >1,124.1 >1,124.1 Baumann et al. 2009

Green alga, Ulva pertusa S, U

- 35 5 d EC 50 (growth) - 326 Han and Choi 2005

Green alga, Ulva pertusa S, U

- 35 5 d Sporulation inhibition 63

- >63 >63 Han and Choi 2005

Green alga, Ulva pertusa S, U

- 35 96 hr EC 50 (spore inhibition) - 95 Han et al. 2008

Brown alga, Ascophyllum nodosum R, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d NOEC (growth) >1,124.1 >1,124.1 Baumann et al. 2009

Brown alga,

Fucus vesiculosus R, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41

- 1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009

### F

- 4 Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Duration Effect Chronic

Limits (μg/L) Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Kelp,

Laminana saccharina - Cadmium

chloride - 8 d EC 50 (growth rate) - 860 Markham et al. 1980

Red alga, Champia parvula - Cadmium

chloride - - Reduced tetrasporophyte growth

- 24.9 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga, Champia parvula - Cadmium

chloride - - Reduced tetrasporangia production - >189 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga, Champia parvula - Cadmium

chloride - - Reduced female growth

- 22.8 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga, Champia parvula - Cadmium

chloride - - Stopped sexual production

- 22.8 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga, Champia parvula R, U Cadmium

chloride 28

- 30 14 d Sexual reproduction 77

- >77 >77 Thursby and Steele 1986

Red alga, Chondrus crispus R, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d NOEC (growth) >1,124.1 >1,124.1 Baumann et al. 2009

Red alga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis S, U

- - 96 hr Growth 5,620

- 11,241 7,948 Xia et al. 2004

Red alga, Hypnea musciformis S, U Cadmium

chloride 34 7 d LOEC (Chl a ) - 5,620 Bouzon et al. 2011

Red alga, Palmaria palmata R, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41

- 1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009

Red alga, Polysiphonia lanosa R, U Cadmium

chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41

- 1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009

a S=static, R=renewal; F=flow

- through, U=unmeasured, M=measured

### G

- 1



# Appendix G Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data

### G

- 2

Appendix G: Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data (Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference

FRESHWATER

Aufwuchs (attached microscopic plants and animals) Cadmium

chloride - - - - 365 720 Giesy et al. 1979

Aufwuchs (attached microscopic plants and animals) Cadmium

chloride - - - - 365 580 Giesy et al. 1979

Duckweed,

Lemna valdiviana Cadmium

nitrate - - Whole plant

- 21 603 Hutchinson and Czyrska

1972

Fern,

Salvinia natans Cadmium

nitrate - - Whole plant

- 21 960 Hutchinson and Czyrska

1972

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 4.6 140 Whole body 51.3 (dry wt.) 87 2,230 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 32.4 140 Whole body 156.4 (dry wt.) 87 965 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 57.4 140 Whole body 533.1 (dry wt.) 87 1,857 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 86.9 140 Whole body 649.9 (dry wt.) 87 1,496 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 107.6 140 Whole body 739.2 (dry wt.) 87 1,374 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 153 140 Whole body 989.3 (dry wt.) 87 1,293 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 205.3 140 Whole body 1,620.6 (dry wt.) 87 1,579 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 0.3 22 Whole body 15.9 (dry wt.) 28 10,600 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 0.5 22 Whole body 21.6 (dry wt.) 28 8,640 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 1.3 22 Whole body 45.5 (dry wt.) 28 7,000 Straus 2011

### G

- 3 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference Oligochaete (2

- 2.5 cm), Lumbriculus variegatus - 2.3 22 Whole body 99.4 (dry wt.) 28 8,643 Straus 2011

Pond snail (juvenile, 4

- 5 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 0.35 20.5 (20

- 21) Soft tissue 25 (dry wt.) 28 d 14,285 Pais 2012

Pond snail (juvenile, 4

- 5 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 0.53 20.5 (20

- 21) Soft tissue 30 (dry wt.) 28 d 11,320 Pais 2012

Pond snail (juvenile, 4

- 5 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 1.41 20.5 (20

- 21) Soft tissue 61 (dry wt.) 28 d 8,652 Pais 2012

Pond snail (juvenile, 4

- 5 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 2.51 20.5 (20

- 21) Soft tissue 117 (dry wt.) 28 d 9,322 Pais 2012

Snail, Physa integra Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 28 1,750 Spehar et al. 1978

Snail (1 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 71 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (1 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 74 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (1 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 109 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (2 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 28 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (2 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 42 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (2 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 60 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (3 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 27 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (3 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 42 Tessier et al. 1994a

### G

- 4 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference Snail (3 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 100 - (25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 26 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (1 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 10

- Soft tissue

- 60 6,910 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (1 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 50

- Soft tissue

- 60 2,238 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (2 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 10

- Soft tissue

- 60 1,758 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (2 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 50

- Soft tissue

- 60 758 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (3 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 10

- Soft tissue

- 60 1,258 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (3 yr), Viviparus georgianus Cadmium

chloride 50

- Soft tissue

- 60 617 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (0

- 74 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 15 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (0

- 74 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 16 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (0

- 74 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 28 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (74

- 86 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 16 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (74

- 86 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 16 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (74

- 86 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 14 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (86

- 100 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 8 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (86

- 100 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 7 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (86

- 100 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 100 - (25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 8 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (0

- 74 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 10

- Soft tissue

- 60 1,256 Tessier et al. 1994b

### G

- 5 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference Mussel (0

- 74 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 50

- Soft tissue

- 60 918 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (74

- 86 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 10

- Soft tissue

- 60 945 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (74

- 86 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 50

- Soft tissue

- 60 613 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (86

- 100 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 10

- Soft tissue

- 60 574 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (86

- 100 mm), Elliptio complanata Cadmium

chloride 50

- Soft tissue

- 60 254 Tessier et al. 1994b

Zebra mussel (19

- 25 mm), Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 2.2

- Whole body 22 (dry wt.) 31 2,000 Voets et al. 2004

Zebra mussel (19

- 25 mm), Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 7.3

- Whole body 42.7 (dry wt.) 31 1,170 Voets et al. 2004

Zebra mussel (19

- 25 mm), Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 23.9

- Whole body 129.3 (dry wt.) 31 1,082 Voets et al. 2004

Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

sulfate - - Whole body

- 28 3,770 Graney et al. 1983

Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

sulfate - - Whole body

- 28 1,752 Graney et al. 1983

Asian clam (adult), Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

chloride 3 55.8 Whole body 175 (dry wt.) 28 11,667 Barfield et al. 2001

Asian clam (adult), Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

chloride 5 55.8 Whole body 227.4 (dry wt.) 28 9,096 Barfield et al. 2001

Asian clam (adult), Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

chloride 9.2 55.8 Whole body 175 (dry wt.) 28 3,804 Barfield et al. 2001

Asian clam (adult), Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

chloride 20.2 55.8 Whole body 175 (dry wt.) 28 1,733 Barfield et al. 2001

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate - - Whole body

- 2

- 4 320 Poldoski 1979

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate - - Whole body

- 7 484 Winner 1984

### G

- 6 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

sulfate 0.48 162.7 Whole body 0.59 (wet wt.) 28 1,229 Stanley et al. 2005

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

sulfate 5.09 162.7 Whole body 41.18 (wet wt.) 28 8,090 Stanley et al. 2005

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca - 0.3 22 Whole body 98.4 (dry wt.) 28 65,600 Straus 2011

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca - 0.5 22 Whole body 145.0 (dry wt.) 28 58,000 Straus 2011

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca - 1.25 140 Whole body 82.4 (dry wt.) 21 13,184 Straus 2011

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca - 2.5 140 Whole body 128.3 (dry wt.) 21 10,264 Straus 2011

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca - 5 140 Whole body 106.7 (dry wt.) 21 4,268 Straus 2011

Amphipod (2

- 9 d, neonate), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 0.64 90 Whole body 15 (dry wt.) 28 d 4,688 Pais 2012

Amphipod (2

- 9 d, neonate), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 1.38 90 Whole body 110 (dry wt.) 28 d 15,942 Pais 2012

Amphipod (2

- 9 d, neonate), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 2.65 90 Whole body 145 (dry wt.) 28 d 10,943 Pais 2012

Crayfish, Orconectes propinquus - - - Whole body

- 8 184 Gillespie et al. 1977

Mayfly, Ephemeroptera sp. Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 1,630 Giesy et al. 1979

Mayfly, Ephemeroptera sp. Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 3,520 Giesy et al. 1979

Dragonfly, Pantala hymenea Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 736 Giesy et al. 1979

Dragonfly, Pantala hymenea Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 3,520 Giesy et al. 1979

Damselfly, Ischnura sp. Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 1,300 Giesy et al. 1979

### G

- 7 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference Damselfly, Ischnura sp. Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 928 Giesy et al. 1979

Stonefly, Pteronarcys dorsata Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 28 373 Spehar et al. 1978

Beetle, Dytiscidae Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 164 Giesy et al. 1979

Beetle, Dytiscidae Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 260 Giesy et al. 1979

Caddisfly, Hydropsyche sp. Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 2

- 8 228.2 Dressing et al. 1982

Caddisfly, Hydropsyche betteni Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 28 4,190 Spehar et al. 1978

Biting midge, Ceratopogonidae Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 936 Giesy et al. 1979

Biting midge, Ceratopogonidae Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 662 Giesy et al. 1979

Midge,

Chironomidae Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 2,200 Giesy et al. 1979

Midge,

Chironomidae Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 365 1,830 Giesy et al. 1979

Midge, Chironomus riparius - 10,000

- Whole body

- 28 1,370 Timmermans et al. 1992

Lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis Cadmium

chloride 2.07 82.5 Whole body

- 72 42 Harrison and Klaverkamp

1989

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - - - Whole body

- 140 540 Kumada et al. 1973

### G

- 8 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 70 33 Kumada et al. 1980

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 3.39 82.5 Whole body

- 72 55 Harrison and Klaverkamp

1989
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 1.8 250 Muscle

- 231 333 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 3.4 250 Muscle

- 231 294 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 5.5 250 Muscle

- 231 509 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 1.8 250 Muscle

- 455 89 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 3.4 250 Muscle

- 455 182 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 5.5 250 Muscle

- 455 127 Brown et al. 1994

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar Cadmium

chloride 0.87 - (pH=6.8) Whole body

- 91 229 Peterson et al. 1985

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar Cadmium

chloride 1.74 - (pH=6.8) Whole body

- 91 176 Peterson et al. 1985

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar Cadmium

chloride 1.01 - (pH=4.5) Whole body

- 91 4 Peterson et al. 1985

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar Cadmium

chloride 2.09 - (pH=4.5) Whole body

- 91 7 Peterson et al. 1985

Brookl trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Cadmium

chloride - - Muscle

- 490 3 Benoit et al. 1976

Brook trout, Salvelinusfontinalis Cadmium

chloride - - Muscle

- 84 151 Benoit et al. 1976

Bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride - - Muscle

- 93 22 Sangalang and Freeman

1979

Bull trout (juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 0.052 30.6 Whole body 0.170 (dry wt.) 55 817 Hansen et al. 2002a

### G

- 9 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference

Bull trout (juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 0.089 30.6 Whole body 0.204 (dry wt.) 55 573 Hansen et al. 2002a

Bull trout (juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 0.197 30.6 Whole body 0.379 (dry wt.) 55 481 Hansen et al. 2002a

Bull trout (juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 0.383 30.6 Whole body 0.572 (dry wt.) 55 373 Hansen et al. 2002a

Bull trout (juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 0.786 30.6 Whole body 0.913 (dry wt.) 55 290 Hansen et al. 2002a

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body (estimated steady state) - 180 2,213 Giesy et al. 1979

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body (estimated steady state) - 180 1,891 Giesy et al. 1979

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata - - - Whole body

- 32 280 Canton and Sloof 1982

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 0.8 134 Whole body

- 28 113 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 1.8 134 Whole body

- 28 78 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 2.2 134 Whole body

- 28 86 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 2.8 134 Whole body

- 28 68 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 3.6 134 Whole body

- 28 67 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 4.4 134 Whole body

- 28 66 Cope et al. 1994

### G

- 10 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 5.2 134 Whole body

- 28 69 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 6.2 134 Whole body

- 28 50 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 7.7 134 Whole body

- 28 48 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 8.4 134 Whole body

- 28 62 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 13.2 134 Whole body

- 28 55 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 16.1 134 Whole body

- 28 37 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 19.7 134 Whole body

- 28 34 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 32.3 134 Whole body

- 28 41 Cope et al. 1994

Blue tilapia, Tilapia aurea Cadmium

nitrate 6.8 145 Muscle

- 112 17.6 Papoutsoglou and Abel

1988 Blue tilapia, Tilapia aurea Cadmium

nitrate 14 145 Muscle

- 112 16.4 Papoutsoglou and Abel

1988 Blue tilapia, Tilapia aurea Cadmium

nitrate 28 145 Muscle

- 112 25.7 Papoutsoglou and Abel

1988 Blue tilapia, Tilapia aurea Cadmium

nitrate 52 145 Muscle

- 112 17.7 Papoutsoglou and Abel

1988

African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis - - - Whole body

- 100 130 Canton and Sloof 1982

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 0.1

- Whole body 2.5 (dry wt.) 47 6,250 Sharma and Patino 2008

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 0.8

- Whole body 6.6 (dry wt.) 47 2,063 Sharma and Patino 2008

### G

- 11 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO 3 ) Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration

(days) BCF or

BAF Reference African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 8

- Whole body 8.4 (dry wt.) 47 263 Sharma and Patino 2008

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 84

- Whole body 14 (dry wt.) 47 42 Sharma and Patino 2008

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 855

- Whole body 100 (dry wt.) 47 29 Sharma and Patino 2008

Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Salinity Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration BCF or

BAF Reference

ESTUARINE/MARINE WATER Polychaete worm, Ophryotrocha diadema Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 64 3,160 Klockner 1979

Common bay mussel, Mytilus edulis Cadmium

chloride - - Soft parts

- 35 306 Phillips 1976

Common bay mussel, Mytilus edulis Cadmium

chloride - - Soft parts

- 28 113 George and Coombs 1977

Common bay mussel (adult, 40

- 50 mm), Mytilus edulis Cadmium

chloride 3.3

(dissolved) -

(6oC) Whole body 8 (dry wt.) 28 485 Mubiana and Blust 2007

Common bay mussel (adult, 40

- 50 mm), Mytilus edulis Cadmium

chloride 3.1

(dissolved) -

(16oC) Whole body 16 (dry wt.) 28 1,032 Mubiana and Blust 2007

Common bay mussel (adult, 40

- 50 mm), Mytilus edulis Cadmium

chloride 3.2

(dissolved) -

(26oC) Whole body 21 (dry wt.) 28 1,313 Mubiana and Blust 2007

Common bay mussel (9.5 g, 43.2 cm), Mytilus edulis Cadmium

chloride 55.9

- Soft tissue 85 (dry wt.) 14 Amachree et al. 2013

### G

- 12 Species Chemical Concentration

in water (μg/L) Salinity Tissue Concentration (μg/g) Duration BCF or

BAF Reference Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians Cadmium

chloride - - Muscle

- 42 2,040 Pesch and Stewart 1980

Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Cadmium

nitrate - - Soft parts

- 98 1,220 Schuster and Pringle 1969

Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Cadmium

chloride - - Soft parts

- 280 2,150 Zaroogian and Cheer

1976 Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Cadmium

chloride - - Soft parts

- 280 1,830 Zaroogian 1979

Soft

- shell clam, Mya arenaria Cadmium

nitrate - - Soft parts

- 70 160 Pringle et al. 1968

Pink shrimp,

Penaeus duorarum Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 30 57 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Grass shrimp, Paleomonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 28 203 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Grass shrimp, Paleomonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 42 22 Pesch and Stewart 1980

Grass shrimp, Paleomonetes vulgaris Cadmium

chloride - - Whole body

- 28 307 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Green crab,

Carcinus maenas Cadmium

chloride - - Muscle

- 68 5 Wright 1977

Green crab,

Carcinus maenas Cadmium

chloride - - Muscle

- 40 7 Jennings and Rainbow

1979a

### H

- 1



# Appendix H Other Freshwater Toxicity Data

### H

- 2

Appendix H: Other Freshwater Toxicity Data (Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

FRESHWATER Mixed natural fungi and

bacterial colonies on leaf litter Cadmium

chloride 196 d 10.7 Inhibition of leaf decomposition 5 Giesy 1978 Mixed community

exposure

Mixed algal species Cadmium

chloride - 11.1 Significant reduction in population 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Mixed community

exposure

Mixed algal species Cadmium

chloride 10 d

- Growth inhibition 50 Lasheen et al. 1990 Mixed community

exposure

Phytoplankton community

- 7 week

- Positive biodiversity

production relationship 120,000 Li et al. 2010b Mixed community

exposure

Stream microcosm Cadmium

nitrate 21 d

- No effect on periphyton structure, but adverse

effects on invertebrate grazers and collectors 22 Selby et al. 1985 Mixed community

exposure

Mixed zooplankton community

- 14 d 60% reduced biomass 1 Lawrence and

Holoka 1987 Mixed community

exposure

Mixed macro

- invertebrates Cadmium

chloride 52 wk 11.1 Reduced taxa 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Mixed community

exposure

Blue

- green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 0.56 Guanzon et al. 1994 Duration

Blue

- green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa - 48 hr

- EC50 (growth, non

- toxic strain) 19.78 Zeng et al. 2009 Duration

Blue

- green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa - 48 hr

- EC50 (growth, toxic strain) 11.58 Zeng et al. 2009 Duration

Cyanobacteria, Anacystis nidulans Cadmium

chloride 14 d

- No growth 50,000 Lee et al. 1992

Cyanobacteria, Synechococcus sp. - - EC50 5,400 Satoh et al. 2005

Cyanobacteria, Synechococcus sp. Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- Reduced growth 562 Toth et al. 2012

### H

- 3 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Diatom,

Entomoneis cf punctulata Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr

- EC50 (fluorescence inhibition) 3,700 Adams and Stauber

2004 Duration

Diatom,

Entomoneis cf punctulata Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 2,400 Adams and Stauber

2004 Duration

Green alga,

Acetabularia acetabulum Cadmium

chloride 3 wk

- Morphological deformities 100 Karez et al. 1989

Green alga, Chlamydomonas acidophila Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 1,562 Nishikawa and Tominaga 2001 Duration

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 789 Schafer et al. 1994 Duration

Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - 24 hr

- NOEC

- LOEC (specific growth rate) 2.248

- 4.496 Stoiber et al. 2010 Duration

Green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (growth

- batch test) 170 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (growth

- continuous test) 28 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Cadmium

nitrate 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 50,000 Wren and

McCarroll 1990 Duration

Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- Reduced progeny

formation 100 Wilczok et al. 1994 Duration

Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr

- LOEC (reduced nitrate reductase activity) 17.99 Awasthi and Das

2005 Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 11,200 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorococcum littorale - 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 9,700 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga, Prasinococcus sp. - 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 5,900 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

### H

- 4 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

nitrate 5 d

- LOEC (growth) 30 Thompson and

Couture 1991 Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 24.2 EC50 (cell counts) 20.6 Radetski et al. 1995 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 24.2 EC50 (cell counts) 42.7 Radetski et al. 1995 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 72 hr

- EC50 (cell number) 164 Van der Heever and

Grobbelaar 1996 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 72 hr

- EC50 (chlorophyll) 97 Van der Heever and

Grobbelaar 1996 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 3.5 EC50 (growth rate) 31 Kallqvist 2009 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 13.5 EC50 (growth rate) 62 Kallqvist 2009 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 43.5 EC50 (growth rate) 131 Kallqvist 2009 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 24 hr

- EC50 (growth rate

- total cell volume) 82 Chao and Chen

2001 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 24 hr

- EC50 (growth rate

- cell density) 13 Chao and Chen

2001 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 72 hr

- EC50 (cell division) 15 Franklin et al. 2001 Duration too short; Lack of exposure

details Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 15,370 Bascik

- Remisiewicz and Tukaj 2002 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 18,000 Bascik

- Remisiewicz and Tukaj 2002 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 16,440 Bascik

- Remisiewicz

and Tukaj 2002 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Cadmium

chloride 60 min

- EC50 (photosynthesis inhibition) 200 Koukal et al. 2003 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 48 hr

- EC50 (growth) 35 Lin et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 48 hr

- EC50 (cell density) 25 Lin et al. 2005 Duration

### H

- 5 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 48 hr

- EC50 (D.O. production) 80 Lin et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga,

Scenedesmus dimorphus Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 11.3 LC50 (density) 63 Ghosh et al. 1990 Duration

Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- Incipient inhibition (river water) 100 Bringmann and Kuhn 1959a;b Green alga,

Scenedesmus quadricauda Cadmium

chloride 20 d

- LC50 9 Fargasova 1993

Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 1.9 Guanzon et al. 1994 Duration

Green alga,

Stichococcus bacillaris Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- Reduced growth 5,000 Skowronski et al.

1985

Duckweed,

Lemna minor - 10 d

- EC50 (frond production) 191 Smith and Kwan

1989

Duckweed,

Lemna minor Cadmium

sulfate 48 hr

- NOEC

- LOEC (relative pigment concentration) 562,050

- 1,124,100 Prasad et al. 2001 Duration

Duckweed,

Lemna minor Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 57,000 Drinovec et al. 2004 Duration

Duckweed, Lemna pavcicostata Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- NOEC

- LOEC (increase colony break

- up) 44.96

- 89.93 Li and Xiong 2004 Duration

Giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza - 12 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (inhibit chlorophyll synthesis) 100

- 500 Rolli et al. 2010 Lack of exposure

details

Duckweed, Spirodela punctata - 30 d

- Reduced growth rate 25 Outridge 1992

Fungi, Cylindrotheca sp. - 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 9,300 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

### H

- 6 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Garden cress (seeds), Lepidium sativum Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 33,723 Gianazza et al. 2007 Duration

Water fern,

Salvinia minima - 30 d

- Reduced growth rate 10 Outridge 1992

Bacteria,

Escherichia coli Cadmium

chloride - - Incipient inhibition 150 Bringmann and Kuhn 1959a,b Bacteria

Bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium Cadmium

chloride 8 hr 50 EC50 (growth inhibition) 10,400 Canton and Slooff

1982 Bacteria

Bacteria, Pseudomonas putida Cadmium

chloride 16 hr

- Incipient inhibition 80 Bringmann and Kuhn 1976; 1977a,c; 1979;

1980b Bacteria

Bacteria, Vibrio fischeri Cadmium

chloride 30 min

- EC50 14,240 Macken et al. 2009 Bacteria

Bacteria (6 species) Cadmium

chloride 18 hr

- Reduced growth 5,000 Seyfreid and Horgan 1983 Bacteria

Protozoan community Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 70 EC50 (number of species) 4,600 Niederlehner et al.

1985 Protozoan

Protozoan community Cadmium

chloride 28 d 70 EC20 (colonization) 1 Niederlehner et al.

1985 Protozoan

Protozoan community Cadmium

chloride 10 d

- Reduced biomass 1 Fernandez

- Leborans

and Novillo

- Villajos

1993 Protozoan

Protozoan, Chilomonas paramecium Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- Incipient inhibition 160 Bringmann et al.

1980 Protozoan

Ciliate, Colpidium campylum Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 75 Dive et al. 1989 Protozoan

### H

- 7 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable
Protozoan, Colpidium colpoda Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 890 Madoni and Romeo

2006 Protozoan

Protozoan, Colpoda steinii - 24 hr

- LC50 500 Martin

- Gonzalez et

al. 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Cyrtolophosis elongata - 24 hr

- LC50 2,000 Martin

- Gonzalez et

al. 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Dexiotricha granulosa Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 300 Madoni and Romeo

2006 Protozoan

Protozoan, Drepanomonas revoluta - 24 hr

- LC50 2,000 Martin

- Gonzalez et

al. 2005 Protozoan

Protozoa, Entosiphon sulcatum Cadmium

nitrate 72 hr

- Incipient inhibition 11 Bringmann 1978; Bringmann and Kuhn 1979; 1980b;

1981 Protozoan

Protozoa, Euglena gracilis Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr

- EC50 (motility) 860 Ahmed and Hader

2010 Protozoan

Protozoa, Euplotes aediculatus Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 590 Madoni and Romeo

2006 Protozoan

Protozoan, Halteria grandinella Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 70 Madoni and Romeo

2006 Protozoan

Protozoan, Microregma heterostoma Cadmium

chloride 28 hr

- Incipient inhibition 100 Brinmgmann and

Kuhn 1959b Protozoan

Protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 28 LC50 78.1 Nalecz

- Jawecki et

al. 1993 Protozoan

Protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 250 LC50 5,270 Nalecz

- Jawecki et

al. 1993 Protozoan

### H

- 8 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable
Protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 168 Nalecz

- Jawecki and

Sawicki 1998 Protozoan

Protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr <10 LC50 160 Nalecz

- Jawecki and

Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr <10 EC50 (deformity) 130 Nalecz

- Jawecki and

Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 200 LC50 3,870 Nalecz

- Jawecki and

Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 200 EC50 (deformity) 3,250 Nalecz

- Jawecki and

Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Spirostomum teres Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 1,950 Twagilimana et al.

1998 Protozoan

Ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis Cadmium

chloride 90 min

- Reduced locomotor rate 750 Bergquist and

Bovee 1976 Protozoan

Ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis Cadmium

chloride 60 min

- Decrease in swimming

rate 1,000 Bergquist and

Bovee 1976 Protozoan

Ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- Growth inhibition 3,372 Krawczynska et al.

1989 Protozoan

Ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis Cadmium

acetate 30 min

- Complete mortality 56,205 Larsen and

Svensmark 1991 Protozoan

Ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- EC50 (growth) 1,045 Schafer et al. 1994 Protozoan

Ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis Cadmium

chloride 9 hr

- IC50 (growth) 3,000 Sauvant et al. 1995 Protozoan

Protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 195 Gallego et al. 2007 Protozoan

Protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr <10 EC50 (feeding inhibition) 130 Nalecz

- Jawecki and

Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr 200 EC50 (feeding inhibition) 260 Nalecz

- Jawecki and

Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan, Uronema parduezi Cadmium

nitrate 20 hr

- Incipient inhibition 26 Bringmann and Kuhn 1980a; 1981 Protozoan

### H

- 9 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Paramecium,

Paramecium caudatum Cadmium

chloride 5 d

- IC50 (growth) 94.40 Miyoshi et al. 2003 Protozoan

Paramecium,

Paramecium bursaria - 24 hr

- LC50 640 Wanick et al. 2008 Protozoan

Paramecium,

Paramecium trichium Cadmium

chloride 5 d

- IC50 (growth) 11.71 Miyoshi et al. 2003 Protozoan

Heliozoon, Raphidiophrys contractilis Cadmium

chloride 20 min

- LOEC (axopodial degradation) 11.24 Khan et al. 2006a Protozoan

Hydra, Hydra littoralis Cadmium

chloride 12 d 70 Reduced growth 20 Santiago

- Fandino

1983 Duration; Exposure

methods unknown

Hydra, Hydra oligactis Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 583 Slooff 1983; Slooff

et al. 1983a Duration

Green hydra, Hydra viridissima Cadmium

chloride 7 d 19

- 20 NOEC

- LOEC (population growth rate) 0.4

- 0.8 Holdway et al. 2001 Duration; Unmeasured exposure Green hydra (symbiotic, with algae), Hydra viridissima Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 207 LC50 160 Karntanut and

Pascoe 2005 Duration

Green hydra (aposymbiotic, without algae), Hydra viridissima Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 207 LC50 140 Karntanut and

Pascoe 2005 Duration

Pink hydra, Hydra vulgaris Cadmium

chloride 7 d 19

- 20 LOEC (population growth rate) 12.5 Holdway et al. 2001 Duration; Unmeasured exposure

Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 122.8 LC50 46,000 Brown and Pascoe

1988 Duration

Planarian, Dugesia lugubris Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 >20,000 Slooff 1983 Duration

### H

- 10 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr 80

- 100 LC50 1,300 Snell et al. 1991a Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 80

- 100 EC50 70 Snell and Moffat

1992 Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 80

- 100 Chronic value 60 Snell and Moffat

1992 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 250 EC50 120 Crisinel et al. 1994 Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

chloride 35 min 170 NOEC (ingestion rate) 250.00 Juchelka and Snell

1994 Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

nitrate 72 hr 80

- 100 Chronic value (asexual reproduction) 20 Snell and Carmona

1995 Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

nitrate 72 hr 80

- 100 Chronic value (sexual reproduction) 20 Snell and Carmona

1995 Duration

Rotifer (<2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 80

- 100 EC50 10 Radix et al. 1999 Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- 180 Sarma et al. 2006 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus macracanthus Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 118.9 Nandini et al. 2007 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus macracanthus Cadmium

chloride 21 d

- LOEC (population growth) 0.383 Nandini et al. 2007 Unmeasured chronic

exposure

Rotifer,

Brachionus rubens Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 80

- 100 LC50 810 Snell and Persoone

1989a Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus rubens Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 80

- 100 NOEC (survival) 280 Snell and Persoone

1989a Duration

Rotifer,

Philodina acuticornis Cadmium

chloride 96 hr Soft water EC50 (death and immobility) 500 Buikema et al. 1973 Test species fed

Rotifer,

Philodina acuticornis Cadmium

sulfate 96 hr Soft water EC50 (death and immobility) 200 Buikema et al. 1973 Test species fed

Rotifer,

Philodina acuticornis Cadmium

sulfate 96 hr Hard water EC50 (death and immobility) 300 Buikema et al. 1973 Test species fed

### H

- 11 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Rotifer, Streptocephalus rubricaudatus Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 250 EC50 250 Crisinel et al. 1994 Duration

Rotifer, Thamnocephalus platyurus Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 80

- 100 LC50 400 Centeno et al. 1995 Duration

Parasite (embryo, blastula stage),

Chordodes nobilli Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 162 Infective capacity of larva 630 Achiorno et al. 2010 Atypical endpoint

Parasite (larva),

Chordodes nobilli Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 162 Infective capacity of larva 360 Achiorno et al. 2010 Atypical endpoint;

Duration

Nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- LC50 61 Williams and Dusenbery 1990 Test species fed

Nematode (adult), Caenorhabditis elegans - 48 hr

- 2,000 Cressman and

Williams 1997 Duration

Nematode (adult), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (growth) 16,524 Anderson et al.

2001 Test species fed;

Duration Nematode (adult), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (movement) 18,772 Anderson et al.

2001 Test species fed;

Duration Nematode (adult), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (feeding) 14,388 Anderson et al.

2001 Test species fed;

Duration Nematode (adult), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- EC50 (reproduction) 16,973 Anderson et al.

2001 Test species fed;

Duration Nematode (L1 larva), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- LC50 66,884 Chu and Chow 2002 Test species fed;

Duration Nematode (adult), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- LC50 620,503 Chu and Chow 2002 Test species fed;

Duration Nematode (larva), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 169,920 Ura et al. 2002 Duration

Nematode (3 d), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 518,598 Roh et al. 2006 Duration

Nematode (L1

- L4 larva), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 4 hr

- LOEC (reproduction) 11,240 Guo et al. 2009 Duration

Nematode (adult), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- LOEC (reproduction) 11,240 Guo et al. 2009 Duration

Nematode (L4 larva), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- EC50 (number of offsprings) 20,906 Boyd et al. 2010 Duration

### H

- 12 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Nematode (L4 larva), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- EC50 (number of offsprings) 19,784 Boyd et al. 2010 Duration

Nematode (L4 larva), Caenorhabditis elegans Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- EC50 (number of offsprings) 21,583 Boyd et al. 2010 Duration

Polychaete worm (non

- reproductive), Aelosoma headleyi Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 60

- 70 LC50 1,200 Niederlehner et al.

1984 Test species fed;

Duration

Polychaete worm (non

- reproductive), Aelosoma headleyi Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 190 LC50 4,980 Niederlehner et al.

1984 Test species fed;

Duration

Oligochaete, Aeolosoma headleyi Cadmium

chloride 10 d 65 (60

- 70) NOEC

- LOEC

(growth and reproduction) 17.2

- 36.9 Niederlehner et al.

1984 Duration

Oligochaete (adult) worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus Cadmium

chloride 10 d 44

- 47 LC50 158 Phipps et al. 1995 Duration

Oligochaete worm, Lumbriculus variegatus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 270 Penttinen et al. 2011 Duration

Oligochaete worm, Lumbriculus variegatus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 50 LC50 410 Penttinen et al. 2011 Duration

Oligochaete worm, Lumbriculus variegatus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 250.25 LC50 2,161 Penttinen et al. 2011 Duration

Oligochaete, Pristina sp. Cadmium

chloride 52 week 11.1 Population reduction 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Exposure methods

unknown

Oligochate, Prstina leidyi Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 95 LC50 215 Smith et al. 1991 Duration

Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 224 LC50 320,000 Qureshi et al. 1980 Duration

Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 245 LC50 47,530 Khangarot 1991

Tubificid worm (adult, 4 cm), Tubifex tubifex Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 4,900 Gerhardt 2009 Duration

Tubificid worm (adult, 4 cm), Tubifex tubifex Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 (locomotion) 1,100 Gerhardt 2009 Duration

### H

- 13 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Spire snail,

Amnicola limosa Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=3.5) LC50 6,350 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study Spire snail,

Amnicola limosa Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.0) LC50 3,800 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study Spire snail,

Amnicola limosa Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.5) LC50 2,710 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Snail (egg, strain BS90), Biomphalaria glabrata Cadmium

chloride 3 mo

- LOEC (hatching success) 1.14 Salice and Miller

2003 Unmeasured chronic

exposure Snail (egg, strain NMRI), Biomphalaria glabrata Cadmium

chloride 3 mo

- LOEC (hatching success) 2.81 Salice and Miller

2003 Unmeasured chronic

exposure

Pond snail (6

- 9 mo., 10.32 mm), Lymnaea palustris Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- LC50 >320 Coeurdassier et al.

2003 Unmeasured chronic

exposure Pond snail (6

- 9 mo., 10.32 mm), Lymnaea palustris Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- EC50 (growth) 58.2 Coeurdassier et al.

2003 Unmeasured chronic

exposure Pond snail (6

- 9 mo., 10.32 mm), Lymnaea palustris Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (reproduction) 40

- 80 Coeurdassier et al.

2003 Unmeasured chronic

exposure

Pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- LC50 583 Slooff 1983; Slooff

et al. 1983a Duration

Pond snail (6

- 9 mo., 20.62 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- EC50 (growth) 142.2 Coeurdassier et al.

2003 Unmeasured chronic

exposure Pond snail (5 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 31 d 135 (130

- 140) LC50 12.8 (dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Pond snail (10 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 31 d 135 (130

- 140) NOEC

(length and weight) 94.3 Pais 2012 More sensitive endpoint available for this study Pond snail (10 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 31 d 135 (130

- 140) LC50 49.7 (dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Pond snail (15 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 31 d 135 (130

- 140) NOEC

(length and weight) 94.3 Pais 2012 More sensitive endpoint available for this study Pond snail (15 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 31 d 135 (130

- 140) LC50 45.7 (dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

### H

- 14 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Pond snail (juvenile, 7 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 28 d 20.5 (20

- 21) LC50 7.3 (dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration; Too few

exposure concentrations Pond snail (juvenile, 7 mm), Lymnaea stagnalis Cadmium

chloride 28 d 20.5 (20

- 21) NOEC

- LOEC

(length and weight) 2.47

- 4.76 Pais 2012 Too few exposure

concentrations

Snail, Physa integra Cadmium

chloride 28 d 44

- 58 LC50 10.4 Spehar et al. 1978 Exposure methods unknown; Duration

New Zealand mud snail (clone A, 3

- 4 mm), Potamopyrgus antipodarum Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 197 LC50 1,920 Jensen and Forbes

2001 Duration

New Zealand mud snail (clone B, 3

- 4 mm), Potamopyrgus antipodarum Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 197 LC50 1,290 Jensen and Forbes

2001 Duration

New Zealand mud snail (clone C, 3

- 4 mm), Potamopyrgus antipodarum Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 197 LC50 560 Jensen and Forbes

2001 Duration

New Zealand mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum Cadmium

sulfate 28 d

- EC50 (reproduction) 11.5 Sieratowicz et al.

2011 Atypical endpoint

Snail, Viviparus bengalensis Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 140

- 190 LC50 1,550 Gadkari and

Marathe 1983

Mussel (glochidia),

Fusconia masoni Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 88 LC50 168.1 Black 2001 Control mortality was not reported adequately to use for this lifestage

Fatmucket (juvenile), Lampsilis siliquoidea Cadmium

nitrate 28 d 40

- 48 LC50 8.1 Wang et al. 2010d Atypical endpoint

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 39 LC50 57 Keller and Zam

1991 Duration

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 100 LC50 137 Keller and Zam

1991 Duration

### H

- 15 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Mussel (glochidia),

Utterbackia imbecillis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 88 LC50 56.76 Black 2001 Control mortality was not reported adequately to use for this lifestage

Zebra mussel (3.0

- 3.5 cm), Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 8 hr

- Caused valve closure 200

- 560 Slooff et al. 1983b Atypical endpoint;

Duration
Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 77 d 268 LOEC (filtration rate) 9 Kraak et al. 1992b Atypical endpoint

Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 77 d 268 EC50 130 Kraak et al. 1992b Duration

Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 150 EC50 388 Kraak et al. 1994a Duration

Zebra mussel (18

- 25 mm),

Dreissena polymorpha Cadmium

chloride 7 d 290 Increased metallothionein

level 10 Ivankovic et al.

2010 Atypical endpoint;

Duration

Asian clam (adult, 15

- 20 mm), Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

chloride 30 d 90 LOEC (reduced phagocytosis activity) 3 Champeau et al.

2007 Unmeasured chronic

exposure; Atypical endpoint

Asian clam (adult, 15

- 20 mm), Corbicula fluminea Cadmium

chloride 30 d 90 NOEC

- LOEC (decrease lysosomal value, surface, size and number) 21.5

- 46.5 Champeau et al.

2007 Unmeasured chronic

exposure; Atypical endpoint

Bivalve,

Pisidium casertanum Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=3.5) LC50 1,370 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study
Bivalve,

Pisidium casertanum Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.0) LC50 480 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study
Bivalve,

Pisidium casertanum Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.5) LC50 700 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Bivalve, Pisidium compressum Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=3.5) LC50 2,080 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study
Bivalve, Pisidium compressum Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.0) LC50 700 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study
Bivalve, Pisidium compressum Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.5) LC50 360 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

### H

- 16 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 100 LC50 27.3 Spehar and Fiandt

1986 High TOC; River

dilution water not

characterized

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

sulfate 10 d 90 NOEC (reproduction) 0.5 Winner 1988 Duration;

Unmeasured chronic

exposure

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

sulfate 7 d 169 Chronic value (reproduction) <14 Masters et al. 1991 Duration;

Unmeasured chronic

exposure Cladoceran (<24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia - 290 120 Schubauer

- Berigan

et al. 1993 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<48 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 280

- 300 LC50 560 Schubauer

- Berigan

et al. 1993 Test species fed

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

chloride 1 hr 80

- 100 EC50 (feeding inhibition) 54 Bitton et al. 1996 Duration; Atypical endpoint
Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

chloride 1 hr 80

- 100 EC50 (feeding inhibition) 76.2 Lee et al. 1997 Duration; Atypical endpoint Cladoceran (≤ 24hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 17 LC50 63.1 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia - LC 17 NOEC

- LOEC 1.0

- 4.0 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

chloride 7 d 80

- 100 Chronic value 1.4 Zuiderveen and Birge 1997 Duration;

Unmeasured chronic

exposure Cladoceran (<24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

sulfate 120 min 160

- 180 Reduced mobility 2,500 (dissolved) Brent and Herricks

1998 Duration

Cladoceran ( <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 80

- 100 LC50 78.2 Nelson and Roline

1998 Test species fed

Cladoceran (neonate), Ceriodaphnia dubia Cadmium

chloride 1.5 hr

- EC50 34.2 Jun et al. 2006 Duration

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia - 7 d 100 LOEC (reproduction) 5.22 Sofyan et al. 2007a Duration

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia - 7 d 100 LOEC (reproduction) 5 Sofyan et al. 2007b Duration;

Unmeasured chronic

exposure

### H

- 17 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia - 7 d 100 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 5

- 10 Sofyan et al. 2007b Duration;

Unmeasured chronic

exposure

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata - 48 hr 45 LC50 66 Mount and Norberg

1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 55

- 79 LC50 129 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b High TOC; River

dilution water not

characterized Cladoceran (< 6hr), Ceriodaphnia reticulata Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 200 LC50 79.4 Hall et al. 1986 Well water (not characterized)

Cladoceran, Daphnia galeata mendotae Cadmium

chloride 154 d

- Reduced biomass 4.0 Marshall 1978a Exposure methods

unknown
Cladoceran, Daphnia galeata mendotae Cadmium

chloride 15 d

- Reduced rate of increase 5.0 Marshall 1978b Exposure methods

unknown

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- EC50 100 Bringmann and Kuhn 1959a;b River dilution water

not characterized
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 21 d 45 Reproductive impairment 0.17 Biesinger and

Christensen 1972 Exposure methods

unknown
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 163 LC50 15.8 Debelak 1975 Test species fed

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr

- LC50 600 Bringmann and

Kuhn 1977b Duration

Cladoceran (3

- 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (10oC) LC50 224 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species Cladoceran (3

- 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (15oC) LC50 224 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species Cladoceran (3

- 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (25oC) LC50 12 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species Cladoceran (3

- 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (30oC) LC50 0.1 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species Cladoceran (adult), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (10oC) LC50 479 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species Cladoceran (adult), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (15oC) LC50 187 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species

### H

- 18 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Cladoceran (adult), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (25oC) LC50 10.2 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species

Cladoceran (adult), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (30oC) LC50 2.4 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration; Atypical

lifestage for species
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr 200 EC50 160 Bellavera and Gorbi

1981 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 130 EC50 5 Attar and Maly

1982 Atypical duration for

species
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 20 d 200 LC50 670 Canton and Sloof

1982 Other endpoints used

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna - 48 hr 45 LC50 118 Mount and Norberg

1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 55

- 79 LC50 166 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b High TOC; River

dilution water not

characterized

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 37 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 16 of 22 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 6.1 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 16 of 22 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 43 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 16 of 22 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 31 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 16 of 22 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

### H

- 19 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 18 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 16 of 22 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 12 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 16 of 22 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 24 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 16 of 22 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 200 LC50 49.0 Hall et al. 1986 Well water (not characterized) Cladoceran (1 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 64 Nebeker et al. 1986a Test species fed

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 55 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 306 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 41 LC50 98 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 307 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 37 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 94 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

### H

- 20 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 277 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 71 LC50 135 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 17 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 40 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 41 LC50 30 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 131 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 92 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24 hr old; Test species

fed

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 25 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 36 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 71 LC50 18 Nebeker et al. 1986a Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 34 LC50 33 Nebeker et al.

1986b Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 34 LC50 24 Nebeker et al.

1986b Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old

### H

- 21 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 34 LC50 40 Nebeker et al.

1986b Typically tests with

cladocerans are <24

hr old
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 25 d 100 (20oC) NOEC

(reproduction) 2.25 Winner and

Whitford 1987 Unmeasured chronic

exposure Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 25 d 100 (25oC) NOEC

(reproduction) 0.75 Winner and

Whitford 1987 Unmeasured chronic

exposure

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 25 d 150 NOEC

- LOEC (reproduction) 5.0

- 10 Bodar et al. 1988b More sensitive endpoint available from this study

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 10 d 90 NOEC (reproduction) 2.5 Winner 1988 Duration;

Unmeasured chronic

exposure Cladoceran (egg), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 46 hr 150 Profound effect on egg development >1,000 Bodar et al. 1989a Duration

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 48 hr 240 LC50 1,880 Khangarot and Ray

1989a Dilution water not

fully characterized Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- EC50 1,900 Kuhn et al. 1989 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 24 d

- NOEC (reproduction) 0.6 Kuhn et al. 1989

Cladoceran (small neonate), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 250 LC50 98 Enserink et al. 1990 Test species fed

Cladoceran (large neonate), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 250 LC50 294 Enserink et al. 1990 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 (20oC) LC50 38 Lewis and Horning

1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 (26oC) LC50 9 Lewis and Horning

1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 21 d 225 LOEC (reproduction) 2.3 Enserink et al. 1993

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- LC50 48 Domal

Kwiatkowska et al.

1994 Test species fed

Cladoceran (14 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 160

- 180 LC50 80 Allen et al. 1995

### H

- 22 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

acetate 24 hr

- EC50 980 Sorvari and Sillanpaa 1996 Duration

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr) Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 17 LC50 26.4 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Cladoceran (juvenile, 4

- 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 48 hr 160

- 180 EC50 (death and immobility) 30

- 219 Barata et al. 2000 Test species fed

Cladoceran (juvenile, 4

- 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 48 hr 160

- 180 EC50 (feeding inhibition) 9

- 41 Barata et al. 2000 Test species fed; Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (neonate, <48 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 17 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (reproduction) 1.7

- 3.7 Knops et al. 2001 Duration;

Unmeasured chronic

exposure

Cladoceran (4th instar, 4

- 5 d), Daphnia magna - 24 hr

- IC50 (feeding inhibition) 1.31 McWilliam and

Baird 2002 Duration; Atypical

endpoint; Test species

fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 > 3.43 Chadwick

Environmental

Consultants 2003 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 100 LC50 >6.85 Chadwick

Environmental

Consultants 2003 Test species fed

Cladoceran (adult, 12

- 15 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 3 hr

- LOEC (reduce phototactic index) 30 Yuan et al. 2003 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (neonate, >14 d, female), Daphnia magna Cadmium

nitrate 14 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (Survival

- low food ration groups) 2.81

- 5.62 Smolders et al. 2005 Duration

Cladoceran (neonate, >14 d, female), Daphnia magna Cadmium

nitrate 14 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (Survival

- high food ration groups) 1.12

- 2.81 Smolders et al. 2005 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 48 hr

- Reduced feeding and egg production 2.473 Barata et al. 2007 Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 21 d 125

- 140 EC50 (survival) 0.64 Poynton et al. 2007 Unmeasured chronic

exposure Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 125

- 140 LC50 180 Poynton et al. 2007 Duration

Cladoceran (juvenile, 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 4 hr 240 LOEC (ROS production) >112.41 Xie et al. 2007 Duration; Atypical endpoint

### H

- 23 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Cladoceran (4th instar, 4

- 5 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 160

- 180 EC50 (feeding inhibition) 35.54 Ferreira et al. 2008a Duration; Atypical endpoint Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- 50% reduced survival 36.79 Connon et al. 2008 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 21 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (ChE activities) 0.041

- 0.082 Jemec et al. 2008 Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (juvenile, ≤24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 250 EC50 (respiration) 160 Zitova et al. 2009 Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr - (20oC) EC50

(immobility) 112 (dissolved) Muyssen et al. 2010 Elevated DOC (3.7

- 5.74 mg/L) in dilution

water

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 48 hr - (24oC) EC50

(immobility) 64 (dissolved) Muyssen et al. 2010 Elevated DOC (3.7

- 5.74 mg/L) in dilution

water Cladoceran (14 d), Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 71 Taylor et al. 2010 Lack of exposure details; Duration

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 90 (80

- 110) (20oC) EC50 6.34 Kim et al. 2012a Duration

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna Cadmium

chloride 1 hr 90 (80

- 110) (36.5oC) EC50 26.9 Kim et al. 2012a Duration

Cladoceran (6

- 24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 135.5 (pH=5.0) EC50

(immobility) 1,210 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6

- 24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 135.5 (pH=6.0) EC50

(immobility) 1,160 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6

- 24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 135.5 (pH=7.0) EC50

(immobility) 420 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6

- 24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 135.5 (pH=8.0) EC50

(immobility) 390 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6

- 24 hr), Daphnia magna Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 135.5 (pH=9.0) EC50

(immobility) 350 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 140 d 57 Reduced reproduction 1 Bertram and Hart

1979 Lack of exposure

details
Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 57 LC50 104

- 127 Ingersoll and

Winner 1982 Test species fed

### H

- 24 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 58 d 106 NOEC

- LOEC 5

- 10 Ingersoll and

Winner 1982 Lack of exposure

details
Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex - 48 hr 45 LC50 68 Mount and Nerberg

1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr 100 LC50 80

- 92 Winner 1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 120 Lewis and Weber

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 170 Lewis and Weber

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 190 Lewis and Weber

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 160 Lewis and Weber

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 150 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 12 of 16 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 12 of 16 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 150 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 12 of 16 tests, but author

did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 100 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 12 of 16 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

### H

- 25 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 180 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 12 of 16 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber

1985 Mean control survial

was >90% for 12 of 16 tests, but author did not present control

survival for each test Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 200 LC50 100 Hall et al. 1986 Well water (not characterized) Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 21 d 58 NOEC (survival) 3.8 Winner 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 21 d 115 NOEC (brood size) 7.5 Winner 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 21 d 230 NOEC (brood size) 7.5 Winner 1986

Cladoceran (adult), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 124

- 130 LC50 87.9 Jindal and Verma

1990 Pond water (not

characterized) Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 (20oC) LC50 42 Lewis and Horning

1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 80

- 90 (26oC) LC50 6 Lewis and Horning

1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 21 d 80

- 90 NOEC (reproduction) <0.003 Roux et al. 1993 Static, unmeasured

exposure

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 >14.6 Chadwick

Environmental

Consultants 2003 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 100 LC50 >20 Chadwick

Environmental

Consultants 2003 Test species fed

Cladoceran (24 hr),

Macrothrix triserialis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 420 Garcia et al. 2004 Duration

### H

- 26 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa Cadmium

chloride 20 d 80

- 84 Reduced survival 0.2 Hatakeyama and

Yasuno 1981b Duration; Unknown

exposure methods
Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa Cadmium

chloride 10 d

- Reduced survival 10 Wong and Wong

1990 Duration

Cladoceran (24 hr), Moina macrocopa Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 680 Garcia et al. 2004 Duration

Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 55

- 79 LC50 123 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b High TOC; River

dilution water not

characterized

Cladoceran, Simocephalus vetulus - 48 hr 45 LC50 24 Mount and Norberg

1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran, Simocephalus vetulus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 55

- 79 LC50 89.3 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b High TOC; River

dilution water not

characterized

Copepod, Acanthocyclops viridis Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr

- LC50 0.5 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration

Copepod, Eucyclops agilis Cadmium

chloride 52 wk 11.1 Population reduction 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Lack of exposure

details

Copepod, Tropocyclops prasinus

mexicanus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 10 LC50 149 Lalande and Pinel

Alloul 1986 Duration

Aquatic sowbug (3

- 6 mm, land population), Asellus aquaticus - 176 76 Pascoe and Carroll

2004 Test species fed

Aquatic sowbug (3

- 6 mm, pond population), Asellus aquaticus - 176 160 Pascoe and Carroll

2004 Test species fed

Aquatic sowbug (3

- 6 mm, canal population), Asellus aquaticus - 176 233 Pascoe and Carroll

2004 Test species fed

### H

- 27 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Amphipod, Diporeia sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr - (4oC) LC50 800 Gossiaux et al. 1992 Dilution water not fully characterized Amphipod, Diporeia sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr - (10oC) LC50 280 Gossiaux et al. 1992 Dilution water not fully characterized Amphipod, Diporeia sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr - (15oC) LC50 60 Gossiaux et al. 1992 Dilution water not fully characterized

Amphipod (0

- 1 wk),

Gammarus fasciatus Cadmium 130 1.49

- 2.23 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 1.49

- 2.23 Borgmann et al.

1989b Poor control survival

(45%)

Amphipod, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 54.4 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b River dilution water

not characterized

Amphipod (adult, 9 mm), Gammarus tigrinus Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 116 LC50 146.5 Boets et al. 2012 Duration

Scud, Gammarus sp. Cadmium S, U 50 70 Rehwoldt et al.

1973 Lack of detail since

other acceptable study available with specific species

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 285 Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b High TOC; River

dilution water not

characterized

Amphipod (0

- 1 wk), Hyalella azteca Cadmium LC 130 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 0.57

- 0.92 Borgmann et al.

1989b Low control weights

and poor (64%)

control survival Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=5.0) LC50 12 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=5.5) LC50 16 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=6.0) LC50 33 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

nitrate 6 wk 130 EC50 (survival) 0.53 Borgmann et al.

1991 Inadequate control

performance Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

nitrate 96 hr 280

- 300 LC50 230 Schubauer

- Berigan

et al. 1993 Test species fed

### H

- 28 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Amphipod (0

- 2 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈13 Collyard et al. 1994 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Amphipod (2

- 4 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈7.5 Collyard et al. 1994 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Amphipod (4

- 6 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈9.5 Collyard et al. 1994 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Amphipod (10

- 12 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈7 Collyard et al. 1994 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Amphipod (16

- 18 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈11.5 Collyard et al. 1994 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Amphipod (24

- 26 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈14 Collyard et al. 1994 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 10 d 44

- 47 LC50 2.8 Phipps et al. 1995 Duration

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca - JGS (juvenile growth

and

survival

test 17 Chronic value (growth and survival) 0.16 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Amphipod (2

- 3 wk), Hyalella azteca - 96 hr 17 LC50 2.8 Suedel et al. 1997 Did not meet specific acceptability criteria for this species

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 217

- 301 LC50 (starved for 48 hr before

test) 99.34 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 217

- 301 LC50 (starved for 72 hr before

test) 82.17 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 217

- 301 LC50 (starved for 96 hr before

test) 65.00 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

### H

- 29 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 217

- 301 LC50 107.3 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 217

- 301 LC50 75.42 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 217

- 301 LC50 74.20 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod (7

- 10 d), Hyalella azteca - 96 hr 48 LC50 3.8 Jackson et al. 2000 Did not meet specific acceptability criteria for this species

Amphipod (7

- 10 d), Hyalella azteca - 96 hr 118 LC50 12.1 Jackson et al. 2000 Did not meet specific acceptability criteria

for this species

Amphipod (7

- 8 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride LC 153 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 0.8

- 1.3 Chadwick Ecological

Consultants 2003 Low control weights;

does not meet feeding

recommendations for

chronic test with this species

Amphipod (7

- 8 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride LC 126 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 0.5

- 1.1 Chadwick Ecological

Consultants 2003 Low control weights;

does not meet feeding

recommendations for

chornic test with this species Amphipod (1

- 11 d), Hyalella azteca - 7 d 18 LC50 0.15 Borgmann et al.

2005 Duration

Amphipod (1

- 11 d), Hyalella azteca - 7 d 124 LC50 1.60 Borgmann et al.

2005 Duration

Amphipod, Hyalella azteca Cadmium

sulfate LC 162.7 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 2.49

- 5.09 Stanley et al. 2005 Low control weights;

does not meet feeding

recommendations for

chornic test with this species Amphipod, Hyalella azteca - 72 hr

- LC50 1.9 Gust 2006 Duration

Amphipod (neonate 2

- 9 d), Hyalella azteca - 21 d 140 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 5

- 10 Straus 2011 More sensitive endpoint available for this study

### H

- 30 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Amphipod (neonate 2

- 9 d), Hyalella azteca - 21 d 140 NOEC

- LOEC (growth) <1.25

- 1.25 Straus 2011 Does not meet chronic test requirements for this species

Amphipod (neonate 2

- 9 d), Hyalella azteca - 28 d 22 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 0.5

- 1.3 Straus 2011 Does not meet chronic test requirements for this species Amphipod (neonate 2

- 9 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 4.6 (dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Amphipod (neonate 2

- 9 d), Hyalella azteca Cadmium

chloride 28 d 90 LC50 0.70 (dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Crayfish,

Cambarus latimanus Cadmium

chloride 50 mo 11.1 Significant mortality 5 Thorp et al. 1979 Lack of exposure

details

Crayfish,

Orconectes immunis Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50.3 LC50 > 10,000 Thorp and Gloss

1986 Effect level based on

nominal, but substantial loss per

measured levels was

observed Crayfish (juvenile, 2 g),

Orconectes immunis Cadmium

nitrate 5 d

- LC50 7,000 Khan et al. 2006b Duration; Test species

fed Crayfish (juvenile, 2 g),

Orconectes immunis Cadmium

nitrate 2.51 d

- LT50=2.51 d 22,000 Khan et al. 2006b Duration; Test species

fed

Fairy shrimp (2nd

- 3rd instar nauplii), Streptocephalus proboscideus - 24 hr

- - 460 Centeno et al. 1993 Duration

Fairy shrimp (2nd

- 3rd instar nauplii), Streptocephalus proboscideus - 24 hr

- - 510 Centeno et al. 1993 Duration

Fairy shrimp, Streptocephalus proboscideus Cadmium

sulfate 24 hr 250

- 250 Crisinel et al. 1994 Duration

Fairy shrimp, Thamnocephalus platyurus Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 80

- 100 400 Centeno et al. 1995 Duration

### H

- 31 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Mayfly, Cleon dipterum Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (10oC) LC50 70,600 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly, Cleon dipterum Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (15oC) LC50 28,600 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly, Cleon dipterum Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (25oC) LC50 6,990 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly, Cleon dipterum Cadmium

sulfate 72 hr - (30oC) LC50 930 Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly, Cleon dipterum Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 56,000 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Mayfly, Ephemerella sp. Cadmium

chloride 28 d 44

- 48 LC50 <3.0 Spehar et al. 1978 Lack of exposure

details

Mayfly, Paraleptophlebia praepedita Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 77 LC50 449 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b River dilution water

not characterized

Mayfly, Rhithrogena sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 25 LC50 157 (dissolved) Mebane et al. 2012 Other data avilable for a specific species in the genus

Mayfly, Rhithrogena sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 21 LC50 >50 (dissolved) Mebane et al. 2012 Other data avilable for a specific species in the genus

Mayfly (nymph), Rhithrogena hageni Cadmium

sulfate 10 d 48 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 1,880

- 3,520 Brinkman and

Johnston 2008 Duration

Mosquito, Aedes aegypti Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 4,000 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Mosquito, Culex pipiens Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 765 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Midge (2nd instar), Chironomus riparius Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 100

- 110 LC50 13,000 Williams et al. 1986 Test species fed

Midge (3rd instar), Chironomus riparius Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 100

- 110 LC50 22,000 Williams et al. 1986 Test species fed

### H

- 32 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Midge (4th instar), Chironomus riparius Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 100

- 110 LC50 54,000 Williams et al. 1986 Test species fed

Midge, Chironomus riparius Cadmium

chloride 5 d 98 LOEC (egg viability) 30,000 Williams et al. 1987 Duration; Static, unmeasured exposure

Midge, Chironomus riparius Cadmium

chloride 10 d 98 LOEC (number of eggs ovipositioned) 100,000 Williams et al. 1987 Duration; Static, unmeasured exposure

Midge (1st instar), Chironomus riparius - 17 d 98 LOEC (survival, development and growth) 150 Pascoe et al. 1989 Duration

Midge (1st instar), Chironomus riparius - 1 hr 100 Reduced emergence 2,100 McCahon and

Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (1st instar), Chironomus riparius - 10 hr 100 Reduced emergence 210 McCahon and

Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (4th instar), Chironomus riparius - 1 hr 100 Reduced emergence 2,000 McCahon and

Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (4th instar), Chironomus riparius - 10 hr 100 Reduced emergence 200 McCahon and

Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (1st instar larva, <24 hr), Chironomus riparius Cadmium

nitrate 24 hr 8 LC50 9,380 Bechard et al. 2008 Duration

Midge (4th instar), Chironomus riparius Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 212,230 Choi and Ha 2009 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- Downregulation of

CrSTART1 mRNA 2,000 Nair and Choi 2012 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Midge,

Chironomus dilutus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 25 LC50 8,050 Khangarot and Ray

1989b Dilution water

(natural surface water)

not characterized Midge (2nd instar, 10

- 12 d),

Chironomus dilutus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 17 LC50 2,956 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Midge (4th instar larva),

Chironomus dilutus Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LOEC (increased HSP gene expression) 200 Lee et al. 2006b Duration; Atypical endpoint

Midge (4th instar larva),

Chironomus dilutus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- NOEC (growth) 20,000 Lee et al. 2006b Duration

Midge (4th instar larva),

Chironomus dilutus Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 169,500 Ha and Choi 2008 Duration

### H

- 33 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Midge, Tanytarsus dissimilis Cadmium

chloride 10 d 47 LC50 3.8 Anderson et al.

1980 Duration

Damselfly, Enallagma sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=3.5) LC50 7,050 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study Damselfly, Enallagma sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.0) LC50 8,660 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study Damselfly, Enallagma sp. Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=4.5) LC50 10,660 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Rio Grande cutthroat trout (eyed egg), Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis Cadmium

sulfate ELS

(53 d) 44.9 NOEC (hatch success) 8.03 (dissolved) Brinkman 2012 More sensitive endpoint available for this study

Pink salmon (alevin), Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 3,160 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Pink salmon (fry), Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 2,700 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Pink salmon (alevin, newly hatched), Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 3,600 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Coho salmon (juvenile), Oncorhynchus kisutch Cadmium

chloride 217 hr 22 LC50 2.0 Chapman and

Stevens 1978 Duration

Coho salmon (adult), Oncorhynchus kisutch Cadmium

chloride 215 hr 22 LC50 3.7 Chapman and

Stevens 1978 Duration

Coho salmon (alevin), Oncorhynchus kisutch Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 6.0 Buhl and Hamilton

1991

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - 7 d 290 LC50 8.944 (8

- 10) Ball 1967 Lack of exposure details; Duration; Unmeasured exposure
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - 24 hr 290 LC50 30,000 Ball 1967 Lack of exposure details; Duration
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - 10 d

- LC50 7 Kumada et al. 1973 Duration

### H

- 34 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - 10 d

- LC50 5 Kumada et al. 1973 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 96 hr 326 LC20 20 Davies 1976b Atypical endpoint for

this duration Rainbow trout (embryo, larva), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 28 d 104 EC50 (death and deformity) 140 Birge 1978; Birge et

al. 1980 Lack of exposure

details Rainbow trout (alevin), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 186 hr 23 LC10 >6 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint Rainbow trout (swim

- up fry), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.0 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint Rainbow trout (parr), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 0.7 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint Rainbow trout (smolt), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 0.8 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint Rainbow trout (adult), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 17 d 54 LC50 5.2 Chapman and

Stevens 1978 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 243 d 240 Increased gill diffusion 2 Hughes et al. 1979 Lack of exposure details; Atypical endpoint
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 10 d 125 (18oC) LC50 10

- 30 Roch and Maly

1979 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 10 d 125 (12oC) LC50 30 Roch and Maly

1979 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 10 d 125 (6oC) LC50 10

- 30 Roch and Maly

1979 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 80 min 112 Significant avoidance 52 Black and Birge

1980 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

stearate 96 hr

- LC50 6 Kumada et al. 1980 Inappropriate form of

toxicant
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

acetate 96 hr

- LC50 6.2 Kumada et al. 1980 Inappropriate form of

toxicant
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - 18 mo 112 Reduced survival 0.2 Birge et al. 1981 Lack of exposure

details

Rainbow trout (embryo, larva), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

sulfate 62 d 100 Reduced survival <5 Dave et al. 1981 Lack of exposure

details

### H

- 35 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 4 mo 320 Physiological effects 10 Arillo et al. 1982;

1984 Lack of exposure

details; Atypical endpoint
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 47 d 98.6 Reduced growth and

survival 100 Woodworth and

Pascoe 1982 Lack of exposure

details Rainbow trout (larva), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 7 d 89

- 107 LC50 700 Birge et al. 1983 Duration

Rainbow trout (larva), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 7 d 89

- 107 LC50 1,590 Birge et al. 1983 Duration; Acclimated to 5.9 ug/L for 24 days
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 55 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 11 d 82 (10oC) LC50 16.0 Majewski and Giles

1984 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 8 d 82 (15oC) LC50 16.6 Majewski and Giles

1984 Duration

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 178 d 82 Physiological effects 4.8 Majewski and Giles

1984 Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 10.2 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b High TOC; River

dilution water not

characterized Rainbow trout (egg, 0 hr), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 13,000 Van Leeuwen et al.

1985a Rainbow trout (egg, 24 hr), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 13,000 Van Leeuwen et al.

1985a Rainbow trout (eyed egg, 14 d), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 7,500 Van Leeuwen et al.

1985a Rainbow trout (eyed egg, 28 d), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 9,200 Van Leeuwen et al.

1985a Rainbow trout (sac fry, 42 d), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 30 Van Leeuwen et al.

1985a Rainbow trout (early fry, 77 d), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 10 Van Leeuwen et al.

1985a

Rainbow trout (fry), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 9.2 (pH=4.7) LC50 28 Cusimano et al.

1986 Exposure at low pH

Rainbow trout (fry), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 9.2 (pH=5.7) LC50 0.7 Cusimano et al.

1986 Exposure at low pH

### H

- 36 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 63 LC50 1,300 (dissolved) Pascoe et al. 1986 Test species fed

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 300 LC50 2,600 (dissolved) Pascoe et al. 1986 Test species fed

Rainbow trout (5 d post fert.), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 >100,000 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (10 d post fert.), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 3,300 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (15 d post fert.), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 7,200 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (22 d post fert.), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 8,000 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (29 d post fert.), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 12,500 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (36 d post fert.), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 16,500 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (alevin, 2 d post hatch), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 5,800 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (alevin, 7 d post hatch), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 8,300 Shazili and Pascoe

1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (alevin), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 37.9 Buhl and Hamilton

1991 Rainbow trout (juvenile), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

nitrate 96 hr 140 LC50 280 Hollis et al. 1999 Prior exposed to 3 ug/L for 30 d Rainbow trout (juvenile), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

nitrate 96 hr 140 LC50 250 Hollis et al. 1999 Prior exposed to 10 ug/L for 30 d

Rainbow trout (33.3 mm, 263 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 5 d 30.7 LC50 0.53 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout (33.6 mm, 289 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 5 d 89.3 LC50 2.07 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout (34 mm, 299 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 5 d 30.0 LC50 0.84 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

### H

- 37 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rainbow trout (42.6 mm, 659 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 5 d 29.3 LC50 0.35 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout (49.4 mm, 1,150 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 5 d 31.7 LC50 0.36 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout (48.2 mm, 1,030 mg), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 5 d 30.2 LC50 0.35 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout (larvae, 1 mo., 1.2

- 1.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 1 hr 210 NOEC (decrease oxygen consumption rates) 200 Jezierska and

Sarnowski 2002 Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Rainbow trout (swim

- up fry, 4

- 5 wk), Oncorhynchus mykiss - 96 hr 101 LC50 5.4 Besser et al. 2006;

2007 Test species fed

Rainbow trout (1 dph), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 21 d 100 EC20 (survival) 12 Wang et al. 2014 Duration too short

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 26 dph), Oncorhynchus mykiss Cadmium

chloride 28 d 100 EC20 (biomass) 1.9 Wang et al. 2014 Exposure started too

late for true ELS test

Sockeye salmon (newly hatched alevin), Oncorhynchus nerka Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 4,500 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (alevin), Oncorhynchus nerka Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 1,000 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (alevin), Oncorhynchus nerka Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 500 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (fry), Oncorhynchus nerka Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 30 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (fry), Oncorhynchus nerka Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 8 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (smolt), Oncorhynchus nerka Cadmium

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 360 Servizi and Martens

1978 Duration

Chinook salmon (alevin), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Cadmium

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 18

- 26 Chapman 1978 Duration

### H

- 38 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Chinook salmon (swim

- up fry), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Cadmium

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.2 Chapman 1978 Duration

Chinook salmon (parr), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Cadmium

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.3 Chapman 1978 Duration

Chinook salmon (smolt), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Cadmium

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.5 Chapman 1978 Duration

Atlantic salmon (alevin),

Salmo salar Cadmium

chloride 92 d 28 Net water uptake inhibited 0.78 Rombough and

Garside 1982 Atypical endpoint

Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar Cadmium

chloride 70 d 13 Reduced growth 2 Peterson et al. 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 15.1 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b River dilution water

not characterized
Brown trout,

Salmo trutta Cadmium

sulfate 96 hr 36.9 LC50 1.87 Davies and

Brinkman 1994a Test species fed

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta Cadmium

sulfate 12 wk 37.6 Chronic value (growth and survival) 0.70 Davies and

Brinkman 1994c Per author chronic

values does not have a

clear effect level Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta Cadmium

sulfate 30 d 29.2 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 0.74

- 1.40 Brinkman and
Hansen 2004a; 2007 Duration

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta Cadmium

sulfate 30 d 67.6 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 1.30

- 2.58 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Duration

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta Cadmium

sulfate 30 d 151 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 4.81

- 8.88 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Duration

Bull trout (juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212 mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 55 d 30.6 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 0.383

- 0.786 Hansen et al. 2002a Duration

Bull trout (23.8 mm, 76.1 mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 5 d 30.7 LC50 0.83 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (23.4 mm, 72.7 mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 5 d 89.3 LC50 5.23 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (26.0 mm, 84.2 mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 5 d 30.0 LC50 2.41 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (30.2 mm, 200 mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 5 d 29.3 LC50 0.83 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

### H

- 39 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Bull trout (32.0 mm, 221 mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 5 d 31.7 LC50 0.88 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (31.8 mm, 218 mg), Salvelinus confluentus Cadmium

chloride 5 d 30.2 LC50 0.83 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Cadmium

chloride 21 d 10 Testicular damage 10 Sangalang and O'Halloran 1972;

1973 Lack of exposure

details; Atypical endpoint Brook trout (8 mo.), Salvelinus fontinalis - 10 d 20 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 8

- 18 Jop et al. 1995 Duration

Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush Cadmium

chloride 8

- 9 mo 90 Decreased thyroid follicle epithelial cell height 5 Scherer et al. 1997 Atypical endpoint

Arctic grayling (alevin), Thymallus arcticus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 6.1 Buhl and Hamilton

1991 Only acclimated to

test water for 1 d Arctic grayling (juvenile), Thymallus arcticus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 4.0 Buhl and Hamilton

1991 Low D.O.

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus - 50 d

- Reduced plasma sodium 44.5 McCarty and

Houston 1976 Lack of exposure

details; Atypical endpoint Goldfish (embryo, larva),

Carassius auratus Cadmium

chloride 7 d 195 EC50 (death and deformity) 170 Birge 1978 Duration

Common carp (embryo), Cyprinus carpio Cadmium

sulfate - 360 EC50 (hatch) 2,094 Kapur and Yadav

1982 Duration unknown

Common carp (embryo, larva), Cyprinus carpio Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 139 Birge et al. 1985 Multiple

- species test;
Duration Common carp (fry), Cyprinus carpio - 96 hr 100 LC50 4,260 Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (fingerling), Cyprinus carpio - 96 hr 100 LC50 17,050 Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (30 g), Cyprinus carpio Cadmium

chloride 29 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 449.64

- 2,248 De Smet and Blust

2001 Duration

Common carp (30 g), Cyprinus carpio Cadmium

chloride 29 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 56.2

- 280.25 De Smet et al. 2001 Duration

### H

- 40 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Common carp (larva, 0.9

- 1.39 g), Cyprinus carpio Cadmium

chloride 1 hr 210 LOEC (decrease oxygen consumption rates) 200 Jezierska and

Sarnowski 2002 Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Golden shiner (3 mo, 6.75 g), Notemigonus crysoleucas Cadmium

sulfate 96 hr 100

- 119 Elevated metabolic rate 200 Peles et al. 2012 Atypical endpoint

Common shiner (0.75

- 3.5 mg), Notropis cornutus Cadmium

chloride 7 d 48 67% reduced growth 200 (dissolved) Borgmann and

Ralph 1986 Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio Cadmium

chloride 12 d 200 LC50 100 Nguyen and Janssen

2001 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio Cadmium

chloride 12 d 200 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 50

- 150 Nguyen and Janssen

2001 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 100 NOEC (enlarged edema) 753.1 Fraysse et al. 2006 Duration; Atypical endpoint Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio Cadmium

chloride 80 hr 100 NOEC (hatching time) <22.48 Fraysse et al. 2006 Duration; Atypical endpoint Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- EC50 3,372 Lahnsteiner 2008 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- LC50 24,185 Notch et al. 2011 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 250 EC50 (deformation rate) 4,856 Sawle et al. 2010 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 63 LC50 80.8 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55 LC50 40.9 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 59 LC50 64.8 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 66 LC50 135 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 65 LC50 120 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 74 LC50 86.3 Spehar 1982

### H

- 41 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 79 LC50 86.6 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 62 LC50 114 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 63 LC50 80.8 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 6.8 hr 103 LT50=6.8 hr 6,000 Birge et al. 1983 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 3.7 hr 254

- 271 LT50=3.7 hr 16,00 Birge et al. 1983 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d 89

- 107 LC50 200 Birge et al. 1983 Duration

Fathead minnow (larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d 89

- 107 LC50 540 Birge et al. 1983 Duration; Acclimated

to 5.6 ug/L

for 4 d
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 2,200 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 209 LC50 802 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- Histological effects 12,000 Stromberg et al.

1983 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (30 d), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 3,390 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b River dilution water

not characterized
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 1,830 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b River dilution water

not characterized

Fathead minnow (embryo, larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 (20.1oC) LC50 125 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow (embryo, larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 (22.8oC) LC50 84 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow (embryo, larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 (25.7oC) LC50 76 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow (embryo, larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 (27.9oC) LC50 87 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

### H

- 42 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Fathead minnow (embryo, larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 41 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow (embryo, larva), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 107 Birge et al. 1985 Duration; Multiple

- species test

Fathead minnow (14

- 30 d), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 200 LC50 90 Hall et al. 1986

Fathead minnow (1

- 7 d), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 70

- 90 LC50 35.4 Diamond et al. 1997 Duration

Fathead minnow (2

- 4 d), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 17 LC50 4.8 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas - juvenile growth &

survival

test 17 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 1.0

- 2 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas - Juvenile growth &

survival

test 17 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 2.0

- 3 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d 270 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 10.7

- 21.9 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d 261 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 11.5

- 21.3 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d 285 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 8.5

- 11.3 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d 272 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 9.6

- 12.2 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d 292 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 5.3

- 6.9 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fathead minnow (larva, 96

- 144 hr), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d

- LC50 15.43 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

### H

- 43 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Fathead minnow (larva, 96

- 144 hr), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 7 d

- LC50 16.99 Southwest Texas

State University

2000 Duration

Fathead minnow (adult pairs), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 21 d 169 NOEC

- LOEC (spawning frequency) 24.3

- 39.7 Sellin and Kolok

2006a Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Fathead minnow (larva, 8 d), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 21 d 173 NOEC

- LOEC (# of pairs to spawn per day) 25

- 50 Sellin and Kolok

2006b Duration

Fathead minnow (larva, 8 d), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 21 d 173 NOEC (hatching success, offspring mortality) 50 Sellin and Kolok

2006b Duration

Fathead minnow (adult), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

sulfate 96 hr 117.9 LOEC (increase metabolic rate) 250 Pistole et al. 2008 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (29

- 55 mm), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

nitrate 96 hr 120 Increase in auditory

threshold 2.1

- 2.9 Low 2009 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (larva, <24 hr), Pimephales promelas Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 38

- 66 LC50 47.7 Robison 2011 Duration

White sucker (larva),

Catostomus commersoni Cadmium

chloride 7 d 48 46% reduced growth 36 (dissolved) Borgmann and

Ralph 1986 Duration

Walking catfish (12

- 14 cm, 25 g),

Clarias batrachus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 250 (240

- 260) LC50 315,000 Banerjee et al. 1978 Lack of exposure

details

Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus Cadmium

chloride 14 d

- 60% mortality 8,993 Jana and Sahana

1989 Duration;

Unmeasured exposure

Stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus Cadmium

sulfate 18 d 299 Kidney cell tissue

breakdown 6,000 Oronsaye 1989 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus Cadmium

sulfate 30 d 299 NOEC

- LOEC (kidney cytological alteration) 4,000

- 6,000 Oronsaye 2001 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Brown bullhead,

Ictalurus nebulosus Cadmium

chloride 2 hr

- Affected gills and kidney 61,300 Blickens 1978;

Garofano 1979 Duration; Atypical

endpoint

### H

- 44 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Cadmium

chloride - - Increased albinism 0.5 Westerman and Birge 1978 Duration unknown;

Atypical endpoint
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 7,940 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b River dilution water

not characterized

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis Cadmium

sulfate 48 hr 45 LC50 7,260 Chagnon and

Guttman 1989 Duration

Guppy (fry),

Poecilia reticulata Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 140

- 190 LC50 2,500 Gadkari and

Marathe 1983 Guppy (male),

Poecilia reticulata Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 140

- 190 LC50 12,750 Gadkari and

Marathe 1983 Guppy (female),

Poecilia reticulata Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 140

- 190 LC50 16,000 Gadkari and

Marathe 1983

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 209 LC50 41,900 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Striped bass (larva),

Morone saxatilis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 34.5 LC50 1 Hughes 1973 Duration

Striped bass (fingerling),

Morone saxatilis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 34.5 LC50 2 Hughes 1973 Duration

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 80 min 112 Significant avoidance >41.1 Black and Birge

1980 Duration; Atypical

endpoint Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 3 d 340

- 360 Increased cough rate 50 Bishop and

McIntosh 1981 Duration; Atypical

endpoint Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 55

- 79 LC50 8,810 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b River dilution water

not characterized Bluegill (juvenile), Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 32 d 134 NOEC (growth) >32.3 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill (31.1 mm), Lepomis macrochirus Cadmium

chloride 22 d 174 LOEC (prey attack rate) 37.3 Bryan et al. 1995 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Largemouth bass (embryo, larva), Micropterus salmoides Cadmium

chloride 8 d 99 EC50 (death and deformity) 1,640 Birge et al. 1978 Duration

### H

- 45 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides - 24 hr

- Affected opercular activity 150 Morgan 1979 Duration; Atypical endpoint Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Cadmium

chloride 80 min 112 Significant avoidance 8.83 Black and Birge

1980 Duration; Atypical

endpoint Largemouth bass (embryo, larva), Micropterus salmoides Cadmium

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 244 Birge et al. 1985 Duration; Multiple

species test

Fountain darter (larva, 96

- 144 hr), Etheostoma fonticola Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 254

- 282 LC50 9.62 (reported

dissolved) Southwest Texas

State University

2000 Test species fed

Fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola Cadmium

chloride 7 d 270 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 1.4

- 2.8 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola Cadmium

chloride 7 d 261 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 5.5

- 11.5 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola Cadmium

chloride 7 d 285 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 5.7

- 8.5 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola Cadmium

chloride 7 d 270 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 6.6

- 9.6 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola Cadmium

chloride 7 d 292 NOEC

- LOEC (growth and survival) 4

- 5.3 Southwest Texas State University

2000 Duration

Orangethroat darter (embryo), Etheostoma spectabile Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 180 LC50 >500 Sharp and

Kaszubski 1989 River dilution water

not characterized

Nile tilapia (adult, 13.1 cm, 77.2 g),

Oreochromis niloticus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 36.17 Reduction in plasma Ca

2+ concentration 5,000 Garcia

- Santos et al.

2006 Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus Cadmium

chloride 14 d 324 LOEC (increase CAT activity) 562 Atli and Canli 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure; Duration; Atypical endpoint

### H

- 46 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus Cadmium

chloride 14 d 324 LOEC (decrease intestine Na, K

ATPase activity) 562 Atli and Canli 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure; Duration; Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus Cadmium

chloride 14 d 324 NOEC

- LOEC (decrease muscle Na, K

ATPase activity) 562

- 1,124 Atli and Canli 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure; Duration; Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus Cadmium

chloride 14 d 324 NOEC (gill, blood, and muscle and GSH level) >2,248 Atli and Canli 2008 Unmeasured chronic exposure; Duration; Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus Cadmium

chloride 14 d 324 LOEC (increase liver MT level) 562 Atli and Canli 2008 Unmeasured chronic exposure; Duration; Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (fingerling, 4

- 6 cm),

Oreochromis niloticus Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- NOEC (brain and muscle ChE activity) 30 Silva and Pathiratne

2008 Atypical endpoint

Mozambique tilapia (12

- 14 cm, 25 g),

Oreochromis mossambica Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 250 (240

- 260) LC50 200,000 Banerjee et al. 1978 Lack of exposure

details

Mozambique tilapia (larva, <1 d),

Oreochromis mossambica Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- LC50 205 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not

characterized

Mozambique tilapia (larva, 1 d),

Oreochromis mossambica Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- LC50 83 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not

characterized Mozambique tilapia (larva, 2 d),

Oreochromis mossambica Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- LC50 33 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not

characterized Mozambique tilapia (larva, 3 d),

Oreochromis mossambica Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- LC50 22 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not

characterized Mozambique tilapia (larva, 7 d),

Oreochromis mossambica Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- LC50 29 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not

characterized Mozambique tilapia (72 hr),

Oreochromis mossambica Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 28 LC50 21.4 Chang et al. 1998

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdi Cadmium

chloride 21 d 103 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 0.59

- 1.3 Besser et al. 2007 Duration

### H

- 47 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Mummichog,

Fundulus heteroclitus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 5 TL50 12.2 Gill and Epple 1992 Atypical endpoint

White sturgeon (embryo), Acipenser transmontanus Cadmium

chloride 66 d 70 NOEC

- LOEC (mortality) 1.1

- 8.3 Vardy et al. 2011 No true control group

- control water had Cd

level similar to lowest

exposure group White sturgeon (embryo), Acipenser transmontanus Cadmium

chloride 66 d 70 LC20 1.5 Vardy et al. 2011 No true control group

White sturgeon (larva, 2 dph), Acipenser transmontanus Cadmium

chloride 14 d 100 EC20 (survival) >11 Wang et al. 2014 Duration too short

White sturgeon (juvenile, 28 dph), Acipenser transmontanus Cadmium

chloride 28 d 100 EC20 (biomass) 3.2 Wang et al. 2014 Exposure started too

late for true ELS test

Southern gray treefrog (embryo), Hyla chrysoscelis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 90 LC50 49.9 Westerman 1977 Duration

Southern gray treefrog (embryo), Hyla chrysoscelis Cadmium

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 40.3 Westerman 1977 Duration

Pipfrog (embryo), Rana grylio Cadmium

chloride 6 d 90 LC50 81.8 Westerman 1977 Duration

Pipfrog (embryo), Rana grylio Cadmium

chloride 10 d 90 LC50 69.3 Westerman 1977 Duration

River frog (embryo),

Rana heckscheri Cadmium

chloride 6 d 90 LC50 69.2 Westerman 1977 Duration

River frog (embryo),

Rana heckscheri Cadmium

chloride 10 d 90 LC50 60.5 Westerman 1977 Duration

Leopard frog (embryo), Rana pipiens Cadmium

chloride 6 d 90 LC50 56.1 Westerman 1977 Duration

Leopard frog (embryo), Rana pipiens Cadmium

chloride 10 d 90 LC50 50.1 Westerman 1977 Duration

### H

- 48 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Southern leopard frog (tadpole, GS 25), Rana sphenocephala Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 130.8 NOEC

- LOEC (decreased tadpole activity) 750

- 1,200 Moyer 2012 Duration; Atypical endpoint

American toad (tadpoles, Gosner stage 25), Bufo americanus Cadmium

chloride 60 d 51.2 LOEC (metamorph wet weight and days to tail resorption) 5 James and Little

2003 Duration

American toad (tadpoles, Gosner stage 25), Bufo americanus Cadmium

chloride 60 d 51.2 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 54

- 540 James and Little

2003 Duration

Red

- spotted toad (embryo), Bufo punctatus Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 90 LC50 9,800 Westerman 1977 Duration

Red

- spotted toad (embryo), Bufo punctatus Cadmium

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 6,781 Westerman 1977 Duration

Narrow

- mouthed toad (embryo, larva), Gastrophyryne carolinensis Cadmium

chloride 7 d 195 EC50 (death and deformity) 40 Birge 1978 Duration

Narrow

- mouthed toad (embryo), Gastrophyryne carolinensis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 90 LC50 47.9 Westerman 1977 Duration

Narrow

- mouthed toad (embryo), Gastrophyryne carolinensis Cadmium

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 41.5 Westerman 1977 Duration

African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis Cadmium

nitrate 48 hr 209 LC50 11,700 Slooff and Baerselman 1980;

Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 170 LC50 3,200 Canton and Slooff

1982 Duration

African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 100 d 170 Inhibited development 650 Canton and Slooff

1982 Lack of exposure

details African clawed frog (stage 40), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 1,000 Herkovits et al.

1997 Duration

African clawed frog (stage 40), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- LC50 0.2 Herkovits et al.

1998 Duration

African clawed frog (stage 47), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- LC50 1.6 Herkovits et al.

1998 Duration

### H

- 49 Species Chemical Duration Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3 ) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable African clawed frog (adult, female), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 30 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (total egg count) 500

- 1,000 Fort et al. 2001 Duration

African clawed frog (adult, male), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 30 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (total sperm count) 2,500

- 5,000 Fort et al. 2001 Duration

African clawed frog (stage 50), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 6 d

- 40% mortality 5,000 Mouchet et al. 2007 Duration; Test species

fed African clawed frog (stage 50), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 6 d

- 60% mortality 10,000 Mouchet et al. 2007 Duration; Test species

fed African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- Increased toxicity and teratogenicity 562 Boga et al. 2008 Atypical endpoint

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 47 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (delayed development and forelimb emergence) 84

- 855 Sharma and Patino

2008 Duration

African clawed frog (embryo,<24 hr), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 86 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 85

- 860 Sharma and Patino

2009 Duration

African clawed frog (embryo,<24 hr), Xenopus laevis Cadmium

chloride 86 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (growth) 8

- 85 Sharma and Patino

2009 Duration

Marbled salamander (embryo, larva), Ambystoma gracile Cadmium

chloride 8 d 99 EC50 (death and deformity) 150 Birge et al. 1978 Duration

Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile Cadmium

chloride 10 d 45 LOEC (limb regeneration) 44.6 Nebeker et al. 1994 Duration

Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile Cadmium

chloride 10 d 45 LOEC (growth) 227 Nebeker et al. 1995 Duration

### I

- 1



# Appendix I Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data

### I

- 2

Appendix I: Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data (Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

ESTUARINE/MARINE

WATER
Bacterium, Vibrio fischeri Cadmium

nitrate 22 hr 35 EC50 214 Radix et al. 1999 Bacteria

Bacteria, Vibrio fischeri Cadmium

chloride 15 min 35 EC50 (luminescence) 56,800 Rosen et al. 2008 Bacteria

Phytoplankton population Cadmium

nitrate 4 d

- Reduced biomass 112 Hollibaugh et al.

1980 Mixed community

exposure

Phytoplankton community

- - - LC50 0.23

- 498.7 Echeveste et al. 2012 Mixed community

exposure, exposure duration not well

defined

Phytoflagellate,

Olisthodiscus luteus Cadmium

chloride 192 hr

- 27% biovolume reduction 500 Fernandez

- Leborans

and Novillo 1996

Dinoflagellate,

Alexandrium catenella Cadmium

sulfate 30 d

- 30% decreased growth 5.83 Herzi et al. 2013 Duration

Dinoflagellate, Ceratocorys horrida Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 35 EC50 (bioluminescence) 1,710 Rosen et al. 2008 Duration

Dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa sp. - 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 13,800 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedrum Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 35 EC50 (bioluminescence) 843 Rosen et al. 2008 Duration

Dinoflagellate,

Prorocentrum minimum - 72 hr

- IC50 (cell

- specific growth rate) 116.9 Wang 2010 Duration

Dinoflagellate (4 wk), Pyrocystis lunula - 48 hr 35 EC50 (bioluminescence) 750 Heimann et al. 2002 Duration

### I

- 3 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Dinoflagellate, Pyrocystis noctiluca Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 35 EC50 (bioluminescence) 1,130 Rosen et al. 2008 Duration

Diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 8,500 Koutsaftis and Aoyama 2006 Duration

Diatom, Isochrysis galbana - 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 2,900 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Diatom, Minutocellus polymorphus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- EC50 66 Walsh et al. 1988 Duration

Diatom,

Skeletonema costatum - 10 d

- EC50 (growth) 450 Govindarajan et al.

1993
Diatom,

Skeletonema costatum Cadmium

chloride 72 hr

- EC50 144 Walsh et al. 1988 Duration

Diatom,

Tetraselmis gracilis - 96 hr

- EC50 (survival) 1,800 Okamoto et al. 1996

Diatom,

Tetraselmis tetrahele - 72 hr

- EC50 (growth) 9,800 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - (18oC) EC50

(growth) 291.1 Wang and Wang 2008; Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - (24oC) EC50

(growth) 210.2 Wang and Wang 2008; Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - (30.5oC) EC50

(growth) 33.72 Wang and Wang 2008; Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - High

irradiance IC50

(cell

- specific growth rate) 77.56 Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - Low

irradiance IC50

(cell

- specific growth rate) 303.5 Wang 2010 Duration

### I

- 4 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - Med.

irradiance IC50

(cell

- specific growth rate) 236.1 Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana - 72 hr

- IC50 (cell

- specific growth rate) 7.862 Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii - 48 hr

- EC50 (growth

- nutrient rich medium) 157.4 Miao and Wang 2006 Duration

Diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii - 48 hr

- EC50 (growth

- N

- starved medium) 22.48 Miao and Wang 2006 Duration

Diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii - 48 hr

- EC50 (growth

- P

- starved medium) 73.07 Miao and Wang 2006 Duration

Green alga,

Acetabularia acetabulum Cadmium

chloride 3 wk

- Morphological deformities 100 Karez et al. 1989

Green alga,

Acetabularia acetabulum Cadmium

chloride 3 wk

- Decreased cell elongation 1 Karez et al. 1989

Green alga, Chlorella autotrophica - 72 hr

- IC50 (cell

- specific growth rate) 1,248 Wang 2010 Duration

Green alga, Ulva pertusa Cadmium

chloride 72

- 120 hr 35 EC50 (reproduction) 217 Han et al. 2007 Duration not specifically identified

Red alga, Champia parvula Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 28

- 30 NOEC (sexual reproduction) >100 Thursby and Steele

1986 Duration

Hydroid, Campanularia flexuosa - - - Enzyme inhibition 40

- 75 Moore and Stebbing

1976 Duration not

specifically identified Hydroid, Campanularia flexuosa - 11 d

- Growth rate 110

- 280 Stebbing 1976

Starlet sea anemone (adult, female),

Nematostella vectensis Cadmium

chloride 21 d 12 NOEC

- LOEC (survival) 50

- 250 Harter and Matthews

2005 Duration

### I

- 5 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 15 LC50 54,900 Snell and Personne

1989b Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 30 LC50 56,800 Snell and Personne

1989b Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr 15 LC50 >39,000 Snell et al. 1991b Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- LC50 490.6 Arulvasu et al. 2010 Duration

Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis Cadmium

nitrate 7 d

- No survival 429.2 Arulvasu et al. 2010 Unmeasured chronic exposure; Duration

Polychaete, Capitella capitata Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- LC50 630 Reish et al. 1976 Duration

Polychaete, Capitella capitata Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- LC50 700 Reish et al. 1976 Duration

Polychaete,

Neanthes arenaceodentata Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- LC50 3,000 Reish et al. 1976 Duration

Polychaete worm,

Nereis virens Cadmium

chloride 144 hr

- LC50 170 McLeese and Ray

1986 Duration

Sea squirt (sperm),

Ciona intestinalis Cadmium

chloride 30 min 33 NOEC

- LOEC (% fertilization) 4,096

- 16,384 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (gamete),

Ciona intestinalis Cadmium

chloride 1 hr 33 LOEC (% fertilization) >16,384 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (embryo),

Ciona intestinalis Cadmium

chloride 20 hr 33 EC50 (development) 809.4 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (larva),

Ciona intestinalis Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 33 EC50 (attachmnet) >16,366 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (egg/sperm),

Ciona intestinalis Cadmium

chloride 20 hr 33 EC50 (embryonic development) 721 Bellas et al. 2004 Duration

Sea squirt (egg/sperm),

Ciona intestinalis Cadmium

chloride 70 hr 33 EC50 (larva attachment) 752 Bellas et al. 2004 Duration

### I

- 6 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Gastropod (larva), Crepidula fornicata Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- LOEC (% larval mortality) 2,189 Pechenik et al. 2001 Duration; Test species fed

Mud snail (0.24

- 1.14 g),

Nassarius obsoletus Cadmium

chloride 72 hr 25 Increased O 2 consumption 500 MacInnes and Thurberg 1973 Atypical endpoint

Mussel, Mytilus edulis Cadmium

chloride 9.5 d 28 LT50 = 9.5 d (anoxic conditions) 47 Veldhuizen

- Tsoerkan

et al. 1991 Atypical endpoint

Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians Cadmium

chloride 42 d

- EC50 (growth) 78 Pesch and Stewart

1980

Scallop (juvenile, 3 mm), Argopecten ventricosus Cadmium

chloride 30 d 36 LOEC (growth) 10 Sobrino

- Figueroa et

al. 2007 Unmeasured chronic

exposure; Duration

Pacific oyster (larva, 6 d), Crassostrea gigas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- EC50 (growth) 75 Watling 1982 Atypical endpoint

Pacific oyster (larva, 16 d), Crassostrea gigas Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- EC50 (growth) 120 Watling 1982 Atypical endpoint

Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Cadmium

chloride 6 d

- 50 % reduction in settlement 20

- 25 Watling 1983b Duration

Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Cadmium

chloride 14 d

- Growth reduction 10 Watling 1983b Duration

Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Cadmium

chloride 23 d

- LC50 50 Watling 1983b Duration

Pacific oyster (1 yr, 112 mm, 20.3 g), Crassostrea gigas Cadmium

chloride 11 d 35 LOEC (increase expression of MT mRNA in digestive gland and

gills) 10 Choi et al. 2008 Duration;

Unmeasured chronic exposure; Atypical endpoint

Pacific oyster (1 yr, 112 mm, 20.3 g), Crassostrea gigas Cadmium

chloride 11 d 35 LOEC (increase expression of HSP90 mRNA in digestive gland and gills) 10 Choi et al. 2008 Duration;

Unmeasured chronic exposure; Atypical endpoint

American or virginia oyster, Crassostrea virginica Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- Reduction in embryonic development 15 Zaroogian and

Morrison 1981 Duration

### I

- 7 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Brown mussel (20

- 24 mm), Perna perna Cadmium

acetate 96 hr 32 LC50 877.5 Baby and Menon

1987 Inappropriate form of

toxicant

Clam,

Macoma balthica Cadmium

chloride 6 d

- LC50 1,710 McLeese and Ray

1986 Duration

Hard clam (juvenile),

Mercenaria mercenaria Cadmium

chloride 7 d 25 EC50 (growth) 86.7 Keppler and Ringwood 2002 Duration; Test

species fed

Hard clam (juvenile, 212

- 350 mm),

Mercenaria mercenaria - 24 hr 32 LC50 420 Chung et al. 2007 Duration

Japanese carpet shell (6.7

- 7.1 mm), Ruditapes philippinarum - 5 d

- LC50 3,114 Figueira et al. 2012 Duration

Sand gaper, Mya arenaria Cadmium

chloride 7 d

- LC50 150 Eisler 1977 Duration

Sand gaper, Mya arenaria Cadmium

chloride 7 d

- LC50 700 Eisler and Hennekey

1977 Duration

Calanoid copepod (newly hatched nauplii), Eurytemora affinis Cadmium

chloride 24 hr

- Reduction in swimming speed 130 Sullivan et al. 1983 Duration

Calanoid copepod (newly hatched nauplii), Eurytemora affinis Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- Reduction in development

rate 116 Sullivan et al. 1983 Duration

Calanoid copepod, Eurytemora affinis Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 5 LC50 51.6 Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Calanoid copepod, Eurytemora affinis Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15 LC50 213 Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Harpacticoid copepod, Nitokra spinipes Cadmium

sulfate 96 hr 30 NOEC (survival) 500 Ward et al. 2011 Atypical endpoint

### I

- 8 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Copepod,

Tisbe holothurlae Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- LC50 970 Moraitou

Apostolopoulou and Verriopoulos 1982 Duration

Barnacle (larva, stage 2 nauplii), Balanus improvisus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15 LC50 >100.5 Lang et al. 1981 According to the author no attempt

was made to determine a LC50; Test species fed

Barnacle (larva, stage 2 nauplii), Balanus improvisus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 30 LC50 >201.8 Lang et al. 1981 According to the author no attempt

was made to determine a LC50; Test species fed

Mysid, Americamysis bahia Cadmium

chloride 17 d 15

- 23 LC50 11.3 Nimmo et al. 1977a Duration

Mysid, Americamysis bahia Cadmium

chloride 16 d 30 LC50 28 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration

Mysid, Americamysis bahia Cadmium

chloride 8 d

- LC50 60 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration

Mysid, Americamysis bahia - 28 d 13

- 29 NOEC (survival, growth and reproduction) 4

- 5 Voyer and

McGovern 1991

Mysid (8 d), Americamysis bahia Cadmium

chloride 7 d 25 NOEC (survival and growth) 5 Khan et al. 1992 Duration;

Unmeasured

exposure Mysid (8 d), Americamysis bahia Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 25 NOEC (survival and growth) 5 Khan et al. 1992

Mysid, Americamysis bahia - 24 hr 12 Reduced serum osmolality 3.62 De Lisle and Roberts

1994 Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Mysid, Mysidopsis bigelowi Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- LC50 18 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration

Mysid, Mysidopsis bigelowi Cadmium

chloride 8 d

- LC50 70 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration

### I

- 9 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Mysid (adult, 14 mm), Neomysis integer Cadmium

chloride 5 d 10 LC50 32.43 Roast et al. 2001b Duration

Mysid (adult, 15 mm), Neomysis integer - 7 d 10 LOEC (preference for DO vs. hypoxia areas) 1.0 Roast et al. 2002a Duration; Atypical endpoint

Mysid (juvenile, 1

- 5 d), Neomysis integer Cadmium

chloride - 5

- 2.87x10 - 8

(free ion activity Cd) Verslycke et al. 2003 Atypical endpoint

Mysid (juvenile, 1

- 5 d), Neomysis integer Cadmium

chloride - 25

- 2.86x10 - 8

(free ion activity Cd) Verslycke et al. 2003 Atypical endpoint

Mysid (adult, 18 mm), Praunus flexuosus Cadmium

chloride 6 d 10 LC50 83.11 Roast et al. 2001b Duration

Isopod,

Idotea baltica Cadmium

chloride 5 d 3 LC50 10,000 Jones 1975 Duration

Isopod,

Idotea baltica Cadmium

chloride 3 d 21 LC50 10,000 Jones 1975 Duration

Isopod,

Idotea baltica Cadmium

chloride 1.5 d 14 LC50 10,000 Jones 1975 Duration

White shrimp (0.02 cm, 0.1 g), Litopenaeus vannamei Cadmium

sulfate 28 d 15 LOEC (growth) 100 Wu and Chen 2005a Unmeasured chronic

exposure White shrimp (0.22 cm, 0.49 g), Litopenaeus vannamei Cadmium

sulfate 28 d 15 NOEC

- LOEC (food consumption) 100

- 200 Wu and Chen 2005a Unmeasured chronic exposure; Atypical endpoint

Pink shrimp,

Penaeus duorarum Cadmium

chloride 30 d

- LC50 720 Nimmo et al. 1977b Lack of exposure

details

Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 29 d

- LC50 120 Nimmo et al. 1977b Lack of exposure

details Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 21 d 5 LC25 50 Vernberg et al. 1977 Lack of exposure

details Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 21 d 10 LC10 50 Vernberg et al. 1977 Lack of exposure

details

### I

- 10 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 21 d 20 LC5 50 Vernberg et al. 1977 Lack of exposure

details Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 21 d

- BCF = 140

- Vernberg et al. 1977 Steady state not

documented Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 6 d 10 LC75 300 Middaugh and Floyd

1978 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 6 d 15 LC50 300 Middaugh and Floyd

1978 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 6 d 30 LC25 300 Middaugh and Floyd

1978 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 42 d

- LC50 300 Pesch and Stewart

1980 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp (juvenile), Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 10 LC50 1,300 Burton and Fisher

1990 Duration too short for

juvenile shrimp

Daggerblade grass shrimp (25

- 35 mg), Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 8 hr 20 NOEC

- LOEC (increase GSH) 562.05

- 5,620.5 Downs et al. 2001a Duration; Atypical endpoint

Daggerblade grass shrimp (25

- 35 mg), Palaemonetes pugio Cadmium

chloride 8 hr 20 LOEC (increase LPO and ubiquitin) 112.41 Downs et al. 2001a Duration; Atypical endpoint

Shrimp, Palaemon sp. - 5 d

- 2,300 Ahsanullah 1976 Duration

Spot shrimp, Pandalus platyceros - - - 4,970 Cardwell et al. 1979 Unknown duration

Pink shrimp, Pandalus montagui Cadmium

chloride 6 d

- LC50 1,280 McLeese and Ray

1986 Duration

Common shrimp (post

- molt), Crangon crangon - 5.3 d

- 350 Price and Uglow

1979 Duration

Bay shrimp, Crangon septemspinosa Cadmium

chloride 6 d

- LC50 1,160 McLeese and Ray

1986 Duration

### I

- 11 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable American lobster,

Homarus americanus Cadmium

chloride 21 d

- BCF = 25

- Eisler et al. 1972 Steady state not

documented
American lobster,

Homarus americanus Cadmium

chloride 30 d

- Increase in ATPase activity 6 Tucker 1979 Atypical endpoint

Longwrist hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus Cadmium

chloride 7 d

- 25% mortality 270 Eisler and Hennekey

1977 Duration

Longwrist hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus Cadmium

chloride 60 d

- LC56 70 Pesch and Stewart

1980 Lack of exposure

details; Atypical endpoint

Yellow crab, Cancer anthonyi Cadmium

chloride 7 d 34 28% mortality 1,000 MacDonald et al.

1988 Duration

Rock crab,

Cancer irroratus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- Enzyme activity 1,000 Gould et al. 1976 Atypical endpoint

Rock crab (larva),

Cancer irroratus Cadmium

chloride 28 d

- Delayed development 50 Johns and Miller

1982 Lack of exposure

details

Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Cadmium

nitrate 7 d 10 LC50 50 Rosenberg and

Costlow 1976 Duration

Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Cadmium

nitrate 7 d 30 LC50 150 Rosenberg and

Costlow 1976 Duration

Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Cadmium

chloride 21 d 2.5 LC50 19 Guerin and Stickle

1995 Duration

Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Cadmium

chloride 21 d 25 LC50 186 Guerin and Stickle

1995 Duration

Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Cadmium

chloride 6

- 8 d 28 EC50 (hatching) 0.25 Lee et al. 1996 Duration

Shore crab (45.6 g),

Carcinus maenas Cadmium

chloride 10 d 32 NOEC

- LOEC (osmotic pressure) 3.4

- 34 Burke et al. 2003 Duration; Only two

exposure concentrations

Shore crab (45.6 g),

Carcinus maenas Cadmium

chloride 10 d 10.5 LOEC (osmotic pressure) 3.4 Burke et al. 2003 Duration; Only two

exposure concentrations

### I

- 12 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Mud crab (larva), Eurypanopeus depressus Cadmium

chloride 8 d

- LC50 10 Mirkes et al. 1978 Duration; Lack of exposure details Mud crab (larva), Eurypanopeus depressus Cadmium

chloride 44 d

- Delay in metamorphysis 10 Mirkes et al. 1978 Lack of exposure

details

Mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisil Cadmium

nitrate 11 d 10 LC80 50 Rosenberg and

Costlow 1976 Duration; Atypical

endpoint
Mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisil Cadmium

nitrate 11 d 20 LC75 50 Rosenberg and

Costlow 1976 Duration; Atypical

endpoint
Mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisil Cadmium

nitrate 11 d 30 LC40 50 Rosenberg and

Costlow 1976 Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator - 10 d

- LC50 2,900 O'Hara 1973a Duration

Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator Cadmium

chloride - - Effect on respiration 1.0 Vernberg et al. 1974 Duration not provided

Northern Pacific seastar (egg/sperm),

Asterias amurensis Cadmium

chloride 60 min 32 Fertilization rate 154,000 Lee et al. 2004 Duration

Common starfish, Asterias forbesii Cadmium

chloride 7 d

- 25% mortality 270 Eisler and Hennekey

1977 Duration

Sea urchin (sperm cell),

Arbacia punctulata Cadmium

chloride 1 hr 30 EC50 (sperm cell) 38,000 Nacci et al. 1986 Duration

Sea urchin (embryo), Arbacia punctulata Cadmium

chloride 4 hr 30 EC50 (embryo growth) 13,900 Nacci et al. 1986 Duration

Green sea urchin (sperm), Strongylocentrotus

droebachiensis Cadmium

chloride 80 min 30 EC50 (sperm fertilization) 26,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Green sea urchin (embryo), Strongylocentrotus

droebachiensis Cadmium

chloride 120 hr 30 EC50 (development) 1,800 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Red sea urchin (sperm), Cadmium 80 min 30 EC50 12,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

### I

- 13 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Strongylocentrotus franciscanus chloride (sperm fertilization)

Purple sea urchin (sperm), Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Cadmium

chloride 80 min 30 EC50 (sperm fertilization) 18,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Purple sea urchin (embryo), Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Cadmium

chloride 120 hr 30 EC50 (development) 500 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Cadmium

chloride 40 min 30 NOEC (sperm fertilization) >67 Bailey et al. 1995 Duration

Sand dollar (sperm),

Dendraster excentricus Cadmium

chloride 80 min 30 EC50 (sperm fertilization) 8,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Sand dollar,

Dendraster excentricus Cadmium

chloride 40 min 30 NOEC (sperm fertilization) >67 Bailey et al. 1995 Duration

Herring (larvae), Clupea harengus Cadmium

chloride - - 100% embryonic survival 5,000 Westernhagen et al.

1979 Duration not

provided

Pacific herring (embryo), Clupea harengus pallasi Cadmium

chloride <24 hr

- 17% reduction in volume 10,000 Alderdice et al.

1979a Duration; Atypical

endpoint Pacific herring (embryo), Clupea harengus pallasi Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- Decrease in capsule strength 1,000 Alderdice et al.

1979b Atypical endpoint

Pacific herring (embryo), Clupea harengus pallasi Cadmium

chloride 48 hr

- Reduced osmolality of periviteline fluid 1,000 Alderdice et al.

1979c Duration; Atypical

endpoint

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 34

- 35 LC50 1,230 Hutchinson et al.

1994 Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus Cadmium

chloride 7 d 34

- 35 NOEC (survival and growth) 560 Hutchinson et al.

1994 Duration

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 5 LC50 180 (dissolved) Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15 LC50 312 (dissolved) Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 25 LC50 496 (dissolved) Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Mummichog, Cadmium 21 d

- BCF = 48

- Eisler et al. 1972 Steady state not

### I

- 14 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Fundulus heteroclitus chloride documented Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 60,000 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 43,000 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Mummichog (larva),

Fundulus heteroclitus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 32,000 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Mummichog (larva),

Fundulus heteroclitus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 7,800 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Mummichog (<23 d),

Fundulus heteroclitus Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 10 LC50 44,400 Burton and Fisher

1990 Duration

Atlantic silverside (adult),

Menidia menidia Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 13,000 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside (adult),

Menidia menidia Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 12,000 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside (larva),

Menidia menidia Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 2,200 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside (larva),

Menidia menidia Cadmium

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 1,600 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia Cadmium

chloride 19 d 12 LC50 <160 Voyer et al. 1979 Duration

Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia Cadmium

chloride 19 d 20 LC50 540 Voyer et al. 1979 Duration

Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia Cadmium

chloride 19 d 30 LC50 >970 Voyer et al. 1979 Duration

Striped bass (juvenile),

Morone saxatilis Cadmium

chloride 90 d

- Significant decrease in enzyme activity 5 Dawson et al. 1977 Atypical endpoint

Striped bass (juvenile),

Morone saxatilis Cadmium

chloride 30 d

- NOEC

- LOEC (significant decrease in oxygen consumption) 0.5

- 5 Dawson et al. 1977 Atypical endpoint

Cunner (adult), Tautogolabrus adspersus Cadmium

chloride 96 hr

- Decreased enzyme activity 3,000 Gould and Karolus

1974 Atypical endpoint

Cunner (adult), Tautogolabrus adspersus Cadmium

chloride 60 d

- 37.5% mortality 100 MacInnes et al. 1977 Lack of exposure

details

### I

- 15 Species Chemical Duration Salinity (g/kg) Effect Concentration (μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable Cunner (adult), Tautogolabrus adspersus Cadmium

chloride 30 d

- Depressed gill tissue oxygen consumption 50 MacInnes et al. 1977 Atypical endpoint

Winter flounder, Pseodopleuronectes

americanus Cadmium

chloride 60 d

- Increase gill tissue respiration 5 Calabrese et al. 1975 Atypical endpoint

Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes

americanus Cadmium

chloride 8 d

- 50% viable hatch 300 Voyer et al. 1977 Duration

Winter flounder, Pseodopleuronectes

americanus Cadmium

chloride 17 d

- Reduction of viable hatch 586 Voyer et al. 1982 Lack of exposure details

Spot (larva),

Leiostomus xanthurus Cadmium

chloride 9 d

- Incipient LC50 200 Middaugh and Dean

1977 Duration

### J

- 1



# Appendix J Unused Studies

### J

- 2

Appendix J: Unused Studies

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Abbasi and Soni An examination of environmentally safe levels of zinc (II), cadmium (II) and lead (II) with reference to impact on channelfish Nuria denricus 1986 Not North American species

Abbasi and Soni Relative toxicity of seven heavy metals with respect to impact towards larvae of amphibian Rana tigrina

. 1989 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Abdallah Trace Element Levels in Some Commercially Valuable Fish Species from Coastal Waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

AbdAllah and Moustafa Accumulation of lead and cadmium in the marine prosobranch Nerita

saxtilis , chemical analysis, light and electron microscopy 2002 Non

- applicable

Abdel

- Baky et al. Seasonal variations of some heavy metals accumulated in the organs of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Lake Manzala, Egypt 1998 Non

- applicable

Abel and Barlocher Uptake of cadmium by Gammarus fossarum (Amphipoda) fr om food and

water. 1988 Not North American species

Abel and Garner Comparisons of median survival times and median lethal exposure times

for Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium, permethrin and cyanide. 1986 Not North American species

Abel and Papoutsoglou Lethal toxicity of cadmium to Cyprinus carpio and Tilapia aurea

. 1986 Not North American species

Abrahim et al. Distribution and Assessment of Sediment exposure Toxicity in Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand 2007 Sediment exposure

Abtahi et al. Study of Histopathological Effect of Environmental Factors of Caspian Sea on Sturgeon Fishes 2007 Mixture

Adam et al. Impact of Cadmium and Zinc Prior Exposure on 110mSilver, 58+60Cobalt and 137Cesium Uptake by Two Freshwater Bivalves During

a Brief Field Experiment 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Adami et al. Levels of cadmium and zinc in hepatopancreas of reared Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Gulf of Trieste (Italy) 2002 Non

- applicable

Adams et al. The Impact of an Industrially Contaminated Lake on Heavy Metal Levels

in Its Effluent Stream 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Adeyemi and Deaton The effect of cadmium exposure on digestive enzymes in the Eastern

oyster Crassostrea virginica 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

Adham et al. Impaired Functions in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1757), from Polluted Waters 2002 Mixture

Adhikari et al. Effect of calcium hardness on toxicity and accumulation of water

- borne lead, cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 14 day exposure); not North American speciess

Adhikari et al. Combined eff ects of water pH and alkalinity on the accumulation of lead,

cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 14 day exposure); not North American species

### J

- 3

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Adiele Involvement of mitochondria in cadmium toxicity in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2012 Excised tissue/cells

Adiele et al. Reciprocal Enhancement of Uptake and Toxicity of Cadmium and Calcium in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus Mykiss ) Liver Mitochondria. 2010 In vitro

Adiele et al. Cadmium

- and calcium

- mediated toxicity in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in vivo : interactions on fitness and mitochondrial endpoints. 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Adiele et al. Differential inhibition of electron transport chain enzyme complexes by cadmium and calcium in isolated rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) hepatic mitochondria. 2012a In vitro

Adiele et al. Features of Cadmium and Calcium Uptake and Toxicity in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) Mitochondria. 2012b In vitro

Afonso et al. Contaminant metals in black scabbard fish ( Aphanopus carbo ) caught off

Madeira and the Azores 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Agnello et al. Cadmium induces an apoptotic response in sea urchin embryos 2007 Not North American species, only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Agrahari and Gopal Fate and toxicity of cadmium and lead accumulation in different tissues (gills, liver, kidney, brain) of a freshwater fish Channa punctatus 2007 Not North American species, lack of exposure details

Ahmad et al. Effect of cadmium chloride on the histoarchitecture of liver and kidney of a freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Ahmed et al. Measurements of genotoxic potential of cadmium in different tissues of fresh water climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch), using the comet

assay 2010 Excised tissue/cells

Ahn et al. The effect of body size on metal accumulations in the bivalve Laternula elliptica 2001 Non

- applicable

Ahn et al. Spatial Variations of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum From Some Selected Intertidal Flats of Korea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ahsanullah and Arnott Acute toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to larva e of the crab Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and implications for water quality criteria 1978 Not North American species

Ahsanullah and Williams Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the marine amph ipod Allorchestes compressa 1991 Not North American species

Ahsanullah et al. Toxicity of zinc, cadmium, and copper to the shrimp Callianassa

australiensis 1981 Not North American species

Ai et al. Effects of Heavy Metal and Pollutants on the Non

- Special Immunity of the Shrimp and Crab. 2008 Non

- applicable

Airas et al. Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Blue Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) in the Bergen Harbor Area, Western Norway 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 4

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Akinola and Ekiyoyo Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium in Some Plants Cultivated Along the Bank of River Ribila at Odo

- Nla Area of Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not d ocumented

Aktac et al. The effects of short

- term exposure to cadmium and copper on sialic acid in carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) tissues 2010 Only three exposure concentrations, too few organisms per concentration; Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Albers and Camardese Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Plants and

Invertebrates. 1. Constructed Wetlands 1993a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Albers and Camardese Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aqua tic Plants and Invertebrates. 2. Wetlands, Ponds and Small Lake. 1993b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Albrecht et al. Heavy Metal Levels in Ribbon Snakes ( Thamnophis sauritus ) and Anuran

Larvae From the Mobile

- Tensaw River Delta, Alabama, USA 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Albright et al. Technique for Measuring Metallic Salt Effects Upon the Indigenous Heterotrophic Microflora of Natural Water. 1972 Bacteria

Alhashemi et al. Bioaccumulation of trace elements in trophic levels of wetland plants and

waterfowl birds. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Al

- Homaidan Heavy Metal Concentrations in Three Species of Green Algae from the

Saudi Coast of the Arabian Gulf 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documen ted

Allen Accumulation profiles of lead and the influence of cadmium and mercury

in Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner) during chronic exposure 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Allen Soft

- tissue accumulation of lead in the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), and the modifying effects of cadmium and mercury 1995a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Allen Accumulation profiles of lead and cadmium in the edible tissues of

Oreochromis aureus during acute exposure 1995b Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Allen et al. Development and Application of Long

- Term Sublethal Whole Sediment exposure Tests With Arenicola marina and Corophium volutator Using Ivermectin as the Test Compound 2007 Sediment exposure

Al

- Madfa Metals accumulation in the marine ecosystem around Qatar ( Arabian Gulf) 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Almaguer

- Cantu et al. Biosorption of Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) Using Escherichia coli Genetically Engineered With Mice Metallothionein I. 2011 Bacteria

Almeida et al. Environmental cadmium exposure and metabolic responses of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus 2001 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, unmeasured chronic exposure

Almli et al. Hepatic and renal concentrations of 10 trace elements in crocodiles ( Crocodylus niloticus ) in the Kafue and Luangwa rivers in Zambia 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 5

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Alonso et al. Development of a feeding behavioural bioassay using the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex and the multispecies freshwater biomonitor. 2009 Not North American species, duration too short, a typical endpoint

Alonso et al. Contrasting sensitivities to toxicants of the freshwater amphipods Gammarus pulex and G. fossarum 2010a Not North American species

Alonso et al. Effects of animal starvation on the sensitivity of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex to cadmium 2010b Not North American species, atypical endpoint

Alquezar et al. Metal Accumulation in the Smooth Toadfish, Tetractenos glaber

, in Estuaries Around Sydney, Australia 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Alquezar et al. Effects of Metals on Condition and Reproductive Output of the Smooth Toadfish in Sydney Estuaries, South

- Eastern Australia 2006b Non

- applicable

Alquezar et al. Comparative Accumulation of 109Cd and 75Se from Water and Food by an Estuarine Fish ( Tetractenos glaber ) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Al

- Shami et al. Genotoxicity of heavy metals to the larvae of Chironomus kiiensis

To kunaga after short

- term exposure 2012 Only three exposure concentrations

Al

- Shwafi and Rushdi Heavy Metal Concentrations in Marine Green, Brown, and Red Seaweeds From Coastal Waters of Yemen, the Gulf of Aden 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

AltIndag and Yigit Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the food web of lake Beysehir, Turkey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Alvarado et al. Cellular biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in hepatocytes of turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) exposed to Cd, Cu and Zn and after depuration 2005 Dilution water not characterized, only two exposure concentrations, duration too short, not North American species

Alvarez

- Legorreta et al. Thiol peptides in the seagrass Tha lassia testudinum (Banks ex Konig) in response to cadmium exposure 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Alves de Oliveira et al. Sulphate uptake and metabolism in water hyacinth and salvinia during

cadmium stress 2009 Only one exposure concentration, duration too

short

Amado

- Filho et al. Heavy Metals in Benthic Organisms From Todos Os Santos Bay, Brazil 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Amenu A comparative study of water quality conditions between heavily

urbanized and less urbanized watersheds of Los Angeles Basin 2011 Not applicable (no cadmium toxicity information)

Amiard et al. Influence of some ecological and biological factors on metal bioaccumulation in young oysters ( Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) during their spa t rearing 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Amiard et al. Influence of ploidy and metal

- metal interactions on the accumulation of Ag, Cd, and Cu in oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 15 day exposure)

Amiard et al. Relationship Between the Liability of Sedim ent exposure

- Bound Metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) and Their Bioaccumulation in Benthic Invertebrates 2007 Sediment exposure

### J

- 6

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Amiard

- Triquet et al. Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, copper and zinc in

the mussel Mytilus edulis 1986 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Amiard

- Triquet et al. Etudes in situ et experimentales de leotoxicologie de quatre metaux (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) c hez des algues et des mollusques gasteropodes brouteurs 1987 Not North American species

Amiard

- Triquet et al. Field and experimental study of the bioaccumulation of some trace metals in a coastal food chain: seston, oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ), drill ( Ocen ebra

erinacea ) 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Amin et al. Toxicity of cadmium, lead, and zinc to larval stages of Lithodes santolla (Decapoda, Anomura) 2003 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Amin et al. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment exposure and Intertidal Gastropod Nerita lineata From Two Opposing Sites in the Straits of

Malacca 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Amutha and Subramanian Cadmium alter s the reproductive endocrine disruption and enhancement of growth in the early and adult stages of Oreochromis mossambicus 2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Amweg and Weston Whole

- Sediment exposure Toxicity Identification Evaluation Tools for Pyrethroid Insecticides: I. Piperonyl Butoxide Addition 2007 Sediment exposure

An et al. Heavy Metals Contents in Haplocladium and Their Relationships With Shanghai City Environment 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anadu Fish acclimation and the development of tolerance to zinc as a modifying factor in toxicity 1983 Mixture, prior exposure to zinc

Anadu et al. Effect of zinc exposure on subsequent acute tolerance to heavy metals in

rainbow trout 1989 Organisms were selected, adapted or a cclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Anajjar et al. Monitoring of Trace Metal Contamination in the Souss Estuary (South Morocco) Using the Clams Cerastoderma edule and Scrobicularia plana 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anan et al. Subcellular distribution of trace elements in the liver of sea turtles 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anderson Concentration of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Thirty

- Five

Genera of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates From the Fox Riv er, Illinois

and Wisconsin. 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anderson et al. The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the biota of two freshwater sites with different trace metal inputs 1978 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Anderson et al. A Comparison of in Situ and Laboratory Toxicity Tests With the Estuarine Amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius 2004 Non

- applicable

Anderson et al. DNA

- and RNA

- derived assessments of fungal community composition in soil amended with sewage sludge rich in cadmium, copper and zinc 2008 Sludge

### J

- 7

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Andosch et al. A freshwater green alga under cadmium stress: Ameliorating calcium effects on ultrastructure and photosy nthesis in the unicellular model

Micrasterias 2012 No control group, only two exposure

concentrations

Andreji et al. Heavy Metals Content and Microbiological Quality of Carp ( Cyprinus carpio , L.) Muscle From Two Southwestern Slovak Fish Farms 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Andreji et al. Accumulation of Some Metals in Muscles of Five Fish Species from

Lower Nitra River 2006b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Andres et al. Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalv e Corbicula fluminea along a polymetallic contamination gradient (River Lot, France): I. Geochemical characteristics of sampling sites and cadmium and zinc bioaccumulation

kinetics 1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Ankley et al. Evaluation of the Toxicity of Marine Sediments and Dredge Spoils With the Microtox Bioassay. 1989 Bacteria

Annabi et al. Cadmium accumulation and histological lesion in mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ) tissues following acute and chronic exposure 2011 Bioaccumulation: exposure not measured

Annabi et al. Influence of cadmium exposure on growth and fecundity of freshwater mosquitofish Gambusia affinis : In situ and in vivo studies 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Annune et al. Acute toxicity of cadmium to juveniles of Clarias gariepinus (Teugels)

and Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). J. 1994 Not North American species

Ansaldo et al. Effect of cadmium, lead and arsenic on the oviposition, hatching and embryonic survival of Biomp halaria glabrata 2009 Only two exposure concentration, test species fed, unmeasured chronic exposure

Anu et al. Monitoring of Heavy Metal Partitioning in Reef Corals of Lakshadweep Archipelago, Indian Ocean 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anushia et al. Heavy metal induced enzyme response in Tilapia mossambicus 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Apeti et al. Cadmium Distribution in Coastal Sediment exposures and Mollusks of the

US 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Aramphongphan et al. Snakehead

- Fish Cell Line, Ssn

- 1 ( Ophicephalus striatus ) as a Model for Cadmium Genotoxicity Testing 2009 In vitro

Aravind and Prasad Zinc Alleviates Cadmium

- Induced Oxidative Stress in Ceratophyllum

demersum L.: A Free Flo ating Freshwater Macrophyte 2003 Mixture

Aravind and Prasad Zinc Protects Chloroplasts and Associated Photochemical Functions in Cadmium Exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L., a Freshwater Macrophyte 2004 Mixture

Aravind and Prasad Zinc Mediated Protection to the Conformation of Carbonic Anhydrase in Cadmium Exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L. 2005 Mixture

Aravind et al. Zinc Protects Ceratophyllum demersum L. (Free

- Floating Hydrophyte) Against Reactive Oxygen Species Induced by Cadmium 2009 Mixture

### J

- 8

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Arias

- Almeida and Rico

Martinez Inhibition of Two Enzyme Systems in Euchlanis dilatata (Rotifera: Monogononta ) as Biomarker of Effect of Metals and Pesticides. 2011a In vitro

Arias

- Almeida and Rico

Martinez Toxicity of cadmium, lead, mercury and methyl parathion on Euchlanis

dilatata Ehrenberg 1832 (Rotifera: Monogononta ). 2011b Duration too short, not North American species

Arikpo et al. Cadmium uptake by the green alga Chlorella emersonii 2004 Adsorption not absorption study

Arini et al. Field Translocation of Diatom Biofilms Impacted by Cd and Zn to Assess Decontamination and Community Restructuring Capacities. 2012 Mixture

Arnac and Lassus Heavy metal accumulation (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) by smelt ( Osmerus

mordax ) from the north shore of the St. Lawrence estuary 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Arshaduddin et al. Effect of two heavy met als (lead and cadmium) on growth in the rotifer Asplanchna intermedia 1989 Not North American species

Arts et al. Sensitivity of submersed freshwater macrophytes and endpoints in laboratory toxicity tests 2008 No cadmium toxicity information

Asagba et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected tissues of the catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 21 day exposure); not North American species

Asagba et al. Oxidative enzymes in tissu es of the catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) exposed to varying levels of cadmium 2010 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species, only three exposure

concentrations

Asato and Reish The effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding of Holmesimysis

costata (Crustacea: Mysidacea) 1988 High control mortality reported

Ashraf Accumulation of heavy metals in kidney and heart tissues of Epinephelus

microdon fish from the Arabian Gulf 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ashraf et al. Seasonal Variation of Metal Concentration in Barnacles ( Balanus spp .) Of Cochin Estuary, South West Coast of India 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Askary Sary et al. Cadmium, Iron, Lead and Mercury Bioaccumulation in Abu mullet, L iza

abu , Different Tissues From Karoun and Karkheh Rivers, Khozestan, Iran 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Atici et al. Sensitivity of freshwater microalgal strains ( Chlorella vulgaris Beijernick

and Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kutzing) to heavy metals 2008 Excessive EDTA

Attar and Maly Acute toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and cadmium

- zinc mixtures to Daphnia

magna 1982 Prior exposure (1.0 ug/L Cd in city water used for culturing organisms)

Au et al. Reproductive impairme nt of sea urchins upon chronic exposure to cadmium. Part I: effects on gamete quality 2001a Dilution water not characterized, only two exposure concentrations, Not North American species

Au et al. Reproductive impairment of sea urchin upon chronic exposure to cadmium. Part II: effects on sperm development 2001b Dilution water not characterized, only two exposure concentrations, Not North American species

### J

- 9

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Audet and Couture Seasonal variations in tissue metabolic capacities of yellow perch ( Perca fla vescens ) from clean and metal

- contaminated environments 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Augier et al. Variation of heavy metal contents of the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. agardh in its area of expansion in the French Mediterranean Sea 1999 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Auslander et al. Pollution

- affected fish hepatic transcriptome and its expression patterns on exposure to cadmium 2008 Dietary and injected exposure; not North American species

Austen and McEvoy The use of offshore meiobenthic communities in laboratory microcosm experiments: response to heavy metal contamination 1997 Sediment, no species name given, only one exposure concentration

Austin and Deniseger Periphyton Community Changes Along a Heavy Metals Gradient in a Long Narrow Lake. Environ. 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Avery et al. The detection of pollutant impact in marine environments: condition index, oxida tive DNA damage, and their associations with metal bioaccumulation in the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialis 1996 Not North American species

Awasthi and Rai Toxicity of Nickel, Zinc, and Cadmium to Nitrate Uptake in Free and

Immobilized Cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda 2005 Mixture

Awasthi and Rai Interactions Between Zinc and Cadmium Uptake by Free and

Immobilized Cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) 2006 Mixture

Ayas et al. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Water, Sediment exposures and Fishes of Nallihan Bird Paradise, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Azeez and Banerjee Influence of light on chlorophyll, a content of blue

- green algae treated with heavy metals 1987 Not North American species

Baas et al. Modeling the Eff ects of Binary Mixtures on Survival in Time 2007 Modeling

Babich and Stotzky Influence of chloride ions on the toxicity of cadmium to fungi 1982 Non

- aquatic species, only one exposure

concentration

Babich et al. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Metals to Bluegill (Bf

- 2) Cells 1986 In vitro

Baby and Menon Salt forms of metals and their toxicity in the brown mussel Perna indica (Kuriakose and Nair) 1987 Not North American species

Backor et al. Response to Copper and Cadmium Stress in Wild

- Type and Copper Tolerant Strains of the Lichen Alga Trebouxia erici : Metal Accumulation, Toxicity and Non

- Protein Thiols 2007 Mixture

Badr and Fawzy Bioaccumulation and Biosorption of Heavy Metals and Phosphorous by Potamogeton pectinatus L. And Ceratophyllum demersum L. In Two Nile

Delta Lakes 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bagwe Effect of cadmium and seasonality on critical temper atures of aerobic metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin 1791 2012 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Bagy et al. Effect of pH and organic matter on the toxicity of heavy metals to growth of some fungi 1991 Only three exposure concentrations

### J

- 10

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bah et al. Comparative proteomic analysis of Typha angustifolia leaf under chromium, cadmium and lead stress 2010 Soil exposure

Bai et al. Effect of H2O2 pretreatment on Cd tolerance of different rice cultivars 2011 Not applicable (non

- aquatic plant)

Baillieul and Blust Analysis of the swimming velocity of cadmium

- stressed Daphnia magna 1999 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Baines and Fisher Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Bioaccumulation of Metals by a Marine Bioindicator Organism, Mytilus edulis 2008 Modeling

Baines et al. Effects of Temperature on Uptake of Aqueous Metals by Blue Mussels Mytilus edulis From Arctic and Temperate Water s 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Baird and Van den Brink Using Biological Traits to Predict Species Sensitivity to Toxic Substances 2007 Modeling

Bajguz An enhancing effect of exogenous brassinolide on the growth and antioxidant activity in Chlorella vulgaris cultures under heavy metals

stress 2010 Only three exposure concentrations

Bajguz Suppression of Chlorella vulgaris growth by cadmium, lead, and copper stress and its restoration by endogenous brassinolide 2011 Mixture

Bakhmet et al. Effect of copper and cadmium ions on heart function and calpain activity

in blue mussel Mytilus edulis 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Bako and Daudu Trace Metal Contents of the Emergent Macrophytes Polygonum sp . And Ludwigia sp . In Relation to the Sediment exposures of Two Freshwater Lake Ecosystems in the Nigerian Savanna 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Baldisserotto et al. Effects of Dietary exposure Calcium and Cadmium on Cadmium Accumulation, Calcium and Cadmium Uptake from the Water, and Their

Interactions in Juvenile Rainbow Trout 2005 Dietary exposure

Baldisserotto et al. Acute and waterborne cadmium uptake in rainbow trout is reduced by Dietary exposure calcium carbonate 2004a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 3 hour exposure); lack of exposure details

Baldisserotto et al. A protective effect of Dietary exposure calcium again st acute waterborne cadmium uptake in rainbow trout 2004b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; lack of exposure details

Ball The toxicity of cadmium to rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdnerii Richardson) 1967 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Ball et al. Toxicity of a cadmium

- contaminated diet to Hyalella azteca 2006 Dietary exposure

Balog and Shalanki Crustacean Zooplankton as Indicators of Lake Balaton Pollution With Heavy Metals (Ispol'zovanie Rachkovogo Zooplanktons (Crustacea) Dlya Otsenki Zagryazneniya Oz. Balaton Tyazhelymi Metallami) 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Balogh and Salanki The dynamics of mercury and cadmium uptake into different organs of Anodonta cygnea L 1984 Bioconcen tration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

### J

- 11

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bambang et al. Effect of cadmium on survival and osmoregulation of various developmental stages of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Crustacea: Decapoda) 1994 Not North American species

Banni et al. Mixture toxicity assessment of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in the sea

worm Hediste diversicolor 2009 Mixture

Banni et al. Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effect of Zinc and Selenium Against Cadmium

- Induced Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Danio rerio 2011 Mixture

Baraj et al. Assessing the effects of Cu, Cd, and exposure period on metallothionein production in gills of the Brazilian brown mussel Perna perna by using factorial design 2011 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Barata et al. Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Metals a nd Pyrethroid Insecticides to Daphnia magna Straus. Implications for Multi

- Substance Risks

Assessment 2006 Mixture

Barata et al. Among

- and within

- population variability in tolerance to cadmium stress in natural populations of Daphnia magna : implications for ecological risk

assessment 2002a Lack of detail

Barata et al. Genetic variability in sublethal tolerance to mixtures of cadmium and zinc

in clones of Daphnia magna straus 2002b Water and dietary exposure simultaneously

Barata et al. Demographic respo nses of a tropical cladoceran to cadmium: effects of food supply and density 2002c Dietary exposure

Barbieri Use of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion to evaluate the sublethal toxicity of cadmium and zinc on Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea) 2007 Not North American species, dilution water not

characterized

Barbieri Effects of Zinc and Cadmium on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium Excretion in Pink Shrimp ( Farfantepenaeus paulensis , Perez

- Farfante, 1967, Crustacea) 2009 Mixture, Not North American species

Bargagli et al. Elevated cadmium accumulation in marine organisms from Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barhoumi et al. Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Three Benthic Fish Species, Salaria

basilisca

, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris Collected From

the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barjaktarovic and

Bendell

- Young Accumula tion of 109Cd by Second

- Generation Chironominae Propagated from Wild Populations Sampled from Low

- , Mid

- , and high

- Saline

Environments 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barjhoux et al. Effects of Copper and Cadmium Spiked

- Sediments on Embryonic Development of Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) 2012 Sediment

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Barka Insoluble Detoxification of Trace Metals in a Marine Copepod Tigriopus

brevicornis Exposed to Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Cadmium, Silver and Mercury 2007 Mixture

Barka et al. Metal distributions in Tigriopus brevicornis (Crustacea, Copepoda) exposed to copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, silver, and mercury, and implication for subsequent transfer in the food web 2010 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Barnthouse et al. Estimatin g responses of fish populations to toxic contaminants 1987 Review of previously published data

Barrento et al. Influence of Season and Sex on the Contents of Minerals and Trace Elements in Brown Crab ( Cancer pagurus , Linnaeus, 1758) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barrera and Wong Lipid Peroxidation and Metallothionein Induction by Chromium and Cadmium in Oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) From Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented.

Barrera

- Escor cia et al. Mean Lethal Body Concentration of Cadmium in Crassostrea virginica from a Mexican Tropical Coastal Lagoon 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barrera

- Escorcia et al. Filtration rate, assimilation and assimilation efficiency in Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) fed with Tetraselmis suecica under cadmium exposure 2010 Only two exposure concentrations

Bartsch et al. Effects of cadmium

- spiked sediment on cadmium accumulation and bioturbation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia bilineata 1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Barwick and Maher Biotransferance and biomagnification of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie Estuary, NSW, Australia 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Basha and Rani Cadmium

- induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost

Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) 2003 Dilution water not characterized, only one

exposu re concentration, exposure methods

unknown

Basic et al. Cadmium hyperaccumulation and genetic differentiation of Thlaspi

caerulescens populations 2006 Non

- aquatic plant

Batista et al. Impacts of warming on aquatic decomposers along a gradient of cadmium

stress 2012 Dilution water not characterized, unmeasured

exposure

Battaglini et al. The effects of cadmium on the gills of the goldfish Carassius auratus L.: metal uptake and histochemical changes 1993 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Baudrimont et al. Bioaccumulation and metallothionein response in the asiatic clam ( Corbicula fluminea ) after experimental exposure to cadmium and inorganic mercury 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Baudrimont et al. The Key Role of Metallothioneins in the Bivalve Corbicula fluminea During the Depuration Phase, After In Situ Exposure to Cd and Zn 2003 Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Baudrimont et al. Geochemical survey and metal bioaccumulation of three bivalve species ( Crassostrea gigas

, Cerastoderma edule and Ruditapes philippinarum ) in the Nord Medoc salt marshes (Gironde estuary, France) 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bau mann and Fisher Relating the sediment phase speciation of arsenic, cadmium, and chromium with their bioavailability for the deposit

- feeding polychaete

Nereis succinea 2011a Mixture

Baumann and Fisher Modeling metal bioaccumulation in a deposit

- feeding pol ychaete from labile sediment fractions and from pore water 2011b Dilution water not characterized, mixture,

sediment

Baunemann and Hofner Influence of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn on the Synthesis of Metalloproteins by Scenedesmus subspicatus (Einfluss Von Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn Auf Die Synthese Metallothionein

- Ahnlicher Substanzen in Scenedesmus Subspicatus). 1991 Text in foreign language

Bay et al. Status and applications of echinoid ( Phylum echinodermata ) toxicity test

methods 1993 Review of pr eviously published data

Bazzaz and Govindjee Effects of cadmium nitrate on spectral characteristics and light reactions of chloroplasts 1974 Not applicable

Beattie and Pascoe Cadmium uptake by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri eggs and alevins 1978 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Beauvais et al. Cholinergic and behavioral neurotoxicity of carbaryl and cadmium to larval rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). 2001 Only two exposure concentrations

Bednarz and Warkowska

Dratnal Toxicity of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, and their mixture for Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick 1983/

1984 Not North American species

Beiras and Albentosa Inhibition of embryo development of the commercial bivalves Ruditapes

decussatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis by trace metals; implications for the implementation of seawater quality criteria. 2004 Not North American species

Beiras et al. Effects of storage temperature and duration on toxicity of sediments assessed by Crassostrea gigas oyster embryo bioassay 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bektas et al. Inhibition effect of cadmium on carbonic anhydrase in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2008 Dietary exposure

Belabed et al. Toxicity study of some heavy metals with daphnia test 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Beltrame et al. Cadmium and zinc in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (Argentina): salinity effects on lethal toxicity in juveniles of the burrowing crab Chasmagnathus granulatus 2008 Not North American species

Benaduce et al. Toxicity of cadmium for silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae) embryos and larvae at different alkalinities 2008 Lack of detail; not North American species

### J

- 14

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bendell Cadmium in Shellfish: the British Columbia, Canada Experience

-- a Mini

Review 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ben dell and Feng Spatial and Temporal Variations in Cadmium Concentrations and Burdens in the Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) Sampled From the Pacific

North

- West. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bendell

- Young Comparison of metal concentrations in the fore and hindguts of the crayfish Cambarus bartoni and Orconectes virilis and implications regarding metal absorption efficiencies 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or slud ge

Bendell

- Young Application of a kinetic model of bioaccumulation across a pH and salinity gradient for the prediction of cadmium uptake by the sediment dwelling chironomidae 1999 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Bendell

- Young et al. Accumulation of cadmium by white suckers ( Catostomus commersoni ) in relation to fish growth and lake acidification 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bender Trace Metal Levels In Beac h Dipterans And Amphipods 1975 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bennett et al. Pilot Sampling For Heavy Metals In Fish Flesh From Killarney Lake, Coeur D'alene River System, Idaho 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bentley Accumulation of cadmium by channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ):

Influx from environmental solutions 1991 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

B ere and Tundisi Toxicity and sorption kinetics of dissolved cadmium and chromium III on tropical freshwater phytoperiphyton in laboratory mesocosm experiments 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Bere and Tundisi Cadmium and lead toxicity on tropical freshwater periphyton communities under laboratory

- based mesocosm experiments 2012a Mixture, Mixed species exposure

Bere and Tundisi Effects of cadmium stress and sorption kinetics on tropical freshwater periphytic communities in indoor mesocosm experiments 2012b Dilution water not characterized

Berglind The effects of cadmium on ala

- d activity, growth and haemoglobin content in the water flea, Daphnia magna 1985 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposu re concentration

Berglind Combined and separate effects of cadmium, lead and zinc on ala

- d activity, growth and hemoglobin content in Daphnia magna 1986 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Bernds Bioaccumulation of trace metals in polychaetes from the German Wadden

Sea: evaluation and verification of toxicokinetic models 1998 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted lo ng enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

### J

- 15

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Berntssen and Lundebye Energetics in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Parr fed Elevated Dietary exposure Cadmium 2001 Dietary exposure

Berntssen et al. Tissue Metallothionein, Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Responses in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Parr Fed Elevated Dietary exposure

Cadmium 2001 Dietary exposure

Berntssen et al. Effects of dietary exposure cadmium on calcium homeostasis, Ca

mobilization and bone deformiti es in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.)

Parr 2003 Dietary exposure

Bervoets et al. The uptake of cadmium by the midge larvae Chironomus riparius as a function of salinity 1995 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Bervoets et al. Effect of temperature on cadmium and zinc uptake by the midge larvae Chironomus riparius 1996 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted lon g enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Bervoets et al. Accumulation of Metals in the Tissues of Three Spined Stickelback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) From Natural Fresh Waters 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bervoets et al. Comparison of Accumulation of Micropollutants Between Indigenous and Transplanted Zebra Mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) 2004 Non

- applicable

Besser and Rabeni Bioavailability and toxicity of metals leached from lead

- mine tailings to aquatic invertebrates 1987 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Besser et al. Bioavailability of Metals in Stream Food Webs and Hazards to Brook Trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) in the Upper Animas River Watershed,

Colorado 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Besser et al. Ecological Impacts of Lead Mining on Ozark Streams: Toxicity of

Sediment and Pore Water 2009 Mixture

Besson et al. NO contributes to cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana 2007 Mixture

Besson

- Bard and

Wendehenne NO Contributes to Cadmium Toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by Mediating an Iron Deprivation Response 2009 Mixture

Besson

- Bard et al. Nitric Oxide Contributes to Cadmium Toxicity in Arabidopsis by Promoting Cadmium Accumulation in Roots and by up

- Regulating Genes Related to Iron Uptake 2009 Mixture

Beyrem et al. Individual and combined effects of cadmium and diesel on a nematode community in a laboratory microcosm experiment 2007 Sediment exposure

Bhamre et al. Effects of cadmium intoxication on the gills of freshwater mussel Parreysia favidens 2010 Only one exposure concentration

### J

- 16

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bhamre and Desai Impact of heavy metal compounds on oxygen consumption of freshwater

mussel Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea) 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Bhattacharya et al. Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water, Sediment exposure and Tissues of Different Edible Fishes in Upper Stretch of Gangetic West Bengal 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bhilave et al. Bi ochemical changes in the fish cirrhinus mrigala after acute and chronic exposure of heavy metals 2008 Dilution water not characterized, lack of exposure details, not North American species

Bicho et al. Accumulation in Livers and Excretion Through Eggs of Heavy Metals in a Nesting Population of Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas , in the NW Indian

Ocean 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Biddinger and Gloss The Importance of Trophic Transfer in the Bioaccumulation of Chemical Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems 1984 Review

Biesinger et al. Effects of metal salt mixtures on Daphnia magna reproduction 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bigelow and Lasenby Particle size selection in cadmium uptake by the opossum shrimp, Mysis

relicta 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bigot et al. Early defense responses in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea exposed to copper and cadmium: Transcriptional and histochemical

studies 2011 Only three exposure concentrations, dilution

water not characterized

Billoir et al. Integrating the lethal and sublethal effects of toxic compounds into the population dynamics of Daphnia magna : a combination of the DEBtox and matrix population models 2007 No original data; modeling

Billoir et al. Bayesian modeling of daphnid responses to time

- varying cadmium exposure in laboratory aquatic microcosms 2011 Mixed species exposure

Billoir et al. Comparison of bioassays with different exposure time patterns: the added value of dynamic modeling in predictive ecotoxicology 2012 Mixed species exposure

Bird et al. To What Extent Are Hepatic Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Anguilla anguilla at a Site in a Contaminated Estuary Related to Body Size and Age and Reflected in the Metallothionein Concentrations? 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Birge and Black In Situ Acute/Chronic Toxicological Monitoring of Industrial Effluents for the NPDES Biomonitoring Program Using Fish and Amphibian Embryo

- Larval Stages as Test Organisms 1981 Effluent

Birmelin et al. The mysid Siriella armata as a test organisms in toxicology: effects of

cadmium 1995 Not North American species

Bi sova et al. Cell growth and division processes are differentially sensitive to cadmium

in Scenedesmus quadricauda 2003 Excessive EDTA in growth media (18,000 ug/L),

duration too short

Biswas and Kaviraj Size dependent tolerance of indian cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) to toxicity of cadmium and composted vegetation 2002 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

### J

- 17

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bitton et al. Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity 1994 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Bitton et al. Short

- term toxicity assay based on daphnid feeding behavior 1995 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Bjerregaard Accumulation of cadmium and selenium and their mutual interaction in

the shore crab Carcinus maenas 1982 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Bje rregaard Effect of selenium on cadmium uptake in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) 1985 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Bjerregaard Relati onship between physiological condition and cadmium accumulation

in Carcinus maenas (L.) 1991 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Bjerregaard and Depledge Cadmium accumulation in Littorina littorea

, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus

maenas : the influence of salinity and calcium ion concentrations 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Bjerregaard and Depledge Trace metal co ncentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab

Carcinus maenas : effects of size and tissue hydration 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bjerregaard et al. Cadmium in the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas : Seasonal Variation in

Cadmium Content and Uptake and Elimination of Cadmium After

Administration via Food 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Blackmore and Wang Uptake and Efflux of Cd and Zn by the Green Mussel Perna viridis After Metal Preexposure 2002 Mixture

Blinov a Use of freshwater algae and duckweeds for phytotoxicity testing 2004 Review

Block and Glynn Influence of xanthates on the uptake of 109 Cd by Eurasian dace ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 1992 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Block and Part Uptake of 109 Cd by cultured gill epithelial cells from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 1992 No interpretable conce ntration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Block et al. Xanthate effects on cadmium uptake and intracellular distribution in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) gills 1991 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

### J

- 18

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Blondin et al. An in vitro submitochondrial bioassay for predicting acute toxicity in fish 1989 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Bocchetti et al. Trace Metal Concentrations and Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in the Polychaete Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin) (Sabellidae): Potential Role of Antioxidants in Revealing Stressful Environmental Conditions in the

Mediterranean 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bochenek et al. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in Roach, Rutilus rutilis (L.) From the Lower Reaches of the Oder River, and Their Correlation With Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediment exposur es Collected

in the Same Area 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bodar et al. Effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna : possible implications for reproduction 1988a Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Bodar et al. Ecdysteroids in Daphnia magna : their role in moulting and reproduction and their levels upon exposure to cadmium 1990a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or slud ge

Bodar et al. Cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna 1990b Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Boets et al. A comparison of the short

- term toxicity of cadmium to indigenous and alien gammarid species 2012 Not North American species

Bohn and Mcelroy Trace metals arsenic cadmium copper iron and zinc in arctic cod Boreogadus saida and selected zoo plankton from Strathcona Sound

Northern Baffin Island 1976 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Boisson et al. Comparative radiotracer study of cadmium uptake, storage, detoxification and depuration in the oyster Crassostrea gigas : potential adaptive

mechanisms 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 15 day exposure)

Bolanos et al. Differential toxicological response to cadmium in Anabaena strain PCC 7119 grown with NO 3 - or NH 4 + as nitrogen source 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Bonneris et al. Sub

- cellular Partitioning of Cd, Cu and Zn in Tissue s of Indigenous Unionid Bivalves Living Along a Metal Exposure Gradient and Links to

Metal

- Induced Effects 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Borane et al. Ascorbate effect on the cadmium induced alterations in the behavior of

the fresh water fish Channa orientalis (Schneider) 2008 Only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Borchardt Influence of food quantity on the kinetics of cadmium uptake and loss via

food and seawater in Mytilus edulis 1983 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Borchardt Biological monitoring in the central and southern north sea heavy metal

contamination of mussels Mytilus edulis 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 19

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Borcherding and Wolf The influence of suspended particles on the acute toxicity of 2

- chloro

- 4

- nitro

- aniline, cadmium, and pentachlorophenol on the valve movement response of the zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) 2001 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short, concentration decreased over time

Bordajandi et al. Study on PCBs, PCDD/Fs, organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and arsenic content in freshwater fish species from the River Turia (Spain) 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Borgmann et al. Relative Contribution of Food and Water to 27 Metals and Metalloids

Accum ulated by Caged Hyalella azteca in Two Rivers Affected by Metal Mining 2007 Mixture

Boscher et al. Chemical contaminants in fish species from rivers in the North of Luxembourg: Potential impact on the Eurasian otter ( Lutra lutra ) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bouallam and Nejmeddine Effects of Heavy Metals

- Cu, Hg, Cd

- on Three Species of Mosquitoes Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) 2001 Mixture

Boughammoura et al. Effects of cadmium and high temperature on some parameters of calcium metabolism in the killifish ( Aphanius fasciatus ) 2013 Only one exposure concentration; not North American species

Boullemant et al. Uptake of lipophilic cadmium complexes by three green algae: influence of humic acid and its pH dependence 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not achieved (only 40 minute exposure)

Bouquegneau and Martoja La teneur en cuivre et son degre de complexation chez quatre gasteropodes marins. Donnees sur le cadmium et zinc 1982 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Bouraoui et al. Acute effects of cadmium on liver phase I and phase II enzymes and

metallothionein accumulation on sea bream Sparus aurata 2008 Injected toxicant, not North American species

Bourgeault et al. Modeling the effect of water chemistry on the bioaccumulation of

waterborne cadmium in zebra mussels 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not achieved

Bourret et al. Evolutionary Ecotoxicology of Wild Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens ) Populations Chronically Exposed to a Polymetallic Gradient 2008 Mixture

Bovee Effects of certain chemical pollutants on small aquatic plants 1975 Lack of exposure details; cannot determine effect

concentration

Bowen and Engel Effects of protracted cadmium exposure on gametes of the purple sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata 1996 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Bowmer et al. The Detection of Chronic Biological Effects in the Marine Intertidal

Bivalve Cerastoderma edule , in Model Ecosystem Studies With Pulverised Fuel Ash: Reproduction and Histopathology 1994 Mixture

Boyden Effect of size upon metal content of shellfish 1977 B ioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Boyer Trace Elements In The Water Sediment exposures And Fish Of The Upper Mississippi River Twin Cities Metropolitan Area USA 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 20

Authors Title Year Reason Unused Boyle et al. Natural Arsenic Contaminated Diets Perturb Reproduction in Fish 2008 Dietary exposure

Bozcaarmutlu and Arinc Effect of Mercury, Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium and Zinc on Kinetic Properties of NADPH

- Cytochrome P450 Reductase Purified From Leaping Mullet ( Liza saliens ) 2007 Mixture

Bradac et al. Kinetics of cadmium accumulation in periphyton under freshwater

conditions 2009 Mixed species exposure

Bradac et al. Cadmium Speciation and Accumulation in Periphyton in a Small Stream With Dynamic Concentration Variations 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Brand et al. Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and

cadmium. 1986 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Brandao et al. Correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity to cultured fathead minnow fish cells and fish lethality data for 50 chemicals 1992 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; in vitro

Brauwers Algae and Heavy Metal Pollution 1985 Review

Bresler and Yanko Acute toxicity of heavy metals for benthic epiphytic foraminifera Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez) and influence of seaweed

- derived DOC 1995 Not North American species

Bressan and Brunetti The effects of nitriloacetic acid, Cd and Hg on the marine algae

Dunaliella tertiolecta and Isochrysis galbana 1988 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Bringmann and Kuhn Results of toxic action of water pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus tested by an improved standardized procedure 1982 Cultured daphnids in one dilution water and

tested them in another one

Brinke et al. Using Meiofauna to Assess Pollutants in Freshwater S ediments: a Microcosm Study With Cadmium 2011 Sediment

Brinkhurst et al. Comparative study of respiration rates of some aquatic oligochaetes in

relation to sublethal stress 1983 Only two exposure concentrations

Brinkman and Vieira Water pollution studies 2008 Scientific name not given, just common name

Brinza et al. Cadmium Tolerance and Adsorption by the Marine Br own Alga Fucus

vesiculosus From the Irish Sea and the Bothnian Sea 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Brix et al. Effects of Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc on the Hatching Success of Brine Shrimp ( Artemia franciscana ) 2006 Mixture

Brix et al. The Sensitivity of Aquatic Insects to Divalent Metals: a Comparative Analysis of Laboratory and Field Data 2011 Review

Brkovic

- Popovic and Popovic Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid

worms: Part I

- effects on survival 1977a The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Brkovic

- Popovic and Popovic Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid

worms: Part II

- effects on respiration rate 1977b The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Brooks et al. Sublethal Effects and Predator

- Prey Interactions: Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment 2009 Multiple species exposed

### J

- 21

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Brooks et al. A simple indoor artificial stream system designed to study the effects of toxicant pulses on aquatic organisms 1996 Not North American species

Brouwer et al. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus : effect of cadmium accumulation in tissu es on proton relaxation properties 1992 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Brown Effects of Polluting Substances on Enzymes of Aquatic Organisms 1976 In vitro

Brown and Ahsanullah Effect of heavy metals on mortality and growth 1971 Brine shrimp

Brown et al. Detoxification/toxification of cadmium in scorpionfish ( Scorpaena

quttata ): acute exposure 1984 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Brown et al. A comparison of the differential accumulation of cadmium in the tissues of three species of freshwater fish, Salmo Gairdneri

, Rutilus rutilus and

Noemacheilus barbatulus 1986 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Brucka

- Jastrzebska and

Protasowicki Elimination Dynamics of Cadmium, Administered by a Single Intraperitoneal Injection, in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L 2004 In vitro

Brumbaugh et al. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining

- influenced waters of northeastern Oklahoma: sampling of blood, carcass, and liver for aquatic biomonitoring 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Brunelli et al. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigation on the gills of the teleost, Thalassoma pavo L., exposed to cadmium 2011 Not North American species

Brunetti et al. Effects of the chelating agent nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on the toxicity of metals (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus LMK 1991 Not North American species

Brunham and Bendell The effect of temperature on the accumulation of cadmium, copper, zinc, and lead by Scirpus acutus and Typha latifolia : a comparative analysis 2011 Sediment exposure

Bryan The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine organisms 1971 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Bryan and Langston Bioavailability, Accumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Sediments With Special Reference to United Kingdom Estuaries: a Review. 1992 Review

Bryan et al. An assessment of the gastropod, Littorina littorea , as an indicator of heavy metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries 1983 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water Bryson et al. Roxboro Steam Electric Plant Preliminary Hyco Bioassay Report for 1983 1984a Effluent

Bryson et al. Roxboro Steam Electric Plant 1982 Environmental Monitoring Studies Volume II Hyco Reservoir Bioassay Studies 1984b Mixture

Buchwalter et al. Using Biodynamic Models to Reconcile Differences Between Laboratory Toxicity Tests and Field Biomonitoring With Aquatic Insects 2007 Modeling

Buckley et al. Toxicities of total and chelex

- labile cadmium to salmon in solutions of natural water and diluted sewage with potentially different cadmium complexing capacities 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

### J

- 22

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Budambula and

Mwachiro Metal Status of Nairobi River Waters and Their Bioaccum ulation in Labeo cylindricus 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Buikema et al. Rotifer sensitivity to combinations of inorganic water pollutants 1977 The 96 hour values reported were subject to error because of possible reproductive interactions

Buikema et al. Rotifers as monitors of heavy metal pollution in water 1974a The 96 hour values reported were subject to error because of possible reproductive interactions

Buikema et al. Evaluation of Philodina acuticornis (Rotifera) as a bi oassay organism for heavy metals 1974b The 96 hour values reported were subject to error because of possible reproductive interactions

Bulus Rossini and Ronco Sensitivity of Cichlasoma facetum (Cichlidae, Pisces) to metals 2004 Not North American species

Bunluesin et al. Influences of Cadmium and Zinc Interaction and Humic Acid on Metal

Accumulation in Ceratophyllum demersum 2007 Mixture

Bu

- Olayan and Thomas Trace metals toxicity and bioaccumulation in mudskipper Periophthalmus

waltoni Koumans 1941 (Gobiidae: Perciformes) 2008 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Bu

- Olayan et al. Trace metals toxicity to the body structures of mullet Liza klunzingeri (Mugilidae: Perciformes) 2008 Mixture, dilution water not characterized

Burdin and Bird Heavy metal accumulation by carrageenan and agar producing algae 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge Burger Assessment and Management of Risk to Wildlife From Cadmium 2008 Review

Burger and Campbell Species differences in contaminants in fish on and adjacent to the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger and Gochfeld Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Exposure Assessment for Heavy Metal Ingestion From a Sport Fish in Puerto Rico: Estimating Risk for Local Fishermen. 1992 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal Levels i n Fish from the Savannah River: Potential Hazards to Fish and Other Receptors 2002a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal levels in horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ) from Maine to

Florida 2002b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal levels in tissues of Florida gar ( Lepisosteus platyrhincus ) from

Lake Okeechobee 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal Levels in Blood, Muscle and Liver of Water Snakes ( Nerodia spp .) from New Jersey, Tennessee and South Carolina 2007a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal Levels in Flathead Sole ( Hippoglossoides elassodon ) and Great Sculpin ( Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus ) From Adak Island,

Alaska: Potent ial Risk to Predators and Fishermen 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Heavy Metals in Pacific Cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) From the Aleutians: Location, Age, Size, and Risk 2007c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burgos and Rainbow Availability of Cadmium and Zinc from Sewage Sludge to the Flounder, Platichthys flesus , via a Marine Food Chain 2001 Sludge

### J

- 23

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Burnison et al. Toxicity of cadmium to freshwater algae 1975 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Burnison et al. Cadmium accumulation in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) eggs in modulated by dissolved organic matter (DOM) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 5 hour exposure)

Burrell and Weihs Uptake of cadmium by m arine bacteria and transfer to a deposit feeding

clam 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Burt et al. The Accumulation of Zn, Se, Cd, and Pb and Physiological Condition of Anadara trapezia Transplanted to a Contamination Gradient in Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burton and Pinkney Yellow Perch Larval Survival in the Zekiah Swamp Watershed (Wicomico River, Maryland) Relative to the Potential Effects of a Coal Ash Storage Facility 1994 Effluent

Busch et al. Effects of changing salt concentrations and other physical

- chemical parameters on bioavai lability and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in exposed Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bustamante et al. Biokinetics of zinc and cadmium accumulation and depuration at different stages in the life cycle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis 2002 Mixture; not North American species

Bustamante et al. Distribution of trace elements in the tissues of benthic and p elagic fish from the Kerguelen Islands 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Byzitter et al. Acute Combined Exposure to Heavy Metals (Zn, Cd) blocks memory

formation in a freshwater snail. 2012 Only one exposure concentration, duration too

short

Cadena

- Cardenas et al. Heavy Metal Levels in Marine Mollusks From Areas With, or Without, Mining Activities Along the Gulf of California, Mexico 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cain et al. Linking metal bioaccumulation of aquatic insects to their distribution patterns in a mining

- impacted river 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cain et al. Influence of metal exposure history on the bioaccumulation and subcellular distribution of aqueous cadmium in the insect Hydro psyche californica 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 6 day exposure)

Cain et al. Bioaccumulation dynamics and exposure routes of Cd and Cu among species of aquatic mayflies 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented,

not renewal or flow

- through

Cairns et al. The effects of temperature upon the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms 1975 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; review

Cairns et al. A simple, cost

- effective multispecies toxicity test using organisms with a

co smopolitan distribution 1985 Review of previously published data

Calabro et al. Survey on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Patella caerulea Specimens Collected Along Coastlines in Messina Province (Italy) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 24

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Calevro et al. Tests of toxicity and teratogenicity in biphasic vertebrates treated with heavy metals (Cr 3+ , Al 3+ , Cd 2+ ) 1998a Not North American species

Calevro et al. Toxic effects of aluminum, chromium and cadmium in intact and regenerating freshwater planarians 1998b The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Caliceti et al. Heavy metal contamination in the seaweeds of the Venice Lagoon 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Call et al. Variation of acute toxicity with water source 1983 Report appears to be missing data tables and

LC50 values

Cambier et al. Cadmium

- induced genotoxicity in zebrafish at environmentally relevant

doses 2010 Only two exposure concentrations

Campbell and Evans Cadmium concentrations in the freshwater mussel ( Elliptio complanata ) and their relationship to water chemistry 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Campbell et al. Cadmium

- Handling Strategies in Two Chronically Exposed Indigenous Freshwater Organisms

- The Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens ) and the Floater Mollusc ( Pyganodon grandis ) 2005 Non

- applicable

Campos Heavy Metal Concentrations In Some Oyster Species Of The Caribbean

Coast Of Columbia 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not doc umented

Camusso et al. Bioconcentration of trace metals in rainbow trout: a field study 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Canli and Furness Toxicity of heavy metals dissolved in sea water and influences of sex and size on metal accumulation and tissue distribution in the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus 1993 Not North American species

Canli and Furness Mercury and cadmium uptake from seawat er and from food by the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus 1995

Canli and Kargin A Comparative Study on Heavy Metal (Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) Accumulation in the Tissue of the Carp Cyprinus carpio and the Nile Fish Tilapia

nilotica 1995 Mixture

Canli et al. The induction of metallothionein in tissues of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus following exposure to cadmium, copper and zinc: the relationships between metallothionein and the metals 1997 Mixture

Canli et al. Metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni) Con centrations in Tissues of a Fish Sardina pilchardus and a Prawn Penaeus japonicus from Three Stations

on the Mediterranean Sea 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cannicci et al. Effects of Urban Wastewater on Crab and Mollusc Assemblages in Equatorial and Subtropical Mangroves of East Africa 2009 Mixture

Canton and Slooff A proposal to classify compounds and to establish water quality based on laboratory data 1979 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Cao et al. Cadmium toxicity to embryonic

- larval development and survival in red

sea bream Pagrus major 2009 Not North American species

### J

- 25

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cao et al. Accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in japanese flounder larvae and juveniles under chronic cadmium exposure 20 10 Not North American species, usually Unused

data

Cao et al. Tissue

- specific accumulation of cadmium and its effects on antioxidative responses in japanese flounder juveniles 2012 Not North American species, lack of exposure

details

Capelli et al. Distribution of Trace Elements in Organs of Six Species of Cetaceans From the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean), and the Relationship With Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Caplat et al. Comparative toxicities of aluminum and zinc from sacrificial anodes or from sulfate salt in sea urchin embryos and sperm 2010 Not applicable, not cadmium toxicity

information

Carattino et al. Effects of Long

- Term Exposure to Cu2+ and Cd2+ on the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dehyd rogenase Activities in the Ovary of Adult Bufo

arenarum : Possible Role as Biomarker for Cu2+ Toxicity 2004 Mixture

Cardwell et al. Metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from southeast Queensland,

Australia 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Carline et al. Long

- Term Effects of Treated Domestic Wastewater on Brown Trout 1987 Effluent

Carlisle and Clements Sensitivity and variability of metrics used in biological assessments of running waters 1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Carmichael and Fowler Cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the kidney of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians 1981 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not fl ow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Carpene and Boni Effects of heavy metals on the algae Nitzschia closterium and

Prorocentrum micans 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Carpene et al. Cadmium

- binding proteins from the mantle of Mytilus edulis (L.) after exposure to cadmium 1980 Exposure concentration not measured

Carr and Neff Biochemical indices of stress in the sandworm Neanthes virens (Sars). II. sublethal responses to cadmium 1982 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately measured, No pertinent adverse effects reported

Carranza

- Alvarez et al. Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Scirpus americanus

and Typha latifolia from an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis Potosi, Mexico 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Carriquiriborde and

Ronco Sensitivity of the neotropical teleost Odonthestes bonariensis (Pisces, Atherinidae) to chromium(VI), copper(II), and cadmium(II) 2002 Not North American species, duration too short, test species fed Carriquiriborde and

Ronco Distinctive Accumulation Patterns of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI) in Tissue

of the South Amer ican Teleost, Pejerrey ( Odontesthes bonariensis ) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Carroll et al. Influences of hardness constituents on the acute toxicity of cadmium to brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) 1979 Authors noted that the Cd measured conc in the control water was greater than the LC50 value of 1.5 ug/L and had 100% survival

### J

- 26

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Casado

- Martinez et al. Biodynamic Modeling and the Prediction of Accumulated Trace Metal Concentrations in the Polychaete Arenicola marina 2009 Modeling

Casas et al. Relation between metal concentration in water and metal content of marine mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ): impact of physiology 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Casini and Depledge Influence of copper, zinc, and iron on cadmium accumulation in the Talitrid amphipod, Platorchestia platensis 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Casiot et al. Hydrological and Geochemical Control of Metal s and Arsenic in a Mediterranean River Contaminated by Acid Mine Drainage (the Amous River, France) Preliminary Assessment of Impacts on Fish ( Leuciscus cephalus ) 2009 Mixture

Cassini et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation studies in the freshwater molluscs Anodonta

cygnea and Unio elongatulus 1986 Not North American species

Cassis et al. The Role of Phytoplankton in the Modulation of Dissolved and Oyster Cadmium Concentrations in Deep Bay, British Columbia, Canada 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not docu mented

Castano et al. Correlations between the RTG

- 2 cytotoxicity test EC50 and in vivo LC50 rainbow trout bioassay 1996 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Castille and Lawrence The effects of EDTA (ethylenedinitrotetraacetic acid) on the survival and development of shrimp nauplii ( Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson) and the interactions of EDTA and the toxicities of cadmium, calcium, and phenol 1981 Not North American species

Cavas et al

. Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chloride and copper sulphate 2005 Mixture

Cearley and Coleman Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in southern naiad 1973 The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Cearley and Coleman Cadmium toxicity and bioconcentration in largemouth bass and bluegill 1974 The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Cebrian and Uriz Contrasting effects of heavy metals and hydrocarbons on larval settlement and juvenile survival in sponges 2007 Not North American species, only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Celik et al. Determination of the lead and cadmium burden in some northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean fish species by DPSAV 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Centeno et al. Cyst

- based toxicity tests. III. Development and standardization of an acute toxicity test with the freshwater anostracan crustacean Streptocephalus proboscideus 1993 Not North American species

Cesar et al. Sensitivity of mediterranean amphipods and sea urchins to reference

toxicants 2002 Not North American species, duration too short

Cevik et al. Assessment of Metal Element Concentrations in Mussel ( M. galloprovincialis ) in Eastern Black Sea, Turkey 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 27

Authors Title Year Reason Unused Chadwick Ecological

Consultants U.S. EPA Cadmium water quality criteria document

- technical review and criteria update 2004b Review

Chadwick Ecological

Consultants Addendum to U.S. EPA Cadmium water quality criteria document

technical review and criteria u pdate 2004c Review

Chaharlang et al. Assessment of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc Contamination Using Oysters ( Saccostrea cucullata ) as Biomonitors on the Coast of the Persian Gulf, Iran 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chan Accumulation and tolerance to cadmium, copper, lead and zinc by the green mussel Perna viridis 1988 Not North American species

Chan and Cheng Cadmium

- induced ectopic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos 2003 Lack of details

Chan et al. Effects of polyethylene glycol on growth and cadmium accumulation of

Chlorella salina CU

- 1 1981 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Chan et al. Uptake of zinc and cadmium by two populations of shore cra bs Carcinus

maenas at different salinities 1992 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Chan et al. The Uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn by the Macroalga Enteromorpha crinita and Subsequent Transfer to the Marine Herbivorous Rabbitfish, Siganus

canaliculatus 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chander et al. Response of Pithophora oedogonia to cadmium 1991 Bioconcentration studies conducted i n distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Chandini Changes in food ( Chlorella ) levels and the acute toxicity of cadmium to Daphnia carinata (daphnidae) and Echinisca triserialis (macrothricidae) (Crustacea: cladocera) 1988a Not North American species, dilution water not

characterized

Chandini Effects of different food ( Chlorell a) concentrations on the chronic toxicity of cadmium to survivorship, growth and reproduction of Echini sca triserialis (crustacea: cladocera) 1988b Not North American species

Chandini Survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia carinata (crustacea: cladocera) exposed to chronic cadmium stress at different food ( Chlorella ) levels 1989 Not North American species

Chandini Reproductive value and the cost of reproduction in Daphnia carinata and

Echinisca triserialis (crustacea: cladocera) exposed to food and cadmium

stress 1991 Not North American species

Chandra and Garg Absorption and toxicity of chromium and cadmium in Limnanthemum

cristatum Griseb 1992 Not North American species

### J

- 28

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Chandra and Khuda

Bukhsh Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and

in combination in fish 2004 Injected pollutant

Chandrudu and

Radhakrishnaiah Effect of cadmium on the histology of hepatopancreas and foot of the

freshwater mussels Lamellidens marginalis (Lam.) 2008 Lack of detail, not North American species

Chandrudu et al. Effect of subacute concentration of cadmium on the energetics of

freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis (Lam.) and fish Labeo rohita (Ham.) 2007 Only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Chandurvelan et al. Impairment of green

- lipped m ussel ( Perna canaliculus ) physiology by waterborne cadmium: relationship to tissue bioaccumulation and effect of exposure duration 2012 Not North American species

Chandurvelan et al. Waterborne cadmium impacts immunocytotoxic and cytogenotoxic endpoints in green

- lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus 2013a Not North American species; only two exposure

concentrations

Chandurvelan et al. Biochemical biomarker responses of green

- lipped mussel, Perna

canaliculus , to acute and subchronic waterborne cadmium toxicity 2013b Not North American species; only two exposure

concentrations

Chang et al. Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada marg aritifera from French Polynesia and evaluation for using as a food supplement 2007 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, exposure concentration unknown

Chang et al. Effects of cadmium on respiratory burst, intracellular Ca2+ and DNA damage in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

. 2009 Dilution water not characterized, duration too

short

Chang et al. Influence of Divalent Metal Ions on E2

- Induced ER Pathway in Goldfi sh ( Carassius auratus ) Hepatocytes 2011 In vitro

Chapman et al. Global Geographic Differences in Marine Metals Toxicity 2006 Non

- applicable

Charpentier et al. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in experimental cultures of duckweed, Lemna polyrrhiza L. 1987 Not North American species

Chassard

- Bouchaud Ultrastructural Study of Cadmium Concentration by the Digestive Gland

of the Crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea Decapoda). 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chattopadhyay et al. Bioassay evaluation of acute toxicity levels of mercuric chloride and cadmium chloride on the early growing stages of Labeo rohita 1995 Not North American species

Chaumot et al. Additive vs non

- additive genetic components in lethal cadmium tolerance

of Ga mmarus (Crustacea): novel light on the assessment of the potential for adaptation to contamination 2009 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Chawla et al. Effect of pH and temperature on the uptake of cadmium by Lemna minor

L. 1991 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Chelomin et al. An in vitro stu dy of the effect of reactive oxygen species on subcellular distribution of deposited cadmium in digestive gland of mussel Crenomytilus grayanus 2005 In vitro

### J

- 29

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Chen and Fang Safety assessment and acute toxicity of copper, zinc and cadmium to the embryo and larval fish of Tanichthys albonubes 2011 Not North American species; text in foreign language, abstract only in English

Chen et al. Comparison of the relative toxicity relationships based on batch and continuous algal toxicity tests 1997 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Chen et al. Use of Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) and Tilapia ( Oreochromis

mossambicus ) in Toxicity Tests on Different Industrial Effluents in

Taiwan 2001 Effluent

Chen et al. Expression Pattern of Metallothionein, MTF

- 1 Nuclear Translocation, and

Its DNA

- Binding Activity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Induced by Zinc and

Cadmium 2007 Mixture

Chen et al. Accumulation and Release Characteristics of Heavy Metals in

Crassostrea rival aris Under Mixed Exposure 2008 Mixture

Chen et al. Effects of Cd and Zn on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion in Sipuncula ( Phascolosoma esculenta ) 2009 Mixture

Chen et al. Accumulation and Elimination Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cadmium

in Bullacta exarata from Intertidal Zone of Tianjin, China. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chen et al. Toxicity Assessment of Simulated Urban Runoff Containing Polycyclic Musks and Cadmium in Carassius auratus Using Oxidative Stress

Biomar kers 2012 Mixture

Chen et al. Assessing abalone growth inhibition risk to cadmium and silver by linking toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics and subcellular partitioning 2011a Analyzed data from another study

Chen et al. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) from pearl oyster ( Pinctada martensii ) challenged with bacteria and exposed to cadmium 2011b Mixture

Chen et al. Differential effect of waterborne cadmium exposure on lipid metabolism in liver and muscle of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Cherkasov et al. Effects of acclimation temperature and cadmium exposure on cellular energy budgets in the marine mollusk Crassostrea virginica : linking cellular and mitochondrial responses 2006 Only one exposure concentration

Cherkasov et al. Combined effects of temperature and cadmium exposure on haemocyte apoptosis and cadmium accumulation in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) 2007 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle

content

Cherkasov et al. Seasonal variation in mitochondrial responses to cadmium and temperature in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) from

different latitudes 2010 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through;

Excised cells

Chernova and Sergeeva Metal Concentrations in Sargassum Algae From Coastal Waters of Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cherry and Guthrie Toxic Metals in Surface Waters From Coal Ash 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 30

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cherry et al. Coal Ash Basin Effects (Particulates, Metals, Acidic Ph) Upon Aquatic Biota: an Eight

- Year Evaluation 1984 Effluent

Cheung and Lam Effect of cadmium on the embryos and juveniles of a tropical freshwater snail, Physa acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) 1998 Not North American species

Cheung and Wong Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Shrimp Farming in Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cheung et al. Effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding behav iour of the sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus (Powys) 2002 Not North American species

Cheung et al. Metal Concentrations of Common Freshwater and Marine Fish From the Pearl River Delta, South China 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chevreuil et al. Evaluation of the Pollution by Organochlorinated Compounds (Polychlorobiphenyls and Pesticides) and Metals (Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) in the Water and in the Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) of the

River Seine 1996 Bioaccumu lation: steady state not documented

Chiarelli et al. Sea urchin embryos as a model system for studying autophagy induced by

cadmium stress 2011 Lack of exposure details

Chiarelli et al. Sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium as an experimental model for studying the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis 2013 Only one exposure concentration \

Chigbo et al. Uptake of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Form Polluted Waters by the Water Hyacinth Eichornia crassipes 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state no t documented

Chiodi Boudet et al. Lethal and sublethal effects of cadmium in the white shrimp Palaemonetes argentinus : A comparison between populations from

contaminated and reference sites 2013 Not North American species; dilution water not

characterized

Chishty et al. Evaluation of acute toxicity of zinc, lead and cadmium to zooplanktonic community in upper Berach river system, Rajasthan, India 2012 Mixture (lead, zinc and cadmium)

Chitguppa et al. Reusability of seaweed biosorbent in multiple cycles of cadmium adsorption and desorption 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Choi et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation and detoxification in the gill and digestive gland of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica 2007a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Choi et al. Cadmium affects the expression of metallothionein (MT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) mRNA in go ldfish, Carassius auratus 2007b Injected pollutant

Choi et al. Biosorption of heavy metals and uranium by starfish and Pseudomonas putida 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chojnacka et al. Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ Ions by Blue

- Green Algae Spirulina

sp .: Kinetics, Equilibrium and the Mechanism of the Process 2005 Mixture

### J

- 31

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Chora et al. Effect of cadmium in the clam Ruditapes decussatus assessed by proteomic analysis 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chou and Uthe Effect of starvation on trace metal levels in blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) 1991 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concent rations not adequately

measured

Chou et al. Effect of dietary cadmium on growth, survival, and tissue concentrations of cadmium, zinc, copper, and silver in juvenile american lobster ( Homarus americanus ) 1987 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Chou et al. Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Silver, and Zinc in Rock Crab ( Cancer

irroratus ) from Highly Copper Contaminated Sites in the Inner Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chou et al. Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidant status and cadmium toxicity in rice seedlings. 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Chouchene et al. Cadmium

- induced ovarian pathophysiology is mediated by change in gene expression pattern of zinc transporters in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). 2011 Only one exposure concentrations

Chowdhury et al. Gastrointestinal Uptake and Fate of Cadmium in Rainbow Trout Acclimated to Sublethal Dietary exposure Cadmium 2004 Dietary exposure

Christoffers and Ernst The in

- vivo fluorescence of Chlorella fusca as a biological test for the inhibition of photosynthesis 1983 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Ciardullo et al. Bioaccumulation Potential of Dietary exposure Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Selenium in Organs and Tissues of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhyncus mykiss ) as a Function of Fish Growth 2008 Dietary exposure

Cicik et al. Effects of lead and cadmium interactions on the metal accumulation i n tissue and organs of the Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 15 day exposure); not renewal or flow

through exposure

Cid et al. Determination of trace metals in fish species of the Ria de Aveiro (P ortugal) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ciliberti et al. The Nile Monitor ( Varanus niloticus , Squamata: Varanidae) as a Sentinel Species for Lead and Cadmium Contamination in Sub

- Saharan Wetlands 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cincinelli et al. Organochlorine Pesticide Air

- Water Exchange and Bioconcentration in

Krill in the Ross Sea 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ciocan and Rotchell Cadmium induction of metallothionein isoforms in juvenile and adult mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

dilution water not characterized

Cirillo et al. Cadmium accumulation and antioxidant responses in Sparus aurata exposed to water borne cadmium 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 11 day exposure)

### J

- 32

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ciutat and Boudou Bioturbation Effects on Cadmium and Zinc Transfers from a Contaminated Sediment exposure and on Metal Bioavailability to Benthic

Bivalves 2003 Sediment exposure

Ciutat et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation in Tubificidae from the overlying water source

and effects on bioturbation 2005 Sediment exposure

Clara Reboucas do

Amaral et al. Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Zn and Cd in Mangrove Oysters ( Cra ssostrea rhizophorae , Guilding, 1828) Transplanted to and from a Contaminated Tropical Coastal Lagoon 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Clason et al. Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Antarctic Amphipod Paramoera

walkeri (Stebbing, 1906): Comparison of Two

- Compartment and Hyperbolic Toxicokinetic Models 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Clausen et al. Passive and active cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the shore crab,

Carcinus maenas (L.) 1993 No i nterpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Coban et al. Heavy Metals in Livers, Gills and Muscle of Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) Fish Species Grown in the Dardanelles 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cogun et al. Accumulation of copper and cadmium in small and large Nile tilapia

Oreochromis niloticus 2003 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure, dilution

water not characterized

Cogun et al. Metal Concentrations in Fish Specie s from the Northeast Mediterranean

Sea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cohen et al. Trace Metals in Fish and Invertebrates of Three California Coastal

Wetlands 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Collado et al. Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in Two Species of Limpets ( Patella

rustica and Patella candei crenata ) in the Canary Islands, Spain 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Collard and Matagne Cd 2+ resistance in wild

- type and mutant strains of Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Company et al. Effect of Cadmium, Copper and Mercury on Antioxidant Enzyme

Ac tivities and Lipid Peroxidation in the Gills of the Hydrothermal Vent

Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus 2004 Mixture

Company et al. Sub

- lethal effects of cadmium on the antioxidant defense system of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Conti and Cecchetti A biomonitoring study: trace metals in algae and molluscs from Tyrrhenian coastal areas 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Conway Ecological Impact of Cadmium on Aquatic Orga nisms 1981 Review

Conway and Williams Sorption and desorption of cadmium by Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria crotonensis 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 33

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cooke et al. Biological Availability of Sediment

- Bound Cadmium to the Edible Cockle, Cerastoderma edule 1979 Sediment

Cooper and De Reducing the Toxicity of Cadmium Sulphate to Rainbow Trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) by Preliminary Exposure of Fish to Zinc Sulphate, With and Without Intermittent Exposure to Cadmium 1978 Mixture

Cooper et al. The Effects of Dietary exposure Iron Concentration on Gastrointestinal

and Branchial Assimilation of both Iron and Cadmium in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) 2006 Dietary exposure

Cooper et al. Subcellular partitioning of cadmium in the freshwater bivalve, Pyganodon grandis , after separate short

- term exposures to waterborne or diet

- borne

metal 2010a Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through

Cooper et al. Modeling cadmium uptake from water and food by the freshwater bivalve Pyganodon grandis 2010b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 60 hour exposure)

Cope et al. Differential exposure, duration, and sensitivity of unionoidean bivalve life

sta ges to environmental contaminants 2008 Dilution water not characterized, lack of details,

duration too short

Copes et al. Uptake of Cadmium From Pacific Oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) in British Columbia Oyster Growers 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Coppellotti Effects of cadmium on Uronema marinum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida)

from Antarctica 1994 Not North American species

Corami et al. Complexation of Cadmium and Copper by Fluvial Humic Matter and Effects on Their Toxicity 2007 Mixture

Cordero et al. Effect of Heavy Metals on the Growth of the Tropical Microalgae

Tetrasermis chuii (Prasinophyceae) 2005 Non

- applicable

Cornellier Cinetique De Bioaccumulation Et Distribution Tissulaire Du Cadmium

109 Par La Nourriture Et Par L'eau Chez Le Petoncle Geant ( Placopecten magellanicus ) Et Le Petoncle D'islande ( Chlamys islandica ) 2010 Text in foreign language

Costa et al. Biochemical Endpoints on Juvenile Solea senegalensis Exposed to Estuarine Sediment exposures: the Effect of Contaminant Mixtures on Metallothionein and Cyp1a Induction 2009a Sediment exposure

Costa et al. Histological Biomarkers in Liver and Gills of Juvenile Solea senegalensis Exposed to Contaminated Estu arine Sediment exposures: a Weighted Indices Approach 2009b Sediment exposure

Costa et al. Multi

- organ histological observations on juvenile Senegalese soles exposed to low concentrations of waterborne cadmium 2013 Not North American species, only three exposure concentrations

Coteur et al. Alteration of Cellular Immune Responses in the Seastar Asterias rubens Following Dietary Exposure to Cadmium 2005 Dietary exposure

Couch Ultrastructural study of lesions in gills of a marine shrimp exposed to

cadmium 1977 Only one exposure concentration

### J

- 34

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Couillard Acute toxicity of six metals to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus , with comparisons to other freshwaer organisms 1989 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Couture and Kumar Impairment of Metabolic Capacities in Copper and Calcium Contaminated Wild Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens ) 2003 Mixture

Cox Interactions of Cadmium, Zinc, and Phosphorus in Marine Synechococcus : Field Uptake, Physiological and Proteomic Studies. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Craig et al. Effect of exposure regime on the internal distribution of cadmium in Chironomus staegeri larvae (insecta, diptera) 1998 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentrati on

Craig et al. Experimental evidence for cadmium uptake via calcium channels in the aquatic insect Chironomus staegeri 1999 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Cravo et al. Metal concentrations in the shell of Bathymodiolus azoricus from contrasting hydrothermal vent fields on the mid

- Atlantic ridge 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Creighton and Twining Bioaccumulation from food and water of cadmium, selenium and zinc in an estuarine fish, Ambassis jacksoniensis 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Crichton et al. Assessing Stream Grazer Response to Stress: A Post

- Exposure Feeding Bioassay Using the Freshwater Snail Lymnaea peregra (Muller) 2004 Dietary exposure

Croisetiere et al. A Field Experiment to Determine the Relative Importance of Prey and

Water as Sources of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the Aquatic

Invertebrate Sialis velata 2006 Mixture

Croteau and Luoma A Biodynamic Understanding of Dietborne Metal Uptake by a Freshwater

Invertebrate 2008 Dietary exposure

Croteau et al. Differences in Cd Accumulation Among Species of the Lake

- Dwelling

Biomonitor Chaoborus 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cruz et al. Kinetic modeling and equilibrium studies during cadmium biosorption by

dead Sargassum sp . biomass 2004 Modeling

Cruz Rodriguez Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) Response in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica , Exposed to Various Contaminants (PAHs, PCBs and Cadmium) 2002 Mixture

Cubadda et al. Size

- dependent concentrations of trace metals in four Mediterranean gastropods 2001 Bioa ccumulation: steady state not documented

Culshaw et al. Concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cu in Sediment exposures and brown shrimp ( Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cunha et al. Effects of Copper and Cadmium on Cholinesterase and Glutathione S

Transferase Activities of Two Marine Gastropods ( Monodonta lineata and Nucella lapillus ) 2007 Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cunningham The effect of cadmium exposure on repeat swimming performance and

recov ery in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), brown trout ( Salmo

trutta ) and lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Currie et al. Influence of nutrient additions on cadmium bioaccumulation by aquatic

invertebrates in littoral enclosures 1998 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Cuthbert et al. Toxicity of cadmium to Bullia digitalis (prosobranchiata: nassaridae) 1976 Not North American species, dilution water not

characterized

Cuvin

- Aralar Survival and heavy metal accumulation of two Oreochromis niloticus (L.) strains exposed to mixtures of zinc, cadmium and mercury 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Cuvin

- Aralar and Aralar Effects of long

- term exposure to a mixture of cadmium, zinc, and inorganic mercurey on two strains of Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Cyrille et al. Cadmium accumulation in tissues of Sarotherodon melanotheron (Ruppel, 1852) from the Aby Lagoon system in Cote d'Ivoire 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

D’Agostino and Finney The effect of copper and cadmium on the development of Tigriopu s japonicas 1974 Not North American species

D’Aniello et al. Effect of mercury, cadmium and copper on the development and viability

of Loligo vulgaris and Sepia officinalis embryos 1990 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

da Cruz et al. Estimation of the critical effect level for pollution prevention based on oyster embryonic development toxicity test: The search for reliability 2007 Not North American species, duration too short

da Silva et al. Relative contribution of food and water to the Cd burden in Balanus amphitrite in an urban tidal creek discharging into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

da Silva et al. Can body burden in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite indicate seasonal

variation in cadmium concentrations? 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dabas et al. Assessment of tissue

- specific effect of cadmium on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in freshwater murrel, Ch anna punctatus 2012 Not North American species

Daka and Hawkins Interactive Effects of Copper, Cadmium and Lead on Zinc Accumulation in the Gastropod Mollusc Littorina saxatilis 2006 Mixture

Daka et al. Tolerance to Heavy Metals in Littorina saxatilis from a Metal Contaminated Estuary in the Isle of Man 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dallinger and Kautzky The Importance of Contaminated Food for the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Rainbow Trout ( Salmo gairdneri ): a Field Study 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dallinger et al. Effects of cadmium on Murex trunculus from the Adriatic Sea. I. Accumulation of metal and binding to a metallothionein

- like protein 1989 Not North American species

Dallinger et al. The role of metallothionein in cadmium accumulation of Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus ) from high alpine lakes 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Damiens et al. Metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein concentratio ns in larvae of Crassostrea gigas 2006 Prior exposure, dilution water not characterized

### J

- 36

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Dang and Wang Assessment of tissue

- specific accumulation and effects of cadmium in a marine fish fed contaminated commercially produced diet Manuscript Dietary exposure

Dang et al. Metallothionein and Cortisol Receptor Expression in Gills of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar , Exposed to Dietary exposure Cadmium 2001 Dietary exposure

Dangre et al. Effects of Cadmium on Hypoxia

- Induced Expression of Hemoglobin and Ery thropoietin in Larval Sheepshead Minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 2010 In vitro

Darmono Uptake of cadmium and nickel in banana prawn ( Penaeus merguiensis de Man) 1990 Not North American species

Darmono et al. The pathology of cadmium and nickel toxicity in the banana shrimp ( Penaeus merguiensis de Man) 1990 Not North American species

Das Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of cadmium on feeding and growth of an Indian pond snail Lymnaea luteola L. under laboratory conditions 2010 Dilution water not characterized

Das and Gupta Effects of cadmium chloride on oxygen consumption and gill morphology of Indian flying barb, Esomus danricus 2012 Not North American species, only three exposure

concentrations

Das and Maiti Metal Accumulat ion in A. baccifera Growing Naturally on Abandoned Copper Tailings Pond 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Das et al. The temperature dependence of the acute toxicity of heavy metals (cadmium, copper and mercury) to a freshwater pond snail, Lymnae

aluteola L 2012 Not North American species

Datta et al. Estimation of acute toxicity of cadmium, a heavy metal, in a carnivorous freshwater teleost, Mystus vittatus (Bloch) 1987 Not North American species

Dautremepuit et al. Gill and Head Kidney Antioxidant Processes and Innate Immune System Responses of Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens ) Exposed to Different Contaminants in the St. Lawrence River, Canada 2009 Mixture

Dauvin Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination on the Macrobenthic Fauna in Estuaries: the Case of the Seine Estuary 2008 Mixture

Dave et al. To xicity of eight solvent extraction chemicals and of cadmium to water fleas, Daphnia magna , rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri , and zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio 1981 Cultured daphnids in one dilution water and

tested them in another one

Daverat et al. Otolith Microchemistry Interrogation of Comparative Contamination by Cd, Cu and PCBs of Eel and Flounder, in a Large SW France Catchment. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Davies and Woodling Importance of laboratory

- derived metal toxicity results in predicting in

stream response of resident salmonids 1980 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; effluent,

survey

Davies et al. Field and experimental studies on cadmium in the edible crab Cancer

pagurus 1981 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

### J

- 37

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Davies et al. The influence of particle surface characteristics on pollutant metal uptake by cells 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by inje ction or gavage

Davis et al. Bioaccumulation of Arsenic, Chromium and Lead in Fish: Constraints Imposed by Sediment Geochemistry 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Davis et al. Cadmium biosorption by S. fluitans : treatment, resilience and uptake

relative to other Saragassum spp . and brown algae 2004 Lack of details, not renewal or flow

- through accumulation study

Dayeh et al. Cytotoxicity of metals common in mining effluent to rainbow trout cell

lines and to the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila 2005 Excised tissue/cells

De Boeck et al. Metal accumulation and metallothionein induction in the spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 7 day exposure)

De Coninck et al. An investigation of the inter

- clonal variation of the interactive effects of

cadmium and Microcystis aeruginosa on the reproductive performance of Daphnia magna 2013 Only one exposure concentration

De Conto Cinier et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation in carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) tissues during long

term high exposure: analysis by inductively coupled plasma

- mass spectrometry 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water conc entrations not adequately

measured

De Conto Cinier et al. Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein biosynthesis in Cyprinus carpio tissues 1998 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water con centrations not adequately

measured

De Lisle and Roberts The effect of salinity of cadmium toxicity to the estuarine Mysidopsis

bahia : role of chemical speciation 1988 Dilution water not characterized

de March Acute toxicity of binary mixtures of five cations (Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+

and K + ) to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris (Sars): alternative descriptive models 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

de Mora et al. Distribution of heavy metals in marine bivalves, fish and coastal Sediment exposures in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

De Nicola et al. Effects of cadmium on survival, bioaccumulation, histopathology, and PGM polymorphism in the marine isopod Idotea baltica

. 1993 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

De Nicola et al. Ecotoxicological Assessment of Pollutants by Chemico

- Biological Analysis: a Mini review 1996 Review

De Nicola et al Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium or copper on Idothea baltica (crustacea, isopoda) 1989 Not North American species

De Nicola et al Long term effect of cadmium of copper on Asellus aquaticus (L.) (Crustacea, isopoda) 1988 Not North American species

### J

- 38

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

De Vries et al. Critical Soil Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in View of

Health Effec ts on Humans and Animals 2007 Review

De Wolf and Rashid Heavy Metal Accumulation in Littoraria scabra Along Polluted and Pristine Mangrove Areas of Tanzania 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

De Wolf et al. Sensitivity to cadmium along a salinity gradient in populations of the periwinkle, Littorina littorea , using time

- to

- death analysis 2004 Prior exposure

Decho and Luoma Humic and fulvic acids: ink or source in the availability of metals to the

marine bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis ? 1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

DeFilippis et al. The effects of sublethal con centrations of zinc, cadmium and mercury on Euglena . II. Respiration, photosynthesis and photochemical activities 1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Defo et al. Evidence for Metabolic Imbalance of Vitamin A2 in Wild Fish Chronically Exposed to Met als 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dekker et al. Life History Changes in the Benthic Cladoceran Chydorus piger Induced by Low Concentrations of Sediment exposure

- Bound Cadmium 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dekker et al. Development and Application of a Sediment exposure Toxicity Test Using the Benthic Cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus 2006 Sediment exposure

Del Castillo Arias and

Robinson Nuclear and Cytosolic Distribution of Metallothionein in the Edible Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Exposed to Cadmium and Benzo[a]Pyrene and in Gill Tissue from Three Natural Populations Along

the Massachusetts Coast 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Delmail et al. Physiological, anatomical and phenotypical effec ts of a cadmium stress in

different

- aged chlorophyllian organs of Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC (Haloragaceae) 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Delmotte et al. Cadmium Transport in Sediment exposures by Tubificid Bioturbation: an

Assessment of Model Complexity 2007 Modeling

Delval et al. Responses of a Flat Fish, the Flounder ( Platichtys flesus L.) To Metal Pollutions by Elaborating Metallothioneins. Competition Between Zinc, Copper (Responses D'un Poisson Plat: Le Flet (Platichtys Flesus L.) Aux Pollutions Metalliques Par Elaboration De Metallothioneines: Competition Entre Zinc, Cuivre Et Cadmi um) 1988 Text in foreign language

Demirak et al. Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment exposure and Tissues of Leuciscus cephalus From a Stream in Southwestern Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Demon et al. The influence of pre

- treatment, temperature and calcium ions on trace element uptake by an alga ( Scenedesmus pannonicus subsp. Berlin) and fungus ( Aureobasidium pullulans ) 1989 Not North American species

Den Besten et al. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduction of the sea star Asterias

rubens : aberrations in the early development 1989 Not North American species

Den Besten et al. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in the sea star Asterias rubens L 1991 Not North American species

### J

- 39

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Deng et al. Trace Metal Concentration in Great Tit ( Parus major ) and Greenfinch ( Carduelis sinica ) at the Western Mountains of Beijing, China 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Deniseger et al. Periphyton Communities in a Pristine Mountain Stream Above and Below Heavy Metal Min ing Operations 1986 Effluent

Denton and Burdon

- Jones Influence of temperature and salinity on the uptake, distribution, and depuration of mercury, cadmium, and lead by the black

- lip oyster

Saccostrea echinata 1981 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Denton and Burdon

- Jones Trace Metals In Corals From The Great Barrier Reef 1986a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Denton and Burdon

- J ones Environmental effects on toxicity of heavy metals to two species of tropical marine fish from northern Australia. 1986b Not North American species

Department of the

Environment 1973 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Desouky Metallothionein is up

- regulated in molluscan responses to cadmium, but not aluminum, exposure. 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Desouky et al. Effect of orthosilic acid on the accumulation of trace metals by the pond

snail Lymnaea stagnalis 2003 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle

content

Desrosiers et al. Relationships Among Total Recoverable and Reactive Metals and Metalloid in St. Lawrence River Sediment exposure: Bioaccumulation by Chironomids and Implications for Ecological Risk A ssessment 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dethlefsen Uptake, retention and loss of cadmium by brown shrimp ( Crangon

crangon ) 1978 Dilution water not characterized

Deveau and Turner Use of the Edible Seaweed Taqq'astan ( Porphyra abbottiae Krishnamurthy: Bangiaceae) and Metal Bioaccumulation at Traditional Harvesting Sites in Queen Charlotte Strait and Broughton Strait 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Devi Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes Latre ille and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards): tolerance to copper, mercury, cadmium,

and zinc 1987 Not North American species

Devi Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of cadmium on marine fouling dressinid bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz) 1996 Not North American species; prior exposure (collected from a polluted harbor)

Devi and Kumaraguru Toxicity of Heavy Metals Copper and Cadmium on the Brown Macroalgal Species of Pudumadam Coast, Gulf of Mannar 2008 Mixture

Devi and Rao Cadmium accumulation in fiddler crabs Uca annulipes latelle and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards) 1989 Not North American species

Devier et al. One

- Year Monitoring Survey of Organic Compounds (PAHs, PCBs, TBT), Heavy Metals and Biomarkers in Blue Mussels f rom the Arcachon Bay, France 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 40

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Devineau and Triquet Patterns of bioaccumulation of an essential trace element (zinc) and a pollutant metal (cadmium) in larvae of the prawn Palaemon serratus 1985 Not North American species

Dhamotharan et al. Bioremediation of Tannery Effluent Using Cyanobacterium 2008 Effluent

Diamond et al. Effects of pulsed contaminant exposures on early life stages of the fathead

minnow 2005 Pulsed exposure

Dickson et al. The effect of chronic cadmium exposure on phosphoadenylate concentrations and adenylate energy charge of gills and dorsal muscle tissue of crayfish 1982 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Dierickx and Bredael

Rozen Correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity of i norganic metal compounds to cultured fathead minnow fish cells and the toxicity to Daphnia magna 1996 Review of previously published data

Dierking et al. Spatial patterns in PCBs, pesticides, mercury and cadmium in the

common sole in the NW Mediterranean Sea, and a novel use of

contaminants as biomarkers 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dietrich et al. Exposure of rainbow trout milt to mercury and cadmium alters sperm motility parameters and reproductive success 2010 In vitro

Dietrich et al. Carp transferrin can protect spermatozoa against toxic effects of cadmium

ions 2011 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water

not characterized

Dixon et al. Cadmium Uptake by Marine Micro

- Organisms in the English Channel

and Celtic Sea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dobrovoljc et al. Uptake and elimination of cadmium in Rana dalmatina (Anura, amphibia) tadpoles 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; dilution water not characterized; not North American species

Dong et al. Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Safe Assessments of Fishes in Main Lakes From Wuhan City 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dorfman Tolerance of Fundulus heteroclitus to different metals in salt waters 1977 Questionable treat ment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Dorgelo et al. Effects of diet and heavy metals on growth rate and fertility in the deposit

feeding snail Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith) (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) 1995 Not North American species

Dorts et al. Sub

- lethal cadmium toxicity in bullhead Cottus gobio . Biochemical and proteomic approaches 2009 Lack of detail

Dorts et al. Proteomic response to sublethal cadmium exposure in a sentinel fish species, Cottus gobio 2011 Not North American species

Dorts et al. Proteasome and antioxidant responses in Cottus gobio during a combined exposure to heat stress and cadmium 2012 Not North American species, only two exposure

concentrations

Douben Uptake and elimination of waterborne cadmium by the fish Noemacheilus

barbatulus L. (stone loach) 1989 Not North American species

### J

- 41

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Dovzhenko et al. Cadmium

- induced oxidative stress in the bivalve mollusk Modiolus

modiolus 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Downs et al. A molecular biomarker system for assessing the health of gastropods ( Ilyanassa obsoleta ) exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors 2001b Duration too short, only two exposure

concentrations

Dragun et al. The Influence of the Season and the Biotic Factors on the Cytosolic Metal Concentrations in the Gills of the European Chub ( Leuciscus cephalus L.) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dragun et al. Assessment of low

- level metal contamination using the Mediterranean mussel gills as the indicator tissue 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Drastichova et al. Effect of cadmium on hematological indices of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) 2004a Dilution water not characterized, not definitive

v alue, usually Unused data

Drastichova et al. Effect of cadmium on blood plasma biochemistry in carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) 2004b Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Drava et al. Trace elements in the muscle of red shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) (Crustacea, Decapoda) from Ligurian sea (NW Mediterranean): variations related to the reproductive cycle 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Drazkiewicz and Baszynaski Calcium Protection of Ps2 Complex of Ph aseolus coccineus From Cadmium Toxicity: in Vitro Study 2008 In vitro

Drbal et al. Toxicity and accumulation of copper and cadmium in the alga Scenedesmus obliquus LH. 1985 Not North American species

Dressing The effect of chemical speciation on the equilibrium, whole

- body cadmium content of larvae of the caddisfly, Hydropsyche sp. 1980 Chelator present in test media (NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid))

Drost et al. Heavy metal toxicity to Lemna minor : Studies on the time dependence of growth inhibition and the recovery after exposure 2007 Excessive EDTA in the medium (1,177 ug/L)

Du Laing et al. Factors Affecting Metal Concentrations in Reed Plants ( Phragmites

australis ) of Intertidal Marshes in the Scheldt Estuary 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Duan et al. Differential survivorship among allozyme genotypes of Hyalella azteca exposed to cadmium, zinc or low pH 2001 Only one exposure concentration, duration too

short

Dugmonits et al. Major distinctions in the antioxidant responses in liver and kidney of

Cd 2+

- treated common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) Only one exposure concentration

Dulymamode et al. Evaluation of Padina boergesenii (Phaeophyceae) as a bioindicator of heavy metals: some preliminary results from Mauritius 2001 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through

Duman Bioaccumulation of nickel, copper, and cadmium by Spirodela polyrhiza

and Lemna gibba 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 10 day duration); unmeasured exposure

Duman and Kar Temporal variation of metals in water, sediment and tissues of the European chup ( Squalius cephalus L.) 2012 Field survey

Duman et al. Seasonal Changes of Metal Accumulation and Distribution in Common Club Rush ( Schoenoplectus lacustris ) and Common Reed ( Phragmites

australis ) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 42

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Duman et al. Effects of exogenous glycinebetaine and trehalose on cadmium

accumulation an d biological responses of an aquatic plant ( Lemna gibba L.) 2011 No control group; only three exposure

concentrations

Duong et al. Seasonal Effects of Cadmium Accumulation in Periphytic Diatom

Communities of Freshwater Biofilms 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Duong et al. Experimental toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in freshwater periphytic diatoms in relation with biofilm maturity 2010 Only one exposure concentration, mixed species

exposure

Duquesne and Coll Metal accumula tion in the clam Tridacna crocea under natural and experimental conditions 1995 Not North American species

Duquesne et al. Sub

- lethal effects of metal exposure: physiological and behavioural responses of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica 2004 Lack of details, not North American species

Dural et al. Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in different tissues of

Dicentrarchus labrax L, 1758, Sparus aurata L, 1758 and Mugil cephalus L, 1758 from the Camlik Lagoon of the eastern coast of Mediterranean (Turk ey) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dutta and Kaviraj Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Fish Labeo rohita and Copepod Diaptomus forbesi Pre

- Exposed to CaO and KMnO4 2001 Mixture

Dutton and Fisher Salinity effects on the bioavailability of aqueous metals for the estuarine

killifish Fundulus heteroclitus 2011a Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through

Dutton and Fisher Bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Hg(II), and MeHg in killifish ( Fundulus

heteroclitus ) from amphipod and worm prey 2011b Dietary exposure

Dutton and Fisher Influence of humic acid on the uptake of aqueous metals by the killifish

Fundulus heteroclitus 2012 Bioaccumualtion: steady state not documented

Dyer et al. An initial eva luation of the use of Euro/North American fish species for tropical effects assessments 1997 Review of previously published data

Eaton Chronic Toxicity Of A Copper, Cadmium And Zinc Mixture To The Fathead Minnow ( Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) 1973 Non

- applicable

Ebau et al. Toxicity of cadmium and lead on tropical midge larvae, Chironomus

kiiensis Tokunaga and Chironomus javanus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) 2012 Not North American species; test species fed

Ebrahimi Using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) to Monitoring the Effects of Zinc and Cadmium Pollution on Fish Sperm 2005 Mixture

Ebrahimi Effects of in Vivo and in Vitro Zinc and Cadmium Treatment on Sperm Steroidogenesis of the African Catfish Clarias gairepinus 2007 Mixture

Ebrahi mi et al. Concentration of Four Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic) in Organs of Two Cyprinid Fish ( Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta

sp. ) From the Kor River (Iran) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 43

Authors Title Year Reason Unused Ebrahimpour and

Mushrifah Heavy Metal Concentrations (Cd, Cu and Pb) in Five Aquatic Plant Species in Tasik Chini, Malaysia 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ebrahimpour et al. Seasonal Variation of Cadmium, Copper, and Lead Concentrations in Fish

From a Freshwater Lake 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Edema and Egborge Heavy metal content of crabs from Warri River, Nigeria 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Edge et al. Indicators of environmental stress: cellular biomarkers and reproductive responses in the Sydney rock oyster ( Saccostrea glomerata ) 2012 Mixture

EIFAC Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish Report on cadmium and freshwater fish 1978 Review

Eimers et al. Cadmium accumulation in the freshwater isopod Asellus racovitzai : the relative importance of solute and particulate sources at trace

concentrations 2001 Sediment exposure

Eisler Radio cadmium exchange with seawater by Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) (Pisces: C yprinodontidae) 1974 Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes and were not used because of the possibility of isotope discrimination

Eisler Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms 1981 Review of previously published data

Eisler and Gardner Acute toxicology to an estuarine teleost of mixtures of cadmium, copper,

and zinc salts 1973 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Eisler et al. Metal Survey of the Marine Clam Pitar morrhauna Collected Near a Rhode Island (USA) Electroplating Plant 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Eissa et al. Behavioral alterations in juvenile Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to sublethal waterborne cadmium 2006 Only two exposure co ncentrations, test species fed, usually Unused data

Eissa et al. Quantitative behavioral parameters as toxicity biomarkers: fish responses

to waterborne cadmium 2010 Dilution water not characterized

Elder and Mattraw Accumulation of Trace Elements, Pesticides, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediments and the Clam Corbicula manilensis of the Apalachicola River, Florida. 1984 Sediment

Eletta et al. Determination of concentration of heavy metals in two common fish

spec ies from Asa River, Ilorin, Nigeria 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Elliott et al. The influence of cyclic exposure on the accumulation of heavy metals by Mytilus edulis planulatus (Lamarck) 1985 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Elliott et al. Metal interaction during accumulation by the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,

efflu ent, mixture, sediment or sludge

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Engel Accumulation and cytosolic partitioning of metals in the american oyster Crassostrea virginica 1999 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Engel and Fowler Copper and cadmium induced changes in the metabolism and structure of molluscan gill tissue 1979 Excised tissue/cells

Enserink et al. Combined effects of metals; an ecotoxicological evaluation 1991 Review of previously published data

Erdogrul and Ates Determination of Cadmium and Copper in Fish Samples From Sir and Menzelet Dam Lake Kahramanmaras, Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Erickson et al. Effects of copper, cadmium, l ead, and arsenic in a live diet on juvenile fish growth 2010 Dietary exposure

Errecalde et al. Influence of a low molecular weight metabolite (citrate) on the toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the unicellular green alga Selenastrum capricornutum : an exception to the free

- ion model 1998 Non

- applicable

Errecalde et al. Influence of a low molecular weight metabolite (citrate) on the toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the unicellular green alga Selenastrum capricornutum : and exception to the free

- ion model 1998 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Escobedo

- Fregoso et al. Assessment of Metallothioneins in Tissues of the Clam Megapitaria squalida as Biomarkers for Environmental Cadmium Pollution From Areas Enriched in Phosphorite 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Eslami et al. Trace element level in different tissues of Rutilus frisii kutum collected from Tajan River, Iran 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Espana et al. Manganese, nickel, selenium and cadmium in molluscs from the Magellan Strait, Chile 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Espinoza et al. Effect of cadmium on glutathione s

- transferase and metallothionein gene expression in coho salmon liver, gill and olfactory tissues 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

Esposito et al. Effects of heavy metals on ultrastructure and HSP70s induction in the aquatic moss Leptodictyum riparium Hedw 2012 Lack of exposure details (duration), effect

concentration not clear

Essumang and Essu mang Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury in Manta birostris (Manta Ray) Caught Along the Ghanaian

Coastline 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Estabrook et al. Comparison of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Plants on Charity Island, Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, USA, With Plants Along the Shoreline of Saginaw Bay 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Esvelt et al. Toxicity Removal From Municipal Wastewaters. Volume IV of a Study of Toxicity and Biostimulation in San Francisco Bay

- Delta Waters 1971 Effluent

Etnier et al. Update of Acute and Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Data for Heavy Metals and Organic Chemicals Found at Hazardous Waste Sites 1987 Review

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Eustace Zinc, cadmium, copper and manganese in species of finfish and shellfish caught in the Derwent estuary, Tashmania 1974 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Evans et al. Simultaneous measurements of uptake and elimination of cadmium by caddisfly (Trichoptera: hydropsychidae) larvae using stable isotope tracers 2002 Dilution water not characterized

Everaarts Uptake and release of cadmium in various organs of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.) 1990 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Everaarts and Fischer Micro Contaminants In Surface Sediment exposures And Macrobenthic

Invertebrates Of The North Sea 1991 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Everard and Swain Isolation, charaterization and induction of metallothionein in the stonefly Eusthenia spectabilis following exposure to cadmium 1983 Not North American species, dilution water not

characterized

EVS Environment

Consultants Site

- Specfic Toxicity Testing Met hods for the South Fork Coeur D’Alene

River

- Results and Recommendations 1996 Dilution water not characterized

Evtushenko et al. Cadmium accumulation in organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis

- I. activities of phosphatases and composition and amount of lipids 1986 Not North American species

Evtushenko et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation in organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis 1990 Not North American species

Ezemonye and Enuneku Evaluation of acute toxicity of cadmium and lead to amphibian tadpoles (toad: Bufo Maculatus and frog: Ptychadena Birroni ) 2005 Lack of exposure details, not North American species

Fabacher Hepatic Microsomes From Freshwater Fish

- I. In Vitro Cytochrome P

450 Chemical Interactions 1982 In vitro

Fabris et al. Trace Metal Concentrations in Edible Tissue of Snapper, Flathead, Lobster, and Abalone from Coastal Waters of Victoria, Australia 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fair and Sick Accumulations of naphthalene and cadmium after simultaneous ingestion by the Black Sea Bass, Centropristis striata 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequatel y measured

Falfushynska et al. Population

- related molecular responses on the effect of pesticides in Carassius auratus gibelio 2012 Mixture

Fan et al. Metal accumulation and biomarker responses in Daphnia magna following cadmium and zinc exposure 2009 Mixture

Fang Comparative studies on uptake pathway of cadmium by Perna viridis 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fang et al. Heavy Metals in Oysters, Mussels and Clams Collected From Coastal Sites Along the Pearl River Delta, South China 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fang et al. Trace Metals in Seawater and Copepods in the Ocean Outfall Area off the

Northern Taiwan Coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 46

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Fang et al. Metal Concentrations in Green

- Lipped Mussels ( Perna viridis ) and Rabbitfish ( Siganus oramin ) From Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong After

Pollution Abatement 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fang et al. Metallothionein and superoxide dismutase responses to sublethal cadmium exposure in the clam Mactra veneriformis

. 2010 Not North American species, only three exposure

concentrations

Farag et al. Physiological changes and tissue metal accumulation in rainbow trout exposed to foodborne and waterborne metals 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Farag et al. Concentrations of metals associated with mining waste in sediments, biofilm, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish from the Coeur d’Alene
River basin, Idaho 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Farag et al. Characterizing Aquatic Health Using Salmonid Mortality, Physiology,

and Biomass Estim ates in Streams with Elevated Concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Boulder River Watershed, Montana 2003 Mixture

Farag et al. Concentrations of Metals in Water, Sediment exposure, Biofilm, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish in the Boulder River Watershed, Montana, and the Role of Colloids in Metal Uptake 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fargasova Comparative toxicity of five metals on various biological subjects 1994b No interpretable concentration, time, re sponse data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Faria et al. In situ and laboratory bioassays with Chironomus riparius larvae to assess toxicity of metal contamination in rivers: the relative toxic effect of

sediment versus water contaminati on 2007 Mixture

Faria et al. Contaminant accumulation and multi

- biomarker responses in field collected zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) and crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ), to evaluate toxicological effects of industrial hazardous dumps in the Ebro river (NE Spain). 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Farkas et al. Age

- and size

- specific patterns of heavy metals in the organs of

freshwater fish Abramis brama L. populating a low

- contaminated site 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not d ocumented

Fattorini et al. Seasonal, Spatial and Inter

- Annual Variations of Trace Metals in Mussels From the Adriatic Sea: a Regional Gradient for Arsenic and Implications for Monitoring the Impact of Off

- Shore Activities 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Faucher et al. Impact of acute cadmium exposure on the trunk lateral line neuromasts and consequences on the "C

- Start" response behaviour of the sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae). 2006 Dilution water not charact erized, not North American species, duration too short

Faucher et al. Impact of cadmium exposure at environmental dose on escape behaviour in sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae) 2008 Pulsed exposure, not North American species

Faupel and Traunspurger Secondary Production of a Zoobenthic Community Under Metal Stress 2012 Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Faupel et al. The functional response of a freshwater benthic community to cadmium pollution 2012 Sediment; only two exposure concentrations

Fava et al. Comparative Toxicity of Whole and Liquid Phase Sewage Sludges to Marine Organisms 1985 Sludge

Favorito et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its cytotoxic effect on zebrafish brain 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented Fayed and Abdel

- Shafy Accumulation of Cu, Cd, and Pb by algae 1986 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Fdil et al. Valve movement response of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to metals (Cu, Hg, Cd and Zn) and phosphate industry effluents from

moroccan Atlantic coast 2006 Duration unknown, dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Felten et al. Physiological and behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda) exposed to cadmium 2008 Not North American species, test species fed, usually Unused data

Feng et al. Exploring spatial and temporal variations of cadmium concentrations in Pacific oysters from British Columbia 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Feng et al. Indication function of aquatic algae for environment 2012 R eview of previously published data

Fennikoh et al. Cadmium toxicity in planktonic organisms of a freshwater food web 1978 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Fernandez and Beiras Combined Toxicity of Dissolved Mercury with Copper, Lead and Cadmium on Embryogenesis and Early Larval Growth of the

Paracentrotus lividus Sea

- Urchin 2001 Mixture

Fernandez et al. Assessment of the mechanisms of detoxification of chemical compounds and antioxidant enzymes in the digestive gland of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis , from Mediterranean coastal sites. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fernandez Severini et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of cadmium and copper in water and zooplankton in the Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fernandez

- Leborans and

Antonio

- Garcia Effects of lead and cadmium in a community of protozoans 1988 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Fernandez

- Pinas et al. Cadmium toxicity in Nostoc UAM208: protection by calcium 1995 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Ferrari et al. Selective protection of temperature against cadmium acute toxicity to Bufo ar enarum tadpoles 1993 Not North American species

Ferrari et al. Energy balance of juvenile Cyprinus carpio after a short

- term exposure to
sublethal water

- borne cadmium 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Ferreira da Silva et al. Heavy Metal Pollution Downstream the Abandoned Coval Da Mo Mine (Portugal) and Associated Effects on Epilithic Diatom Communities 2009 Mixture

Ferreira et al. Metal Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Responses in, Cultured and Wild, White Seabream from Northwest Atlantic 2008b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 48

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ferrer et al. Acute toxicities of four metals on the early life stages of the crab Chasmagnathus granulata from Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina 2006 Not North American species

Fialkowski et al. Seasonal variation in trace metal concentrations in three talitrid amphipods from the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Figueira et al. Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to cadmium: Toxicological effect s and bioaccumulation patterns 2012 Not North American species, duration too long

Filazi et al. Metal concentrations in tissues of the Black Sea fish Mugil auratus from Sinop

- Icliman, Turkey 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Filosto et al. Environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations affect development and induce apoptosis of Paracentrotus lividus larvae cultured in vitro 2008 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure

Finger and Bulak Toxicity of Water From Three South Carolina Rivers to Larval Striped

Bass 1988 Mixture

Finlayson et al. Toxicity of metal

- contaminated Sediment exposures from Keswick Reservoir, California, USA 2000 Sediment exposure

Firat and Kargin Biochemical alterations induced by Zn and Cd individually or in

combination in the serum of Oreochromis niloticus 2010a Only one exposure concentration

Firat and Kargin Effects of zinc and cadmium on erythrocyte antioxidant systems of a

freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus 2010b Only one exposure concentration

Firat and Kargin Individual and combined effects of heavy metals on serum biochemistry

of Nile Tilapia oreochromis Niloticus 2010c Only one exposure concentration

Firat and Kargin Protein intens ity changes in the hemoglobin and plasma electrophoretic patterns of Oreochromis niloticus in response to single and combined Zn and Cd exposure 2010d Only two exposure concentrations

Fisher and Fabris Complexation of Cu, Zn and Cd by metabolites excreted from marine

diatoms 1982 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Fisher and Jones Heavy metals and marine phytoplankton: Correlation of toxicity and sulfhydryl

- binding 1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Fisher et al. Accumulation and retention of metals in mussels from food and water: a comparison under field and laboratory conditions 1996 Not North American species

Fitzsimons et al. Occurrence of a Swim

- up Syndrome in Lake Ontario Lake Trout in

Relation to Contaminants and Cultural Practices 1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Flament et al. Effect of cadmium on gonadogenesis and metamorphosis in Pleurodeles

waltl (Urodele Amphibian) 2003 Not North American species, duration too short

Fleeger et al. Does Bioturbation by a Benthic Fish Modify the Effects of Sediment exposure Contamination on Saltmarsh Benthic Microalgae and

Meiofauna? 2006 Sediment exposure

Flegal Trace Element Concentrations of the Rough Limpet, Acmaea scabra , in

California 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not d ocumented

### J

- 49

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Florence et al. Determination of trace element speciation and the role of speciation in aquatic toxicity 1992 Review of previously published data

Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations Report on Cadmium and Freshwater Fish 1977 Review

Foran et al. Influence of parental and developmental cadmium exposure on endocrine and reproductive function in Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) 2002 Prior exposure, not North American species

Foran et al. A survey of metals in tissues of farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Forbes Response of Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu) to environmental stress: Effects of salinity fluctuations and cadmium exposure on growth 1991 Not North American species

Forget et al. Mortality and LC50 values for several stages of the marine copepod Tigriopus brevicornis (Muller) exposed to the metals arsenic and cadmium and the pesticides atrazine, carbofuran, dichlorvos, and

malathion 1998 Not North American species

Fo rget et al. Joint action of pollutant combinations (pesticides and metals) on survival (LC50 values) and acetylcholinesterase activity of Tigriopus brevicornis (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) 1999 Mixture

Formicki et al. Combined effects of cadmium and ultraviolet radiation on mortality and mineral content in common frog ( Rana temporaria ) larvae 2008 Not North American species, duration too short

Formicki et al. Cadmium Availability to Freshwater Mussel ( Unio tumidus ) in the Presence of Organic Matter a nd UV Radiation 2009 Mixture

Foster Metal resistances of chlorophyta from rivers polluted by heavy metals 1982 Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in

water

Fowler et al. Levels of Toxic Metals in Marine Organisms Collected From Southern

California Coastal Waters 1975 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fracacio et al. In situ and laboratory evaluation of toxicity with Danio rerio Buchanan (1822) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (1859) 2009 Mixture

France Calcium and Trace Metal Composition of Crayfish ( Orconectes virilis ) in Relation to Experimental Lake Acidification 1987 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Francesconi Distribution of cadmium in the pearl oyster, Pinctada albina albina (Lamarck), following exposure to cadmium in seawater 1989 Not North American species

Francesconi et al. Cadmium uptake from seawater and food by the western rock lobster Panulirus Cygnus 1994 Not North American species

Francesconi et al. Cadmium in the saucer scallop, Amusium balloti , from Western Australian waters: Concentrations in adductor muscle and redistribution following frozen storage 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Franchi et al. Bioconcentration of Cd and Pb by the river crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Crustacea: Decapoda) 2011 Dilution water not characterized

### J

- 50

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Frankenne et al. Isolation and characterization of metallothioneins from cadmium

- loaded

mussel Mytilus edulis 1980 Dilut ion water not characterized

Franklin et al. Toxicity of Metal Mixtures to a Tropical Freshwater Alga ( Chlorella sp .): The Effect of Interactions Between Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc on Metal Cell Binding and Uptake 2002 Mixture

Franzellitti et al. Heavy metals in tissues of loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from the

northwestern Adriatic Sea 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Franzin and McFarlane An Analysis of the Aquatic Macrophyte, Myriophyllum exalbescens , as an Indicator of Metal Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems Near a Base

Metal Smelter 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fraser et al. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) From the Baie Des Chaleurs, New Brunswick,

Canada 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Frazier Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms 1979 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the wate r

Frazier and George Cadmium kinetics in oyster

- a comparative study of Crassostrea gigas

and Ostrea edulis 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Freeman Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen stress 1978 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through o r water concentrations not adequately

measured

Freeman Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen stress 1980 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled

water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Freitas and Rocha Acute toxicity tests with the tropical cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa : The importance of using native species as test organisms 2011 Not North American species

Frias

- Espericueta et al. Heavy Metals in the Tissues of the Sea Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea From a Nesting Site of the Northwest Coast of Mexico 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Frias

- Espericueta et al. Metal Content of the Gulf of California Blue Shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Frias

- Espericueta et al. Histological effects of a combination of heavy metals on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus va nnamei 2008a Mixture

Frias

- Espericueta et al. The Metal Content of Bivalve Molluscs of a Coastal Lagoon of NW

Mexico 2008b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 51

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Frias

- Espericueta et al. Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in Mugil cephalus from seven coastal lagoons of NW Mexico 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fridman et al. Estradiol uptake, toxicity, metabolism, and adverse effects on cadmium

treated amphibian embryos 2004 Mixture, not North American species

Friedrich and Halden Determining exposure history of northern pike and walleye to tailings effluence using trace metal uptake in otoliths 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fritioff and Greger Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant

, P otamogeton natans 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 5 day exposure); unmeasured exposure

Fritioff et al. Influence of Temperature and Salinity on Heavy Metal Uptake by

Submersed Plants 2005 Non

- applicable

Fujii and Sugiyama Toxic effect of cadmium to early life stages of fishes and a simple method for toxicity evaluation of environmental pollutants 1983 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; text in foreign language

Fulladosa et al. Study on the Toxicity of Binary Equitoxic Mixtures of Metals Using the

Luminescent Bacteria Vibrio fischeri as a Biological Target 2005 Mixture

Fulladosa et al. Stress proteins induced by exposure to sublethal levels of heavy metals in sea bream ( Sparus sarba ) blood levels 2006 Excised tissue/cells

Gaal et al. The Heavy Metal Content Of Fish In Lake Balaton The Danube And The

Tisza From 1979

- 1982 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gachter Heavy Metal Toxicity and Synergism to Natural Phytoplankton (Untersuchungen Uber Die Beeinflussung Der Planktischen Photosynthese Durch Anorganische Metallsalze Im Eutrophen Alpnachersee Und Der Mesotrophen Horwer Bucht) 1976 Text in foreign language

Gachter and Geiger Melimex, an Experimental Heavy Metal Pollution Study: Behaviour of Heavy Metals in an Aq uatic Food Chain 1979 Mixture

Gachter and Mares Melimex, an Experimental Heavy Metal Pollution Study: Effects of Increased Heavy Metal Loads on Phytoplankton Communities 1979 Mixture

Gaete and Paredes Toxicity of chemical pollutant mixtures towards Daphnia magna 1996 Non

- applicable

Gagnaire et al. In vitro effects of cadmium and mercury on Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), haemocytes 2004 In vitro

Gagne et al. Biomarker study of a municipal effluent dispersion plume in two species

of freshwater mussels 2002 Effluent

Gagne et al. Immunocompetence and Alterations in Hepatic Gene Expression in Rainbow Trout Exposed to Cds/Cdte Quantum Dots. 2010 Inappropriate toxicant

Gagnon et al. Exposure of Caged Mussels to Metals in a Primary

- Treated Municipal

Wastewater Plume 2006 Effluent

Gale et al. Aquatic Organisms and Heavy Metals in Missouri's New Lead Belt. 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gale et al. Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium in Fish and Sediment exposu res from the Big River and Flat River Creek of Missouri's Old Lead Belt 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 52

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gale et al. Chronic Sublethal Sediment exposure Toxicity Testing Using the Estuarine Amphipod, Melita plumulosa (Zeidler): Evaluation Using

Metal

- Spiked and Field

- Contaminated Sediment exposures 2006 Sediment exposure

Galic et al Toxicity of cadmium and nitrilotriacetic acid in sea water to the photobacteria Vibrio fisheri 1987 The materials, methods or results we re insufficiently described

Gallo et al. The impact of metals on the reproductive mechanisms of the ascidian

Ciona intestinalis 2011 Excised tissue/cells

Galvao et al. Sudden Cadmium Increases in the Digestive Gland of Scallop, Nodipecten

nodosus L., Farmed in the Tropics 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gama

- Flores et al. Exposure time

- dependent cadmium toxicity to Moina macrocopa (Cladocera): a life table demographic study 2007a Pulsed exposure

Gama

- Flores et al. Effect of Pulsed Exposure to Heavy Metals (Copper and Cadmium) on Some Population Variables of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas (Rotifera: Brachionidae: Monogononta) 2007b Pulsed exposure

Gama

- Flores et al. Prey ( Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus havan aensis ) Exposed to Heavy Metals (Cu and Cd) for Different Durations and Concentrations Affect Predator's (

Asplanchna brightwellii ) Population Growth 2007c Pulsed exposure

Gao et al. Expression of metallothionein cDNA in a freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangtsekiense , exposed to cadmium 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Garceau et al. Inhibition of Goldfish Mitochondrial Metabolism by in Vitro Exposure to Cd, Cu and Ni 2010 In vitro

Garcia et al. Comparative sensitivity of a tropical mysid metamysidopsis insularis and the temperate species Americamysis bahia to six toxicants 2008 Not North American species

Garcia et al. Age

- related differential sensitivity to cadmium in Hyalella curvispina (Amphip oda) and implications in ecotoxicity studies 2010 Not North American species; test species fed

Garcia et al. Age differential response of Hyalella curvispina to a cadmium pulse: Influence of sediment particle size 2012 Pulsed exposures; sediment present in test

chambers

Garcia

- Fernandez et al. Heavy Metals in Tissues From Loggerhead Turtles ( Caretta caretta ) From the Southwestern Mediterranean (Spain) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Garcia

- Hernandez et al. Concentrations of heavy metal s in Sediment exposure and organisms during a harmful algal bloom (HAB) at Kun Kaak Bay, Sonora, Mexico 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Garcia

- Santos et al. Metabolic and osmoregulatory alterations and cell proliferation in gilthead

seam bream ( Sparus aurata ) exposed to cadmium 2008 Injected toxicant

Garg and Chandra The duckweed Wolffia globosa as an indicator of heavy metal pollution: sensitivity to Cr and Cd 1994 Excessive EDTA (>200 ug/L FeEDTA)

Garg et al. Sublethal effects of heav y metals on biochemical composition and their recovery in Indian major carps 2009 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure

### J

- 53

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gargiulo et al. Action of cadmium on the gills of Carassius auratus L. in the presence of

catabolic NH 3 1996 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Gauley and Heikkila Examination of the expression of the heat shock protein gene, hsp110, in Xenopus laevis cultured cells and embryos 2006 Cannot determine effect concentration, lack of

details

Gaur et al. Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Azolla pinnata R 1994 Not North American species

Gauthier et al. Metal effects on fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) under field and laboratory conditions 2006 Mixture

Gauthier et al. Condition and Pyloric Caeca as Indicators of Food Web Effects in Fish Living in Metal

- Contaminated Lakes 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Geffard et al. Relationships between metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein levels

in larvae of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to contaminated estuarine Sediment exposure elutriate 2002 Sediment exposure

Geffard et al. Bioaccumulation of Metals in Sediment exposure Elutriates and Their Effects on Growth, Condition Index, and Metallothionein Contents in Oyster Larvae 2007 Mixture

Geffard et al. Effects of chronic dietary and waterborne cadmium exposures on the contamination level and reproduction of Daphnia magna 2008 Cannot determine effect concentration , lack of

details

Geffard et al. Ovarian cycle and embryonic development in Gammarus fossarum : Application for reproductive toxicity assessment 2010 Not North American species, only three exposure

concentrations

George et al. Effects of cadmium exposure on metal

- containing amoebocytes of the

oyster Ostrea edulis 1983 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Geret and Cosson Induction of specific isoforms of metallothi onein in mussel tissues after exposure to cadmium and mercury 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

dilution water not characterized

Geret et al. Effect of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in the gills of the clam Ruditapes decussatus 2002a Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Geret et al. Influence of metal exposure on metallothionein synthes is and lipid peroxidation in two bivalve mollusks: The oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) and the mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) 2002b Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Gerhardt Effects of subacute doses of cadmium on pH

- stressed Leptophlebia marginata (L.) And Baetis rhodani Pictet (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) 1990 Dilution water not characterized, mixture,

sediment

Gerhardt Acute toxicity of Cd in stream invertebrates in relation to pH and test design 1992 Not North American species

Gerhardt Review of Impact of Heavy Metals on Stream Invertebrates With Special Emphasis on Acid Conditions 1993 Review

Gerhardt Joint and single toxicity of Cd and Fe related to metal uptake in the mayfly Leptophlebia marginata (L.) (Insecta) 1995 Not North American species

### J

- 54

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gharbi

- Bouraoui et al. Field Study of Metal Concentrations and Biomarker Responses in the Neogastropod, Murex trunculus , From Bizerta Lagoon (Tunisia) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ghedira et al. Metallothionein and metal levels in liver, gills and kidney of Sparus

aurata exposed to sublethal doses of cadmium and copper 2010 Injected toxicant

Ghiasi et al. Effects of low concentration of cadmium on the level of lysozyme in serum, leukocyte count and phagocytic index in Cyprinus carpio under the wintering conditions 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Ghidini et al. Cd, Hg and As Concentrations in Fish Caught in the North Adriatic Sea 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ghnaya et al. Cd

- induced growth reduction in the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum is significantly improved by NaCl 2007 Lack of details

Ghosh and Chakrabarti Toxicity of arsenic and cadmium to a freshwater fish 1990 Not North American species

Giarratano et al. Heavy metal toxicity in Exosphaeroma gigas (Crustacea, Isopoda) from the coastal zone of beagle channel 2007 Not North American species

Giesy and Wiener Frequency Distributions of Trace Metal Concentrations in Five

Freshwater Fishes 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Giguere et al. Influence of lake chemistry and fish age on cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations in various organs of indigenous ye llow perch ( Perca flavescens ) 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Giguere et al. Metal bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) collected from eight lakes along a metal contamination gradient (Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni) 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gil et al. Heavy metal concentrations in the general population of Andalusia, South of Spain: A comparison with the population within the area of influence of Aznalcóllar mine spill (SW Spain) 2006 Bioaccu mulation: steady state not documented

Giles Accumulation of cadmium by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri , during extended exposure 1988 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Gillis et al. Cadmium

- Induced Production of a Metallothioneinlike Protein in Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta) and Chironomus riparius (Diptera): Correlation with Reproduction and Growth 2002 Non

- applicable

Gillis et al. Uptake and Depuration of Cadmium, Nickel, and Lead in Laboratory

Exposed Tubefix tubifex and Corresponding Changes in the Concentration

of a Metallothionein

- Like Protein 2004 Non

- applicable

Gillis et al. Metallothionein

- Like Protein and Tissue Metal Concentrations in Invertebrates (Oligochaetes and Chironomids) Collected From Reference and Metal Contaminated Field Sediment exposures 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 55

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gillis et al. Bioavailability of Sediment exposure

- Associated Cu and Zn to Daphnia

magna 2006b Sediment exposure

Gingrich et al. Zinc and cadmium metabolism in Euglena gracilis : metal distribution in

normal and zinc

- deficient cells 1984 No control group; only one exposure

concentration

Gismondi et al. Microsporidia parasites disrupt the responses to cadmium exposure in a gammarid 2012a Multiple stressors (Cd and parasite)

Gismondi et al. Acanthocephalan parasites: Help or burden in gammarid amphipods exposed to cadmium? 2012b Not North American species

Gismondi et al. Do male and female gammarids defend themselves differently during

chemical stress? 2013 Not North American species, only two exposure

concentrations

Giusto et al. Cadmium toxicity assessment in juveniles of the Austral South America amphipod Hyalella curvispina

. 2012 Not North American species; only 3 exposure concentrations, duration too long

Glubokov Growth of three species of fish during early ontogeny under normal and

toxic conditions 1990 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Glynn The concentration dependency of branchial intracellular cadmium distribution and influx in the zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio ) 1996 Not North American species

Glynn The Influence of Zinc on Apical Uptake of Cadmium in the Gills and

Cadmium Influx to the Circulatory System in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) 2001 Mixture

Glynn et al. Chronic toxicity and metabolism of Cd and Zn in juvenile minnows ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) exposed to a Cd and Zn mixture. 1992 Not North American species

Glynn et al. Differences in uptake of inorganic mercury and cadmium in the gills of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio 1994 Not North American species

Gnandi et al. The Impact of Phosphate Mine Tailings on the Bioaccumulation of Heavy

Metals in Marine Fish and Crustaceans from the Coastal Zone of Togo 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Goatcher et al. Evaluation and Refinement of the Spirillum volutans Test for Use in Toxicity Screening 1984 Bacteria

Gold et al. Effects of cadmium stress on periphytic diatom communities in indoor

artificial streams 2003 No specific species

Golding et al. Cadmium bioavailability to Hyalella azteca from a periphyton diet compared to an artificial diet and application of a biokinetic model 2012 Dietary exposure

Golding et al. Validation of a chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity

model for Hyalella azteca exposed to field

- contaminated periphyton and

lake water 2011a Prior exposure

Golding et al. Modeling chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity from periphyton to Hyalella azteca 2011b Water and dietary exposure simultaneously

Gomez

- Mendikute and Cajaraville Comparative Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Paraquat and Benzo[a]pyrene

on the Actin Cytoskeleton and Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mussel Haemocytes 2003 In vitro

### J

- 56

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gomot Toxic effects of cadmium on reproduction, development, and hatching in

the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis for water quality monitoring 1998 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Gonzalez et al. Comparative effects of direct cadmium contamination on gene expression in gills, liver, skeletal muscles and brain of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gopal and Devi Influence of nutritional status on the median tolerance limits (LC50) of Ophiocephalus striatus for certain heavy metal and pesticide toxicants 1991 Not North American species

Gopalakrishnan et al. Comparison of heavy metal toxi city in life stages (spermiotoxicity, egg toxicity, embryotoxicity and larval toxicity) of Hydroides elegans 2008 Not North American species

Gordon et al. Mytilus californianus as a bioindicator of trace metal pollution: Variability and statistical considerations 1980 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Gorman and Skogerboe Speciation o f cadmium in natural waters and their effect on rainbow trout 1987 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Gorski and Nugegoda Sublethal toxicity of trace metals to larvae of the blacklip abalone,

Haliotis rubra

. 2006a Dilution water not characterized, high control mortality (<13%), not North American species

Gorski and Nugegoda Toxicity of trace metals to juvenile abalone, Haliotis rubra following

short

- term exposure 2006b Dilution water not characterized, not North American sp ecies

Gosselin and Hare Effect of Sedimentary exposure Cadmium on the Behavior of a Burrowing Mayfly (Ephemeroptera, Hexagenia limbata) 2004 Sediment exposure

Goto and Wallace Interaction of Cd and Zn During Uptake and Loss in the Polychaete Capitella capitata : Whole Body and Subcellular Perspectives 2007 Mixture

Goto and Wallace Relevance of intracellular partitioning of metals in prey to differential metal bioaccumulation among populations of mummichogs ( Fundulus

heteroclitus ) 2009a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Goto and Wallace Influences of prey

- and predator

- dependent processes on cadmium and methylmercury trophic transfer to mummichogs ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) 2009b Dietary exposure

Gottofrey and Tjalve Axonal transport of cadmium in the olfactory nerve of the pike 1991 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Gottofrey et al. Effect of sodium isopropylxanthate, potassium amylxanthate and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate or the uptake and distribution of cad mium in the brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) 1986 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Goulet et al. Dynamic multipathway modeling of Cd bioaccumulation in Daphnia

magna using waterborne and dietary exposures 2007 Dietary exposure

### J

- 57

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Grabowski and Trybus Some Results on Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Fly Ash and Chemical Solvents as Measured by the Method of a Substrate (FDA) With Fluorogenic Product (Badania Toksycznosci Metali Ciezkich, Pylu Lotnego I Rozpuszczalnikow Chemicznych Metoda Substratu Z Fluorogennym Produktem) 2001 Text in foreign language

Grajeda Y Ortega et al. Cadmium, iron, and zinc uptake individually and as a mixture by Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri and impact on adenosine triphosphate content 2008 Sediment exposure

Graney et al. The influence of substrate, pH, diet and temperature upon cadmium

accumulation in t he asiatic clam ( Corbicula fluminea ) in laboratory

artificial streams 1984 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Green and Williams A continuous f low toxicity testing apparatus for macroinvertebrates 1983 Cannot determine effect concentration; testing methodology; no cadmium toxicity information

Green et al. The acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium to different life history stages

of the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus (L) 1986 Not North American species

Greenwood and Fielder Acute toxicity of zinc and cadmium to zoeae of three species of portnid

cra bs (Crustacea: Brachyura) 1983 Not North American species

Greichus et al. Insecticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Metals in African Lake Ecosystems. II. Lake Mcilwaine, Rhodesia 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Greig Trace metal uptake by three species of mollusks 1979 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Greig and Wenzloff Metal accumulation and depuration by the american oyster, Crassostrea virginica 1978 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Griscom and Fisher Uptake of Dissolved Ag, Cd, and Co by the Clam, Macoma balthica : Relative Importance of Overlying Water, Oxic Pore Water, and Bu rrow Water 2002 Mixture

Griscom et al. Effects of Gut Chemistry in Marine Bivalves on the Assimilation of Metals from Ingested Sediment exposure Particles 2002a Sediment exposure

Griscom et al. Kinetic modeling of Ag, Cd and Co bioaccumulation in the clam Macoma

balthica : quantifying Dietary exposure and dissolved sources 2002b Modeling

Gross et al. Lethal and sublethal effects of chronic cadmium exposure on northern leopard frog ( Rana pipiens ) tadpoles 2007 High control mortality (60%)

Gross et al. Critical period of sensitivity for effects of cadmium on frog growth and development 2009 Only two exposure concentrations

Gstoettner and Fisher Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the moss Sphagnum papillosum Lindle 1997 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through

### J

- 58

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gu et al. The toxic effect of Hg2+ and Cd2+ combined pollution on Myriophyllum

verticillatum Linn 2001 Text in foreign language

Guan and Wang Multipahse biokinetic modeling of cadmium accumulation in Daphnia

magna from dietary and aqueous sources 2006c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, dietary exposure Guan and Wang Cd and Zn uptake kinetics in Daphnia magna to Cd exposure history 2004a Dietary exposure and prior exposure

Guan and Wang Dietary assimilation and elimination of Cd, Se, and Zn by Daphnia magna

at different metal concentrations 2004b Dietary exposure

Guan and Wang Multigenerational cadmium accli mation and biokinetics in Daphnia

magna 2006a Dietary exposure

Guan and Wang Comparison between two clones of Daphnia magna : effects of multigenerational cadmium exposure on toxicity, individual fitness, and

biokinetics 2006b Lack of detail

Guanzon et al. Inhibitory effects of heavy metals on growth and photosynthesis of three freshwater microalgae 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Guardiola et al. Accumulation, histopathology and immunotoxicological effects of waterborne cadmium on gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) 2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Gueguen et al. Competition Between Alga ( Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata ), Humic Substances and EDTA for Cd and Zn Control in the Algal Assay Procedure (AAP) Med ium 2003 Mixture

Guerin et al. Effects of cadmium on survival, osmoregulatory ability and bioenergetics of juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus at different salinities. 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Guilhermino et al. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity as effect criterion in acute tests with juvenile Daphnia magna

. 1997 Review of previously published data

Gul et al. Investigation of Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in the

Tissues of Sander lu cioperca (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanli Dam Lake, Turkey. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gully and Mason Cytosolic redistribution and enhanced accumulation of Cu in gill tissue of

Littorina littorea as a result of Cd exposure 1993 Mixture (Cu and Cd), Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Guner Effects of Copper and Cadmium Interaction on Total Protein Levels in

Liver of Carassius carassius 2008 Mixture

Gunkel et al. A Fish Test on the Basic of the Avoidance Reaction (Die Fluchtreaktion Von Fischen Als Grundlage Eines Fischtests). 1983 Text in foreign language

Guo et al. Effect of dissolved organic matter on the uptake of trace metals by American oysters 2001 Mixture

Guo et al. Levels and Bioaccumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPS) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDES) in Fishes From the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay, South China 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 59

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gupta and Devi Uptake and toxicity of cadmium in aquatic ferns 1993 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured Gupta and Rajbanshi Toxicity of copper and cadmium to Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 1991 Not North American species

Gupta et al. Effects of long

- term low

- dose exposure to cadmium during the entire life cycle of Ceratopteris thalictroides , a water fern 1992 Not North American species

Gupta et al. Analysis of some heavy metals in the riverine water, sediments and fish from river Ganges at Allahabad 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gust and Fleeger Exposure

- related effects on Cd bioaccumulation explain toxicity of Cd

phenanthrene mixtures in Hyalella azteca 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 96 hour exposure)

Gust and Fleeger Exposure to Cadmium

- Phenanthrene Mixtures Elicits Complex Toxic Responses in the Freshwater Tubificid Oligochaete, Ilyodrilus templetoni 2006 Non

- applicable

Guthrie and Cherry Trophic Level Accumulation of Heavy Metals in a Coal Ash Basin Drainage System 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Guven and De Pomerai Differential Expression of Hsp70 Proteins in Response to Heat and

Cadmium in Caenorhabditis elegans 1995 Mixture

Guven et al. Heavy Metals Concentrations in Marine Algae From the Turkish Coast of

the Black Sea 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Guzman

- Garcia et al. Effects of heavy metals on the oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) at Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hackstein Changes in the Population Dynamics of Gammarus tigrinus Sexton (Crustacea: Amphipoda) as Expression of Sublethal Effects by Reciprocal Interactions of Temperatu re and Cadmium Enriched Food (Die Veranderung Populations Dynamischer Parameter Bei Gammarus Tigrinus Sexton (Crustacea: Amphipoda) Ala Ausdruck Subletaler Effekte Durch Die Wechselwirkung Von Temperatur Und Cadmium Kontaminiertem Futter) 1988 Text in fore ign language

Hader et al. The Erlanger flagellate test (EFT): photosynthetic flagellates in biological

dosimeters 1997 Not North American species

Hadjispyrou et al. Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, and Interactive Effects of Organotin, Cadmium, and Chromium on Artemia franciscana 2001 Mixture

Haines and Brumbaugh Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white suckers ( Catostomus commersoni ) in relation to lake acidity 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled

water, no t conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Hakanson Metals in Fish and Sediments From the River Kolbacksan Water System,

Sweden 1984 Sediment

### J

- 60

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hall Studies of Striped Bass in Three Chesapeake Bay Spawning Habitats 1988 Mixture

Hall and Brown Copper and Manganese Influence the Uptake of Cadmium in Marine Macroalgae 2002 Mixture

Hall et al. Effects of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants on fertilization, hatching success, and prolarval survival of striped bass 1984 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hall et al. Survival of Striped Bass Larvae and Yearlings in Relation to Contaminants and Water Quality in the Upper Chesapeake Bay 1987a Mixture

Hall et al. In situ striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) contaminant and water quality

studies in the Potomac River 1987b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hall et al. Concurrent mobile on

- site and in situ striped bass contaminant and water quality studies in the Choptank River and upper Chesapeake Bay 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hall et al. Ambient Toxicity Testing in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Using

Freshwater and Estuarine Water Column Tests 1992 Mixture

Hall et al. A ten

- year summary of concurrent ambient water column and Sediment exposure toxicity tests in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990

- 1999 2002 Review

Hamed and Emara Marine Molluscs as Biom onitors for Heavy Metal Levels in the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hameed and

Muthukumaravel Impact of cadmium on the biochemical constituents of fresh water fish

Oreochromis mossambicus

. 2006 Lack of exposure details, dilution water not

characterized

Hammock et al. The effect of humic acid on the uptake of mercury(II), cadmium(II), and zinc(II) by Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) eggs 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hanafy and Soltan Comparative changes in absorption, distribution and toxicity of copper and cadmium chloride in toads during the hibernation and the role of vitamin C against their toxicity 2007 Dietary exposure, not North American species

Handy The effect of acute exposure to dietary Cd and Cu organ toxicant concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 1993 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage Handy Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals in Fish 1996 Review

Hannam et al. Immune Modulation in the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis Exposed to North

Sea Produced Water 2009 Mixture

Hannas et al. Regulation and Dysregulation of Vitellogenin MRNA Accumulation in Daphnids ( Daphnia magna ). 2011 In vitro

Hansen et al. Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine

sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for biomonitoring 1995 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water conc entrations not adequately

measured

Hansen et al. Behavioral Avoidance: Possible Mechanism for Explaining Abundance and Distribution of Trout Species in a Metal

- Impacted River 1999 Mixture

### J

- 61

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hansen et al. Gill Metal Binding and Stress Gene Transcription in Brown Trout ( Salmo

trutta ) Exposed to Metal Environments: the Effect of Pre

- Exposure in Natural Populations 2007a Pre

- exposure

Hansen et al. Induction and activity of oxidative stress

- related proteins during waterborne Cd/Zn exposure in brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) 2007b Mixture

Hanson and Evans Metal Contaminant Assessment For The Southeast Atlantic And Gulf Of Mexico Coasts: Results Of The National Benthic Surveillance Project

Over The First Four Years 1984

- 87 1992 Review

Hansten et al. Viability of glochidia of Anodonta anatina (Unionidae) exposed to selected metals and chelating agents 1996 Not North American species

Harada et al. Shortened Lifespan of Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans After Prolonged Exposure to Heavy Metals and Deterge nts 2007 Mixture

Hardy and O’Keeffe Cadmium uptake by the water hyacinth: Effects of root mass, solution volume, complexers and other metal ions 1985 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Hardy and Raber Zinc uptake by the water hyacinth: Effect of solution factors 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hare Aquatic insects and trace metals: bioava ilability, bioaccumulation, and toxicity 1992 Review of previously published data

Hare et al. Trace Element Distributions in Aquatic Insects: Variations Among Genera, Elements, and Lakes 1991a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hare et al. Dynamics of cadmium, lead, and zinc exchange between nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) and the

environment 1991b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hare et al. A field study of metal toxicity and accumulation by benthic invertebrates; implications for the acid

- volatile sulfide (AVS) model 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hare et al. Cadmium Accumulation by Invertebrates Living at the Sediment

exposure

- Water Interface 2001 Sediment exposure

Haritonidis et al. Trace metal interactions in the macroalga Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. Muller) grown in water of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium and SW Netherlands), in response to cadmium exposure 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Harper et al. Effects of Acclimation on the Toxicity o f Stream Water Contaminated

with Zinc and Cadmium to Juvenile Cutthroat Trout 2008 Mixture

Harper et al. Trout Density and Health in a Stream With Variable Water Temperatures

and Trace Element Concentrations: Does a Cold

- Water Source Attract

Trout to Incr eased Metal Exposure? 2009 Mixture

### J

- 62

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hartmann Synergistic Effects of Heavy Metal Ions on the Activity of Bacteria and Other Aquatic Microorganisms 1980 Bacteria

Hartmann et al. Algal Testing of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

- Testing Considerations, Inhibitory Effects and Modification of Cadmium Bioavailability 2010 Mixture

Hartmann et al. The Potential of Tio2 Nanoparticles as Carriers for Cadmium Uptake in Lumbriculus variegatus and Daphnia magna 2012 Mixture

Hartwell Demonstration of a toxicological risk ranking method to correlate measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hartwell et al. Avoidance Responses of Schooling Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas) to a Blend of Metals During a 9

- Month Exposure. 1987 Mixture

Hartwell et al. Fish Behavioral Assessment of Pollutants. 1988 Mixture

Harvey and Luoma Separation of solute and particulate vectors of heavy metal uptake in controlled suspension

- feeding experiments with Macoma balthica 1985 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Harvey et al. Contaminant Concentrations in Whole

- Body Fish and Shellfish From US

Estuaries 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hashemi et al. Copper resistance in Anabaena variabilis : effects of phosphate nutrition and polyphosphate bodies 1994 Not appl icable; No cadmium toxicity

information

Hashim and Chu Biosorption by brown, green, and red seaweeds 2004 Not in vivo study

Hashim et al. Adsorption equilibria of cadmium on algal biomass 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled

water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Has

- Schoen et al. Heavy Metal Profile in Five Fish Species Included in Human Diet, Domiciled in the End Flow of River Neretva (Croatia) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Has

- Schuml et al. Heavy Metal Concentration in Fish Tissues Inhabiting Waters of "Busko Blato" Reservoir (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2008a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Has

- Schuml et al. Heavy Metal Distribution in Tissue s of Six Fish Species Included in Human Diet, Inhabiting Freshwaters of the Nature Park (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2008b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hatakeyama Chronic effects of Cd on reproduction of Polypedilum nubifer (Chironomidae) through water and food 1987 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Hatakeyama and Yasuno The effects of cadmium

- accumulated Chlorel la on the reproduction of Moina macrocopa (Cladocera) 1981a Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in

water

### J

- 63

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hatakeyama et al. Flora and Fauna in Heavy Metal Polluted Rivers. I. Density of Epeorus latifolium (Ephemeroptera) and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Baetis

spp . (Ephemeroptera) Relating to Cd, Cu and Zn Concentrations. 1986 Text in foreign language

Hatano and Shoji Toxicity of Copper and Cadmium in Combinations to Duckweed Analyzed by the Biotic Ligand Model 2008 Mixture

Hattink et al. The toxicokinetics of cadmium in carp under normoxic and hypoxic

conditions 2005 Species tested is a hybrid of wild and domestic populations

Haye et al. Protective Role of Alginic Acid Against Metal Uptake by American Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) 2006 Mixture

Haynes et al. Gender

- dependent problems in toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hazen and Kneip Biogeochemical cycling of cadmium in a marsh ecosystem 1980 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Hedouin et al. Allometric Relationships in the Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals by the Edible Tropical Clam Gafrarium tumidum 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hedouin et al. Trends in Concentrations of Selected Metalloid and Metals in Two Bivalves From the Coral Reefs in the SW Lagoon of New Caledonia 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Heininger et al. Nematode Communities in Contaminated River Sediment exposures 2006 Sediment exposure

Heinis et al. Short

- term sublethal effects of cadmium on the filter feeding chironomid

larva Glyptotendipes pallens (Meigen) (Diptera) 1990 Not North American spec ies

Heit and Klusek Trace Element Concentrations in the Dorsal Muscle of White Suckers and

Brown Bullheads From Two Acidic Adirondack Lakes 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Heit et al. Trace Element, Radionuclide, and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Unionidae Mussels From Northern Lake George. 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hendriks Modelling equilibrium concentrations of microcontaminants in organisms of the Rhine delta: Can average field res idues in the aquatic food chain be predicted from laboratory accumulation? 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hendrix et al. Microcosms as test systems for the ecological effects of toxic substances:

an appraisal with cadmium 1981 Mixed species exposure, only three exposure

concentrations

Henebry and Ross Use of Protozoan Communities to Assess the Ecotoxicological Hazard of

Contaminated Sediments. 1989 Mixture

Henry et al. Contamination accidentelle par le cadmium d’un mollusque Rudifapes

decussatus : bioaccumulation et toxicite 1984 Not North American species

Henry et al. Heavy metals in four fish species from the French coast of the Eastern English Channel and Southern Big ht of the North Sea 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Herkovits and Perez

- Coll Stage

- dependent susceptibility of Bufo arenarum embryos to cadmium 1993 Not North American species

### J

- 64

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Herkovits and Perez

- Coll Zinc protection against delayed development produced by cadmium 1990 Not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Herkovits and Perez

- Coll Increased resistance against cadmium toxicity by means of pretreatment

with low cadmium

- zinc concentrations in Bufo arenarum embryos 1995 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Hermesz et al. Tissue

- specific expression of two metallothionein genes in common carp during cadmium exposure and temperature shock 2001 No control exposure, dilution water not
characterized

Hernandez et al. Accumulation of toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in the sea urchin Diadema aff.

antillarum Philippi, 1845, in an oceanic island (Tenerife, Canary Islands) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Herve

- Fernandez et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation and retention kinetics in the Chilean blue

mussel Mytilus chilensis : seawater and food exposure pathways 2010 Not North American species

Herwig et al. Bioaccumulation and histochemical localization of cadmium in Dreissena polymorpha exposed to cadmium chloride 1989 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Heugens et al. Population growth of Daphnia magna und er multiple stress conditions: joint effects of temperature, food, and cadmium 2006 Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M7 medium which complexes the metal)

Heugens et al. Temperature

- dependent effects of cadmium on Daphnia magna : accumulation versus sensitivity 2003 Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M7 medium which complexes the metal)

Hewitt et al. Influence of water quality and associated contaminants on survival and growth of the endangered Cape Fear shiner ( Notropis mekistocholas ) 2006 Mixture

Heydari et al. Cadmium and Lead Concentrations in Muscles and Livers of Stellate Sturgeon (

Acipenser stellatus ) From Several Sampling Stations in the Southern Caspian Sea. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hickey and Clements Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in

New Zealand streams 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hickey and Martin Relative sensitivity of five benthic invertebrate species to reference

tox icants and resin

- acid contaminated sediments 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hickey and Roper Acute toxicity of cadmium to two species of infaunal marine amphipods (tube

- dwelling and burrowing) from New Zealand 1992 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hildebrand et al. The Potential Toxicity and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Systems of Trace Elements Present in Aqueous Coal Conversion Effluents 1976 Effluent

Hinck et al. Chemical Contaminants, Health Indicators, and Reproductive Biomarker Responses in Fish From the Colorado River and Its Tributaries 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hinrichsen and Tran A Circadian Clock Regulates Sensitivity to Cadmium in Paramecium

tetraurelia 2010 Bacteria

Hiraoka Reduction of Heavy Metal Content in Hiroshima Bay Oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) by Purification 1991 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 65

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hiraoka et al. Acute toxicity of 14 different kinds of metals affecting medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) fry 1985 Not North American species

Hoang and Klaine Influence of organism age on metal toxicity to Daphnia magna 2007 No cadmium toxicity information

Hockett and Mount Use of metal chelating agents to differentiate among sources of acute aquatic toxicity 1996 Only 5 organisms per concentration and

excessive chelant used

Hockner et al. Coping with cadmium exposure in various ways: the two helicid snails Helix pomatia and Cantareus aspersus share the met al transcription

factor

- 2, but differ in promoter organization and transcription of their Cd

metallothionein genes 2009 Dietary exposure

Hofer et al. Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) Along a North

- South Transect in the Alps 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hofslagare et al. Cadmium effects on photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation in Scenedesmus obliquus . A potentiometric study in an open CO 2 - system 1985 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Hogstrand et al. The importance of metallothionein for the accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium in environmentally exposed perch, Perca fluviatilis 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hollis et al. Does the age of metal

- dissolved organic carbon complexes influence binding of metals to fish gills? 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hollis et al. Influence of dissolved organic m atter on copper binding, and calcium on cadmium binding by gills of rainbow trout 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Hollis et al. Tissue

- specific cadmium accumulation, metallothionein induction, and tissue zinc and copper levels during chronic sublethal cadmium exposure in juvenile rainbow trout 2001 Dietary exposure

Hollis et al. Protective Effects of Calcium Against Chronic Waterb orne Cadmium Exposure to Juvenile Rainbow Trout 2000b Prior exposure

Holmes et al. Trace

- Metal Content in Antipatharian Corals From the Jacksonville Lithoherm, Florida 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hong and Reish Acute toxicity of cadmium to eight species of marine amphipod and isopod crustaceans from southern California 1987 High control mortality reported

Hongve et al. Effect of heavy metals in combination with NTA, humic acid, and suspended sediment on natural phytoplankton phot osynthesis 1980 Lack of exposure details; mixed species

exposure Hook and Fisher Reproductive toxicity of metals in calanoid copepods 2001 Dietary exposure

Hook and Fisher Relating the Reproductive Toxicity of Five Ingested Metals in Calanoid Copepods with Sulfur Affinity 2002 Dietary exposure

Hook and Lee Interactive Effects of UV, Benzo(a)Pyrene, and Cadmium on DNA Damage and Repair in Embryos of the Grass Shrimp Paleomonetes pugio 2004 Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hooten and Carr Development and application of a marine sediment pore

- water toxicity test using Ulva fasciata zoospores 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hopkins et al. Responses of benthic fish exposed to contaminants in outdoor

microcosms

-- examining the ecological relevance of previous laboratory toxicity tests 2004 Non

- applicable

Horike et al. Usefulness of flagellar regeneration in Dunaliella sp . as an endpoint for the bioassay of seawater pollution 2002 Text in foreign language

Horng et al. Effects of Sediment exposure

- Bound Cd, Pb, and Ni on the Growth, Feeding, and Survival of Capitella sp

. 2009 Sediment exposure

Hornstrom Toxicity test with algae

- a discussion on the batch method 1990 Review of previously published data

Hoss et al. Toxicity of cadmium to Caenorhabditis elegans (nematoda) in whole sediment and pore water

- the ambiguous role of organic matter 2001 Sediment exposure

Hsiao et al. The Bioconcentration of Trace Metals in Dominant Copepod Species Off

the Northern Taiwan Coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hsu et al. Sublethal levels of cadmium down

- regulate the gene expression of DNA mismatch recognition protein MutS homolog 6 (MSH6) in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos 2010 Dil ution water not characterized

Hu et al. Cadmium accumulation by several seaweeds 1996 Not North American species

Hu et al. Bioaccumulation and chemical forms of cadmium, copper and lead in aquatic plants 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hu et al. Combined Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Humic Acid on the

Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Zebrafish 2011a Mixture

Hu et al. Root

- induced changes to cadmium speciation in the rhizosphere of two rice ( Oryza sativa L.) genotypes 2011b Sediment (soil) exposure

Huang et al. Bioaccumulation of silver, cadmium and mercury in the abalone Haliotis

diversicolor from water and food sources 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 7 day exposure)

Huang et al. Cadmium and copper accumulat ion and toxicity in the macroalga Gracilaria tenuistipitata 2010a Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Huang et al. Responses of abalone Haliotis diversicolor to sublethal exposure of waterborne and dietary silver and cadmium 2010b Not North American species, dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Huang et al. Differential protein expression of kidney tissue in the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis under acute cadmium stress 2011a Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Huang et al. Alteration of heart tissue protein profiles in acute cadmium

- treated scallops Patinopecten yessoensis 2011b Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Huebert and Shay The effect of cadmium and its interaction with external calcium in the submerged aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca L. 1991 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Huebert and Shay Zinc toxicity and its interaction with cadmium in the submerged aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca L. 1992 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Huebert and Shay The response of Lemna trisulca L. to cadmi um 1993 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Huebert et al. The effect of EDTA on the assessment of Cu toxicity in the submerged aquatic macrophyte, Lemna trisulca L 1993 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Huebner and Pynnonen Viability of glochidia of two species of Anodonta exposed to low pH and

selected metals 1992 Not North American species

Huelya Seasonal Variations of Heavy Metals in Water, S ediment exposures, Pondweed (P. Pectinatus L.) And Freshwater Fish (C. C. Umbla) of Lake Hazar (Elazig

- Turkey) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hughes Acute toxicity of thirty chemical to striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) 1973

Huiskes and

Nieuwenhuize Uptake Of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Sediment exposures By

Salt

- Marsh Plants 1990 Sediment exposure

Hung Effects of temperature and chelating agents on cadmium uptake in the American oyster 1982 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Hung et al. Trace metals in different species of mollusca, water and Sediment exposures from Taiwan coastal area 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hungspreugs et al. Heavy Metals a nd Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Compounds in Benthic Organisms of the Upper Gulf of Thailand. 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Husaini et al. Cadmium toxicity to photosynthesis and associated electron transport system of Nostoc linckia 1991 Not North American species

Hutcheson The effects of temperature and salinity on cadmium uptake by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus 1975 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Hutchins et al. Transcriptomic Signatures in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as Cd

Biomarkers in Metal Mixtures 2010 Mixture

Hutchinson and Collins Effect of H+ Ion Activity and Ca2+ on the Toxicity of Metals in the

Environment 1978 Review

Hutchinson et al. Effect of H + ion a ctivity and Ca 2+ on the toxicity of metals in the

environment 1994 Not North American species

Hylland et al. Interactions between eutrophication and contaminants. IV. Effects on

sediment

- dwelling organisms 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Iannacone and Alvarino Acute ecotoxicity of heavy metals using juveniles of freshwater snail Physa venustula (Gould, 1847) 1999 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; text in foreign language

Idardare et al. Metal Concentrations in Sediment exposure and Nereis diversicolor in Two Moroccan Lagoons: Khnifiss and Oualidia 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ieradi et al. Mutagenicity test and heavy metals in teleost fish from Tiber River (Rome, Ita ly) 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Iftode et al. Action of a heavy ion, Cd 2+ , and the antagonistic effect of Ca 2+ , on two
ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis and Euplotes vannus

. 1985 No interpretable concentration, time, response

data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Ikemoto et al. Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Aquatic Food Web in the Mekong Delta, South Vietnam Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta A Comparison On Heavy Metal Contents Between Batillus cornutus And Babylonia japonica 1985a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Distribution And Localization Of Some Heavy Metals In Female And Male Of A Herbivorous Gastropod Haliotis discus 1985b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Female And Male Of A Herbivorous Gastropod Batillus cornutus 1985c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Female And Male Of A Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis 1985d Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Cadmium accumulation by a top shell Batillus cornutus 1987 Not North American species

Ilangovan et al. Effect of cadmium and zinc on respiration and photosynthesis in suspended and immobilized cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and

Scenedesmus acutus 1998 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration Iliopoulou

- Georgudaki

and Kotsanis Toxic effects of cadmium and mercury in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ): a short

- term bioassay 2001 Injected pollutant

Illuminati et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation and metallothionein induction in the liver of

the Antar ctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii during an on

- site short

- term exposure to the metal via seawater 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ingersoll et al. Toxicity of Sediment exposure Cores Collected From the Ashtabula River in Northeastern Ohio, USA, to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca 2009 Sediment exposure

Inza et al. Dynamics of cadmium and mercury compounds (inorganic mercury or methylmercury): uptake and depuration in Corbicula fluminea . Effects of temperature and pH 1998 Sediment; mixture (Hg and Cd)

Ip et al. Heavy metal and Pb isotopic compositions of aquatic organisms in the Pearl River Estuary, South China 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Irato and Piccinni Effects of cadmium and copper on Astasia longa : Metal uptake and glutathione levels 1996 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequatel y measured

Irving et al. Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus to dietary and waterborne cadmium: Implications for toxicity testing 2003 High control mortality (19%)

Isani et al. Cadmium accumulation and biochemical responses in Sparus aurata following sub

- lethal Cd exposure 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

### J

- 69

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ismail and Yusof Effect of mercury and cadmium on early life stages of java medaka ( Oryzias javanicus ): A potential tropical test fish 2011 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure

Issa et al. Abolition of heavy metal toxicity on Kirchneriella lunaris (Chlorophyta) by calcium 1995 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Issartel et al. Cellular and molecular osmoregulatory responses to cadmium exposure in Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda) 2010 Not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Ivanina and Sokolova Effects of cadmium exposure on expression and activity of p

- glycoprotein in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin 2008 Unmeasured, non

- renewal or flow

- through chronic exposure, only one exposure

concentration

Ivanina et al. Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin 2011 Mixture (Cd and hypoxia)

Ivanina et al. Effects of cadmium on anaerobic energy metabolism and mrna expression during air exposure and recovery of an intertidal mollusk Crassostrea virginica 2010a Only one exposure concentration

Ivanina et al. Effects of cadmium exposure and intermittent anoxia on nitric oxide metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica 2010b Only one exposure concentration

Ivanina et al. Interactive effects of pH and metals on mitochondrial functions of

intertidal biv alves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Ivorra et al. Metal

- induced tolerance in the freshwater microbenthic diatom Gomphonema parvulum 2002a No cadmium toxicity information

Ivorra et al. Responses of Biofilms to Combined Nutrient and Metal Exposure 2002b Mixture

Iwasaki and Ormerod Estimating safe concentrations of trace metals from inter

- continental field

data on river macroinvertebrates. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jaafarzadeh et al. Cadmium Determination in Two Flat Fishes From Two Fishery Regions

in North of the Persian Gulf. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jak et al. Evaluation of laboratory derived toxic effect concentrations of a mixture of metals by testing freshwater plankton communities in enclosure 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Jamers et al. An omics based assessment of cadmium toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

James et al. Metamorphosis of two amphibian species after chronic cadmium exposure in outdoor aquatic mesocosms 2005 Duration too short, non

- renewal or flow

- through chronic exposure

Jana and Sahana Effects of copper, cadmium and chromium cations on the freshwater fish

Clarias batrachus L. 1988 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Janati

- Idrissi et al. Effect of cadmium on reproduction of daphnids in a small aquatic

microcosm 2001 Dietary exposure, lack of details

### J

- 70

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Jankovska et al. Concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu and Cd in different tissues of perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) and in perch intestinal parasite ( Acanthocephalus lucii ) from

the stream near Prague (Czech Republic). 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Janssen and Persoone Rapid toxicity screening tests for aquatic biota. I. Methodology and experiments with Daphnia magna 1993 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Janssens de Bisthoven et

al. The concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in Chironomus

thummi larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) with deformed versus normal

menta 1992 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixtu re, sediment or sludge

Janssens De Bisthoven et

al. Morphological deformities in Chironomus riparius meigen larvae after exposure to cadmium over several generations 2001 Dietary exposure

Jara

- Marini et al. Trophic Relationships and Transference of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon Food Web From SE Gulf of

California 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Javanshir et al. Impact of water hardness on cadmium absorption by four freshwater

mollusks Physa fontinal is, Anodonta cygnea, Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha from south Caspian Sea region 2011 Mixture, only one exposure concentration

Javed and Greger Cadmium triggers Elodea canadensis to change the surrounding water pH and thereby Cd uptake 2011 Sediment exposure

Jaworska et al. Effect of metal ions on the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar (Nematoda: Heterohabditidae) under laboratory

conditions 1997 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Jay and Muncy Toxicity to Channel Catfish of Wastewater From an Iowa Coal

Beneficiation Plant 1979 Mixture

Jebali et al. Effects of malathion and cadmium on acetylcholinesterase activity and

metallothionein levels in the fish Seriola dumerilli 2006 Injected toxicant

Jeitner and Burger Metal Concentrations (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury and Selenium) in Dolly Varden ( Salvelinus malma ) From the Aleutian Islands,

Alaska 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jenkins and Mason Relationships between subcellular distributions of cadmium and perturbations in reproduction in the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Jenkins and Sanders Rela tionships between free cadmium ion activity in seawater, cadmium accumulation and subcellular distibution, and growth in polychaetes 1986 Not North American species, Inappropriate

medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Jenner and Bowmer The Accumulation of Metals and Their Toxicity in the Marine Intertidal

Invertebrates Cerastoderma edule

, Macoma balthica , and Arenicola

marina Exposed to Pulverized Fuel Ash in Mesocosms. 1990 Mixture

Jenner and Janssen

Mommen Phytomonitoring of Pulverized Fuel Ash Leachates by the Duckweed ( Lemna minor ) 1989 Mixture

### J

- 71

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Jenner and Janssen

Mommen Duckweed Lemna minor as a tool for testing toxicity of coal residues and polluted sediments 1993 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Jennett et al. Some Effects of Century Old Abandoned Lead Mining Operations on Streams in Missouri, USA 1981 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jennings and Rainbow Accumulation of cadmium by Du naliella tertiolecta Butcher 1979b Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes and were not used because of the possibility of isotope discrimination

Jensen et al. Variation in cadmium uptake, feeding rate, and life

- history effects in the gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum: linking toxicant effects on individuals to the population level 2001 Sediment exposure

Jerez et al. Accumulation and tissue distribution of heavy metals and essential elements in loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from Spanish

Mediterranean coastline of Murcia 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jezierska et al. The effect of temperature and heavy metals on heart rate changes in

common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) during em

bryonic development 2002 Duration too short, only one exposure

concentration

Jia et al. Low Levels of Cadmium Exposure Induce DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Oujiang Colored Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

var. color 2011 In vitro

Jiang et al. Heavy Metal Exposure Reduces Hatching Success of Acartia pacifica Resting Eggs in the Sediment exposure 2007 Sediment exposure

Jing et al. Acute effect of copper and cadmium exposure on the expression of heat shock protein 70 in the Cyprinidae fish Tanichthys albonubes 2013 Excised tissue/cells

Jiraungkoorskul et al. Micronucleus test: the effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in fish ( Puntius altus ) 2007a Lack of detail, Mixture

Jiraungkoorskul et al. The effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in the gills of Puntius

altus 2007b Not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Jiraungkoorskul et al. Micronucleus Test: the Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Cadmium Exposure in Fish ( Puntius altu s ) 2010 Mixture

Jofre et al. Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in Anuran Amphibians of a Permanent Water Body in Arid Midwestern Argentina 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

John et al. Influence of aquatic humus and pH on the uptake and depuration of cadmium by the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) 1987 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately measured, Bioaccumulation: not renewal or

flow

- thro ugh

Johns Spatial Distribution of Total Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) Along the Upper St. Lawrence River 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Johns Trends of Total Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena Polymorpha ) Along the Upper Reach of the St. Lawrence

River: 1994

- 2005. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Johnson et al. The Use of Periphyton as a Monitor of Trace Metals in Two

Contaminated Indiana Lakes 1978 Bioa ccumulation: steady state not documented

Jones et al. Silver and Other Metals in Some Aquatic Bryophytes From Streams in the Lead Mining District of Mid

- Wales, Great Britain 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jones et al. Cadmium delays growth hormone expression during rainbow trout development 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (duration unknown)

Jonker et al. Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Cadmium

- Copper and Carbendazim

Copper to the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 2004 Mixture

Jonnalagadda and Rao Toxicity, bioavailability and metal speciation 1993 Review of previously published data

Jop Concentration of metals in various larval stages of four Ephemeroptera species 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Jop et al. Analysis of Metals in Blue Crabs, Callinectes sapidus , From Two

Connecticut Estuaries 1997 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jost and Zauke Trace Metal Concentrations in Antarctic Sea Spiders ( Pycnogonida

, Pantopoda ) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Juarez

- Franco et al. Effect of cadmium and zinc on the population growth of Brachionus

havanaensis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) 2007 Not North American species, duration too short

Juhasza et al. Comparative Study on the Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Synthetase and Metallothionein Genes in Common Carp During Cadmium Exposure 2012 Abstract only

Julshamn et al. Trace Elements Intake in the Fa roe Islands. I. Element Levels in Edible Parts of Pilot Whales ( Globicephalus meleanus ) 1987 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Julshamn et al. Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) sampled in the Hardangerfjord, Norway 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Julshamn et al. Concentrations of mercury and other toxic elements in orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus , from the Mid

- Atlantic Ridge. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jung and Zauke Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Brown Shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the German Wadden Sea 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jung et al. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Biomass Indices

in Cerastoderma edule Linnaeus (1758) From the German Wadden Sea: an Integrated Biomonitoring Approach 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jurewa and Blanuwa Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in fish and shellfish from the

Adriatic Sea 2003 Bi oaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kadioglu and Ozbay Effects of heavy metals on chlorophyll content and cell colony number in Chlamydomonas reinhardii 1995 Lack of exposure details; cannot determine effect

concentration

### J

- 73

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kahle Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the copepod Calanoides acutus from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica): comparison of two

- compartment and hyperbolic toxicokinetic models 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kahle and Zauke Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the calanoid copepod Metridia gerlachei from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kahle and Zauke Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Antarctic Amphipod Orchomene plebs : Evalu ation of Toxicokinetic Models 2003a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kahle and Zauke Trace metals in Antarctic copepods from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) 2003b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kaitala et al. The Effect of Copper, Cadmium, Zinc and Pentachlorophenolate on Heterotrophic Activity and Primary Production 1983 Abstract only

Kalafatic et al. The impairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) caused by in vitro treatment with cadmium s ulfate 2004 In vitro

Kalman et al. Comparative Toxicity of Cadmium in the Commercial Fish Species Sparus aurata and Solea senegalensis 2010a Injected toxicant

Kalman et al. Biodynamic Modelling of the Accumulation of Ag, Cd and Zn by the Deposit

- Feeding Polychaete Nereis diversicolor : Inter

- Population Variability and a Generalised Predictive Model 2010b Modeling

Kamala

- Kannan et al. Assessment of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) in Water, Sediment exposure and Seaweed ( Ulva lactuca ) in the Pulicat Lake, South East

India 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kamunde Early subcellular partitioning of cadmium in gill and liver of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) following low

- to

- near

- lethal waterborne cadmium exposure 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kamunde and MacPhail Subcellular interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2011a Dietary exposure

Kamunde and MacPhail Metal

- metal interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow

trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2011b Dietary exposure

Kamunde et al Effect of humic acid during concurrent chronic waterborne exposure of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) to copper, cadmium and zinc 2011 Mixture

Kangwe et al. Heavy metal inhibition of calcification and photosynthetic rates of the geniculate calcareous alga Amphiroa tribulus 2001 Lack of details

Kaonga et al. Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium, Manganese, Copper and Zinc by Sludge Worms Tubifex tubifex in Sewage Sludge 2010 Effluent

Kaoud and Rezk Effect of exposure to cadmium on the tropical freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii 2011 Dilution water not characterized

Kapauan et al. Cadmium, Lead, Copper And Zinc In Philippine Aquatic Life 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 74

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kaplan et al. Cadmium toxicity and resistance in Chlorella sp 1995 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Kar and Aditya Impact of heavy metal and pesticide on total protein content in intact and regenerating Hydra 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Kara Physiological and toxicological effects of lead plus cadmium mixtures on rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in soft acidic water 2010 Only two exposure concentrations; dilution

water not characterized

Kara and Zeytunluoglu Bioaccumulation of Toxic Metals (Cd and Cu) by Groenlandia densa (L.)

Fourr 2007 Non

- applicable

Karadede

- Akin and Unlu Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment exposure, Fish and Some Benthic Organisms from Tigris River, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Karasov et al. Field Exposure of Frog Embryos and Tadpoles Along a P ollution Gradient in the Fox River and Green Bay Ecosystem in Wisconsin, USA 2005 Mixture

Karayakar et al. Seasonal Variation in Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Lead and Cadmium Levels in Hepatopancreas, Gill and Muscle Tissues of the Mussel ( Ibrachidontes pharaonis ) Fischer, Collected Along the Mersin Coast, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kargin et al. Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Tissues of the Shrimp Penaeus

semiculatus and Metapenaeus monocerus from the Iskenderun Gulf, Turkey: Seasonal Variations 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Karlsson

- Norrgren and

Runn Cadmium dynamics in fish: Pulse studies with 109 Cd in female zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio 1985 Not North American species

Karouna

- Renier et al. Accumulation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Shellfish Collected in Estuarine Waters Near Pensacola, Florida: Contamination

Profiles and Risks to Human Consumers 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Karthik et al. Synergistic effect of cadmium in combination with UV

- B radiations in PS II photochemistry of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis 2011 Only three exposure concentrations

Karuppasamy et al. Haematological responses to exposure to sublethal concentration of cadmium in air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) 2005 Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Kasherwani et al. Cadmium induced skeletal deformities in freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes foss ilis (Bloch) 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure, not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Kasherwani et al. Cadmium toxicity to freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 2009 Not North American species

Kaska and Furness Heavy metals in marine turtle eggs and hatchlings in the Mediterranean 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kasuga Sexual differences of medaka, Oryzias latipes in the acute toxicity test of

cadmium 1980 Not North American species

Kato Studies on Toxicity of Chemical Substances (Heavy Metals Etc.) To Fish

and Animal 1973 Text in foreign language

### J

- 75

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Katsikatsou et al. Field studies on the relation between the accumulation of heavy metals

and metabolic and HSR in the bearded horse mussel Modiolus barba tus 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Katsumiti et al. An Assessment of Acute Biomarker Responses in the Demersal Catfish Cathorops spixii After the Vicuna Oil Spill in a Harbour Estuarine Area in

Southern Brazil 2009 Mixture

Katti and Sathyanesan Chronic effects of lead and cadmium on the testis of the catfish Clarias

batrachus 1985 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Kavun et al. A Content of Microelements in the Grass Shrimp Pandalus kessleri (Decapoda: Pandalidae) From Coastal Waters of the Lesser Kurilskaya Ridge 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kavun et al. Metal accumulation in mussels of the Kuril Islands, North

- west Pacific

Ocean 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kawamata et al. Contents of Heavy Metals in Fishes in Nagano Prefecture 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kay et al. Cadmium accumulation and protein bind ing patterns in tissues of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri 1986 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Kayhan et al. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Levels of Mediterranean Mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) From Bosphorus, Istanbul, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kayser Cadmium effects in food chain experiments with marine plankton algae (Dinophyta) and benthic filter

- feeders (Tunicata) 1982 Lack of exposure details ; dilution water not

characterized

Ke and Wang Trace Metal Ingestion and Assimilation by the Green Mussel Perna

viridis in a Phytoplankton and Sediment exposure Mixture 2002 Sediment exposure

Ke and Wang Bioaccumulation of Cd, Se, and Zn in an estuarine oyster ( Crassostrea

rivularis ) and a coastal oyster ( Saccostrea glomerata ) 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 2 hour exposure); not renewal of flow

through exposure; not North American species

Keduo et al. Effects os six heavy metals on hatching eggs and survival of larval of

marine fish 1987 Not North American species

Keenan and Alikhan Comparative study of cadmium and lead accumulations in Cambarus

bartoni (Fab.) (Decapoda, Crustacea) from an acidic and a neutral lake 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Keil et al. Significance and Interspecific Variability of Accumulated Trace Metal

Concentrations in Antarctic Benthic Crustaceans 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kelly and Whitton Interspecific differences in Zn, Cd and Pb accumulation by freshwater algae and bryophytes 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kemble et al. Toxicity of Metal

- Contaminated Sediments From the Upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish in Laboratory Exposures 1994 Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kennedy and Benson Report Of Heavy Metal Analysis Conducted On Mussel Mytilus edulis Samples Collected At 55 Sites In Newfoundland 1994 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kennedy and Farrell Immunological Alterations in Juvenile Pacific Herring, Clupea pallasi

, Exposed to Aqueous Hydrocarbons Derived From Crude Oil 2008 Mixture

Kerfoot and Jacobs Cadmium accrual in combined was te

- treatment aquaculture system 1976 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Keskin et al. Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Copper in Fish From the Marmara Sea, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kessler An extremely cadmium

- sensitive strain of Chlorella 1985 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Kessler Limits of growth of five Chlorella species in the presence of toxic heavy

metals 1986 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Keteles and Fleeger The Contribution of Ecdysis to the Fate of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio H olthius 2001 Non

- applicable

Kettle and deNoyelles Effects of cadmium stress on the plankton communities of experimental ponds 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Khaled Trace Metals in Fish of Economic Interest From the West of Alexandria, Egypt 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Khaleghzadeh

- Ahangar et

al. The parasitic nematodes Hysterothylacium sp . type MB larvae as bioindicators of lead and cadmium: a comparative study of parasite and

host tissues 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Khalil et al. Effect of tapeworm parasitisation on cadmium toxicity in the bioindicator copepod, Cyclops strenuous 2014 Only one exposure concentration

Khan and Nugegoda Sensitivity of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor (Decapoda: Parastacidae) to trace metals 2007 Not North American species

Khan and Weis Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in two populations of mummichog ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Khan et al. Bioaccumulation of four heavy metals in tow populations of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or slud ge

Khan et al. Cadmium bound to metal rich granules and exoskeleton from Gammarus pulex causes increased gut lipid peroxidation in zebrafish following single dietary exposure 2010 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through;

fed toxicant

Khangarot and Ray Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna

and fish 1987a Review of previously published data

Khangarot and Ray Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), to heavy

metals 1987b Not North American species

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Khangarot et al. Daphnia magna as a model to assess heavy metal toxicity: Comparative assessment with mouse system 1987 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Khoshmanesh et al. Cadmium uptake by unicellular green microalgae 1996 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Khoshmanesh et al. Cell surface area as a major parameter in the uptake of cadmium by unicellular green microalgae 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Khosravi et al. Toxic Effect of Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn on Azolla filiculoides in the

Internation al Anzali Wetland 2005 Mixture

Khoury et al. Relating disparity in competitive foraging behavior between two populations of fiddler crabs to the subcellular partitioning of metals 2009 Mixture

Khristoforova et al. Effect of cadmium on gametogenesis and offspring of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius 1984 Not North American species

Khristoforova et al. Heavy Metals in Mass Species of Bivalves in Ha Long Bay (South China Sea, Vietnam) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kiffney and Clements Effects of Heavy Metals on a Macroinvertebrate Assemblage From a Rocky Mountain Stream in Experimental Microcosms. 1994 Mixture

Kiffney and Clements Effects of heavy metals on a macroinvertebrate assemblage from a rocky mountain stream in experimental microcosms 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kilemade et al. Genotoxicity of Field

- Collected Inter

- tidal Sediment exposures from Cork Harbor, Irela nd, to Juvenile Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus L.) as Measured by the Comet Assay 2004 Sediment exposure

Kim et al. The Geographic Distribution of Population Health and Contaminant Body Burden in Gulf of Mexico Oysters 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kim et al. Effect of Dietary exposure Cadmium on Growth and Haematological Parameters of Juvenile Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) 2004a Dietary exposure

Kim et al. Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub

- chronic cadmium exposure 2004b Dilution water not characterized; Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; not North American species

Kim et al. Kinet ics of Cd Accumulation and Elimination in Tissues of Juvenile Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegeli ) Exposed to Dietary exposure Cd 2006 Dietary exposure

Kim et al. Molecular Cloning of Daphnia magna Catalase and Its Biomarker Potential Against Oxidative Stresses 2010a In vitro

Kim et al. Expression Profiles of Seven Glutathione S

- Transferase (GST) Genes in

Cadmium

- Exposed River Pufferfish ( Takifugu obscurus ) 2010b In vitro

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kim et al. Effects of Montmorillonite on Alleviating Dietary Cd

- Induced Oxidative Damage i n Carp ( Carassius auratus ) 2011a Fed toxicant

Kim et al. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid exposure increases cadmium toxicity in early life stage of zebrafish, Danio rerio 2011b Mixture

Kim et al. 8

- Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 (Ogg1) From the Copepod Tigriopus japonicus : Molecular Characterization and Its Expression in Response to

UV

- B and Heavy Metals 2012b Mixture

Kim et al. Effect of cadmium exposure on expression of antioxidant gene transcripts in the river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus (Tetraodontiformes) 2010c Dilution water not characterized

King and Riddle Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common

antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity with tropical and temperate echinoids 2001 Not North American species, duration too long

King et al. Short

- term accumulation of Cd and Cu from water, sediment and algae by the amphipod Melita plumulosa and the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis 2005 Sediment exposure; not North American species

King et al. Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of aqueous and sediment

- bound metals in the estuarine amphipod Melita plumulosa 2006 Not North American species, control mortality (≥75%)

King et al. Toxicity of metals to the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis and relatio nships between metal bioaccumulation and metal partitioning between seawater

and marine sediments 2010 Not North American species; sediment

Kir et al. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Organs of Rudd, Scardinus erythrophthalmus L.,1758 Populating Lake Karatas

- Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kiran et al. Trace Metal Levels in the Organs of Finfish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peter) and Relevant Water of Jannapura Lake, India 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady sta te not documented

Kirby et al. Changes in Selenium, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc Concentrations in Mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) from the Southern Basin of Lake Macquarie, Australia, in Response to Alteration of Coal

- Fired Power Station Fly Ash Handling Procedures 2001a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kirby et al. Selenium, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Concentrations in Sediment exposures and Mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) from the Southern Basin of Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia 2001b Bioaccumulation: steady s tate not documented

Kiser et al. Impacts and pathways of mine contaminants to bull trout ( Salvelinus confluentus ) in an Idaho watershed. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Klaverkamp and Duncan Acclimation to cadmium toxicity by white suckers: Cadmium binding capacity and metal distribution in gill and liver cytosol 1987 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Kleinert et al. Conc entration of Metals in Fish 1974 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 79

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Klerks et al. Effects of Ghost Shrimp on Zinc and Cadmium in Sediment exposures From Tampa Bay, Fl 2007 Sediment exposure

Klerks and Bartholomew Cadmium accumulation and detoxification in a Cd

- resistant population of the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Klinck et al. Branchial cadmium and copper binding and i ntestinal cadmium uptake in wild yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) from clean and metal

- contaminated

lakes 2007 Prior exposure

Klinck et al. Cadmium Accumulation and In Vitro Analysis of Calcium and Cadmium Transport Functions in the Gastro

- intestinal Tract of Trout Following Chronic Dietary exposure Cadmium and Calcium Feeding 2009 Dietary exposure

Klinck et al. In Vitro Characterization of Cadmium Transport Along the Gastro

Intestinal Tract of Freshwater Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2011 In vitro

Kline et al. Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms 1987 Review

Kljakovic

- Gaspic et al. A. Distribution of cadmium and lead in Posidonia oceanica (L.) delile

from the middle Adriatic sea 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kljakovic

- G aspic et al. Biomonitoring of Trace Metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the Eastern Adriatic Using the Mediterranean Blue Mussel (2001

- 2005) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Klochenko et al. Some Peculiarities of Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Macrophytes and Epiphyton Algae in Water Bodies of Urban Territories 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kluttgen and Ratte Effects of different food doses on cadmium toxicity to Daphnia magna 1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Kluytmand et al. Effects of cadmium on the reproduction of Mytilus edulis L. 1988 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Knauer and Martin Seasonal Variation s of Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Lead and Zinc and in Water and Phytoplankton in Monterey Bay, California 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kneip Effects of Cadmium in an Aquatic Environment 1978 Review

Kneip and Hazen Deposit and mobility of cadmium in marsh

- cove ecosystem and the

relation to cadmium concentration in biota 1979 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Kobayashi Fertilized sea u rchin eggs as an indicator material for marine pollution bioassay, preliminary experiments 1971 Not North American species

Kobayashi and Okamura Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. Part 2. Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals in synthetic mine effluents 2005 Effluent

Koca et al. Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Water Pollution on Two Fish Species, Barbus capito pectoralis and Chondrostoma nasus in the Menderes River, Turkey 2008 Mixture

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kock et al. Accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus ) from oligotrophic alpine lakes: Relation to alkalinity 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kock et al. Seasonal Patterns of Metal Accumulat ion in Arctic Char ( Salvelinus alpinus ) From an Oligotrophic Alpine Lake Related to Temperature 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Koelmans et al. Influence of salinity and mineralization on trace metal sorption to cyanobacteria in natural waters 1996 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Kogan et al. Effect of cadmium ions on Chlorella II: modification of the UV irridation

effect 1 975 Text in foreign language

Kohler and Riisgard Formation of metallothioneins in relation to accumulation of cadmium in

the common mussel Mytilus edulis 1982 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Koivisto et al. Does cadmium pollution change trophic interactions in rockpool food

webs? 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kojadinovic et al

. Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Pelagic Fish From the Western

Indian Ocean 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kola and Wilkinson Cadmium Uptake by a Green Alga can be Predicted by Equilibrium Modelling 2005 Modeling

Kolok et al. Individual variation in the swimming performance of fishes: An overlooked source of variation in toxicity studies 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kolyuchkina and Ismailov Morpho

- functional characteristics of bivalve mollusks under the experimental environmental pollution by heavy metals 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Komjarova and Blust Multi

- Metal Interactions Between Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in Water Flea Daphnia magna , a Stable Isotope Experiment 2008 Mixture

Komjarova and Blust Effect of Na, Ca and Ph on Simultaneous Uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and

Zn in the Water Flea Daphnia magna Measured Using Stable Isotopes 2009 Mixture

Kondera and Witeska Cadmium

- induced alterations in heady kidney hematopoietic tissue of

common carp 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Kooijman and Bedaux Analysis of toxicity tests on Daphnia survival and reproduction 1996 Review of previously published data

Koop Untersuchungen Ueber Die Schwermetallanreicherung In Fischen Aus

Schwermetallbelasteten Gewaessern Im Hinblick Auf Deren Fischereiliche Nutzung. (Studies On Heavy Metal Enrichment In Fish From Waters Polluted By Heavy Metals With Reference To Their Use By The Fishing Industry) 199 1 Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kopecka

- Pilarczyk The effect of pesticides and metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in various tissues of blue mussel ( Mytilus trossulus L.) in short

- term in vivo exposures at different temperatures 2010 Mixture

Kopfler and Mayer Concentration s of Five Trace Metals in the Waters and Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) of Mobile Bay, Alabama 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Korda et al. Trace Elements in Samples of Fish, Sediment and Taconite From Lake Superior 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kosakowska et al. Effect of amino acids on the toxicity of heavy metals to phytoplankton 1988 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Kosanovic et al. Influence of Urbanization of the Western Coast of the United Arab

Emirates on Trace Metal Content in Muscle and Liver of Wild Red

- Spot Emperor ( Lethrinus lentjan ) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Koskinen et al. Response of rainbow tr out transcriptome to model chemical contaminants 2004 Dilution water not characterized, only two exposure concentrations, duration too short

Kostaropoulos et al. Effects of Exposure to a Mixture of Cadmium and Chromium on Detoxification Enzyme (GST, P450

- MO) Activities in the Frog Rana

ridibunda 2005 Mixture

Kovacik et al. Comparison of methyl jasmonate and cadmium effect on selected physiological parameters in Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae) 2011 Dilution water not characterized

Kovarova et al. Effect of metals, with special attention of Cd, content of the Svitava and Svratka rivers on levels of thiol compounds in fish liver and their use as

biochemical markers 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Koyama et al. The seawater fish for evaluation of the toxicity of pollutants 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Kraak et al. Chronic ecotoxicity of mixtures of Cu, Zn, and Cd to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha 1993a Cadmium was a com ponent of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kraak et al. Toxicity of heavy metals to the zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) 1993b No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Kraak et al. Short

- term effects of metals on the filtration rate of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha 1994a Review of previously published data

Kraak et al. Ecotoxicity of mixtures of metals to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha 1994b Review of previously published data

Kraal et al. Uptake and tissue distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) 1995 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kraemer et al. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Zn accumulation in organs an d sub

- cellular fractions in field transplanted juvenile yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) 2005 Mixture

Kraemer et al. Modeling Cadmium Accumulation in Indigenous Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens ) 2008 Modeling

Krantzberg Accumulation of essential and nonessential metals by chironomid larvae in relation to physical and chemical properties of the elements 1989a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krantzberg Metal accumulation by chironomid larvae: the effects of age and body weight on metal body burdens 1989b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krantzberg and Stokes The importance of surface adsorption and pH in metal accumulation by

chironomids 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krantzberg and Stokes Metal regulation, tolerance, and body burdens in the larvae of the genus

Chironomus 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krasnov et al. Hepatic responses of gene expression in juvenile brown trout ( Salmo

trutta lacustris ) exposed to three model contaminants applied singly and

in combination 2007 Not North American species

Krassoi and Julli Chemical batch as a factor affecting the acute toxicity of the reference toxicant potassium dichromate to the cladoceran Moina australiensis (Sars) 1994 Not North American species

Kraus Accumulation and Excretion of Five Heavy Metals by the Saltmarsh Cordgrass Spartina alteriflora 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kremling et al. Studies on the pathways and effects of cadmium in controlled ecosystem

enclosures 1978 Mixtur e; field study

Krishna Kumari et al. Bio

- accumulation of some trace metals in the short

- neck clam Paphia

malabarica from Mandovi estuary, Goa 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Krishnaja et al. effects of certain heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, As and Se) on the intertidal

crab Scylla serrata 1987 Not North American species

Kruatrachue et al. Histopathological Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish, Puntius gonionotus , fed on Dietary exposure C admium 2003 Dietary exposure

Krumschnabel et al. Apoptosis and Necroptosis Are Induced in Rainbow Trout Cell Lines Exposed to Cadmium 2010 In vitro

Krywult et al. Metal Concentrations in Chub Leuciscus cephalus From a Submontane River (Poland) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kucuksezgin et al. Trace metal and organochlorine residue levels in red mullet ( Mullus

barbatus ) from the eastern Aegean, Turkey 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kuehl and Haebler Organochlorine, Organobromine, Metal, and Selenium Residues in Bottlenose Dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) Collected During an Unusual Mortality Event in the Gulf of Mexico, 1990 1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kuehl et al. Coplanar PCB and Metal Residues in Dolphins From the U.S. Atlantic Coast Including Atlantic Bottlenose Obtained During the 1987/88 Mass Mortality 1994 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kuhn and Pattard Results of the harmful effects of water pollutants to green algae ( Scenedesmus subspicatus ) in the cell multiplication inhibition test 1990 Not North American species

Kumar Accumulation of Pb, Cd, and Zn in aquatic snails from four freshwater sites in Steuben County, Indiana 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kumar and Achyuthan Heavy Metal Accumulation in Certain Marine Animals Along the East Coast of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kumar et al. Selected Heavy Metals in the Sediment exposure and Macrobenthos of the Coastal Waters Off Mangalore 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kumar et al. Levels of Cadmium and Lead in Tissues of Freshwater Fish ( Clarias

batrachus L.) And Chicken in Western up ( India) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kumar et al. Selenium and spermine alleviate cadmium induced toxicity in the red

seaweed Gracilaria dura by regulating antioxidants and DNA methylation 2012 Lack of exposure details

Kumarasamy et al. Effect of some heavy metals on the filtration rate of an estuarine clam,

Meretrix casta (Chemnitz) 2006 Effect level cannot be determined, dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Kumari et al. Bio

- Accumulation of Some Trace Metals in the Short

- Neck Clam Paphia

malabarica From Mandovi Estuary, Goa 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kurochkin et al. Cadmium affects metabolic responses to prolonged anoxia and reoxygenation in easter n oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) 2009 Mixture

Kurochkin et al. Top

- Down Control Analysis of the Cadmium Effects on Molluscan

Mitochondria and the Mechanisms of Cadmium

- Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction 2011 In vitro

Kuroshima Cadmium accumulation and it effect on calcium metabolism in the girella Girella punctata during a long term exposure 1987 Not North American species

Kuroshima Cadmium accumulation in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus

, adapted to various salinities 1992 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Kuroshima and Kimura Changes in toxicity of Cd and its accumulation in girella and goby with their growth 1990 Not North American species

Kuroshima et al. Kinetic analysis of cadmium toxicity to red sea bream, Pagrus major 1993 Not North American species

Kurun et al. Accumulations of Total Metal in Dominant Shrimp Species ( Palaemon adspersus

, Palaemon serratus

, Parapenaeus longirostris ) and Bottom

Surface Sediment exposures Obtained From the Northern Inner Shelf of

the Sea of Marmara 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kurun et al. Total metal levels in crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), and surface sediments in Lake Terkos, Turkey 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kusch et al. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of water

- borne cadmium during embryonic and larval development results in the long

- term hindrance of

anti

- predator behavior in zebrafish 2007 Duration too short, high control mortality (85%)

Kwan and Smith Some aspects of the kinetics of cadmium and thallium uptake by fronds of

Lemna minor L. 1991 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Kwong and Niyogi The interactions of iron with other divalent metals in the intestinal tract of a freshwater teleost, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2009 Mixture

Kwong et al. Molecular Evidence and Physiological Characterization of Iron Absorption in Isolated Enterocytes of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ): Implications for Dietary Cadmium and Lead Absorption 2010 In vitro

Kwong et al. Effects of Dietary Cadmium Exposure on Tissue

- Specific Cadmiu m Accumulation, Iron Status and Expression of Iron

- Handling and Stress

Inducible Genes in Rainbow Trout: Influence of Elevated Dietary Iron 2011 Fed toxicant

Kwong et al. Cadmium Transport in Isolated Enterocytes of Freshwater Rainbow

Trout: Interactions With Zinc and Iron, Effects of Complexation With Cysteine, and an ATPase

- Coupled Efflux. 2012 In vitro

La Touche and Mix Seasonal Variations of Arsenic and Other Trace Elements in Bay Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Labonne et al. Use of non

- radioactive, mono

- isotopic metal tracer for studying metal (Zn, Cd, Pb) accumulation in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North American species

Lacoue

- Labarthe et al. Acid phosphatase and cathepsin activity in cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ) eggs: The effects of Ag, Cd, and Cu exposure 2010 Not North American species

Lacroix and Hontela A Comparative Assessment of the Adrenotoxic Effects of Cadmium in Two Teleost Species, Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , and Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens 2004 Non

- applicable

Laegreild et al. Seasonal variation of cadmium toxicity toward the alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz in two lakes with different humus content 1983 Results were only presented graphically

Lahsteiner et al. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the zebrafish ( Danio Rerio ) embryo test for the screening of waste water qual ity and for testing the toxicity of

chemicals 2004 Duration too short, only one exposure concentration, some species are Not North

American

Lake and Thorp The Gill Lamellae of the Shrimp Paratya tasmaniensis (Atyidae: Crustacea). Normal Ultrastructure and Changes With Low Levels of

Cadmium 1974 Abstract only

Lakshmi and Rao Evaluation of cadmium toxicity on survival, accumulation and depuration in an intertidal gastropod, Turbo intercostalis 2002 Not North American species

### J

- 85

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lam Effects of cadmium on the consumption and absorption rates of a tropical freshwater snail, Radix plicatulus 1996a Not North American species

Lam Interpopulation differences in acute response of Brotia hainanensis (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) to cadmium: genetic or environmental

variance? 1996b Not North American species

Lam et al. Cadmium uptake and depuration in the soft tissues of Brotia hainanensis (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Thiaridae): A dynamic model 1997 No t North American species

Lamelas and Slaveykova Comparison of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) Biouptake by Green Algae in the

Presence of Humic Acid 2007 Mixture

Lamelas et al. Effect of Humic Acid on Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) Uptake by Freshwater Algae: Kinetic and Cell Wall Speciation Considerations 2009 Mixture

Lanceleur et al. Long

- Term Records of Cadmium and Silver Contamination in Sediments and Oysters From the Gironde Fluvial

- Estuarine Continuum

- Evidence of Changing Silver Sources 2011 Bioaccumul ation: steady state not documented

Landner and Jernelov Cadmium in aquatic systems 1969 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Lane et al. The interaction between inorganic iron and cadmium uptake in the marine

diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 2008 Mixture

Lang and Lang

- Dobler The Chemical Environment of Tubificid and Lumbriculid Worms According to the Pollution Level of the Sediment 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lange et al. Alterations of tissue glutathione levels and metallothionein mRNA in rainbow trout during single and combined exposure to cadmium and zinc 2002 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle

content

Langston and Zhou Cadmium accumulation, distribution and metabolism in the gastropod

Littorina littorea : The role of metal

- binding proteins 1987 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Lanning et al. Cadmium

- dependent oxygen limitation affects temperature tolerance in eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) 2008 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Lanning et al. Temperature

- dependent effects of cadmium on mitochondrial and whole

organism bioenergetics of oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) 2006a Only one exposure concentration, lack of details

Lanning et al. Temperature

- dependent stress response in oysters, Crassostr ea virginica: pollution reduces temperature tolerance in oysters 2006b Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle

content

LaPoint et al. Relationships among observed metal concentrations, criteria, and benthic community structural responses in 15 streams 1984 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; survey

Lapota et al. The use of bioluminescent dinoflagellates as an environmental risk

assessment tool 2007 No cadmium toxicity info rmation

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lares et al. Mercury and cadmium concentrations in farmed bluefin tuna ( Thunnus

orientalis ) and the suitability of using the caudal peduncle muscle tissue as a monitoring tool. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Larsson Some experimentally induced biochemical effects of cadmium on fish

from the Baltic Sea 1977 Dilution water not characterized

Lasenby and Van Duyn and cadmium accumulation by the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta 1992 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Latif et al. Effect of cadmium chloride and ascorbic acid exposure on the vital organs of freshwater Cyprinid, Labeo rohita 2012 Not North American species, dilution water not

characterized

Latire et al. Responses of Primary Cultured Haemocytes From the Marine Gastropod

Haliotis tuberculata Under 10

- Day Exposure to Cadmium Chloride 2012 In vitro

Laube Strategies of response to copper, cadmium, and lead by a blue

- green and a green alga 1980 Results were only presented graphically

Laurent et al. Cadmium Biosorption by Ozonized Activated Sludge: the Role of Bacterial Flocs Surface Properties and Mixed Liquor Composition 2010 Bacteria

Lavoie et al. Influence of essential elements on cadmium uptake and toxicity in a unicellular green alga: The protective effect of trace zinc and cobalt

concentrations 2012 Excessive EDTA/NTA in growth media

Lawrence and Holoka Response of crustacean zooplankton impounded in situ to cadmium at low

environmental concentrations 1991 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

LeBlanc Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms 1984 Review of previously published data

Leblebici et al. Influence of nutrient addition on growth and accumulation of cadmium and copper in Lemna gibba 2010 Dilution water not characterized

Lee Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria From Internal Organs of American Bullfrog ( Rana cates beiana ) Raised in Malaysia 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lee and Lee Influence of acid volatile sulfides and simultaneously extracted metals on the bioavailability and toxicity of a mixture of Sediment exposure

associated Cd, Ni, and Zn to polychaetes Neanthes arenaceodentata 2005 Sediment exposure

Lee and Luoma Influence of microalgal biomass on absorption efficiency of Cd, Cr, and Zn by two bivalves from San Francisco Bay 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Lee and Noone Effect of reproductive toxicants on lipovitellin in female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus 1995 Fed toxicant

Lee and Oshima Effects of selected pesticides, metals and organometallics on development of blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) embryos 1998 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Lee and Wang Metal Accumulation in the Green Macroalga Ulva fasciata : Effects of Nitrate, Ammonium and Phosphate 2001 Non

- applicable

### J

- 87

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lee and Xu Differential response of marine organisms to certain metal and agrichemical pollutants 1984 Not North American species

Lee et al. Influence of Reactive Sulfide (AVS) and Supplementary Food on Ag, Cd and Zn Bioaccumulation in the Marine Polychaete Neanthes

arenaceodentata 2001 Mixture

Lee et al. Acute toxicities of trace metals and common xenobiotic s to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus : Evaluation of its use as a benchmark species for routine ecotoxicity tests in western Pacific coastal regions 2007 Not North American species

Lee et al. Acute toxicity of two CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with different surface coating in Daphnia magna under various light conditions 2010 Mixture

Lee et al. Binding Strength

- Associated Toxicity Reduction by Birnessite and Hydroxyapatite in Pb and Cd Contaminated S ediments 2011 Sediment

Lefcort et al. Aquatic Snails from Mining Sites have Evolved to Detect and Avoid Heavy Metals 2004 Mixture

Lefevre et al. Chloride salinity reduces cadmium accumulation by the Mediterranean halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. 2009 Non

- aquatic plant

Legeay et al. Impact of cadmium contamination and oxygenation levels on biochemical responses in the Asiatic clam Cobicula fluminea 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 13

- 14 day exposure), static exposure

Lehtonen et al. Biomarkers of Pollution Effects in the Bivalves Mytilus edulis and

Macoma balthica Collected From the Southern Coast of Finland (Baltic Sea) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lei et al. Effect of cadmium on cytochrome C oxi dase isozyme in the hepatopancreas, gill and heart of freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense 2011a Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Lei et al. Histopathological and biochemical alternations of the heart induced by acute cadmium exposure in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense 2011b Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Lei et al. Arsenic, cadmium, and lead polluti on and uptake by rice ( Oryza sativa L.) 2011c Sediment exposure

Lekhi et al. Role of dissolved and particulate cadmium in the accumulation of cadmium in cultured oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) 2008 Mixture

Lera et al. Variations in sensitivity of two populations of Corophium orientale (Crustacea: Amphipoda) towards cadmium and sodium laurylsulphate 2008 Not North American species

Les Cadmium uptake and depuration by the pleurocerid gastropod, Leptoxis

carinata (Bruguie re), and its potential use as an indicator species 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 21 day exposure)

Les and Walter Toxicity and binding of copper, zinc and cadmium by the blue

- green alga, Chroococcus paris 1984 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

### J

- 88

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lesage et al. Accumulation of Metals in the Sediment exposure and Reed Biomass of a Combined Constructed Wetland Treating Dom estic Wastewater 2007a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lesage et al. Accumulation of Metals in a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Domestic Wastewater in Flanders, Belgium 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Leung and Furness Influence of static and fluctuating salinity on cadmium uptake and metallothionein expression by the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.) 2002 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Leung and Furness Metallothionein induction and condition index of dogwhelks Nucella lapillus (L.) exposed to cadmium and hydrogen peroxide 2001a Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Leung and Furness Survival, growth, metallothionein and glycogen l evels of Nucella lapillus (L.) exposed to sub

- chronic cadmium stress: the influence of nutritional state and prey type 2001b Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Leung et al. Concentrations of metallothionein

- like proteins and heavy metals in the

freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to different levels of

waterborne cadmium 2003 Duration too short, unmeasured chronic exposure, only two exposure concentrations

Leung et al. Differential proteomic responses in hepatopancreas and adductor muscles of the green

- lipped mussel Perna viridis to stresses induced by cadmium and hydrogen peroxide 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Lewis Selected Heavy Metals in Sediments and Bi ota From Desert Streams of the Gila River Drainage (Arizona). 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li Cellular accumulation and distribution of cadmium in Isochrysis galbana during growth inhibition and recovery 1980 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through; Toxicity: only two exposure concentrations

Li Cadmium toxicity and random motility studies using marine dinoflagellates 2001 Only two exposure concentrations

Li and Lin Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Argopecten irradiams 2006 Non

- applicable

Li et al. Metal uptake in zebrafish embryo

- larvae exposed to metal

- contaminated Sediment exposures 2004 Sediment exposure

Li et al. Trace Metal Concentrations in Suspended Particles, Sediment exposures and Clams ( Ruditapes philippinarum ) From Jiaozhou Bay of China 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li et al. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals Along Food Chain in the Water of Zhalong Wetland 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li et al. Absorption and Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Plants in Poyang Lake

Wetland 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li et al. Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium accumulation in tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. 2009 Dietary exposure

Li et al. Kinetic study of the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Cd) in Chinese domestic oyster Ostrea plicatula 2010a Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Li et al. Influence of environmental related concentrations of heavy metals on motility parameters and antioxidant responses in sturgeon sperm 2010c Dilution water not characterized; only two exposure concentrations

### J

- 89

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Li et al. Evaluating the function of calcium antagonist on the Cd

- induced stress in sperm of Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii . Aquat. Toxicol 2010d Not North American species, only two exposure concentrations, duration too short

Li et al. Low

- molecular

- w eight

- chitosan ameliorates cadmium

- induced toxicity in the freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangtsekiense 2011b Not North American species, only two exposure

concentrations

Li et al. Protective roles of calcium channel blocker against cadmium

- induced physiolo gical stress in freshwater teleost Oncorhynchus mykiss 2011c Dilution water not characterized; only two exposure concentrations

Li et al. Uptake pathways and subcellular fractionation of Cd in the polychaete

Nereis diversicolor 2012a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, unmeasured exposure

Li et al. Photosynthetic activity and antioidative response of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii to trace metal stress 2012c Only three exposure concentrations

Liao and Hsieh Toxicity of three heavy metals to Macrobrachium rosenbergii 1990 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Liao et al. Subcellular Partitioning Links BLM

- Based Toxicokinetics for Assessing Cadmium Toxicity to Rainbow Trout 2011a Modeling

Liao et al. Assessing the impact of waterborne and dietborne cadmium toxicity on susceptibility risk for rainbow trout 2011b Review

Lieb and Carline Effects of Urban Runoff From a Detention Pond on Water Quality, Temperature and Caged Gammarus minus (Say) (Amphipoda) in a

Headwater Stream 2000 Mixture

Lin et al. Changes of glycogen metabolism in the gills and hepatic tissue of tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) during short

- term Cd exposure 2011 Only one exposure concentration, duration too

short

Li n et al. Selenium reduces cadmium uptake and mitigates cadmium toxicity in rice 2012 Not applicable

Lira et al. Effects of barium and cadmium on the population development of the

marine nematode Rhabditis ( Pellioditis ) m arina 2011 Non

- aquatic exposure; not North American species

Lithner et al. Bioconcentration factors for metals in humic waters at different pH in the Ronnskar area (N. Sweden) 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Liu and Deng Accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas , collected from the Pearl River Estuary, southern China 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Liu and Wang Metallothionein

- Like Proteins Turnover, Cd and Z n Biokinetics in the Dietary Cd

- Exposed Scallop Chlamys nobilis 2011a Fed toxicant

Liu and Wang Differential Roles of Metallothionein

- Like Proteins in Cadmium Uptake and Elimination by the Scallop Chlamys nobilis 2011b In vitro

Liu et al. Complex toxicity of triadimefon and Cd towards aquatic organisms 2005 Text in foreign language

Liu et al. Residual Concentrations of Micropollutants in Benthic Mussels in the Coastal Areas of Bohai Sea, North China 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documente d

Liu et al. Distribution of Persistent Toxic Substances in Benthic Bivalves from the

Inshore Areas of the Yellow Sea 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 90

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Liu et al. Mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of the

freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense exposed to cadmium 2011a Dilution water not characterized

Liu et al. Toxicity of copper, lead, and cadmium on the motility of two marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chui 2011b Dilution water not characterized

Liu et al. Antioxidant responses, hepatic intermediary metabolism, histology and

ultrastructure in Synechogobius hasta exposed to waterborne cadmium 2011c Not North American sp ecies

Liu et al. Metabolic Profiling of Cadmium

- Induced Effects in One Pioneer Intertidal Halophyte Suaeda salsa by NMR

- Based Metabolomics 2011d In vitro

Liu et al. Metal accumulation in the tissues of grass carps ( Ctenopharyngodon

idellus ) from fresh water around a copper mine in Southeast China 2012a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Liu et al. Cadmium

- induced changes in trace element bioaccumulation and proteomics perspective in four marine bivalves 2012b Only two exposure concentrations

Liu et al. Cloning and Characterization of the HSP90 Beta Gene from Tanichthys

albonubes Lin (Cyprinidae): Effect of Copper and Cadmium Exposure 2012c Mixture

Liu et al. Effect of ambient cadmium with calcium on mRNA expressions of calcium uptake related transporters in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) larvae 2012d Only one exposure concentration

Liu et al. Cadmium induces ultrastructural changes in the hepatopancreas of the

freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense 2013 Dilution water not characterized

Loayza

- Muro and Elias

Letts Responses of the mussel Anodontites trapesialis (Unionidae) to environmental stressors: Effect of pH, temperature and metals on filtration

rate 2007 Not North American species, duration too short

Lobato et al. The role of lipoic acid in th e protection against of metallic pollutant effects in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea, Decapoda) 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Loehle and Paller Heavy Metals In Fish From Streams Near F

- Area And H

- Area Seepage

Basins 1991 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lokeshwari and Chandrappa Heavy Metals Content in Water, Water Hyacinth and Sediment exposures of Lalbagh Tank, Bangalore (India) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lomagin and Ul’yanova A new bioassay on water pollution using duckweed Lemna minor L 1993 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Lombardi et al. Trace metal levels in Prochilodus lineatus collected from the La Plata River, Argentina 2010 Bioaccumul ation: steady state not documented

Long and Wang Metallothionein induction and bioaccumulation kinetics of Cd and Ag in

the marine fish Terapon jarbua challenged with dietary or waterborne Ag

and Cu 2005 Mixture

Long et al. Short

- term metal accumulation and MTLP induction in the digestive glands of Perna virdis exposed to Zn and Cd 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lopez and Thompson An Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Egg Yolks of Olive Ridley

Turtles of the Tropical Eastern Pacific 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 91

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lopez Greco et al. Toxicity of cadmium and copper on larval and juvenile stages of the

estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Brachyura, Grapsidae) 2001 Not North American species, Duration too short

Lorenzon et al. Heavy metals affect the circulating haemocyte number in the shrimp Palaemon elegans 2001 Not North American species, atypical endpoint

Loumbourdis Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of cadmium in the frog Rana

ridibunda 2005 Only one exposure concentration, not North American species, duration too short

Loumbourdis et al. Effects of cadmium exposure on bioaccumulation and larval growth in the frog Rana ridibunda 1999 Not North American species

Loumbourdis et al. Heavy metal accumulation and metallothionein concentration in the frog

Rana ridibunda after exposure to chromium or a mixture of chromium

and cadmium 2007 Mixture

Loureiro et al. Assessing joint toxicity of chemicals in Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraei dae) and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda) using avoidance behaviour as an endpoint 2009 Sediment exposure

Lovett et al. A Survey of the Total Cadmium Content of 406 Fish From 49 New York

State Fresh Waters 1972 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lozano et al. Lead and cadmium levels in coastal benthic algae (seaweeds) of Tenerife, Canary Islands 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lozano et al. Content of lead and cadmium in barred hogfish, Bodianus scrofa , island

groupe r, Mycteroperca fusca , and Portuguese dogfish, Centroscymnus coelolepis , from Canary Islands, Spain. 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lu and Wu Recolonization and succession of subtidal macrobenthic infauna in sediment exposures contaminated with cadmium 2003 Sediment exposure

Lu and Xu Effects of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme activity and DNA damage in

Sinonovacula constricta 2011 Text in foreign language

Lu et al. Importance of waterborne cadmium and zinc accumulation in the suspension

- feeding amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri 2012a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lu et al. Effects of cadmium, 17 β

- estradiol and their interaction in the male

Chinese loac h ( Misgurnus anguillicaudatus ) 2012b Only two exposure concentrations

Lucas et al. Concentrations of Trace Elements in Great Lakes Fishes 1970 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lucia et al. Effect of Dietary Cadmium on Lipid Metabolism and Storage of Aquatic

Bird Cairina moschata 2010 Fed toxicant

Lucker et al. Experiments to determine the impact of salinity on the heavy metal

accumulation of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771) 1997 Cadmium w as a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Lue

- Kim et al. Cadmium toxicity on synchronous populations of Chlorella ellipsoidea 1980 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Lugowska The effect of cadmium and cadmium/copper mixture during the embryonic development on deformed common carp larvae 2007 Species name not given

### J

- 92

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Luis et al. Impact of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Water Quality, Stream Sediment exposures and Periphytic Diatom Communities in the Surrounding Streams of Aljustrel Mining Area (Portugal) 2009 Mixture

Lukashev Peculiarities of Seasonal Dynamics of Manganese, Cobalt and Chromium Accumulation by the Mollusks Dreissena Bugensis (Andr.) Nearby City of Kyiv 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lussier et al. Comparison of dissolved and total metals concentrations from acute tests with saltwater organisms 1999 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration Lytle and Lytle Heavy Metals in Oysters and Clams of St. Louis Bay, Mississippi 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lyubenova et al. Direct effect of Cd on glutathione s

- transferase and glutathione reductase

from Calystegia sepium 2007 Non

- aquatic plant

Ma et al. Acute toxicity bioassay using the freshwater luminescent bacterium

Vibrio

- qinghaiensis sp. Nov.

- Q67 1999 Not North American species

Ma et al. Tissue

- specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense during acute exposure to waterborne cadmium 2008 Deionized water without proper salts, duration too long, not North American species

Ma et al. Oxidative damages and ultrastructural changes in the sperm of freshwater

crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to cadmium 2013 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Maanan Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals Using Mytilus galloprovincialis in Safi Coastal Waters, Morocco 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Maanan Heavy Metal Concentrations in Marine Molluscs From the Moroccan Coastal Region 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Maas A field study of the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in

stream water and selected benthic macroinvertebrate species 1978 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

MacDonald Assessing the Toxicity of Aquatic Sediments Using Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) Embryolarval Bioassays 2010 Sediment

Macdonald and Sprague Cadmium in marine invertebrates and Arctic cod in the Canadian Arctic. Distibution and ecological implications 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Maceda

- Veiga et al. Metal bioaccumulation in the Mediterra nean barbel ( Barbus meridionalis ) in a Mediterranean river receiving effluents from urban and industrial wastewater treatment plants 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Macek and Sleight III Utility of Toxicity Tests With Embryos and Fry of Fish in Evaluating Hazards Associated With the Chronic Toxicity of Chemicals to Fishes 1977 Review

MacFarlane et al. Effects of Five Metals on Susceptibility of Striped Bass to Flexibacter

columnaris 1986 Mixture

Macfie et al. Effects of cadmium, cobalt, copper, and nickel on growth of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : The influences of the cell wall and pH 1994 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

### J

- 93

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Machreki

- Ajmi and

Hamza

- Chaffai Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead in Cerastoderma glaucum Originating From the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Machreki

- Ajmi and

Hamza

- Chaffai Assessment of Sediment exposure/Water Contamination by in Vivo Transplantation of the Cockles Cerastoderma glaucum From a Non Contaminated to a Contaminated Area by Cadmium 2008 Mixture

Macka et al. Uptake of 203 Hg ++ and 115 Cd ++ by Chlamydomonas reinhardi under

various conditions 1979 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through

Macken et al. A test battery approach to the ecotoxicological evaluation of cadmium and copper employing a battery of marine bioassays 2009 Not North American species, duration too short

Mackey et al. Bioaccumulation of Vanadium a nd Other Trace Metals in Livers of Alaskan Cetceans and Pinnipeds. 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Madhusudan et al. Bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in freshwater fishes 2003 Dilution water not characterized, not North

American species

Madkour and Ali Heavy Metals in the Benthic Foraminifera From the Coastal Lagoons, Red Sea, Egypt: Indicators of Anthropogenic Impact on Environment (Case Study) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Madoni et al. Acute toxicity of lead, chromium, and other heavy metals to ciliates from activated sludge plants 1994 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Maeda et al. A bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in freshwater alga, Chlorella vulgar is . Part II. Association mode of the metals and cell tissue 1990 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Maes et al. Spatial Variations and Temporal Trends Between 1994 and 2005 in Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals in European Eel (

Anguilla anguilla L.) In Flanders, Belgium 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Maffucci et al. Trace element (Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) accumulation and tissue distribution in loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from the Western Mediterranean Sea (southern Italy) 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mahmoud et al. Acute toxicities of cadmium and permethrin on the pr e

- spawning and

post

- spawning phases of Hexaplex trunculus from Bizerta Lagoon,

Tunisia 2012 Only three exposure concentrations

Mahon and Carman The Influence of Salinity on the Uptake, Distribution, and Excretion of Metals by the Smooth Cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel.), Grown in Sediment exposure Contaminated by Multiple Metals 2008 Sediment exposure

Mai et al. Embryotoxic and genotoxic effects of heavy metals and pesticides on early life stages of Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) 2012 Only three exposure concentrations

Maine et al. Cadmium uptake by floating macrophytes 2001 No cadmium toxicity information; treatment study

### J

- 94

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Malea Uptake of cadmium and the effect on viability of leaf cells in the seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers 1994 Not North American species

Malea et al. Metal content of some green and brown seaweeds from Antikyra Gulf (Greece) 1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Malea et al. Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium Contents in Ruppia maritima From a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Monthly Variation and

Distribution in Different Plant Fractions 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Malea et al. Kinetics of cadmium accumulation and its effects on microtubule integrity

a nd cell viability in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa 2013 Not North American species, Bioaccumualtion: steady state not documented Malekpouri and Moshtaghie Novel Observation in Cadmium

- Zinc Interaction on Parameters Related to

Bone Metabolism in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) 2011 Abstract only

Malekpouri et al. Protective effect of zinc on related parameters to bone metabolism in common carp fish ( Cyprinus carpio L.) intoxified with cadmium 2011 Dilution water not characterized

Maleva et al. The res ponse of hydrophytes to environmental pollution with heavy

metals 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; unmeasured exposure

Maleva et al. Effect of heavy metals on photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant status

of Elodea 2012 Only one exposure concentration, mixture

Malley and Chang Early observations on the zooplankton community of a precambrian shield lake receiving experimental additions of cadmium 1991 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Malley et al. Whole lake addition of cadmium

- 109: radiotracer accumulation in the mussel population in the first season 1989 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

mea sured

Mallick and Mohn Use of chlorophyll fluorescence in metal

- stress research: A case study with the green microalga Scenedesmus 2003 Excessive EDTA in growth media (10 g/L),

duration too short

Malone

- Oliver et al. Metallothionein and cadmium toxicity in developing zebrafish 2011 Lack of exposure details, abstract only

Maloney Influence of organic enrichment on the partitioning and bioavailability of cadmium in a microcosm study 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Mandal et al. Experiences with some toxic and relatively accessible heavy metals on the survival and biomass production of Amphora costata W. Smith 2006 Lack of details, no statistical analysis

Manga Trace Metals In The Common Mussel Mytilus edulis From Belfast Lough

Northern Ireland UK 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mann and Fyfe Algal Uptake of U and Some Other Metals: Implications for Global Geochemical Cycling 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

M ann et al. The Chemical Content of Algae and Waters: Bioconcentration 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mansour Effects on fish of cadmium concentrations in water 1993 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

### J

- 95

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Manyin and Rowe Bioenergetic effects of aqueous copper and cadmium on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 2009 Mixture

Manz et al. In situ characterization of the microbial consortia active in two wastewater treatment plants 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Manzl et al. Acute toxicity of cadmium and copper in hepatopancreas cells from the Roman snail ( Helix pomatia ) 2004 Excised tissue/cells

Manzo et al. Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation 2010 Not North American species

Mao et al. Expression and function analysis of metallothionein in the testis of stone

crab Charybdis japonica exposed to cadmium 2012 Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Maranhao et al. Zinc and cadmium concentrations in soft tissues of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) after exposure to zinc and

cadmium 1999 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Marcussen et al. Food Safety Aspects of Toxic Element Accumulation in Fish From

Wastewater

- Fed Ponds in Hanoi, Vietnam 2007 Mixture

Marie et al. Metallothionein response to cadmium and zinc exposures compared in two freshwater bivalves, Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Marie et al. Cadmium and Zinc Bioaccumulation and Metallothionein Response in Two Freshwater Bivalves ( Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha ) Transplanted Along a Polymetallic Gradient 2006 Mixture

Marigomez et al. Lysosomal enlargement in digestive cells of mus sels exposed to cadmium, benzo(a)pyrene and their combination 2005 Not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Marion and Denizeau Rainbow Trout and Human Cells in Culture for the Evaluation of the Toxicity of Aquatic Pollutants: a Study W ith Cadmium 1983 In vitro

Mark and Solbe Analysis of the ecetoc aquatic toxicity (EAT) database V: The relevance

of Daphnia magna as a representative test species 1998 Review of previously published data

Markich and Jeffree Absorption of divalent trace metals as analogues of calcium by Australian freshwater bivalves: An explanation of how water hardness reduces metal toxicity 1994 Not North American species

Markich et al. The effects of pH and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of

cadmium and copper to a freshwater bivalve: Further support for the extended free ion activity model 2003 Not North American species, duration too short

Marr et al. Differences in relative sensitivity of naive and metals

- acclimated brown and rainbow trout exposed to metals representative of the Clark Fork River, Montana 1995a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Marr et al. Relative sensitivity of brown and rainbow trout to pulsed exposures of an acutely lethal mixture of m etals typical of the Clark Fork River, Montana 1995b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

### J

- 96

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Martignago et al. Cadmium, lead and metallothionein contents in tissues of the sea bream Sparus aurata from three different fish farming systems 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Martin

- Diaz et al. Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Dissolved Heavy Metals from the Guadalquivir Estuary After the Aznalcollar Mining Spill Using Ruditapes philipp inarum 2005a Mixture

Martin

- Diaz et al. Effects of cadmium and zinc on Procambarus clarkii : Simulation of the Aznalcollar mining Spill 2005b Surgically altered (chelipeds removed), only two exposure concentrations

Martinez et al. Cadmium toxicity, accumulation and metallothionein induction in Echinogammarus echinosetosus 1996 Not North American species

Martinez et al. Morphological Abnormalities in Chironomus tentans Exposed to

Cadmium

- and Copper

- Spiked Sediment exposures 2003 Sediment exposure

Martinez

- Guitarte et al. Overexpression of Long Non

- Coding RNAs Following Exposure to Xenobiotics in the Aquatic Midge Chironomus riparius 2012 Mixture

Masoudzadeh et al. Biosorption of Cadmium by Brevundimonas sp . Zf12 Strain, a Novel

Biosorbent Isolated From Hot

- Spring Waters in High Background

Radiation Areas 2011 Bacteria

Masson et al. Responses of Two Sentinel Species ( Hexagenia limbata

-- Mayfly Pyganodon grandis

-- Bivalve) Along Spatial Cadmium Gradients in Lakes

and Rivers in Northwestern Quebec. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mastrangelo et al. Cadmium toxicity in tadpoles of Rhinella arenarum in relation to calcium

and humic acids 2011 Not North American species

Mateo et al. O 2 - induced inactivation of nitrogenase as a mechanism for the toxic action

of Cd 2+ on Nostoc UAM 208 1993 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Mathad et al. Short and long term effects of exposure of microalgae to heav y metal

stress 2004 Lack of details, no statistical analysis

Mathew and Menon Toxic responses of bivalves to metal mixtures 1992 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Mathew and Menon Filtration Rates and Heavy Metal Toxicity in Donax incarnatus 2004 Non

- applicable

Mathew and Menon Histological aberrations accompanying chronic metal toxicity in the

mussel Perna indica 2005 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Mathews et al. Metal Concentrations in Mediterranean Fish Tissues: Exploring Biomagnification Patterns. Monaco 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mathews et al. Assimilation and Retention of Metals in Teleost and Elasmobranch Fishes

Followi ng Dietary Exposure 2008 Dietary exposure

Mathis and Cummings Selected Metals in Sediments, Water, and Biota in the Illinois River 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Matozzo et al. Effects of copper and cadmium exposure on functional responses of hemocytes in the clam, Tapes philippinarum 2001 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, not North American species

### J

- 97

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Matsuo and Val Dietary exposure Tissue Cadmium Accumulation in an Amazonian Teleost (Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) 2007 Dietary exposure

Matz and Krone Cell death, stress

- responsive transgene activation, and deficits in the olfactory system of larval zebrafish following cadmium exposure 2007 No scientific name given, atypical endpoint

Matz et al. Accumulation and elimination of cadmium in larval stage zebrafish following acute exposure 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Maunder et al. Uptake, tissue distribution and excretion of Dietary exposure cadmium and copper in discus fish Symphysodon spp

. 2009 Dietary exposure

Maunder et al. Accumulation of dietary and aqueous cadmium into the epidermal mucus

of the discus fish Symphysodon sp 2011 Not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Mayrand and Dutil Physiological responses of rock crab Cancer irroratus exposed to

wate rborne pollutants 2008 Mixture

Mazen and El Maghraby Accumulation of Cadmium, Lead and Strontium, and a Role of Calcium Oxalate in Water Hyacinth Tolerance 1997 Mixture

Mazet et al. Concentrations of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and copper) in fish from the Drome river: Potential effects on otters ( Lutra lutra ) 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McCahon and Pascoe Cadmium toxicity to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) during the molt cycle 1988a Not North American species

McCahon and Pascoe Increased sensitivity to cadmium of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) during the reproductive period 1988b Not North American species

McCahon and Pascoe Use of Gammarus pulex (L.) in safety ev aluation tests: Culture and selection of a sensitive life stage 1988c Not North American species

McCahon et al. The effect of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis (Muller 1776) on the acute toxicity of cadmium to its intermediate host, the amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) 1988 Not North American species

McCahon et al. The toxicity of cadmium to different larval instars of the trichopteran

larvae Agapetus fuscipes Curtis and the importance of life cycle information to the design of toxicity tests 1989 Not North American species

McClain et al. Laboratory and field validation of multiple molecular biomarkers of contaminant exposure in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2003 Surgically altered test species

McClosky and Newman Sediment Preference in the Asiatic Clam ( Corbicula fluminea ) and Viviparid Snail ( Campeloma decisum ) as a Response to Low

- Level Metal

and Metalloid Contamination 1995 Sediment

McClurg Effects of fluoride, cadmium and mercury on the estuarine prawn Penaeus

indicus 1984 Not North American species

McDonald et al. Incorporation of 28

- d Leptocheirus plumulosus toxicity data in a sediment weight

- of

- evidence framework 2010 Sediment exposure

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

McFarlane and Franzin Effects of Elevated Heavy Metals on a Natural Population of White

Suckers

, Catostomus commersoni , in Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan: Near a Base Metal Smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba. 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McFarlane and Franzin Elevated Heavy Metals: a Stress on a Population of White Suckers,

Catostomus Commersoni , in Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan. 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McGeer et al. Influence of acclimation and cross

- acclimation of metals on acute Cd toxicity and Cd uptake and distribution in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2 007 Mixture

McGeer et al. Cadmium 2011 Review

McHardy and George The Uptake of Selected Heavy Metals by the Green Alga Cladophora glomerata 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mckee et al. Contaminant Levels in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , and Their

Diets From Missouri Coldwater Hatcheries 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McLean and Williamson Cadmium accumulation by marine red alga Porphyra umbilicalis 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McLeese Cadmium and marine invertebrates 1981 Lack of exposure details

McLeese and Ray Toxicity of CdCl 2 , CdEDTA, CuCl 2 , and CuEDTA to marine

invertebrates 1984 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

McLeese et al. Lack of excretion of cadmium from lobsters 1981 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

McNicol and Scher er Influence of cadmium pre

- exposure on the preference

- avoidance responses of lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) to cadmium 1993 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

McPherson and Brown The Bioaccumulation of Cadmium by the Blue Swimmer Crab Portunus pelagicus L 2001 Non

- applicable

Meador et al. A comparison of the non

- essential elements cadmium, mercury, and lead found in fish and sediment exposure from Alaska and California 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mebane Development of site

- specific water quality criteria for the segment of the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River from Daisy Gulch to Wallace, Idaho: Comparison of cadmium criteria to the results toxicity testin g with species

resident to the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River 2003 Review

Mebane Cadmium risks to freshwater life: derivation and validation of low

- effect criteria values using laboratory and field studies 2006b Review

Mebane Relevance of Risk Predictions Derived From a Chronic Species Sensitivity Distribution With Cadmium to Aquatic Populations and Ecosystems 2010 Review

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Mebane et al. Incubating rainbow trout in soft water increased their later sensitivity to

cadmium and zinc 2010 Mixture

Med ina et al. Histopathological and biological studies of the effect of cadmium on

Rhinella arenarum gonads 2012 Not North American species; injected toxicant

Meinelt et al. Interaction of cadmium toxicity in embryos and larvae of zebrafish ( Danio

rerio ) with calcium and humic substances 2001 Lack of detail

Mekkawy et al. Effects of cadmium on some haematological and biochemical

characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) dietary supplemented with tomato paste and vitamin E 2011 Dilution wat er not characterized

Melgar et al. Accumulation profiles in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) after

short

- term exposure to cadmium 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Mellinger The comparative metabolism of cadmium, mercury and zinc as environmental contaminants in the freshwater mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera 1972 Only one exposure concentration; median

survival time

Menchaca et al. Sensitivity comparison of laboratory

- cultured and field

- collected amphipod Corophium multisetosum in toxicity tests 2010 Duration too short, Not North American species

Mendez and Baird Effects of Cadmium on Sediment exposure Processing on Members of the

C apitella Species

- Complex 2002 Sediment exposure

Mendez and Green

- Ruiz Preliminary observations of cadmium and copper effects on juveniles of the polychaete Capitella sp . Y (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Estero del Yugo, Mazatlan, Mexico 2005 Lack of detail, dilution water not characterized

Mendez and Green

- Ruiz Cadmium and copper effects on larval development and mortality of the polychaete Capitella sp. Y from Estero del Yugo, Mazatlan, Mexico 2006 Duration too long, dilution water not

characterized

Mendoz a

- Cozatl et al. Cadmium accumulation in the chloroplast of Euglena gracilis 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 8 day exposure)

Merivirta et al. Cadmium, mercury and lead content of river lamprey caught in Finnish

rivers 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mersch et al. Laboratory accumulation and depuration of copper and cadmium in the

freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides 1993 Bioconcentration studies conducted i n distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Mersch et al. Copper in indigenous and transplanted zebra mussels in relation to changing water concentrations and body weight 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Messaoudi et al. Study on the sensitivity to cadmium of marine fish Salaria basilisca (Pisces: Blennidae) 2009 Not North American species; only one exposure concentration; dilution water not characterized

Messiaen et al. The micro

- evolutionary potential of Daphnia magna population exposed to temperature and cadmium stress 2010 Only one exposure concentration

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Messiaen et al. The potential for adaptation in a natural Daphnia magna population:

broad and narrow

- sense heritability of net reproductive rate under Cd

stress at two temperatures 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Metayer et al. Accumulation of some trace metals (cadmium, lead, copper and zinc) in sole ( Solea solea ) and flounder ( Platichthus flesus ): Changes as a function of age and organotropism 1982 Not North American species

Metayer et al. Evolution Of The Bioaccumulation Of Some Trace Elements In Elvers

And Eels Anguilla anguilla Of 3 Estuaries Of The Atlantic Ocean 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Metcalfe

- Smith Influence of Species and Sex on Metal Residues in Freshwater Mussels (Family Unionidae) From the St. Lawrence River, With Implications for Biomonitoring Programs 1994 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Metcalfe

- Smith et al. Influence of Biological Factors on Concentrations of Metals in the Tissues of Freshwater Mussels ( Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata

radiata ) From the St. Lawrence River 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Meteyer et al. Effect of cadmium on early developmental stages of the sheepshead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus ) 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Metian et al. Interspecific com parison of Cd bioaccumulation in European pectinidae ( Chlamys varia and Pecten maximus ) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 7 day exposure); dilution water not characterized; not North American species

Metian et al. Accumulation of nine metals and one metalloid in the tropical scallop Comptopallium radula from coral reefs in New Caledonia 2008 Mixture, not North American species

Meyer A mechanistic explanation for the ln(LC50) vs 1n(hardness) adjustment equation for metals 1999 Review of previously published data

Meyer et al. Sensitivity analysis of population growth rates estimated from cladoceran chronic toxicity tests 1987 Review

Meyer et al. Effects of water chemistry on bioavailability and toxicity of waterborne cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc on freshwater organisms 2007 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; review

Mhadhbi et al. A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine

fish Psetta maxima 2010 Not North American species

Miao et al. Comparison of Cd, Cu, and Zn toxic effects on four marine phytoplankton by pulse

- amplitude

- modulated fluorometry 2005 Mixture

Michibata et al. Effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the toxicity of cadmium to the egg of the teleost, Oryzias latipes 1986 Not North American species

Michibata et al. Stage sensitivity of eggs of the teleost Oryzias latipes to cadmium

exposure 1987 Not North American species

Migliarini et al. Effects of cadmium exposure on testis apoptosis in the marine teleost Gobius niger 2005 Duration too short, dilution water not characterized, not North American species, only two exposure concentrations

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Migliore and Giudici Effect of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu and Fe) on two species of crustacean isopods, Asellus aquaticus (L.) and Proasellus coxalis 1987 Not North American species

Milani et al. The Relative Sensitivity of Four Benthic Invertebrates to Metals in Spiked

- Sedimen t exposure Exposures and Application to Contaminated Field Sediment exposure 2003 Sediment exposure

Mills et al. Contaminant and Nutrient Element Levels in Soft Tissues of Zebra and Quagga Mussels From Waters of Southern Lake Ontario 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Millward et al. Mixtures of Metals and Hydrocarbons Elicit Complex Responses by a Benthic Invertebrate Community 2004 Mixtures

Milne The dynamics of chronically bioaccumulated Cd in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) during both moderately hard and soft waterborne

exposures 2010 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle

Ministry of Technology

- 1967 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Mishra et al. Accumulation of cadmium and copper from aqueous solutions using Indian lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) 2009 No cadmium toxicity information; treatment study

Misitano and Schiewe Effect of Chemically Contaminated Marine Sediment on Naupliar Production of the Marine Harpacticoid Copepod, Tigriopus californicus 1990 Sediment

Mitchell et al. Acute Toxicity of Mine Tailings to Four Marine Species 1985 Mixture

Mitchelmore et al. Differential accumulation of heavy metals in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima as a function of symbiotic state 2003 Bioaccumulat ion: unmeasured exposure; dilution

water not characterized

Mitchelmore et al. Uptake and partitioning of copper and cadmium in the coral Pocillopora

damicornis 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; dilution water not characterized; unmeasured

exposure

Mizutani et al. Uptake of lead, cadmium and zinc by the fairy shrimp, Branchinecta longiantenna (Crustacea: Anostraca) 1991 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentration s not adequately

measured

Mohammed and Agard Comparative sensitivity of three tropical cladoceran species ( Diaphanosoma brachyurum

, Ceriodaphnia rigaudii and Moinodaphnia macleayi ) to six chemicals 2006 Not North American species

Moller et al. Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of

cadmium to the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae) 1994 Not North American species

Mondal Pesticides and Heavy Metals Influence Steroidogenic Activity in Fish

G onad and Interrenal. 1997 In vitro

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Mondon et al. Histological, Growth and 7

- Ethoxyresorufin O

- Deethylase (EROD) Activity Responses of Greenback Flounder Rhombosolea tapirina to Contaminated Marine Sediment exposure and Diet 2001 Sediment exposure

Monteiro

- Neto et al. Concentrations of heavy metals in Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) off the coast of Ceara, northeast Brazil 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Moolman et al. Comparative studies on the uptake and effects of cadmium and zinc on the cellular energy allocation of two freshwater gastropods 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; unmeasured exposure

Moraitou

- Apostolopoulou and Verriopoulos Individual and combined t oxicity of 3 heavy metals copper cadmium and chromium for the marine copepod Tisbe holothuriae 1982 Non

- applicable

Moraitou

- Apostolopoulou

et al. Effects of sublethal concentrations of cadmium pollution for two populations of Acartis clausi (Copepoda) liv ing at two differently polluted

areas 1979 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Morales

- Hernandez et al. Heavy Metals in Sediment exposures and Lobster ( Panulirus gracilis ) from the Discharge Area of the Submarine Sewage Outfall in Mazatlan Bay (SE Gulf of California) 2004 Effluent

Moreno et al. Inhibition of molting by cadmium in the crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda Brachyura) 2003 Surgically altered species, not North American species

Mori and Wakabayashi Cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals. 1. Cytotoxicity of cadmium and copper to CHSE

- 214 cells derived from

Chinook salmon 1996 In vitro

Mori and Wakabayashi Cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals. 2. Cytotoxicity of metals toward cultured fish cells and effect of exposure temperature on cytotoxicity 1997 In vitro

Morillo

- Velarde et al. Effects of cadmium on locomotor activity rhythms of the amphipod Gammarus aequicauda 2011 Not North Ame rican species, short duration

Morin et al. Detection of DNA damage in yolk

- sac larvae of the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes , by the comet assay 2011 Not North American species, duration too short

Morley et al. Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc Mixtures to Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) Cercarial Survival 2002 Mixtures

Morley et al. Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc Mixtures to Cercarial Tail Loss in Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) 2005 Mixtures

Mormede and Davies Heavy metal concentrations in commercial deep

- sea fish from the Rockall Trough 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Morris Toxicity of Cyanide, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc. Summary Report 1973 Review

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Morrison et al. Proximate Composition and Organochlorine and Heavy Metal Contamination of Eggs From Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Lake Michigan Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) in Relation to Egg

Survival 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mostafa and Khali l Uptake, release and incorporation of radio active cadmium and mercury by the fresh water alga Phormidium fragile 1986 Not North American species

Motohashi and Tsuchida Uptake of cadmium by pure cultured diatom, Skeletonema costatum 1974 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through

Mouchet et al. Comparative evaluation of the toxicity and genotoxicity of cadmium in amphibian larvae ( Xenopus laevis and Pleurodeles waltl ) using the comet assay and the micronucleus test 2007 Not North American species, test species fed, duration too long

Mouneyrac et al. Comparison of metallothionein concentrations and tissue distribution of trace metals in crabs ( Pachygrapsus marmoratus ) from a metal

- rich estuary, in and out of the reproductive season 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mount et al. Dietary and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) to copper, cadmium, lead and zinc using a live diet 1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Moureaux et al. Effects of field contamination by metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) on biometry and

mechanics of echinoderm ossicles 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Moza et al. Effect of sub

- lethal concentrations of cadmium on food intake, growth and digestibility in the gold fish, Carassius auratus L 1995 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Mubiana and Blust Effects of Temperature on Scope for Growth and Accumulation of Cd, Co, Cu and Pb by the Marine Bivalve Mytilus edulis 2007 In vitro

Mueller and Prosi Distribution Of Zinc, Copper, And Cadmium In Various Organs Of Roaches ( Rutilus rutilus L.) From The Neckar And Elsenz Rivers 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Muino et al. Protective action of ions against cadmium toxicity to young Bufo

arenarum tadpoles 1990 Not North American species

Mullaugh and Luther III Formation and Persistence of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticle in Aqueous

Solu tion 2009 Inappropriate form of toxicant

Muller and Payer The influence of pH on the cadmium

- repressed growth of the alga Coelostrum proboscideum 1979 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Munawar and Legner Detection of Metal Toxicity Using Natural Phytoplankton as Test Organisms in the Great Lakes. 1993 Mixture

Muncke Molecular Scale Ecotoxicological Testing in Developing Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) 2006 In vitro

Munger and Hare Relative importance of water and food as cadmium sources to an aquatic insect ( Chaoborus punctipennis ): Implications for predicting Cd

bioaccumulation in nature 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Munger et al. Influence of exposure time on the distribution of cadmium within the

cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia 1999 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Muramoto Decrease in cadmium concentration in a Cd

- contaminated fish by short

term exposure to EDTA 1980 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Musko et al. The impact of Cd and different pH on the amphipod Gammarus fossarum Koch (Crustacea: amphipoda) 1990 Not North American species

Musthafa et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium in selected tissues of Oreochromis

mossambicus exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium chloride 2009 Lack of exposure details

Muyssen and Janssen Multi

- generation cadmium accumulation and tolerance in Daphnia magna

Straus 2004 Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M4 medium which complexes the metal)

Mwangi and Alikhan Cadmium and nickel uptake by tissues of Cambarus bartoni (Astacidae, Decapoda, Cru stacea): Effects on copper and zinc stores 1993 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Mwashote Levels of Cadmium and Lead in Water, Sediment exposures and Selected Fish Species in Mombasa, Kenya 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nagel and Voigt Impaired photosynthesis in a cadmium

- tolerant Chlamydomonas mutant
strain 1995 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for incre ased resistance to cadmium

Nair and Choi Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiles of Chironomus riparius Glutathione S

- Transferase (GST) Genes in Response to Cadmium and Silver Nanoparticles Exposure 2011 Inappropriate form of toxicant

Nair et al. Expression of catalase and glutathione S

- transferase genes in Chironomus riparius on exposure to cadmium and nonylphenol 2011 Dilution water not characterized; only three exposure concentrations

Najeeb et al. Insights into cadmium induced phys iological and ultra

- structural disorders

in Juncus effusus L. and its remediation through exogenous citric acid 2011 Excessive EDTA

Nakagawa and Ishio Aspects of accumulation of cadmium ion in the egg of medaka Oryzias latipes 1988 Not North American species

Nakagawa and Ishio Effects of water hardness on the toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in eggs and larvae of medaka Oryzias latipes 1989 Not North American species

Nakamoto and Hassler Selenium and Other Trace Elements in Bluegills From Agricultural Return Flows in the San Joaquin Valley, California. 1992 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nakamura Experimental studies on the accumulation of cadmium in the fish body 1974 Text in foreign language

Nakhle et al. Cadmium and Mercury in Seine Estuary Flounders and Mussels: the Results of Two Decades of Monitoring 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nalewajko Effects of cadmium and metal

- contaminated sediments on photosynthesis heterotrophy, and phosphate uptake i n Mackenzie River delta phytoplankton 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Narayanan et al. Pattern of depuration of accumulated heavy metals in the mud crab, Scylla

serrata (Forskal) 1999 Not North American species

Narvaez et al. Uptake, depuration and effect of cadmium on the green mussel Perna

viridis (L. 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; unmeasured exposure; dilution water not

characterized

Nassiri et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation in Tetraselmis suecica and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) study 1997 Not North American species

Nasu et al. Comparative studies on the absorption of cadmium and copper in Lemna paucicostata 1983 The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Nasu et al. The toxicity of some water pollutants for Lemnaceae (duckweed) plant 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too

much of a c omplexing agent for algal studies

Naumann et al. Growth rate based dose

- response relationships and EC

- values of ten heavy metals using the duckweed growth inhibition test (ISO 20079) with

Lemna minor L. Clone St. 2007 Excessive EDTA in the medium (>200 ug/L)

Nawaz et al. In vitro toxicity of copper, cadmium, and chromium to isolated hepatocytes from carp, Cyprinus carpio L. 2005 In vitro

Nawaz et al. Determination of heavy metals in fresh water fish species of the River Ravi, Pakistan compared to farmed fish varieties. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Naylor et al. Effect of differing maternal food ration on susceptibility of Daphnia

magna Straus neonates to toxic substances 1992 The materials, methods or results were

insufficient ly described

Negilski Acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium and chromium to the marine fishes, yellow

- eye mullet (

Aldrichetta forsteri C. and V.) and smallmouth hardy head ( Atherinasoma microstoma Whitley) 1976 Not North American species

Negri et al. Contamination in Sediment exposures, Bivalves and Sponges of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nelson Observed field tolerance of caddisfly larvae ( Hesperophylax sp .) to fish metal concentrations and low pH 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Nendza et al. Potential for secondary poisoning and biomagnification in marine organisms 1997 Review of previously published data

Nessim et al. Biosorption of lead and cadmi um using marine algae 2011 Homogenized algal material

Nesto et al. Bioaccumulation and Biomarker Responses of Trace Metals and Micro

Organic Pollutants in Mussels and Fish from the Lagoon of Venice, Italy 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Neuberger

- Cywiak et al. Effects of zinc and cadmium on the burrowing behavior, LC50, and LT50

on Donax trunculus Linnaeus (Bivalvia

- Donacidae) 2003 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Neuberger

- Cywiak et al. Sublethal effects of Zn++ and Cd++ on respiration rate, ammonia excretion, and O:N ratio of Donax trunculus (Bivalvia; Donacidae) 2007 Mixture

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Neumann et al. Heavy Metal Ions Inhibit Molybdoenzyme Activity by Binding to the Dithiolene Moiety of Molybdopterin in Escherichia coli 2008 Mixture

Ney and Martin Influence of Prefreezing on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Bluegill

Sunfish 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ng and Wang Detoxification and Effects of Ag, Cd, and Zn Pre

- Exposure on Metal Uptake Kinetics in the Clam Ruditapes philippinarum 2004 Prior exposure

Ng and Wang Modeling of cadmium bioaccumulation in two populations of the green

mussel Perna viridis 2005 Modeling

Ng and Wang Interactions of silver, cadmium, and copper accumulation in green mussels ( Perna viridis ) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; unmeasured exposure

Ng and Wood Trophic Transfer and Dietary exposure Toxicity of Cd from the Oligochaete to the Rainbow Trout 2008 Dietary exposure

Ng et al. Does Dietary exposure Ca Protect Against Toxicity of a Low Dietborne Cd Exposure to the Rainbow Trout? 2009 Dietary exposure

Ng et al. Cadmium Accumulation and Loss in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Along the West Coast of the USA. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nguyen and Janssen Embryo

- larval toxicity tests with the African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ): Comparative sensitivity of endpoints 2002 Duration too long , not North American species

Ni et al. Influences of salinity on the biokinetics of Cd, Se, and Zn in the intertidal mudskipper Periophthalmus cantonensis 2005 Mixture

Nimick et al. Influence of in

- stream diel concentration cycles of dissolved trace metals on acute toxicity to one

- year

- old cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki

lewisi ) 2007 Mixture

Nimmo et al. Three Studies Using Ceriodaphnia to Detect Nonpoint Sources of Metals From Mine Drainage. 1990 Mixture

Nimmo et al. Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation in Aquatic Bryophytes Immersed in the Arkansas River, Colorado: Comparison of Fall Versus Spring 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nir et al. Cadmium uptake and toxicity to water hyacinth: Effect of repeated exposures under co ntrolled conditions 1990 Not North American species

Niyogi and Wood Effects of chronic waterborne and dietary metal exposures on gill metal

binding: implications for the biotic ligand model 2003 Review

Niyogi et al. Kinetic Analyses of Waterborne Ca and Cd Transport and Their Interactions in the Gills of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens ), Two Species Differing Greatly in Acute Waterborne Cd Sensitivity 2004a Mixture

Noel

- Lambot et al. Distribution of Cd, Zn and Cu in liver and gills of the eel Anguilla anguilla with special reference to metallothioneins 1978 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; not North American species

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Noel

- Lambot et al. Cadmium, zinc, and copper accumulation in lim pets ( Patella vulgata ) from the British channel and special reference to metallothioneins 1980 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Nolan and Duke Cadmium accumula tion and toxicity in Mytilus edulis : Involvement of metallothioneins and heavy molecular weight protein 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Noraho and Gaur Effect of cations, including heavy metals, on cadmium uptake by Lemna polyrhiza L. 1995 Not North American species

Norberg

- King et al. Interlaboratory evaluation of Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans

short

- term and long

- term sediment toxicity tests 2006 Non

- applicable

Nordberg Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology 2009 Review Nordberg et al. Cadmium: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Third Edition) 2007 Review

Norey et al. Induction of metallothionein gene expression by cadmium and the retention of the toxic metal in the tissues of rainbow Trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) 1990c Injected toxicant

Norey et al. A comparison of the accumulation, tissue distribution and secretion of cadmium in different species of freshwater fish 1990a Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Norris and Lake Trace Metal Concentrations in Fish From the South Esk River, Northeastern Tasmania, Au stralia. 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Norum et al. Trace element distribution during the reproductive cycle of female and male spiny and Pacific scallops, with implications for biomonitoring 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Norwood et al. Interactive effects of metals in mixtures on bioaccumulation in the amphipod Hyalella azteca 2007 Mixture

Notenboom et al. Effect of ambient oxygen concentration upon the acute toxicity of chlorophenols and heavy metals to the groundwater copepod Parastenocaris germanica (crustacea) 1992 Not North American species

Nott and Nicolaidou Variable transfer of detoxified metals fro m snails to hermit crabs in

marine food chains 1994 Not North American species

Novais et al. Reproduction and biochemical responses in Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta) to zinc or cadmium exposures 2011 Sediment exposure

Novais et al. Exposure of Enchytraeus albidus to Cd and Zn

- Changes in cellular energy allocation (CEA) and linkage to transcriptional, enzymatic and reproductive effects 2013 Soil exposure

Novakova et al. Zinc and cadmium toxicity using a biotest with Artemia franciscana 2007 Br ine shrimp

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Novelli et al. Toxicity of heavy metals using sperm cell and embryo toxicity bioassays

with Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Comparisons with exposure concentrations in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy 2003 Not North American species

Nowak et al. Consequences of inbreeding and reduced genetic variation on tolerance to cadmium stress in the midge Chironomus riparius 2007 Sediment exposure

Nowak et al. Variation in sensitivity to cadmium among genetically characterized laboratory strains of the midge Chironomus riparius 2008 Sediment exposure

Nowierski et al. Effects of water chemistry on the bioavailability of metals in sediment to Hyalella azteca : Implications for sediment quality guidelines 2005 Sediment exposure

Nowierski et al. Lac Dufault Sediment exposure core trace metal distribution, bioavailability and toxicity to Hyalella azteca 2006 Sediment exposure

Nugegoda and Rainbow The uptake of dissolved zinc and cadmium by the decapod crustacean Palaemon elegans 1995 Not North American species

Nunez

- Nogueira and

Rainbow Cadmium uptake and accumulation by the decapod crustacean Penaeus

indicus 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Nusetti et al. Pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytochrome c oxidase and catalase activities in cadmium exposed Perna viridis subjected to anoxic and aerobic conditions 2010 Too few exposure concentrations, atypical endpoint

Nyholm and Kallqvist Methods for Growth Inhibition Toxicity Tests With Freshwater Algae 1989 Review

Nyman et al. Current levels of DDT, PCB and trace elements in the Baltic ringed seals ( Phoca hispida baltica ) and grey s eals ( Halichoerus grypus ) 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nyquist and Greger Response of two wetland plant species to Cd exposure at low and neutral pH 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; unmeasured exposure; dilution water not

characterized

O’Hara Cadmium uptake by fiddler crabs exposed to temperature and salinity

stress 1973b Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes and were not used because of the possibility of isotop e discrimination

O’Neill Effects of intraperitoneal lead and cadmium on the humoral immune response of Salmo trutta 1981 Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in

water

Oakley et al. Accumulation of cadmium by Abarenicola pacifica 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Obande et al. Trace metal analysis of the prawn ( Atya gabonesis ), water and bottom

sediments of Lower River Benue 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Occhiogrosso et al. Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate densities in foundry

cove on the Hudson River 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 109

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

O'Connor and Lauenstein Trends in chemic al concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US Coast: Update to 2003 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Odin et al. Temperature and pH effects on cadmium and methylmercury bioaccumulation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida

, from water column or sediment source 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Odin et al. Depuration processes after exposure of burrowing mayfly nymphs ( Hexagenia rigida ) to methylmercury and cadmium from water column or sediment: Effects of temperature and pH 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Offermann et al. Assessing the importance of dietborne cadmium and particle characteristics on bioavailability and bioaccumulation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 2009 Dietary exposure

Oguma and Klerks The role of native salinity regime on grass shrimp ( Palaemonete s pugio ) sensitivity to cadmium 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Ogwok et al. Pesticide residues and heavy metals in Lake Victoria Nile perch, Lates

niloticus , belly flap oil 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Oikari et al. Acute toxicity of chemicals to Daphnia magna in humic water 1992 Review of previously published data

Ojaveer et al. On the effect of copper, cadmium and zinc on the embryonic development of Baltic spring spawning herring 1980 Not North American species

Olesen and Weeks Accumulation of Cd by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas: Effects upon filtration rate and its relevance for biomonitoring 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through o r water concentrations not adequately

measured

Olgunoglu and Polat Trace metals in marine macroalgae samples from the Iskenderun Bay, Turkey 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Oliveira et al. Hepatic metallothionein concentrations in the golden grey mullet ( Liza

aurata ) relationship with environmental metal concentrations in a metal

contaminated coastal system in Portugal 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ololade et al. Influence of diffuse and chronic metal pollution in water and sediments on

edible seafoods within Ondo oil

- polluted coastal region, Nigeria. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Olson and Christensen Effects of water pollutants and other chemicals on fish acetylcholinesterase (in vitro) 1980 I n vitro

Olsvik et al. Metal accumulation and metallothionein in brown trout, Salmo trutta, from two Norwegian rivers differently contaminated with Cd, Cu and Zn 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Olsvik et al. Effects of combined gamma

- irradiation and metal (Al+Cd) exposures in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). 2010 Mixture (Al and Cd)

Olusegun et al. Heavy metal distribution in crab ( Callinectes amnicola ) living on the shores of Ojo Rivers, Lagos, Nigeria 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 110

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Omoregie et al. Metal concentrations in water column, benthic macroinvertebrates and tilapia from Delimi River, Nigeria 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Oner et al. Changes in serum biochemical parameters of f reshwater fish Oreochromis

niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures 2008 Unmeasured chronic exposure, only one exposure concentration

Ong and Din Cadmium, copper, and zinc toxicity to the clam, Donax faba C., and the blood cockle, Anadara granosa L 2001 Not North American species

Ongeri et al. Seasonal variability in cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and iron concentrations in the three major fish species, Oreochromis niloticus

, Lates niloticus and Rastrineobol a argentea in Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria: Impact of wash

- off into the lake 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Onuoha et al. Comparative toxicity of cadmium to crustacean zooplankton (copepods and ostracods) 1996 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Opuene and Agbozu Relationships between heavy metals in shrimp ( Macrobrachium felicinum ) and metal levels in the water column and sediments of Taylor

Creek 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Orchard et al. A rapid response toxicity test based on the feeding rate of the tropical

cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi 2002 Duration too short, not North American species

Oronsaye et al. The toxicity of zinc and cadmium to Clarias subnaginatus 2003 Mixture, not N orth American species

Orun and Tolas Antioxidative role of sodium selenite against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd+2, Cr+3) on some biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) 2008 Mixture

Osuna

- Martinez et al. Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in cultured oysters under two contrasting climatic conditions in coastal lagoons from SE Gulf of California, Mexico 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Othman et al. Cadmium accum ulation in two populations of rice frogs ( Fejervarya

limnocharis ) naturally exposed to different environmental cadmium levels 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Otitoloju and Don

- Pedro Integrated laboratory and field assessments of heavy metals accumulation in edible periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula (L.) 2004 No cadmium toxicity information

Otitoloju and Don

- Pedro Determination of types of interactions exhibited by binary mi xtures of heavy metals tested against the hermit crab, Clibanarius africanus 2006 Sediment substrate in exposure water, not North American species

Outridge et al. Changes in mercury and cadmium concentrations and the feeding behaviour of beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) near Somerset Island, Canada, during the 20th century 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Packer et al. Cadmium copper lead zinc and manganese in the polychaete Arenicola

marina from Sediment exposures around the coast of Wales UK 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pajevic et al. The content of some macronutrients and heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes of three ecosystems connected to the Danube in Yugoslavia 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pajevic et al. Heavy metal accumulation of Danube River aquatic plants

-- indication of

chemical contamination 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 111

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Palackova et al. Sublethal effects of cadmium on carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) fingerlings 1994 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Palawski et al. Sensitivity of young striped bass to organic and inorganic contaminants in

fresh and saline water 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Palm and Wikberger Tungmetallanalyser av mossor och baeckvattenvaexter i norra Estland. (Heavy metals in mosses and aquatic plants in northern Estonia) 1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state n ot documented

Pan Application of biokinetic model in studying the bioaccumulation of cadmium, zinc, and copper in the scallop Chlamys nobilis 2009 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North American species

Pan and Wang Influences of dissolved and colloidal organic carbon on the uptake of Ag, Cd, and Cr by the marine mussel Perna viridis 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Pan and Wang The subcellular fate of cadmium an d zinc in the scallop Chlamys nobilis during waterborne and dietary exposure 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North American species

Pan and Zhang Metallothionein, antioxidant enzymes and DNA strand breaks as biomarkers of Cd exposure in a marine crab, Charybdis japonica 2006 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, not North American species

Pan et al. Effects of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) on DNA damage of the gills, hemocytes and hepatopancreas of marine crab, Charybdis japonica 2011 Only three exposure concentrations

Pandeswara and Yallapragada Tolerance, accumulation and depuration in an intertidal gastropod, Turbo

intercostalis , exposed to cadmium 2000 Not North American species, abstract only

Pandey et al. Effects of exposure to multiple trace metals on biochemical, histological and ultrastructural features of gills of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata

Bloch 2008 Mixture

Pantani et al. Comparative acute toxicity of some pesticides, metals, and surfactants to
Gammarus italicus Goedm. and Echinogammarus tibaldii Pink. and stock (Crustacea: Amphipoda) 1997 Not North American species

Papa et al. Determination of heavy metal in seawater and macroalgae of shorelines of Naples and Ischia Island, Italy 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Papathanassiou Cadmium accumulation and ultrastructural alterations in oogenesis of the

prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) 1986 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, n ot flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Papathanassiou Effects of cadmium and mercury ions on respiration and survival of the

common prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) 1983 Not North American species

Papoutsoglou and Abel Studies on the lethal and sublethal effects of cadmium on some commercially cultured species of the Mediterranean 1993 Review of previously published data

### J

- 112

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Park and Kim Bioassays on marine organisms: Acute toxicity test of mercury, cadmium and copper to arkshell, Anadara broughtonii , from Jin

- Dong Bay, and to

oyster, Crassostrea gigas , from Kwang

- Do Bay, south coast of Korea 1978 Not North American species

Park and Kim Bioassays on marine organisms. II. Acute toxicity test of mercury, copper and cadmium to clam, Meretrix lusoria 1979 Not North American species

Park and Presley Trace metal contamination of sediments and organisms from the Swan Lake Area of Galveston Bay 1997 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Parker The effects of selected chemicals and water quality on the marine polychaete Ophryotrocha diadema 1984 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology Part and Svanberg Uptake of cadmium in perfused rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) gills 1981 In vitro

Parveen and Shadab Cytogenetic evaluation of cadmium chloride on Channa punctatus 2012 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Parvin et al. Preliminary acute toxicity bioassays of lead and cadmium on fresh water climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) 2011 Dilution water not characterized

Pascal et al. The toxicological interaction between ocean acidity and metals in coastal meiobenthic copepods 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pascoe and Shazili Episodic pollution

- a comparison of brief and continuous exposure of

rainbow trout to cadmium 1986 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Pastorinho et al. Amphipod susceptibility to metals: cautionary tales 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady s tate not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North American species

Patel et al. Sponge 'sentinel' of heavy metals 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Patthebahadur and Bais Studies on some physiological aspects in fresh water fish Ophiocephalus

striatus (Channa) in relation to heavy metal cadmium (Cd) toxicity 2008 Duration too short, test species fed, not North American species

Pauli and Berger Toxicological comparisons of Tetrahymena species, end points and growth media: Supplementary investigations to the pilot ring test 1997 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Paul

- Pont et al. Short

- term metallothionein inductions in the edible cockle Cerastoderma

edule after cadmium or mercury exposure: Discrepancy between MRNA and protein responses 2010a In vitro

Paul

- Pont et al. How life history contributes to stress response in the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum 2010b Only one exposure concent ration

Paul

- Pont et al. Cloning, characterization and gene expression of a metallothionein

isoform in the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule after cadmium or

mercury exposure 2012 Not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Pavicic Combined cadmium

- zinc toxicity on embryonic development of Mytilus galloprovincialis LMK. (Mollusca, Mytilidae) 1977 Abstract only

Pavicic and Jarvenpaa Cadmium toxicity in adults and early larval stages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. 1974 Not North American species

### J

- 113

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Pavicic et al. Embryo

- larval tolerance of Mytilus galloprovincialis , exposed to the

elevated sea water metal concentrations

- I. Toxic effects of Cd, Zn and Hg in relation to the metallothionein level 1994 Not North American spe cies

Pawlik and Skowronski Transport and toxicity of cadmium: Its regulation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Pawlik et al. pH

- dependent cadmium transport inhibits photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis 1993 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concent rations not adequately

measured

Pecon and Powell Effect of the amino acid histidine on the uptake of cadmium from the digestive system of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus 1981 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Pedersen and Petersen Variability of species sensitivity to complex mixtures 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Pedro et al. The influence of cadmium contamination and salinity on the surviva l, growth and phytoremediation capacity of the saltmarsh plant Salicornia

ramosissima 2013 Soil exposure

Pelgrom et al. Interactions between copper and cadmium during single and combined exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus : Influence of feeding condition on whole body metal accumulation and the effect of the

metals on tissue water and ion content 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

m easured

Pelgrom et al. Calcium fluxes in juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus , exposed to sublethal waterborne Cd, Cu or mixtures of these metals 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Pellegrini et al. Interactions between the toxicity of the heavy metals cadmium, copper, zinc in combinations and the detoxifying role of calcium in the brown alga Cystoseira barbata 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Pellet et al. Model predicting waterborne cadmium bioaccumulation in Gammarus pulex : the effects of dissolved organic ligands, calcium, and temperature 2009 Not North American species

Peltier et al. Accumulation of trace elements and growth responses in Corbicula fluminea downstream of a coal

- fired power plant 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pempkowiak et al. Toxicants accumulation rates and effects in Mytilus trossulus and Nereis

diversicolor exposed separately or together to cadmium and PAHs 2006a Non

- applicable

Pempkowiak et al. Heavy metals in zooplankton from the southern Baltic 2006b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Peng et al. Trace metals in Iaustinogebia edulis (Ngoc

- Ho & Chan, 1992) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Upogebiidae) and its habitat sediment from the

central western Taiwan coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

- 114

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Peng et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the aquatic plants Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Potamogeton malaianus Miq. and their potential use for

contamination indicators in wastewater treatment 2008 No cadmium toxicity information

Pennington et al. Contaminant levels in fishes from Brown’s L ake, Mississippi 1982 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Penttinen et al. The kinetics of cadmium in Daphnia magna as affected by humic

substances and water hardness 1995 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Penttinen et al. Combined effects of dissolved organic material and water hardness on toxicity of cadmium to Daphnia magna 1998 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Perceval et al. Long

- term trends in accumulated metals (Cd, Cu and Zn) and

metallothionein in bivalves from lakes within a smelter

- impacted region 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Percy Heavy metal and sulphur concentrations in Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. in the maritime provinces, Canada 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pereira et al. Effect of cadmium accumulation on serum vitellogenin levels and hepatosomatic and gona dosomatic indices of winter flounder ( Pleuronectes americanus ) 1993 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Perez

- Coll and Herkovits Stage

- dependent uptake of cadmium by Bufo arenarum embryos 1996 Not North American species

Perez

- Coll et al. Teratogenic effects of cadmium on Bufo arenarum during gastrulation 1986 Not North American species; too few exposure concentrations; no statistical analysis

Perez

- Legaspi and Rico

Martinez Acute toxicity tests on three species of the genus Lecane (Rotifera: Monogononta) 2001 Duration too short, not North American species

Perez

- Legaspi and Rico

Martinez Phospholipase A2 activity in three species of littoral freshwater rotifers exposed to sev eral toxicants 2003 Duration too short, not North American species

Perez

- Legaspi et al. Toxicity testing using esterase inhibition as a biomarker in three species of the genus Lecane (Rotifera) 2002 Duration too short, not North American species

Perkins et al. The potential of screening for agents of toxicity using gene expression fingerprinting in Chironomus tentans 2004 Exposure in distilled water without the addition of proper salts

Pernice et al. Comparative Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements Between Nautilus pompilius and Nautilus macromphalus (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) from

Vanuatu and New Caledonia 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pery et al. Assessing the risk of metal mixtures in contaminated sediments on Chironomus riparius based on cytosolic accumulation 2008 Sediment exposure

Pesonen and Andersson Fish primary hepatocyte culture; and important model for xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity studies 1997 Review of previously published data

Pestana et al. Effects of cadmium a nd zinc on the feeding behaviour of two freshwater

crustaceans: Atyaephyra desmarestii (Decapoda) and Echinogammarus

meridionalis (Amphipoda) 2007 Not North American species

### J

- 115

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Peterson Toxicity testing using a chemostat

- grown green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum 1991 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Peterson et al. Metal toxicity to algae: A highly pH dependent phenomenon 1984 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Phelps Cadmium sorption in estuarine mud

- type sediment and the accumulation

of cadmium in the soft

- shell clam, Mya arenaria 1979 Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes and were not used because of the possibility of isotope discrimination

Phillips The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in

Scandinavian waters. I. Zinc and cadmium 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Phillips Trace metals in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.), and in the alga

Fucus vesiculosus ( L.) from the region of the Sound (Oresund) 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Phillips Toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in marine and estuarine biota. Part 1. Ecological cycling 1980 Review

Phillips and Russo Metal bioaccumulation in fishes and aquatic invertebrates: A literature

review 1978 Review of previously published data

Philp Effects of experimental manipulation of pH and salinity on Cd2+ uptake by the sponge Microciona prolifera and on sponge cell aggregation induced by Ca2+ and Cd2+ 2001 Excised tissue/cells

Phipps et al. Effects of pollution on freshwater organisms. 1984 Review

Pierron et al. Impairment of lipid storage by cadmium in the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) 2007a Only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Pierron et al. Effects of salinity and hypoxia on cadmium bioaccumulation in the shrimp Palaemon longirostris 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Pierron et al. Transcriptional responses to environmental metal exposure in wild yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) collected in lakes with differing environmental metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Ni) 2009a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pierron et al. Ovarian gene transcription and effect of cadmium pre

- exposure during artificial sexual maturation of the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) 2009b Only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Pierron et al. Effects of chronic metal expo sure on wild fish populations revealed by high

- throughput cDNA sequencing 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pinkina Effect of the ionic form of cadmium on reproduction and development of Lymnaea stagnalis L. 2006 Dilution water not characterized, unmeasured chronic exposure

Pinto et al. Influence of organic matter on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron by sorghum plants 2004 Non

- aquatic plants

Pip and Mesa Cadmium, copper, and lead in two species of Artemisia (compositae) in southern Manitoba, Canada 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Piyatiratitivorakul and

Boonchamoi Comparative toxicity of mercury and cadmium to the juvenile freshwater snail, Filopaludina martensi martensi 2008 Not North Ame rican species, dilution water not

characterized

### J

- 116

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Piyatiratitivorakul et al. Comparative toxicity of heavy metal compounds to the juvenile golden apple snail, Pomacea sp

. 2006 Dilution water not characterized

Planello et al. Effect of acute exposure to cadmium on the expression of heat

- shock and

hormone

- nuclear receptor genes in the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius 2010 Only one exposure concentration; duration too short; mixture

Playle Physiological and toxicological effect s of metals at gills of freshwater fish 1997 Review

Playle et al. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: Estimates of metal

- gill stability constants and modelling of metal accumulation 1993a Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled

water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Playle et al. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: Modification by dissolved organic carbon and synthetic ligands 1993b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Ploetz et al. Differential accumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver of a marine fish, (king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla cuvier ) from the northern Gulf of Mexico, USA 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Podgurskaya and Kavun Cadmium concentration and subcellular distribution in organs of the

mussel Crenomytilus grayanus from upwelling regions of Okhotsk Sea and Sea of Japan 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pohl Wechselbezieh ungen zwischen spurenmetallkonzentrationen (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) im meerwasser und in zooplanktonorganismen (Copepoda) der arktis und des atlantiks. (Correlations between trace metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) in seawater and zooplankton organisms (Copepod a) of the

Arctic and Atlantic 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pokora and Tukaj The combined effect of anthracene and cadmium on photosynthetic activity of three desmodesmus (Chlorophyta) species 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Polak

- Juszczak Temporal trends in the bioaccumulation of trace metals in herring, sprat,

and cod from the southern Baltic Sea in the 1994

- 2003 period 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Polar and Kucukcezzar Influence of some metal chelators and light regimes on bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cd2+ in duckweed ( Lemna gibba ) 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Portmann and Wilson The toxicity of 140 substances to the brown shrimp and other mar ine

animals 1971 Not North American species

Postma and Davids Tolerance induction and life cycle changes in cadmium

- exposed Chironomus riparius (Diptera) during consecutive generation 1995 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Postma et al. Chronic toxicity of cadmium to Chironomus reparius (Diptera: Chironomidae) at different food levels 1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

### J

- 117

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Postma et al. Increased cadmium excretion in metal

- adapted p opulations of the midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera) 1996 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Poteat et al. Divalent metal (Ca, Cd, Mn, Zn) uptake and interactions in the aquatic

insect Hydropsyche sparna 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not reached (only 9 hour exposure)

Poulsen et al. Accumulation of cadmium and bioenergetics in the mussel Mytilus edulis 19 82 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Poulton et al. Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Pourang and Dennis Distribution of trace elements in tissues of two shrimp species from the

Persian Gulf and roles of metal lothionein in their redistribution 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Powell and Powell Trace Elements in Fish Overlying Subaqueous Tailings in the Tropical

West Pacific 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Powell et al. Use of Azolla to assess toxicity and accumulation of metals from artificial and natural Sediment exposures containing cadmium, copper, and zinc 1998 Sediment exposure

Prafulla et al. Concentrations of trace metals in the squids, Loligo duvauceli and Doryt euthis sibogae caught from the southwest coast of India 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Prasad et al. Toxicity of cadmium and copper in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild

- type (WT2137) and cell wall deficient mutant strain (CW15) 1998 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Pratap and Wendelaar Mineral composition and cadmium accumulation in Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to waterborne cadmium 2004 Bioaccumulation: not whole bo dy or muscle

content

Prato and Biandolino Combined Toxicity of Mercury, Copper and Cadmium on Embryogenesis and Early Larval Stages of the Mytlius galloprovincialis 2007 Mixture

Prato and Biandolino Combined toxicity of mercury, copper and cadmium on embryogenesis and early larval stages of the Mytlius galloprovincialis 2007 Not North American species, duration too short

Prato et al. Effects of temperature on the sensitivity of Gammarus aequicauda (M artynov, 1931) to cadmium 2009 Not North American species

Presing et al. Cadmium uptake and depuration in different organs of Lymnaea stagnalis

L. and the effect of cadmium on the natural zinc level 1993 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Pretto et al. Acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, and bioaccumulation in silver catfish ( Rhamdia quelen ) exposed to cadmium 2010 Dilution wat er not characterized, not North American species

### J

- 118

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Pretto et al. Effects of water cadmium concentrations on bioaccumulation and various oxidative stress parameters in Rhamdia quelen 2011 In vitro

Prevot and Soyer

Gobillard Combined action of cadmium and selenium on two marine dinoflagellates in culture, Prorocentrum micans Ehrbg. and Crypthecodinium cohnii

Biecheler 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Price and Knight Mercur y cadmium lead and arsenic in sediment exposures plankton and clams from Lake Washington and Sardis reservoir Mississippi October

1975

- may 1976 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Prowe et al. Heavy metals in crustaceans from the Iberian Deep Sea Plain 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pundir and Malhotra Haematological alterations induced by heavy metal cadmium toxicity in

Clarias batrachus 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Pundir et al. Toxicopathological changes in liver of Clarias batrachus due to cadmium sulphate toxicity 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Puvaneswari and Karuppasamy Accumulation of cadmium and its effects on the survival and growth of

larvae of Heteropneustes foss ilis (Bloch, 1794) 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure, duration too short, not North American species

Pynnonen Effect of pH, hardness and maternal pre

- exposure on the toxicity of Cd, Cu and Zn to the glochidial larvae of a freshwater clam Anodonta cygnea 1995 Not North American species

Pytharopoulou et al. Translational responses and oxidative stress of mussels experimentally exposed to Hg, Cu and Cd: One pattern does not fit at all 2011 Mixture

Qian et al. Combined effect of copper and cadmium on Chlore lla vulgaris growth and photosynthesis

- related gene transcription 2009 Mixture

Qian et al. Photoperiod and temperature influence cadmium's effects on photosynthesis

- related gene transcription in Chlorella vulgaris 2010 Mixture

Qian et al. Combined effect of copper and cadmium on heavy metal ion bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzymes induction in Chlorella vulgaris 2011 Mixture

Qichen et al. A comprehensive investigation of the toxic effects of heavy metals on fish 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Qin et al. Effect of nanometer selenium on nonspecific immunity and antioxidase of gift stressed by cadmium 2011 Mixture

Qin et al. Immune responses and ultrastructural changes of hemocyt es in freshwater

crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to elevated cadmium 2012 In vitro

Qiu et al. Effects of calcium on the uptake and elimination of cadmium and zinc in

Asiatic clams 2005 Mixture

Rachlin and Grosso The effects of pH on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and its interactions with cadmium toxicity 1991 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Rachlin and Grosso The growth response of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris to combined divalent cation exposure 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Radenac et al. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of four dissolved metals in Paracentrotus

lividus sea

- urchin embryo 2001 Bioaccumulatio n: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; unmeasured exposure

Radhakrishnan and

Hemalatha Sublethal toxic effects of cadmium chloride to liver of freshwater fish

Channa striatus (Bloch.) 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Radhakrishnan and

Hemalatha Bioaccumulation of cadmium in the organs of freshwater fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) 2011 Not North American species

Rai et al. Chromium and cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity in Hydrilla

verticillata (l.f.) Royl e and Chara corallina Wildenow. 1995 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Raimundo et al. Geographical variation and partition of metals in tissues of Octopus vulgaris along the Portuguese coast 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raimundo et al. Sub

- cellular partitioning of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the digestive gland of

native Octo

pus vulgaris exposed to different metal concentrations (Portugal) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raimundo et al. Association of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb with protein fractions and sub

- cellular partitioning in the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris living in habitats

with different metal levels. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raimundo et al. Decrease of Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations in marine fish species over a decade as response to reduction of anthropogenic inputs: the example of Tagus estuary. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rainbow Accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd by crabs and barnacles 1985 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Rainbow and Black Cadmium, zinc and the uptake of calcium by two crabs, Carcinus maenas

and Eriocheir sinensis 2005 Excised tissue/cells

Rainbow and Kwan Physiological responses and the uptake of cadmium and zinc by the amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus 1995 Not North American species

Rainbow and Wang Comparative assimilation of Cd, Cr, Se, and Zn by the barnacle Elminius

modestus from phytoplankton and zooplankton diets 2001 Dietary exposure

Rainbow and Wang Trace metals in barnacles: the significance of trophic transfer 2005 Review

Rainbow and White Comparative strategies of heavy metal accumulation by crustaceans: Zinc,

copper and cadmium in a decapod, and amphipod and a barnacle 1989 Not North American species

Rainbow et al. Effects of chelating agents on the accumulation of cadmium by the

barnacle Semibalanus balanoides , and the complexation of soluble Cd, Zn

and Cu 1980 Not North American species

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Rainbow et al. Geographical and seasonal variation of trace metal bioavailabilities in the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea using mussels ( Mytilus trossulus ) and barnacles ( Balanus improvisus ) as biomonitors 2004a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rainbow et al. Acute dietary pre

- exposure and trace metal bioavailability to the barnacle Balanus amphitrite 2004b Dietary exposure

Rainwater et al. Metals and organochlorine pesticides in caudal scutes of crocodiles from

Belize and Costa Rica 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raissy et al. Mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead in lobster ( Panulirus homarus ) from

the Persian Gulf 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ralph and Burchett Photosynthetic response of Halophila ovalis to heavy metal stress 1998 Not North American species

Ramachandran et al. Effect of copper and cadmium on three Malaysian tropical estuarine

invertebrate larvae 1997 Not North American species

Ramesha et al. Toxicity of cadmium to common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) 1996 Review of previously published data

Ramirez et al. Effects of chromium and cadmium upon respiration and survival of

Callinectes similis 1989 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled

wa ter, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Ramos et al. Metal contents in Porites corals: Anthropogenic input of river run

- off into a coral reef from an urbanized area, Okinawa 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ramsak et al. Evaluation of metallothioneins in blue mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) as a biomarker of mercury and cadmium exposure in the Slovenian Waters (Gulf of Trieste): A long

- term field study 2012 Bioaccumulation: st eady state not documented

Rangsayatorn et al. Ultrastructural changes in various organs of the fish Puntius gonionotus

fed cadmium

- enriched cyanobacteria 2004 Dietary exposure

Rank et al. DNA damage, acetylcholinesterase activity and lysosomal stability in native and transplanted mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) in areas close to coastal chemical dumping sites in Denmark 2007 Mixture

Rao and Madhyastha Toxicities of some heavy metals to the tadpoles of frog, Microhyla ornata (Dumeril and Bibron) 1987 Not North American species

Rao et al. Toxic effect of two heavy metals on phytoplankton photosynthesis 1979 No species name given; dilution water not

characterized

Rao et al. Distribution of contaminants in aquatic organisms from East Fork Poplar

Creek 1996 Bioacc umulation: steady state not documented

Raposo et al. Trace metals in oysters, Crassotrea sps ., from UNESCO protected natural reserve of Urdaibai: Space

- time observations and source identification 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rasmussen et al. Effect of age and tissue weight on the cadmium concentration in Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) 2007 Lack of details; exposure concentration not

known

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused Raungsomboon and Wongrat Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic ecos ystem involving phytoplankton, zooplankton, catfish and sediment 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 72 hour exposure), sediment exposure Ray and White Selected aquatic plants as indicator species for heavy metal pollution 1976 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ray et al. Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead from two contaminated sediments by three marine invertebrates

- a laboratory study 1981 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not condu cted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Rayms

- Keller et al. Effect of heavy metals on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae 1998 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Raynal et al. Cadmium uptake in isolated adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout and yellow perch 2005 In vitro

Razinger et al. Real

- time visualization of oxidative stress in a floating macrophyte Lemna

minor L. exposed to cadmium, copper, menadione, and AAPH 2010 Mixture

Re et al. Estuarine sediment acute toxicity testing with the european amphipod Corophium multisetosum Stock, 1952 2009 Sediment

Reader et al. The effects of eight trace metals in acid soft water on survival, mineral uptake and skeletal calcium de position in yolk

- sac fry of brown trout,

Salmo trutta L. 1989 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Rebhun and Ben

- Amotz The distribution of cadmium between the marine alga Chlorella stigmatophora and sea water medium 1984 Not North American species

Rebhun and Ben

- Amotz Effect of NaCl concentration on cadmium uptake by the halophilic alga

Dunaliella salina 1986 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent fo r algal studies

Rebhun and Ben

- Amotz Antagonistic effect of maganese to cadmium toxicity in the alga

Dunaliella salina 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Reddy and Fingerman Effect of cadmium chloride on amylase activity in the red swamp crayfish,

Procambarus clarkii 1994 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Reddy et al. Effects of cadmium and mercury on ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Reddy et al. Biochemical effects of cadmium on the liver of catfish, Mystus tengara (Ham.) 2010 In vitro

Reddy et al. Cadmium and mercury

- induced hyperglycemia in the fresh water crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex : Involvement of neuroendocrine system 2011 Mixture

Reddy et al. Effect of cadmium, lead and zinc on growth of some cyanobacteria 2002 Lack of details; exposure concentration not

known

Rehwoldt et al. The effect of increased temperature upon the acute toxicity of some heavy

metal ions 1972 Questionable treatment of organisms; River water is dilution water (uncharacterized)

Rehwoldt et al. The acute toxicity of some heavy metals ions toward benthic organisms 1973 Questionable treatment of organisms

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Reichelt

- Brushett and

Harrison The effect of selected trace metals on the fertilization success of several scleractinian coral species 2005 Not North American species , duration too short

Reichert et al. Uptake and metabolism of lead and cadmium in coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) 1979 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Reid and McDonald Metal binding activity of the gills of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 1991 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Reinfelder and Fisher The assimilat ion of elements ingested by marine planktonic bivalve larvae 1994a Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Reinfelder and Fisher Retention of elements absorbed by juvenile fish ( Menidia menidia

, Menidia beryllina ) from zooplankton prey 1994b Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Reinfelder et al. Assimilation efficiencies and turnover rates of trace elements in marine bivalves: a comparison of oysters, clams and mussels 1997 Bioconcentratio n studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Reish et al. The effect of cadmium and DDT on the survival and regeneration in the amphinomid polychaete Eurythoe complanat a 1988 Not North American species

Rejomon et al. Trace metal concentrations in zooplankton from the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rejomon et al. Trace metal dynamics in fishes from the southwest coast of India 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Remacle et al. Cadmium fate in bacterial microcosms 1982 Results were only presented graphically

Ren et al. Using factorial experiments to study the toxicity of metal mixtures 2004 Modeling

Ren et al. Bioavailability and oxidative stress of cadmium to Corbicula fluminea 2013 Sediment exposure

Revathi et al. Effect of cadmium on the ovarian development in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) 2011 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water

not characterized

Reynders et al. Dynamics of cadmium accumulation and effects in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) during simultaneous exposure to water and food ( Tubifex tubifex ) 2006a Dietary exposure

Reynders et al. Patterns of gene expression in carp liver after exposure to a mixture of waterborne and dietary cadmium using a custom

- made microarray 2006b Dietary exposure

Reynders et al. Accumulation and effects of metals in caged carp and resident roach along

a meta l pollution gradient 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Reynoldson et al. A comparison of reproduction, growth and acute toxicity in two populations of Tubifex tubifex (Muller, 1774) from the North American Great Lakes and northern Spain 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

### J

- 123

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Rhea et al. Biomonitoring in the Boulder River watershed, Montana, USA: Metal concentrations in biofilm and macroinvertebrates, and relations with

macroinvertebrate asse mblage 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rhodes et al. Interactive effects of cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls, and fuel oil on experimentally exposed English sole ( Parophrys vetulus ) 1985 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Riba et al. The influence of pH and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals in

sediment to the estuarine clam Ruditapes philippinarum 2004 Non

- applicable

Ribo Interlaboratory comparison studies of the luminescent bacteria toxicity

bi oassay 1997 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Rice A simple mass transport model for metal uptake by marine macroalgae growing at different rates 1984 Review of previously published data

Rice and Chien Uptake, binding and clearance of divalent cadmium in Glycera

dibranchiata (Annelida: Polychaeta) 1979 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through; injected toxicant; dilution water not

characterized

Richards et al. Effects of natural organic matter source on reducing metal toxicity to rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and on metal binding to their gills 2001 Mixture

Richelle et al. Experimental and field studies on the effect of selected heavy metals on three freshwater sponge speci es: Ephydatia fluviatilis

, Ephydatia muelleri

and Spongilla lacustris 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Riches et al. Effect of heavy metals on lipids from the freshwater alga Selenastrum capricornutum 1 996 In vitro

Riddell et al. Behavioral responses to sublethal cadmium exposure within an experimental aquatic food web 2005b Only two exposure concentrations, duration too long

Riddell et al. Sublethal effects of cadmium on prey choice and capture efficiency in juvenile brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) 2005a Only two exposure concentration, atypical endpoint

Ridlington et al. Metallothionein and Cu

- chelation: Characterization of metal

- binding proteins from the tissues of four marine animals 1981 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Ridout et al. Concentrations of manganese iron copper zinc and cadmium in the mesopelagic decapod Systellaspis debilis from the east Atlantic ocean 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Riedel and Christensen Effect of selected water toxicants and other chemicals upon adenosine triphosphatase activity in vitro 1979 In vitro

Riget et al. Influence of length on element concentrations in blue mussels ( Mytilus

edulis ) 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Riisgard et al. Accumulation of cadmium in the mussel Mytilus edulis : Kinetics and importance of uptake via food and sea water 1987 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ringwood Accumulation of cadmium by larvae and adults of an Hawaiian bivalve, Isognomon californicum , during chronic exposure 1989 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Ringwood The relative sensitivities of different life stages of Isognomon californicum to cadmium toxicity 1990 Not North American sp ecies

Ringwood Effects of chronic cadmium exposures on growth of larvae of an Hawaiian bivalve, Isognomon californicum 1992b Not North American species

Ringwood Comparative sensitivity of gametes and early developmental stages of a sea urchin species ( Echinometra mathaei ) and a bivalve species ( Isognomon californicum ) during metal exposures 1992a Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Ringwood Ag e

- specific differences in cadmium sensitivity and bioaccumulation in

bivalve molluscs 1993 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Risso

- de Faverney et al. Cadmium induces apoptosis and genotoxicity in rainbow trout hepatocytes through generation of reactive oxygen species 2001 In vitro

Ritterhoff et al. Calibration of the estuarine amphipods, Gammarus zaddachi Sexton (1912), as biomonitors: Toxicokinetics of cadmium and possible role of

inducible metal

- binding proteins in Cd detoxification 1996 Not North American species

Roach et al. Assessment of metals in fish from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales,

Australia 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roast et al. Impairment of mysid ( Neomysis integer ) swimming ability: An environmentally realistic assessment of the impact of cadmium exposure 2001a Only two exposure concentrations, duration too long

Roast et al. Trace metal uptake by the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis : the role of osmoregulation 2002c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North American species

Roast et al. Distribution and swimming behaviour of Neomysis integer (Peracarida: Mysidacea) in response to gradients of dissolved oxygen following exposure to cadmium at environmental concentrations 2002b Review

Roberto et al. Carbonic anhydrase activity in Mytilus g alloprovincialis digestive gland: Sensitivity to heavy metal exposure 2010 Mixture

Robertson and Liber Bioassays with caged Hyalella azteca to determine in situ toxicity downstream of two Saskatchewan, Canada, uranium operations 2007 Mixture

Roccheri et al. Cadmium induces the expression of specific stress proteins in sea urchin embryos 2004 Not North American species

### J

- 125

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Roch and Mccarter Metallothionein induction, growth, and survival of chinook salmon exposed to zinc, copper, and cadmium 1984 Mixture

Roch and McCarter Metallothionein induction growth and survival of rainbow trout exposed to mixed heavy metal contamination 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Roch et al. Determination of no effect levels of heavy metals for rainbow trout using hepatic metallothionein 1986 Mixture

Rodgher and Espindola Effects of interactions between algal densities and cadmium

concentrations on Ceriodaphnia dubia fecundity and survival 2008 Dietary exposure

Rodrigues and Pawlowsky Acute toxicity tests by bioassays applied to the solubilized extracts of

solid wastes Class II A

- non inerts and Class II B 2007 Text in foreign language

Rodriguez et al. Accumulation of lead, chromium, and cadmium in muscle of capitan ( Ere mophilus mutisii ), a catfish from the Bogota River Basin 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roesijadi and Fellingham Influence of Cu, Cd, and Zn preexposure on Hg toxicity in the mussel Mytilus edulis 1987 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Roesijadi et al. Dietary cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene increased intestinal metallothionein expression in the fish Fundulus heteroclitus 2009 Dietary exposure

Roh et al. A cadmium toxicity assay using stress responsive Caenorhabditis elegans

mutant strains 2009 Data previously reported

Roline and Boehmke Heavy metals pollution of the Upper Arkansas River, Colorado, and its effects on the distribution of the aquatic macrofauna 1981 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roman et al. Seasonal studies on cadmium toxicity in Choromytilus chorus (Molina 1782) 1994 Not North American species

Rombough The influence of the zona radiata on the toxicities of zinc, lead, mercury, copper and silver ions to embryos of steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri 1985 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Rome o Toxicology of trace metals in the marine 1991 Text in foreign language

Romeo and Gnassia

Barelli Metal distribution in different tissues and in subcellular fractions of the

Mediterranean clam Ruditapes decussatus treated with cadmium, copper,

or zinc 19 95 Not North American species

Romera et al. Comparative study of biosorption of heavy metals using different types of algae 2007 No cadmium toxicity information; treatment study

Romera et al. Biosorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn with mixture of different types of algae 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 120 minute exposure)

Romera et al. Biosorption of heavy metals by Fucus spiralis 2008b Mixture

Romera et al. Biosorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn with mixtures of different types of algae 2008a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Romero et al. Toxic effects of cadmium on microalgae isolated from the northeastern region of Venezuela 2002 Non

- applicable

Ros and Slooff Integrated criteria document cadmium; Appendix 1. Effects 1988 Review

### J

- 126

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Rosas and Ramirez Effect of chromium and cadmium on the thermal tolerance of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii expose to hard and soft water 1993 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Rosas et al. Trace metal concentrations in southern right whale ( Eubalaena australis ) at Peninsula Valdes, Argentina. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roseman et al. bsorption of cadmium from water by North American zebra and quagga mussels (B ivalvia: Dreissenidae) 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Rossi and Jamet In situ heavy metals (copper, lead and cadmium) in different plankton compartments and suspended particulate matter in two coupled Mediterranean coastal ecosystems (Toulon Bay, France) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rouleau et al. Kinetics and body distribution of waterborne 65 Zn(II), 109 Cd(II), 203 Hg(II),

and CH 3 203 Hg(II) in phantom midge larvae ( Chaoborus americanus ) and effects of complexing agents 1998 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Rowe Elevated standard metabolic rate in a freshwater shrimp ( Palaemonetes paludosus ) exposed to trace element

- rich coal combustion waste 1998 Mixture

Roy et al. Adsorption of heavy metals by green algae and ground rice hulls 1993 In vitro

Ruan Contents of and assessment on heavy metals in aquatic organisms in the Yuandang Lake of Xiamen 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ruangsomboon and Wongrat Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic food chain involving phytoplankton ( Chlorella vulgaris ), zooplankton ( Moina

macrocopa ), and the predatory catfish Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus 2006 Dietary exposure

Rubinstein et al. Accumulation of PCBs, mercury and cadmium by Nereis virens

, Mercenaria mercenaria and Palaemontes pugio from contaminated

harbor sediments 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in dis tilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured Ruelaqs

- Inzunza and

Paez

- Osuna Trophic Distribution of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a Food Web from Altata

Ensenada del Pabellon Subtropical Lagoon, SE Gulf of California 2008 SS not do

Ruelas

- Inzunza et al. Trophic distribution of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a food web from Altata

Ensenada del Pabellon subtropical lagoon, SE Gulf of California 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ruelle and Keenlyne Contaminants in Missouri River pallid sturgeon 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rumolo et al. Heavy metals in benthic foraminifera from the highly polluted sediments of the Naples Harbour (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Saavedra et al. Interspecific variation of metal concentrations in three bivalve mollusks

from Galicia 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Safadi The use of freshwater planarians in acute toxicity test with heavy metals 1998 Not North American species

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Saglam et al. Investigations on the osmoregulation of freshwater fish ( Oreochromis

niloticus ) following exposures to metals (Cd, Cu) in differing hardness 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Saglamtimur et al. Effects of different concentrations of copper alone and a copper+cadmium mixture on the accumulation of copper in the gill, liver, kidney and

muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) 2003 Mixture

Sahu et al. Accumulation of metals in naturally grown weeds (aquatic macrophytes) grown on an industrial effluent channel 2007 Effluent

Saiki et al. Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in juvenile chinook salmon

and selected fish

- forage organisms (aquatic insects) in the upper

Sacram ento River, California 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sajwan et al. Elemental status in sediment and American oyster collected from Savannah marsh/estuarine ecosystem: A preliminary assessment 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salahshur et al. Use of Solen brevis as a biomonitor for Cd, Pb and Zn on the intertidal

zones of Bushehr

- Persian Gulf, Iran. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salanki et al. Heavy metals in animals of Lake Balaton 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salazar

- Lugo et al. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on structure of head kidney of neotropical fish Colossoma macropomum 2011 Abstract only

Salazar

- Medina et al. Inhibition by Cu2+ and Cd2+ of a mu

- class gl utathione S

- transferase from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 2010 In vitro

Saleem et al. Heavy metal concentration in the fish and shellfish of Karachi harbour

area 1999 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salice et al. Demographic responses to multigeneration cadmium exposure in two strains of the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria glabrata 2009 Prior exposure, unmeasured chronic exposure

Salice et al. Adaptive responses and latent costs of multigeneration cadmium exposure in parasite resistant and susceptible strains of a freshwater snail 2010 Too few exposure concentrations, atypical endpoint

Salvado et al. Monitoring of nutrients, pesticides, and metals in waters, sediments, and

fish of a wetland 2006 Bioaccumul ation: steady state not documented

Samecka

- Cymerman and Kempers Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes from two small rivers polluted by urban, agricultural and textile industry sewages SW Poland 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Samecka

- Cymerman et al. Heavy metals in aquatic bryophytes from the Ore mountains (Germany) 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sanchez Development of novel biomarkers of fish exposure to environmental

contaminants 2009 Injected toxicant

Sanchez

- Chardi et al. Bioaccumulation of lead, mercury, and cadmium in the greater white

toothed shrew, Crocidura russula , from the Ebro Delta (NE Spain): Sex

and age

- dependent variation 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sanchiz et al. Bi oaccumulation of Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn in four marine phanerogams and the alga Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) Lamouroux from the east coast of Spain 1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sanchiz et al. Relationsh ips between sediment physico

- chemical characteristics and heavy metal bioaccumulation in Mediterranean soft

- bottom macrophytes 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sanchiz et al. Mercury, cadmium, lead and zinc bioaccumulation in soft

- bottom marine macrophytes from the east coast of Spain 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sandau et al. Heavy metal sorption by microalagae 1996 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Sandhu et al. Cadmium

- mediated disruption of cortisol biosynthesis involves suppression of corticosteroidogenic genes in rainbow trout 2011 In vitro

Sandhu et al. Exposure to environmental levels of waterborne cadmium impacts corticosteroidogenic and metabolic capacities, and compromis es secondary stressor performance in rainbow trout 2014 Only two exposure concentrations

Sandrini et al. Short

- term responses to cadmium exposure in the estuarine polychaete

Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae): Subcellular distribution and oxidative stress generation 2006 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short, not North American species

Sanger et al. The effects of cadmium on Mytilus edulis : Metallothionein, micronuclei

a nd heart rate 2002 Non

- applicable

Santojanni et al. Prediction of fecundity in chronic toxicity tests on Daphnia magna 1998 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Santoro et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macroinvertebrates along the Basento River in the south of Italy 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Santos et al. Biomonitoring of metal contamination in a marin e prosobranch snail ( Nassarius reticulatus ) by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA

- ICP

- MS) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sapozhnikova et al. Evaluation of pesticides and metals in fish of the Dniester River, Moldova 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sarma et al. Effect of cadmium and chromium toxicity on the demography and population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera) 2006 Duration too short, no t North American species

Sarosiek et al. The effect of copper, zinc, mercury and cadmium on some sperm enzyme activities in the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) 2009 Mixture

Sasikumar et al. Monitoring trace metal contaminants in green mussel, Perna viridis from the coastal waters of Karnataka, southwest coast of India 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sasmaz et al. The accumulation of heavy metals in Typha latifolia L. grown in a stream carrying secondary effluent 2008 Effluent

Sassi et al. Influence of high temperature on cadmium

- induced skeletal deformities in juvenile mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ) 2010 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water

not characterized

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sastry and Shukla Influence of protective agents in the t oxicity of cadmium to a freshwater fish ( Channa punctatus ) 1994 Not North American species

Sastry and Sunita Effect of cadmium and chromium on the intestinal absorption of glucose in the snakehead fish, Channa punctatus 1982 Not North American species

Satake et al. Inorganic elements in some aquatic bryophytes from streams in New

Caledonia 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sauter et al. Effects of exposure to heavy metals on selected freshwater fish. Toxicity of copper, cadmium, chromiu m and lead to eggs and fry of seven fish species 1976 High control mortality reported

Sauvant et al. Toxicity assessment of 16 inorganic environmental pollutants by six bioassays 1997 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Sauve et al. Phagocytic response of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates following in vitro exposure to trace elements 2002a In vitro

Sauve et al. Phagocytic activity of marine and freshwater bivalves: In vitro exposure

of hemocytes to metals (Ag, Cd, Hg and Zn) 2002b In vitro

Saxena et al. Experimental studies on toxicity of zinc and cadmium to Heteropneustes fossilis (Bl.) 1993 Not North American species

Saygideger and Dogan Lead and cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the presence of EDTA in

Lemna minor L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. 2004 Mixture

Saygideger and Dogan Variation of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in aquatic macrophytes from the Seyhan River, Adana, Turkey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Saygideger et al. Adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions by Lemna minor L.: Effect of physicochemical environment 2005 Mixture

Sayk and Schmidt Algae fluorescence auto meter, a computer

- controlled measuring apparatus biotest 1986 Text in foreign language

Schaeffer et al. Evaluation of the reference toxicant addition procedure for testing the toxicity of environmental samples 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Schafer et al. Biotests using unicellular algae and ciliates for predicting long

- term
effects of toxicants 1994 Not North American species

Schiff et al. Characterization of stormwater toxicants from an urban watershed to freshwater and marine organisms 2002 Effluent

Schintu et al. Trace metals in algae from the south

- western coast of Sardinia (Italy) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmidt Possible use and results of an algal fluorescence bioassay 1987 Text in foreign language

Schmitt Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, selenium, and zinc in fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. Organochlorine residues and elemental contaminants in U.S. freshwater fish, 1976

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Schmitt et al. Biochemical effects of lead, zinc, and cadmium from mining on fish in the

tri

- states district of northeastern Oklahoma, USA 2005 Bioaccumulation: s teady state not documented

Schmitt et al. A screening

- level assessment of lead, cadmium, and zinc in fish and crayfish from northeastern Oklahoma, USA 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. Accumulation of metals in fish from lead

- zinc mining areas of southeastern Missouri, USA 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and zinc in blood and fillets of northern hog sucker ( Hypentelium nigricans ) from stream s contaminated by lead

- zinc mining: Implications for monitoring 2009a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. Concentrations of metals in aquatic invertebrates from the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri 2009b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schoenert et al. The sensitivity of six strains of unicellular algae Selenastrum capricornutum to six reference toxicants 1983 Abstract only

Schor

- Fumbarov et al. Characterization of cadmium uptake by the water lily Nymphaea aurora 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Schorr and Backer Localized effects of coal mine drainage on fish assemblages in a Cumberland plateau stream in Tennessee 2006 Mixture

Schroeder Development of models for the prediction of short

- term and long

- term toxicity to Hyalella azteca from separate exposures to nickel and

cadmium 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schuwerack et al. The dynamics of protein and metal metabolism in acclimated and Cd

exposed freshwater crabs ( Potamonautes warreni ) 2009 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short, not North American species

Schwartz et al. Influence of natural organic matter source on acute copper, lead, and cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2004 Mixture

Secor et al. Bioaccumulation of toxicants, element and nutrient composition, and soft tissue histology of zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) from New York

State waters 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sedlacek et al. Influence of different aquatic humus fractions on uptake of cadmium to alga Selenastrum capriconutum Printz 1989 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concent rations not adequately

measured

Seebaugh and Wallace Assimilation and subcellular partitioning of elements by grass shrimp collected along an impact gradient 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Seebaugh et al. Digestive toxicity in grass shrimp collected along an impact gradient 2011 Fed toxicant

Seebaugh et al. Carbon assimilation and digestive toxicity in naive grass shrimp ( Palaemonetes pugio ) exposed to dietary cadmium 2012 Fed toxicant

Segner and Lenz Cytotoxicity assays with the rainbow trout R1 cell line 1993 In vitro

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Segovia

- Zavala et al. Cadmium and silver in Mytilus californianus transplanted to an anthropogenic influenced and coastal upwelling areas in the Mexican

northeastern Pacific 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not d ocumented

Sehgal and Saxena Determination of acute toxicity levels of cadmium and lead to the fish

Lebistes reticulatus (Peters) 1987 Not North American species

Sekine and Noriko Studies on the accumulation and transfer of pollutants through food chain. 6. Study on the optimum condition on simulation test and effect of culturing density on the toxicity of cadmium for killifish throughout the

year 1985 Text in foreign language

Sekkat et al. Study of the interactions between copper, cadmium, and ferbam usi ng the

protozoan Colpidium campylum bioassay 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Selck and Forbes The relative importance of water and diet for uptake and subcellular distribution of cadmium in the deposit

- feeding polychaete, Capitella sp. 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North American specie s

Sellin et al. Cadmium exposures in fathead minnows: Are there sex

- specific differences in mortality, reproductive success, and Cd accumulation? 2007 Only one exposure concentration, duration too

short

Semsari and Megateli Effect of cadmium toxicity on survival and phototactic behaviour of Daphnia magna 2007 Duration too short, only one exposure

concentration

Sen and Sunlu Effects of cadmium (CdCl(2)) on development and hatching of eggs in European squid ( Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) 2007 No acclimation to test media, not North American species

Senadheera and Pathiratne Bioaccumulation potential of three toxic heavy metals in shrimp, Penaeus

monodon from different fractions of the culture env ironment 2003 Bioaccumulation: field study, exposure

concentration not known

Senger et al. In vitro effect of zinc and cadmium on acetylcholinesterase and ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) brain 2006 In vitro

Serafim and Bebianno Kinetic model of cadmium accumulation and elimination and metallothionein response in Ruditapes decussatus 2007 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle content; not North American species

Serafim and Bebianno Ef fect of a polymetallic mixture on metal accumulation and metallothionein response in the clam Ruditapes decussatus 2010 Mixture

Serafim et al. Effect of temperature and size on metallothionein synthesis in the gill of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium 2002 Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Serfozo Necrotic effects of the xenobiotics' accumulation in the central nervous system of a crayfish (

Astacus leptodactylus Eschz.) 1993 Lack of exposure details

Servizi and Martens Effects of selected heavy metals on early life of sockeye and pink salmon 1978 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Seth et al. Toxic effect of arsenate and cadmium alone and in combi nation on giant duckweed ( Spirodela polyrrhiza L.) in response to its accumulation 2007 Excessive EDTA in medium (2,628 ug/L)

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Neelakantan Influence of humic acid on the toxicity of copper, cadmium and lead to the unicellular alga, Synechosystis aquatilis 1990 Not North American species

Sharma and Patino Effects of cadmium, estradiol

- 17beta and their interaction on gonadal condition and metamorphosis of male and female african clawed frog, Xenopus laevis 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Sharma and Selvaraj Zinc, lead and cadmium toxicity to selected freshwater zooplankters 1994 Organisms only acclimated 5 days, lake water (dilution water) not completely characterized

Sharma et al. Diurnal variation of Texas "brown tide" ( Aureoumbra lagunensis ) in

relation to metals 2000 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shaw et al. Gene response profiles for Daphnia pulex exposed to the environmental

stressor cadmium reveals novel crustacean metallothioneins 2007 Lack of detail

Shazili Effects of salinity and pre

- exposure on acute cadmium toxicity to seabass, Lates calcarifer 1995 Not North American species

Shcherban Toxicity of some heavy metals for Daphnia magna Strauss, as a function of temperature 1977 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Sheela et al. Impact of cadmium on food utilization, growth and body composition in

the fish Oreochromis mossambicus 1995 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Sheir and Handy Tissue injury and cellular immune responses to cadmium chloride exposure in the common mussel Mytilus edulis : Modulation by lipopolysaccharide 2010 In vitro

Shi and Wang Understanding the differences in Cd and Zn bioaccumulation and subcellular storage am ong different populations of marine clams 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shiber and Shatila Lead cadmium copper nickel and iron in limpets mussels and snails from

the coast of Ras Beirut Lebanon 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shilla et al. Distribution of heavy metals in dissolved, particulate and biota in the Scheldt Estuary, Belgium 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shirakashi and El

Matbouli Effect of cadmium on the susceptibility of Tubifex tubi fex to Myxobolus

cerebralis (Myxozoa), the causative agent of whirling disease 2010 Mixture

Shirvani and Jamili Assessing Cd, Pb accumulation in the tissues of Chalcalbumus chalcoides

in Anzali Port 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shivaraj and Patil Toxicity of cadmium and copper to a freshwater fish Puntius arulius 1988 Not North American species

Shuhaimi

- Othman and

Pascoe Bioconcentration and depuration of copper, cadmium, and zinc mixtures by the freshwater amphipod Hyallela azteca 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 5 day exposure)

Shuhaimi

- Othman et al. Toxicity of eight metals to Malaysian freshwater midge larva Chironomus javanus (Diptera, Chironomidae) 2011 Not North American species

Shuhaimi

- Othman et al. Toxicity of metals to tadpoles of the common Sunda toad, Duttaphrynus

melanostictus 2012a Not North American species

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Shukla et al. Effect of cadmium individually and in combination with other metals on the nutritive value of fresh water fish, Channa punctatus 2002 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Shukla et al. Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd in Channa punctatus 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North

Ameri can species

Shukla et al. Preferential accumulation of cadmium and chromium: Toxicity in Bacopa

monnieri L. under mixed metal treatments 2007a Mixture

Shulkin and Presley Metal concentrations in mussel Crenomytilus grayanus and oyster Crassostrea gigas in relation to contamination of ambient sediment

exposures 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shulkin et al. The influence of metal concentration in bottom sediments on metal accumulation by Mytilids crenomytilus grayanus and Modiolus kuri lensis 2002 Sediment exposure

Siboni et al. Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod Hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sick and Baptist Cadmium incorporation by the marine copepod Pseudodiaptomous

coronatus 1979 Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes and were not used because of the possibility of isotope discrimination

Sidoumou et al. Cadmium and calcium uptake in the mollusc Donax rugosus and effect of

a calcium channel blocker 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Sidoumou et al. Heavy metal concentrations in mol luscs from the Senegal coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sieratowicz et al. Effects of test media on reproduction in Potamopyrgus antipodarum and of pre

- exposure population densities on sensitivity to cadmium in a reproduction test 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Sikorska and Wolnicki Cadmium toxicity to rudd ( Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.) larvae after

short

- term exposure 2006 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, not North American species

Silva et al. Utili zation of Odontesthes regia (Atherinidae) from the south eastern Pacific as a test organism for bioassays: Study of its sensitivity to six

chemicals 2001 Duration too short, not North American species

Silva et al. Effects of phenanthrene

- and metal

- contaminated sediment on the feeding activity of the harpacticoid copepod, Schizopera knabeni 2009 Sediment exposure

Silvestre et al. Uptake of cadmium through isolated perfused gills of the chinese mitten crab, Eriochei r sinensis 2004 Non

- applicable

Silvestre et al. Hyper

- osmoregulatory capacity of the Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir

sinensis ) exposed to cadmium; Acclimation during chronic exposure 2005 High control mortality (26%), not North American species

Simas et al. Shrimp

- a dynamic model of heavy

- metal uptake in aquatic macrofauna 2001 Modeling

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Simoes Goncalves et al. Effect of nutrients, temperature and light on uptake of cadmium by Selenastrum capricornutum Printz 1988 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Simoes Goncalves et al. Effect of speciation on uptake and toxicity of cadmium to shrimp Crangon crangon (L.) 1989 Not North American species

Simon et al. In situ evaluation of cadmium biomarkers in green algae 2011 Effluent

Simonetti et al. Heavy

- metal concentrations in soft tissues of the burrowing crab Neohelice granulata in Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Simonova et al. Comparison of tolerance of Brassica juncea and Vigna radiata to
cadmium 2007 Non

- aquatic plants

Sindhe et al. Ovarian changes in response to heavy metal exposure to the fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) 2002 Dilution water not characterized, lack of exposure details, not North American species

Singh Toxic effects of cadmium chloride n growth and oogonium formation in Oedogonium hatei 2005 Lack of details, no statistical analysis

Singh and Ferns Accumulation of heavy metals in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) maintained on a diet containing activated sewage sludge 1978 Effluent

Singh et al. Changes in haematocrit values of Labeo rohita (Ham.) under the toxicity

of cadmium chloride 2003 Lack of details, not North American species

Singh et al. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and body tissues of red worm ( Tubifex spp .) collected from natural habitats in Mumbai, India 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Singh et al. Cadmium induced changes on the secretion of branchial mucous cells of peppered loach, Lepdocephalichthys guntea 2007a Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration, not North American species, duration too long

Singh et al. Bioaccumula tion of cadmium in tissues of Cirrihna mrigala and Catla

catla 2008 Lack of details; not North American species

Sinha et al. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu and Cd in Vallisneria spiralis (L.). 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Sinha et al. Calorific changes in liver, ovary and muscle of hill stream fish Garra mullya (sykes) due to cadmium toxicity 2001 Unmeasured chronic exposure, only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Siva Kiran et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium in blue green alga Spirulina ( Arthrospira )

indica 2012 Excessive EDTA in medium (80,000 ug/L)

Skinner et al. Heavy metal concentrations in wild and cultured blacklip abalone ( Haliotis rubra Leach) from southern Australian waters 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

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Skorkowski et al. Effect of cadmium and glutathione on malic enzyme activity in brown shrimps ( Crangon crangon ) from the Gul f of Gdansk (Baltic Sea, Poland) 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Skowronski and Przytocka

- Jusiak Effect of cadmium on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and Stichococcus

baccillaris 1981 Cannot determine effect concentration, no statistical analysis

Skowronski and Przytocka

- Jusiak Cadmium removal by green alga Stichococcus bacillaris 1986 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measu red

Skowronski et al. Reduction of cadmium toxicity to green microalga Stichococcus bacillaris by manganese 1988 Review of previously published data

Skowronski et al. The influence of pH on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Stichococcus

bacillaris and on the cadmium forms present in the culture medium 1991 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Slobodskova et al. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cadmium in gill cells of the clam Corbicula japonica using the Comet Assay 2010 In vitro

Sloman et al. The effects of trace metal exposure on agonistic encounters in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2003a Only one exposure concentration, duration too

short

Sloman et al. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2003b Only one exposure concentration, duration too

short

Sloof et al. Kinetics of cadmium uptake by green algae 1995 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complex ing agent for algal studies

Smith et al. Distribution and significance of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in the Corio Bay ecosystem 1981 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadmium in the water

Smith et al. Chemical contaminants, lymphocystis, and dermal sarcoma in walleyes spawning in the Thames River, Ontario 1992 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Smith et al. Inhibited cytotoxic leukocyte activity in tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) following exposure to immunotoxic chemicals 1999a Injected toxicant

Smith et al. Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and rodents exhibit similar patterns of inhibited antibody production following exposure to immunotoxic

chemicals 1999b Injected toxicant

Smokorowski et al. Quantifying the uptake and release of cadmium and copper by the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta preying upon the cladoceran Daphnia

magna using stable isotope tracers 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Snodgrass et al. Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to embryonic and larval amphibians: Variation in sensitivity among species 2008 Sediment exposure

Soares et al. Vanadium and cadmium in v ivo effects in teleost cardiac muscle: Metal

accumulation and oxidative stress markers 2008 Mixture

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Sobhan and Sternberg Cadmium removal using cladophora 1999 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or

bioconcentration

Sobral et al. In vitro development of parthenogenetic eggs: a fast ecotoxicity test with Daphnia magna ? 2001 In vitro

Sobrino

- Figueroa and

Caceres

- Martinez Alterations of valve closing behavior in juvenile catarina scallops ( Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby, 1842) exposed to toxic metals 2009 Mixture

Softeland et al. Toxicological application of primary hepatocyte cell cultures of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua )

-- effects of BNF, PCDD and Cd 2010 In vitro

Sokolova et al. Effects of temperature and cadmium exposure on the mitochondria of oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) exposed to hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation 2012 Abstract only

Sokolova et al. Cadmium exposure affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and gene expression of key mitochondrial proteins in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) 2005b Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Sokolova et al. Tissue

- specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of

eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) 2005a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; unmeasured exposure

Sokolowski et al. The relationship between metal concentrations and phenotypes in the

Baltic clam Macoma balthica (L.) from the Gulf of Gdansk, southern

Baltic 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sola et al. Heavy metal bioaccumulation and macroinvertebrate c ommunity changes in a Mediterranean stream affected by acid mine drainage and an accidental spill (Guadiamar River, SW Spain) 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Solanke et al. Toxicity of cadmium in fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio 2012 Dilution water not characterized; only one exposure concentration

Sole Rovira et al. Effects on metallothionein levels and other stress defenses in Senegal sole larvae exposed to cadmium 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; unmeasured exposu re; not North American species

Soltan and Rashed Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth under several conditions of heavy metal concentrations 2003 Distilled water without the proper salts, only one exposure concentration

Sommer and Winkler The effect of heavy metals on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration

of Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. 1982 Text in foreign language

Song et al. Single and joint toxic effects of benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium on development of three

- setiger juvenile of ploychaete Pernereis aibuhitensis

Grube 2011 Text in foreign language

Sooksawat et al. Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: Bioaccumulation and toxicity studies of cadmium, lead and zinc 2013 Only two exposure concentration; Bioaccumalation: steady state not documented Sorgeloos et al. The use of Artemia nauplii for toxicity tests

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Sornom et al. Effects of sublethal cadmium exposure on antipredator behavioural and antitoxic responses in the invasive amphipod, Dikerogammarus villosus 2012 Only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Soto

- Jimenez et al. Nonessential metals in striped marlin and Indo

- Pacific sailfish in the southeast Gulf of California, Mexico: concentration and assessment of

human health risk 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Souid et al. Effect of acute cadmium exposure on metal accumulation and oxidative

stress biomarkers of Sparus aurata 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Soukupova et al. Effect of cadmium(II) ions on level of biologically active compounds in carps and invertebrates 2 011 Abstract only

Sovenyi and Szakolczai Studies on the toxic and immunosuppressive effects of cadmium on the

common carp 1993 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Spann et al. Size

- dependent effects of low level cadmium and zinc exposure on the metabolome of the asian clam, Corbicula fluminea 2011 Mixture

Specht et al. Structural, functional, and recovery responses of stream invertebrates to fly ash effluent 1984 Effluent

Sprague Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish i. bioassay methods for acute toxicity 1969 Review

Sprenger et al. Concentrations of trace elements in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from

six acidic lakes 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documente d

Spry and Wiener Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low

- alkalinity lakes: A critical

review 1991 Review of previously published data

Srivastav et al. Ultimobranchial gland of a freshwater teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis , in

response to cadmium treatment 2009 In vitro

Srivastava and Appenroth Interaction of EDTA and iron on the accumulation of Cd2+ in duckweeds (Lemnaceae) 1995 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Srivastava et al. Physiological changes in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis following exposure to cadmium 2001 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

St. Louis Element concentrations in chironomids and their abundance in the littoral

zone of acidified lakes in Northwestern Ontario 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stanley et al. A comparison of chronic cadmium effects on Hyalella azteca in effluent

dominated stream mesocosms to similar laboratory exposures in effluent

and reconstituted hard water 2005 High (55%) control mortality

Stary and Kratzer The cumulation of toxic metals on alga 1982 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Stary et al. The cumulation of zinc and cadmium in fish ( Poecilia reticulata ) 1982 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Stary et al. Cumulation of zinc, cadmium and mercury on the alga Scenedesmus obliquus 1983 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Staub et al. Respiratory and reproductive characteristics of eastern mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ) inhabiting a coal ash settling basin 2004 Effluent

Stawarz et al. Heavy

- metal concentration in the toad Bufo bufo from a region of Mochovce, Slovakia 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not docum ented

Stefano et al. Cholinesterase activities in the scallop Pecten jacobaeus : Characterization and effects of exposure to aquatic contaminants 2008 Non

- applicable

Stepanyan et al. Effect of molybdenum, chrome and cadmium ions on metamorphosis and erythrocytes morphology of the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus (Amphibia: Anura) 2011 Not North American species, only one exposure

concentration

Stephenson and Macki Net cadmium flux in Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda) populations

from five central Ontario lakes 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Stern and Stern Effects of fly ash heavy metals on Daphnia magna 1980 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Stoiber Analysis of toxicity biomarkers for understanding copper and cadmium stress in freshwater algae 2011 EDTA in exposure media not defined

Stoiber et al. Relationships between surfac e

- bound and internalized copper and cadmium and toxicity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stokes and Dreier Copper requirement of a copper

- tolerant isolate of Scenedesmus and the effect of copper depletion on tolerance 1981 Not applicable

Stolyar et al. Comparison of metal bioavailability in frogs from urban and rural sites of

western Ukraine 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stom and Zubareva Comparative resistance of Daphnia and Epischura to toxic substances in

acute exposure 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Storelli and Marcotrigiano Heavy metal monitoring in fish, bivalve molluscs, water, and sediments

fr om Varano Lagoon, Italy 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli and Marcotrigiano Content of mercury and cadmium in fish ( Thunnus alalunga ) and cephalopods ( Eledone moschata ) from the southeastern Mediterranean

Sea 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli et al. Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in swordfish and bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: A comparative study 2005b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli et al. Trace element s in loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from the eastern

Mediterranean Sea: overview and evaluation 2005a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

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Storelli et al. Metals and organochlorine compounds in eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) from the Lesina lagoon, Adriatic Sea (Italy) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli et al. Total and subcellular distribution of trace elements (Cd, Cu and Zn) in the liver and kidney of green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) from the

Mediterranean Sea 2008 Bioaccum ulation: steady state not documented

Stout et al. Phytoprotective influence of bacteria on growth and cadmium accumulation in the aquatic plant Lemna minor 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Strady et al. Roles of regional hydrodynamic and trophic contamination in cadmium bioaccumulation by Pacific oysters in the Marennes

- Oleron Bay (France) 2011a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stripp et al. Trace element accumulation in the tissues of fish from lakes with different pH values 1990 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stromgren et al. Acute toxic effects of produced water in relation to chemical composition and dispersion 1995 Effluent

Stubblefield et al. Acclimation

- induced changes in the toxicity of zinc and cadmium to

rainbow trout 1999 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described Stuhlbacher and Maltby Cadmium resistance in Gammarus pulex (L.) 1992 Not North American species

Sullivan Effects of salinity and temperature on the acute toxicity of cadm ium to the

estuarine crab Paragrapsus gaimardii (Milne Edwards) 1977 Not North American species

Sun and Zhou Oxidative stress biomarkers of the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor exposed to cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbons 2008 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, unmeasured chronic exposure

Sun et al. Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor 2006 Mixture

Sun et al. Joint effects of arsenic and cadmium on plant growth and metal bioaccumulation: A potential Cd

- hyperaccumulator and As

- excluder Bidens pilosa L 2009 Mixture

Sunda and Huntsman Antagonisms between cadmium and zinc toxicity and manganese

limitation in a coa stal diatom 1996 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Sunda et al. Effect of chemical speciation on toxicity of cadmium to grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio : Importance of free cadmium ion 1978 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Sunil et al. A method for partitioning cadmium bioaccumulated in small aquatic organisms 1995 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted lon g enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Sunila and Lindstrom Survival, growth and shell deformities of copper

- and cadmium

- exposed mussels ( Mytilus edulis L.) in brackish water 1985 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Sunlu Trace metal levels in mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis L. 1758) from Turkish Aegean Sea coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sura et al. Cadmium toxicity related to cysteine metabolism and glutathione levels in frog Rana ridibunda tissues 2006 Only two exposure concentrations, not North American species

Suresh Effect of cadmium chloride on liver, spleen and kidney melano macrophage centres in Tilapia mossambica 2009 Duration too long, lack of exposure details

Suryawanshi Accumulation and depuration of cadmium in oyster Crassostrea

cattuckensis from Bhatye Estuary in Ratnagiri coast 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Suryawanshi Zinc and cadmium cont ent in the estuarine oyster from Ratnagiri coast of

Maharashtra 2006b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Suryawanshi and Langekar Zinc and cadmium toxicity to estuarine rock oyster Crassostrea

cattuckensis on Ratnagiri coast 2006 Mixture

Suzuki et al. Environmental and injected cadmium are sequestered by two major isoforms of basal copper, zinc

- metallothionein in gibel ( Carassius auratus langsdorfi ) liver 1987 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Svecevicius The use of fish avoidance response in identifying sublethal toxicity of heavy metals and their mixtures 2007 Mixture

Swansburg et al. Mouthpart deformities and community composition of chironomidae (Diptera) larvae downstream of metal mines in New Brunswick, Canada 2002 Mixture

Swartz et al. Sediment toxicity, contamination, and macrobenthic communities near a large sewage outfall 1985 Sediment

Swinehart Final Technical Report for U.S.G.S. Grant: The effects of humic substances on the interactions of metal ions with organisms and liposo 1990 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measu red

Szarek

- Gwiazda and

Amirowicz Bioaccumulation of trace elements in roach, silver bream, rudd, and perch living in an inundated opencast sulphur mine 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Szarek

- Gwiazda et al. Trace element concentrations in fish and bottom sediments of an eutrophic

dam reservoir 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Szczerbik et al. Influence of long

- term exposure to dietary cadmium on growth, maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio B.) 2006 Dietary exposure

Szebedinszky et al. Effects of chronic Cd exposure via the diet or water on internal organ

specific distribution and subsequent gill Cd uptake kinetics in juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 2001 Only one exposure concentration

Szefer et al. A comparative assessment of heavy metal accumulation in soft parts and byssus of mussels from subarctic, temperate, subtropical and tropical

marine environments 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

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Szivak et al. Metal

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reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae) 2009 Lack of details

Tabari et al. Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr) in fish, water and sediments sampled form Southern Caspian Sea, Iran 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Takamura et al. Effects of Cu, Cd and Zn on photosynthesis of freshwater benthic algae 1989 Not North American species

Talas et al. Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd+2, Cr+3) on liver of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792) 2008 Mixture

Talbot Relationship between cadmium concentrations in seawater and those in

the mussel Mytilus edulis 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Talbot Relationship between lead concentrations in seawater and in the mussel Mytilus edulis : A water

- quality criterion 1987 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Tan et al. Comparati ve evaluation of the cytotoxicity sensitivity of six fish cell lines to four heavy metals in vitro 2008 In vitro

Tan et al. Effect of dietary cadmium level on the growth, body composition and several hepatic enzymatic activities of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 2010b Fed toxicant

Tan et al. Validation of an in vitro cytotoxicity test for four heavy metals us ing cell lines derived from a green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) 2010 In vitro

Tan et al. Phytoaccumulation of cadmium through Azolla from aqueous solution 2011 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through;

excessive EDTA in media

Tan et al. Role of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the elevated uptake and retention

of cadmium and zinc in Daphnia magna 2012 Mixture

Tanhan et al. Histopathological alterations in the edible snail, Babylonia areolata (spotted Babylon), in acute and subchronic ca dmium poisoning 2005 Not North American species

Tao et al. Toxicity of Cd2+ on the photosynthetic and respiratory rate and atpase activity of Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O’Ktze 2002 Text in foreign language

Tapia et al. Study of the content of cadmium, chromium and lead in bivalve molluscs of the Pacific Ocean (Maule Region, Chile) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tarasov et al. Efficiency of batteries of tests for estimating potential mutagenicity of

chemicals 2003 Review

Taravati et al. Determination of lead, mercury and cadmium in wild and farmed Barbus sharpeyi from Shadegan Wetland and Azadegan aquaculture site, South of

Iran 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tarzwell and Henderson Toxicity of less common metals to fishes 1960 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Tawari

- Fufeyin et al. Toxicity of cadmium to Parachanna obscura : As evidenced by alterations in hematology, histology, and behavior 2007 Not North American species

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Taylor Impacts of cadmium contamination and fish presence on wetland invertebrate communities: An application of population measures and

multi

- metric tests 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Taylor and Maher Exposure

- dose

- response of Anadara trapezia to metal contaminated estuarine sediments. 1. Cadmium spiked sediments 2012 Sediment

Taylor et al. Surface binding of contaminants by algae: Consequences for lethal toxicity and feeding to Daphnia magna Straus 1998 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Tehseen et al. A scientific basis for proposed quality assurance of a new screening

method for tumor

- like growths in the planarian, D ugesia dorotocephala 1992 Mixture (Cd and PCBs; Cd and Aroclor)

Tekin

- Ozan and Kir Seasonal variations of heavy metals in some organs of carp ( Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from Beysehir Lake (Turkey) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Temara et al. Experimental cadmium contamination of Asterias rubens (Echinodermata) 1996a Not North American species

Temara et al. Allometric variations in heavy metal bioconcentration in the asteroid

Asterias rubens (Echinodermata) 1996b Not North American species

Temara et al. Factors influencing the concentrations of heavy metals in the asteroid

Asterias rubens L. (Echinodermata) 1997 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Templeman and Kingsford Trace element accumulation in Cassiopea sp

. (Scyphozoa) from urban

marine environments in Australia Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ten Hoopen et al. Effects of temperature on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Scenedesmus

acutus . I. Development of cadmium tolerance in batch cultures 1985 Not North American species

Tepe Metal concentrations in eight fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean

Seas 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tepe et al. Assessment of heavy metals in two commercial fish species of four

Turkish seas 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Terra et al. Chronic assays with Daphnia magna , 1820, Straus in sediment samples from Cai River, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil 2007 Sediment exposure

Tessier et al. Modeling Cd partitioning in oxic lake sediments and Cd concentrations in

the freshwater bivalve Anodonta grandis 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Tessier et al. Laboratory study of Cd and Hg uptake by two freshwater molluscs in

relation to concentration, age and exposure time 1996 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Tevlin An improved experimental medium for freshwater toxicity stu dies using Daphnia magna 1978 Complexing chelators used in test media

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Thaker and Haritos Cadmium bioaccumulation and effects on soluble peptides, proteins and enzymes in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Callianassa tyrrhena 1989 Not North American species

Thebault et al. Short term cadmium intoxication of the shrimp Palaemon serra tus: Effect on adenylate metabolism 1996 Not North American species

Theede et al. Temperature and salinity effects on the acute toxicity of cadmium to

Laomedea loveni (Hydrozoa) 1979 Not North American species

Thilaga and Sivakumar Accumulation of heavy metals in the gastropod Bullia vittata at Gulf of

Mannar 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Thirumathal et al. Effect of heavy metal (cadmium borate) on the biochemical composition of chironomus larvae (Diptera: chironomidae) 2002 Lack of details, inappropriate form of chemical,

cadmium borate

Thomann et al. A pharmacokinetic model of cadmium in rainbow trout 1997 Review of previously published data

Thomas et al. A comparison of the accumulation and protein binding of environmental cadmium in the gills, kidney and liver of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri Richardson) 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flo w

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Thomas et al. A comparison of the sequestration of cadmium and zinc in the tissues of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) following exposure to the metals singly

or in combination 1985 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Thompson et al. Concentration factors of the chemical elements in edible aquatic organisms 1972 Review of previously published data

Thongra

- Ar Toxicity of cadmium, zinc and copper on spe rm cell fertilization of sea urchin, Diadema setosum 1997 In vitro

Thongra

- Ar and Matsuda Effects of cadmium and zinc on growth of Thalassiosira weissflogii and Heterosigma akiashiwo 1995 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Thophon et al. Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer , in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure 2003 Not North American species

Thophon et al. Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and kidney of white sea bass, Lates calcarifer , in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure 2004 Not North American species, only two exposure

concentrations

Thorpe A toxicological assessment of cadmium toxicity to th e larvae of two estuarine crustaceans, Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Palaemonetes pugio 1988 Inappropriate test medium

Thorpe and Costlow The relation of the acute (96

- h) uptake and subcellular distribution of cadmium and zinc to cadmium toxicity in larvae of Rhithropanopeus

harrisii and a Palaemonetes pugio 1989 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Thorsson et al. Effects of settling organic matter on the bioaccumulation of cadmium and

BDE

- 99 by Baltic Sea benthic invertebrates 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Thwala et al. Influence of salinity and cadmium on the survival and osmoregulation of

Callianassa kraussi and Chiromantes eulimene (Crustacea: Decapoda) 2011 Not North American species

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Tiam et al. Development of Q

- PCR approaches to assess water quality: Effects of

cadm ium on gene expression of the diatom Eolimna minima 2012 In vitro

Tichy et al. The Tubifex tubifex assay for the determination of acute toxicity 2007 Dilution water not characterized, duration too

short

Tilton et al. Effects of cadmium on the reproductive axis of Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) 2003 Not North American species

Timmermans Ecotoxicity of trace metals for chironomids 1992 Review

Titus and Pfister Bacteria and cadmium interactions in natural and laboratory model aquatic systems 1984 Bacteria

Tiwari et al. Time kinetic study of metallothionein mRNA expression due to cadmium exposure in freshwater murrel, Channa punctata (Bloch) 2010 In vitro

Tkalec et al. Cadmium

- induced responses in duckweed Lemna minor L. 2008 Only one exposure concentration

Todd et al. Effects of acid rock drainage on stocked rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ): An in

- situ, caged fish experiment 2007 Mixture

Tokunaga and Kishikawa Acute visible and invisible injuries to submerged plants by water pollutants 1982 Text in foreign language

Tomasik et al. Metal

- metal interaction in biological systems. Part IV. Freshwater snail Bulinus globosus 1995b Not North American species

Topcuoglu et al. Heavy metal concentrations in marine algae from the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, during 1979

- 2001 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Topperwien et al. Cadmium accumulation in Scenedesmus vacuolatus under freshwater

conditions 2007a Mixture

Topperwien et al. Competition among zinc, mangan ese, and cadmium uptake in the freshwater alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus 2007b Mixture

Tortell and Price Cadmium toxicity and zinc limitation in centric diatoms of the genus

Thalassiosira 1996 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Toussaint et al. A comparison of standard acute toxicity test with rapid

- screening toxicity

test 1995 Review of previously published data

Tran et al. How water oxygenation levels influences cadmium accumulation pattern

in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea : A laboratory and field study 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 14 day exposure)

Tran et al. Relationship between feeding

- ind uced ventilatory activity and bioaccumulation of dissolved and algal

- bound cadmium in the Asiatic

clam Corbicula fluminea 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

dilution water not characterized

Trannum et al. Effects of copper, cadmium and con taminated harbour sediment exposures on recolonisation of soft

- bottom communities 2004 Sediment exposure

Trehan and Maneesha Cadmium mediated control of nitrogenase activity and other enzymes in a nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium 1994 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Trevors et al. Cadmium transport, resistance, and toxicity in bacteria, algae, and fungi 1986 Review of previously published data

Trieff et al. Effluent from bauxite factory induces developmental and reproductive damage in sea urchins 1995 Effluent

Trinchella et al. Differential gene expression profiles in embryos of the lizard Podarcis

sicula under in ovo exposure to cadmium 2010 In vitro

Tryfonas et al. Metal accumulation in eggs of the red

- eared slider ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) in the lower Illinois River 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tsui and Wang Biokinetics and tolerance development of toxic metals in Daphnia magna 2007 Review

Tucker and Matte In vitro effects of cadmium and lead on ATPases in the gill of the rock crab, Cancer irroratus 1980 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Tuerkmen et al. Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean

Seas 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tueros et al. Integrating long

- term water and sediment pollution data, in assessing chemical status within the European water framework directive 2009 Review

Tuezen et al. Investigation of trace metal levels in fish species from the Black Sea and the River Yesilirmak, Turkey by atomic absorption spectrometry 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turan et al. Levels of heavy metals in some commercial fish species captured from the

Black Sea and Med iterranean coast of Turkey 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turk Culha et al. Heavy metals levels in some fishes and molluscs from Inop Peninsula of the Southern Black Sea, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turkmen et al. Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Northern East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turkmen et al. Metal levels in tissues of the European anchovy, Engraulis encra sicolus L., 1758, and picarel, Spicara smaris L., 1758, from Black, Marmara and Aegean Seas 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turkmen et al. Heavy metal contaminants in tissues of the garfish, Belone belone L., 1761, and the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., 1766, from Turkey waters 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turner et al. Influence of salinity and humic substances on the uptake of trace metals by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca : Experimental observations and modeling using WHAM 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Turoczy et al. Cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc concentrations in tissues of the king crab ( Pseudocarcinus gigas ) from southeast Australian waters 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tuzen Toxic and essential trace elemental contents in fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tuzen et al. Trace element content in marine algae sp ecies from the Black Sea, Turkey 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tyurin and Khristoforova Effect of toxicants on the development of the chiton Ischnochiton

hakodadensis 1993 Not North American species

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Udoidiong and Akpan Toxicity of cadmium, lead and lindane to Egeria radiata Lamarck (Lamellibranchia, Donacidae) 1991 Not North American species

Ugolini et al. Behavioural responses of the supralittoral amphipod Talitrus saltator (Montagu) to trace metals contamination 2012 Mixture

Uluozlu et al. Trace metal content in nine species of fish from the Black and Aegean Seas, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Uluturhan and Kucuksezgin Heavy metal contaminants in red pandora ( Pagellus erythrinus ) tissues

fr om the eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Urech Melimex, an experimental heavy metal pollution study: effects of increased heavy metal load on crustacea plankton 1979 Mixture

Urek and Tarhan Response of the antioxidant systems of the cyanobacterium Spirulina

maxima to cadmium 2011 Abstract only

Usero et al. Heavy metals in fish ( Solea vulgaris

, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata ) from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic coast of Spain 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Uthe et al. Cadmium in American lobster ( Homarus americanus ) from the area of a

lead smelter 1982 Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the

concentration of cadm ium in the water

Uysal and Taner Determination of growth rate change and accumulation efficiency of

Lemna minor exposed to cadmium and lead ions 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Valencia et al. The effect of estrogen on cadmium distribution in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 1998 Not North American species

Valova et al. Spatiotemporal trends of heavy metal concentrations in fish of the River Morava (Danube basin) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

van Aardt and Booysen Water hardness and the effects of Cd on oxygen consumption, plasma

chlorides and bioaccumulation in Tilapia sparrmanii 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure; not North American species

van Aard t and Erdmann Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in mudfish and sediment exposures from

three hard

- water dams of the Mooi River catchment, South Africa 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Van Campenhout et al. Cytosolic distribution of Cd, Cu and Zn, and metallothionein levels in relation to physiological changes in Gibel carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio ) from metal

- impacted habitats 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Van den Hurk et al. Interaction of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in mummichog ( Fundulus

heteroclitus ): Effects on acute mortality 1998 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Van Gemert et al. Effects of temperature on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Scenedesmus

acutus . II. Light

- limited growth in continuous culture 1985 Not North American species

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Van Ginneken et al. Bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to the common carp, Cyprinus carpio , in complexing environments: A test for the validity of the free ion activity model 1999 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Van Ginneken et al. Bioavailability of Cd to the common carp, Cyprinus carpio in the presence of humic acid 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Van Hattum et al. Trace metals in populations of freshwater isopods: Influence of biotic and

abiotic variables 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Van Leeuwen et al. The use of cohorts and populations in chronic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna : A cadmium example 1985b Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequat ely

measured

Van Leeuwen et al. Effects of chemical stress on the population dynamics of Daphnia magna : A comparison of two test procedures 1987 Review of previously published data

Van Steveninck et al. Heavy

- metal (Zn, Cd) tolerance in selected clones of duck weed ( Lemna

minor ) 1992 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated

for increased resistance to cadmium

Vardanyan and Ingole Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Sevan (Armenia) and Carambolim (India) lake systems 200 6 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vashchenko and Zhadan Ecological assessment of marine environment using two sea urchin tests: Disturbance of reproduction and sediment embryotoxicity 1993 Not North American species

Vasseur and Pandard Influence of some experimental factors on metals toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Vassiliev et al. Heavy metal concentrations in lobster ( Homarus americanus ) 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vazquez

- Sauceda et al. Cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations in water, sediment and oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) of San Andres Lagoon, Mexico 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vecchia et al. Morphogenetic, ultrastructural and physiological damages suffered by submerged leaves of Elodea canadensis exposed to cadmium 2005 Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Vellinger et al. Antagonistic toxicity of arsenate and cadmium in a freshwater amphipod ( Gammarus pulex ) 2012a Not North American species

Vellinger et al. Comparison of arsenate and cadmium toxicity in a freshwater amphipod ( Gammarus pulex ) 2012b Not North American species; duration too long

Vellinger et al. Behavioural and physiological responses of Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium and arsenate at three temperatures: Individual and combined

effects 2012c Not North American species, only two exposure

concentrations

Vellinger et al. Single and combined effects of cadmium and arsenate in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda): Understanding the links between physiological and behavioural responses 2013 Not North American species, only two exposure

concentrations

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Venanzi et al. Effects of heavy metals on some photosynthetic characteristics in Lemna

trisulca L. 1989 Text in foreign language

Venkateswara Rao et al. The use of marine sponge, Haliclona tenuiramosa as bioindicator to monitor heavy metal pollution in the coasts of Gul f of Mannar, India 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Venkatrayulu et al. Hepatogonadal changes in the female fresh water field crab, Oziotelphusa

senex senex (Fabricius) in response to cadmium toxicity 2005 Duration too short, unmeasured chronic exposure, not North American species

Verbost et al. Cadmium inhibition of Ca2+ uptake in rainbow trout gills 1987 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Vergauwen et al. Effect of temperature on cadmium toxicity in zebrafish: From transcriptome to physiology 2012 Abstract only

Verma Effect of cadmium on fin regeneration in the freshwater fish, Oreochromis

mossambicus 2005 Inappropriate form of toxicant, Cd acetate

Verma et al. Short term toxicity tests with heavy metals for predicting safe

concentrations 1980 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described Verriopoulos and

Moraitou

- Apostolopoulou Effects of some environmental factors on the toxicity of cadmium t o the copepod Tisbe holothuriae 1981 Not North American species

Verriopoulos and

Moraitou

- Apostolopoulou Differentiation of the sensitivity to copper and cadmium in different life stages of a copepod 1982 Not North American species

Viarengo et al. Effects of heavy metals on the Ca2+

- ATPase activity present in gill cell plasma

- membrane of mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) 1993 In vitro

Vieira et al. Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species

from the Aatlantic Oce an: Intra

- and inter

- specific variability and human health risks for consumption 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vigneault and Campbell Uptake of cadmium by freshwater green algae: effects of pH and aquatic

humic substances 2005 Mixture

Villar et al. Metals contents in two fishes of different feeding behaviour in the lower Parana River and Rio de la Plata Estuary 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vinagre et al. Accumulation of heavy metals by flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus 1758), in a heterogeneously contaminated nursery area 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vincent et al. Susceptibility of Catla catla (Ham.) to the toxic effects of the heavy metals, cadmium and chromium 1994 Not North American species

Vincent et al. Accumulation of Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb by the bryophyte Scapania undulata in three upland waters of different pH 2001 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, exposure concentration unknown

Vincent et al. Impact of cadmium on food utilization of the Indian major carp, Catla

catla (Ham) 2002 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Vincent

- Hubert et al. Early genotoxic effects in gill cells and haemocytes of Dreissena polymorpha exposed to ca dmium, B[a]P and a combination of B[a]P and

Cd 2011 In vitro

Vincent

- Hubert et al. DNA strand breaks detected in embryos of the adult snails, Potamopyrgus antipodarum , and in neonates exposed to genotoxic chemicals 2012 In vitro

Viparelli et al. Inhibition of the R1 fragment of the cadmium

- containing zeta

- class carbonic anhydrase from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii with anions 2010 In vitro

Visviki and Rachlin The toxic action and interactions of copper and cadmium to the marine alga Dunali ella minuta , in both acute and chronic exposure 1991 Not North American species

Visviki and Rachlin Acute and chronic exposure of Dunaliella salina and Chlamydomonas

bullosa to copper and cadmium: Effects on growth 1994 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Voets et al. Differences in metal sequestration between zebra mussels from clean and polluted field locations 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vogiatzis and

Loumbourdis Cadmium accumulation in liver and kidneys and hepatic metallothionein and glutathione levels in Rana ridibunda , after exposure to CdCl2 1998 Not North American species

Vogt et al. Effects of cadmium and tributyltin on development and reproduction of

the non

- biting midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera)

- baseline experiments

for future multi

- generation studies 2007 Sediment exposure

Vogt et al. Effects of cadmium on life

- cycle parameters in a multi

- generation study

with Chironomus riparius following a pre

- exposure of populations to two different tributyltin concentrations for several generations 2010 Sediment exposure

Voigt Concentrations of mercury and cadmium in some coastal fishes from the Finnish and Estonian parts of the Gulf of Finland 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Voigt Heavy metal concentrations in four

- horn sculpin Triglopsis quadricornis (L.) (Pisces), its main food organism Saduria entomon L. (Crustacea), and in bottom sediments in the Archipelago Sea an d the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vranken et al. Toxicity of cadmium to free

- living marine and brackish water nematodes ( Monhystera microphthalma

, Monhystera disjuncta

, Pellioditis marina ) 1985 Not North American species

Vuori Influence of water quality and feeding habits on the whole

- body metal concentrations in lotic trichopteran larvae 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Vuori Rapid behavioral and morphological responses of hydropsychid larvae (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) to sublethal cadmium exposure 1994 Not North American species

Vykusova and Svobodova Comparison of the sensitivity of male and female guppies ( Poecilia

reticulata Peters) to toxi c substances 1987 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Vymazal Short

- term uptake of heavy metals by periphyton algae 1984 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused Vymazal Uptake of lead, chromium, cadmium and cobalt by Cladophora glomerata 1990b Not North American species

Vymazal Toxicity and accumulation of lead with respect to algae and cyanobacteria: A review 1990a Review of previously published data

Vymazal Influence of pH on heavy metals uptake by Cladophora glomerata 1995 Not North American species

Wachs Concentration of heavy metals in fishes from the River Danube 1982 Text in foreign language

Walker et al. Influence of culture conditions on metal

- induce d responses in a cultured rainbow trout gill epithelium 2007 In vitro

Wall Sublethal effects of cadmium and diazinon on reproduction and larval behavior in zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio ) 1999 Only one exposure concentration

Wall et al. Fish bioturbation of cadmium

- contaminated sediments: Factors affecting Cd availability to Daphnia magna 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Wallace and Lopez Bioavailability of biologically sequestered cadmium and the implications

of metal detoxification 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Walsh and Hunter Influence of phosphorus storage on the uptake of cadmium by the marine alga Macrocystis pyrifera 1992 Cadmium wa s a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Walsh et al. Differential bioaccumulation of heavy metals and organopollutants in the soft tissue and shell of the marine gastropod, Austrocochlea constricta 1995 Not North American species

Wang Investigation of heavy metal content in fish at Chongqing section of the Yangtze River before water storage in the three Gorges Reservoir 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang A study of the New York/New Jersey coastal water : Bio

- optical characteristics of the harbor estuary and the effects of heavy metals on brown tide alga of the Bight 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang and Dei Metal uptake in a coastal diatom influenced by major nutrients (N, P, and Si) 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang and Fisher Assimilation of trace elements and carbon by the mussel Mytilus edulis : Effects of food composition 1996 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Wang and Fisher Accumulation of trace elements in a marine copepod 1998 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Wang and Ke Dominance of dietary intake of ca dmium and zinc by two marine predatory gastropods 2002 Dietary exposure

Wang and Wang Cadmium in three marine phytoplankton: accumulation, subcellular fate

and thiol induction 2009a Mixture

Wang and Wang Biochemical response of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus Mori experimentally exposed to cadmium 2009b Not North American species

Wang and Wong Combined effects of food quantity and quality on Cd, Cr, and Zn assimilation to the green mussel, Perna viridis 2003 Mixture

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused Wang and Yin Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Arca Granosa. 1987 Text in foreign language

Wang and Zauke Size

- dependent bioaccumulation of metals in the amphipod Gammarus
zaddachi (Sexton 1912) from the River Hunte (Germany) and its relationship to the permeable body surface area 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang et al. Reciprocal effect of Cu, Cd, Zn on a kind of marine alga 1995 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Wang et al. Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Wang et al. Metal and oxygen uptake in the green mussel Perna viridis under differen t
metabolic conditions 2005a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Wang et al. Seasonal study on the Cd, Se, and Zn uptake by natural coastal phytoplankton assemblages 2005b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang et al. Safety assessment and acute toxicity of copper, cadmium and zinc to

white clound mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes 2006 Non

- applicable

Wang et al. Ecotoxicological effect of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd on Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu. 2008a Non

- applicable

Wang et al. Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube. 2008b Not North American species

Wang et al. Assessment of mixture toxicity of copper, cadmium, and phenanthr enequinone to the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri 2009a Mixture

Wang et al. Alteration of metallothionein mRNA in bay scallop Argopecten irradians under cadmium exposure and bacteria challenge 2009b Mixture

Wang et al. Acute and chronic cadmium toxicity to a saltwater cladoceran Moina monogolica Daday and its relative importance 2009d Not North American species, test species fed

Wang et al. Toxicity of lead, cadmium and mercury on embryogenesis, survival, growth and metamorphosis of Meretrix meretrix larvae 2009c Not North American species

Wang et al. Formation of a combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 2010a Only one exposure concentration; dilution water

is deionized water

Wang et al. Single and joint toxicity of mercury, cadmium and benzo(a) pyrene, polychlorinated biphenyls1254 for juvenile Chlamys farreri 2010c Text in foreign language

Wang et al. Analysis of metallotionein expression and antioxidant enzyme activities in

Meretrix meretrix larvae under sublethal cadmium exposure 2010e In vitro

Wang et al. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of elongation factors

1A and 2 from the Paci fic white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 2011a In vitro

Wang et al. Biomarkers and bioaccumulation of clam Ruditapes philippinarum in response to combined cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene exposure 2011b Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wang et al. The content variation characteristics and risk analysis for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in some species of shellfish 2011c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang et al. Cadmium

- induced oxidative stress and apoptotic changes in the testis of freshwater crab, Sinopotamon henanense 2011d Not North American species

Wang et al. Characterization of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione metabolizing peroxidase (gpx4) isoforms in Coho salmon olfactory and liver tissues and their modulation by cadmium 2012a In vitro

Wang et al. Effects of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens growth and metal accumulation 2012b Only two exposure concentrations, excessive EDTA in growth media

Wang et al. Cadmium induces hydrogen peroxide production and initiates hydrog en peroxide

- dependent apoptosis in the gill of freshwater crab, Sinopotamon

henanense 2012c Not North American species

Wang et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation and bioelimination in Patinopecten yessoensis 2012d Not North American species

Wang et al. Effects of cadmium stress on antioxidant defense system of Patinopecten yessoensis 2012e Not North American species

Wani Toxicity of heavy metals to embryonic stages of Cyprinus carpio

Communis 1986 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Ward and Mendonca Chronic exposure to coal fly ash causes minimal changes in corticosterone

and testosterone concentrations in male southern toads Bufo terrestris 2006 Fly Ash

Waring et al. Trace metal bioaccumulation in eight common coastal Au stralian polychaeta 2006 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, exposure concentration unknown

Warnau et al. Allometry of heavy metal bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus

lividus 1995a Not North American species

Warnau et al. Experimental cadmium contamination of the echinoid Paracentrotus

lividus : Influence of exposure mode and distribution of the metal in the organism 1995b Not North American species

Warnau et al. Effect of feeding on cadmium bioaccumulation in the echinoid

Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata) 1995c Not North American species

Warnau et al. Biokinetics of selected heavy metals and radionuclides in two marine macrophytes: The seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the alga Caulerpa taxifolia 1996a Not North American species

Warnau et al. Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the echinoid

Paracentrotus lividus 1996b Not North American species

Warnau et al. Cadmium bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus : Influence of the cadmium concentration in seawater 1997 Not North American species

Warren et al. Modelling cadmium accumulation by benthic invertebrates in situ: The relative contributions of sediment and overlying water reservoirs to organism cadmium concentrations 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused Watling Effects of metals on the development of oyster embryos 1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Watling Comparative study on the effects of zinc, cadmium, and copper on the larval growth of three oyster species 1982 Not North American species

Watling Accumulation of seven metals by Crassostrea gigas

, Crassostrea margaritacea

, Perna perna , and Choromytilus meridionalis 1983a Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Wayland and Crosley Selenium and other trace elements in aquatic insects in coal mine

- affected streams in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada 2006 Bioac cumulation: steady state not documented

Weber Concentration of metals in fish from the River Rednitz 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Weber et al. Effects of multiple effluents on resident fish from Junction Creek, Sudbury, Ontario 2008 Effluent

Webster et al. Cadmium exposure and phosphorus limitation increases metal content in the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wehr and Whitton Aquatic cryptogams of natural acid springs enriched with heavy metals: The Kootenay Paint Pots, British Columbia 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wei et al. Interactions between Cd, Cu, and Zn influence particulate phytochelatin concentrations in marine phytoplankton: Laboratory r esults and preliminary field data 2003 Mixture

Weimin et al. Metal bioavailability to the soldier crab Mictyris longicarpus 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Weir and Salice High tolerance to abiotic stressors and invasion success of the slow growing freshwater snail, Melanoides tuberculatus 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

Weis et al. Effects of cadmium, zinc, salinity, and temperature on the teratogenicity of methylmer cury to the killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) 1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Wentsel et al. Avoidance response of midge larvae ( Chironomus tentans ) to sediments containing heavy metals 1977 Sediment

Werner Development of methods to assess metallothionein expression in lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) during a reproductive cycle and the effects of cadmium and ethynyestradiol 2007 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, exposure concentration unknown

Werner et al. Biomarker responses in Macoma nasuta (Bivalvia) exposed to sediment exposures from northern San Francisco Bay 2004 Sediment exposure

Westernhagen and

Dethlefsen Combined effects of cadmium and salinity on development and survival of flounder eggs 1975 Not North American species

Westernhagen et al. Combined effects of cadmium and salinity on development and survival of garpike eggs 1975 Not North American species

Westernhagen et al. Fate and effects of cadmium in an experimental marine ecosystem 1978 Not North American species Westernhagen et al. Combined effects of Cd, Cu and Pb on developing herring eggs and larvae 1979 Mixture

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

White and Rainbow Regulation and accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium by the shrimp Palaemon elegans 1982 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

White and Rainbow Accumulation of cadmium by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea: Decapoda) 1986 Not North American species

White et al. Metal concentrations in loggerhead sea turtle eggs from the Florida Gulf

and Atlantic Coasts 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Whyte et al. Ethoxyresorufin

- o

- deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of chemical exposure 2000 Review

Wicklund and Runn Calcium effects on cadmium uptake, redistribution, and elimination in minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus , acclimated to different calcium

concentrations 1988 Not North American species

Wicklund et al. Cadmium and zinc interactions in fish: effects of zinc on the uptake, organ distribution, and elimination of 109Cd in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio 1988 Not North American species

Widmeyer and Bendell

Young Influence of food quality and salinity on die tary cadmium availability in Mytilus trossulus 2007 Dietary exposure

Wiesner et al. Temporal and spatial variability in the heavy

- metal content of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Kleines Haff (northeastern Germany) 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wikfors and Ukeles Growth and adaptation of estuarine unicellular algae in media with excess copper, cadmium or zinc, and effects of metal

- contaminated algal food on Crassostrea virginica larvae 1982 Questionab le treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Wildgust and Jones Salinity change and the toxicity of the free cadmium ion [Cd2+(aq)] to Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea) 1998 Not North American species

Williams and Gallagher Effects of cadmium on olfactory mediated behaviors and moleculat biomarkers in coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) 2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Williams et al. Accumulation of Hsp70 in Juvenile and Adult Rainbow Trout Gill Exposed to Met al

- Contaminated Water and/or Diet. 1996 Mixture

Williams et al. Comparison between biosorbents for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions 1998 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Williams et al. Trends in trace metal burdens in sediment, fish species and filtered water of Igbede River, Lagos, Nigeria 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Williams et al. Transcriptomic respo nses of European flounder ( Platichthys flesus ) to

model toxicants 2008 Injected toxicant; not North American species

Williams et al. Metal (as, Cd, Hg, and Ch 3 Hg) bioaccumulation from water and food by the benthic amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus 2010 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow

- through

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Williamson and Nelson Bacterial bioassay for level I toxicity assessment 1983 Bacteria

Windom et al. Metal accumulation by the polychaete Capitella capitata : Influences of metal content and nutritional quality of detritus 1982 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

WindWard

Environmental Results of 2000 toxicity testing 2001 Dilution water not characteri zed

Winger and Andreasen Contaminant residues in fish and sediments from lakes in the Atchafalaya River Basin (Louisiana) 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Winger et al. Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Winner and Gauss Relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper, cadmium and zinc as affected by water hardness and hum ic acid 1986 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Winter Cadmium uptake kinetics by freshwater mollusc soft body under hard and

soft water conditions 1996 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Witeska Changes in the common carp blood cell picture after acute exposure to

cadmium 2001 N o scientific name given, only one exposure concentration, atypical endpoint

Witeska and Baka The effect of long

- term cadmium exposure on common carp blood 2002 No scientific name given, only one exposure,

duration too short

Witeska and Wakulska The effects of heavy metals on common carp white blood cells in vitro 2007 In vitro

Witeska et al. The influence of cadmium on common carp embryos and larvae 1995 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Witeska et al. Changes in oxygen consumption rate and red blood parameters in

common carp Cyprinus carpio L. after acute copper and cadmium

exposures 2010 Mixture

Wo et al. A comparison of growth biomarkers for assessing sublethal effects of cadmium on a marine gastropod, Nassarius festivus 1999 Not North American species

Wolfe et al. Sediment toxicity in the Hudson

- Raritan Estuary: Distribution and

correlations with chemica l contamination 1996 Mixture

Wolff et al. The use of Salvinia auriculata as a bioindicator in aquatic ecosystems: biomass and structure dependent on the cadmium concentration 2012 Only four plants per exposure concentration

Won et al. Response of glutathione S

- gransferase (GST) genes to cadmium exposure in the marine pollution indicator worm, Perinereis nuntia 2011 In vitro

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wong Toxicity of cadmium to freshwater microorganisms, phytoplankton, and

invertebrates 1987 Review of previously published data

Wong Effects of cadmium on the feeding behavior of the freshwater cladoceran Moina macrocopa 1989 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Wong and Au Contents of cadmium iron manganese and zinc in the tissue of Katelysia

hiantina collected from Tolo Harbor Hong

- Kong an almost land

- locked

sea 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wong and Beaver Algal bioassays to determine toxicity of metal mixtures 1980 Mixture

Wong and Chan A study of cadmium, copper and lead uptake by the unicellular green alga

Chlorella salina Cu

- 1 1979 Excessive EDTA

Wong and Chau Toxicity of metal mixtures to phytoplankton 1988 Mixture

Wong and Li An ecological survey of the heavy metal contamination of the edible clam Paphia sp . on the iron

- ore tailings of Tolo Harbour, Hong Ko 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wong et al. Toxicity of a mixture of metals on freshwater algae 1978 Mi xture

Wong et al. Physiological and biochemical responses of several freshwater algae to a

mixture of metals 1982 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Wood Trace metal uptake by Cladophora Chlorophyta 1974 Non

- applicable

Wood et al. Environmental toxicology of metals 1997 Modeling

Wood et al. The protective role of dietary calcium against cadmium uptake and toxicity in freshwater fish: an important role for the stomach 2006 Review

Woodall et al. Responses of trout fry ( Salmo gairdneri ) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to

cadmium and zinc 1988 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Woodling Survival and mortality of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) exposed to in situ

acute toxic concentrations of cadmium and zinc 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Woodling et al. Nonuniform accumulation of cadmium and copper in kidneys of wild brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) populations 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Woodward et al. Brown trout avoidance of metals in water characteristic of the Clark Fork River, Montana 1995a Mixture

Woodward et al. Metals

- contaminated benthic invertebrates in the Clark Fork River, Montana: Effects on age

- 0 brown trout and rainbow trout 1995b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Woodworth and Pascoe Cadmium uptake and distribution in sticklebacks related to the

concentration an d method of exposure 1983 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Wright Dose

- related toxicity of copper and cadmium in striped bass larvae from

the Chespeake Bay: Field considerations 1988 High control mortality reported

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wright and Welbourn Cadmium in the aquatic environment: A review of ecological, physiological, and toxicological effects on biota 1994 Review of previously published data

Wright et al. Effect of calcium on cadmium uptake and toxicity in larvae and juveniles of striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) 1985 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Wu and Chen Metallothionein induction and heavy metal accumulation in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to cadmium and zinc 2005b Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Wu and Deng Effect of cadmium on hematological functions in tilapia ( Oreochromis

mossambicus ) 2006 Injected toxicant

Wu and Wang NMR

- based metabolomic studies on the toxicological effects of cadmium and copper on green mussels Perna viridis 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Wu and Yang A new view explaining how cadmium

- treated parents have higher Cd

resistant offspring: the case of tilapia larvae ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) 2008 Injected toxicant; lack of details

Wu et al. A settlement inhibition assay with cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite 1997 Not North American species

Wu et al. Toxic effects of several heavy metal on amphioxus and living activity of

Branchiostoma belcheri Tsingtaoensis Tchang Et Koo 1999 Text in foreign language

Wu et al. The joint

- biotoxicity effect of different forms of nitrogen on heavy metals

in water by the phototacti behavior of Daphnia 2006a Text in foreign language

Wu et al. Changes of cortisol and metallothionein upon cadmium exposure and handling stressed in tilapia ( Oreochromis mosssambicus ) 2006b Injected toxicant

Wu et al. Relationships among metallothionein, cadmium accumulation, and cadmium tolerance in three species of fish 2006c Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Wu et al. Toxicological stress response and cadmium distribution in hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis sp .) upon cadmium exposure 2007 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short, unmeasured exposure

Wu et al. The effects of maternal Cd on the metallothionein expression in tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) embryos and larvae 2008a Injected toxicant

Wu et al. Phototaxis index of Daphnia carinata as an indicator of joint toxicity of copper, cadmium, zinc, nitrogen and phosphorus in aqueous solutions 2008b Non

- applicable

Wu et al. Histopathological and biochemical evidence of hepatopancreatic toxicity caused by cadmium and zinc in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 2008c Lack of exposure details, dilution water not characterized, only two exposure concentrations

Wu et al. Histo pathological alterations in gills of white shrimp, Litopenaeus

vannamei (Boone) after acute exposure to cadmium and zinc 2009 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, only one exposure concentration

Wu et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to humic acid by the bivalve

Meretrix meretirx Linnaeus from solute and particulate pathways 2010 Sediment

Wu et al. NMR

- based metabolomic investigations on the differential responses in adductor muscles from two pedigrees of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum to cadmium and zinc 2011a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wu et al. The preferential accumulation of cadmium in the head portion of the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) 2011b Not North Americ an species, duration too short

Wu et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to ferric hydroxide and particulate organic matter by the bivalve M. meretrix 2012a Sediment

Wu et al. Maternal cadmium exposure induces mt2 and smtB mRna expression in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) females and their offspring 2012b Duration too short

Wundram et al. The Chlamydomonas test: A new phytotoxicity test based on the inhibition of algal photosynthesis enables the assessment of hazardous leachates from waste disposals in salt mines 1996 Not North American species; no interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure concentration

Xiaorong et al. Effects of chelation on the bioconcentration of cadmium and copper by carp ( Cyprinus carp io L.) 1997 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

t hrough or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Xie and Klerks Changes in cadmium accumulation as a mechanism for cadmium

resistance in the least killifish Heterandria formosa 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- t hrough exposure

Xie et al. Trophic transfer of Cd from natural periphyton to the grazing mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer in a life cycle test 2010 Dietary exposure

Xie et al. Cadmium accumulation in the rootless macrophyte Wolffia globosa and its potential for phytoremediation 2013 Excessive EDTA (848 ug/L)

Xin et al. Responses of different water spinach cultivars and their hybrid to Cd, Pb

and Cd

- Pb exposures 2010 Soil exposure

Xu et al. Heavy metal distribution in tissues and eggs of Chinese alligator ( Alligator sinensis ) 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Xu et al. Generation of active oxygen and change of antioxidant enzyme activity in Hydrilla verticillata under Cd, Cu and Zn stress 2006b Text in foreign language

Xu et al. Acute toxicity and synergism of binary mixtures of antifouling biocides with heavy metals to embryos of sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis 2010 Not North American species

Xu et al. Study on single and joint toxic effects of cadmium and lead on Ruditapes phillippinarum 2013 Text in foreign language

Xuan et al. Oxygen consumption and metabolic responses of freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense to acute and sub

- chronic cadmium exposure 2013 Not North American species, only three exposure

concentrations

Xue and Sigg Cadmium speciation and complexation by natural organic ligands in

freshwater 1998 No interpretable concentration, time, response data or examined only a single exposure

concentration

Yager and Harry The uptake of radioactive z inc, cadmium and copper by the freshwater snail, Taphius glabratu 1964 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Yamamoto and Inque Lethal tolerance of acute cadmium toxicity in rainbow trout previously exposed to cadmium 1985 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Yamamura and Suzuki Metallothionein induced in the frog Xenopus laevis 1983 Injected toxicant

Yamamura et al. Cadmium uptake and induction of cadmium

- binding protein in the waterflea ( Moina macrocopa ) 1983b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 72 hour exposure)

Yan and Wang Metal exposure and bioavailability to a marine deposit

- feeding sipuncula,

Si punculus nudus 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 24 hour exposure)

Yan et al. Demographic and genetic evidence of the long

- term recovery of Daphnia galeata Mendotae (Crustacea: Daphniidae) in Sudbury Lakes following additions of base: The role of metal toxicity 1996 Mixture

Yang and Kong Bioavailability of copper and cadmium speciation in sediment exposure for aquatic organism under varying temperature 1997 Sediment exposure

Yang et al. Involvement of polyamines in adaptation of Potamogeton crispus L. to

cadmium stress 2010 Mixture

Yang et al. Acute temperature and cadmium stress response characterization of small heat shock protein 27 in large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea 2012a In vitro

Yang et al. Cd2+ toxicity to a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as influenced by its adsorption o n TiO2 engineered nanoparticles 2012b Mixture

Yap et al. Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment exposure and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green

- lipped

mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yap et al. Accumulation, depuration and distribution of cadmium and zinc in the

green

- lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) under laboratory conditions 2003a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Yap et al. Background concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the green

- lipped

mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) from Peninsular Malaysia 2003b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yap et al. Heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in the green

- lipped

mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from some wild and aquaculture sites in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia 2004a Bioaccumulation: steady state not do cumented

Yap et al. Allozyme polymorphisms and heavy metal levels in the green

- lipped

mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from contaminated and uncontaminated sites in Malaysia 2004b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yap et al. Distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the different soft tissues of

the freshwater snail Pomacea insularum (D'orbigny, 1839; Gastropoda), and sediments collected from polluted and unpolluted sites from Malaysia 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state no t documented

Yarsan et al. Copper, lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in the mussel Elliptio 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yasuno et al. Characteristic distribution of chironomids in the rivers polluted with heavy metals 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Yeh et al. Heavy metal concentrations of the soldier crab ( Mictyris brevidactylus ) along the inshore area of Changhua, Taiwan 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yigit and Altindag Accumulation o f heavy metals in the food web components of Burdur Lake, Turkey 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yilmaz Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, aquatic plants and

tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Kizilirmak, Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yin et al. Induction of phytochelatins in Lemna aequinoctialis in response to cadmium exposure 2002 Lack of exposure details, no statistical analysis

Yipmantin et al. Pb(II) and Cd(II) Biosorption on Chondracanthus chamissoi (a red alga) 2011 Mixture

You et al. Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to Hyalella azteca : Application to field sediment with unexpectedly low toxicity 2008 Sediment exposure

Young and Harvey Metals in chironomidae larvae and adults in relation to lake pH and lake oxygen deficiency 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Youssef and Tayel Metal accumulation by three Tilapia spp . from some Egyptian waters 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yu and Wang Kinetic uptake of bioavailable cadmium, selenium, and zinc by Daphnia

magna 2002 Mixture

Yu et al. New method for evaluating toxicity of heavy metals on marine macroalgae 1999 Text in foreign language

Zabotkina et al. Influence of cadmium ions on some morphofunctional and immune

physiological parameters of perch ( Perca fluviatilis , Perciformes, Percidae) underyearlings 2009 Unmeasured chronic exposure, duration too short, not North American species, only one

exposure

Zadory Monitoring heavy metal pollution and genetic consequences in aquatic

invertebrates 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zadory Freshwater molluscs as accumulation indicators for monitoring heavy metal pollution 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zaki and Osman Clinicopathological and pathological studies on Tilapia nilotica exposed to cadmium chloride (0.25 ppm) 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;

not renewal or flow

- through exposure

Zanders and Rojas C admium accumulation, LC50 and oxygen consumption in the tropical marine amphipod Elasmopus rapax 1992 Not North American species

Zanders and Rojas Salinity effects on cadmium accumulation in various tissues of the tropical fiddler crab Uca rapax 1996 Not North American species

Zanella Shifts in caddisfly species composition in Sacramento River invertebrate communities in the presence of heavy metal contamination 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zaosheng et al. Effects of dietary cadmium exposure on reproduction of saltwater

cladoceran Moina monogolica Daday: Implications in water quality

criteria 2010 Fed toxicant

### J

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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Zauke and Schmalenbach Heavy metals in zooplankton and decapod crustaceans from the Barents

Sea 20 06 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zauke et al. Validation of estuarine gammarid collectives (Amphipoda: Crustacea) as

biomonitors for cadmium in semi

- controlled toxicokinetic flow

- through experiments 1995 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Zauke et al. Heavy metals of inshore benthic invertebrates from the Barents Sea 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zbigniew and Wojciech Individual and combined effect of anthracene, cadmium, and chloridazone on growth and activity of SOD izoformes in three Scenedesmus species 2006 Mixture

Zbikowski et al. Distribution and relationships between selected chemical elements in green alga Enteromorpha sp . from the southern Baltic 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zeng and Wang Temperature and irradiance influences on cadmium and zinc uptake and toxicity in a freshwater cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa 2011 Mixture

Zeng et al. Toxicity effects of Cd and Cu on the respiration and excretion metabolism

of asian clam 2007 Non

- applicable

Zhang and Wang Waterborne cadmium and zinc uptake in a euryhaline teleost Acanthopagrus schlegeli acclimated to different salinities 2007a Mixture; not North American species

Zhang and Wang Gastrointestinal uptake of cadmium and zinc by a marine teleost Acanthopagrus sc hlegeli 2007b Mixture; not North American species

Zhang and Wang Size

- dependence of the potential for metal biomagnification in early life stages of marine fish 2007c Mixture; not North American species

Zhang et al. Study on the relationship between speciation of heavy metals and their ecotoxicity 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Zhang et al. Influence of toxicity of heavy metal ions to growth of Phaeodactylum

tricornutum 1995 Text in foreign language

Zhang et al. Heavy metal accumulation and tissue damage in goldfish Carassius

auratus 2005 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure,; not

whole

- body or muscle content

Zhang et al. Enhanced bioaccumulation of cadmium in carp in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticl es 2007a Inappropriate form of toxicant, nanoparticles

Zhang et al. Effects of cadmium stress on photosynthetic function of leaves of Lemna

minor L. 2007b Text in foreign language

Zhang et al. Long

- term toxicity effects of cadmium and lead on Ibufo raddei tadpoles 2007c Unmeasured chronic exposure, not North American species Zhang et al. A review; research on cadmium in aquatic animals 2007d Review

Zhang et al. Toxicity and behavioral effects of cadmium in planarian ( Dugesia japonica Ichikawa Et Kawakatsu) 2010a Not North American species

Zhang et al. Cadmium accumulation and translocation in four emergent wetland species 2010b Excessive EDTA

### J

- 162

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Zhang et al. Concentrations of cadmium and zinc in seawater of Bohai Bay and their effects on biomarker responses in the bivalve Chlamys farreri 2010c Mixture

Zhang et al. Cadmium

- induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the testes of frog

Rana limnocharis 2012a Not North American species, duration too long

Zhang et al. The toxicity of cadmium (Cd2+) towards embryos and pro

- larva of Soldatov's catfish ( Silurus soldatovi ) 2012b Not North American species

Zhang et al. Identification and expression profile of a new cytochrome P50 isoform (CYP414A1) in the hepatopancreas of Venerupis ( Ruditapes ) philippinarum exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium and copper 2012c Mixture

Zhang et al. Expression profiles of seven glutathione S

- transferase (GST) genes from Venerupis philippinarum exposed to heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene 2012d Mixture

Zhang et al. Biological effect of cadmium in Daphnia magna : Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus 2012e Mixture

Zheng et al. Reproductive toxic effects of sublethal cadmium on the marine polychaete

Perinereis nuntia 2010 Not North American species

Zhou et al. Growth response of Isochrysis galbana 3011 to seven kinds of heavy

metals 1990 Lack of details; abstract only

Zhu et al. Gonad differential proteins revealed with proteomics in oyster ( Saccostrea

cucullata ) using alga as food contaminated with cadmium 2012 Fed toxicant

Zhuang and Lin The effects of nutrients and heavy metals on the plankton in marine enclosed ecosystem 1991 Mixture

Zia and McDonald Role of the gills and gill chloride cells in metal uptake in the freshwater

adapted rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 1994 Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled water, not conducted long enough, not flow

through or water concentrations not adequately

measured

Zolotukhina et al. Effect of some heavy metal ions on cholorophyll photostability in marine green macroalgae 1993 Text in foreign language

Zou and Bu Acute toxicity of copper, cadmi um, and zinc to the water flea, Moina

irrasa (Cladocera) 1994 Not North American species

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# Appendix K Issue Summary Regarding Test Conditions and

Methods for Water Only Toxicity Testing with Hyalella azteca

### K

- 2 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

NATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

RESEARCH LABORATORY

MID

- CONTINENT ECOLOGY DIVISION 6201 CONGDON BOULEVARD · DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804

- 2595

OFFICE OF
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT



### August 6, 2015

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Issue summary regarding test conditions and methods for water only toxicity

testing with Hyalella azteca

FROM: David R. Mount and J. Russell Hockett

TO: Kathryn Gallagher

Health and Ecological Criteria Division/OST/OW

We are writing at the request of your staff to summarize current understanding regarding appropriate procedures and conditions for water only toxicity testing with the amphipod, Hyalella azteca , with an emphasis on how this understanding intersects with th e selection of toxicity data for deriving ambient water quality criteria. Recommendations are provided based on our experience and interpretation of published and unpublished data. A draft of this document was provided to two outside experts, Drs. Chris Ingersoll (USGS Columbia, MO) and David Soucek (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL), for their comment and input.

A complicating factor is that recent research has found that organisms taxonomically described

as Hyalella azteca comprise a comp lex of numerous genetically distinct, but thus far undescribed species; for the purposes of this memo, we refer to them as “strains.” Major et al. (2013)

determined that most North American laboratories that cultured and tested Hyalella azteca had

the sam e strain (called the “US Lab” strain). A single laboratory, in Burlington, ON, had a different strain or species in culture; t hey called this the “Burlington” strain. These two strains show some differences that may require different evaluation criteria to be applied. As much of the available toxicological data published are known or presumed to have been generated using the US Lab strain, the bulk of the discussion that follows pertains to the US Lab strain, though

notes are included where differences w ith the Burlington strain may be important.

1) Bromide

Bromide was originally proposed as an essential micronutrient by Borgmann (1996) in work conducted using the Burlington strain. Subsequent studies using the US Lab strain indicate

bromide is also an es sential micronutrient for that strain, though the apparent levels of

### K

- 3

sufficiency appear to differ from the original suggestion by Borgmann (0.8 mg/L). Research conducted by USGS in Columbia, MO indicates that a much lower bromide concentration of

around 0 .02 mg/L is sufficient to support long

- term survival, growth, and reproduction of the US Lab strain ( Ivey et al. SETAC 2011 poster; see Figure 1). Here in our laboratory, we have found that the ambient Br concentration in Lake Superior water (about 0.01 t o 0.015 mg/L) will support cultures of the US Lab strain). While these concentrations are much lower than the 0.8 mg/L, they are not necessarily in conflict with Borgmann’s findings, as Borgmann’s original experimental design was not structured to determi ne minimum concentrations with a high level of resolution (he was also using a different strain). In addition, experiments conducted by USGS in Columbia, MO (CD Ivey and CG Ingersoll, personal communication) have shown that bromide concentrations as high as 80 mg/L are not detrimental to the US Lab strain. I t is uncertain whether the overall composition (e.g., hardness, specific ion content) of the water influences the Br requirement. Limited survey work done by USGS

- Columbia suggests that

natural waters (ground or surface waters) typically have sufficient Br to support the US Lab strain (C.G. Ingersoll, personal communication). The 0.8 mg Br/L contained in Borgmann

“SAM

- 5” water is much higher than is found in typical fresh waters, but as noted above, we have no evidence that this would be problematic unless the toxicant of concern interacts with Br.

Recommendation: Reconstitute d waters used for testing with Hyalella azteca should have at least 0.02 mg Br/L. For tests conducted with natural waters (g round or surface) with accompanying Br measurements , it is reasonable to presume that sufficient Br was present, as long as control performance appears adequate.

2) Chloride

Chloride also appears to be important to supporting long term survival, growth, and reproduction

of the US Lab strain. A survey of waters used successfully by various laboratories for culture of Hyalella azteca (known or presumed to be the US Lab strain) indicates that most have Cl concentrations at or above those typical of natural sur face waters (Figure 2). And, notably, the concentrations in reconstituted waters often recommended by ASTM and EPA for aquatic toxicity studies have very low concentrations of Cl, relative to natural waters. Studies in our laboratory found that the roughly 2 mg Cl/L found in Lake Superior water limited performance of the US Lab Strain. Performance was improved by the addition of sodium chloride up to a concentration of about 15 mg/L, above which there was no additional improvement (Figure 3;

Soucek et al. 2015). Longer

- term studies conducted at the Illinois Natural History Survey

demonstrated a similar response to chloride for long

- term growth and reproduction (Figure 4; Soucek et al., 2015). It is unclear whether the minimum Cl concentrations apply equal ly across all water types or if the Cl requirement is dependent on other aspects of water chemistry. Natural waters with hardness less than 80 mg/L commonly have <10 mg Cl/L (about 0.3 mM; see Figure 2)

.

An additional finding by Soucek et al. (2015) is t hat the acute sensitivity of the US Lab strain to

sodium sulfate and sodium nitrate varied with chloride in a manner similar to that observed for control performance (Figure 5). However, when the Burlington strain was tested, both control growth and toxic ant sensitivity were independent of chloride concentrations. This suggests, though does not prove, that the Cl

- dependence of toxicity shown for the US Lab strain may be

### K

- 4

related more to its innate Cl requirement rather than a broader toxicological interact ion of Cl and those toxicants. It’s also worth noting that the change in toxicant sensitivity was observed even though control survival was good across all Cl concentrations; this means that meeting control survival requirements is not by itself a good in dication that chloride concentrations were

sufficient.

Recommendation : For toxicity data generated using the US Lab strain, i t is preferred that

control/dilution waters have Cl con centrations at or above about 15 m g/L. Where

control/dilution waters have lower Cl concentrations, toxicity data should be used with great caution unless there are ancillary data demonstrating that organism health was not impaired despite lower Cl.

3) Reconstituted Waters

As noted above, r econstituted waters based on the formula proposed by Marking and Dawson (1973; this includes reconstituted waters recommended by EPA for effluent testing, and by some ASTM standards) have low Cl concentrations and have been directly shown to be insufficien t to support long

- term health of the US Lab strain. In addition to low Cl, they do not include added Br. A modification of these waters proposed by Sm ith et al. (1997 ) has sufficient chloride, but

does not have added Br. Results obtained with this water have been inconsistent and it is not recommended unless it is supplemented with Br. The Borgmann (1996) “SAM

- 5” water has an unnaturally high Br concentration, but there is no reason to believe this concentration is harmful,

unless it would interact with the toxicant being tested.

Recommendation : Data generated using Marking and Dawson

- based waters should not be used. Data generated using “Smith” water should not be used unless Br was supplemented. Data generated using “Borgmann SAM

- 5” water should be acceptable unless there is reason to think the excess Br would compromise the test. Other reconstituted water formulations should be evaluated in light of the Br and Cl recommendations above.

4) Substrate

There is general consensus that a substrate should be provided when conducting water

- only testing with Hyalella azteca . Common substrates include stainless steel screen, nylon (e.g.,

Nitex ®) screen, quartz sand, cotton gauze , and maple leaves

. In general, more inert substrates, such as screen or sand, a re preferred over plant material, which may break down during testing and/or encourage microbial growth. Consideration should be given to whether one would expect

interactions between the toxicant and the substrate; hydrophobic organic compounds in partic ular can bind strongly to Nitex ® screen, which might reduce exposure concentrations, especially for studies using static or intermittent renewal exposure methods

.

Recommendation : A fine layer of clean quartz sand is a preferred substrate. Nylon screen m ay be used if known to be compatible with the test chemical. Analytical confirmation of exposure concentrations in “old” solutions (prior to renewal) is very important, particularly where there

could be interactions between the substrate and the test chem ical.

### K

- 5

5) Control Survival in Long

- Term Tests

Experience with 42

- d exposures (beginning with 7

- 8 d old organisms) is that 42

- d survival is frequently well above 80% (e.g., 85%

- 95%) and 80% seems a reasonable minimum for control

survival. For tests longer th an 42 days, some decline in control survival might be expected, though experience is limited for these longer exposures. In general, survival should not decline by more than 2

- 3% per week beyond 6 weeks, unless exposures continue so long that organisms

ar e becoming senescent.

Recommendation : Control survival should not be below 80% in 42

- d tests; slightly lower control survival may be acceptable in tests substantially longer than 42 d

.

6) Control Growth/Weight and Reproduction

The bulk of the available data on control growth comes from the context of 42

- d exposures

, which generally begin with 7

- 8

- d old organisms (starting size typically 0.02

- 0.03 mg dwt). In experiments with the US Lab strain (including a 24

- laboratory round robin evaluation), improved

diets have been shown t o produce average weights of ≥0.35 mg dwt (about 1.7 5 mg wwt assuming 80% water) at d 28 of a 42

- d tests ( 35

- 36 d of overall age) and ≥0.50 mg dwt (about

2.5 mg wwt assuming 80% water) at d 42. Information on growth rates for tests longer than 42 d is limited, though growth rates are thought to decrease markedly as organisms reach reproductive stages. Data generated at EPA

- Duluth show that the standard diet recommended in EPA and

ASTM test methods for 42

- d testing with Hyalella azte ca (1 ml/beaker

- d of YCT) limits growth relative to higher rations (either more YCT or other foods such as Tetramin ® + YCT; see Figure

6 ). However, this limited growth does not seem to be so stressful as to reduce long

- term survival, and reproduction stil l occurs though at lower rates than higher rations. Where 28

- d and

42

- d growth is comparable to that described above , reproduction is typically ≥6 young per

female.

David Soucek of the Illinois Natural History Survey has conducted some laboratory culture and control growth experiments using the Burlington strain. From those experiments, it appears that the Burlington strain grows at about the same rate (provided similar rations) as the US Lab strain, but appears to reproduce at a lower rate (one

- third to one

- half the rate of the US Lab strain; D.J. Soucek, personal communication).

Recommendation: For 42

- d exposures with the US Lab strain ( begin ning with 7

- 8

- d old organisms ) , control or ganism average dry weight should be ≥0.35 mg after 28 days and ≥0.5 0 mg after 42 days. At the end of a 42

- day test, control reproduction shou ld average ≥6 young per female. Lower performance may indicate diet/ration may have been limiting. For tests with the Burlington strain, similar growth would be expected, but reprod uctive rate may be somewhat

lower.

### K

- 6

7) Applicability of Data from Different S trains of Hyalella azteca

The organisms of the US Lab strain are generally thought to trace to an original collection by

Alan Nebeker of EPA

- Corvallis in 1982. Hyalella azteca identified as the same US Lab strain have been found in the wild in several states, including FL, KS, OK, TX, CA, and their original

collection location in OR (D.J. Soucek, personal communication)

. It is less clear whether the chloride requirement found for the US Lab strain is present in all wild populations, or whether the US Lab strain occurs naturally in waters with chloride below 15 mg/L. David Soucek (Illinois Natural History Survey) conducted a study examining response to chloride in a culture

sta rted from a wild population of the US Lab strain collected in Kansas, and found indication of reduced performance at low Cl concentrations, though the magnitude of the effect may be

somewhat smaller.

It is noteworthy that in strain comparisons of sensitiv ity to sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate, the sensitivity of the US Lab strain at Cl ≥15 mg/L was generally similar to the sensitivity of the Burlington strain. Absent data to the contrary, we know of no compelling reason to think that

the toxicant sensit ivity of the US Lab strain in waters with adequate Cl and Br should not be appropriate for inclusion in species s ensitivity distribution s as is inte nded for deriving water quality criteria.

References:

Borgmann, U. 1996. Systematic analysis of aqueous ion requirements of Hyalella azteca: A standard artificial medium including the essential bromide ion. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

30:356

- 363.

Ivey CD , Brumbaugh WG, Ingersoll CG, Kemble NE, Kunz JK, Mount DR, and Hockett JR.

2011. Evaluation of th e influence of Bromide on the performance of the amphipod Hyalella azteca in reconstituted waters. Presented at the SETAC North America 32nd Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, November 2011.

Major KM, Soucek DJ, Giordano R, Wetzel MJ, Soto

- Adames F. 2013. The co mmon ecotoxicology laboratory strain of Hyalella azteca is genetically distinct from most wild strains sampled in eastern North America. Environ Toxicol Chem 32:2637

- 2647.

Marking, LL and Dawson VK. 1973. Toxicity of quinaldine sulfate to fish. Invest igative Fish Control, No. 48, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

Smith, ME, Lazorchak JM, Herrin LE, Brewer

- Swartz S, and Thoney WT. 1997. A reformulated, reconstituted water for testing the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Environ

Toxicol Chem 16:1229

- 1233.

Soucek DJ, Mount DR, Dickinson A, Hockett JR, McEwen AR. In press. Contrasting effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains of Hyalella azt eca . Environ To xicol Chem

### K

- 7

Figure 1. Long

- term performance of Hyalella as a function of Br concentration in water (from Ivey et al. 2011). Different symbols represent different trials and/or different water compositions (other than Br).

### K

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Figure 2. Concentrations of Cl in natural surface waters, waters used successfully to culture Hyalella , and in reconstituted waters based on Marking and Dawson (EPA/ASTM).

Figure 3. 10

- d weights of Hyalella reared in Lake Superior water with varying Cl concentrations (from Soucek et al. 2015).

### K

- 9

Figure 4. Influence of chloride on growth and reproduction of the US Lab strain in a 42

- d test (from Soucek et al. 2015).

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- 10

Figure 5. Comparison of control growth (a), and acute toxicity of sodium nitrate (b) and sodium sulfate (c) between the US Lab and Burling ton strains of Hyalella azteca (from Soucek et al. 2015).

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Figure 6. Growth rates of Hyalella reared on standard (EPA or ASTM 2000) ration of 1 ml YCT/d or on alternate rations (D.R. Mount unpublished data).