State of Hawaii

2013

Air Monitoring

Network Plan

Submitted to the U.S. EPA Region 9

July 1, 2013

Prepared by:

State of Hawaii

Department of Health

Environmental Management Division

Clean Air Branch

and

State Laboratories Division

Air Surveillance and Analysis Section

Document Control Number

HDOH – AMNP – 2013 - 001
2013 Annual Network Plan 1 State of Hawaii

 

Table of Contents

List of Tables ................................................................................................................. 2

List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 2

Acronyms and Definitions............................................................................................ 3

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4

1.0 Network Purpose and Design............................................................................ 5

1.1 Overview.................................................................................................... 5

1.1.1 SLAMS........................................................................................... 5

1.1.2 SPMS............................................................................................. 5

1.2 Network Design and Review Process........................................................ 6

1.2.1 Monitoring Objectives and Site Types............................................ 6

1.2.2 PM2.5 Network Changes................................................................. 7

1.3 Organizational Structure and Responsibilities ........................................... 7

2.0 Network Evaluation ........................................................................................... 8

2.1 PM10 Network............................................................................................. 8

2.2 PM2.5 Network.......................................................................................... 10

2.3 O3 Network .............................................................................................. 12

2.4 Pb Network .............................................................................................. 14

2.5 CO Network ............................................................................................. 15

2.6 NO2 Network............................................................................................ 16

2.7 SO2 Network ............................................................................................ 17

2.8 NCore ...................................................................................................... 19

2.9 H2S Network ............................................................................................ 19

2.10 Site Closures ........................................................................................... 19

2.11 Site Additions........................................................................................... 19

2.12 Site Modifications..................................................................................... 21

2.13 Summary of Network and Changes ......................................................... 21

3.0 Detailed Site Descriptions ............................................................................... 23

(DH) HONOLULU............................................................................................... 24

(KA) KAPOLEI SLAMS....................................................................................... 26

KAPOLEI NCore................................................................................................. 28

(PC) PEARL CITY .............................................................................................. 30

(SI) SAND ISLAND............................................................................................. 32

(KH) KIHEI.......................................................................................................... 34

(PI) PAIA ............................................................................................................ 36

(NI) NIUMALU .................................................................................................... 38

(HL) HILO ........................................................................................................... 40

(KN) KONA......................................................................................................... 42

(MV) MOUNTAIN VIEW ..................................................................................... 44

(OV) OCEAN VIEW ............................................................................................ 46

(PA) PAHALA ..................................................................................................... 48

(PE) PUNA E...................................................................................................... 50

(WL) WAIKOLOA................................................................................................ 52
2013 Annual Network Plan 2 State of Hawaii

 

Appendix A: Public Notice Documentation .............................................................. 54

Appendix B: Comments and Responses to the Network Plan................................ 55

List of Tables

Table 2-1 PM10 Network and Concentrations for the MSA......................................... 8

Table 2-2 PM10 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA .............................. 8

Table 2-3 PM2.5 Network and Concentrations for the MSA...................................... 10

Table 2-4 PM2.5 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA............................ 10

Table 2-5 PM2.5 Collocated Network ........................................................................ 11

Table 2-6 O3 Design Values for the MSA................................................................. 12

Table 2-7 O3 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA ................................ 12

Table 2-8 Minimum Pb Monitoring Requirement at NCore ...................................... 14

Table 2-9 Minimum Near-Road NO2 Monitoring Requirements for the MSA ........... 16

Table 2-10 Minimum SO2 Monitoring Requirements.................................................. 17

Table 2-11 PM2.5 Data to Support Co-location at the Kona Station............................ 21

Table 2-12 CO Data for Niumalu (150070007) 2011-2013 ........................................ 21

Table 2-13 Number of Monitors by Pollutant or Program........................................... 22

Table 2-14 Summary of Network Changes ................................................................ 22

Table 3-1 State of Hawaii Ambient Air Monitoring Network ..................................... 23

List of Figures

Figure 2-1 PM10 Network............................................................................................. 9

Figure 2-2 PM2.5 Network.......................................................................................... 11

Figure 2-3 O3 Network .............................................................................................. 13

Figure 2-4 Pb Monitoring Station............................................................................... 14

Figure 2-5 CO Network ............................................................................................. 15

Figure 2-6 NO2 Network............................................................................................ 16

Figure 2-7 SO2 Network ............................................................................................ 18

Figure 2-8 H C & S Sugar Cane Fields: Island of Maui ............................................. 20
2013 Annual Network Plan 3 State of Hawaii

 

Acronyms and Definitions

AQI Air Quality Index

ASAS State of Hawaii Department of Health Air Surveillance and Analysis 

Section

BAM Beta-Attenuation Mass Monitor

CAB State of Hawaii Department of Health Clean Air Branch

CBSA Core-Based Statistical Areas

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CO Carbon Monoxide

DOH Hawaii State Department of Health

DOT Hawaii State Department of Transportation

EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

FEM Federal Equivalent Method

FRM Federal Reference Method

H2S Hydrogen Sulfide

IMPROVE Integrated Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments

MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area

MSL Mean Sea Level

MWC Municipal Waste Combustor

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NCore National Core Multi-pollutant Monitoring Stations

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

O3 Ozone

Pb Lead

PM2.5

Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in aerodynamic 

diameter

PM10

Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns in aerodynamic 

diameter

PQAO Primary Quality Assurance Organization

PPM Parts per million

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

PWEI Population Weighted Emissions Index

SLAMS State and Local Air Monitoring Stations

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

SPMS Special Purpose Monitoring Stations

STN Speciation Trends Network

TPY Tons per Year

TSP Total suspended particulates

VOG Haze due to volcanic emissions

WD Wind direction

WS Wind speed

μg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter of air
2013 Annual Network Plan 4 State of Hawaii

 

Introduction

The State of Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) plans, operates and maintains the 

statewide ambient air quality monitoring network. Monitoring data is used for a variety 

of reasons including determining compliance with National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS), timely reporting of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 

(EPA) Air Quality Index (AQI), tracking and characterizing air quality trends, evaluating 

emission control strategies, and supporting health studies.

The DOH manages all of the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS), Special 

Purpose Monitoring Stations (SPMS), and the National Core Monitoring Station 

(NCore). Additionally, Hawaii has two Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual 

Environments stations (IMPROVE) located at Haleakala National Park on Maui and 

Volcanoes National Park on the island of Hawaii. The IMPROVE stations are operated 

and maintained by the National Park Service through their federal land management 

agency.

This annual review evaluates the state’s existing ambient air monitoring network to 

determine adequacy in meeting monitoring objectives, optimizes the network by closing, 

moving or adding stations, and ensures that air quality issues important to the state are 

being addressed. The review ensures that the network is providing adequate, quality 

assured and useful data to meet the needs of stakeholders. This plan encompasses 

the 18-month period from July 1, 2013 through December 31, 2014, however unplanned

modifications may occur due to funding reductions, unanticipated site changes, or 

changes in EPA monitoring requirements. This plan is being submitted to the EPA 

Region IX according to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 58, 

Section 58.10.

Notification of the plan availability for public inspection was provided through public 

notices published on May 20, 2013 in the daily newspapers of all counties. The plan 

was available for review at all county District Health offices as well as on the Clean Air 

Branch website (http://hawaii.gov/health/environmental/air/cab/index.html) for 30 days 

from May 20, 2013 to June 20, 2013. Documentation of public notification is provided in 

Appendix A and comments to the plan are provided in Appendix B.
2013 Annual Network Plan 5 State of Hawaii

 

1.0 Network Purpose and Design

1.1 Overview

EPA established NAAQS for the following criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), 

lead (Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter 10 

microns or less in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), and particulate matter 2.5 microns or 

less in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). Additionally, there is a state standard for 

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that was established primarily to monitor the ambient air effects 

of geothermal energy production activities on the island of Hawaii. In 2011 the state 

established the National Core multi-pollutant monitoring station (NCore) as required by

40 CFR 58. The NCore station monitors for PM2.5, speciated PM2.5, PM10-2.5, O3, SO2, 

CO, Pb, nitrogen oxides (NO/NO2/NOy) and the meteorological parameters wind speed, 

wind direction, ambient temperature and relative humidity. Hawaii’s air quality 

surveillance network consists of compliance stations monitoring for criteria pollutants as 

well as the NCore station and special purpose monitoring stations.

The annual review ensures that the state meets monitoring and siting requirements, the 

three basic monitoring objectives, addresses the six site types in 40 CFR 58 Appendix 

D, provides information for non-regulatory data goals and the requirements of 40 CFR 

58 appendices A, C, D, and E as follows:

 Appendix A: Quality Assurance Requirements for SLAMS, SPMSs and PSD 

Air Monitoring;

 Appendix C: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Methodology

 Appendix D: Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

 Appendix E: Probe and Monitoring Path Siting Criteria for Ambient Air Quality 

Monitoring

1.1.1 SLAMS

SLAMS are established primarily to demonstrate compliance with the NAAQS and to 

meet minimum monitoring requirements as required in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D. All 

SLAMS must meet quality assurance, methodology, and siting requirements of 40 

CFR 58 Appendix A, C and E respectively. All data is submitted to EPA’s Air Quality 

System (AQS) within 90 days at the end of each calendar quarter, as required in 40 

CFR 58.16.

EPA mandated that each state establish a minimum of one National Core multipollutant monitoring station to support tracking of long-term trends of criteria and 

non-criteria pollutants, model evaluation, long-term health and ecosystem 

assessments, and other scientific and technological studies. Hawaii’s NCore station 

became fully operational on January 1, 2011. The SLAMS network excludes SPMS 

but includes NCore and other stations that have not been specifically designated as 

SPMS. 

1.1.2 SPMS

SPMS are operated for specific areas of interest to the state and do not count in 

meeting minimum monitoring requirements. Hawaii’s SPM network is established 
2013 Annual Network Plan 6 State of Hawaii

 

primarily to monitor air quality impacts of emissions from the ongoing Kilauea 

volcano eruption; hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from geothermal energy 

production; and impacts from cruise ships on the island of Kauai and cane burning 

on the island of Maui. The DOH utilizes FRM or FEM analyzers for all criteria 

SPMS, meets the quality assurance requirements of 40 CFR 58 Appendix A, and 

submits criteria pollutant data to AQS. All data from SPMS which have operated for 

more than 24 months is eligible for comparison to relevant NAAQS.

1.2 Network Design and Review Process

The network review determines if: modifications are needed to reduce or eliminate 

redundancy and low value monitoring; new NAAQS monitoring requirements or 

programs are met; sufficient data is being collected using the best technology and 

schedule that resources allow; and corrective actions are needed to ensure compliance 

with all siting and quality assurance requirements.

Modification decisions are made using a variety of tools including but not limited to: data 

trend analyses; performance and technical systems audits; regular site inspections; cost 

and value analyses; assessment of unfavorable site changes such as loss of lease or 

construction that adversely affect data collection; and, the need to address special 

studies or new regulatory as well as non-regulatory monitoring objectives. 

1.2.1 Monitoring Objectives and Site Types

Ambient air monitoring networks must be designed to meet three basic objectives as 

stated in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D:

1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with NAAQS and emissions strategy development; and

3) Support air pollution research studies.

The state’s ambient air monitoring network achieves all three objectives as follows:

1) Air pollution data from all SLAMS and SPMS are exhibited near real-time on

the DOH public web-site, additionally continuous PM2.5 and O3 data is 

provided to EPA’s AIRNow website for use in calculating the AQI;

2) Data from SLAMS are used to demonstrate compliance with the NAAQS and 

in development and tracking of emissions control strategies. Similarly, data 

from the state’s NCore station will be used to track long-term trends of criteria 

and non-criteria pollutants as well as support emissions control strategies;

3) All SLAMS, SPMS, and NCore monitoring provide valuable information in 

support of air pollution, health, and other scientific studies.

In order for the network to support the three basic objectives outlined above, it must 

be designed with a variety of monitoring site types. The six general site types are:

1) Determine the highest pollutant concentrations expected in the network;

2) Measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) Determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air 

quality;

4) Determine general background concentrations;

5) Determine the extent of regional pollutant transport between populated areas;
2013 Annual Network Plan 7 State of Hawaii

 

6) Measure pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation, crops, animals and 

buildings.

The site type for each station in the network is included in its detailed description in 

Section 3.0 of this document.

1.2.2 PM2.5 Network Changes

According to 40 CFR 58.10 (c), this network plan must document how the state will 

provide for a review of changes to a PM2.5 monitoring network that impact the 

location of a violating PM2.5 monitor or the creation or change to a community 

monitoring zone, including a description of the proposed use of spatial averaging for 

purposes of making comparisons to the annual PM2.5 NAAQS as set forth in Part 50 

Appendix N. The agency must also document the process for obtaining public 

comment and include any comments received through the public notification process 

within the submitted plan.

The state does not have, nor is intending to create any community monitoring zones 

and does not utilize spatial averaging for comparison to the PM2.5 NAAQS. The 

state has in place a public notification procedure which includes posting notice in the 

newspapers of all counties and on the agency web site allowing for public viewing 

and comments of the changes that are in the annual network plan document.

1.3 Organizational Structure and Responsibilities

The DOH Air Surveillance and Analysis Section (ASAS) serves as the Primary Quality 

Assurance Organization (PQAO), operating and maintaining the stations and providing

quality assured data to AQS. The ASAS also provides laboratory support for chemical 

and mass analyses of special or research air toxics monitoring as needed and PM2.5 colocated and Pb TSP filter samples.

The DOH Clean Air Branch (CAB) is the state agency responsible for planning, 

management, and regulatory activities associated with the state’s air program. As an 

organizationally separate entity, the CAB conducts independent audits of the monitoring 

network and provides oversight of the PQAO.
2013 Annual Network Plan 8 State of Hawaii

 

2.0 Network Evaluation

There are minimum monitoring requirements for PM10, PM2.5, O3, SO2, and Pb for each 

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the state as described in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D. 

The U.S. Census Bureau has designated Honolulu as the only MSA in the state with a 

2010 census population of 953,207. There are five counties in the state: Kauai (islands 

of Niihau and Kauai); City & County of Honolulu (island of Oahu); Maui (islands of Maui, 

Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe), Kalawao (Kalaupapa Settlement on Molokai), and Hawaii 

(island of Hawaii).

2.1 PM10 Network

The minimum number of required PM10 monitoring stations for the MSA is dependent 

upon population and concentration measurements. High concentration areas are those 

for which the ambient PM10 data show concentrations exceeding the PM10 NAAQS by 

20 percent or more. Medium concentration areas are those for which ambient PM10

data show concentrations exceeding 80 percent of the NAAQS. Low concentration 

areas are those for which ambient PM10 data show concentrations less than 80 percent 

of the NAAQS.

PM10 data for 2012 showed the MSA to be a low concentration area (Table 2-1) and 

therefore is required to have one to two PM10 monitors (Table 2-2). The state meets the 

minimum PM10 monitoring requirements with three PM10 stations in the MSA.

Table 2-1. PM10 Network and Concentrations for the MSA

Site Name AQS No. 2012 Maximum 24-Hr Value 

(μg/m3)

Percent of 24-Hr

NAAQS

Sampling

Frequency

Honolulu 150031001 32 21 Continuous

Kapolei 150030010 40 27 Continuous

Pearl City 150032004 37 25 Continuous

Table 2-2. PM10 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA

MSA Population Category (2010 Census)

(40 CFR 58 Appendix D Table D-4)

High Concentration

≥120% of NAAQS

(≥180 μg/m3)

Medium

Concentration

>80% of NAAQS

(>120 μg/m3)

Low Concentration

<80% of NAAQS

(<120 μg/m3)

>1,000,000 6-10 4-8 2-4

500,000-1,000,000 4-8 2-4 1-2

250,000-500,000 3-4 1-2 0-1

100,000-250,000 1-2 0-1 0

MSA 2010 Census 

Population

Highest 24-hr

Value (2012)

Required # of

Monitors 

# of Active Monitors 

in the MSA

# of Monitors

Needed

Honolulu 953,207 40 μg/m31-2 3 0

Figure 2-1 shows the map locations of the currently operating PM10 sites in the state. 

All of the PM10 stations are in the Honolulu MSA. 
2013 Annual Network Plan 9 State of Hawaii

 

Figure 2-1. PM10 Network
2013 Annual Network Plan 10 State of Hawaii

 

2.2 PM2.5 Network

The state must operate a minimum number of required PM2.5 monitors based on 

population in the MSA and the most recent 3-year design value for PM2.5. The design 

value for the annual PM2.5 standard is the most current 3-year average annual mean for 

each site. The design value for the 24-hour PM2.5 standard is the most current 3-year 

average of annual 98th percentile 24-hour values recorded at each monitoring site.

Table 2-3 shows the annual and daily design values for complete data years 2010 to 

2012. 

The most recent 3-year design values were less than 85% of any PM2.5 NAAQS. Table 

2-4 shows that the state operates more than the minimum monitoring requirements for 

PM2.5 in the MSA. In addition to the four SLAMS PM2.5 sites in the Honolulu MSA, the 

state operates one SLAMS and one SPMS on the island of Maui, six SPMS on the 

island of Hawaii for volcanic emissions, and one SPM station on the island of Kauai to 

monitor cruise ship emissions. The IMPROVE monitoring station at Haleakala National 

Park operated by the National Park Service serves as the regional haze/background 

PM2.5 site for the state’s network. All primary PM2.5 monitors operated by the state are 

continuous FEM. Figure 2-2 shows the map locations of all the PM2.5 stations in the 

state, including SPMS and the IMPROVE monitor.

Table 2-3. PM2.5 Network and Concentrations for the MSA

Site AQS No. Sampling 

Frequency

Annual

Design

Value (μg/m3)

2010 – 2012

Percent of

Annual

NAAQS

Daily

Design

Value (μg/m3)

2010-2012

Percent of

24-Hour

NAAQS

Honolulu 150031001 Continuous 4.8 32 11 31

Kapolei 150030010 Continuous 5.5 37 13 37

Pearl City 150032004 Continuous 5.2 35 12 34

Sand 

Island 150031004 Continuous 8.4 56 17 49

NOTE: Haleakala IMPROVE (150090101) is the PM2.5 background site for Hawaii and is operated and maintained by the NPS

Table 2-4. PM2.5 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA

MSA Population Category

(2010 Census)

(40 CFR 58 Appendix D Table D-5)

Most recent 3-year Design Value

≥85% of any PM2.5 NAAQS

(≥29.8 μg/m3for 24-hr standard;

≥12.8 μg/m3for annual standard)

Most recent 3-year Design Value

<85% of any PM2.5 NAAQS

(<29.8 μg/m3for 24-hour standard;

<12.8 μg/m3for annual standard) 

>1,000,000 3 2

500,000-1,000,000 2 1

250,000-500,000 1 0

MSA 2010 Census

Population

Highest

Annual

Design

Value

2010 – 2012

Highest

Daily

Design

Value 

2010-2012

Required

No. of

Monitors

Number of

Active

Monitors in

the MSA 

Number of

Monitors

Needed

Honolulu 953,207 8.4 17 1 4 0

Appendix A to 40 CFR 58 requires that 15 percent of each PM2.5 monitoring method be 

co-located. The state currently operates five SLAMS and eight SPMS FEM monitors. 

With a total of 13 stations, two co-located monitors are required. One FRM co-located 

monitor is currently operating at the core Kapolei station. The state plans to co-locate a 

PM2.5 FEM at the Kona station as detailed in Section 2.12, pending EPA approval. 

Table 2-5 summarizes the PM2.5 co-located network.
2013 Annual Network Plan 11 State of Hawaii

 

Table 2-5. PM2.5 Collocated Network

Method 

Code

# Primary 

Monitors

# Required 

Co-located

# Active 

Co-located 

FRM

# Active Co-located 

FEM (same method 

designation as 

primary)

# and Type of 

Co-located 

Required

170 13 2 1 0 1 FEM 

Figure 2-2. PM2.5 Network

Background site
2013 Annual Network Plan 12 State of Hawaii

 

2.3 O3 Network

The state must operate a minimum number of O3 monitors depending upon MSA 

population and typical peak concentrations. NCore sites are intended to complement 

O3 data collection but can be used to meet the minimum monitoring requirements.

The O3 monitoring season for the state of Hawaii is 12-months from January to 

December. The O3 design value is the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily 

maximum 8-hour concentrations measured at each monitor. 

The most recent design value concentration showed less than 85% of the O3 NAAQS 

(Table 2-6) and therefore, as shown in Table 2-7, the state meets the minimum O3

network monitoring requirements.

Table 2-6. O3 Design Values for the MSA

Stations in 

the MSA

8-Hour

Design Value

2010 – 2012

2010 MSA 

Census 

Population

Required #

of Monitors

# of Active

Monitors

in the MSA 

#

of Monitors

Needed

Sand Island

(150031004)

45 ppb

953,207 1 2 0

Kapolei1

(150030010) 49 ppb

1

Kapolei NCore O3 began operating January 2011, incomplete design value

Table 2-7. O3 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA

MSA Population Category

(40 CFR 58 Appendix D Table D-2)

Most recent 3-year design value

≥85% of any O3 NAAQS

(≥64 ppb, 8-hr standard)

Most recent 3-year design value

<85% of any O3 NAAQS

(<64 ppb, 8-hr standard)

>10 million 4 2

4-10 million 3 1

350,000-<4 million 2 1

50,000-<350,000 1 0

Figure 2-3 shows the map locations of the SLAM and NCore O3 stations. Both stations 

are located in the Honolulu MSA.
2013 Annual Network Plan 13 State of Hawaii

 

Figure 2-3. O3 Network
2013 Annual Network Plan 14 State of Hawaii

 

2.4 Pb Network

With a 2010 census population of 953, 207 in the Honolulu MSA, the state is required to 

conduct non-source-oriented Pb monitoring at the Kapolei NCore site (Table 2-8). This 

NCore site began collecting Pb data on January 1, 2012. Figure 2-4 shows the location 

of the Pb monitoring site at the Kapolei NCore station. 

Appendix D to Part 58 also requires source-oriented Pb monitoring for sources emitting 

0.50 or more tons per year (TPY) according to the most recent emissions inventory. 

There are no sources in the state emitting 0.5 or more TPY of Pb.

Table 2-8. Minimum Pb Monitoring Requirement at NCore

NCore AQS ID CBSA 2010 Census 

Population

# Required 

Monitors

# Active 

Monitors

# Monitors 

Needed

KA 150030010 Honolulu 953,207 1 1 0

Figure 2-4. Pb Monitoring Station
2013 Annual Network Plan 15 State of Hawaii

 

2.5 CO Network

The state operates two SLAMS CO monitors in the Honolulu MSA and one SPMS on 

the island of Kauai. The SPM CO monitor on Kauai was shut-down on 4/25/13 due to 

low data values and the need to commit resources to other priorities (see section 2.12). 

Figure 2-5 shows the locations of the CO sites in the state. 40 CFR 58, Appendix D 

4.2.2 requires one collocated CO monitor at near-road NO2 sites in CBSAs with 

populations ≥1,000,000. The Honolulu MSA had a 2010 census population of 953,207 

and therefore is not currently required to collocate a CO monitor. 

Figure 2-5. CO Network

NOTE: The NI SPM CO 

monitor was discontinued 

after 4/25/13.
2013 Annual Network Plan 16 State of Hawaii

 

2.6 NO2 Network

On March 7, 2013, EPA revised the near-road NO2 monitoring requirement for CBSAs 

with a population of greater than 500,000 but less than one million. Near-road 

monitoring for these areas, which includes the Honolulu MSA, are now required to be 

operational by January 1, 2017 and included in the July 1, 2016 Network Plan. There 

are no other minimum NO2 monitoring requirements. The state currently has one 

SLAMS NO2 station in the MSA and one SPMS on the island of Kauai.

Table 2-9. Minimum Near-Road NO2 Monitoring Requirements for the MSA

CBSA 2010 Census 

Population

Max AADT Counts

(2010)1

# Required 

Monitors

# Monitors to be 

operational by 

1/1/2017

Honolulu 953,207 236,000 1 1

1

2010 estimated average AADT provided by the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation

Figure 2-6. NO2 Network
2013 Annual Network Plan 17 State of Hawaii

 

2.7 SO2 Network

EPA has established the Population Weighted Emissions Index (PWEI) to determine 

required SO2 monitoring. The PWEI is calculated by multiplying the population of each 

CBSA with the total amount of SO2 in TPY emitted within the CBSA area and dividing 

the result by one million. According to this calculation, Hawaii is required to operate one 

SO2 in the Honolulu area (Table 2-10). The state currently operates two SLAMS SO2

monitors in the Honolulu MSA, and one at the NCore station in Kapolei and therefore 

meets the minimum number of required SO2 stations. Figure 2-7 shows the locations of 

the SLAMS and SPMS SO2 sites.

SO2 continues to be one of the pollutants of concern in communities on the island of 

Hawaii with the ongoing eruption of the Kilauea volcano. There are seven stations 

monitoring for volcanic emissions, two of which are SLAM stations (Hilo and Kona).

Three of the seven SO2 monitoring stations (Mt. View, Pahala and Ocean View) are 

SPMS that use FEM and follow all the requirements of 40 CFR 58 Appendices A, D, 

and E, have been operating for more than 24 months and therefore are subject to 

NAAQS comparison. One station (Waikoloa) was established as a SPMS in July 2012, 

has been operating for less than 24 months and is not subject to comparison with the 

NAAQS. One station (Puna E) was established primarily to monitor H2S emissions from 

geothermal energy production. The probe siting does not meet the requirements of 40 

CFR 58 Appendix E and therefore is a non-regulatory SO2 monitoring site.

The state also established a station to monitor for cruise ship emissions on the island of 

Kauai. This is a SPM station which includes FEM monitoring for SO2, follows all 

requirements of 40 CFR 58 Appendices A, D, and E, and as of April 2, 2013, has been 

operating for more than 24 months and is eligible for comparison with the NAAQS.

Table 2-10. Minimum SO2 Monitoring Requirements

CBSA County 2010 Census 

Population

Total SO2

(tons/year)

2008 NEI

PWEI1 # Required 

Monitors

# Active 

Monitors

# 

Monitors 

Needed

Honolulu

City & 

County of 

Honolulu

953,207 20,855 19,879 1 2 0

1

According to 40 CFR 58 Appendix D, if the PWEI for a CBSA is ≥ 5,000 but < 100,000, a minimum of 

one SO2 monitor is required.
2013 Annual Network Plan 18 State of Hawaii

 

Figure 2-7. SO2 Network
2013 Annual Network Plan 19 State of Hawaii

 

2.8 NCore

The Kapolei NCore station is located in the rapidly-growing residential, commercial, and 

industrial community on the southwest side of Oahu. Kapolei is considered to be the 

“second city” next to Honolulu with county, state and federal agencies also establishing 

offices in the area. The NCore parameters are: NO/NOy, SO2, CO, O3, PM10-2.5, PM2.5

speciation, Pb and the meteorological parameters wind speed, wind direction, 

temperature and relative humidity.

By correspondence dated October 30, 2009, EPA approved Kapolei as the NCore 

station and it became fully operational on January 1, 2011 with Pb-TSP collection

beginning January 1, 2012 as required in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D, paragraph 3(b).

2.9 H2S Network

The state has a one-hour H2S standard of 25 ppb established primarily to determine the 

effects of geothermal energy exploration and production on the island of Hawaii. Puna 

Geothermal Ventures (PGV) is a 41 MW geothermal power plant located in the lower 

east rift zone of the Kilauea volcano.

Although PGV is required by their non-covered source permit to maintain three air 

monitoring stations for H2S, the state established a monitoring station in the downwind 

community of Leilani Estates to monitor ambient effects of geothermal exploration and 

operations. The station also monitors for SO2 well as H2S. 

2.10 Site Closures

Planned: Waikoloa, Hawaii station (150012021)

To address community concerns about volcanic emissions, the Waikoloa station on the 

island of Hawaii was established as a SPMS on July 1, 2012 to monitor primarily for 

SO2. However, in 10 months of operation, the maximum 1-hour SO2 value detected 

was 35.5 ppb with approximately 95% of the values falling between 0 and 6.25 ppb.

Because of the low SO2 values, budgetary concerns, and the need to reallocate 

resources to other programs and areas of concern, the DOH plans to discontinue this 

station by July 1, 2014. 

2.11 Site Additions

Paia (PI 150090024) PM2.5 SPM Station

Agricultural burning is allowed throughout the state and is regulated through the 

agriculture burning permit program administered by the DOH. The largest agriculture 

operation with a burn permit is the Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (HC&S) 

on the island of Maui. HC&S annually conducts pre-harvest burning of sugar cane 

usually from March to November. The average number of acreage burned is about 70 

per day at various locations. Communities located near sugar cane fields are 

concerned about the health effects that may be associated with the large amount of 

smoke produced when the cane fields are burned.
2013 Annual Network Plan 20 State of Hawaii

 

HC&S fields are located in Maui’s central valley from Kahului and Paia on the north side 

to Kihei on the south side (Figure 2-8). Since 1999, the DOH has operated one station 

in Kihei to monitor cane burning, but there hasn’t been an active monitor on the north 

end of the island since 2002. To ensure that cane burning is monitored in both areas, 

the DOH took action to establish PM2.5 monitoring in Paia prior to the start of the 2013 

burn season. The Paia SPM station began operating on March 1, 2013.

Although Paia is a relatively small community with a 2010 census population of about 

2,700, it is surrounded by sugar cane fields. Smoke impact in this community will 

provide useful information for the larger community of Kahului/Wailuku.

Figure 2-8 H C & S Sugar Cane Fields: Island of Maui

Kahului/Wailuku
2013 Annual Network Plan 21 State of Hawaii

 

2.12 Modifications

PM2.5 co-located FEM monitor

Planned, pending EPA approval: Kona, Hawaii station (150011012)

The state’s largest pollutant network is PM2.5 with five SLAM and eight SPM stations. 

According to the quality assurance requirements of 40 CFR Appendix A, 15 percent of 

the PM2.5 monitors must be co-located. With all 13 of the PM2.5 monitors being 

continuous FEM BAMS 1020, one co-located FRM and one co-located FEM are 

required. The co-located FRM monitor is located at the core Kapolei SLAM station. To 

meet the minimum co-location requirements, DOH plans to add one FEM co-located 

monitor at the Kona station. The Kona station is a SPMS, operating for more than 24 

months and consistently records some of the highest PM2.5 values in the state due to 

volcanic emissions as shown in Table 2-11.

Table 2-11. PM2.5 Data to Support Co-location at the Kona Station

Site Type AQS No. Sampling 

Frequency

Annual

Design

Value (μg/m3)

2010 – 20121

Percent of

Annual

NAAQS

Daily

Design

Value (μg/m3)

2010-2012

Percent of

24-Hour

NAAQS

Honolulu SLAMS 150031001 Continuous 4.8 32 11 33

Kapolei SLAMS 150030010 Continuous 5.5 37 13 37

Pearl City SLAMS 150032004 Continuous 5.2 35 12 35

Sand Island SLAMS 150031004 Continuous 8.4 56 17 48

Kihei SLAMS 150090006 Continuous 5.7 38 14 39

Hilo SPMS 150011006 Continuous 4.9 33 18 52

KONA SPMS 150011012 Continuous 15.5 103 28 80

Mt. View SPMS 150012023 Continuous 5.1 34 14 41

Pahala SPMS 150012016 Continuous 7.3 49 19 53

Ocean View SPMS 150012020 Continuous 13.0 87 25 71

1 Comparison is to the annual standard of 15 μg/m3

Discontinued CO monitoring at Niumalu (150070007)

The CO monitor at this site was shut-down after 4/25/13. As shown in Table 2-12, CO 

data collected at this site has been of very low data value and resources needed to be 

directed to other programs. Niumalu is a SPMS and the CO monitor has been 

operating for less than 24-months.

Table 2-12. CO Data for Niumalu (150070007) 2011-20131

Max 1-hr CO ppm % of 1-hr NAAQS Max 8-hr CO ppm % of 8-hr NAAQS

2011 0.7 2 0.7 8

2012 1.0 3 1.2 13

2013 2

1.2 3 2.3 26

1

 CO monitor began operating 5/18/2011 2 2013 CO data is preliminary

2.13 Summary of Network and Changes

Table 2-13 summarizes the state’s 2013 network monitors. Sections 2.10 to 2.12 detail 

station closures, additions and equipment or network modifications and summarized in 

Table 2-14.
2013 Annual Network Plan 22 State of Hawaii

 

As indicated in the table, the monitors used for all criteria pollutants are FRM or FEM 

and follow the requirements of 40 CFR 58 and Appendices A, C, D, E and G. Hawaii’s 

air monitoring network meets or exceeds the minimum required monitoring for each 

parameter.

Table 2-13. Number of Monitors by Pollutant or Program

N/A = Not applicable

Pollutant/

Program SLAMS SPMS NCore

No. of 

Colocated

Total

in 

MSA

Total

in State

Total 

Required 

in MSA1

Meets EPA

Minimum

Required?

Planned

Additions

Planned

Closures

CO (FRM) 2 0 1 N/A 3 3 N/A N/A 0 0

2

NO2 (FRM) 1 1

*1

*NO/NOy N/A 1 2 N/A YES 0 0

SO2 (FEM) 4 6 1 N/A 3 11 1 YES 0 1 SPM

O3 (FRM) 1 0 1 N/A 2 2 1 YES 0 0

PM10 (FEM) 3 0 --- N/A 3 3 1-2 YES 0 0

PM2.5 (all 

are FEM) 5 8 --- 1 FRM 4 13 1 YES

1 FEM

co-located31 SPM

Pb (FRM) 0 0 1 N/A 1 1 1 (NCore) YES 0 0

PM2.5

Speciation 0 0 1 N/A 1 1 1 (NCore) YES 0 0

PM10-2.5 N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 1 1 (NCore) YES 0 0

H2S 0 1 --- N/A 0 1 N/A N/A 0 0

1

As promulgated in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D, the minimum monitoring requirements apply to Metropolitan 

Statistical Areas (MSA). The City and County of Honolulu is the only MSA in the state.

2

The Niumalu SPMS CO monitor was discontinued 4/25/13

3

Pending EPA approval

Table 2-14. Summary of Network Changes

Site AQS ID Site

Type Affected Parameters Reason forClosure/Addition/Modification

Hawaii County (Island of Hawaii)

Kona 150011012 SPMS PM2.5 co-located FEM

Add PM2.5 FEM co-located monitor:

To meet minimum co-location

requirements, FEM to start after EPA 

approval is received.

Waikoloa 150012021 SPMS SO2, PM2.5

Close station:

Although established to monitor for 

volcanic emissions, SO2 has not been 

detected at any significant levels. 

Because there are six other SO2

monitors on the island and due to budget 

constraints, the DOH plans to 

discontinue this SPM station. This 

station began operating July 2012.

Maui County

Paia 150090024 SPMS PM2.5

Station added:

To monitor for cane-burning on the north 

side of the island. The station began 

operating March 1, 2013.

Kauai County

Niumalu 050070007 SPMS CO

Discontinued monitor:

This monitor was discontinued after 

4/25/13 due to low monitoring values 

and the need to commit resources to 

other priority programs. The CO monitor 

began operating on 5/18/11 and has 

been operating for less than 24 months.
2013 Annual Network Plan 23 State of Hawaii

 

3.0 Detailed Site Descriptions

Following are descriptions and photos of each station in the state’s current ambient air 

monitoring network. The descriptions include area location, traffic, probe siting, 

monitor information and adherence to quality assurance.

DOH Air Surveillance and Analysis Section of the State Laboratories Division (ASAS)

is the collecting and reporting agency for all stations and monitors operating in the 

state.

Table 3-1. State of Hawaii Ambient Air Monitoring Network

ID AQS No. Site Name Basic Monitoring 

Objective(s)1 Parameters

DH 150031001 Honolulu 1,2 PM2.5, PM10, SO2

KA

SLAMS 150030010 Kapolei 1,2,3 PM2.5, PM2.5 co-located, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO

KA

NCore 150030010 Kapolei 1,3

PM10-2.5, SO2, NO/NOy, CO, O3, 

Pb, PM2.5 speciation

WS, WD, RH, Temp

PC 150032004 Pearl City 1,2 PM2.5, PM10

SI 150031004 Sand Island 1,2 PM2.5, O3

KH 150090006 Kihei 1,2,3 PM2.5

PI 150090024 Paia 1,3 PM2.5

NI 150070007 Niumalu 1,3 PM2.5, SO2, NO2

HL

SLAMS 150011006 Hilo 1,2,3 SO2

HL

SPMS 150011006 Hilo 1,2,3 PM2.5

KN

SLAMS 150011012 Kona 1,2,3 SO2

KN

SPMS 150011012 Kona 1,2,3 PM2.5

MV 150012023 Mt. View 1,2,3 PM2.5, SO2

OV 150012020 Ocean View 1,2,3 PM2.5, SO2

PA 150012016 Pahala 1,2,3 PM2.5, SO2

PE 150012010 Puna E 1,3 SO2, H2S

WL 150012021 Waikoloa 1,3 PM2.5, SO2

1 Basic Monitoring Objectives:

1) Public information

2) NAAQS compliance

3) Support research
2013 Annual Network Plan 24 State of Hawaii

 

(DH) HONOLULU

AQS: 150031001 Type: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu

Address: 1250 Punchbowl St., Honolulu, HI 96813

Latitude: 21.30758 Longitude: -157.85542 Elevation: 20 m MSL

Location Description:

This station is located on the roof of the state Department of Health building in downtown Honolulu. 

The surrounding streets are busy thoroughfares serving the downtown area. The area includes a major

hospital (Queen’s Medical Center), the state capitol, other state, county, commercial and business 

buildings as well as residential condominiums. This station has been operating since 1972.

Type of Roadway Punchbowl S. Beretania Vineyard

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X X X

Distance from air intake (m) 30 122 610

Direction from air inlet E S N

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 5 6 6

Average daily traffic 35,844153,046148,4451

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 20 25 25

Traffic one way or two 2 1 2

Street parking? No No No

1

Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation 2006 count

Meteorology: WS, WD sensors attached to pole at rooftop

DH MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 3/FEM 1/FEM 6/FEM 1/FRM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SLAMS SLAMS SLAMS SLAMS N/A N/A

AQS Parameter Code 88101 81102 42401 42101 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One Met-One TECO TECO RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM 1020 BAM 1020 43i 48 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 122 060 054 Not entered Not entered

Monitoring start date 4/1/2009 7/1/2009 10/16/1992 1/1/1972 11/2003 11/2003

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous

Probe material N/A N/A Glass Glass N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A N/A 12.48 12.48 N/A N/A

Distance between colocated monitors N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 25 State of Hawaii

 

(DH) Honolulu continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not Applicable) GASES 

(CO, SO2)

PM2.5 PM10

Location of probe Top of building Top of building Top of building

Building dimensions

Height (m) 12 12 12

Width (m) 61 61 61

Depth (m) 15 15 15

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) 9 8 8

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.2 1.8 1.8

Height of probe above ground (m) 13.2 13.8 13.8

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 27 E 24 E 24 E

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 30 27 27

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 24 24 24

Distance and direction from obstructions on roof (m) 9N 11N 9N

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) None None None

Height of nearest possible obstacle (m) 2.7 2.7 2.7

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) 238 S/SW 234 S/SW 234 S/SW

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? Paved Paved Paved

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

CO SO2 PM2.5 PM10

Spatial scale Middle Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 1-hr; 8-hr 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr, Annual 24-hr; Annual 24-hr; Annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 12-months 12-months

Site type 11 2 2 2

Purpose of Monitor 21, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2

Suitable for comparison

against the annual PM2.5

NAAQS?

Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 12/9/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 12/16/10 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit

(CAB) 10/29/12 No problems noted.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/3/12, 11/7/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): None

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None
2013 Annual Network Plan 26 State of Hawaii

 

(KA) KAPOLEI SLAMS

AQS: 150030010 Type: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu

Address: 2052 Lauwiliwili St., Kapolei, HI 96707

Latitude: 21.32374 Longitude: -158.08861 Elevation: 17.9 m MSL

Location Description:

Located in the Kapolei Business Park, in the rapidly growing “second city” of Kapolei, the area is a mix 

of business, commercial, and government activities surrounded by an ever expanding residential 

community. The site is also approximately 1.25 km northeast (upwind) of the state’s largest industrial 

park on the southwest coast of the island of Oahu. The station has been operating since 2002.

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION

Type of Roadway Kalaeloa Blvd. Lauwiliwili St.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X

Local Street or Road X

Distance from air intake (m) 379 167

Direction from air inlet NW W

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 4 2

Average daily traffic 18,2551 2Estimated: <5,000

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 35 30

Traffic one way or two 2 2

Street parking? No Yes

1

Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation 2Estimate only, no data available, local road

KA SLAMS Monitor Information N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5

PM2.5

co-loc PM10 CO SO2 NO2

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 2/FRM 3/FEM 1/FRM 1/FEM 1/FRM

Type of Monitor SLAMS SLAMS SLAMS SLAMS SLAMS SLAMS

AQS Parameter Code 88101 88101 81102 42101 42401 42602

Manufacturer Met One Andersen Met One TECO TECO TECO

Model No. BAM1020 RAAS2.5 BAM1020 48i 43A 42C

AQS Method Code 170 120 122 054 060 074

Monitoring start date 1/1/2009 1/1/2011 12/18/2008 7/29/2002 7/29/2002 7/29/2002

Frequency Continuous 1/3 Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous

Probe material N/A N/A N/A Glass Glass Glass

Residence Time (sec) N/A N/A N/A 13.22 13.22 13.22

Distance between co-located 

monitors 4 m 4 m N/A N/A N/A N/A

Analytical Laboratory N/A ASAS N/A N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 27 State of Hawaii

 

(KA) Kapolei continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not Applicable) GASES

(CO, SO2, NO2)

PM2.5 PM10

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 4 4 4

Width (m) 2.4 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 5 5 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.1 1 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 5.1 5 5

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 19 N 17 N 17 N

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 167 167 167

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 87 87 87

Distance and direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) 170 W 170 W 170 W

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) 9 9 9

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

CO SO2 NO2 PM2.5 PM10

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 1-hr; 8-hr 1-hr; 3-hr-24-hr; Annual 1-hr; Annual 24-hr; Annual 24-hr

Sampling season 12 months 12 months 12 months 12 months 12 months

Site type 12 2 2 2 2

Purpose of Monitor 21, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Suitable for comparison 

against the annual PM2.5

NAAQS?

Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 12/5/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 12/15/10 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/5/12

BAMS PM2.5 ambient temperature difference 

was > ±2°C: Corrected 9/6/12, passed re-audit.

BAMS PM10 flow difference was >±4%: 

Corrected on 9/6/12, passed re-audit.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/30/12, 11/8/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data):

SO2 10/4-10/8 and 10/11-10/16/12: 67% Obs. Poor QA results

NO2 11/15-11/19 and 11/22-11/26/12: 71% Obs. Poor QA results and 

machine malfunction.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None
2013 Annual Network Plan 28 State of Hawaii

 

KAPOLEI NCore

AQS: 150030010 Type: NCore County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu

Address: 2052 Lauwiliwili St., Kapolei, HI 96707

Latitude: 21.32374 Longitude: -158.08861 Elevation: 17.9 m MSL

NCore Pollutant Monitor Information N/A = Not Applicable

NOTE: 1The SLAMS PM2.5 and PM10 monitors are used to calculate the NCore parameter PM10-2.5

CO SO2 NO/NOy O3 Pb-TSP 1PM10-2.5

PM2.5

speciation

POC/FRM or 

FEM 2/FRM 2/FEM 1/FRM 1/FRM 1/FRM See SLAMS ---

Type of Monitor NCORE NCORE NCORE NCORE NCORE NCORE NCORE

AQS Parameter 

Code 42101 42401 42601/42600 44201 14129 86101 ---

Manufacturer API API Ecotech Ecotech Graseby MetOne Met-One

URG

Model No. M300EU M100EU 9843 Serinus 

10 2376105 BAM 1020 SASS/300N

AQS Method 

Code 593 600 591 187 191 185 810/136

Monitoring start 

date 1/1/2011 1/1/2011 1/1/2011 1/1/2011 1/1/2012 1/1/2011 10/1/2009

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous 1/6 Continuous 1/3

Probe material Glass Glass Glass Glass N/A N/A N/A

Residence 

Time (sec) 14.60 14.60 14.60 14.60 N/A N/A N/A

Analytical Lab N/A N/A N/A N/A ASAS N/A EPA contract 

Lab

NCore Meteorological Parameters

RH WS WD AT

POC 1 1 1 1

AQS Parameter Code 62201 61103 61104 62101

Manufacturer RM Young RM Young RM Young RM Young

Model No. 05103VP 5103VP 5103VP 41342VC

AQS Method Code 014 020 020 020

Monitoring start date 1/1/2011 7/29/2002 7/29/2002 7/29/2002

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous
2013 Annual Network Plan 29 State of Hawaii

 

(KA) Kapolei NCore continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not Applicable) GASES

(CO, SO2, NOx, O3)

PM2.5 speciation 

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Building dimensions SASS URG

Height (m) 4 4 4

Width (m) 2.4 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 5 5 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1.7 1.6

Height of probe above ground (m) 5 5.7 5.6

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 12 SE 13 SE 11 SE

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 165 165 165

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 85 85 85

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) 168 W 168 W 168 W

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) 9 9 9

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

CO trace SO2 trace NO/NOy O3 PM10-2.5 Pb

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood

Sample duration Hourly Hourly Hourly Hourly Hourly 1 in 6 days

Site type Population Population Population Population Population Population

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 12/5/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 12/5/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB)

9/7/12

12/13/12

PM and Met audit: Passed

Gas audit (No NOy audit): Passed

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 6/28/12, 12/27/12 Passed, Passed

Frequency of one-point flow rate audit for Pb-TSP Semi-Annual

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (Pb)

None performed in 2012, flow rate standard out of calibration. ASAS 

now has a certified flow standard and will be performing the semiannual audits in 2013.

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data):

SO2 6/1-6/13/12: 70% Obs. Aberrant data.

NO 1/19-1/26/12: 69% Obs. Aberrant data.

NO 1/27-1/31, 2/1-2/6, 2/8-2/14/12: 70% Obs. Aberrant data.

WS 7/1-7/17/12: 47% Obs. Poor QA results.

WD 7/1-7/19/12: 41% Obs. Poor QA results

PM2.5 11/13-11/19, 11/22-11/23/12: 70% Obs. Collection error.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None.
2013 Annual Network Plan 30 State of Hawaii

 

(PC) PEARL CITY

AQS: 150032004 Type: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu

Address: 860 4th St., Pearl City, HI 96782

Latitude: 21.39283 Longitude: -157.96913 Elevation: 23.1 m MSL

Location Description:

This site is located on the roof of the Department of Health’s Leeward Health Center in a commercial and 

highly populated residential area. The station is west of Hawaiian Electric Company’s Waiau Generating 

Station and is approximately 3 miles NW of the Pearl Harbor Naval Complex. This station has been 

operating since 1994.

Type of Roadway 4

th St. Lehua Ave. Kam. Hwy.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X X

Local Street or Road X

Distance from air intake (m) 50 138 58

Direction from air inlet S W N

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2 4 6

Average daily traffic 2

Estimated: <2,000 15,692 (2002)157,948 (2007)1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 20 30 35

Traffic one way or two 2 2 2

Street parking? Yes No No

1

Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation 2Estimate only, no data available, small side street used by a 

few local businesses and residences

Meteorology: WS, WD sensors attached to pole on the BAMS shelter

PC Monitor Information N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 PM10 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 4/FEM 3/FEM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SLAMS SLAMS N/A N/A

AQS Parameter Code 88101 81102 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One Met-One RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM 1020 BAM 1020 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 122 Not entered Not entered

Monitoring start date 1/10/2009 9/29/2007 11/2003 11/2003

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous

Probe material N/A N/A N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 31 State of Hawaii

 

(PC) Pearl City continued

N/A = Not applicable PM2.5 PM10

Location of probe Top of building Top of building

Building dimensions

Height (m) 12 12

Width (m) N/A N/A

Depth (m) N/A N/A

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) 14 14

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 2 2

Height of probe above ground (m) 14 14

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 20 W 20 W

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 58 58

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A N/A

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) 14 S 14 S

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) None None

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) 6 6

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? Paved Paved

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 PM10

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 24-hr; Annual 24-hr

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 11 1

Purpose of Monitor 21, 2 1, 2

Suitable for comparison 

against the annual PM2.5

NAAQS?

Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 3/20/11 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 11/1/12 No problems noted.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/10/12, 12/26/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): None.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None.
2013 Annual Network Plan 32 State of Hawaii

 

(SI) SAND ISLAND

AQS: 150031004 Type: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu

Address: 1039 Sand Island Parkway, Honolulu, HI 96819

Latitude: 21.30384 Longitude: -157.87117 Elevation: 5.3 m MSL

Location Description:

Station is located in the University of Hawaii’s Anuenue Fisheries near the entrance to the Sand Island 

Recreational Area. Sand Island is downwind of downtown Honolulu, across from Honolulu Harbor. This 

station has been operating since 1980.

Type of Roadway Sand Island Parkway

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X

Local Street or Road

Distance from air intake (m) 37

Direction from air inlet W

Composition of roadway asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2

Average daily traffic 1610 (2007)1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 30

Traffic one way or two 2

Street parking? No

1

Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation

Meteorology: WS, WD, AT sensors attached to pole on roof of the shelter

SI MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

O3 PM2.5 WS WD AT

POC/FRM or FEM 2/FRM 2/FEM Info only Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SLAMS SLAMS N/A N/A N/A

AQS Parameter Code 44201 88101 Not entered Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer TECO Met One RM Young RM Young RM Young

Model No. 49C BAM 1020 05103VP 05103VP 41342VC

AQS Method Code 047 170 Not entered Not entered Not entered

Monitoring start date 1/1/1980 1/1/2009 -- -- --

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous

Probe material Glass N/A N/A N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) 17.96 N/A N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 33 State of Hawaii

 

(SI) Sand Island continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 O3

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 3 3

Width (m) 2 2

Depth (m) 5 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.1 2

Height of probe above ground (m) 4.1 5

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 20 E 20 E

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 37 37

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 40 40

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) 14 N 14 N

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) 5.5 5.5

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 O3

Spatial scale Neighborhood Urban

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 24-hr; Annual 8-hr

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 15 1

Purpose of Monitor 21, 2, 3 1, 2, 3

Suitable for comparison 

against the annual 

PM2.5 NAAQS?

Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 12/4/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 2/14/10 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/11/12 Passed with following note:O3 audit pt. 2: 2-7% difference (warning level)

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/8/12, 11/7/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data):

O3 3/1-3/8/12: 65% Obs. Poor QA results

O3 3/27-3/30/12: 73% Obs. Poor QA results

PM2.5 10/18-10/22, 10/27-10/31/12: 73% Obs. Poor QA results

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None.
2013 Annual Network Plan 34 State of Hawaii

 

(KH) KIHEI

AQS: 150090006 Type: SLAMS County: Maui MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: TMK 2-3-9-4:28 Hale Piilani Park, Kihei, HI 96753

Latitude: 20.780997 Longitude: -156.44637 Elevation: 46.5 m MSL

Location Description:

This station is located in the Hale Piilani subdivision’s park in upper Kihei and surrounded primarily by 

agricultural land. The station was established to monitor the effects of sugar cane burning. This station 

has been operating since 1999.

Type of Roadway Kaiolohia Kaiwahine

Freeway

Major Street or Highway

Local Street or Road X X

Distance from air intake (m) 114 118

Direction from air inlet NW S

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2 2

Average daily traffic 1

Estimated <3,000 1Estimated <3,000

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25 25

Traffic one way or two 2 2

Street parking? Yes Yes

1

Estimated only, no data available, roads are residential

KH Monitor Information N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 2/FEM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SLAMS N/A N/A

AQS Parameter Code 88101 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met One RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM 1020 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 Not entered Not entered

Monitoring start date 12/1/2008 -- --

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous

Probe material N/A N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 35 State of Hawaii

 

(KH) Kihei continued

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5

Location of probe Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 4

Width (m) 2

Depth (m) 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 5

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 19.2 N

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 154.5

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 105.2

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) None

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) N/A

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None

Unrestricted airflow 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5

Spatial scale Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 24-hr; Annual

Sampling season 12-months

Site type 13

Purpose of Monitor 21, 2, 3

Suitable for comparison against 

the annual PM2.5 NAAQS? Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 12/11/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 10/8/12 No problems noted.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/18/12, 11/16/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): PM2.5 5/15-5/17/12; 5/21-5/31/12: 56% Obs. Poor QA results.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None.
2013 Annual Network Plan 36 State of Hawaii

 

(PI) PAIA

AQS: 150090024 Type: SPMS County: Maui MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: TMK 2-2-5-005-058

Latitude: 20.902031 Longitude: -156.370344 Elevation: 80.8 m MSL

Location Description:

The monitor is located within a fenced area that contains a County of Maui water supply tank. The area is 

surrounded by residential and agricultural land with sugar cane fields north of the monitor.

Type of Roadway Baldwin Ave.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway

Local Street or Road X

Distance from air intake (m) 36

Direction from air inlet WSW

Composition of roadway Asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2

Average daily traffic 6,662 1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 35

Traffic one way or two 2

Street parking? No

1 County of Maui Planning Dept. 2003 count

PI Monitor Information N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM N/A N/A

Parameter Code 88101 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM1020 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 Not entered Not entered

Monitoring start date 3/1/13 3/1/13 3/1/13

Frequency continuous continuous continuous

Probe material N/A N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 37 State of Hawaii

 

(PI) Paia continued

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5

Location of probe

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 1.8

Width (m) 1.1

Depth (m) 0.6

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) N/A

Height of probe above ground (m) 2.5

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 9 E

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 36

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 52.6

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) 18 N

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) 9

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None

Unrestricted airflow 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? packed dirt

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5

Spatial scale Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging times (informational only) 24-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months

Site type 13

Purpose of Monitor 21

Suitable for comparison against the annual PM2.5 NAAQS? No. Monitor is a SPMS operating for 

less than 24 months

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP None Station began operating 3/1/13

Last NPAP Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site.

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) Not yet performed Station began operating 3/1/13. Audit will be performed in 2013

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) None to date

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration Not Applicable No gas monitoring at this site

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): None.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None.
2013 Annual Network Plan 38 State of Hawaii

 

(NI) NIUMALU

AQS: 150070007 Type: SPMS County: Kauai MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: 2342 Hulemalu Rd., Lihue, HI 96766

Latitude: 21.9495 Longitude: -159.365 Elevation: 11 m MSL

Location Description:

Located on a private residential property approximately 1 mile downwind of Nawiliwili Harbor, this station 

was established to monitor the impact of cruise ship emissions on nearby communities. This station 

began operating in April 2011.

Type of Roadway Hulemalu Rd. Niumalu Rd.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway

Local Street or Road X X

Distance from air intake (m) 44.4 309.7

Direction from air inlet NW NE

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2 1

Average daily traffic 100 1

30 1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 15 20

Traffic one way or two 2 2

Street parking? No No

1

Estimated only, no data available, roads are for local residential access

NI MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

SO2 NO2 PM2.5 CO1 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 1/FRM 1/FEM 1/FRM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM SPM SPM SPM N/A N/A

Parameter Code 42401 42602 88101 42101 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer TECO Teledyne API Met One TECO RM Young RM Young

Model No. 43i 200E BAM1020 48C 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 060 099 170 054 Not 

entered

Not 

entered

Monitoring start date 4/1/2011 4/1/2011 4/1/2011 5/18/2011 4/1/2011 4/1/2011

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material Glass Glass N/A Glass N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) 16.58 16.58 N/A 16.58 N/A N/A

1 CO monitor permanently discontinued after 4/25/13
2013 Annual Network Plan 39 State of Hawaii

 

NI Niumalu continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 Gases (CO, SO2, NO2)

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 2.9 2.9

Width (m) 4.9 4.9

Depth (m) 2.4 2.4

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 4 4

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 5.2 ESE 5.2 ESE

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 44.4 44.4

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A N/A

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) 14.6 W 14.6 W

Height of nearest possible obstacle (m) 7.2 7.2

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 SO2 CO NO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging times 24-hr 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 8-hr 1-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 12-months 12-months

Site type 13 3 3 3

Purpose of Monitor 21, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4

Suitable for comparison against the 

annual PM2.5 NAAQS? Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 2/3/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 2/2/12 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 10/18/12

Passed with following notes:

SO2 audit pts. 6, 7, 9: >10% (warning level)

NO2 audit pts. 6, 7: > 10% (warning level)

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/31/12, 11/21/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data):

CO 1/1-1/12/12: 59% Obs. Machine malfunction.

CO 6/4-6/26/12: 23% Obs. Poor QA results.

SO2 6/4-6/26/12: 23% Obs. Poor QA results

NO2 1/1-1/12/12: 59% Obs. Machine malfunction.

NO2 6/4-6/26/12: 23% Obs. Poor QA results.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None. CO monitor shut-down on 4/25/13.
2013 Annual Network Plan 40 State of Hawaii

 

(HL) HILO

AQS: 150011006 Type: SLAMS (SO2);

SPMS (PM2.5) County: Hawaii MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: 1099 Waianuenue Ave., Hilo, HI 96720

Latitude: 19.71756 Longitude: -155.11053 Elevation: 136.8 m MSL

Location Description:

Located on the grounds of the Adult Rehabilitation Center of Hilo, near the Hilo Medical Center, this site 

was originally established to monitor volcanic emissions during non-prevalent wind conditions. This 

station has been operating since 1997.

Type of Roadway Waianuenue Ave.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X

Local Street or Road

Distance from air intake (m) 20

Direction from air inlet N

Composition of roadway Asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2

Average daily traffic 15,000 1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 35

Traffic one way or two 2

Street parking? No

1

Estimate only, no data available, based on observations

HL MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD AT

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 1/FEM Info only Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM SLAMS N/A N/A N/A

Parameter Code 88101 42401 Not entered Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM1020 43A 05103VP 05103VP 41342VC

AQS Method Code 170 060 Not entered Not entered Not entered

Monitoring start date 5/1/08 1/1/1997 -- -- --

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material N/A Glass N/A N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A 18.11 N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 41 State of Hawaii

 

HL Hilo continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 3 3

Width (m) 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 5 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.7 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 4.7 4

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 15 N 15 N

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 20 20

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 25 25

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) None None

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) N/A N/A

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) 29 NNW 29 NNW

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 13 3

Purpose of Monitor 21 1, 2

Suitable for comparison against the 

annual PM2.5 NAAQS? Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 2/10/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 2/10/12 Passed.

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/20/12 PM2.5 and SO2 passed.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 6/26/12, 11/27/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): PM2.5 4/20-4/30/12: 67% Obs. Collection error.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None.
2013 Annual Network Plan 42 State of Hawaii

 

(KN) KONA

AQS: 150011012 Type: SLAMS (SO2)

SPMS (PM2.5)

County: Hawaii MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: 81-1043 Konawaena School Rd., Kona, HI 96750

Latitude: 19.50978 Longitude: -155.91342 Elevation: 517.2 m MSL

Location Description:

This station is located on the upper campus of Konawaena High School. It was established to measure 

impacts from volcanic emissions. The station has been operating at this site since 2005.

Type of Roadway Konawaena School Rd. Mamalahoa Hwy.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X

Local Street or Road X

Distance from air intake (m) 17 702

Direction from air inlet N W

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 1 2

Average daily traffic 500 2

15,503 (2006)1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 10 55

Traffic one way or two 2 2

Street parking? No No

1

Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation

2

Estimated only, no data available. This is a road used for school access only and station is at the 

top of the road where there would be less ingress/egress.

KN MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD AT

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 1/FEM Info only Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM SLAMS N/A N/A N/A

Parameter Code 88101 42401 Not entered Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM1020 43C 05103VP 05103VP 41342VC

AQS Method Code 170 060 Not entered Not entered Not entered

Parameter start date 3/15/2008 9/13/2005 9/13/2005 9/13/2005 9/13/2005

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material N/A Glass N/A N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A 17.55 N/A N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 43 State of Hawaii

 

KN Kona continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 3 3

Width (m) 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 5 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1.09

Height of probe above ground (m) 4 4

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 38 NE 38 NE

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 30 N 30 N

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A N/A

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) 21 SSW 21 SSW

Height of nearest possible obstacle (m) 9 9

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 13 3

Purpose of Monitor 21, 4 1, 2, 4

Suitable for comparison against the 

annual PM2.5 NAAQS? Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 3/17/11 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 3/17/11 Did not receive results from EPA

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/25/13 PM2.5 and SO2 passed.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/9/12, 11/27/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): PM2.5 11/9-11/16/12: 71% Obs. Maintenance/Routine repairs.

Changes planned in the next 18 months: Pending EPA approval, collocate a PM2.5 FEM
2013 Annual Network Plan 44 State of Hawaii

 

(MV) MOUNTAIN VIEW

AQS: 150012023 Type: SPMS County: Hawaii MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: 17-1235 Volcano Rd., Mt. View, HI 96771

Latitude: 19.57002 Longitude: -155.08046 Elevation: 436.5 m MSL

Location Description:

This station is located on the grounds of the Mt. View Elementary School. The original Mt. View station, 

which began in December 2007, was moved at the ending of 2010 approximately 1.8 miles southwest to 

this current location. Due to the proximity of this community to the Kilauea volcano, it was established to 

monitor volcanic emissions during non-trade wind days.

Type of Roadway Volcano Rd.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X

Local Street or Road

Distance from air intake (m) 30.5

Direction from air inlet N

Composition of roadway asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2

Average daily traffic 5,2071(2006)

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 40

Traffic one way or two 2

Street parking? No

1

Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation

MV MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 1/FEM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM SPM N/A N/A

Parameter Code 88101 42401 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM1020 43i 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 060 Not entered Not entered

Parameter start date 12/7/2010 12/8/2010 12/7/2010 12/7/2010

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material N/A Glass N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A 18.16 N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 45 State of Hawaii

 

MV Mt. View continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 3 3

Width (m) 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 5 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 4 4

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 18 W 18 W

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 30.5 30.5

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 46.5 46.5

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) None None

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) N/A N/A

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 13 3

Purpose of Monitor 21 1

Suitable for comparison against the annual PM2.5 NAAQS? Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 2/7/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 2/13/12 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/19/12 PM2.5 and SO2 passed.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/2/12, 11/1/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): PM2.5 7/9-7/16/12, 7/19-7/30/12: 45% Obs. Poor QA results

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None.
2013 Annual Network Plan 46 State of Hawaii

 

(OV) OCEAN VIEW

AQS: 150012020 Type: SPMS County: Hawaii MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: 92-6091 Orchid Mauka Circle, Ocean View, HI 96737

Latitude: 19.11756 Longitude: -155.77814 Elevation: 862.6 m MSL

Location Description:

This station established in 2010 is located on the grounds of the Ocean View Fire Station. During normal 

trade-winds, volcanic emissions are carried into this residential/agricultural community.

Type of Roadway Orchid Mauka Circ.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway

Local Street or Road X

Distance from air intake (m) 13.6

Direction from air inlet ENE

Composition of roadway asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2

Average daily traffic < 3,000 1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25

Traffic one way or two 2

Street parking? No

1

Estimated only, local residential street, no data available

OV MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 1/FEM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM SPM N/A N/A

Parameter Code 88101 42401 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM1020 43i 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 060 Not entered Not entered

Parameter start date 4/1/2010 4/1/2010 4/1/2010 4/1/2010

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material N/A Glass N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A 18.34 N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 47 State of Hawaii

 

OV Ocean View continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 3 3

Width (m) 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 5 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.1 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 4.1 4

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 7 ENE 7 ENE

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 13.6 13.6

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 6.4 6.4

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) None None

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) N/A N/A

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Middle Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 13, 6 3, 6

Purpose of Monitor 21 1

Suitable for comparison against the annual PM2.5 NAAQS? Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP 2/9/12 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 2/9/12 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/19/12 Passed with the following note:SO2 audit pts. 2, 3, & 10: >10% (warning level)

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/9/12, 11/1/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): None

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None
2013 Annual Network Plan 48 State of Hawaii

 

(PA) PAHALA

AQS: 150012016 Type: SPMS County: Hawaii MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: 96-3150 Pikake St., Pahala, HI 96777

Latitude: 19.2039 Longitude: -155.48018 Elevation: 320 m MSL

Location Description:

This station is located on the grounds of the Ka’u High/Pahala Elementary School. During normal tradewinds, volcanic emissions are carried into this rural community. The station began operating in 2007.

Type of Roadway Puahala Pumeli

Freeway

Major Street or Highway

Local Street or Road X X

Distance from air intake (m) 226 61

Direction from air inlet E N

Composition of roadway Asphalt Asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2 2

Average daily traffic < 3,000 1< 3,000 1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25 mph 25 mph

Traffic one way or two 2 2

Street parking? No No

1

Estimated only, no data available. Local roads for a community with a 2010 population of about 1,400

PA MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 1/FEM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM SPM N/A N/A

Parameter Code 88101 42401 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM1020 43i 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 060 Not entered Not entered

Parameter start date 4/11/2008 8/10/2007 8/10/2007 8/10/2007

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material N/A Glass N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A 18.22 N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 49 State of Hawaii

 

PA Pahala continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 2.4 2.4

Width (m) 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 6 6

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 3.4 3.4

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 11 N 11 N

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 48 S 48 S

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 73 S 73 S

Distance & direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) None None

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) N/A N/A

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 13 3

Purpose of Monitor 21, 4 1, 4

Suitable for comparison against the annual PM2.5 NAAQS? Yes

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency

Result

Last PEP 3/17/11 Did not receive results from EPA

Last NPAP 7/29/08 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/20/12 PM2.5 and SO2 passed.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 5/2/12, 11/1/12 Passed, Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): None

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None
2013 Annual Network Plan 50 State of Hawaii

 

(PE) PUNA E

AQS: 150012010 Type: SPMS Non-regulatory County: Hawaii MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: 13-763 Leilani Ave., Pahoa, HI

Latitude: 19.46399 Longitude: -154.89871 Elevation: 207.9 m MSL

Location Description:

Located on a residential property in Leilani Estates, this station is primarily to monitor emissions from the 

nearby geothermal energy facility. In 2005, an SO2 monitor was added to measure any effects from volcanic 

emissions. However, since this is primarily an H2S site, the probe is at breathing height, below EPA 

requirements and is therefore non-regulatory for SO2.

Type of Roadway Leilani Blvd.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway

Local Street or Road X

Distance from air intake (m) 25.6

Direction from air inlet NE

Composition of roadway asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2

Average daily traffic < 5,000 1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25

Traffic one way or two 2

Street parking? Yes

1

Estimated, no data available, residential street

PE MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

SO2 H2S WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM N/A Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM non-regulatory SPM N/A N/A

Parameter Code 42401 NA Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer TECO TECO RM Young RM Young

Model No. 43C 43C 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 060 Not entered Not entered Not entered

Parameter start date 2/16/2005 3/91 3/91 3/91

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material Teflon Teflon N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) 16.24 16.24 N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 51 State of Hawaii

 

PE Puna E continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) SO2, H2S

Location of probe Protrudes from side of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 3

Width (m) 2.4

Depth (m) 5

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) 1.2

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) N/A, probe is on the side of trailer

Height of probe above ground (m) 1.8

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 17 SW

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 26

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A

Distance from obstructions on roof (m) N/A

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on roof (m) 1.2 NE from side of trailer

Height of nearest possible obstruction (m) N/A

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None

Unrestricted airflow 180°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

SO2 H2S

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times

Cannot be compared to NAAQS (nonregulatory). Probe height does not meet 40 

CFR 58 App. E, probe at breathing height for 

H2S, less than the minimum of 2m

1-hr state standard of 

25 ppb

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 13 3

Purpose of Monitor 21 1, 3

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP Not Applicable

Last NPAP 2/14/12 Passed

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/26/12 SO2 and H2S passed.

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Not Applicable No PM samplers at this site

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) Not Applicable No PM samplers at this site

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted on:

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): None

Changes planned in the next 18 months: None
2013 Annual Network Plan 52 State of Hawaii

 

(WL) WAIKOLOA

AQS: 150012021 Type: SPMS County: Hawaii MSA: Not in a MSA

Address: TMK 3-6-8-002-019

Latitude: 19.977467 Longitude: -155.798067 Elevation: 180.1 m MSL

Location Description:

The monitor is located within a fenced area that contains a County of Hawaii water tank and pump house, 

approximately 3 km northeast of Waikoloa. The area is undeveloped brush land.

Type of Roadway Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. Waikoloa Rd.

Freeway

Major Street or Highway X X

Local Street or Road

Distance from air intake (m) 2,143 4,580

Direction from air inlet W N

Composition of roadway Asphalt Asphalt

Number of traffic lanes 2 2

Average daily traffic 22,100 16,000 2

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 55 55

Traffic one way or two 2 2

Street parking? No No

1

2010 State of Hawaii Data Book 2Estimated, no data available, estimate based on upper highway AADT

WL MONITOR INFORMATION N/A = Not Applicable

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD

POC/FRM or FEM 1/FEM 1/FEM Info only Info only

Type of Monitor SPM SPM N/A N/A

Parameter Code 88101 42401 Not entered Not entered

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young

Model No. BAM1020 43i 05103VP 05103VP

AQS Method Code 170 060 Not entered Not entered

Monitoring start date 7/1/12 7/1/12 7/1/12 7/1/12

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material N/A Glass N/A N/A

Residence Time (sec) N/A 18.19 N/A N/A
2013 Annual Network Plan 53 State of Hawaii

 

WL Waikoloa continued

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter

Shelter dimensions

Height (m) 3.7 3.7

Width (m) 2.4 2.4

Depth (m) 6 6

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1

Height of probe above ground (m) 4.7 4.7

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) N/A (no trees, area is shrubland)

N/A (no trees, area is shrubland)

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 14 to private service road;

2,143 to nearest traffic lane

14 to private service road;

2,143 to nearest traffic lane

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A N/A

Distance and direction from obstructions on roof (m) None None

Distance & direction from possible obstructions not on 

roof (m) 46 ESE 46 ESE

Height of nearest possible obstacle (m) 6.7 6.7

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) None None

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360°

Located in paved or vegetative ground? gravel gravel

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Urban Neighborhood

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times (informational only) 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual

Sampling season 12-months 12-months

Site type 13 3

Purpose of Monitor 21 1

Suitable for comparison against 

the annual PM2.5 NAAQS?

No. Monitor is a SPMS 

operating for less than 24 

months

1Site Types: 1) located to determine the highest concentrations;

2) located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density;

3) located to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality;

4) located to determine general background concentration levels;

5) located to determine extent of regional pollutant transport among populated areas and in support of secondary 

standards;

6) located to measure air pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts

2 Purposes: 1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner;

2) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards;

3) Support emissions strategy development and track trends in air pollution abatement control measures;

4) Support for air pollution research

DATA QUALITY

Date or 

Frequency Result

Last PEP None

Last NPAP None

Date of last annual independent performance audit 

(CAB) 9/18/12 Passed with the following note:SO2 audit pt. 2: >10% (warning level)

Frequency of flow rate audits (automated PM) Monthly

Dates of last two semi-annual flow rate audits (PM) 7/17/12 Passed

Precision & Accuracy submitted to AQS Quarterly

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for gases Weekly

Frequency of multipoint gas calibration 60 days

Annual data certification submitted Annually by 5/1 submitted 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Invalid or Missing Data (<75% data): None

Changes planned in the next 18 months: Close this SPM station by July 2014.