Women and Addiction, with a Focus on Veterans

Lisa M. Najavits, PhD

VA Boston

Boston University School of Medicine

Event Started: 12/7/2011 7:00:00 PM

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Real time captions. 

>> I am going to be talking about women and their addictions with a focus on Veterans and it is going to be a highly clinically oriented talk. I imagine that most of you work in some capacity directly with women veterans and many of those women may have addiction problems. 

>> A study several years ago, and it was from an excellent book called “Women Under the Influence” published 2006, shows that 92 percent of women in need of treatment for alcohol problems do not receive it. And it remains a very important under-addressed public health issue and this is true for community-based non-Veteran women as well as Veteran women. Women are often not diagnosed accurately when they have substance abuse issues, often not getting treatment that is sensitive to their needs, and so as we talk about women and addiction today we are going to be keeping in mind very much a gender-based framework for how to try to give women access to good addiction treatment and to attend to gender based needs.

>> By way of perspective the addiction field developed on men and in some ways that was for  good reason, men do have over double the rate of women in terms of substance use disorder. By the way I’ll be referring to the term substance abuse, the informal term, but we are really speaking broadly about substance use disorders which is the DSM term meaning both substance abuse, the less severe form, and substance dependence, the most severe form.

>> The addiction field developed on men. The 12 steps that everyone is probably highly familiar with known as Alcoholics Anonymous was designed by middle class white men. Treatment and assessments have been historically by and for men, and for a long time studies had very few women if any. Men’s addiction tends to be much more prominent than women’s. Women’s addiction is been more hidden. Men are more noticed in terms of criminality related to addiction, in terms of legal and work problems, fighting, sort of more public displays of addiction problems and women’s addiction typically has been more hidden.

>> Greater stigma for women addicts and we’ll talk about treatment related issues that go along with that but studies show that even women alcoholics view women with addiction problems in more negative light than they do males with the same kind of problems. Treaters have been known to view women addicts more harshly than they do male addicts.

>> Women have been found to use for different reasons than men. Losing weight, relieving stress or boredom, improving mood, reducing sexual inhibition, self medicating depression, increasing confidence and in response to crises, life crises such as divorce, job loss. That being said, it is also important to remember, that males and females often have much more similarities than differences. So even though we’re going to be highlighting some of the differences, between gender based aspects of addiction, there also are a lot of commonalities. And so not to lose sight of that while we’re talking about differences. 

>>A variety of subgroups, Veterans being one important group that tend to have a higher rates of addiction than non-Veterans. This has been shown in both males and females. Also many others and some of these may overlap with the Veterans category itself, so rural people tend to have a higher addiction rates than non-rural, people who are physically ill or disabled who may start using as a way to either compensate for or try to self medicate through substance use. Lesbian, bisexual, trans gender. White and native American women have elevated rates compared to other ethnicities and racial groups. Adolescence, often a prime time for development of substance use disorder, experimentation with substances and so on.  Women in the helping professions. Single professional women.  High status women often the least identified.  Here again women’s addiction often being hidden especially if they are functioning well. Older women, and there are physiological reasons why they may develop more tolerance as they age and so there’s a very notable problem among older women and so its tending toward that in the Veteran samples as well. Women in prison. The two top disorders of women in prison are PTSD and substance use disorders.  Women with a trauma history. The linkage between trauma and addiction is now very well established and its one of the prime issues for women with addiction in Veterans samples and elsewhere. And college age women. 

>> Several positives in terms of gender-based differences among women compared to men. As we said women have a lower rate of addiction. The lifetime rate, in the US population in community-based studies is about 18 percent compared to about 35% for males. They’re more likely to benefit from treatment. It’s actually harder for them to enter treatment for a wide variety of reasons that we’ll be talking about but once they engage in treatment, they’re more likely to have a positive outcome compared to males. 

>> Fewer legal problems and treating women shows a positive impact on their children and one of the big advances in the past several decades has been the development of women and children programs that attend not just to the woman in isolation but in relation to her family which sometimes has been an obstacle in the past to women getting treatment. Some studies show that women have more knowledge on addiction issues per se.

>> The negative, however, are really substantial and even in the current era where there is much more awareness of substance use issues, really often a lack of awareness of gender differences in the addiction process. Women are more likely to die from addiction. Have more health problems from addiction. And these are all sorts of different kinds of health problems. They become addicted more quickly. There’s a known phenomena called the telescoped course in which women and girls are more likely to develop a substance use problem once they start to use so the actual number of years elapsing before they have an addiction problem is shorter. They are less likely to seek addiction treatment. And this is known to be for various obstacles that by now are very well recognized. Financial problems, they tend to have more financial problems than males do. They tend to have more obstacles in terms of child care and those sort of logistics. They often perceive treatment as being male focus, which again historically it has been, and some may feel hesitant to enter standard programs. 

>> There is also a known pattern that’s very important in treatment that women tend take on the addiction pattern of their partner. It does not tend to work in reverse, males do not tend to take on the pattern of their female partners. Helping women disentangle their addictive pattern from their relationship is a key issue in treatment. Women clearly have more co-occurring mental health problems than males do and are more socially isolated. Drinking alone, becoming isolated as a result of addiction is much more common in females. Males, even once they become addicted, tend to still retain the support of their romantic partners, spouses and families where women do not. There is a phrase, sort of an apocryphal phrase,  it’s not actual full data, but 90% of females with addiction problems are divorced. But only 10% of males are divorced. Women at the point when they might most need help are often left by others. A few more and then we’ll move on. Women are judged more harshly for addiction. In part this may relate to their role as mothers or parents. They’re sort of seen as more negative when they do end up with addiction problems. They have more barriers to treatment. They receive less emotional support for entering treatment, have less money. Even by treaters they tend to be viewed as harder to treat even though there’s no evidence that that’s actually true in terms of outcome. 

>> The fastest group of new HIV cases due to drugs.  I’ll just mention also incarceration of women is highly related to substance use in various forms they tend to be sort of low level crimes by and large but related to addiction. 

>> Using substances at higher rates and younger ages than in the past. In the early 1990s for the first time historically, girls matched boys in terms of their age at first exposure to alcohol. Over at the past several decades, really post World War II, there’s sort of been a destigmatization of substance use among girls and women. So that now they have more access to drugs and alcohol. It is seen as more acceptable for them to go to a bar or to be drinking and so on, which unfortunately has had the effect of higher rates. Males and females are both likely to have equivalent genetic vulnerability to addiction. 

>> Also very important from a treatment perspective, addicted women consistently evidence less healthy coping than non-addicted women-- for a wide variety of reasons, but the central point being the need to work on coping as a part of addiction recovery. Just briefly, to sort of have the long view historical lens, there have been separate drinking rules for men and women really going back to ancient times. With women again being judged more harshly for it, even evidence of women being put to death for it. It was illegal in ancient times for women to be drinking. In the 19th century the majority of drug addicts were women with a wide variety of opiates, cocaine and various tinctures that were sort of used in all types of ways. The typical addict was white, southern and upper class. Women were often over medicated, viewed as unable to bear pain, and even their children were often medicated at times with opiates, underestimated at times in terms of their addicted potential. 

>> Moving along from the 1960s to the 1980s, women were the largest users of prescription medication there was an increase  marketing to women around nicotine, alcohol. The crack epidemic was a huge issue for women and for the first time really in the 1990s awareness of the need for gender-based treatment and that’s what we’ll be moving onto momentarily-- sort of where we’ve come since then in terms of identifying the specific needs of women. 

>> From the 90s to the present, gender specific programming and treatment models have been developed. There are relatively few studies of that however, even though it’s been talked about for a long time, there are relatively few trials actually looking at that. The adaptation of the 12 steps for women, it’s often said that the 12 steps were really created certainly by men but also to kind of break down the “arrogance” and kind of “power” that men may feel so that can accept that they have an addiction problem. The whole notion of powerlessness is really based on the idea that they needed to admit their weakness and powerlessness in relation to it. For women it’s often considered that it needs to go in the other direction, to build them up to empower them to help them notice their strengths rather than the breaking down process. So treatment models really have advanced in all kinds of ways in that realm. Women included in the NIH study samples beginning in the 90s and onward, awareness of trauma is a major factor in women’s addiction and increase in awareness of behavioral addictions. And as we talk about addiction really talking beyond substance use disorders to also focus on other sorts of behavioral addictions such as gambling, spending, shopping, sex, internet. There are a wide variety of behavioral addictions and really relatively little research on that compared to substance use disorders. 

>> So generally women sensitive treatment believe to be a need for more empathy and support, less harsh confrontation. Even with males there certainly has been a real movement toward more empathic, less harsh sorts of models, motivational interviewing being one of the more essential ones in that vein, but especially for women. More focus on co-occurring disorders given women’s high rates of those, more discussion of gender and power issues, more exploration of gender messages. Really exploring sometimes with the woman what her history of using was and what messages she was receiving about it.  

>> Screening for trauma, helping them help their children, and teaching them healthy relationships with men. 

>>I’m just gonna name here a few of what are some of my favorite resources around women and addiction. 

>> One of them is the book we spoke about a few moments ago called “Women Under the Influence”, it’s by the Columbia University National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. It’s about five years old now but really still a wonderful text looking at gender based issues in terms of substances. There is a more recent book by Brady and colleagues called “Women and Addiction: A Comprehensive Textbook” which has really an excellent overview of neurobiology issues, treatment issues, epidemiology issues, and so on. 

>> For more treatment-focused works and works that I even often recommend to my clients is a book by Caroline Knapp called “Drinking, a Love Story”. It’s a classic in the field, where she describes her own addiction and her recovery process. It is very eloquently written. Really talking about drinking being the primary relationship in her life and it’s often said with the gender based approach that focusing on women and relationships, often one of the important fears of women’s focus really plays a role in the addiction process in terms of sometimes the substance becoming the primary relationship for them.   

>> Stephanie Covington wrote a book in 1994 that’s now a classic, it’s called “The Woman’s Way Through the 12 Steps.” Which is a reinterpretation of the 12 steps for women. And a book by Anne Fletcher that’s not specifically gender based but really still an excellent book on looking at different pathways of recovery called “Sober for Good.” It’s basically a journalistic account with some data as well about the different ways that people recover from addiction problems. And really opening up the notion sometimes called ‘many roads, one journey’. That there are  many different pathways and when working with women and sort of thinking about the theme of empowerment it does become important to focus on not just sort of one way or ‘ya know’ it has to be done exactly in a certain fashion but really offering options, letting them choose and getting engagement in that way.

>>I’ll just mention also in terms of Veterans specifically that mental health disorders as many people know are the second most common health problem area of returning Veterans after musculoskeletal ailments. And among mental disorders noticing that PTSD is the most prominent, followed by depressive disorders after which substance use disorders are the most common. Alcohol is certainly the most commonly reported one then the abuse of drugs and certainly opioids and misuse of prescription medications certainly being key issues in Veteran populations. Still a lot of challenges in terms of substance use disorder treatment in VA, studies showing that mental health and other VA providers who don’t specialized in SUD often feel ill equipped to manage it. Veterans even who screen positive may not get adequate referrals to treatment. And recognizing the need for a wide variety of treatment models when substance abuse is co-occurring with for example PTSD or depression or other mental health disorders. In terms of women Veterans in particular, the data by and large mirror what’s been found out in non-Veteran women samples, basically showing significant problems with medical and psychiatric issues.  

>> In one study, the Walker study in 1995 that looked at women Veterans with substance use disorders comparing them to sort of private pay or insurance-based women in the community being treated in a private substance use program and found that the women Veterans had higher rates of problems of various kinds than those that were sort of in this other setting. Women Veterans who binge drink have elevated health problems of all kinds and let’s see for both genders, this is a more recent study, illicit drug use is associated with misuse of prescription opioids and some of those factors are gender specific, for example women have more serious mental illness. 

>> By and large basically the data show that women Veterans with substance abuse problems have more problems than non-substance abusing Veteran women and the same sort of patterns we’ve been talking about thus far with women and addiction.

>> Clinical adaptations for women Veterans, the need for more outreach especially with the VA being perceived often as very male oriented even more than other sorts of treatment programs that we’ve already said are, in relation to substance abuse, typically more male focused anyway but in VA its all the more so just because of the larger predominance of male veterans. 

>> Focus on MST certainly a very significant consideration for addressing substance abuse issues in women veterans. The finding-- and many people have observed this-- that creating gender specific groups in VA can be challenging just because of sheer numbers. There just aren’t often as many women as males or enough of them to start a group, so often they’re mixed gender groups that may be harder for women to tolerate. And certainly for PTSD and SUD comorbidity even for all the terrific efforts in VA to improve the linkages between PTSD and SUD care there remain a lot of challenges.

>> I thought we’d go into briefly a current RTC that I have at the VA Boston and our co-site VA Bedford and what we’re looking at is the use of a gender based addiction model called the “Women’s Path to Recovery” and comparing it to a non-gender based model 12 step facilitation. The design is basically aiming to see if a gender based approach might outperforms a known evidence-based non-gender based approach for women Veterans. 12 Step facilitation, for those of you who aren’t familiar with it, is a clinician led model and the idea is you are trying to refer the client into 12 step care and encourage them to attend and encourage them to make use of it. We certainly know that people who attend 12 steps groups do better in their outcomes than those who don’t. Knowing also that clients sometimes don’t attend 12 step groups or have various concerns or obstacles to attending, 12 step facilitation is designed purely to help educate the client about those types of interventions and then help encourage the use of it. So that’s a non-gender based approach. 

>>I’ll talk in a little bit about A Women’s Path to Recovery which was designed as a gender focused model, both of them 12 weeks and both allowing unlimited treatment as usual in addition to the groups they’re getting as part of the RTC. It’s 102 women Veterans, outpatient, current substance use disorder and they have to had used in the passed 30 days. We’re looking at base line, end of treatment, and three month follow up measures. The substance use disorder is primary as our outcome but we have numerous secondary outcomes in terms of mental health symptoms, functioning and so on. And we’re about 1 year into it and I will mention that the outreach issues are significant, the recruitment issues are significant. It often is very challenging to get women into the project but we’re slowly moving in that direction and we’ll have results in a few years. 

>> So the model A Women’s Path to Recovery is just an example of a gender-based approach. It uses a workbook called a Women’s Addiction Workbook and here adapted for clinician led treatment. It has three sections the first is background and that goes into why there’s a need for gender-based approach, variants of the issues we’ve been talking about already, in terms of differential rates between men and women, different clinical presentation, different treatment needs and so on. Exploration, we explore various life problems and themes related to women’s addiction such as body and sexuality, stress, and trauma. And then we look at various skills to over come addiction. Focusing on four areas, beliefs-- essentially a cognitive approach, actions-- essentially the behavioral approach, relationship and feelings. And so targeting a few key skills in each of these areas. The model is designed to have a supportive tone, various workbook style exercises so, for example, they can self-screen on various major axis one co-occurring disorders, all kinds of other exercises-- really to help build awareness and help build insight and motivation to help the recovery process. Designed for a broad range of women including Veterans, not specifically designed for Veterans.  And we’re currently creating a therapists guide that will address Veteran-specific issues. But also broadly speaking about adolescents, pregnant women, women in prison, lesbian women, high functioning women, and so forth, variants of the subpopulations we spoke about a short while ago.  And addressing how addiction is different for females.

>>A small pilot study that was the basis of that project published in 2007 on 8 opioid dependent women in the community-based methadone maintenance treatment program in Connecticut. There too it was 12 sessions of the gender-based model and there it was done in group format. The current RCT is individual format. It was done over two months. Hour and fifteen minute sessions. Co-led. The leaders were a pair, a male and a female and I’ll just mention that gender based approaches often assumed that it needs to be a female treater, which is certainly wonderful when that’s possible but it’s also known that gender is not a predictor of outcomes in terms of clinician factors so having males even lead a gender based models is considered acceptable and very often even very helpful in terms of being able to see males in a positive light in terms of the gender focus. The session format is in four parts, the check-in reveals the topic, checkout, and homework, and various assessments done at different points. In this pilot project, it was women with severe substance dependence, an average of 12 years of heroin dependence and virtually all the women have one or more additional drug use diagnoses. Six of the 8 women were unemployed. 7 Caucasian,  1 Hispanic with an average age of 35. They had been stabilized on methadone for at least three weeks prior to entering. Basically not getting other treatments during the study other than required methadone individual sessions and they did give random weekly urine. With significant improvements found in addiction severity index, drug use composite, impulsive addictive behavior, a measure called the basis 32; global improvement, the clinical global improvement scale. And knowledge of treatment concepts. High attendance, 87 percent of available sessions and high treatment satisfaction. That was the basis of the current RCT. Qualitatively and these are comments one hears often from women in gender based approaches one said “I felt more comfortable talking about issues men just wouldn’t understand.”  “Group members being all women we have the same problems,” and so on. Some mention of some improvements that would be helpful in terms of the model. They wanted more discussion of women and their children. And wanted to make the treatment longer. More than 12 session and two hours sessions if possible.

>> We will talk for a few minutes about the intervention itself. And its just one example of an intervention. There are certainly many writers in the field of women and addiction, Stephanie Covington’s work, Charlotte Castle’s work, Shelley Greenfield, Kathleen Brady... there’s some really varying models of all kinds out there. This is just one example.

>> These are some of the skills of the model. We can talk more about any of these. Tell a secret, which is really about opening up about something hidden. Again reflecting on that idea that women often do have these hidden aspects of their addiction problem. Taking charge, really trying to create an active approach to recovery. Soothing yourself, which addresses the idea that notion that there is often a high-level of emotional instability or emotional problem in women’s misuse of substances. Seeking self respect, getting at that issue of stigma.  Listening to the small quiet voice, the notion of attending to the healthier part of the self that wants to work on recovery. Rethinking, which is basically cognitive techniques. Becoming friends with women. Its often said that women addicts have a difficult time really aligning sometimes with other women there’s sort of more of a focus on males than on really sustaining relationships with other women. There’s some discussion of that as well.

>> Identifying the problems, they’re asked to identify any of the wide range of addictions, certainly any of the major substance addictions but also some of the behavior addictions that we talked about earlier. Going to a variety of messages they may hear and unfortunately still hear in some places -- such as, just get over it... go to AA that worked for me or that’s the only solution.... certainly going to AA is terrific, but that may not be the only solution for some clients...  you need to hit bottom first...  one of the myths of the field at this point... believing that people have to suffer negative consequences in order to improve. Unless you are motivated, you won’t get better. That is one that is still sometimes believed by many treaters but, in fact, what data show is that even patients who are mandated to treatment and this is males and females, improve equally as those who are not mandated, so they don’t have to have motivation on the front end. Motivation is often the outcome of good treatment not necessarily the starting place. Sort of meeting the client where they’re at.... The belief that most addicts return to their addiction. Actually data show that through treatment there are very positive outcomes and that quite a number of people can sustain recovery over time. 

>> Many roads, one journey, the concept of being able to choose various different paths for recovery. This is from the book we spoke about earlier called “Sober For Good” by Ann Fletcher. Some people hit bottom.... others catch the problem early... some use spirituality, some don’t... 12 step models are spiritually based models but there are many other approaches that are not... Some do it one day at a time. Others will also have a commitment for life. 

>>So in this model the Women’s Path to Recovery, we talk about 5 key life themes that may be specially important to women:  body and sexuality, stress, thrill seeking, relationships, and trauma and violence. There’s a strong focus on women’s strengths, helping them to identify what aspects really help pave the way for solid recover and they go through a questionnaire about different aspects that may be very positive traits used in the recovery process.

>> We talk about body and sexuality. Addiction as a way to feel more sexual. It’s often reported in studies, the use of alcohol for example cocaine and other substances may be a way to feel disinhibited. Especially for women who have a history of sexual trauma. Using to lose weight. The only substance in which women are higher than males in terms of epidemiology studies is nicotine. And that’s sometime used in an effort to reduce weight, also diet pills. Feeling attractive, things like addictive shopping, numbing physical feelings, punishing the body, for example self mutilation. Coping with body changes like aging or illness, or feeling loved so addicted to sex and so on. So in this theme we sort of explore how does addiction develop in relation to the body and sexuality.

>> Stress, one of the most prominent factors in relapse in substances is stress. Stress of all kinds, that can include traumatic stress and reminders of it, that can be related to PTSD. Also day to day stressors, relational stressors and so on. So we talk here about stress, the ways that people use substances to seem OK, to reward the self, to tune out stress, to relax, to forget about problems, to hide stress from others, to get the job done and so on. On that theme we talk also about women’s many balancing of roles, as parents, as partners, as workers and so on. And how often that sort of care taking of others can lead to a lot stress and a lot of self neglect. 

>>Thrill seeking, addiction as a way to escape boredom, experience danger, rebel, feel intensity, getting a kick from doing something illegal, imitating someone, feeling younger or feeling older and thrill seeking is often underestimated as a real key aspect of the addiction process. It’s not per se a psychiatric term and it’s not per se a symptom but it is highly associated with development of substance use disorders including in women.  

>> Relationships, as we said earlier. Relational themes are known to be a key issue with women in terms of women focused treatment generally and certainly in relation to addiction. So we talk about using substances as a way to feel closer to a partner that uses. Feeling less big or less small in the relationship. The idea that there’s some attempt to put on a different face as it were to hide anger, to hide fear or whatever it may be. To belong, to sooth loneliness, to feel energy or love that’s lacking with people. The next thing-- trauma and violence, here is the connection between PTSD and SUD. Sort of focus on it as one of the themes. Feeling less or feeling more, certainly known in PTSD people regulate emotion through substance use, trying to numb out or escape memories. To dampen feelings or symptoms, or the opposite wanting to feel more alive, to energize or get excitement when they feel numb. So helping them recognize using substances in relation to traumatic symptoms. Punishment, tolerating pain, for example from domestic violence, committing slow suicide and so on.

>> So basically in this segment of the work it’s very much about exploration. Helping the woman identify what’s going on for her. And certainly for women Veterans in particular, some of those themes will relate back to experiences they may have had in the military. Finally, co-occurring disorders key co-occurring psychiatric disorders for women with addiction problems are depression, PTSD, eating disorders, generalized anxiety, phobias, bipolar disorder. That of course is the full range that can occur. As we said it’s more common in women than men with addiction problems to have a co-occurring diagnosable mental health disorder. Also a feeling that the families don’t understand that they don’t get the sort of care they might need ... that addiction is judged harshly and that they’re not alleviated from their responsibilities within the families even though they have an illness. Feeling crazy, relationship to other life problems like homelessness, domestic violence, HIV risk. And certainly co-occurring disorders is never an excuse to keep using substances but definitely an explanation to understand how they developed the problem to begin with. And certainly recognizing that most women never receive treatment for the co-occurring disorders. Improving of various treatments were now certainly in VA for example there’s screening for certain issues in the community and elsewhere.  

>> Why don’t we pause there- I can go a bit more into some of the coping skills from the model but why don’t we pause there and open up some of the discussion if any.

>> A couple of questions have come in. Someone would like you to please elaborate on generic vulnerability, also if anxiety and depression is more common in young females any studies in this regard? 

>>So the first part... generic vulnerability.... This is not my area of work. So just being fully transparent about it, it is one of the findings when people have looked at gender differences. For a long time people have focused on the notion that there’s an heritable trait for addition and people have had various categorizations of addiction, type 1, type 2.... Alcoholics for example.... different kinds of categories to identify the notion that some development of addiction appears to be more genetically based and some appear to be more socialized or developing later and so on. And so, this not being my area, it’s really just from some of the summaries on women and addiction. 

>>But the book that we talked about earlier by Brady and colleagues, I believe it was Brady and Greenfield and colleagues, published in 2009.  This would be an excellent source. It really goes into the genetic factors also the neurobiology of addiction. There certainly is ample information that shows that women process alcohol differently than men, which helps explain the telescoped course that women have higher concentrations of alcohol in the blood when being exposed to the same dose of alcohol. Women have more fat cells in the body, so they it absorbs alcohol differently.  And so the whole biology of women and addiction and that very clear finding that they have worse health impacts from alcohol use for example goes to various biological aspects that are really better explained in  some of those other resources But women have no less genetic vulnerability than males do is the bottom line.

>> In terms of anxiety and depression, I think the question was, whether in adolescent girls -- whether anxiety and depression are factors in developing addiction? 

>> Yes, they said there are age differences. Anxiety and depression is more common in young females. So they want to know if there are studies have stressed this.

>> That is interesting. There may be. Offhand I am not familiar as much with that in terms of teenagers having higher rates of anxiety than adult women. I thought the rates were elevated in both adolescent and adult women and assuming that that result is true, a simple search on PUBMED would be a great resource to find locate more on that. I’m not familiar with that finding and generally the bottom line in terms of adolescents, certainly now with increasing rates of addiction among adolescent girls compared to earlier eras, is of course the idea is to intervene as quickly as possible, treat the co-occurring disorders. All of those are important themes of treatment. I’m not sure what to add to that. 

>> Thank you for that answer. Would you like to go on with more questions? 

>>Let’s go with more questions. 

>> Can you comment on incidence of the interpartner violence? 

>> Yeah, glad that was raised. The majority of trauma among women with addiction problems is interpersonal trauma, typically childhood physical and or sexual abuse. But certainly domestic violence throughout the lifespan is a major issue with women in addiction. So yes, that’s included under that definition of  trauma.  In general, the literature indicates that males have more prominence of combat-related and criminal-behavior related trauma and females have more incidence of interpersonal sexually or physically based trauma in childhood.

>> Would you like another question?  

>> Sure.

>> Women Vets in the VA are screened for SUDs at significantly lower rates than men.  Any thoughts on how this can be addressed?

>> I just want to make sure I understand the nature of the questions.... Is it that there should be more screening or that they’re showing lower rates than males.

>> There is a problem with a screening.

>>  I’m really glad someone raised that because there is a really known problem of assessments for addictions being done less on females than males, due to a lot of these perception aspects... that females don’t have as many problems with addiction, sometimes not wanting to view the women in a negative light. (unintell) even though that may be a not fully aware, emotional attitude. Sometimes, not knowing how to address it. Sometimes viewing it as if someone is functioning well, not suspecting that addiction may be present. I’ve certainly had my share of cases where I’ve been surprised when I’ve done a full diagnostic screen, or interview with a woman and find that she does have an addiction problem that I would never have thought was there, because they wouldn’t necessarily come in to treatment to talk about it. Especially if its at the  level of substance abuse rather than dependence. For an example, I routinely do a full diagnostic assessment using the mini neuro psychiatric interview and the substance use disorder section is very good. Its brief, but it really can address substance abuse problems that may go undetected. And certainly with the finding that women have a telescoped course, with them continuing into problematic substance use patterns are more likely to develop significant substance diagnosable disorder. Screening routinely women as well a males is important.

>> There was some discussion in the 80s and 90s about some of the screening instruments having been develop on males but at this point most of the major ones have been address in terms of gender relevancy and all of that, so. By the way, if people are looking screening tools for substance use disorder one of the best locations for that is the University of New Mexico. They have a program called CASA, which is the Center on Alcohol Addiction Studies, something like hat they have a wide variety of free screening tools you can download from their website. 

>> The next  question we have.... The pilot study used a group format. Will the other study keep women in group treatment as well?

>>Unfortunately its very hard to run RCTs with group treatment.  It certainly can be done. But we’ve chosen an individual format for the RCT, because sometimes getting a cohort all assessed and moved thru the baseline measurement in time to start a group together can be a bit challenging especially with the difficulty with recruiting women Veterans with addiction problems. We thought we would have more success running the trial using individual based treatment. But the model is the same whether its done in individual or group format but no, it’s going to be individual for this project. 

>> The next question, do you have recommendations for screening for violence and addiction in primary care in women in general and women Veterans specifically? 

>> Certainly that is the future that we are all awaiting which is primary care being the center of most care going forward with all of the developments in healthcare. And certainly there is a lot discussion in the addiction field as to how that will play out. Often with many providers in primary care settings being under trained, under aware of addiction problems. In terms of the screening for violence, I have a favorite screen that is really more for traumas in general, not just violence, but it does include violence. It’s the “stressful life experiences questionnaire.”  It is free. It’s a bit under a full page. It’s self-report. So it is easy for clients to fill out and identify a wide variety of traumas they have had in the course of their lives. That includes violence. There certainly are scales. There is also the Women’s Violence Scale which is screening with a couple of different questions. In terms for addiction scales for primary care, many people will use things like the Audit, or the Cage and things like that. But, there again, for a good for a good variety of tools going to that University of New Mexico website might be a great source. 

>> The next question.... We are looking at changing our continuing care group from the matrix model to something gender specific/trauma informed. Could you make some recommendations about EB after care programs? 

>> Great to hear. Whoever raised that question about the focus and sensitivity on gender and on trauma. Generally even though the literature in terms of research is slow, it certainly is wide spread now. There are a variety of trauma informed models and a variety of resources for trauma informed care much of which is gender specific.  So I’ll just name a couple of things that may be helpful. One, is just there’s a very good SAMSA website... SAMSA being the Substance Abuse Central Health Services Administration. One of their primary focuses is trauma informed care and by going to their website you can find a wide variety of materials on doing trauma informed care in a wide variety of treatment settings and with attention to addiction problems as well. In terms of specific models, there are numerous ones at this point. There needs to be more evidence of literature across all of them and most have only one pilot study if that. But some of the models for trauma informed care... there a model called TREM,  Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model by Maxine Harris, there’s Seeking Safety which I developed... there is the Kathleen Brady model that got renamed COPE. That’s a more exposure based model that deals with trauma and addiction. There’s a model by Mark McGovern at Dartmouth that’s focused on PTSD substance abuse, sort of taking a cognitive behavioral therapy approach to it  in various classic ways, but now applies to the comorbidity.

There are numerous ones, and, at any rate -- there are summaries of the evidence base on these various models. People can feel free to email me if that’s helpful or go to my website, and there are a variety of articles there that describe different models. 

>> We have a follow up question on that.... Do any of these models include a specific focus on aftercare? 

>> This is interesting, aftercare is-- I have never seen a model that specifically talked about it being an aftercare model per se, but any of the models can be used for different levels of care and typically are.  So I don’t think there’s anything in most of them, inherent that would prevent them from being used in inpatient, in IOP in outpatient, in any kind of follow up care. But I have not seen specifically something designed for aftercare. 

>> We have reached the top of the hour. But I still have a remaining four questions. Dr. Najavits, are you able to stay on and answer those? 

>> I understand that many of you have to leave. And we are going to continue on so we capture these in the recording so you can access these from the archives.  So the next question.... 

>> When women come in for treatment, but their partners are not interested in quitting. How do you handle it, especially given the statistics you described at the beginning of your talk.

That’s a terrific question and  all too common. There are a couple of ideas and there are certainly many, many different ways to address that -- one is that it’s certainly known that group based treatments can help provide a community-- especially if it is gender-based treatments-- a community of other women who can really help be a relational source of power  and support. So they do not need to focus so much on the partner. Often there’s a focus on them trying to help the partner at their own expense. Or being swept up in the partner’s pathology and so on.  Group based approaches that will support the woman’s focus on her own recovery versus (unintelligible) often can be helpful. A second for sure, is Alanon --which as people may know is an approach developed from the 12 step movement that is designed to support people who have a family member friend, partner, someone close in their life who has an addiction problem and it teaches skills around setting boundaries, not enabling the person, how to encourage the person to seek treatment without getting swept up into the problem that person has.  Certainly there’s more focus on family-based treatments increasingly in VA and DOD and the need to see the client as not just the individual client but also the relationship the family system and so sometimes the clinician may be able to do some interventions that can help the partner be willing to maybe go for an assessment or get a screening or do something helpful for them. 

>> Thanks for that reply. The next question we have: We are seeing a number of female addicts with active bulimia nervosa. Do you know of any VA programing that will actively treat both disorders? Monitoring active binging and purging have proven to be very difficult in our studies.

>> That really is a challenging issue because ED -- Eating Disorders treatments tend to be as the person said very labor intensive requiring a lot of monitoring requiring a lot of specialized skills in treating eating disorders. The typical the addiction programs do not have this capacity. Most addiction providers are not trained in eating disorder treatments... evidence based models and so on. I do not know of VA program in particular. Certainly some of the list servs in VA might be a good source to send that out. And some of the national list servs, like the VHA national addictions one, the PTSD SUDs one, any of those that might be able to address that but I don’t know of one in particular.

>> We do have someone who wrote in a comment I would be interested in hearing more about the coping skills being taught as part of the intervention. Either as part of this call or perhaps you could schedule a follow up call. 

>> Anyone who wants to contact me, I would be happy to follow up. I am on the Outlook in VA. Please feel free to get in touch. I’m happy to talk further if we can be of any help, myself and my team, in terms of providing some resources we’re happy to do so. 

>> Thank you for making yourself available. The final question:

>> Have you explored EMDR? and the research with co-occurring disorder PTSD and STDs.

>> That is a terrific question. I have actually been trained in EMDR as well as other models for PTSD treatment.  I think it is a terrific model of treatment... very clinically sensitive. It does appear to show by and large equivalent outcomes to PE for long exposure. At any rate, It is a model that is relevant, probably less used in the VA. But nonetheless in communities, very widely used. In terms of research on it and for co-occurring PTSD SUD,  I do know that if someone has capacity to do research on that, I believe Francine Shapiro is very interested in getting some research in VA going on that topic. She had actually contacted me a couple of years ago about that and we never ended up getting a study off the ground, but nonetheless she is interested in making that happen. To my knowledge that has not happened yet. There is a manual for the use of EMDR with addictions that was developed by Vogleman Fine or Vogelman Stein [Vogelman-Sine], that came out probably five or more years ago but it never has been studied empirically so I don’t thing EMDR has as yet any test with PTSD SUD. 

>> That is the last question. If you’d like to make any concluding comments the floor is yours? 

>> Just to say thank you for your time today. Wishing the best for you in your work and thanks for the opportunity to present.

>>Thank you so much for presenting for us. We really are lucky to have your expertise.

>> As I mentioned, this presentation has been recorded. So if anyone wants to visit the archive catalog, you can use it as a resource and pass it on to your colleagues. Also I invite you to join us for our next Spotlight on Womens Health session which will be taking place January 19, and it will be presented by Rachel Kimmerling and Jenny Hyun. So if you’d like to attend that please visit our HSR&D cyberseminar catalog.