November 2014 

Study of prepaid 

account agreements 
2 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3

2. Prepaid account agreements included in the Study .......................................... 5

2.1 Identification of prepaid account agreements for inclusion in the Study 5

2.2 Breakdown of prepaid account agreements reviewed in the Study ......... 7

3. Analysis of key provisions in prepaid account agreements ........................... 10

3.1 Error resolution protections (including provisional credit) .................. 10

3.2 Limited liability protections ................................................................... 14

3.3 Access to account information ................................................................ 17

3.4 Overdraft services and negative balance fees ......................................... 24

3.5 FDIC or NCUSIF pass-through deposit or share insurance .................. 27

3.6 General disclosure of fee information .................................................... 29
3 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

1. Introduction 

In order to better understand the features and consumer protections currently provided by 

prepaid products, the Bureau conducted a study (the Study) of publicly available account 

agreements for prepaid products. The prepaid products included in the Study all appeared to 

meet the proposed definition of the term prepaid account in its proposed rule governing prepaid 

accounts under the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (Regulation E) and the Truth in Lending Act 

(Regulation Z), published concurrently herewith. Specifically, the Bureau sought to determine 

current industry practices in a number of areas to inform the Bureau’s understanding of the 

potential benefits and costs of extending various Regulation E provisions to prepaid accounts. In 

conducting the Study, Bureau staff examined certain key provisions in the account agreements 

of prepaid cards and other similar prepaid programs currently available to consumers and 

compared those terms against the protections that would be required by the proposal. 

The Study covers 325 account agreements for prepaid programs that, Bureau staff believes, 

could be subject to the definition of prepaid account in the Bureau’s proposed rule.1

 This Study 

examines key provisions regarding error resolution protections (including provisional credit); 

limited liability protections; access to account information; overdraft services and negative 

balance fees; Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) or National Credit Union Share 

Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) pass-through deposit or share insurance; and general disclosure of 

fee information. The proposed rule explains in detail the issues related to these various 

provisions. 

The Bureau notes that many of the provisions in its proposed rule are similar to existing 

requirements for certain types of prepaid products. Regulation E currently applies to payroll 

 

1 The Bureau does not intend for a prepaid account agreement’s inclusion in or exclusion from the Study to be a 

determination as to whether the proposed rule would or would not apply to that prepaid program. 
4 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

card accounts and cards used for the distribution of certain government benefits.2 In addition, 

an interim final rule issued in 2010 by the Department of the Treasury’s Financial Management 

Service, now part of Treasury’s Bureau of the Fiscal Service, requires all prepaid cards receiving 

Federal payments (such as social security benefits, Federal tax refunds, or wages from the 

Federal government) to satisfy several conditions, including that the card issuer must comply 

with all of the requirements of, and provide the cardholder with all of the consumer protections 

that apply to, a payroll card account under Regulation E (the FMS Rule).3 

A spreadsheet containing the text of relevant provisions from each account agreement and 

Bureau staff’s analysis thereof, as described below, is attached hereto as Attachment A.4 

The Bureau cautions that the analysis in this Study is, in many ways, subjective and thus is not 

an assessment of any legal issue including whether a prepaid program actually complies with or 

is in violation of Regulation E’s existing provisions governing payroll card accounts or cards 

used for the distribution of certain government benefits, the FMS Rule, or the Bureau’s 

proposed rule for prepaid accounts. 

 

2 See 12 CFR 1005.18 and 1005.15. 

3 See 31 CFR 210.5(b)(5). 

4 http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201411_cfpb_attachment-a-to-study-prepaid-account-agreements.xls. 
5 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

2. Prepaid account agreements 

included in the Study 

2.1 Identification of prepaid account 

agreements for inclusion in the Study 

To determine the universe of prepaid account agreements to include in the Study, Bureau staff 

began by compiling account agreements for general purpose reloadable (GPR) prepaid card 

programs listed on the Visa, MasterCard, and NerdWallet websites advertising such cards and 

those examined in various other studies of prepaid card terms.5 Staff obtained these account 

agreements online, and excluded prepaid programs for which agreements were unavailable as 

well as agreements for programs that staff believed had been discontinued. 

Next, Bureau staff also searched for account agreements from prepaid programs belonging to 

entities involved in the prepaid marketplace of which staff was aware through the Bureau’s 

general market monitoring efforts. Staff conducted additional research to identify issuers and 

program managers for prepaid products and to locate account agreements for programs offered 

by such entities, including a review of products offered by entities that had submitted comment 

letters in response to the Bureau’s May 2012 Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on GPR 

cards,6 entities registered as providers of prepaid access (a type of money services business) with 

the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN),7 and entities that had commented on 

 

5 See generally CFPB, Arbitration Study Preliminary Results, Section 1028(a) Study Results to Date, at 134-35 (Dec. 

12, 2013), available at http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201312_cfpb_arbitration-study-preliminary-results.pdf. 

6 77 FR 30923 (May 24, 2012). See http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=CFPB-2012-0019. 

7 See http://www.fincen.gov/financial_institutions/msb/msbstateselector.html. 
6 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

FinCEN’s prepaid access proposal in 2010.8 Finally, staff engaged in additional internet research 

to identify other prepaid account agreements for inclusion in the Study. 

The Study includes account agreements for GPR card programs (including GPR cards marketed 

for specific purposes, such as travel or receipt of tax refunds, or for specific users, such as 

teenagers or students), as well as payroll cards, cards used for the distribution of certain 

government benefits, and similar card programs.9 Agreements for prepaid programs specifically 

usable for person-to-person (P2P) transfers that appear to be encompassed in the Bureau’s 

proposed definition of prepaid account are also included. The Study does not include gift, 

incentive and rebate card programs; health spending account, flexible spending account, and 

similar card programs; or needs-tested State or local electronic benefit transfer (EBT) card 

programs, as such products are outside the scope of the Bureau’s proposed prepaid accounts 

rulemaking. 

Bureau staff collected prepaid account agreements between August 2013 and September 2014. 

Agreements collected appeared to be current at the time they were obtained and reviewed, but it 

is possible that outdated versions of some agreements were located online. Even if current at the 

time of collection, such agreements may not, however, all be current now. If staff became aware 

that a particular prepaid program was no longer operational, the agreement for that program 

was removed from the Study. However, it is possible that not all programs for which agreements 

were included in the Study are operational now. 

In the Study, Bureau staff used only prepaid account agreements that were publicly available 

online. Where a prepaid account agreement did not include fee information, staff searched for a 

separate document containing fee information. In limited instances, where a prepaid account 

agreement did not appear to address certain key provisions, staff also used other publicly 

available materials such as FAQs related to that prepaid program. However, staff did not, as a 

general matter, review prepaid programs’ websites, marketing materials, or other documents for 

additional information. 

 

8 See http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=FINCEN-2009-0007. 

9 As noted above, payroll card accounts and cards used for the distribution of certain government benefits are 

currently subject to Regulation E. See 12 CFR 1005.18 and 1005.15. The government benefit cards included in this 

Study are limited to those that Bureau staff believes are currently covered by Regulation E. 
7 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

While Bureau staff collected a large number of agreements, the Bureau cautions that this 

collection is neither comprehensive nor complete. As discussed above, staff only included 

programs whose agreements were readily available online. In addition, there does not currently 

exist any comprehensive listing of all prepaid issuers, program managers, or programs that the 

Bureau could use to identify prepaid programs for inclusion in the Study. 

2.2 Breakdown of prepaid account 

agreements reviewed in the Study 

The Study covers 325 prepaid account agreements. Where what appears to be a single prepaid 

program has more than one account agreement, such as for different fee plans or for cards 

issued by different banks, all agreements identified by Bureau staff were included in the Study. 

Thus, while the Study includes 325 prepaid account agreements, it likely reflects fewer than 325 

distinct prepaid programs.10

The Bureau notes that in the various statistics provided throughout the Study, equal weight is 

given to each agreement reviewed. These percentages do not reflect individual programs’ or 

providers’ market shares, although the Bureau attempts to correct for that bias somewhat by 

providing analysis specifically for agreements that belong to program managers (including 

issuers that manage their own programs) in the GPR card marketplace identified by one source 

as representing a combined market share (as of late 2012) of 81 percent based on load volume 

and 85 percent on number of active cards.11

 

 

10 See Attachment A at column A for program name. 

11 See Aite Group LLC, The Contenders: Prepaid Debit and Payroll Cards Reach Ubiquity, at 17 and 23 (Nov. 2012). 
8 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

A breakdown of the types of programs for which agreements are included in the Study, as 

identified by Bureau staff, is set forth in Table 1.12 

TABLE 1: BREAKDOWN OF PROGRAM TYPES INCLUDED IN THE STUDY 

Type of prepaid program Number of agreements 

reviewed 

Percentage of total 

agreements reviewed 

GPR cards13 207 63.69% 

Payroll cards14 25 7.69% 

Government benefit cards15 65 20.00% 

All other programs16 28 8.62% 

Total 325 

 

 

12 See Attachment A at column B for program type and column C for program subtype, where applicable. 

13 This includes 5 GPR cards identified as marketed towards students, 6 for distribution of tax refunds, 6 for teenagers, 

and 7 for travel. 

14 As noted above, the Study includes payroll cards that are currently subject to Regulation E through existing 

§ 1005.18. 

15 As noted above, the Study includes government benefit cards that are currently subject to Regulation E through 

existing § 1005.15. The Study is not intended to include any needs-tested State or local EBT card programs. 

16 This includes 1 emergency relief card, 1 non-reloadable non-gift card, 1 government tax refund card, 1 student 

refund card, 2 insurance cards, 3 student financial aid disbursement cards, 5 prison release cards, 7 P2P programs, 

and 7 cards similarly used for other specific purposes. 
9 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

The agreements reviewed cover approximately 78 distinct issuing institutions and 141 distinct 

program managers.17 The breakdown of issuers and program managers based on the type of 

program is set forth in Table 2. 

TABLE 2: NUMBER OF ISSUERS AND PROGRAM MANAGERS REPRESENTED (BY PROGRAM TYPE) 

Type of prepaid program Number of issuers Number of program 

managers 

GPR cards 62 118 

Payroll cards 19 20 

Government benefit cards 5 4 

All other programs 16 16 

Totals (all agreements)18 78 141 

 

17 See Attachment A at column D for program manager name and column E for issuer name. If it appeared to Bureau 

staff that an issuer also acts as program manager for a particular program, the issuer’s name is included in both 

columns. Column E contains the relevant payment network’s name. 

The numbers given for program managers include issuers in situations where the issuer also functions as program 

manager for the program in question. While the issuers identified in the Study are largely banks and credit unions, 

the numbers given for issuers also include several non-banks where Bureau staff was unable to identify a separate 

bank or credit union issuer for the program in question. If these overlaps are removed, the Study covers 

approximately 173 unique entities. 

18 The Bureau notes that the total number of issuers and program managers reflected here across these four program 

types is greater than the totals across all agreements of 78 and 141, respectively, because some issuers and program 

managers are involved in more than one type of prepaid program. 
10 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

3. Analysis of key provisions in 

prepaid account agreements 

As noted above, the Study examined key provisions regarding error resolution protections 

(including provisional credit); limited liability protections; access to account information; 

overdraft and treatment of negative balances and declined transaction fees; FDIC or NCUSIF 

pass-through deposit or share insurance; and general disclosure of fees. Bureau staff’s 

methodology, key assumptions, observations, and findings with respect to each of these 

categories are discussed below. 

In addition, as noted above, the Bureau cautions that the analysis in this Study is, in many ways, 

subjective and thus is not an assessment of any legal issue including whether a prepaid program 

actually complies with or is in violation of Regulation E’s existing provisions governing payroll 

card accounts or cards used for the distribution of certain government benefits, the FMS Rule, 

or the Bureau’s proposed rules for prepaid accounts. 

3.1 Error resolution protections (including 

provisional credit) 

As described in more detail in the Supplementary Information to the Bureau’s proposed rule, 

Regulation E requires that a covered financial institution promptly investigate an electronic 

fund transfer reported by a consumer as unauthorized, determine whether an error occurred, 

and correct any such errors. If the financial institution is unable to complete the investigation 
11 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

within ten business days,19 its investigation may take up to 45 days20 if it provisionally credits 

the amount of the alleged error back to the consumer’s account within ten business days of 

receiving the error notice.21 

Bureau staff examined relevant language in prepaid account agreements addressing error 

resolution in order to assess whether each program provided by contract the same error 

resolution protections that Regulation E requires for accounts to which it applies. Agreements 

were divided into four categories: (1) full error resolution with provisional credit available for all 

consumers where the error could not be resolved within a defined period of time; (2) error 

resolution with limitations on provisional credit (for example, when provisional credit is only 

provided for accounts that receive Federal payments or payroll direct deposits); (3) error 

resolution but no provisional credit; and (4) no error resolution.22

Bureau staff focused on the key elements of error resolution and provisional credit. Staff 

observed that a number of agreements deviated from Regulation E as to their timing 

requirements (for example, with respect to the time periods given for a consumer to report an 

error, or for the financial institution to review and resolve an error claim). For example, some 

agreements stated a more limited time period during which a consumer could assert errors, such 

as 60 or 90 days from the date of the alleged error or the date the alleged error appeared on the 

consumer’s transaction history, rather than 60 days from the date the consumer accessed his 

electronic history or requested a written history on which the alleged error first appeared. 

Because of the frequency with which variations in the timing requirements appeared, and 

because the Bureau does not believe it would be burdensome for prepaid providers to modify the 

 

19 The financial institution has 20 days (instead of 10) if the claimed unauthorized electronic fund transfer occurred 

within 30 days after the first deposit to the account was made. See § 1005.11(c)(3)(i). Provisional credit is not 

required if the financial institution requires but does not receive written confirmation within 10 business days of an 

oral notice by the consumer. See § 1005.11(c)(2)(i)(A). 

20 The financial institution has 90 days (instead of 45) if the claimed unauthorized electronic fund transfer was not 

initiated in a state, resulted from a point-of-sale debit card transaction, or occurred within 30 days after the first 

deposit to the account was made. See § 1005.11(c)(3)(ii). 

21 Regulation E also prescribes time frames for the consumer to report a suspected error, and for the financial 

institution to notify the consumer of the investigation’s results, and to correct the error if one occurred. See

§ 1005.11. 

22 See Attachment A at column G for the text of each agreement’s error resolution provisions. See columns H through 

K for Bureau staff’s analysis of those provisions. 
12 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

timing provisions of their error resolution procedures, Bureau staff did not take into account 

these timing variations in assessing agreements’ error resolution provisions. 

If an agreement did not mention provisional credit or made only a vague reference to some form 

of “credit” being provided, staff presumed that the program would not provide provisional 

credit. A determination of “no error resolution” was made where the account agreement either 

stated that the program did not provide any error resolution protection or was silent with 

respect to error resolution protections. 
13 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 3 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding error resolution and provisional credit 

protections across all 325 prepaid account agreements reviewed; for agreements broken down 

by GPR cards, payroll cards, government benefit cards, and all other programs; and for GPR 

card agreements that belong to program managers (including issuers that manage their own 

programs) in the GPR card marketplace identified by one source as representing a combined 

market share (as of late 2012) of 81 percent based on load volume (5 entities) and 85 percent on 

number of active cards (11 entities).23 

TABLE 3: ERROR RESOLUTION AND PROVISIONAL CREDIT FINDINGS 

Scope of review 

Full error 

resolution with 

provisional 

credit 

Error resolution 

with limitations 

on provisional 

credit 

Error resolution 

but no 

provisional 

credit 

No error 

resolution 

All agreements 253 77.85% 40 12.31% 30 9.23% 2 0.62% 

GPR cards 141 68.12% 40 19.32% 25 12.08% 1 0.48% 

Payroll cards 25 100% 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 

Government 

benefit cards 65 100% 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 

All other 

programs 

22 78.57% 0 -- 5 17.86% 1 3.57% 

GPR only: 5 

largest program 

managers by 

load volume 

17 77.27% 3 13.64% 2 9.09% 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 

largest program 

managers by 

number of active 

cards 

32 80.0% 6 15.0% 2 5.0% 0 -- 

 

23 See Aite Group LLC, The Contenders: Prepaid Debit and Payroll Cards Reach Ubiquity, at 17 and 23 (Nov. 2012). 

The Bureau notes that the data provided here and elsewhere throughout the Study for agreements belonging to 

these top 5 (by load volume) and top 11 (by number of active cards) program managers weight the findings equally 

across all included programs; findings are not weighted by relative market share. 
14 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

3.2 Limited liability protections 

As described in more detail in the Supplementary Information to the Bureau’s proposed rule, 

Regulation E provides that a consumer may be held liable for an unauthorized electronic fund 

transfer resulting from the loss or theft of an access device only if the financial institution has 

provided certain required disclosures and other conditions are met.24 If the consumer provides 

timely notice to the financial institution within two business days of learning of the loss or theft 

of the access device, the consumer’s liability is the lesser of $50 or the amount of unauthorized 

transfers made before giving notice.25 If timely notice is not given, the consumer’s liability is the 

lesser of $500 or the sum of (1) the lesser of $50 or the amount of unauthorized transfers 

occurring within two business days of learning of the loss/theft and (2) the amount of 

unauthorized transfers that occur after two business days but before notice is given to the 

financial institution.26 In addition, a consumer must report an unauthorized electronic fund 

transfer that appears on a periodic statement within 60 days of the financial institution’s 

transmittal of the statement in order to avoid liability for subsequent transfers.27 The Bureau 

notes that the payment card network associations each have their own rules providing for zero 

cardholder liability for certain unauthorized transactions that occur on cards bearing the 

network’s brand. 

Bureau staff examined prepaid account agreements’ language addressing limitations on 

consumers’ liability for unauthorized transactions to assess whether each program provided by 

contract the same limited liability protections that Regulation E requires for accounts to which it 

applies. Agreements were divided into three categories: (1) liability limitations consistent with 

 

24 The required disclosures for this purpose include a summary of the consumer’s liability under § 1005.6, or under 

state law or other applicable law or agreement, for unauthorized electronic fund transfers; the telephone number 

and address of the person or office to be notified when the consumer believes an unauthorized transfer has been or 

may be made; and the financial institution’s business days. See §§ 1005.6(a), 1005.7(b)(1) through (3). 

25 See § 1005.6(b)(1). 

26 See § 1005.6(b)(2). 

27 See § 1005.6(b)(3). 
15 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Regulation E (or better); (2) some liability limitations but less than what is provided for by 

Regulation E; and (3) no limited liability protections.28

Bureau staff found that some agreements were unclear as to whether or to what extent 

consumers’ liability for unauthorized transactions would be limited. A designation of “no limited 

liability” was used where the account agreement either stated that the program did not limit 

consumers’ liability for unauthorized transactions or was silent with respect to liability 

limitations. 

 

28 See Attachment A at column L for the text of each agreement’s limited liability provisions. See columns M through 

O for Bureau staff’s analysis of those provisions. 
16 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 4 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding limited liability protections across all 325 

account agreements reviewed; for agreements broken down by GPR cards, payroll cards, 

government benefit cards, and all other programs; and for GPR card agreements that belong to 

program managers (including issuers that manage their own programs) in the GPR card 

marketplace identified by one source as representing a combined market share (as of late 2012) 

of 81 percent based on load volume (5 entities) and 85 percent on number of active cards (11 

entities). 

TABLE 4: LIMITED LIABILITY FINDINGS 

Scope of review Full limited liability Partial limited liability No limited liability 

All agreements 289 88.92% 27 8.31% 9 2.77% 

GPR cards 181 87.44% 22 10.63% 4 1.93% 

Payroll cards 25 100% 0 -- 0 -- 

Government benefit 

cards 65 100% 0 -- 0 -- 

All other programs 18 64.28% 5 17.86% 5 17.86% 

GPR only: 5 largest 

program managers by 

load volume 

22 100% 0 -- 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 largest 

program managers by 

number of active cards 

40 100% 0 -- 0 -- 

During the course of this portion of the review, Bureau staff also noted that a majority of 

agreements specifically mentioned the relevant card network’s “zero liability” policy in addition 

to the agreement’s other limited liability provisions. 
17 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

3.3 Access to account information 

With respect to consumers’ access to account information, Bureau staff attempted to determine 

the following for each agreement: (1) whether the program provides electronic access to account 

history; (2) the time frame for which account information is available; (3) whether an electronic 

periodic statement is available; (4) whether consumers can request that paper periodic 

statements and/or histories of account transactions be mailed to them; and (5) if a paper 

statement or history can be requested, what the associated cost would be (if any).29 Tables 5 

through 10 summarize staff’s findings for each of these five items in turn, across all 325 account 

agreements reviewed; for agreements broken down by GPR cards, payroll cards, government 

benefit cards, and all other programs; and for GPR card programs that belong to program 

managers (including issuers that manage their own programs) in the GPR card marketplace 

identified by one source as representing a combined market share (as of late 2012) of 81 percent 

based on load volume (5 entities) and 85 percent on number of active cards (11 entities). 

 

29 See Attachment A at column P for the text of each agreement’s provisions regarding access to account information. 

See columns Q through U for Bureau staff’s analysis of those provisions, as described in more detail below. 
18 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 5 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding electronic access to account history 

information. Staff was either able to confirm based on the agreement that electronic access to 

account information was available or the agreement was unclear as to whether such access was 

available. Staff found no agreements that specifically stated electronic access was not available.30

TABLE 5: ACCESS TO ACCOUNT INFORMATION (ELECTRONIC ACCESS TO ACCOUNT HISTORY) 

FINDINGS 

Scope of review Provides electronic access to 

account information 

Unclear as to whether 

electronic access to 

account information is 

provided 

All agreements 318 97.85% 7 2.15% 

GPR cards 205 99.03% 2 0.97% 

Payroll cards 25 100% 0 -- 

Government benefit cards 65 100% 0 -- 

All other programs 23 82.14% 5 17.86% 

GPR only: 5 largest program 

managers by load volume 22 100% 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 largest program 

managers by number of active 

cards 

40 100% 0 -- 

 

30 See Attachment A at column Q. Each agreement was designated as either Y (Yes) or Unclear. 
19 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 6 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding the time frames for which account 

information is available. Staff found that for agreements that list a specific time frame for which 

account information is available (whether electronically or in writing), the time frame ranges 

from 60 days to 2 years. Some agreements stated (or implied) that there is no limit on the length 

of time for which account information is available. For some agreements, staff was unable to 

determine the program’s time frame.31 Where an agreement lists different times frames for 

written and electronic account information, staff used the longer time frame for this analysis.32

TABLE 6: ACCESS TO ACCOUNT INFORMATION (TIME FRAME) FINDINGS 

Scope of review 60 days 90 days to 

1 year 2 years Unlimited Unclear 

All agreements 215 66.15% 9 2.78% 7 2.16% 8 2.46% 86 26.46% 

GPR cards 132 63.77% 7 3.38% 6 2.90% 8 3.86% 54 26.09% 

Payroll cards 13 52.0% 2 8.0% 1 4.0% 0 -- 9 36.0% 

Government 

benefit cards 65 100% 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 

All other 

programs 

5 17.86% 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 23 82.14% 

GPR only: 5 

largest program 

managers by 

load volume 

21 95.45% 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 1 4.55% 

GPR only: 11 

largest program 

managers by 

number of active 

cards 

34 85.0% 0 -- 4 10.0% 0 -- 2 5.0% 

 

31 See Attachment A at column R. Each agreement was designated as either 60 days, 90 days, 120 days, 1 year, 2 years, 

Unlimited, or Unclear. For purposes of Table 6, the agreements designated as 90 days, 120 days or 1 year were 

combined. 

32 Based on the Bureau’s outreach to industry in connection with the proposed rule, the Bureau is aware that many 

prepaid programs provide access to account information for much longer time frames than what is listed in their 

account agreements. Nevertheless, for purposes of the Study, staff assumed that a particular program’s practice 

matched the stated terms in its agreement. 
20 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 7 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding the availability of electronic periodic 

statements. Staff found that some agreements specifically state that electronic periodic 

statements (rather than just electronic access to account history) are available.33 Staff did not 

note any agreements that specifically state an electronic statement would not be provided. If an 

agreement does not mention electronic periodic statements, staff presumed such statements 

were not available.34 

TABLE 7: ACCESS TO ACCOUNT INFORMATION (ELECTRONIC PERIODIC STATEMENTS) FINDINGS 

Scope of review Electronic periodic statements 

available 

No electronic periodic 

statements 

All agreements 187 57.54% 138 42.46% 

GPR cards 89 43.0% 118 57.0% 

Payroll cards 20 80.0% 5 20.0% 

Government benefit cards 62 95.38% 3 4.62% 

All other programs 16 57.14% 12 42.86% 

GPR only: 5 largest program 

managers by load volume 12 54.55% 10 45.45% 

GPR only: 11 largest program 

managers by number of active 

cards 

18 45.0% 22 55.0% 

 

33 Under Regulation E currently, financial institutions offering payroll card accounts either must provide periodic 

statements or must follow the periodic statement alternative which requires access to account balance information 

by phone, at least 60 days of electronic account history, and at least 60 days of written account history upon request. 

See 12 CFR 1005.18(b). 

34 See Attachment A at column S. Each agreement was designated as either Y (Yes) or N (No). 
21 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 8 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings as to whether consumers can request that paper 

statements and/or paper account histories be mailed to them. If an agreement did not mention 

paper periodic statements or account histories, staff presumed such statements/histories were 

not available.35

TABLE 8: ACCESS TO ACCOUNT INFORMATION (PAPER STATEMENTS/ACCOUNT HISTORIES) FINDINGS 

Scope of review Paper statements/ account 

histories available 

No paper statements/ account 

histories 

All agreements 290 89.23% 35 10.77% 

GPR cards 183 88.41% 24 11.59% 

Payroll cards 24 96.0% 1 4.0% 

Government benefit cards 65 100% 0 -- 

All other programs 18 64.29% 10 35.71% 

GPR only: 5 largest program 

managers by load volume 22 100% 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 largest program 

managers by number of active 

cards 

39 97.50% 1 2.50% 

The Bureau notes that if a prepaid program provides periodic statements and obtains E-Sign 

consent from all consumers to deliver those statements electronically,36 the agreement would 

likely be designated as no paper statements/ account histories in Table 8. 

Table 9 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings as to whether, if a paper statement or paper account 

history could be requested, what the associated cost would be (if any).37 This analysis excludes 

agreements that were designated in Table 8 as not providing paper periodic statements or paper 

account histories.38 Where an agreement lists more than one fee amount for receiving a paper 

 

35 See Attachment A at column T. Each agreement was designated as either Y (Yes) or N (No). 

36 Currently, Regulation E permits disclosures to be provided in electronic form, subject to compliance with consumer

consent and other applicable provisions of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-Sign 

Act) (15 U.S.C. 7001, et seq.). See § 1005.4(a)(1). 
22 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

statement and/or paper account history, staff used the higher fee (except in instances where the 

higher fee was only assessed for duplicated mailings). 

TABLE 9: ACCESS TO ACCOUNT INFORMATION (COST OF PAPER STATEMENTS/ACCOUNT HISTORIES) 

FINDINGS 

Scope of review Free ($0) Fee ($ listed) Fee ($ not 

listed) 

No fee 

information 

All agreements 94 32.41% 136 46.90% 25 8.62% 35 12.07% 

GPR cards 51 27.87% 116 63.39% 10 5.46% 6 3.28% 

Payroll cards 4 16.67% 13 54.17% 5 20.83% 2 8.33% 

Government benefit cards 36 55.38% 2 3.08% 0 -- 27 41.54% 

All other programs 3 16.67% 5 27.78% 10 55.56% 0 -- 

GPR only: 5 largest 

program managers by 

load volume 

9 40.91% 13 59.09% 0 -- 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 largest 

program managers by 

number of active cards 

20 51.28% 19 48.72% 0 -- 0 -- 

Bureau staff encountered a number of challenges in the analysis of agreements for the 

information reflected in Table 9. For example, some agreements stated that no fee would be 

charged for paper statements or account histories but then listed a fee elsewhere in the 

 

37 See Attachment A at column U. If, based on the agreement, it did not appear that a program provides paper 

statements and/or paper account histories (designated as N in column T and reflected in the columns on the right in 

Table 8), the agreement was designated in column U as NA (not applicable). If an agreement specified a fee amount, 

the agreement was designated with that amount. If an agreement stated that paper statements and/or paper 

account histories would be provided for free, or otherwise suggested that a fee would not be charged, the agreement 

was designated as $0. 

If it appeared from the text of an agreement that a fee may or will be charged, but staff was unable to locate fee 

information generally for that program, the agreement was designated as Fee. If the text of an agreement did not 

address whether or not a fee would be charged for a paper statement and/or paper account history, and Bureau staff 

was unable to locate fee information generally for the program, the agreement was designated here as No fee info. 

Remaining agreements for which Bureau staff was unable to make a determination were designated as Unclear. 

38 Those agreements are reflected in the “No paper statement/account history” column in Table 8. 
23 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

agreement. Other agreements stated that a fee may or will be charged for paper statements or 

account histories but did specify the amount of that fee anywhere else in the document. In 

addition, as discussed further below, staff was unable to find fee information for a number of 

programs.39 

Table 10 summarizes Bureau staff’s more specific findings regarding fees charged for paper 

statements and/or paper account histories, including the mean (average), median, and range of 

fees charged (where a specific non-zero fee was listed in the agreement).40 For agreements that 

specified the fee charged for providing paper statements and/or paper account histories, staff 

found that the amount of the fee varied widely across all programs (ranging from $0.75 to $10). 

TABLE 10: ACCESS TO ACCOUNT INFORMATION (COST OF PAPER STATEMENTS/ACCOUNT HISTORIES – 

MEAN, MEDIAN, AND RANGE OF SPECIFIED FEES CHARGED) FINDINGS 

Scope of review 

Number and percent of 

agreements charging a 

specified fee41

Mean 

(Average) Median Range 

All agreements 136 46.90% $ 3.54 $ 2.98 $ 0.75 - $ 10.00 

GPR cards 116 63.39% $ 3.54 $ 3.00 $ 0.99 - $ 10.00 

Payroll cards 13 54.17% $ 2.92 $ 2.50 $ 1.00 - $ 5.00 

Government benefit cards 2 3.08% $ 1.13 $ 1.13 $ 0.75 - $ 1.50 

All other programs 5 27.78% $ 6.30 $ 5.00 $ 2.50 - $ 10.00 

GPR only: 5 largest 

program managers by load 

volume 

13 59.09% $ 4.27 $ 5.95 $ 1.00 - $ 5.95 

GPR only: 11 largest 

program managers by 

number of active cards 

19 48.72% $ 3.86 $ 3.00 $ 1.00 - $ 5.95 

 

39 Staff’s treatment of these issues is described in footnote 37 above. 

40 Table 10 covers all agreements that specify a non-zero fee amount. 

41 This column in Table 10 corresponds with the “Fee ($ listed)” column in Table 9 and is repeated here for reference. 
24 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

3.4 Overdraft services and negative balance 

fees 

Bureau staff attempted to determine the following for each account agreement: (1) whether the 

program offers a formal opt-in overdraft service;42 and (2) whether the program charges any 

fees related to negative balances, including overdraft fees, negative balance fees, shortage fees 

and insufficient funds fees (and if so, the amount of such fees).43 Tables 11 and 12 below 

summarize staff’s findings for each of these items in turn, across all 325 account agreements 

reviewed; for agreements broken down by GPR cards, payroll cards, government benefit cards, 

and all other programs; and for GPR card agreements that belong to program managers 

(including issuers that manage their own programs) in the GPR card marketplace identified by 

one source as representing a combined market share (as of late 2012) of 81 percent based on 

load volume (5 entities) and 85 percent on number of active cards (11 entities). 

Bureau staff did not note any prepaid account agreements that appear to offer any formal credit 

features other than those identified as offering an opt-in overdraft service, as reflected in Table 

11. 

 

42 See 12 CFR 1005.17. 

43 See Attachment A at column V for the text of each agreement’s provisions regarding overdrafts, negative balance 

fees and general treatment of spending in excess of account balance. See columns W and X for Bureau staff’s 

analysis of those provisions, as described in more detail below. 
25 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 11 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding agreements indicating that the program 

offers a formal opt-in overdraft service.44 Staff assumed that, where an agreement did not 

address overdraft services, no such services were available. 

TABLE 11: OVERDRAFT SERVICES FINDINGS 

Scope of review No overdraft service “Purchase cushion” 

only Overdraft service45

All agreements 314 96.62% 4 1.23% 7 2.15% 

GPR cards 198 95.65% 4 1.93% 5 2.42% 

Payroll cards 25 100% 0 -- 0 -- 

Government benefit cards 63 96.92% 0 -- 2 3.08% 

All other programs 28 100% 0 -- 0 -- 

GPR only: 5 largest program 

managers by load volume 17 77.27% 2 9.09% 3 13.64% 

GPR only: 11 largest program 

managers by number of 

active cards 

35 87.50% 2 5.0% 3 7.50% 

 

44 See Attachment A at column W. Each agreement was designated as either Y (Yes), N (No), or Purchase cushion. The 

agreements designated as “purchase cushion” allow for consumers to overspend by a small amount but do not 

appear to require consumer opt-in and do not state a fee for that service. 

45 The Bureau notes that it is possible that some of the programs reflected here no longer offer overdraft services but 

the agreements for those programs available online have not been correspondingly updated. 
26 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 12 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding agreements for programs that might 

charge overdraft, negative balance, shortage, insufficient fund or similar fees.46 Those 

agreements designated in Table 11 as offering formal opt-in overdraft services are included in 

Table 12 as charging fees for negative balances, as are others that typically state that a 

cardholder is not permitted to conduct transactions in excess of the card balance, but that if 

nonetheless the card balance becomes negative, the cardholder will or may be assessed a fee.47 

TABLE 12: NEGATIVE BALANCE FEE FINDINGS 

Scope of review No negative 

balance fees Negative balance fees No fee info 

All agreements 252 77.54% 31 9.54% 42 12.92% 

GPR cards 172 83.09% 25 12.08% 10 4.83% 

Payroll cards 18 72.0% 3 12.0% 4 16.0% 

Government benefit 

cards 37 56.92% 2 3.08% 26 40.00% 

All other programs 25 89.29% 1 3.57% 2 7.14% 

GPR only: 5 largest 

program managers by 

load volume 

18 81.82% 4 18.18% 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 largest 

program managers by 

number of active cards 

36 90.0% 4 10.0% 0 -- 

 

46 See Attachment A at column X. Each agreement was designated as either Y (Yes), N (No), or No fee info (for 

agreements did not explicitly state that fees were not charged for negative balances and where Bureau staff was 

unable to locate any fee information generally for the program). For agreements designated Y, the specific type of 

fee and amount (where stated) are also listed in column X. 

47 Some agreements also state that repeated attempts to spend beyond the card balance will or may result in the 

prepaid account being closed. Bureau staff has doubts about whether or to what extent such charges are actually 

currently being assessed, as staff does not believe that there are many situations where such accounts could go 

negative. Staff also believes that, in practice, some of these programs may not charge such fees even though the fees 

are included in their account agreements. 
27 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

For those agreements noting that negative balance or similar fees might be charged (excluding 

those that offered a formal opt-in overdraft service), Bureau staff found that the fee amounts 

(where specifically listed in the account agreement) ranged from $5 to $29. Two agreements 

were identified as charging fees based on a specified annual percentage rate, and one charged a 

fee of $0.15 for every $1 of negative balance up to a maximum fee of $36. 

3.5 FDIC or NCUSIF pass-through deposit 

or share insurance 

Bureau staff examined prepaid account agreements for language, if any, addressing the 

applicability of FDIC or NCUSIF pass-through deposit or share insurance to the program. 

Agreements were divided into four categories: (1) those that state that the program was FDIC or 

NCUSIF-insured (including agreements that explain insurance coverage depends on card 

registration and/or that it only applies to funds held by a bank or credit union in a pooled 

account associated with the program); (2) those that imply that the program was FDIC or 

NCUSIF insured by stating that the issuer is an FDIC or NCUSIF-insured institution, but that do 

not address FDIC or NCUSIF insurance coverage for the program; (3) those that do not address 

FDIC or NCUSIF insurance at all; and (4) those that explicitly state that the program is not 

insured.48

Bureau staff has anecdotally observed that some GPR card providers disclose the existence of 

FDIC pass-through deposit insurance coverage or that the issuing bank is an FDIC-insured 

institution on their retail packaging, often quite prominently. This Study, however, did not 

examine pass-through insurance statements made on GPR cards’ retail packaging. Likewise, the 

Study did not examine pass-through insurance statements made on prepaid programs’ other 

marketing materials or on their websites. 

 

48 See Attachment A at column Y for the full text of each agreement’s FDIC/NCUSIF insurance provisions. See

columns Z through AC for Bureau staff’s analysis of those provisions. 
28 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Table 13 summarizes Bureau staff’s findings regarding FDIC or NCUSIF pass-through deposit or 

share insurance. 

TABLE 13: FDIC OR NCUSIF PASS-THROUGH DEPOSIT OR SHARE INSURANCE FINDINGS 

Scope of review Insured Insurance 

implied Silent Not insured 

All agreements 214 65.85% 56 17.23% 20 6.15% 35 10.77% 

GPR cards 127 61.35% 40 19.32% 14 6.76% 26 12.56% 

Payroll cards 16 64.0% 5 20.0% 1 4.0% 3 12.0% 

Government benefit 

cards 64 98.46% 0 -- 1 1.54% 0 -- 

All other programs 7 25.0% 11 39.29% 4 14.29% 6 21.43% 

GPR only: 5 largest 

program managers by 

load volume 

18 81.82% 3 13.64% 1 4.55% 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 largest 

program managers by 

number of active cards 

29 72.50% 6 15.0% 1 2.50% 4 10.0% 
29 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

3.6 General disclosure of fee information 

Bureau staff noted whether each prepaid account agreement reviewed contains fee tables or 

other explanations of fees charged by the program. As noted above, where a prepaid account 

agreement does not include fee information, staff attempted to locate a separate document 

containing fee information for the program. Agreements were divided into two categories: (1) 

those that contain fee information for the program, and (2) those that appear to contain very 

limited or no fee information.49 Table 14 summarizes staff’s findings on general disclosure of fee 

information. 

TABLE 14: GENERAL DISCLOSURE OF FEE INFORMATION FINDINGS 

Scope of review Contains fee information Limited or no fee 

information 

All agreements 278 85.54% 47 14.46% 

GPR cards 196 94.69% 11 5.31% 

Payroll cards 19 76.0% 6 24.0% 

Government benefit cards 38 58.46% 27 51.54% 

All other programs 25 89.29% 3 10.71% 

GPR only: 5 largest program managers 

by load volume 22 100% 0 -- 

GPR only: 11 largest program managers 

by number of active cards 44 100% 0 -- 

 

49 See Attachment A at column AD for the full text of each agreement’s fee information. See columns AE and AF for 

Bureau staff’s analysis of those provisions. For the text included in column AD, Bureau staff included fee 

information from fee charts or other lists of fees in the account agreements. As noted above, where a prepaid 

account agreement did not include fee information, staff searched for a separate document containing fee 

information. Staff also included the text of additional paragraphs regarding ATM fees, international transaction fees, 

and similar provisions where those provisions followed the primary discussion of fees. Staff did not attempt to 

locate such provisions elsewhere throughout the agreements.