2016 IL App (1st) 141064 

SECOND DIVISION

August 9, 2016 

No. 1-14-1064 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the 

 ) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. 

 ) 

v. ) No. 13 CR 15993 

 ) 

MARCUS TOLIVER, ) Honorable 

 ) Mary Margaret Brosnahan, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justice Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Presiding Justice Pierce dissented, with opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 When a drug offense takes place within 1000 feet of a school, does the State also need to 

establish that the structure was operating as a school at the time of the offense? Defendant 

Marcus Toliver contends the State failed to prove this purported element beyond a reasonable 

doubt. We disagree, finding no case or statutory authority requiring the State prove the school 

“operational.” In addition, Toliver stipulated and conceded to the jury that he was arrested within 

1000 feet of a school. Toliver also requests, and we concur, that the mittimus be corrected to 

reflect eight additional days of presentence credit. 
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¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 A jury found defendant Marcus Toliver guilty of one count of unlawful possession of a 

controlled substance (more than 1 gram but less than 15 grams of heroin) with intent to deliver, 

and one count of unlawful possession with intent to deliver within 1000 feet of Lathrop 

Elementary School.

¶ 4 Pertinent here, at trial, Chicago police officer John Sandoval testified that he had been 

assigned to the tenth police district for seven years and was familiar with the neighborhood 

around 3225 West Douglas Boulevard, having conducted surveillance or enforcement in that 

area “hundreds” of times and having “made about a hundred or so arrests there.” On July 25, 

2013, Sandoval, a tactical officer, conducted surveillance from an elevated position around the 

Douglas Boulevard location. Douglas Boulevard had a parkway between the eastbound and 

westbound lanes. Officer Jose Duran acted as an enforcement officer in a nearby car.

¶ 5 At about 11:40 a.m., Sandoval, using binoculars, saw two men standing together in the 

parkway at 3225 West Douglas Boulevard. One of the men was Toliver. His companion was 

shouting, “blows blows,” which Sandoval explained, is a street term for open-air narcotics sales 

of heroin. Sandoval watched as an unidentified man on a bicycle approached Toliver and briefly 

spoke with him. Toliver accepted “paper USC currency” from the man, walked to a nearby tree, 

picked up a small plastic bag from its base, withdrew a small white item from the bag, returned 

the bag to the tree base, and gave the white item to the unidentified man. The process was 

repeated a couple of minutes later with a second unidentified man. Sandoval’s experience 

informed him that he had just witnessed two hand-to-hand narcotics transactions. Sandoval 

testified that the events occurred within 1000 feet of Lathrop Elementary School, which he 

described as “right around the corner” at 1440 South Christiana Avenue. 
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¶ 6 Sandoval notified Officer Duran by radio of what he had seen, and he described Toliver 

and his companion. Duran and another officer drove to the location and arrested Toliver and his 

companion. Duran recovered from the base of the tree the plastic bag, which contained 13 

smaller clear Ziploc bags each containing a white powder substance. In Sandoval’s experience, 

the smaller bags sold for $10 apiece and each bag would weigh about 0.4 gram. When arrested, 

Toliver possessed $20 in cash but no drugs. 

¶ 7 Officer Jose Duran testified he had been assigned to the tenth police district for eight 

years and had conducted surveillance and made arrests in the area. Duran was familiar with some 

of the schools in the area and was familiar with the Lathrop Elementary School. Duran was 

shown a satellite overhead map of the general vicinity of 3225 West Douglas Boulevard in the 

tenth district. He circled a building designated in print on the map as “Lathrop Elementary 

School.”

¶ 8 At trial, the parties stipulated to the fact that the distance between Toliver’s activity and 

Lathrop Elementary School was 967 feet. 

¶ 9 During closing argument, Toliver’s trial counsel told the jury, “We agree that from where 

[Toliver] was arrested and the school is under a thousand feet.” Counsel argued that it did not 

matter how far Toliver was from the school because he was not selling drugs. 

¶10 The jurors received verdict forms of guilty and not guilty as to each of the two drug 

counts. They returned a guilty verdict for possession with intent to deliver and also a guilty 

verdict for possession with intent to deliver within 1000 feet of a school. The trial court merged 

the lesser count into the greater and sentenced Toliver to 10 years for possession with intent to 

deliver within 1000 feet of a school. 
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¶ 11 ANALYSIS

¶ 12 On appeal, Toliver does not challenge the jury’s verdict that he possessed a controlled 

substance with intent to deliver. Rather, Toliver claims that the State had to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt not only that the offense occurred within 1000 feet of Lathrop Elementary 

School but also—for the first time—that Lathrop Elementary School was used as a school on the 

date of the offense. The State responds that the testimony of the prosecution witnesses did 

establish that the offense took place within 1000 feet of a “school” and that the jury could 

reasonably infer the building was a school at the time of the offense. The State also presents the 

alternate argument that the issue whether the school was operational on the date of the offense 

was a foundational issue involving admissibility and not the sufficiency of the evidence.

¶ 13 Generally, we view a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence on an element of the 

charged offense in the light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether any rational 

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. 

People v. Amigon, 239 Ill. 2d 71, 78 (2010). A reviewing court may overturn a jury’s finding 

only by concluding that no rational trier of fact could have found the requisite elements of the 

offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. 

¶ 14 Toliver’s conviction for possession with intent to deliver heroin is a Class 1 felony. 720 

ILCS 570/401(c)(1) (West 2012). The separate verdict finding that the drug offense occurred 

within 1000 feet of a school, a provision of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act (Act), elevated

possession with intent to deliver from a Class 1 felony to a Class X felony. 720 ILCS 

570/401(c)(1), 407(b)(1) (West 2012). 

¶ 15 The Act neither defines what is included in school property nor indicates what proof is 

required to establish the existence of school property. No statute defines “school” in terms of its 
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function or use. But, in section 407(b)(2) of the Act (720 ILCS 570/407(b)(2) (West 2012)), the 

legislature intended the words “any school” to refer to “any public or private elementary or 

secondary school, community college, college or university.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

People v. Goldstein, 204 Ill. App. 3d 1041, 1048 (1990). Essentially the same definition for 

“school” appears in the Criminal Code of 2012. 720 ILCS 5/2-19.5 (West 2012). 

¶ 16 In support of his claim, Toliver relies on cases involving narcotics offenses committed 

within 1000 feet of a church. Toliver refers us to People v. Cadena, 2013 IL App (2d) 120285, 

involving narcotics offenses which took place within 1000 feet from a church. The appellate 

court found the State failed to prove that the “Evangelical Covenant Church” was being used as a 

church on the date of the offense. People v. Ortiz, 2012 IL App (2d) 101261, ¶¶ 5, 11-12, also 

cited by Toliver, held that a police officer’s testimony of the distance between the drug offense 

and the church without any “temporal context” and undated photos of a sign on the church 

announcing its hours of worship were insufficient proof that the church was operational at the 

time of the offense. These cases do not help Toliver for two reasons.

¶ 17 First, all six subsections of section 407(b) (720 ILCS 570/407(b) (West 2012)), enhance 

the penalty for prohibited drug violations occurring “within 1,000 feet of the real property 

comprising any church, synagogue, or other building, structure, or place used primarily for 

religious worship.” (Emphasis added.) No similar requirement exists with respect to a school—

that the building, structure, or place must be used primarily as a school.

¶ 18 Second, section 407(c) specifically states: “Regarding penalties prescribed in subsection 

(b) for violations committed in a school or on or within 1,000 feet of school property, the time of 

day, time of year and whether classes were currently in session at the time of the offense is 

irrelevant.” 720 ILCS 570/407(c) (West 2012). No similar saving clause appears in section 407 
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for churches or houses of worship. It is reasonable to infer that many school buildings are not in 

use for their intended purpose in the summer vacation months, weekends, or holidays. 

Nevertheless, they are still “schools” for purposes of the enhancement factor. As this court noted 

in People v. Daniels, 307 Ill. App. 3d 917, 929 (1999), “children tend to congregate on school 

property even when school is not in session.” 

¶ 19 The dissent refers to a website announcing that Lathrop Elementary School at 1440 South 

Christiana Avenue closed at the end of the 2011-12 school year and concludes that on the date of 

the offense, July 25, 2013, there was no Lathrop Elementary School. The dissent asserts that, 

while the State was not required to prove that the school was in session on the date of the 

offense, the State still was required to prove the school existed and was “active” on that date.

(The dissent favors the term “active” over Toliver’s use of the term “operational.”) The dissent 

concludes that the evidence was insufficient to prove the essential enhancing element. 

¶ 20 But, the dissent’s focus on the fact that students no longer attend Lathrop Elementary 

School ignores Lathrop Elementary School’s identity as a school, which remains intact. Among 

the indicia are Lathrop’s (i) ownership and maintenance (Chicago Public Schools of which we 

may take judicial notice, just as does the dissent has taken judicial notice), (ii) purpose, (iii)

design, (iv) site characteristics (including school grounds), and (iv) its recognized place within 

the surrounding neighborhood, as testified to by two State witnesses.

¶ 21 On the date of the offense, the building at 1440 South Christiana Avenue, as the State 

established, was known as “Lathrop Elementary School.” Whether closed to students,

temporarily or permanently, the structure still exists as a school building to draw neighborhood 

children to its premises. And, its current status has no consequence; otherwise, it would have 

been pointless for the legislature to have decreed that “the time of day, time of year, and whether 
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classes were currently in session at the time of the offense is irrelevant.” The legislation sought 

to prevent illicit drug transactions from taking place where children congregate. Children may be 

attracted to school property at all hours of the day, at all times of the year, whatever its status. 

¶ 22 The dissent presents a strawman hypothetical—Navy Pier was once home of a two-year 

undergraduate branch of the University of Illinois and, under our reasoning, would still be 

considered a school. This does not advance the dissent’s argument because Navy Pier was then 

and is now a pier, and was not then and is not now a school building. 

¶ 23 As Toliver concedes, the State need not establish “the time of day, time of year and 

whether classes were currently in session at the time of the offense is irrelevant.” Toliver was 

tried by a jury, and the jury was so instructed. Without defense objection, the trial court gave 

Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 17.20 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter IPI Criminal 

4th). That instruction informed the jury that to establish the enhancement factor, it must be 

proven “[t]hat the possession with intent to deliver took place on a public way within 1000 feet 

of the real property comprising a school regardless of the time of day time of year whether 

classes were currently in session at the time.” Id. Nothing instructed that the jury must find the 

school was “operational” or “active” on July 25, 2013, the date of the offense. The enhancement

factor seeks to avoid exposing children to narcotics transactions conducted at or near schools. IPI

Criminal 4th No. 17.20 was offered and given without objection by the defense and informed the 

jury that the school need not have been in session on the day or even the time of year when the 

offense occurred.

¶ 23 In addition to Cadena and Ortiz, Toliver relies on Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696. 

There, the defendant was convicted in a bench trial of delivery of a controlled substance within 

1000 feet of a school. A panel of this court on which the dissenter participated concluded that the 
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evidence at trial was insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Our Lady of Peace 

was a school. In Boykin, defendant argued on appeal that the school, Our Lady of Peace, closed 

nine years before the offense, and asked for judicial notice of three newspaper articles and a 

news release from the archdiocese of Chicago relating to the school’s closure. The panel

declined to take judicial notice of these items, which had not been presented to or considered by 

the trial court. Similarly, we decline to consider in this appeal the newspaper article on school 

closures cited by Toliver, which he did not present to the trial court. Where an argument involves 

matters outside of our record, we cannot properly address it on direct appeal. People v. Manning, 

334 Ill. App. 3d 882, 893-94 (2002) (citing People v. Woolley, 178 Ill. 2d 175, 204 (1997)). 

¶ 24 The Boykin opinion hinged in part on Cadena, where no evidence denoted how the 

testifying officer would have known the structure was an active church on the dates of the 

offenses. In Boykin, two police officers testified the drug transaction took place within 1000 feet 

of “a school,” but no evidence was presented to show how those officers had personal knowledge 

of the building on the date of the offense. They did not testify they lived in the area or regularly 

patrolled the neighborhood, to allow an inference they had personal knowledge of the building. 

Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696, ¶ 15. In addition, the evidence failed to show that the 

building’s name included any “signifier” to identify it as a school, e.g., Our Lady of Peace 

School. Id. ¶ 16. 

¶ 25 Contrary to the dissent’s repeated mischaracterizations, the evidence before us differs 

significantly. Officer Duran testified that he had been assigned to the tenth district for eight 

years, had conducted surveillance and made arrests in the area, and was familiar with some of the 

schools in the area of the tenth police district, including Lathrop Elementary School. On an 

overhead map showing the general vicinity of 3225 West Douglas Boulevard, Duran circled the 
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school building, which was labeled “Lathrop Elementary School.” Officer Sandoval, who had 

been assigned to the tenth district for seven years, also testified to his familiarity with the

school’s neighborhood, having conducted surveillance or enforcement around 3225 West 

Douglas Boulevard “hundreds” of times and having “made about a hundred or so arrests there.” 

He knew from his personal knowledge that Lathrop Elementary School was half a block north 

and one block east of where he witnessed the narcotics sales.

¶ 26 Did the testimony of Sandoval and Duran raise the reasonable inference that the structure 

was a school? Reasonable inferences, unlike speculation, depend on the facts in evidence and 

may support a criminal conviction. “An inference is ‘a conclusion as to the existence of a 

particular fact reached by considering other facts in the usual course of human reasoning.’ ” 

People v. Steading, 308 Ill. App. 3d 934, 940 (1999) (quoting Michael H. Graham, Cleary & 

Graham’s Handbook of Illinois Evidence § 302.2, at 93 (7th ed. 1999)). When we look at the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, as we must, the reasonable inference drawn

from Sandoval’s and Duran’s testimony indicates that the property indeed is a school. 

¶ 27 In affirming a defendant’s conviction on two counts of unlawful delivery of a controlled 

substance within 1000 feet of a church, in People v. Sims, 2014 IL App (4th) 130568, the 

appellate court properly relied on a State witness, a police officer, who testified he had been in 

Bloomington for 10 years and was assigned to the narcotics unit during the past 51⁄2 years. He 

stated that for as long as he could remember, the building had been a church. Id. ¶ 134. The 

appellate court noted that the officer’s occupation required “spending a lot of time on the streets” 

and “keeping an eye on neighborhoods.” Id. ¶ 138. Accordingly, “a rational trier of fact could 

have believed [the officer’s] testimony that he was familiar with the neighborhood *** and that 

the building at that address was in use as a church on the dates of the drug offenses.” Id. See also 
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People v. Morgan, 301 Ill. App. 3d 1026 (1998) (in prosecution for unlawful delivery of 

controlled substance within 1000 feet of public park, police officer’s familiarity with community 

sufficient to allow him to testify about status of park). 

¶ 28 On appeal, Toliver argues for the first time that the testimony of officers Sandoval and 

Duran was insufficient to prove that Lathrop Elementary School was operating on the date of the 

offense. Toliver asserts that the State could have proved that the building was operating as a 

school by stipulation or by testimony from a “qualified witness” familiar with the school’s status, 

such as the school principal or school district superintendent. The State contends that, while 

Toliver presents his appeal as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, it is more properly 

characterized as an argument for lack of proper foundation to admit the testimony of the officers

on whether the building was actually a school. Requiring the use of a “qualified witness” is a 

claim for adequate foundation, an evidentiary issue subject to forfeiture on review. See People v. 

Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 470 (2005). The State asserts this is a theory that Toliver did not advance 

at trial, and, even more tellingly, at trial the defense conceded Toliver was within 1000 feet of a 

school when he committed the offense. 

 ¶ 29 We agree with the State. Through stipulation and concession to the jury, Toliver waived 

the State’s obligation to prove that Lathrop Elementary School was in fact operating as a school 

on the date of the offense. In closing argument, the prosecutor reminded the jury that the parties 

had stipulated to the distance between Toliver’s activity and Lathrop Elementary School being 

967 feet. Defense counsel’s closing argument responded in relevant part to that argument: 

 “Now lastly this one thousand feet. What counsel states is correct. We agree that 

from where Marcus was arrested and the school is under a thousand feet. What we don’t 

agree on[,] Marcus wasn’t out there selling drugs. Marcus could have been arrested in 
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front of the school. It doesn’t matter. He wasn’t selling drugs. The footage between 

where he was arrested and the school is irrelevant.” 

¶ 30 Defense counsel’s concession, that Toliver was within 1000 feet of “the school” on the 

date he was arrested, had the same effect as the parties’ stipulation—it removed from dispute the 

issue of the location of the offense as an enhancing factor. “A criminal defendant may waive, by 

stipulation, the need to prove all or part of the case that the State has brought against him.” 

People v. Washington, 343 Ill. App. 3d 889, 900 (2003). See also People v. One 1993 Lexus, 367 

Ill. App. 3d 687, 691 (2006) (citing People v. Rucker, 346 Ill. App. 3d 873, 892 (2003)). By 

conceding the issue, counsel demonstrated the intent of the defense to eliminate that issue from 

the case and focus on another aspect of the defense—that Toliver was doing nothing illegal while 

in close proximity to the school. It is well-settled that a party forfeits his or her right to complain 

of an error on appeal where to do so would be inconsistent with his or her position in the trial 

court. In re E.S., 324 Ill. App. 3d 661, 670 (2001) (citing McMath v. Kaholi, 191 Ill. 2d 251, 255 

(2000)). Toliver has forfeited his right to challenge that part of the State’s case, which he 

conceded in the trial court. 

¶ 31 The dissent suggests that the “practical effect” of our decision will be “to allow the Class 

X enhancement where a sale occurs within 1000 feet of vacant, unoccupied buildings that a 

witness calls a school without any proof that students go to that location to be educated.” Again, 

whether the school is “active” or “operational” is irrelevant because the statute does not require 

proof that the school is “active” or “operational.” Toliver stipulated and conceded that what the 

dissent calls a “vacant, unoccupied building” was a vacant, unoccupied school building, and two 

witnesses testified for the State that it was a school building. Under the doctrine of invited error, 

an accused mya not stipulate at trial that a school is a school, and then argue on appeal that the 
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stipulation was in error. People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 385 (2004); People v Carter, 208 Ill. 

2d 309, 319 (2003). The “practical effect” of the dissent is to rewrite the statute by incorporating 

new elements and by making the State prove, after the rewrite, that the school is “active” or 

“operational.”

¶ 32 We conclude the evidence at trial established beyond a reasonable doubt the sentence 

enhancement provision, namely, that Toliver committed the drug offense within 1000 feet of a 

school, and the State was not required to prove that the school was “operational” or “active” on 

the date of the offense. 

¶ 33 Additional Credit for Presentence Custody 

¶ 34 Toliver also argues, and the State concurs, he is entitled to eight days of additional credit 

for presentence custody. Toliver was arrested on July 25, 2013, and was sentenced on March 25, 

2014. We agree with Toliver’s calculation that he spent 243 days in custody excluding the 

sentencing date.

¶ 35 Under our authority under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(1) to modify a judgment, 

we direct the clerk of the circuit court to correct the mittimus to reflect Toliver is to be credited 

with eight additional days for a total credit of 243 days of presentence credit. 

¶ 36 We affirm the judgment of the circuit court in all other respects.

¶ 37 Affirmed; mittimus corrected.

¶ 38 PRESIDING JUSTICE PIERCE, dissenting. 

¶ 39 In 2023 there will be thousands of 10-year grammar school reunions and none of those 

will be for the 2013 class from Lathrop Elementary School. In 2023 Marcus Toliver will be 

completing his 10-year sentence for selling drugs within 1000 feet of a school that did not exist. 

Long after that 10-year period he will be considered a Class X offender, and he will forever 
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suffer the more severe criminal and economic consequences of that classification. I respectfully 

dissent and write separately to express a fundamental disagreement on the main issue in this 

case: was this drug sale within 1000 feet of a school? 

¶ 40 This majority conclusion affirming Class X sentencing in this case cannot logically, 

legally or justly be reconciled with the unassailable fact that, on February 22, 2012, the Chicago 

board of education, approved the recommendation of its CEO “that the Board close Lathrop 

effective June 30, 2012, reassign Lathrop’s returning students to Johnson [school], and assign 

portions of Lathrop’s attendance area to Lawndale and Johnson [schools]. *** Lathrop’s Local 

School Council will be dissolved effective June 30, 2012 upon closing of Lathrop. *** All 

faculty and staff members currently assigned to Lathrop will be displaced at the end of the 2011-

2012 school year in accordance with Board policies and any collective bargaining 

agreements.” (Emphases added.) Chicago Board of Education Report, available at www.cpsboe.

org/content/actions/2012_02/12/12-0222-EX5.pdf. The words “closed,” “dissolved,” “reassign” 

and “displaced” do not conjure an inference that children are congregating or are drawn to a 

location of educational instruction. 

¶ 41 Thus, on the date of this offense, July 25, 2013, by any common sense reasoning, there 

was no Lathrop Elementary School. There were no students that recently completed the 2012-13 

school year. There were no Lathrop students that were on summer recess or that would return 

from summer recess to start the 2013-14 school year. Lathrop Elementary School simply did not 

exist immediately before, during or after this drug offense. 

¶ 42 To sustain a conviction for possession of narcotics with intent to deliver, the State must 

prove that defendant knew of the narcotics, that the narcotics were in defendant’s immediate 

possession or control and that defendant intended to deliver them. 720 ILCS 570/401(c)(1) (West 
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2012); People v. Ellison, 2013 IL App (1st) 101261, ¶ 13. Possession of narcotics with intent to 

deliver under this particular section, a Class 1 felony, can be enhanced to a Class X felony if the 

violation occurs, inter alia, “within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising any school” (720 

ILCS 570/407(b)(1) (West 2012)). Where the State seeks such an enhancement, as it did in this 

case, it must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, that the building in question was a “school” on 

the date of the offense. People v. Sims, 2014 IL App (4th) 130568, ¶ 106. 

¶ 43 To prove this enhancement element, “[o]ne might think that because several additional 

years of imprisonment could be riding on that issue [citations], the State would ‘elicit[ ] 

testimony from someone affiliated with’ the [school].’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Ortiz, 2012 IL 

App (2d) 101261, ¶ 11). Not according to the majority. The State could not put a young person 

on the witness stand to say she was a student at Lathrop before, during or after the date of this 

offense. The State could not provide testimony from any teacher, administrator or other 

employee that would establish or create a reasonable inference that before, during or after the 

date of this offense there was a Lathrop Elementary School. Nor could the State produce any 

parent to testify that their child attended Lathrop before, during or after the date of this offense. 

¶ 44 I have no doubt that at the time of trial, the State was aware Lathrop was closed 13

months before this offense and that it knew it could not present any evidence from a student, 

parent, teacher, or employee of the Chicago board of education that would prove that there was a 

“school” within 1000 feet of this offense. Unable to meet its burden, the State merely presented 

two police officers who identified a building as “Lathrop Elementary School.” Officer Sandoval 

testified that the drug transaction occurred within 1000 feet of Lathrop Elementary School.

Officer Duran testified that he worked in the district for eight years and was familiar with some 

of the schools in the area including Lathrop Elementary School. Despite the fact that both 
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officers testified and used the name “Lathrop Elementary School,” there is no temporal evidence 

to support the majority’s finding that Lathrop Elementary was a school or that it even existed on 

the date of the offense. Not one question was asked about whether any activity of any kind took 

place at any time at Lathrop from which a reasonable jury could infer that there was a school, as 

commonly understood by a person of average intelligence, in the area. At best, the officers 

merely identified a building and gave it a name. This cannot be considered proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt (see Cadena, 2013 IL App (2d) 120285, ¶ 16 (finding the evidence insufficient 

where an officer’s testimony was “without temporal context”)), nor is it constitutionally 

sufficient to prove an enhancement element. I take serious issue with giving the State a pass on 

proving a required element of a sentencing enhancement that results in a defendant being 

classified as a Class X offender. Our system of justice and the requirement of proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt demand more. This court should insist that the State meet its burden of proof. 

¶ 45 The majority frames the issue in this case as whether the State needs “to establish that a 

structure is a ‘school’ on the day of the offense” and avoids the answer by “finding no authority 

requiring the State to prove the school was ‘operational.’ ” The majority avoids answering the 

question by focusing on whether there needed to be proof the school was “operational” 

(“operational, adj. 1. Engaged in operation; able to function.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1119 (7th 

ed. 1999)) to make this defendant subject to Class X sentencing. But before something can be 

operational, it must first exist.

¶ 46 The majority attempt to justify the conclusion that this drug sale occurred near a “school” 

is simply not persuasive. Defense counsel did not “stipulate” that the sale took place near a 

school. The stipulation was that the State's witness took measurements that showed the sale 

occurred within 1000 feet of Lathrop Elementary School. Defense counsel did not concede in 
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closing argument (which is not evidence) that there was a school nearby, he argued that it did not 

matter that the sale took place near a school because his client was not the drug seller. Also, his 

statement during closing argument (again, not evidence) was of the same import as the two 

police officers who simply used the name “Lathrop Elementary School.” The majority argument 

that the “identity” of Lathrop Elementary School remained intact (supra ¶ 20) is remarkable 

simply because there was no evidence of Lathrop's ownership, maintenance, purpose, design, site 

characteristics or recognized place within the neighborhood: two police officers merely testified 

that the sale occurred near Lathrop Elementary School. They said nothing more. If these 

characteristics are important to the majority, then where is the evidence of these factors? The 

point is: prove there was a school, not who owns, operates, maintains or designed it. 

¶ 47 The term “school” is not defined in the Act. However, in People v. Young, 2011 IL 

111886, our supreme court held that a “preschool” was not within the definition of a “school” as 

intended under section 407 of the Act. Citing People v. Goldstein, 204 Ill. App. 3d 1041, 1045 

(1990), the court observed “the meaning of ‘school’ to be uncertain since, if interpreted literally, 

the term could include an endless number of possible educational facilities.” Young, 2011 IL 

111886, ¶ 13. Our supreme court agreed with the conclusion reached in Goldstein that “the 

legislature intended the words ‘any school’ in section 407(b)(2) to refer, as they do elsewhere in 

Public Act 84-1075, to ‘any public or private elementary or secondary school, community 

college, college or university.’ ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. (quoting Pub. Act 84-

1075 (eff. Dec. 2, 1985)). 

¶ 48 The Act does provide that “the time of day, time of year and whether classes were 

currently in session at the time of the offense is irrelevant.” 720 ILCS 570/407(c) (West 2012). 

There would be no need for this provision if the legislature intended for nonexistent educational 
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facilities to be considered a “school.” This provision would be unnecessary if the legislature 

intended to impose an enhanced sentence for drug sales in the vicinity of a location where no 

school exists because students would never attend class (regardless of the time of day, time of 

year or during a recess period) where no school exists. 

¶ 49 In People v. Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696, we held that an officer’s testimony that 

the distance between a drug transaction and a school that had a sign posted with the name “Our 

Lady of Peace” and another officer’s testimony that the offense was next to a school named “Our 

Lady of Peace school” was insufficient because there was no evidence to allow for an inference 

that the officers “had personal knowledge as to whether the school was in operation on the date 

of the offense” and “there were no questions asked at trial regarding whether Our Lady of Peace 

was an ‘active’ school.” Id. ¶¶ 2-3, 15. Boykin relied on People v. Ortiz, 2012 IL App (2d) 

101261, where police officers testified that the distance between a drug transaction and 

“Emmanuel Baptist Church” was less than 1000 feet, and the identification of photographs of the 

church, was found to be insufficient to show that the offense occurred within 1000 feet of a 

church, reasoning that we had “no way of knowing whether the Emmanuel Baptist Church 

existed” on the date of the drug transaction. (Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 11. 

¶ 50 The majority dismisses Boykin stating that Boykin refused to take judicial notice of nineyear-old newspaper articles stating Our Lady of Peace school was closed. However, on the 

merits, we found the testimony in Boykin merely amounted to calling a location a “school” and, 

without more, that evidence was not enough to prove the essential enhancing element. “Further, 

there was even less evidence presented [here] than in [Cadena, 2013 IL App (2d) 120285], as 

there were no questions asked at trial regarding whether Our Lady of Peace was an ‘active’ 

school.” Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696, ¶ 15. I was a panel member in Boykin and I am 
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certain we used the adjective “active” to convey the common sense understanding that merely 

referring to a location as a “school” did not allow for an inference that it was “an institution for 

teaching of children” or “a school building.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 1111 

(11th ed. 2006). This obvious (to me) finding in Boykin was recently followed by this court in

People v. Sipp, 2016 IL App (1st) 140898-U, ¶ 20 (“While classes need not be in session, the 

State was still required to prove that the school existed on the date of the offense. Boykin, 2013 

IL App (1st) 112696, ¶ 16.” (Emphasis added.)). 

¶ 51 The conclusion that the legislature intended this enhancement to apply to drug sales near 

closed schools because children may be attracted to school property at all hours throughout the 

year “even following a school closure” is not supported by any precedent or legislative 

statement. The practical effect of this finding is to allow the Class X enhancement where a sale 

occurs within 1000 feet of vacant, unoccupied buildings that a witness calls a school without any 

proof that students go to that location to be educated. This does rewrite the statute or incorporate 

new elements into the existing sentencing enhancement. It is recognition of a common sense 

application of the statute. If the majority is correct, then any drug sale on or near Navy Pier, the 

most popular tourist attraction in the Midwest, falls within this school sentencing enhancement 

because it was the home of the University of Illinois-Chicago until the mid-1960's but is now 

closed. According to the majority, a school is still a school even when it is closed, shuttered and 

no longer in operation. The legislature did not intend this result. 

¶ 52 The majority’s observation that section 407(b) enhances the penalty for drug violations 

near religious sites “or other building[s], structure[s], or place[s] used primarily for religious 

worship” (720 ILCS 570/407(b) (West 2012)) is meaningless in this case because no “primary 

use” qualifier exists when considering whether a drug sale is near a school under section 
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407(b)(1). 720 ILCS 570/407(b)(1) (West 2012). Furthermore, as previously stated, with respect 

to violations of section 401(c)(1) and section 407(b)(1) “the time of day, time of year and 

whether classes were currently in session at the time of the offense is irrelevant.” 720 ILCS 

570/407(c) (West 2012). The majority’s reasoning that because section 407(c) specifically 

provides that “the time of day, time of year and whether classes were currently in session at the 

time of the offense is irrelevant” in a prosecution for drug sales near a school is a reasonable 

statutory provision because schools are not “in use for their intended purpose in the summer 

vacation months, weekends, or holidays” is unassailable. Supra ¶ 18. Unassailable and 

completely irrelevant in this case because Lathrop Elementary School did not exist on the date of 

this offense. 

¶ 53 The defense in this case was that the police caught the wrong man. There can be no 

question that, had the trial court been advised that Lathrop Elementary School was officially, 

formally closed, its school council dissolved and its faculty and staff displaced 13 months before 

this crime, it would not have allowed this enhancement element to be submitted to the jury. In 

my opinion, this is a substantial defect that may be noticed under Supreme Court Rule 615 (a) 

(“Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not 

brought to the attention of the trial court”). There can be no argument that, had the jury heard any

evidence that Lathrop Elementary School closed 13 months before this offense, it would not 

have found beyond a reasonable doubt that a drug sale took place within any distance of a school 

regardless of the time of day or time of year. In my opinion, once a school is closed, it does not 

exist, it is no longer an “active” school (see Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696, ¶ 15), it was a 

vacant building no different than any other vacant building in the area at the time of the offense.

The fact that the defense theory was “they got the wrong guy,” did not eliminate the necessity of 
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proof that Lathrop Elementary School did in fact exist to impose Class X sentencing. While drug 

dealing cannot be condoned, every sentencing enhancement for drug dealing near a school 

requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt. While under section 407(b)(1) and (c), the State was 

not required to prove that school was in session on the date in question, the State was still 

required to prove that the school existed and was “active” on the date of the offense, which they 

failed to do. See Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696, ¶ 16. Whether the school is in fact an 

“active” or a “former” school is an entirely different question than whether the school is 

“operational” (“operational, adj. 1. Engaged in operation; able to function.” Black’s Law 

Dictionary 1119 (7th ed. 1999)). 

¶ 54 At the very least, the rule of lenity should be invoked because it can be argued there 

exists an ambiguity in whether the legislature intended enhanced penalties for drug sales near 

schools to include drug sales near locations that were at one time schools, as commonly 

understood, and that have been closed prior to the offense in question. People v. Gutman, 2011 

IL 110338. “If a statute increasing a penalty or punishment is capable of two constructions, the 

one which operates in favor of the accused is to be adopted; such a statute is highly penal and 

should not be extended in its application to cases which do not, by the strictest construction, fall 

within its terms.” People v. Carlock, 102 Ill. App. 3d 1100, 1102 (1981). 

¶ 55 Because the State failed to present competent evidence to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that Lathrop Elementary School existed on the date in question, the evidence was 

insufficient to support defendant’s conviction. We should not give the State a precedent that it 

will surely use in the future to undermine the fundamental obligation to prove every element of 

an offense beyond a reasonable doubt. The State will cite the majority opinion to support Class X 

sentencing in future prosecutions where drug offenses occur near shuttered schools when there is 
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no legislative justification to do so. Accordingly, I would reduce defendant’s conviction to a 

Class 1 delivery of a controlled substance and remand for resentencing.