IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs September 1, 2021

IN RE ASHANTI P. ET AL.1

Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Montgomery County

Nos. 20-JV-574; 20-JV-575; 20-JV-576; 20-JV-577 Tim Barnes, Judge

No. M2021-00039-COA-R3-PT

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights, arguing only that the court abused

its discretion in denying her motion to continue the trial. Upon our review of the record,

we affirm the juvenile court’s denial of the motion to continue. The record contains clear 

and convincing evidence to support the grounds on which the mother’s rights were 

terminated and to support a conclusion that termination was in the children’s best interest; 

accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the juvenile court terminating the mother’s parental

rights.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J. STEVEN STAFFORD,

P.J., W.S., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., joined.

Gregory D. Smith, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Deidra P.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter, and Mary Kristen Kyle-Castelli,

Assistant Attorney General, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of Children’s

Services.

OPINION

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This case involves the termination of a mother’s rights to her four children. Deidra

P. (“Mother”) is the mother of Ashanti, born in April 2006; Zy’Shaun, born in April 2007;

Jaquan, born in August 2008; and Tre’Jun, born in September 2009.2 The children were

 

 

1 This Court has a policy of protecting the identity of children by initializing the last names of the parties.

 

2 The children have different fathers, whose rights were also terminated by the juvenile court after a 

11/29/2021
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placed in the custody of the Department of Children’s Services (“DCS” or “the

Department”) on October 18, 2017, due to allegations of dependency and neglect stemming

from Mother permitting the children to be around the youngest child’s father, Derrick C., 

who is a registered sex offender. At the time DCS petitioned the juvenile court for custody

of the children and for the children to be adjudicated dependent and neglected, Mother was

without stable housing or employment, with no income to provide for the children’s needs. 

The juvenile court ordered the children into DCS custody, where they have remained in

various foster care placements. Mother, represented by counsel, waived her right to an 

adjudicatory hearing and stipulated to all the facts in the DCS petition, resulting in the 

juvenile court adjudicating the children to be dependent and neglected on April 9, 2018. 

The children were placed in their current foster home in July 2020.

The children have been removed from Mother’s custody twice before. Over the

course of DCS’s involvement with this family, numerous permanency plans have been

created. Seven permanency plans were entered into evidence at the trial and demonstrate

Mother’s struggle to complete the tasks set forth on the plans. The oldest plan in the record 

was created on November 7, 2017, and states that Mother “did not show up” for meetings 

with DCS staff on October 31 or on November 7 when the plan was created. However, 

Mother attended the hearing on November 28 where the plan was ratified by the court. The 

plan, which stated permanency goals of “return to parent” and “exit custody with relative,” 

required Mother to “manage her emotional/mental health needs so that it will not interfere 

with her parenting” and to “maintain therapy through an appropriate provider.” To that end, 

the plan required Mother to comply with medication management, submit to random pill 

counts or drug screens, and demonstrate “appropriate parenting, appropriate discipline, and 

not allow[] her children to be around sex offenders.” She was also to sign a release of 

information so DCS could monitor her progress and to complete a “non-self-reporting

clinical assessment with a parenting component and follow all recommendations to

determine if a full psychological evaluation is needed.”

This plan also tasked Mother with addressing her homelessness by “obtain[ing] 

housing and maintain[ing] the housing for at least three months” and that her home would 

be “observed to be clean with no safety concerns.” To that end, Mother was to obtain and

maintain appropriate housing adequate in size and furnishings for the family; provide

verification of housing via a lease; pay her mortgage or rent and utilities in full and on time,

and provide proof of payment to the Department within 5 days of payment; keep her home

at a safe temperature for the children; submit to unannounced home visits monthly; meet

minimal housekeeping standards to ensure the home is clean and clutter free; and not allow

illegal activity in her home. The plan also required that all persons residing in Mother’s 

home be able to pass background checks “to ensure all children are appropriately cared for

and supervised.”

 

subsequent hearing and in a separate order. The fathers have not appealed, and thus the termination of their 

parental rights are not at issue in this appeal.
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The plan also provided that Mother “will protect her children from sex abuse by not

allowing her children to be around a registered sex offender[].” To achieve that goal, the 

plan required Mother “demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the effects of the

abuse on the victim, and all family members, including [herself] by completing a nonoffending sex abuse class in person” and to “seek legal advocacy, if necessary, to protect

herself and the children from the risk of harm by the alleged abuser.” She was also to 

comply with the terms of all court orders and safety plans and not allow contact with any

registered sex offenders. The plan also provided that Mother “will participate in the

children’s counseling when deemed appropriate by a therapist.”

Mother was also tasked with supporting her children by making “voluntary” child 

support payments of $10 per month per child, seeking a legal means of income, and 

providing written proof/pay stubs monthly to the Department. 

Another permanency plan was created on February 9, 2018, and ratified by the 

juvenile court on March 3, 2018. Mother did not participate in the creation of this plan, 

and it contained a new permanency goal of adoption instead of exit custody with relative. 

It also set forth the following new tasks for Mother: to complete a court-ordered mental 

health assessment and “follow-up with [that assessment’s] results and follow all 

recommendations.” In this context, the plan sets forth the Department’s concerns that 

Mother “has become inconsistent with her communication with the Department,” causing 

her to not have any overnight visitation with her children; that Mother’s behavior in telling 

the children that “the foster parents cannot discipline them” is “the driving force” behind 

the children’s “defiant and disrespectful” behavior “and the reason why they have not been 

on T[rial] H[ome] V[isit] yet”; and that “the behaviors [Mother] is currently displaying are 

consistent with the behaviors [she] displays when she is not taking her psychotropic 

medication.” To address these concerns, Mother was to “demonstrate consistency in her

mental health treatment and communication with the Department for at least thirty days

prior to a request to file for trial home visit.” Additionally, Mother was to “continue to 

comply with her med[ication] management regimen[], as it increases her mental and 

emotional ability to parent her children and make decisions that are in the best interest of 

her children.”

In March 2018, DCS provided Mother with the criteria and procedures for

termination of parental rights. This form, which Mother signed, made her aware of the

possible grounds for involuntary termination of her parental rights.

In May 2018, Mother participated by phone in the creation of another permanency 

plan; she was also present for the hearing on June 5, when the plan was ratified by the 

court. That plan contains the same permanency goals as the previous plan, “return to 

parent” and “adoption,” and states, “The Department continues to work with biological 

mother; however, the mother continues to be resistant and non compliant. In addition, 
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adoption has been added to the plan due to Mother’s non compliance and the children 

exited foster care in June of 2017 and returned October of 2017.”

In August 2018, another permanency plan was created. The plan, as contained in 

the appellate record, does not contain a signature page of all those participating in the 

creation of this plan, so it is unclear whether Mother participated in the creation of this 

plan, which was ratified by the court on October 23, 2018. This plan indicated that Mother 

had obtained housing and supplied DCS with a copy of the lease. 

Another plan was created on November 9, 2018, with Mother participating by 

phone; the juvenile court ratified the plan in December 2018. Mother’s tasks did not change 

in any significant way; however, this plan identified its first priority as addressing Mother’s 

homelessness, second was her mental health needs. Another plan with the same goals and 

responsibilities for Mother was created on February 15, 2019; it is unclear from the record 

whether Mother participated in the creation of this plan, as there is no signature page 

attached. 

The most recent permanency plan in the record was created on August 6, 2019 and 

ratified by the court on September 26. This plan changed the goal of “adoption” back to 

“exit custody with relative.” It also identifies Mother’s need to address her mental health 

issues as her highest and only priority, and indicates that Mother agreed with this provision 

of the plan. The plan set forth only two responsibilities for Mother: to “comply with 

treatment recommendations received through assessments until successfully discharged by 

provider” and to “sign a release of information for the Department to obtain evaluation, 

treatment and current compliance records.” 

Mother has mental health issues, having been diagnosed with bipolar

schizoaffective disorder, that affect her ability to parent and to hold a steady job. In January

2020, the juvenile court ordered Mother to undergo a full psychological evaluation,

including a competency evaluation and IQ test. Mother did not submit to the evaluation

until June 2020, and failed to complete the full evaluation.

On April 14, 2020, the Department filed a petition to terminate Mother’s and the

fathers’ parental rights. As to Mother, the petition alleged that five grounds for termination

existed: (1) that she had abandoned the children by failing to provide a suitable home, (2)

that the conditions that necessitated the children’s removal still persisted, (3) that Mother

had failed to manifest an ability and willingness to assume legal and physical custody or

financial responsibility of the children, (4) that she was in substantial noncompliance with

the permanency plan, and (5) that her mental incompetence prevented her from being able

to adequately provide for the care and supervision of the children. The petition also alleged

that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of all four children.
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Mother was personally served with the summons on July 9; the summons, which

bears her signature, indicates that the matter would be heard on October 29. The matter of 

Mother’s parental rights was bifurcated from that of the fathers’ rights, and the court heard

evidence pertaining to the termination of Mother’s parental rights on October 29. 

THE TRIAL

Mother did not appear at trial, though her attorney did. The juvenile court denied

Mother’s attorney’s oral motion to continue the matter. Three of the children testified, as

well as the foster mother and the DCS caseworker.

Ashanti testified that she had been in DCS custody for “almost four years,” which

she described as a “stressful” experience “[b]ecause [she] d[id]n’t know what’s going to

happen.” She testified that she is “not very close to [Mother] anymore . . .[b]ecause [she]

lost [her] trust. . . [w]hen [Mother] was saying that she would get us back.” Ashanti said

that her Mother has not been consistent with visitation and that she had not seen her in

person in two years. She testified that she had been in the current foster home for three or

four months, where the foster parents were taking “good care” of her, that she was happy

in that home, and that she wished to be adopted by the foster parents.

Zy’Shaun testified that he “used to want to [go back home with Mother], but now I

don’t . . . [b]ecause I reflected on what’s been going on, and I realized that ... all the times

that we came back into foster care was because of the same reason.” He testified that he

knew visitation was stopped because “[Mother] and our visitation worker didn’t get along,

and she was cussing her out and threatening to fight her . . . [; p]lus, she wasn’t doing

right.” He testified that Mother does call “on and off.” Zy’Shaun likes being in the foster

home with all of his siblings, where he is being taken care of well. He testified that he

would like to be adopted by the foster parents.

Jaquan was asked whether he thought it better for him to stay with the foster parents

or to go home with Mother, and he answered that he wanted to stay with the foster parents

“[b]ecause my mom has anger issues,” which he testified made him feel “sad.”

The foster mother testified that the children were placed with her and her husband

in July 2020 and are “adjusting well.” She said that Jaquan had some issues in school, but

that “with the team that we’re working with, he’s getting better.” She testified that she had

previously known the children because they attended church together. Though

extracurricular activities had been limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the foster

parents had recently facilitated music lessons for each child, according to their interests:

Jaquan was taking drum lessons because he “liked to hit stuff,” Zy’Shaun wanted to learn

to play the piano, Ashanti wanted to sing, and Tre’Jun wanted to learn to play the bass

guitar.
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The foster mother testified that she has always tried to facilitate a relationship

between the children and Mother, though she has noticed that “when they talk to [Mother],

the[ir] behavior gets really wild[, . . ] they become anxious, and usually Ja[q]uan acts out

at school the next day.” To combat that from happening, the foster mother testified that

after the children had conversations with Mother, she would talk to them and help them

process “how they [are] doing, what they’re feeling, and just try to . . . reassure them that

everything’s going to be okay.” With respect to behavioral issues, the foster mother

testified that she had noticed that the children “are concerned about how the[ir] life is going

to be . . . [and] worry about if they would ever have a forever home, are things going to be

stable.” The foster mother testified that she loves the children and that she and her husband

intend to adopt the children if they become available for adoption.

Mandee Schrempp is the Department’s caseworker who has worked with this family

since March of 2019. She testified that ten permanency plans had been created, and Mother

had not complied with the terms of the permanency plans. Specifically, she had not

completed her mental health assessment and was struggling to maintain stable housing.

Ms. Schrempp believed that the most important task on Mother’s permanency plans was

to receive mental health services and follow up with the provider’s recommendations.

Though Mother told her she was complying with the plan’s requirement that she receive

mental health services and follow up with the provider’s recommendations, Ms. Schrempp

learned, when she called to verify with the service provider, that Mother was failing to

consistently show up for her appointments for mental health services at Centerstone. She

also testified that Mother had not recently participated in random pill counts as required by

the permanency plans, but when she had, more than a year prior to the date of the hearing,

Mother had not been taking her medication as prescribed, as “[t]here w[ere] too many pills

in the bottle.” Ms. Schrempp described Mother as “unstable” and her behavior as “erratic,”

stating that Mother had “erratic outbursts” in front of the children during supervised

visitation. According to the caseworker, Mother’s mental health issues affect her ability to

understand how to parent the children, and Ms. Schrempp believes that if the children were

placed with Mother, it would have a detrimental effect on them.

Ms. Schrempp testified that “it’s hard to sometimes even talk to her calmly and try

to explain certain things to her,” though “with her on medication, it’s a little bit more

stable.” The caseworker relayed an interaction with Mother when she assisted her by

transporting her to the non-offender sex abuse classes. Mother was “fine” during the car

ride and walking up the steps to the building, but when Ms. Schrempp stepped aside to let

Mother open the door and enter the building, Mother “got chest to chest with me, saying

I’m not going to . . . tell her when to walk and how to walk.” Ms. Schrempp described

Mother’s behavior as “a flip of the switch for no reason.”

According to the caseworker, the children have been in and out of DCS custody for

the past ten years due to Mother’s mental health issues stemming from her diagnosis of

bipolar schizoaffective disorder, which Ms. Schrempp believed she was still struggling
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with as of the day of trial. Ms. Schrempp explained that Mother completed part, but not all,

of the full court-ordered psychological assessment in June 2020, after the termination

petition was filed. Ms. Schrempp provided transportation to the evaluation on two separate

days because Mother “couldn’t sit still and didn’t want to answer all the questions[, s]o we

made accommodations to transport her a second time.” Ms. Schrempp testified that Mother

“was kicked out of the building” during the second visit.

The report from the evaluation, which was entered into evidence at trial without

objection, stated that Mother did not fully complete the evaluation, precluding a mental

health diagnosis from being made at that time, but the psychologist was able to assess

Mother’s intellectual functioning as being in the “extremely low range.” The psychologist

also noted that “based on [Mother]’s behavior during the evaluation, it is clear that she has

difficulties with anger and emotional regulation” and recommended that Mother “initiate

mental health treatment services to include medication management and psychotherapy

. . . [to] focus on anger, emotional regulation, and depression” and that Mother “should

also attend anger management classes.” The report also stated that Mother “began to yell

and curse at office staff in the waiting room in front of other patients,” took food that did

not belong to her from the staff refrigerator and ate it, and argued with the DCS caseworker.

Ultimately, the owner of the psychology practice “stated that [Mother] would not be

welcome back to [the practice] to finish testing due to her behavior.”

With respect to Mother’s need to secure stable housing, Ms. Schrempp testified that,

Mother did secure housing, and that DCS was able to perform a total of three “walkthrough” inspections, but the home was not appropriate since Mother did not have enough

beds for the children in her home, there was mold on the wall of the home, and she had 

struggled to pay her rent. As of three days before trial, Mother still did not have enough

beds, and there was still mold on the wall.

Ms. Schrempp testified that the Department had made reasonable efforts to assist

Mother by paying her electric bills on numerous occasions, making one rent payment for

her, offering Mother transportation to and from mental health assessments that the

Department offered to set up and pay for, and coordinating visitation. Ms. Schrempp

testified that Mother had not maintained communication with the Department; from

November 2019 through June 2020, Mother had not responded at all to her attempts to

communicate. Despite this, Ms. Schrempp “proceeded to send [Mother] text messages,

. . . attempted to call her, text her, [and] ask[ed] her attorney for different forms of

communication as well.” Ms. Schrempp testified that she knew the phone number she had

for Mother was a valid one because Mother has “been communicating on the same number

with her children.”

Ms. Schrempp testified that Mother is willing and able to work and has always

maintained that she has a job, holding “over 18” jobs during the pendency of the case, but

had failed to provide DCS with pay stubs and had failed to pay child support consistently,
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with “gaps of six months,” and also “a year and some months” between child support

payments. Ms. Schrempp testified that Mother’s mental health has been a contributing

factor to Mother’s inability to consistently hold a job.

Ms. Schrempp recounted that Mother’s visitation was suspended in November 

2018, and she has continued to exercise telephone visitation with the children, though “not 

consistently.” She also testified that the children’s behavior has been a “roller-coaster of

emotions” and that they have expressed to her that they wish to be adopted by their current

foster parents. Ms. Schrempp said that the children have a meaningful relationship with the

foster parents and that they love their foster parents, who provide a good, safe, stable, and

permanent home for all four children.

THE RULING OF THE JUVENILE COURT

At the conclusion of the proof, the juvenile court orally ruled that clear and

convincing evidence existed to establish all grounds for termination that had been alleged

in the petition. The court made findings pertinent to the statutory best interest factors,

concluded that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of all four

children, and entered an order on December 15, 2020, memorializing its oral ruling. After

a subsequent hearing on the petition as it related to the children’s fathers, the court entered

two orders on May 27, 2021: an amended order terminating Mother’s parental rights3and

a separate order terminating the rights of both fathers.

Mother appeals, stating the following issue for our review: “[Whether t]he Trial

Court erred in not granting a continuance motion when Defendant/Appellant/Mother was

not able to present herself for the hearing due to transportation and/or work issues.”

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under both the federal and state constitutions, a parent has a fundamental right to

the care, custody, and control of his or her own child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651

(1972); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 249-50 (Tenn. 2010); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud,

921 S.W.2d 170, 174-75 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Nale v. Robertson, 871 S.W.2d 674, 678

(Tenn. 1994)). Although this right is fundamental, it is not absolute and may be terminated

in certain situations. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250. Our legislature has identified

“‘those situations in which the state’s interest in the welfare of a child justifies interference

with a parent’s constitutional rights by setting forth grounds on which termination

proceedings can be brought.’” In re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W.3d 565, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App.

 

 

3 The only difference between the amended order and the initial order is that the amended order contains 

the operative language from Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure — that it is a final order 

as to Mother “upon an express determination that there is no reason for delay and upon an express direction 

for the entry of judgment.” 
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2013) (quoting In re W.B., IV., Nos. M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-

PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005)).

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113 provides the grounds and procedures

for terminating parental rights. First, a petitioner seeking to terminate parental rights must

prove that at least one ground for termination exists. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1);

In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 251. Second, a petitioner must prove that terminating

parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); In re

Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

The termination of a parent’s rights is one of the most serious decisions courts make

because “[t]erminating parental rights has the legal effect of reducing the parent to the role

of a complete stranger, and of ‘severing forever all legal rights and obligations of the parent

or guardian.’” In re W.B., IV, 2005 WL 1021618, at *6 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-

113(l)(1)). Consequently, a parent has a constitutional right to “fundamentally fair

procedures” during termination proceedings. In re Hannah C., No. M2016-02052-COAR3-PT, 2018 WL 558522, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 24, 2018) (citing In re Carrington H.,

483 S.W.3d 507, 522 (Tenn. 2016)).

Tennessee law ensures fundamental fairness in termination proceedings by

requiring a heightened standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1); In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522. Before a parent’s rights

may be terminated, a petitioner must prove both the grounds and the child’s best interest

by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Valentine, 79

S.W.3d at 546. “Clear and convincing evidence ‘establishes that the truth of the facts

asserted is highly probable, and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the

correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” In re Serenity B., No. M2013-

02685-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 2168553, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 21, 2014) (quoting In

re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

 

We review the juvenile court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of

correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d); In re

Serenity B., 2014 WL 2168553, at *2. In light of the heightened standard of proof, we

must then make our own determination “as to whether the facts, either as found by the trial

court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and convincing

evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental rights.” In re Carrington H., 483

S.W.3d at 524 (citing In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010)).
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ANALYSIS

I. Motion to Continue

A decision to grant or deny a motion to continue falls within the sound discretion of

the trial court. In re Trinity P., No. E2019-01251-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 995788, at *4

(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 2, 2020). “The court retains that discretion, even when the question

before it is one of termination of parental rights.” State, Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v.

Fineout, No. 01A01-9710-JV-00582, 1998 WL 792052, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 16,

1998) (citing State, Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Hauck, 872 S.W.2d 916 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1993)). Thus, appellate courts decline to disturb a trial court’s ruling on a motion to

continue absent an abuse of discretion. In re A’Mari B., 358 S.W.3d 204, 213 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2011). A trial court abuses its discretion “only when it ‘applie[s] an incorrect legal

standard, or reache[s] a decision which is against logic or reasoning that cause[s] an

injustice to the party complaining.’” Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001)

(quoting State v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tenn. 1999)). “Appellate courts should permit

a discretionary decision to stand if reasonable judicial minds can differ concerning its

soundness.” White v. Vanderbilt Univ., 21 S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999); see also

In re Kandace D., No. E2017-00830-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 324452, at *10 (Tenn. Ct.

App. Jan. 8, 2018). When examining a trial court’s discretionary decision, the appellate

court reviews “the underlying factual findings using the preponderance of the evidence

standard contained in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d)” and the “legal determinations de novo

without any presumption of correctness.” Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 525

(Tenn. 2010) (citing Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 600, 604 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2004); Boyd v. Comdata Network, Inc., 88 S.W.3d 203, 212 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)).

Mother bore the burden of justifying her requested continuance. This Court has

observed:

The party seeking a continuance bears the burden of establishing the

circumstances that justify the continuance. Osagie v. Peakload Temp. Servs.,

91 S.W.3d 326, 329 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). Decisions regarding the grant or

denial of a continuance are fact-specific and “should be viewed in the context

of all the circumstances existing” at the time of the request. Nagarajan v.

Terry, 151 S.W.3d 166, 172 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). The circumstances

include: “(1) the length of time the proceeding has been pending, (2) the

reason for the continuance, (3) the diligence of the party seeking the

continuance, and (4) the prejudice to the requesting party if the continuance

is not granted.” Id. (footnotes omitted).

In re Paetyn M., No. W2017-02444-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 630124, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Feb. 14, 2019).
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Mother’s counsel made an oral motion for a continuance on the morning of the

termination hearing, and no written motion or documentation pertaining to the request for

the continuance is present in the record. According to counsel, Mother contacted the

attorney’s office “as recently as this morning [stating] that she will not be able to attend

due to transportation issues . . . [and] that she had an employment issue or employment

conflict.” Counsel explained:

[Mother] was apprised of the nature of the proceedings and has been for some

time. However, I’d like to remind the Court that she frequently does come to

court when scheduled to come to court and that she has participated in the

last hearing. It was of this general nature. So I’m going to ask the Court to

perhaps reconsider the bifurcation that was decided earlier this week and

perhaps set her [termination of parental rights hearing] with the other parents

that are on this TPR.

Both the Department and the guardian ad litem opposed the motion. Counsel for the

Department argued that Mother was aware of the date and had not demonstrated good cause

for her failure to show up and argued that “it is in the children’s best interest for this to go

forward and that we need to have the termination today.” Similarly, the guardian ad litem

argued that “the children are desperately in need of stability, and . . . their mental health

and their emotional health are being affected by prolonging this matter for as long as it has

been.”

The court then made an oral ruling:

The Court has noted with regard to [Mother] very early on in this

custodial episode, [Mother] was very diligent in attending court dates. As a

matter of fact, she went a long period of time never missing a court date.

Would often come in in her work uniform and was, in that regard, very

circumspect.

However, of late, the Court has noted that she has just not shown up in

several consecutive court dates. The reason for the continuance, I do not find

that sufficient. I do not think that that certainly outweighs the importance of

stability for these children. This has been going on a long time. So,

respectfully, I would deny the motion to continue, and we’ll have our

termination hearing today.

On appeal, Mother argues that the denial of her motion for a continuance was

“crippling to her defense” and that granting it “would not have prejudiced any party and

would promote Due Process and fundamental fairness.” Her brief does not elaborate on

either point. These skeletal arguments do not demonstrate that the court’s decision was an

abuse of discretion.
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Considering the first factor, the length of time the proceeding had been pending,

more than six months had elapsed since the filing of the petition. Trial courts shall,

consistent with due process, expedite all contested termination of parental rights cases so

as to prevent a child from languishing in foster care unnecessarily. See Tenn. Code Ann. §

36-1-124. The court was statutorily bound to ensure that the hearing take place within six

months from the date the petition was filed. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k) (“The court

shall ensure that the hearing on the petition takes place within six (6) months of the date

that the petition is filed, unless the court determines an extension is in the best interests of

the child.”). This factor certainly weighs in favor of denying the motion for a continuance.

As to the reason for the continuance, Mother did not attend the hearing due to

“transportation issues” and an “employment conflict.” Mother’s counsel did not elaborate

on the circumstances that prevented Mother’s attendance, and the court made it clear on

the record that Mother had missed several consecutive court dates. In In re Paetyn M., 2019

WL 630124, at *5, the mother did not attend the hearing on the petition to terminate her

parental rights, and her counsel requested a continuance due to the mother’s urinary tract

infection that had caused a doctor to excuse her from work that same day. The juvenile

court found that was an insufficient reason to miss the hearing. Id. This Court affirmed the

court’s denial of the motion for a continuance, finding that Mother had not met her burden

to justify the requested continuance. Id. Likewise, the vague reasons offered by Mother on

the morning of trial are insufficient to justify continuing the trial in this case.

Relatedly, with respect to Mother’s diligence in seeking a continuance, she had 

known of the court date since at least July 9, 2020, when she was personally served with a

summons “to appear in the Juvenile Court of Montgomery County, 2 Millennium Plaza,

Clarksville, Tennessee, 37040 on the 29th day of October, 2020 at 1:30 p.m. to personally

answer the [petition].” The summons recites that “Failure to appear may result in judgment

pro confesso[] being taken against you for the relief demanded in the Petition.” That

summons provided her with more than three months to find transportation to court and to

arrange her work schedule to ensure that she could attend the hearing. Mother’s attorney’s

arguments do not convey that Mother’s conflicts were unforeseeable, and yet the motion

to continue was not presented to the juvenile court until the day of trial. Mother was not 

diligent in seeking the continuance.

The fourth factor requires consideration of whether Mother was prejudiced by 

proceeding with the trial. Mother’s counsel did not address this factor explicitly but on 

appeal argues that “[w]hile the Trial Court questioned Mother’s veracity, a continuance to 

couple the Mother’s trial with . . . the fathers’ trial would not have prejudiced any party 

and would promote Due Process and fundamental fairness.”4In State, Department of

 

 

4 Mother’s brief makes passing reference to the demands of due process, though she does not state that 

the court’s denial of her motion to continue was a violation of her due process rights. To the extent that 

Mother wishes to assert that her due process rights were violated, we respectfully point out that “[t]he only 
- 13 -

Children’s Services v. Fineout, 1998 WL 792052, at *2, the mother did not appear at the

trial on the petition to terminate her parental rights because “her ride had fallen through.”

Her attorney moved for a continuance, which was denied, and on appeal, this Court

cautioned that “the trial court should not lightly decide to proceed with trial in the absence

of a defendant who wishes to contest the termination of her parental rights,” but affirmed

the trial court’s denial of the continuance, holding that the mother failed to show some

prejudice or surprise. Id. In the case before us, we similarly conclude that Mother’s 

arguments addressed only the lack of prejudice to the other side and were not sufficient to 

justify the grant of a continuance.

Considering the above factors and the representations of Mother’s counsel to the

juvenile court at the time it considered the motion, we conclude that the court did not abuse

its discretion in denying Mother’s request. At the time of the termination hearing, the

children had been in foster care for over three years, the petition had been pending for six 

months, Mother had missed recent hearings, and she had been personally served with the

summons three months prior to trial. The date of the trial had not changed, and Mother, 

through counsel, did not seek to change it until the morning of trial. The juvenile court

reasonably decided to proceed with the trial on the petition as it related to Mother.

Moreover, Mother was represented by counsel throughout the proceeding, and her counsel

appropriately objected to certain questions and cross-examined DCS’s witnesses.

Accordingly, we cannot say the court abused its discretion in denying Mother’s motion for

a continuance.

II. Grounds for Termination

Mother’s appellate brief only addresses the denial of the motion to continue. It does 

not raise a single argument, much less cite legal authority or make references to the record,

to demonstrate whether the court’s conclusions with respect to any of the numerous

grounds for termination or its best interest determination warrant reversal. Ordinarily, such

omissions would constitute waiver of the issues. Sneed v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 301

S.W.3d 603, 615 (Tenn. 2010) (“It is not the role of the courts, trial or appellate, to research

or construct a litigant’s case or arguments for him or her, and where a party fails to develop

an argument in support of his or her contention or merely constructs a skeletal argument,

the issue is waived.”). However, the Supreme Court requires us to “review the trial court’s

findings as to each ground for termination and as to whether termination is in the child’s

best interest, regardless of whether the parent challenges these findings on appeal.” In re

 

process mother was due with respect to her motion [to continue] was for the trial court to properly exercise 

its discretion.” In re T.R., No. E2017-02115-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 4441359, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 

17, 2018). Moreover, from our review of the record, there is no question that the proceedings were 

conducted in accordance with the fundamentally fair parental termination proceedings set forth in our

statutes. See In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522-23. 
- 14 -

Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 525-26. We now address whether the evidence supports the

grounds for termination.

A. Abandonment by Failure to Provide a Suitable Home

A parent’s rights may be terminated for abandoning his or her child. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1).5 Under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A), there are several

alternative definitions of “abandonment.” The second of the alternative definitions of

“abandonment” is stated as:

(a) The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal

custody of a parent or parents . . . by a court order at any stage of proceedings

in which a petition has been filed in the juvenile court alleging that a child is

a dependent and neglected child, and the child was placed in the custody of

the department or a licensed child-placing agency;

(b) The juvenile court found . . . that the department or a licensed childplacing agency made reasonable efforts to prevent removal of the child or

that the circumstances of the child’s situation prevented reasonable efforts

from being made prior to the child’s removal; and

(c) For a period of four (4) months following the physical removal, the

department or agency made reasonable efforts to assist the parent or parents

. . . to establish a suitable home for the child, but that the parent or parents

. . . have not made reciprocal reasonable efforts to provide a suitable home

and have demonstrated a lack of concern for the child to such a degree that it

appears unlikely that they will be able to provide a suitable home for the child

at an early date. The efforts of the department or agency to assist a parent

. . . in establishing a suitable home for the child shall be found to be

reasonable if such efforts equal or exceed the efforts of the parent . . . toward

the same goal, when the parent . . . is aware that the child is in the custody of

the department[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii). The Department must make “reasonable efforts”

during a four-month period following the removal of the child by utilizing its superior

resources to help the parent find a suitable home. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii)(c);

In re Rahjada W., No. E2019-01798-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 2893434, at *5 (Tenn. Ct.

App. June 3, 2020). DCS’s “efforts are deemed reasonable under the statute if its efforts

‘equal or exceed the efforts of the parent . . . toward the same goal.’” In re Dominic B., No.

E2020-01102-COA-R3-PT, 2021 WL 774185, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 1, 2021)

(quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii)(c)). “[T]he proof necessary to support

 

 

5 Though the termination statutes and the statutory definitions referenced by them have been amended 

since the inception of this case, we apply the version of the applicable statute that was in effect at the time 

the petition was filed on April 14, 2020.
- 15 -

termination under this ground need not be limited to any particular four-month period after

removal. As long as the proof relates to ‘a period of four (4) months following the removal,’

the ground may be established.” In re Jakob O., No. M2016-00391-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL

7243674, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 15, 2016) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-

102(1)(A)(ii)). Thus, our inquiry is not limited “to a period of four months immediately

following the [children’s] removal.” Id.

We also note that “the establishment of a suitable home entails considerations as to

whether ‘[a]ppropriate care and attention’ are given to the child at issue.” In re Dominic

B., 2021 WL 774185, at *6 (quoting In re Matthew T., No. M2015-00486-COA-R3-PT,

2016 WL 1621076, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 2016)). A suitable home should alleviate

the conditions which led to the children coming into state custody. See In re Zacharias

T.M., 403 S.W.3d 212, 226 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012). A parent’s failure to address mental 

health issues can also lead to a finding that the parent has failed to establish a suitable 

home. See, e.g., In re Draven K., No. E2019-00768-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 91634, at *8 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 7, 2020) (“Mother’s failure to address her mental health issues renders 

her unable to provide a safe and stable environment for the child and shows a lack of 

concern for the child and a lack of interest in regaining custody.”); In re Roderick R., No. 

E2017-01504-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 1748000, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 11, 2018) 

(“Mother’s own failure to comply with her mental health treatment regimen demonstrated 

her lack of concern for the Children and resulted in her inability to provide a suitable home 

environment.”).

The petition alleged that the Department made reasonable efforts to assist Mother

in establishing a suitable home, but that Mother had made no reasonable efforts to provide

a suitable home and demonstrated a lack of concern for the children such that it appeared

unlikely she would be able to provide a suitable home for them at an early date. The

juvenile court deemed the Department’s efforts to assist Mother as reasonable, an

assessment with which we agree. The Department assisted Mother in the four months

following the children’s removal by assisting her with rent and utility bills, offering to pay

for and provide transportation to her “mental health intake with a parenting [education]

component” and her non-offender sexual abuse classes, and setting up visitation. Beyond

the relevant four-month period, DCS attempted to maintain contact with Mother, who was

mostly nonresponsive, and assisted with transportation to her psychological assessment.

Ms. Schrempp’s testimony and the juvenile court record entered into evidence at

trial established that the children came into state custody due to a lack of proper supervision

stemming from Mother allowing the children to be around Derrick C., a registered sex 

offender and the father of her youngest child; DCS also alleged that Mother’s lack of stable

housing warranted the children’s removal. As to the lack of proper supervision, Mother

reported that she “does not have contact with the children’s father anymore” to the

psychologist who performed the court-ordered psychological evaluation in June 2020, and

the record is devoid of other evidence as to whether Mother continued to spend time with
- 16 -

Derrick C. The record does, however, contain evidence that Mother was able to find a

place to live, which Ms. Schrempp testified “has not changed within years” but was not 

suitable, as it did not have enough beds for all four children and had mold on the wall.

The testimony about the condition of Mother’s home was brief and does not make

clear how many beds Mother lacked or whether there was room in the dwelling to put more

beds. Further, the testimony does not paint a clear picture about the overall condition of 

the home, other than the passing reference to the “issues with mold on the wall.” However,

the record contains clear and convincing evidence that Mother had failed to address her 

mental health issues that had prevented her from being able to provide appropriate care and 

attention to the children. She did not complete assessments, take her medication as

prescribed, or regularly attend therapy, nor did she learn or implement appropriate

parenting skills in order to provide a home environment where she was able to properly 

supervise and care for her children. See In re M.F.O., No. M2008-01322-COA-R3-PT, 

2009 WL 1456319, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 21, 2009) (stating that counseling and 

assessment requirements may be “directly related to the establishment and maintenance of 

a suitable home” because the problems and conditions on which they focus “address 

matters which make the home environment suitable for raising children and which keep 

them from becoming dependent and neglected”). We conclude that the record contains

clear and convincing evidence that Mother abandoned her children by failing to establish

a home that was suitable for them. We therefore affirm the juvenile court’s holding with

respect to this ground.6

B. Persistence of Conditions

The next ground for termination at issue on appeal is commonly known as

“persistent conditions.” This ground for termination applies when:

(A) The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal

custody of a parent or guardian for a period of six (6) months by a court order

entered at any stage of proceedings in which a petition has been filed in the

juvenile court alleging that a child is a dependent and neglected child, and:

 

 

6 The portion of the initial order finding this ground to be established contains the names of two people 

who are unrelated to this proceeding. It is obvious that the order, which was prepared by counsel for DCS,

was drafted from a template, and that the names were not updated to reflect that of Mother’s. Such an 

oversight is understandable on occasion, but the order terminating Mother’s rights was amended by an order

that was entered on May 27, 2021, following the hearing on the petition as it related to the children’s fathers. 

The subsequent order evinces the same oversight as the first order, i.e. the same two names, completely 

unrelated to the proceedings at bar, are listed rather than Mother’s. The gravity of the rights at issue 

necessitates more careful attention to detail in these matters. We are, however, satisfied that the record 

supports termination of Mother’s parental rights on this ground in light of our independent review of the 

record.
- 17 -

(i) The conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist,

preventing the child’s safe return to the care of the parent or guardian,

or other conditions exist that, in all reasonable probability, would

cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect, preventing

the child’s safe return to the care of the parent or guardian;

(ii) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at

an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent or

guardian in the near future; and

(iii) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship

greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe,

stable, and permanent home;

(B) The six (6) months must accrue on or before the first date the termination

of parental rights petition is set to be heard[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). Each element must be proven by clear and convincing

evidence. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 550. We have stated that this ground applies “when,

by court order, a ‘child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal custody

of a parent . . . for a period of six (6) months’ as a result of a dependency and neglect

petition.” In re Boston G., No. M2019-00393-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 2070399, at *6

(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2020) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)); see also

In re D.V., No. E2018-01438-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 1058264, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar.

6, 2019).

The four children were removed from Mother’s care and entered DCS custody

during dependency and neglect proceedings in October 2017. After a hearing in December

2018, the juvenile court adjudicated the children dependent and neglected. The Department 

filed the petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights in April 2020, which was heard in 

October 2020. As such, all four children were removed from the home for more than the

six-month period required by the statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). Moreover,

the evidence, which we have detailed previously in this opinion, clearly and convincingly 

demonstrates Mother’s failure to address her mental health issues so as to be able to

supervise and parent her children in a safe, stable, and appropriate manner. This is a 

problem that persisted throughout the custodial episode and, given Mother’s history, is

unlikely to be remedied at an early date so that the children could be safely returned to her

in the near future. Finally, the children are in a safe, stable home with foster parents who

wish to adopt them, and continuing their relationship with Mother would diminish their

chances of early integration into that home. We conclude that the evidence clearly and

convincingly establishes this ground for termination and affirm the juvenile court’s holding 

to that effect.
- 18 -

C. Failure to Manifest a Willingness and Ability to Assume Custody

Another ground for termination exists when “[a] parent . . . has failed to manifest,

by act or omission, an ability and willingness to personally assume legal and physical

custody or financial responsibility of the child, and placing the child in the person’s legal

and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or psychological

welfare of the child[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). Two elements must be proven 

by clear and convincing evidence to terminate a parent’s rights under this statutory ground.

In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d 659, 674 (Tenn. 2020). The first element “places a

conjunctive obligation on a parent . . . to manifest both an ability and willingness to

personally assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility for the child.” Id.

at 677. Accordingly, “clear and convincing proof that a parent . . . has failed to manifest

either ability or willingness” satisfies the first element of this ground. Id. (citing In re

Amynn K., No. E2017-01866-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3058280, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. June

20, 2018)). A parent’s ability to assume custody or financial responsibility is evaluated

based “on the parent’s lifestyle and circumstances.” In re Zaylee W., No. M2019-00342-

COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 1808614, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 9, 2020). It is common for

parents to state that they are willing to assume custody or financial responsibility for their

children. However, as we have explained, “[w]hen evaluating willingness, we look for

more than mere words.” In re Jonathan M., No. E2018-00484-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL

5310750, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 26, 2018). “Parents demonstrate willingness by

attempting to overcome the obstacles that prevent them from assuming custody.” In re

Cynthia P., No. E2018-01937-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 1313237, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar.

22, 2019). The second element requires the petitioner to establish that “placing the child in

the [parent’s] legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the

physical or psychological welfare of the child[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14); see

In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d at 677.

With respect to the first element, whether Mother has demonstrated an ability and 

willingness to assume custody or financial responsibility for the children, the evidence is

clear and convincing that Mother’s circumstances are tumultuous; she has held numerous

jobs but failed to pay child support consistently. Most importantly, she has not adequately

addressed her significant mental health issues, which have prevented her from assuming 

custody. Mother failed to complete the assessments that DCS requested, set up, and paid 

for on Mother’s behalf. While she did attend some sessions with a mental health

professional, she was dismissed from the practice for her noncompliance. Ms. Schrempp 

testified that Mother had not been able to start a trial home visit and had not completed

enough services that would make her available or willing to assume custody of the children. 

Ms. Schrempp also testified that Mother’s mental health affects her ability to understand

how to parent the children and that she did not believe that Mother would be able to provide

financially or gain physical custody of the children in the near future. We think this first

prong is well established.
- 19 -

The second prong of this ground involves whether the children would suffer

substantial harm if returned to her custody. As we have explained regarding this prong:

The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances that pose a risk

of substantial harm to a child. These circumstances are not amenable to

precise definition because of the variability of human conduct. However, the

use of the modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First, it connotes a real

hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or insignificant. Second, it

indicates that the harm must be more than a theoretical possibility. While the

harm need not be inevitable, it must be sufficiently probable to prompt a

reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more likely than not.

Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (footnotes omitted). The children

themselves testified that while they loved Mother, they wished to be adopted. One child

expressed being afraid of Mother and her “anger issues.” She is mentally unstable and

prone to erratic, angry, and aggressive behavior; Ms. Schrempp testified to Mother’s

behavior changing from calm and agreeable to agitated and angry “at the flip of a switch.”

Ms. Schrempp believed that if the children were placed with Mother, it would have a

detrimental effect on the children. Mother’s unmanaged mental health needs present a risk

of substantial harm to her children; not only would they be subject to her emotional, angry

outbursts and erratic behavior, but also to her impaired ability to supervise and parent them.

We conclude that the second prong is clearly and convincingly proven as well and affirm 

the juvenile court’s conclusion that the evidence establishes this ground for termination.

D. Substantial Noncompliance with the Permanency Plan

Substantial noncompliance with the statement of responsibilities in a permanency

plan is grounds for termination of a parent’s rights. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2). The 

Department is required to develop a permanency plan to help ensure each foster child

receives adequate care. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-2-403(a)(2)(A); In re Jamel H., No. E2014-

02539-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 4197220, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 2015). As this 

Court explained in In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004),

Terminating parental rights based on Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2)

requires more proof than that a parent has not complied with every jot and

tittle of the permanency plan. To succeed under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-

113(g)(2), the Department must demonstrate first that the requirements of the

permanency plan are reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that

caused the child to be removed from the parent’s custody in the first place, 

In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547; In re L.J.C., 124 S.W.3d 609, 621 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. 2003), and second that the parent’s noncompliance is substantial in 

light of the degree of noncompliance and the importance of the particular

requirement that has not been met. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548–49; In
- 20 -

re Z.J.S., [No. M2002-02235-COA-R3JV,] 2003 WL 21266854, at *12 

[(Tenn. Ct. App. June 3, 2003)]. Trivial, minor, or technical deviations from 

a permanency plan’s requirements will not be deemed to amount to

substantial noncompliance. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548; Dep[’]t of 

Children’s Servs. v. C.L., No. M2001-02729-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL

22037399, at *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 29, 2003) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11

application filed).

Id. at 656–57.

In this case, the juvenile court found that Mother “has not substantially complied 

with the provisions of the permanency plan and, therefore, her parental rights should be 

terminated pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-1-113(g)(2).” The court then discussed the permanency 

plans and their requirements, recited that “the plan was reasonable, necessary, and in the 

best interest of the children,” devoted four paragraphs to discussing the requirements of the 

plans that Mother failed to complete, and then found “by clear and convincing evidence 

that grounds exist for the termination of parental rights of the mother based on substantial 

noncompliance.” 

We agree with the trial court that the record establishes that the plans’ requirements 

were reasonably related to remedying the conditions that caused the children to be removed 

from Mother’s custody. We also conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against 

the trial court’s findings with respect to the plans’ requirements of Mother and her failure 

to comply with them.7 But, despite the trial court’s findings that Mother has not 

“substantially complied” with the plans’ provisions, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2) 

does not require that Mother “substantially comply” with the permanency plans. It requires 

the petitioner show that the parent has been “substantially noncompliant.” The juvenile 

court may have used the phrase “based on substantial noncompliance” in the final sentence 

of its ruling with respect to this ground, but it failed to make the necessary finding as to 

Mother’s degree of noncompliance or the importance of the particular requirements that 

she failed to meet.

However, “[s]ubstantial noncompliance is a question of law, which we review de 

novo with no presumption of correctness.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548. Accordingly, 

we proceed to determine the degree of Mother’s noncompliance and the importance of the 

particular requirements that she did not meet, guided by the following instruction from In 

re Valentine:

 

 

7 Paragraph 35 of the amended order lists tasks assigned to Mother by the permanency plan created on 

August 6, 2019. While those tasks were assigned to Mother in other plans, the August 6, 2019 plan did not 

include most of the tasks listed by the court; it only addressed Mother’s mental health needs.
- 21 -

Substantial noncompliance is not defined in the termination statute. 

The statute is clear, however, that noncompliance is not enough to justify 

termination of parental rights; the noncompliance must be substantial. 

Black’s Law Dictionary defines “substantial” as “[o]f real worth and 

importance.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1428 (6th ed.1990). In the context of 

the requirements of a permanency plan, the real worth and importance of

noncompliance should be measured by both the degree of noncompliance 

and the weight assigned to that requirement. Terms which are not reasonable 

and related are irrelevant, and substantial noncompliance with such terms is 

irrelevant.

79 S.W.3d at 548–49.

As detailed previously in this opinion, the permanency plans placed numerous 

responsibilities on Mother, primarily relating to her mental health needs and her lack of 

housing. Earlier plans required Mother to secure a place to live that was “adequate in size 

and furnishings for the family,” pay her rent and utilities on time, provide receipts of those 

payments to DCS, and keep the home clean and clutter free, at a safe temperature, and free 

of safety hazards. We think those requirements are all reasonable and related to remedying 

Mother’s lack of safe and stable housing. Mother secured housing. While DCS provided 

some financial assistance to Mother in the form of a rent payment and more than one utility 

payment, Mother remained in the same home through the time of trial. The most recent 

permanency plan in the record does not contain any responsibilities for Mother relating to 

housing, and yet the DCS caseworker testified that her home was still inadequate. A walkthrough of the home was completed three days before trial, and at that time, the home 

lacked enough beds and had a preexisting mold issue that had not yet been addressed. But

no testimony or other evidence was offered as to how many beds were lacking, the location 

and extent of the mold issue, or whether the home was otherwise clean, clutter-free, at a 

safe temperature, or free of safety hazards. While securing safe and stable housing was a 

very important requirement in the permanency plans, the testimony elicited by DCS on this 

point was brief and did not discuss these key responsibilities. The evidence is not clear 

enough to lead us to a conclusion that the degree of Mother’s noncompliance was

substantial.

The record does, however, contain clear and convincing evidence that Mother was 

not in compliance with the most important provisions of the permanency plan relating to 

addressing her mental health issues. While she attempted, on occasion, to attend therapy, 

the record makes clear that she had not complied with the plan because she had not 

prioritized addressing her mental health needs. She did not take her medication as 

prescribed, as indicated by pill counts and by her behavior. Mother’s failure to comply with 

these key tasks of submitting to assessments, medication management, and regular therapy 

renders her noncompliance with the requirements of the permanency plan substantial. We 
- 22 -

hold that clear and convincing evidence exists in the record to terminate Mother’s parental 

rights based on this ground and thus affirm the result the trial court reached.

E. Mental Incompetence

“‘A parent’s rights may be terminated on the ground of mental incompetence if the

court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent’s mental condition is

impaired to such a degree that the parent cannot adequately provide care and supervision

to the child and it is unlikely that the parent will be able to do so in the near future.’” In re

Izaiah J., No. M2011-01848-COA-R3-PT, 2012 WL 982966, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar.

20, 2012) (quoting In re Billy D.H., No. M2011-00797-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 6935338,

at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 29, 2011)). Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(8)

provides:

(A) The chancery and circuit courts shall have jurisdiction in an adoption

proceeding, and the chancery, circuit, and juvenile courts shall have

jurisdiction in a separate, independent proceeding conducted prior to an

adoption proceeding to determine if the parent or guardian is mentally

incompetent to provide for the further care and supervision of the child, and

to terminate that parent’s or guardian’s rights to the child;

(B) The court may terminate the parental or guardianship rights of that person

if it determines on the basis of clear and convincing evidence that:

(i) The parent or guardian of the child is incompetent to adequately

provide for the further care and supervision of the child because the

parent’s or guardian’s mental condition is presently so impaired and

is so likely to remain so that it is unlikely that the parent or guardian

will be able to assume or resume the care of and responsibility for the

child in the near future; and

(ii) That termination of parental or guardian rights is in the best

interest of the child;

(C) In the circumstances described under subdivisions (8)(A) and (B), no

willfulness in the failure of the parent or guardian to establish the parent’s or

guardian’s ability to care for the child need be shown to establish that the

parental or guardianship rights should be terminated[.]

The juvenile court clearly articulated its bases for concluding that this ground had 

been established:

43. Regarding the ground of mental incompetence, the Court is always 

cautious with this ground because this ground is very different from other 

grounds. So many times we see grounds that exist for the termination of 

parental rights that are based solely on the choices of the parents. They 
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choose whether or not to be compliant with permanency plans. They choose 

their addictions over their children. And this is not that type of case.

44. Mental incompetence is something that [Mother] did not choose. 

She has a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. So I’m very, very cautious 

with this. And I look to see whether or not we have someone attempting to 

remedy the situation and whether or not they’ve been given opportunities to 

remedy it. And frankly, it’s a sad situation when you have somebody in that 

situation. I have no doubt that the fact that she’s got -- had 18 jobs is related 

directly to her mental health condition.

45. We’ve seen it in this courtroom. These caseworkers have seen it. 

We’ve had it described in the testimony today. That’s one of the reasons this 

matter has gone on for over three years, to give this mother the opportunity 

to address these issues. And unfortunately, she has not been consistent in 

taking her medicine. She has not been consistent in completing her mental

health services. She did not complete the psychological evaluation. Although 

there has been a report given regarding her diagnoses.

46. She clearly has anger issues that even one of the children, in 

testifying, noted. She has mood stability issues, and these are all related to 

her diagnosis. She has, according to the testimony, highs and lows, trouble 

following instructions. She gets angry and aggressive over minor things such 

as “you go up the stairs first.” It’s no wonder that she’s had 18 separate jobs.

It’s great that she’s able to get jobs.

47. But the Court believes, based on the testimony and record, that she 

can’t maintain these jobs because of her mental health issues, which have not 

been successfully controlled. The Court finds that her diagnoses, her mental 

health situation would have an adverse and direct bearing on her ability to 

parent.

The evidence in the record does not preponderate against those findings. In this case,

Ms. Schrempp testified that Mother had a diagnosis of bipolar schizoaffective disorder, for

which she was prescribed medication. The court-ordered psychological evaluation did not

result in a mental health diagnosis due to Mother’s early termination of the evaluation. 

However, the psychologist was able to complete the intellectual functioning portion of the

evaluation and concluded that Mother’s “general cognitive ability is within the extremely

low range of intellectual functioning,” such that she “may experience great difficulty in

keeping up with her peers in a wide variety of situations that require thinking and reasoning

abilities.” Additionally, Mother demonstrated bizarre, irrational, and angry behavior during

her interactions at the psychologist’s office, which the psychologist noted in the report that

was submitted as evidence at trial. Mother’s angry outbursts at other times were also noted

by the children and Ms. Schrempp in their testimony, and the evidence makes clear that

Mother had not received regular mental health services or medication management. These

long-running issues prevent Mother from being able to resume the care of and

responsibility for her four children. Despite DCS’s attempts to help Mother address her
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mental health needs, Mother has not successfully done so, and we agree with the juvenile

court that Mother’s “mental health situation would have an adverse and direct bearing on

her ability to parent.” The evidence clearly and convincingly establishes that Mother is

mentally incompetent to provide for the further care and supervision of the children.

Having found that the evidence establishes at least one ground for termination, we

turn to an examination of whether termination is in the children’s best interest.

III. Best Interest

With respect to the best interest determination, a trial court must consider the nine

factors enumerated in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i).8 A court must view the child’s best

interest from the perspective of the child, not that of the parent. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d

838, 878 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Because some parental misconduct is redeemable, our

termination of parental rights statutes recognize that “terminating an unfit parent’s parental

rights is not always in the child’s best interests.” Id. A trial court is not required to find that

each of the enumerated factors exists before concluding that it is in the best interest of the

child to terminate a parent’s rights. In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2005). Although in some circumstances “the consideration of one factor may very well

dictate the outcome of the analysis,” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878, a court is obligated

to consider “all the factors and all the proof,” In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 682

(Tenn. 2017).

The facts a court considers in its best interest analysis must be proven by “a

preponderance of the evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence.” In re Kaliyah S.,

455 S.W.3d 533, 555 (Tenn. 2015). Once a court makes the underlying factual findings, it

should “consider the combined weight of those facts to determine whether they amount to

clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id.

The first two statutory factors look at the parent’s current lifestyle and living

conditions. The first factor focuses on whether the parent “has made such an adjustment of

circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be

in the [parent’s] home.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1). The second factor considers

the parents’ potential for lasting change. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(2) (asking “[w]hether the

parent . . . has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available

social services agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not

reasonably appear possible”). Pertinent to these two factors, the trial court found:

 

 

8 Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i) was amended, effective April 22, 2021, to expand the 

list of factors for the court’s consideration. See 2021 Tenn. Laws Pub. Ch. 190 (S.B. 205), eff. April 22, 

2021. However, the law to be applied is that which was in effect when the petition was filed on April 14, 

2020. Accordingly, we will consider the evidence in light of the prior nine best interest factors, as did the 

juvenile court.
- 25 -

[Mother] has not made changes in her conduct or circumstances that

would make it safe for the children to go home. And we have now attempted

this reunification this last custodial episode three years -- over three years,

and that adjustment has not been made. . . .

[Mother] has not made lasting changes in her lifestyle or conduct after

reasonable efforts by the state to help, so that lasting change does not appear

possible. And that would be the case. Services have been provided,

transportation, payment of electricity bills, rent, any number of services,

mental health services, pill counts. And that’s been going on for a long time,

and it does not reasonably appear that the adjustments that we’re looking for

to make it safe for the children to return have been made.

The evidence does not preponderate against these findings. We have discussed the

evidence at length in this opinion and conclude that, despite DCS’s reasonable efforts, 

Mother’s inconsequential efforts have not resulted in an adjustment to her circumstances

to achieve lasting change with respect to her mental health issues and her ability to provide

a safe and stable home for the children. These factors both weigh in favor of terminating

Mother’s parental rights.

The next two statutory factors focus on the parents’ relationship with the children.

The third factor focuses on the consistency of visitation. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(3). The

fourth factor considers “[w]hether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been

established between the parent . . . and the child.” Id. § 36-1-113(i)(4). Pertinent to these

factors, the trial court found:

[Mother] has not engaged in regular visitation with the child. Because

of the behavior of the mother, failure of the mother to address her mental

health situation, that visitation has not been regular. . . .

There has been a relationship. There is a relationship. These children

love their mother, but as expressed by these three who testified, particularly

Ashanti and Zy’Shaun, that they’ve changed; that they no longer believe the

mother is going to successfully address the issues that they know she has. So

that bond has weakened over time to the point that the children who testified

believe it’s in their best interest not to be reunified with their mother, but to

remain with the [foster parents].

The evidence does not preponderate against these findings. Ms. Schrempp testified

that Mother’s visitation was suspended in November 2018, and she has continued to

exercise telephone visitation with the children, though “not consistently.” While testimony

of the children and Ms. Schrempp, as well as the permanency plans, show that the children

love their Mother and were bonded to her, we view the evidence from the perspective of
- 26 -

the child. In this case, the three oldest children offered compelling testimony that they

loved their Mother but were tired of her broken promises that she would get them back and

that they wished to be adopted by the foster parents. The evidence relating to these factors

weighs in favor of termination.

The fifth factor looks at the effect a change in caregivers would have on the child’s

emotional, psychological, and medical condition. Id. § 36-1-113(i)(5). Pertinent to this

factor, the trial court found, “Those children who testified today appear to be well-adjusted

where they are, happy where they are, well cared for where they are. The Court believes if

they were to be placed back with their mother, that it would have a detrimental effect on

their well-being, both physically and psychologically.” The evidence does not

preponderate against this finding, and we also conclude that returning the children to

Mother’s care would have a significantly detrimental effect on their emotional and

psychological wellbeing. This factor weighs in favor of termination.

The sixth factor asks the court to determine whether the parent or another person

residing with the parent “has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological

abuse, or neglect toward the child” or another person in the home. Id. § 36-1-113(i)(6). The

seventh factor focuses on the parents’ home environment and ability to be a safe and stable

caregiver. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(7) (“Whether the physical environment of the parent’s ...

home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether there

is such use of [intoxicants] as may render the parent . . . consistently unable to care for the

child in a safe and stable manner[.]”). Pertinent to these factors, the trial court found that

they were “not applicable in this matter.” We agree with respect to factor 6, but in light of

the evidence and portions of the court’s order detailing the inappropriateness of Mother’s

housing, we fail to see why the court found factor 7 was not applicable. Nevertheless, we 

agree that this factor does not weigh in favor of termination, as the evidence does not 

clearly convey why the home was physically not suitable. We have no information as to 

the cleanliness or tidiness of the home in general, only that Mother did not have enough 

beds and there was mold on a wall. The testimony does not make clear how many beds 

Mother lacked, if the home had room to accommodate more beds, or the location and extent 

of the mold issue. Neither factor 6 nor 7 weighs in favor of termination.

The eighth statutory factor evaluates the parents’ mental and emotional health,

asking “[w]hether the parent’s . . . mental and/or emotional status would be detrimental to

the child or prevent the parent . . . from effectively providing safe and stable care and

supervision for the child.” Id. § 36-1-113(i)(8). With respect to this factor, the trial court

found:

[Mother’s] mental and emotional state would be detrimental to the children

and would prevent her from effectively parenting the children. The Court

would find that this is the most relevant factor of that subsection of 36-1-113.

[Mother’s] mental health continues to be a barrier to her ability to parent
- 27 -

these children the way they need to be parented; to be parented in a way that

does not lead to further dependency and neglect.

The record does not preponderate against these findings. In light of the evidence

set forth previously in this opinion, we conclude that Mother has not addressed her mental

health needs and thus is unable to effectively provide safe and stable care and supervision

for her children. We agree with the trial court that this factor weighs heavily in favor of

termination.

The ninth factor looks at the parents’ child support history. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(9). 

With respect to this factor, the court found that Mother has not paid child support in the

amount of $10 per month per child or consistent with the child support guidelines. The

record does not preponderate against this finding. The permanency plans provide that

Mother would voluntarily pay $10 per month per child in support. Ms. Schrempp testified

that Mother had always been employed but had failed to pay child support consistently,

with “gaps of six months,” and also “a year and some months” between child support

payments. Thus, this factor weighs in favor of termination.

The court also considered the testimony of the children themselves. The court

discussed Ashanti’s testimony that she had “lost trust” in her Mother, Zy’Shaun’s

testimony that he used to want to go back home with Mother, but now he does not, and

Jaquan’s testimony that Mother has anger issues and that he wants to stay with the foster

parents. This compelling testimony also weighs in favor of termination.

Viewed from the perspective of the children, we conclude that the combined weight

of the facts in the record clearly and convincingly establishes that termination is in the best

interest of Ashanti, Zy’Shaun, Jaquan, and Tre’Jun, who are being well cared for in a safe

and stable home by foster parents who wish to adopt them. Accordingly, we affirm the 

termination of Mother’s parental rights.

CONCLUSION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are assessed against

the appellant, Deidra P., for which execution may issue if necessary.

________________________________

 ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE