NBSIR 74-623

Stability and Abuse Tests of

Riding Toys

Willie C. Brown

Harriet A. Baker

Product Systems Section

Product Engineering Division

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

January 1975

This is a final report.

Prepared for Consumer Product Safety Commission

Washington, D. C. 20207

NBSIR 74-623

STABILITY AND ABUSE TESTS OF

RIDING TOYS

Willie C. Brown

Harriet A. Baker

Product Systems Section

Product Engineering Division

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

January 1975

Ttiis is a final report.

Prepared for Consumer Product Safety Commission

Wasfiington, D. C. 20 207

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

Introduction

Each year hundreds of children are injured as a result of falling

from poorly balanced riding toys or being victimized by toys which

have structural design deficiencies. In attempting to deal with this

problem, a test program was implemented by the Product Engineering

Division, National Bureau of Standards, under the sponsorship of tiie

Consumer Product Safety Commission. This program was designed to provide information which can be utilized to set realistic abuse performance

levels for riding toys, as well as characterize the types of stability

hazards associated with these toys.

Stability and abuse tests were conducted on ride-on or ride-in

toys, other than tricycles and scooters, designed for use by children

8 years old or less. These tests were conducted on 88 toys which were designed to be used in a ride-on or ride-in mode. To facilitate

control while testing and evaluating the test results, the test specimens were divided into the following groups:

Group I - Ride-on toys (RO)

Group II - Ride- in toys (RI)

Group III - Wagons (W)

Photographs of all specimens tested can be found in appendix A of this

report

.

The toys used for testing were selected at random and purchased on the open market at various retail toy outlets. Some of the toys had an age usage specification already assigned to them at the time of purchase.

Others had no age usage specification assigned. Those toys not having

an age usage specification were classified on the basis of size and

construction similarities to toys already classified for usage according

to age.

All stability tests were conducted with an appropriate test weight,

representing the 95th percentile weight \j of children found in the

oldest group of anticipated users, mounted on the test specimen. These

test weights were assigned to each test specimen on the basis of the

age usage classification of the specimen. The age and weight classifications of individual toy specimens are presented in table 1. The various

combinations of age and weight designations used when testing the

stability of riding toys are as follows:

\J The 95th precentile weights of children 3 to 6 years old were

extrapolated from data presented in reference 1. The 95th percentile weights of children 6 through 8 were obtained from data

presented in reference 2.
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(years)

Age 95th Percentile Weight (kilograms) (pounds)

3

4

5

6

78

18.1

22.7

25.0

27.2

29.5

34.0

40

50

55

60

65

75

All toys rated for use by children 4 years old and above were

tested at 18.1 kg (95th percentile weight of a 3 year old child)

prior to being tested with their assigned test weights.

A description of some of the pertinent parameters characterizing

each toy specimen is presented in tables 2 through 4a of this report.

Static Stability Tests

Forward, backward, and sideways static stability tests were conducted on 84 riding toys designed for use by children 8 years old

or less. These tests were conducted in order to provide stability

data which can be used in the development of standards intended to

eliminate or minimize unexpected hazards that could occur when toys are constructed in a manner that will cause them to easily tip over.

The first step of the static stability tests consisted of

loading the toys with the 95th percentile weight of children in the

oldest age bracket for which the toy is designed. The test weight

was affixed to the toy by clamping, tying, taping, or otherwise

mounting the weight to the seat or anticipated seating area of the

test specimen.

After installing the test weight on the item to be tested, the

test specimen was placed on a 5 cm (2 in) thick, 0.9 m (3 ft) by

1.5 m (5 ft) concrete slab. The surface finish of the concrete was representative of the concrete surfaces found on residential sidewalks

and driveways. One end of the concrete slab was then slowly raised

with the test specimen successively in a forward, backward, or sideways

orientation. If the test specimen lost stability by tipping over, the

angle at which loss of stability occurred was recorded.

Three trials were allowed for each specimen in each of the test

orientations. The wheels of the test specimen v^-ie chocked, when

necessary, to prevent the specimen from rolling or sliding. The

maximum tilt angle to which any test specimen was subjected was 35°

from the horizontal.

Test Description
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Two different test weights were used when conducting the toy

stability tests. One of the test weights, constructed during the

initial phase of the test program, had a total weight of 18.1 kg

(40 lb) and was used to simulate the 95th percentile weight of a 3

year old child. This weight had a center of gravity 19.8 cm above

the bottom of its baseplate and consisted of a cylindrical metal

mass mounted around a vertical shaft. The bottom of the shaft

screwed into a 7.6 cm (3 in) by 12.7 cm (5 in) by 2.5 cm (1 in)

metal baseplate. The second test weight consisted of a vertical

cylindrical metal mass, screwed into a metal baseplate, with a smaller metal rod passing horizontally through the cylinder 21.34 cm above the bottom of the baseplate. Smaller weights were mounted on each arm of the horizontal rod to achieve the weights desired to

simulate the 95th percentile weight of children in various age groups.

Both test weights were constructed so that either of two interchangeable metal baseplates could be used for attaching the test weight

to the test specimen. One baseplate rested on a 25 mm (1 in) thick

layer of low density polyurethane foam so that it would more readily

conform to the curved seating areas of some of the test specimens. The

other baseplate rested on eight one-inch (25 mm) wide suction cups for

better adnerence to flat seating surfaces.

When designing the test weights used to simulate the 95th percentile

weights of children 3 through 8 years old, a prime consideration was

the location of the centers of gravity of the weights with respect to

the seating surface of the test specimens. A review of child anthropometric data indicated that the centers of gravity of children 3 to 8

years old, V7hen seated, range from 19.8 cm (7.8 in) to 21.3 cm (8.4 in) Ij

above the bottom of the buttocks in the vertical plane. Consequently,

the test weights used to simulate the 95th percentile weights of children

in various age groups were constructed with centers of gravity 19.8 cm

(7.8 in) and 21.3 cm (8.4 in) above the bottom of the mounting fixtures.

Dynamic Stability Test

Dynamic stability tests were conducted on ride-on and ride-in toys

at velocities of 1.2 and 1.8 m/s (4 and 6 ft/s). These tests consisted of

loading the toy with a test weight, simulating the 95th percentile weight

of the oldest anticipated user of the toy, and allowing each toy to impact

rectangular shaped obstructions 0.6, 1.3, and 2.5 cm (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0

in) high. These obstructions were intended to simulate door sills, carpet

Ij The 3 year old center of gravity value was extrapolated from data

presented in reference 3. Center of gravity values for children 5 through 8 were taken directly from the data presented in reference 3.
- 4 -

molding, rocks or other raised obstructions likely to be encountered

in a normal use environment. The toys were tested in both a forward

and backward orientation when possible.

In conducting the dynamic stability tests, the toy was placed on

a plywood ramp, with an elevation necessary to generate the required

test speeds, and held in place by the test conductor. The wheels were

aligned in the direction of intended motion and the obstruction was placed in the path of intended motion so that either one or both of the

lead wheels of the test specimen would impact the obstruction. The

obstruction was placed far enough from the end of the ramp so that the

test specimen was moving on a flat surface prior to impact. As a result of impact, the test specimen would either stop, roll over the

obstruction, or tip over. At least two trials were conducted for each

combination of test parameters.

The velocity of each test specimen, when leaving the test ramp, was computed by utilizing a measurement system composed of two phototransistors, two light sources, a dc power supply, and a timer. The

phototransistors were mounted 15.2 cm (6.0 in) apart at the edge of the

ramp and immediately in front of the obstruction to be impacted. Two

light sources, placed directly in front of the phototransistors on the

opposite side of the ramp, generated beams which were interrupted each

time a toy rolled off the ramp, causing voltage pulses to be emitted by

the phototransistor circuits which initiated and stopped a timer. The

velocity of the specimen was then calculated based on the time required

for the specimen to travel 15.2 cm.

Toy Abuse Test

Each toy was placed at the top of a stairway in a forward, backward

or sideways orientation, and allowed to tumble down the stairway onto

a vinyl asbestos floor surface. A total of three trials were conducted

per toy, when possible, and a thorough inspection was conducted on each

test specimen after each trial. Any structural or mechanical defect

resulting from the fall was recorded and evaluated for its hazardproducing potential.

The stairway used for testing was constructed of hardwood and

varnished to simulate stairways normally found in the home. This stairway consisted of 14 steps, with risers 2.76 cm (7.0 in) high, with a hinged landing at its top. This landing was slowly raised until enough

impetus was provided to start the toy down the stairway.
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Test Results

Static Stability Tests

The results of the static stability tests are presented, in detail,

in table B-1 through B-4 in appendix B of this report. These data are summarized in tabular form as frequency distributions in tables 5 through

8. The summary test data are based on the performance of the test specimens

when tested with their assigned test weight only, even though some data

at other test weights were obtained.

When comparing the results of the static stability tests to the

tilt angle parameters specified in paragraph 4.15 of the Proposed Voluntary Product Standard TS 215, Safety Standard for Toys 4-/, several

interesting observations can be made. Of the ride-on toys tested, 9%

of the toys tested in a backward orientation and 38% of those tested in

a sideways orientation tipped over at tilt angles less than 10"^. No

ride-on toys tipped over in a forward orientation at tilt angles less

than 10°. Approximately 44% of the ride-in toys tested in a backward

orientation, as well as 27% of the wagons, tipped over at tilt angles

less than 15°. None of these toys tipped over at an angle less than 15°

in the forward and sideways orientations.

Table 8 contains a composite frequency distribution for all riding

toys tested for static stability, regardless of whether the test speci- men was a ride-on or ride-in toy. It is interesting to note that only

1.3% of all toys tested in a forward orientation tipped over at a tilt

angle less than 15° (none tipped over at a tilt angle less than 10°).

When tested in a backward orientation, 10% of all test specimens tipped

over at a tilt angle less than 10° and 35% of the test specimens tipped

over at a tilt angle less than 15°. Approximately 26% of all toys tested

in a sideways orientation tipped over at angles less than 10° and approximately 54% of these toys tipped over at angles less than 15°.

Based on these results, it is apparent that riding toysfas a class,

are most likely to tip over in a sideways orientation and least likely

to tip over in a forward orientation. More specifically, it can be

construed from the test data that ride-in toys tend to tip over most

readily in a backward orientation and ride-on toys tend to tip over most

readily in a sideways orientation.

Several structural and mechanical failures occurred during the

static stability tests. These failures can generally be characterized as collapsing seats or other portions of the test specimens due to

the test weight (see figures 1 through 4) and specimen instability due

to design and construction deficiencies. A summary of all failures

encountered during the static stability tests is presented in table 9.

4^/ The proposed tilt angle limitations in this proposed standard are 10°

when the rider's feet are available for stabilization and 15° when

the rider's feet are unavailable for stabilization.
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Dynamic Stability Test

A summary of the results of the dynamic stability test is presented

in tables 10 and 11. Table 10 contains information on the number of

toys which initially tipped over at a given obstruction height while

traveling at speeds of 1.2 or 1.8 m/s. Table 11 contains cumulative

totals of the number of specimens which tipped over at various obstruction heights during test.

An examination of the dynamic stability test data reveals that

for both ride-on and ride-in toys, the percentage of specimens which

tipped over in a backward orientation at given obstruction levels

greatly exceeded the number of specimens which tipped over in a forward orientation at respective obstruction levels. These data

also indicate that for the range of obstruction heights used in this

test, the probability of a toy tipping over, in general, increases

as the height of the obstruction impacted increases and the velocity

at which the toy is traveling increases.

Mechanical failures occurring during the dynamic stability test

are described in table 12 of this report. In general, these failures

involved cracked, broken or dislodged parts (see figure 5), flattened

wheels, and structural collapse of test specimens.

A tabulation of the raw data acquired during the dynamic stability

test is presented in tables B-5 through B-10 of appendix B.

Toy Abuse Test

Several failures occurred during the toy abuse test (stairway drop

test). These failures are described in table 13. In general, the

abuse test failures can be characterized as cracked, bent, or broken

parts, and dislodged Pal nuts (cap nuts), which are normally used to

anchor wheels or other objects in place.

Figures 6 through 19 illustrate some of the failures incurred

during the toy abuse test. Figure 20 shows an assortment of Pal nuts

which were used in the construction of various riding toys, some of

which were dislodged during the stability and abuse tests. It is

obvious that a serious hazardous condition could result if, for example,

a Pal nut anchoring a wheel or steering mechanism on a toy, became

dislodged while the toy was being used.

Recommendations '•

1. It is recommended that all riding toys be labeled according

to maximum weight* in addition to age, because great variatl

exist in the weights of children within the same age group.
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2. Due to the many instances of structural collapse encountered

when loading a toy with the 95th percentile weight of children

who would normally use the toy, it is recommended that some consideration be given to possible methods of increasing the

strength of hollow-bodied plastic toys. This could possibly

be done by the following methods

(a) Increasing the thickness of the material used in the

construction of the toy.

(b) Increasing the amount of internal support within the

hollow portion of a toy's body to minimize structural

collapse.

(c) Using plastic materials which have strength characteristics

that will allow the toy to adequately support the weight

of its user.

3. Several instances of Pal nut (cap nut) dislodgment due to

impact were encountered during both the stability and abuse

tests. Because of the repeated occurrence of this type of

failure, it is recommended that some effort be made to

develop a performance requirement that will prevent this type

of situation from occurring.

Summary

Static and dynamic stability tests were conducted on 88 riding toys

by members of the Product Engineering Division, NBS, in order to characterize the types of stability hazards associated with this class of toys

In addition, abuse tests were conducted on the same test specimens to

provide information which can be utilized to set realistic abuse perfor- mance levels for riding toys.

The data obtained from these tests can be used in formulating

criteria for establishing test methods and performance standards for

riding toys. These data can also be of value in identifying potential

hazards associated with riding toys.
References

Malina, R. M. , Hamill, P.V.V. and Lemeshow, S.; "Selected Body

Measurements of Children 6-11 Years." United States Department

of Health, Education, and Welfare, Vital and Health Statistics,

Series II, No. 123, 1973.

Krogman, W.M. , "Growth of Head, Face, Trunk, and Limbs in

Philadelphia White and Negro Children of Elementary and High

School Age," Monographs of the Society for Research and Child

Development, 35:136, 1970.

Swearingen, J. J. and Young, J,W. , "Determination of Centers of

Gravity of Children Sitting and Standing," Federal Aviation Agency,

AM65-23, 1965.

"Safety Standards for Toys," Proposed Voluntary Product Standard

TS215, Office of Engineering Standards Services, NBS, June 1973.
Table 1. Age and Weight Classifications for Ride-On

Toys (RO) , Ride-In Toys (RI) , and Wagons (W)

Maximum Weight

Specimen Number Mfr. Age Designation Used for Testing

years lb kg

RO-1 1 - 3 40 18. 1 RO-2 a/ 1 - 4 40 18. 1 RO-3 1 1/2 - 3 40 18. 1 RO-4 1 - 4 50 22.J

RO-5 b/ 1 1/2 - 4

RO-6 1 - 4 50 22..1 RO-7 1 1/2 - 5 55 25

.

,0

RO-8 1 1/2 - 3 1/2 40 18. 1 RO-9 1 - 4 50 22., 7 RO-10 1 - 4 50 22.,7

RO-11 1 - 4 50 22,, 7 RO-12 c/ 1 - 3 60 27

.

, 2 RO-13 d/ 40 18., 1 RO-14 1 - 3 40 18,, 1 RO-15 1 - 4 50 22,, 7 RO-16 d/ 40 18., 1 RO-17 2 - 5 55 22., 7 RO-18 c/ 3 - 7 60 27

,

. 2 RO-19 1 - 3 40 18,, 1 RO-20 d/ 40 18.. 1 RO-21 d/ 40 18,.1 RO-22 d/ 40 18., 1 RO-23 d/ 40 18,, 1 RO-24 d/ 40 18,,1

RO-25 d/ 40 18., 1 RO-26 d/ 40 18,, 1 RO-27 d/ 40 18., 1
Table 1. Continued

Specimen Number

RO-28 d/

RO-29 d/

RO-30 d/

RO-31 d/

RO-32 d/

RO-33 d/

RO-34 d/

RO-35 d/

RO-36 d/

RO-37 b/

RO-38 b/

RO-39

RO-40 d/

RO-41 d/

RO-42 d/

RO-43

RO-44

RO-45

RO-46

RO-47 d/

RO-48

RO-49

RO-50

RO-51 d/

'

RO-52

RO-53

RO-54

RO-55 d/

RO-56

RO-57 d/

Maximum Weight

Mfr. Age Designation Used for Testing

years lb kg

40 18.1

40 18.. 1

— 40 18., 1 40 18., 1

- 40 18., 1

- 40 18., 1 40 18., 1

- 40 18., 1

- 40 18., 1

_ 2-5 55 25.,0

60 27.,2

- 40 18., 1

- 40 18., 1 2-6 ' 60 27.,2

2-6 ' 60 27,,2

2 1/2-5 ' 55 25,,0

2-4 50 22,,7

- 60 27.,2

11/2-3 ' 40 18., 1 3/4 - 2 40 18., 1

1 + 40 18,,1

40 18.. 1 3-6 60 27..2 2-6 60 27..2 3-10 75 34..0 60 27..2 4-8 75 34..0

75 34..0
Table 1. Continued

Maximum Weight

Specimen Number Mfr. Age Designation Used for Testing

years lb r

RO-58 d/ - 75 34. 0

RO-59 d/ - 75 34. 0

R T- 1 1 /? _ x '-r\J X o • J.

R T - 7 1/ z. - ? 1/2 40 X o • X1

l\X o

X _ ^ / 9 RT-d 9 _ A 50 22

.

7 RT-^ H

/

50 7

RT-fS d / 60 27

.

, 2 RT-7 rl / 60 27

.

, 2

fx X O U. / 75 34 0

RixXT -~ Q rl / U.

/

60 11 2 RI-10 d/ 60 27,,2

RI-11 d/ - 50 22.,7

RI-12 d/ - 75 34.,0

RI-13 d/ - 75 34,,0

RI-14 3 - 7 65 29,,5

RI-15 d/ - 75 34,.0

W- 1 1 _ X 4*-r 50 22

,

, 7

rV ? _ -J 75 n

W- 3 2 - 60 27 ,. 2

rV H 4 - 75 34

,

. 0

rV O X 4 50 22,, 7

VV — D U. / 60 27

,

. 2 W- 7 rl / 75 34

lA/ W — Ro rl / U./ 40 X O ,1 X1 W-9 d/ 40 18

,

, 1 W-10 d/ 75 34,.0

W-11 1

- 4 50 22,,7

W-12 5+ 75 34,.0

W-13 5+ 75 34,,0

W-14 5+ 75 34,.0
Table 1. Continued

NOTE: All toys were tested at forty pounds before tests at heavier

weight were performed.

a./ Toy was broken before heavier weight tests could be performed.

b/ Toy design prevents weight from being mounted.

zj Toy was rated by manufacturer to a higher or lower load than a; designation signified.

d^/ Weight was assigned based on similarity of this toy to a toy

with an age range designated by its manufacturer.
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Table 5. Static Stability Test Frequency Distributions

for Ride-On Toys

Ti It- AthtI^^ 1 1 1 L Hllg i C To^' s

u- / ni ?i Y ^ V> / 111 dA • r^ (TP Toys w/max. Age Tota 1

Kaii^c Ra."t ing of 3 yrs Old Rating of 4-8 yrs. Old Rated

Degrees

Tipped in r U 1 d I U. I'lICCLXCIl

0-4.9

5-9.9

10-14.9 1 1 (2)

15-19.9 4 4 (7)

20-24.9 6 1 7 (13)

25-29.9 5 6 11 (20)

30-34.

9

9 D 15 (28)

35 5 over 5 i -I 16 (30)

Totals 54 (100)

Tipped in Backward Direction

0-4.9 1 1 (2)

5-9.9 4 4 (7)

10-14.9 9 5 14 (25)

15- 19 .

9

8 5 13 (24)

20-24.9 6 6 12 (22)

25-29.9 3 4 7 (13)

30-34.9 4 4 C7) 35 Q over

Totals 55 (100)

Tipped in '^1 n 3 V D 1 TP r t" 1 on

0-4.9 3 i 4 (7)

5-9.9 12 5 17 (31)

10-14.9 13 9 22 (40)

15-19.9 2 3 5 (9)

20-24.9 4 4 (7) 25-29.

9

1 2 3 (6)

30-34.9

35 5 over

Totals 55 (100)

Note: Numbers in parentheses denote percentage

.
Table 6. Static Stability Test Frequency Distributions

for Ride-In Toys

Tilt Angle Toys w/max. Age

Range Rating of 5 yrs . Old

Toys w/max. Age Total No. of Toys

Rating of 4-8 yrs. Old Rated 5-8 yrs. Old

Degrees Tipped in Forward Direction

0-4.9

5-9.9

10-14.9

15-19.9

20-24.9

25-29.9

30-34.9

35 § over 12 14 (100)

Totals 14 (100)

Tipped in Backward Direction

0-4.9

5-9.9 1 1 (7.2)

10-14.9 1 4 5 (36)

15-19.9 1 2 3 (21)

20-24.9 2 2 (14.3)

25-29.9 2 2 (14.3)

30-34.9 1 1 (7.2)

35 5 over

Totals - 14 (100)

Tipped in Sideways Direction

0-4.9

5-9.9 ' ' c

'

10-14.9

15-19.9 1 1 2 (14.3)

20-24.9 1 . 1 (7.2)

25-29.9 1 3 4 (28.6)

30-34.9 3 . t 3 (21.3)

35 § over ' 4 4 (28.6)

Totals 14 (100)

Note: Numbers in parentheses denote percentage.'"'
Table 7. Static Stability Test Frequency Distributions

for Wagons with Front Wheels Straight

Tilt Angle Toys w/max. Age Toys w/max . Age Total No. of toys

Range Rating of 5 yrs . Old Rating of 4-8 yrs . Old Rated 3-8 yrs . Old

Degrees Tip-ed in Forward Direction

0-4.9

5-9.9

10-14.9

15-19.9

20-24.9

25-29.9

30-34.9

35 ^ over

Totals

(9)

10 (91)

11 (100)

Tipped in Backward Direction

0-4.9

5-9.9 2* 2* (18)

10-14.9 1 1 (9)

15-19.9 1 1 2 (18)

20-24.9 1 1 (9)

25-29.9 1 1 (9)

30-34.9 1 1 (9) 35 § over 3 3 (28)

Totals 11 (100)

Tipped in Sideways Direction

0-4.9

5-9.9

10-14.9

15-19.9 4 4 (36)

20-24.9 1 3 4 (36)

25-29.9 3 3 (28)

30-34.9

35 § over

Totals 11 (100)

*Note : One of these units is equipped with a fifth wheel at its rear to prevent

passenger from tipping completely over in backward direction. Wagon tips

at 20° when resting on fifth wheel.

Numbers in parentheses denote percentage.
Table 8. Composite Static Stability Test Frequency

Distributions for All Toys Tested with an Age Rating of 3-8 Years Old

Tilt Angle

Range

Forward Direction Backward Direction Sideways Direction

Degrees Number of % Number of

11UCCUl <^ /**! 1 "V*T*£i Tl o o X c JlCcb

% Number of %

0-4.9 1 1.3 4 5.0

5-9.9 7 8.7 17 21.3

10-14.9 1 1.3 20 25.0 22 27.5

15-19.9 4 5.0 18 V . 22.5 11 13.8

20-24.9 7 8.9 15 18.8 9 11.2

25-29.9 12 ',, 15.2 12.5 10 12.5

30-34.9 15 19.0 6 7.5 3 3.7

35 ^ over 40 50.6 3 3.7 4 5.0

Totals 79 100 80 100 80 100
Table 9. Toy Failures During Static

Stability Test

Discrepancy Specimen

Number Number Failure Description

1 RO-13 Seat collapsed under 18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight.

2 RO-15 Main shaft twists when 18.1 kg (40 lb) weight is

mounted causing instability.

3 RO-16 Bolts holding plastic horse to metal frame allowed

horse to wobble when weight was mounted, causing

instability.

4 RO-22 Wheels flattened under 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight

5 RO-25 Toy collapsed under 18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight.

6 RO-27 Toy collapsed under 18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight.

(See figure 1)

7 RO-29 The pal nut holding the rear wheel to the body of

the toy forced through the plastic wheel, cracking

the wheel and causing the toy to be unstable.

(See figures 2a and 2b)

8 RO-30 Toy collapsed under the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight

9 RO-32 Toy collapsed under the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight. (See figures 3a and 3b)

10 RO-34 Toy collapsed under the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight. (See figure 4)

11 RO-36 Toy collapsed under the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight

12 RO-37 Toy collapsed under the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight

13 RO-51 Toy collapsed under the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight

14 W-9 Wagon collapsed under the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight
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Table 12. Toy Failures During

Dynamic Stability Tests

Discrepancy Specimen

Number Number Failure Description

1 RO-4 Pal nut popped off right rear wheel.

2 RO-23 Toy collapsed under 18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight.

3 RO-28 Toy's wheels flattened under 18.1 kg (40 lb)

test weight.

4 RO-31 Hand grip broke off when toy ran off test ramp,

(See figure 5)

5 RO-33 Toy's rear wheels flattened under 18.1 kg (40 lb)

test weight causing toy to be unstable.

6 RO-46 Seat adjustment clip broke off. The 22.7 (50 lb)

test weight forces toy frame down on wheels.

7 RO-52 Toy is unstable under 27.2 kg (60 lb) test

weight

8 RO-53 Toy is unstable under 27.2 kg (60 lb) test

weight

9 RI-4 Plastic seat of this toy cracked when 22.7 kg

(50 lb) test weight was mounted on seat.

10 W-6 Wagon turned over during 6 ft/s test in backward

orientation and bent rear axle.

11 W-7 Wagon bed collapsed under 34 kg ( 75 lb) test

weight.
Table 13. Toy Failure for Stairway

Abuse Test

Discrepancy Specimen

Number Number Failure Description

1 RO-1 Small piece of clamp on ear assembly broke off.

(See figure 6)

2 RO-2 Steering wheel came off on 1st and 2nd drops.

On 3rd drop, the body split and broke off

several alignment studs (plastic pegs) . (See

figure 7)

3 RO-8 Steering wheel pin bent and became dislodged.

(See figure 8)

4 RO-22 Pal nut popped off underside of toy.

5 RO-28 Two pal nuts, holding top and bottom together

popped off.

6 RO-35 Protruding cannon barrel broke off, leaving

sharp edge. (See figure 9)

7 RO-37 The snap-on front bumper came off, exposing some sharp edges left by mold. (See figure 10)

8 RO-38 Toy cracked on left side, right rear wheel broke

from axle leaving sharp edge. (See figures 11a

and lib)

9 RO-41 Small piece broke out of left front wheel. (See

figure 12)

10 RO-43 Fan belt broke at top left side. (See figure 13)

11 RO-45 Left hand grip broke leaving sharp edges. (See

figure 14)

12 RO-47 Left rear wheel slightly bent.

13 RO-Sl One of four pal nuts holding wheel frame to rear

of body popped off.

14 RO-52 Broke left hand grip leaving sharp edges. (See

figure 15)
Table 13. Continued

Discrepancy Specimen

Number Number Failure Description

15 RO-55 Cracked plastic seat on backward drop.

16 RO-59 Steering wheel came off, exposing sharp edges.

I , (See figure 16)

17 RI-7 Three of four headlights were knocked off,

shearing off small alignment studs which could

..^ be swallowed. (See figure 17)

18 Rl-11 Steering wheel broke, leaving sharp edges.

(See figure 18)

19 W-2 Wagon tongue bent.

20 W-7 Front wheel and axle broke loose from wood frame,

Axle was held in place by 2 wood screws which

were exposed as a result of this failure. (See

figure 19)
Figure 1. Specimen RO-27 collapsing under

18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight.
Figure 2b. Rear wheel of RO-29 after collapsing

under 18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight

during static stability test.
Start 10 seconds

20 seconds 30 seconds

Figure 3a. RO-32 collapsing after mounting

18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight for

static stability test.

ss:::::;;;;:::s:s::;:;: P,MU

:SS!S!!!!!!!!!' [r

Start

ilililini

!!!!!!'/ Kir'. 10 seconds

««««**/«»«•« !BaiiKN*H«««r/ •«•'>:«

:S««aaMa«aa7 laaaavdas laaMaHaaaaa/cBaaastaa

iBMaaaaaaaf aaaaaaaa* « laaaaaaaavv iaaBaeaaar

laaaaaaaar/ 'aaaaKaaas %«« tHaaaaaa ; iaaacsaav '•aaa laaaaaaar/ aaaasas*" ^aaaa

laaaaaaar/ .aaa^ci?'^ •<i*«l 20 seconds

iyfiHi

aaaaaf/ aaagaininriaaa'

aaaaat/ jaaaaaapr'^vaaaai 30 seconds

Figure 3b. Recovery of RO-32 after removing 13.6 kg

(30 lb) from the 18.1 kg (40 lb) test

weight
Figure 4. Specimen RO-34 collapsing under

18.1 kg (40 lb) test weight.
Figure 5. Broken hand grip of RO-31 which occurred

during dynamic stability test.
Figure 7 Broken alignment pegs from RO-2

which occurred during abuse test

(possible ingestion hazard)
Figure 8. Loose pin

dislodged

(possible

from RO-8 which became

during abuse test

ingestion hazard)

Figure 9. Sharp edges resulting from broken

cannon barrel on RO-35, Failure

occurred during abuse test.
Figure 11. Axle (a) of RO-38 to which molded wheel (b) was attached

prior to abuse test. This failure resulted in exposed

sharp edges.
gure 12. Broken wheel on RO-41 resulting

from abuse test (possible ingestion

hazard)

Figure 13. Broken fan belt on RO-43 which

occurred during abuse test.
Figure 14. Sharp edges resulting from broken

hand grip on RO-45 which occurred

during abuse test.

Figure 15. Splintered hand grip on RO-52

which occurred during abuse test.
Figure 16. Jagged edges of metal steering

wheel broken from RO-59 during

abuse test.

Figure 17. Headlight from RI-7 which was dislodged

when small alignment stud was sheared

during abuse test.
Figure 19. Sharp ends of screws which were exposed

after wheel and axle assembly of W-7 pulled

loose from wood frame during abuse test.
Figure 20. Assortment of different types of Pal

nuts (cap nuts), which were dislodged

during testing.

Appendix A.

Photographs of Test Specimens


RO-7 RO-8

ONE FOOl

RO-11 RO-12


RO-23 RO-23 BOTTOM

RO-26
RO-31 RO-32

RO-38

RO-40 RO-41
RO-45
RO-52 RO-53
RO-56
ONE FOOT

RO-57

ONE FOOJ

RO-58

RO-59
RI-4
RI-7
RI-10
ONE FOOT RI-12

RI-13
ONE FOOT

RI-15


ONE FOOl

W-10

w-10 BOTTOM
RO-15 and W-5

Appendix B.

Stability Test Data

Table B-1. Static Stability Test Results for Ride-On Toys

Specimen

Number Test Weight

Sideways

Tilt Angle

Backward

Tilt Angle

Forward

Tilt Angle

lb 7 degrees degrees A pc- ^cr'pi. pceoPC

RO-1 . 40 18, 1 9 . 8 17 ,, 5 18.0

RO-2 40 18, 1 8 .2 8,,2 33.0

RO-3 40 18.. 1 9 .8 12,,5 18.0

RD- d 40 18., 1 11 .0 15,,0 31 S RO-4 50 22

, 7 9 .0 17,,0 25.5

RO-5 (a)

RO-6 40'-T\J 18.,1 16 .0 14,.0 35 + RO-6 50 22.,7 16 .0 12,.0 29.0

RO-7 40 18,,1 7 . 1 25,,0 35 + RO-7 55 25..0 8 .0 23,.0 34.0

RO-8 40 18. 1 11 .0 14,,0 35 + KO-y 40 18,, 1 11 .5 12,,5 •z C _i_ RO-9 50 22..7 11 .0 12,,0 34.5

R(J- 10 40 18. 1 13 .5 11,.0 7/1 O 34 . Z RO-10 50 22

. 7 14 .0 10,,0 34.5

RO-11 40 18. 1 10 .2 15,,0 35.0

RO-11 50 zz

,

y . U ly, u 30.0

RO-12 40 1 o 181 10 .0 31,.0 35 + RO-12 60 27. 2

1 9

. U 28 . 0 35 + RO-13 40 1 O 18

1 10 .0 9,,0 32.0

RO-14 40 18. 1 12 .6 15,.5 24.0

RO- 15 40 18.-

9 .6 20,.5 35+

RO-15 (c) 50 7

RO-16 40 lo., i

•7 o

Q

. O

9 n . U 29.0

RO-1

40 18

, 1 12 .0 25 .0 28.0

RO-17 55 25, 0 10 .0 24,.0 29.0

RO-18 40 18.,1 15 .0 30,.0 35 + RO-18 60 27,,2 15 .0 24,.0 35.0

RO-19 40 18,, 1 11 .0 26,.0 27.5

RO-20 40 18,, 1 8 .2 11 .0 23.0

RO-21 40 18,,1 12 .8 19 .0 16.5

RO-22 40 18,.1 17 .5 17 .0 35 +
Table B-1. Continued

V, o /-» Opc CXlllCll -| Tn on Number Test Weight

oxucWciyb

Tilt Angle

Backward

Tilt Angle

Forward

Tilt Angle

lb r degrees deg:rees degrees

RO-23 40 LO , 1 6.8 X D n 29.0

RO-24 •), 40 X o

1X 15.0 1 1 1 -L C

. D 30.0

RO-25 40 J. o • 1X 9.2 1 X

C

. o 29.0

RO-26 : 40 J. o • 1X 10.8 90 n 25.0

RO-27 : 40 i.1 Ro . 1X 5.7 1 7 c

. o 23.0

RO-28 '40 11 Ro . x1 10.8 oo

c

. D 35.0

RO-29 40 1 R 1

J. 4.0 X1 A^ . u 20.0

RO-30 . 40 1 R 1 26.2

\ 1 D . u 35 + RO-31 40 J.1 Ro • X 5.3 22.0

RO-32 40 J.1 RO • 1 8.0 A 0 11.0

RO-33 40 1 R 1X 8.1 ' q 0 32.5

RO-34 40 18

\ 7.7 I 23 . 0 16.7

RO-35 40 18. 1 10.6 14 . 0 20.3

RO-36 40 18. 1 12.4 ; 20 .3 (b)

40 18. 1 RO-38 (d)

RO-39 40 18. 1 15.0 27 .0 35 + RD- 3Q 25. 0 14 0 26 .0 34 0

KU— Rfl 40 18. 1 21 .5 79 7 RO-40 60 27. 2 23.0 20 .0 28.0

40 18. 1 4 0 • 27 .0 31 0

RO-42 40 18. 1 8 .

18 .0 33 .

RO-43 40 1 R X1 6.0 0 35+

RO-43 60 27. 2 5.0 20 .0 35 + RO-44 : 40 1 R 1

J. 8.0 I X 23.3

RO-44 60 27. 2 2.0 ,. 31 .0 29 .

RO-45 40 1 O . J. 10.0 99 . u 27.7

RO-45 55 25 . 0 11.0 , 31 .0 30. 0

RO-46 40 18. 1 10.0 13 .0 35 + RO-46 50 22. 7 10.0 11 .0 35 + RO-47 40 18. 1 18.5

" 20 .0 35+

RO-47 60 27. 2 19.0 : 17 .0 35+

RO-48 40 18. 1 10.6 12 .c 31.0

I
Table B-1. Continued

Specimen

Mil Tn r\ o "V* 1 c o L W t: -L Hll L Sideways

Tilt Angle

Backward

Tilt Angle

Forward

Ti1 1 i^ tL '^Ilg Ar\ rr 1Ico lb kg deg;rees degrees degrees

RO-49 40 18.10 .5 0 31.0

RO-50 40 18. 1 1 A 13. 0 35.0

RO-51 40 18.1 10 .5 23. 5 30.0

RO-52 40 18.

14 .2 14. 3 29.5

RO-52 60 27.2 10 . 0 14. 0 24.0

RO-53 40 18.1 11 .5 29. 0 27.0

RO-53 60 27.2 7 . 0 34. 5 28.0

RO-54 40 18.1 28 . 2 31. 5 35+

RO-54 75 34.0 26 . 0 26. 0 35 + RO-55 40 18.

25 .8 35+ 35 + RO-55 60 27.2 23 . 0 27. 0 35 + RO-56 40 18.1 28 .7 35+ 35 + RO-56 75 34.0 25 . 0 33. 0 35 + RO-57 40 18.

27 .5 35+ 35 + RO-57 75 34.0 20 .0 17. 0 35 + RO-58 40 18.1 17 .0 14. 5 35+

RO-58 75 34.0 13 .0 15. 0 35 + RO-59 40 18.

21 .8 32. 5 35 + RO-59 75 34.0 20 .0 20. 0 35 +

NOTE: The footnotes denoting anomalies in the following tables have

the same letter designations (i.e., a, b, c, d, e) in each

table, where appropriate.

(a) Toy is unstable when weight is applied.

(b) Toy collapsed under test weight.

(c) Structural or mechanical defect prevented testing.

(d) Toy design precludes performance of this test.
Table B-2. Static Stability Test Results for Ride-In Toys

Specimen Sideways Backward Forward

Number Test Weight Tilt Angle Tilt Angle Tilt Angle

lb r degrees degrees degrees

RI

40 18. 1 26 .

13.0 35+

RI-2 40 18. 1 18.0 17.0 35 + RI-3

RI-3

40

60

18.

27

12 17.5

22.0

25.0

20.0

28.0

35+

RI-4 • RI-4

40

50

18.

22

17 35+

35+

34.0

30.0

35+

35 + RI-5

RI-5

40

50

18.

22.

17 28.8

31.0

16.3

24.0

35 + 35 + RI-6

RI-6

40

60

18.

27.

12 35 + 35 + 21.0

9.0

35+

35+

RI-7

Rl-7

40

60

18.

27.

12 32.0

30.0

15.0

10.0

35+

35 + RI-8

RI-8

40

75

18.

34.

10

31.5

27.0

35+

25.0

35+

35+

RI-9

RI-9

40

60

18.

27

12 29.5

26.0

22,5

17.0

35+

35+

RI-10

RI-10

40

60

18.

27.

12 31.0

30.0

14.0

10.0

35+

35+

RI-11

Rl-11

40

50

18.

22.

17 27.5

27.0

16.0

16.0

35+

35 + RI-12

RI-12

40

75

18. 1

(J 35 + 35+

35 + 27.0

35+

35+

RI-13

RI-13

40

75

18.

34.

10

24.5

18.0

27.5

11.0

35+

35+

RI-14

RI-14 (c)

40

65

18.

29.

15

: 27.0 . ,^ 23.0 35+

RI-15

RI-15

40

75

18.

34.

10

35+

35 + 27.0

13.0

35+

35+

(c) Structural or mechanical defect prevented testiag.
co

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Table B-4. Static Sideways Stability Test Results for

Wagons at Different Steering Angles

Specimen Distance Weight Mounted Steering Sideways Tilt

Number From Rear Edge Test Weight Angle Angle

cm in lb kg degrees degrees

W-1 ; 16.2 6 3/8 18.1 30 14.5

45 12.0

60 12.0

90 14.5

- it 22.7 30 15.6

45 12.0

^

- c r 60 11.0

- ' ^ , : 90 13.0

W-2 19.7 7 3/4 40 18,1 35 21.0

70* 20.0

Si 25.0 35 16.0

70* 15.0

W-3 on seat m 18.1 15 31.0

30* 31.0

60 27.2 15 26.0

: . 30* 26.0

W-4 22.9 9 • m- - 18.1 30 20.5

45 19.5

60 17.0

90 17.0

75' 34.0 30 17.0

- ... . , 45 15.0

- ..... ... 60 15.0

"

" ' '

'

' 90 15.0

W-5 on seat 40_ . 18.1 20 23.0

- > " 40* 21.0

W-6 16.2 6 3/8 40 18.1 30 16.5

45 15.0

60 14.0

90 14.0

''^ 60 27.2 30 16.0

' ' 45 15.0

60 14.0

90 15.0

W-7 ' 18.7 7 3/8 40' 18.1 25 25.0

50* 25.0

W-8 (f) 10.8 4 1/4 40 18.1

W-9 (b) 40 18.1

W-10 17.8 7 40 18. 1 3C 26.0

;-• Z 60* 26.0 - j;: 75 34.0 30 27.0

27.0
Table B-4. Continued

Specimen Distance Weight Mounted

Number From Rear Edge

cm in

W-11 (f) 16.5 6 1/2

W-12 27.9 11

W-13 29.2 11 1/2

W-14 29.2 11 1/2

Steering Sideways Tilt

Test Weight Angle Angle

lb kg degrees degrees

40 18.1

50 34.0

40 18. 1 30 23 .

45 21.0

60 17.5

90 17 .

75 34 . 0 30 21.0

45 20 .

60 17.0

90 15.0

40 18.1 30 21.5

A r 45 18 .

60 17.0

90 17.0

/5 34 . U 30 19 .

45 17.0

60 16.0

90 15.0

40 18.1 30 23.5

45 22.0

60 19.0

90 16.0

75 34.0 30 20.0

45 17.5

60 16.0

90 14.0

*Maximum steering angle.

(b) Wagon collapsed under test weight.

(£) IVheels are fixed in straight position.
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NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 74-623

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLI-: AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date January 1975

Stability and Abuse Tests of Riding Toys 6. Performing Organization Code

446.04

7. AUTHOR(S)

W.C. Brown; H.A. Baker

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4460510

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Washington, D.C. 20207

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary at most sigriificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Stability and abuse tests were conducted on 88 riding toys in order to

provide information which can be utilized to set realistic abuse performance

levels for riding toys, as well as characterize the types of stability hazards

associated with this class of toys. The results of these tests are summarized

in tabular form and a description of the discrepancies encountered as well as photographs of these discrepancies are presented.

The appendices of this report contain photographs of each test specimen

as well as the tabulated raw data for each test conducted.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Abuse testing; dynamic stability; hazards; obstruction; riding toys; stairway;

static stability; test weight; tilt angle; toy testing

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL/'s: :pIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

85

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

18. AVAILABILITY [X^ Unlimited

I ! For Off icial Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I I Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. C13

I I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151 USCOMM-DC 29042-P74