United States Office of Water EPA-820-D-15-003

Environmental Protection 4304T November 2015

Agency

DRAFT

AQUATIC LIFE 

AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

CADMIUM - 2015
ii

EPA 820-D-15-003

AQUATIC LIFE

AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

CADMIUM

(CAS # 7440-43-9)

2015

November 2015

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Water

Office of Science and Technology

Health and Ecological Criteria Division

Washington, D.C. 
iii

NOTICES

When published in final form, this document will provide information to states and tribes 

authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA), to protect aquatic 

life from toxic effects of cadmium. Under the CWA, states and tribes are to establish water quality 

criteria to protect designated uses. State and tribal decision makers retain the discretion to adopt 

approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from these criteria when appropriate. While this 

document contains EPA’s draft scientific recommendations regarding ambient concentrations of 

cadmium that protect aquatic life, it does not substitute for the CWA or EPA’s regulations; nor is it a 

regulation itself. Thus, it cannot impose legally binding requirements on EPA, states, tribes, or the 

regulated community, and might not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. 

EPA may change this draft document in the future. This document has been approved for publication 

by the Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or 

recommendation for use. This document can be downloaded from: 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/aqlife.html Notices.
iv

FOREWORD

Section 304(a) (l) of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1314(a)(1), directs the Administrator 

of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the 

latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare that 

might be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. This 

document is EPA’s proposal of new recommended ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for the 

protection of aquatic life based upon consideration of available information relating to effects of 

cadmium on aquatic organisms,and consideration of independent external peer review and EPA 

workgroup comments. 

The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act: section 

304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has different meanings in each section. In section 304, the 

term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological and human health effects. The 

criteria presented in this document are such a scientific assessment of ecological effects. In section 

303(c), the term water quality criteria refers to criteria adopted by a state as part of their legallybinding water quality standards. Criteria in water quality standards establish the maximum acceptable 

pollutant concentrations in ambient waters protective of the state’s designated uses. States may adopt 

water quality criteria in their water quality standards that have the same numerical values as EPA’s 

recommended section 304(a)(1) criteria. However, states may decide to adopt water quality criteria 

different from EPA’s section 304 recommendations to reflect local environmental conditions and 

human exposure patterns. Alternatively, states may use different data and assumptions than EPA in 

deriving numeric criteria that are scientifically defensible and protective of designated uses. It is not 

until their adoption as part of state water quality standards and approved by EPA (or in limited 

instances promulgated by EPA) under section 303(c) that criteria become applicable water quality 

standards for Clean Water Act purposes. Information to assist the states and Indian tribes in 

modifying the recommended criteria presented in this document is contained in the Water Quality 

Standards Handbook (U.S. EPA 1994a). This handbook and additional information on the 

development of water quality standards and other water-related programs of this agency have been 

developed by the Office of Water. 

This draft document does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. It does not 

establish a binding norm and cannot be finally determinative of the issues addressed. Agency 

decisions in any particular situation will be made by applying the Clean Water Act and EPA 

regulations on the basis of specific facts presented and scientific information then available. 

Elizabeth Southerland

Director 

Office of Science and Technology
v

AUTHORS / REVIEWERS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Technical Analysis Leads

Michael Elias, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological 

Criteria Division, Washington, DC

elias.mike@epa.gov

Susan Laessig, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division, 

Washington, DC

Joseph Beaman, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological 

Criteria Division, Washington, DC

Reviewers (2015-2016)

Elizabeth Behl, Kathryn Gallagher, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health 

and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC

EPA Peer Reviewers (2015)

Cindy Roberts, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Office of Science Policy, 

Washington, DC

Russ Hockett, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology 

Division, Duluth, MN

Jim Lazorchak, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research 

Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH

Susan Laessig, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division, 

Washington, DC

Glynis Hill, U.S. EPA, Office of Policy, Office of Regulatory Policy and Management, 

Washington, DC

Jeff Gallagher, U.S. EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of 

Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC 

Joe Beaman and Wade Lehman, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria 

Division, Washington, DC

Claudia Fabiano and Lars Wilcut, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 

Washington, DC

Amelia Letness, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, 

DC
vi

Ruth Chemerys and Rosaura Conde, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, 

and Watersheds, Washington, DC 

Cheryl Atkinson, Frank Borsuk, and Kuo-Liang Lai, U.S. EPA Region 3, Philadelphia, PA

Amy Bergdale, U.S. EPA Region 3, Wheeling, WV

Joel Hansel, U.S. EPA Region 4, Atlanta, GA

Candice Bauer and Kay Edly, U.S. EPA Region 5, Chicago, IL

Lareina Guenzel, U.S. EPA Region 8, Denver, CO

Jane Hashimoto and Terrence Fleming, U.S. EPA Region 9, San Francisco, CA

Lisa Macchio, Kathleen Collins, John Palmer, and Burt Shephard, U.S. EPA Region 10, Seattle, 

WA
vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD................................................................................................................................ iv

AUTHORS / REVIEWERS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... x

LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. x

ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................ xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ xii

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ........................................................................ 1

1.1 History of the EPA Cadmium AWQC for Aquatic Life ....................................................... 1

2 PROBLEM FORMULATION ............................................................................................ 6

2.1 Overview of Cadmium Sources and Occurrence ................................................................ 6

2.2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Cadmium in the Aquatic Environment................... 8

2.3 Mode of Action and Toxicity ............................................................................................. 10

2.3.1 Water quality parameters affecting cadmium toxicity.............................................. 13

2.4 Conceptual Model............................................................................................................. 14

2.5 Assessment Endpoints....................................................................................................... 16

2.6 Measurement Endpoints.................................................................................................... 17

2.7 Analysis Plan .................................................................................................................... 23

2.7.1 Hardness Adjustment................................................................................................ 24

2.7.2 Acute criterion .......................................................................................................... 26

2.7.3 Chronic criterion ....................................................................................................... 27

3 EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS ............................................... 29

3.1 Freshwater Toxicity to Aquatic Animals........................................................................... 29

3.1.1 Acute toxicity............................................................................................................ 29

3.1.2 Chronic toxicity ........................................................................................................ 39

3.2 Estuarine Toxicity to Aquatic Animals ............................................................................. 46

3.2.1 Acute Toxicity .......................................................................................................... 46

3.2.2 Chronic Toxicity ....................................................................................................... 54

3.3 Bioaccumulation ............................................................................................................... 57

3.4 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants................................................................................................. 58

4 The National Criteria for Cadmium ................................................................................. 59

4.1 The Freshwater Cadmium Criteria................................................................................... 59

4.2 The Estuarine/Marine Cadmium Criteria......................................................................... 60

4.3 Freshwater Criteria Calculations..................................................................................... 60

4.3.1 Acute ......................................................................................................................... 60

4.3.2 Chronic...................................................................................................................... 62

4.4 Estuarine/Marine Criteria Calculations........................................................................... 63
viii

4.4.1 Acute ......................................................................................................................... 63

4.4.2 Chronic...................................................................................................................... 64

5 EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................ 68

5.1 Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data ....................................................................................... 68

5.1.1 Acute toxicity data for freshwater mussels............................................................... 70

5.1.2 Suitability of acute Hyalella azteca data .................................................................. 70

5.1.3 Uncertainty in the freshwater FAV calculation ........................................................ 72

5.1.4 Acute criteria duration .............................................................................................. 73

5.2 Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data ................................................................................... 74

5.2.1 Suitability of chronic Hyalella azteca data............................................................... 75

5.2.2 Uncertainty in the freshwater FCV calculation ........................................................ 80

5.3 Additional Aquatic Life Water Quality Assessments for Cadmium .................................. 81

5.4 Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data ............................................................................. 83

5.4.1 Uncertainty in estuarine/marine FAV calculation .................................................... 84

5.5 Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data ......................................................................... 88

5.5.1 Final Acute-to-Chronic Ratio ................................................................................... 89

5.5.2 Uncertainty in the estuarine/marine FCV calculation............................................... 91

5.6 Bioaccumulation ............................................................................................................... 91

5.6.1 Uncertainty with cadmium exposure routes ............................................................. 93

5.7 Effects on Aquatic Plants.................................................................................................. 97

5.8 Protection of Listed Species.............................................................................................. 98

5.8.1 Acute toxicity data for listed species........................................................................ 98

5.8.2 Chronic toxicity data for listed species................................................................... 101

5.9 Comparison of 2001 and 2015 Criteria Values.............................................................. 102

5.9.1 Comparison of acute freshwater criterion to 2001 document................................. 102

5.9.2 Comparison of chronic freshwater criterion to 2001 document ............................. 108

5.9.3 Hardness correlation and equations for cadmium toxicity adjustment................... 112

5.9.4 Comparison of acute estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document ....................... 112

5.9.5 Comparison of chronic estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document.................... 118

6 UNUSED DATA................................................................................................................ 119

7 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 120
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Summary of 2001 and 2015 Draft Aquatic Life AWQC for Cadmium. ....................... xiv

Table 2. Number of Aquatic Species Included in Cadmium AWQC............................................. 4

Table 3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cadmium. .............................................................. 9

Table 4. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria Derivation.

...................................................................................................................................... 23

Table 5. Summary of Acceptable Toxicity Data Used to Meet the Minimum Data Requirements 

in the “1985 Guidelines”. ............................................................................................. 24

Table 6. Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Acute Toxicity vs. Hardness Relationship. . 31

Table 7. Ranked Freshwater GMAVs........................................................................................... 34

Table 8. Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Chronic Toxicity vs. Hardness Relationship.

...................................................................................................................................... 41

Table 9. Ranked Freshwater GMCVs........................................................................................... 44

Table 10. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMAVs............................................................................... 49

Table 11. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMCVs............................................................................... 56

Table 12. Freshwater CMC and CCC at Various Water Hardness............................................... 59

Table 13. Freshwater FAV Calculation. ....................................................................................... 62

Table 14. Freshwater FCV Calculation. ....................................................................................... 63

Table 15. Estuarine/Marine FAV Calculation. ............................................................................. 64

Table 16. Acute-to-Chronic Ratios............................................................................................... 65

Table 17. Acute studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion............. 71

Table 18. Chronic studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion. ........ 76

Table 19. Individual species slopes and selected regression statistics for the equation ln(LC50Cd) 

= ln(Salinity)................................................................................................................. 86

Table 20. Acute Summary of Listed Species Tests. ................................................................... 101

Table 21. Chronic Summary of Listed Species Tests................................................................. 102

Table 22. Freshwater GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents... 103

Table 23. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FAV and CMC in the 

2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update. ............................................................ 108

Table 24. Freshwater GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents... 109

Table 25. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FCV and CCC in the 

2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update. ............................................................ 111

Table 26. Hardness-Toxicity Relationship Data used in U.S. EPA (2001) Compared to this 

Update. ....................................................................................................................... 112

Table 27. Estuarine/Marine GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 

Documents.................................................................................................................. 113

Table 28. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC 

in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update. .................................................. 117
x

Table 29. Estuarine/Marine GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 

Documents.................................................................................................................. 118

Table 30. Total Number of Toxicity Values for Species and Genera in 2001 AWQC and 2015 

Update. ....................................................................................................................... 119

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Conceptual Model Depicting the Major Sources, Transport and Exposure Media and 

Ecological Effects of Cadmium in the Environment.................................................... 16

Figure 2. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMAVs......................................................................... 39

Figure 3. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMCVs......................................................................... 46

Figure 4. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMAVs............................................................... 54

Figure 5. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMCVs............................................................... 57

Figure 6. Individual Species Slopes Showing the Relationship between Natural Log Transformed 

Salinity and Natural Log Transformed Acute Cadmium Toxicity............................... 87

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data ..................................................................A-1

Appendix B Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data ........................................................B-1

Appendix C Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data...............................................................C-1

Appendix D Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data.....................................................D-1

Appendix E Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data ................................................................... E-1

Appendix F Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data.......................................................... F-1

Appendix G Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data..................................................................................G-1

Appendix H Other Freshwater Toxicity Data......................................................................................H-1

Appendix I Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data............................................................................. I-1

Appendix J Unused Studies ................................................................................................................J-1

Appendix K Issue Summary Regarding Test Conditions and Methods for Water Only Toxicity Testing 

with Hyalella azteca .......................................................................................................K-1
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ACRONYMS

ACR Acute-to-Chronic Ratio

AWQC Ambient Water Quality Criteria

BAF Bioaccumulation Factor 

CCC Criterion Continuous Concentration 

CF Conversion Factor 

CMC Criterion Maximum Concentration

CV Chronic Value (expressed in this document as an EC20 or MATC) 

CWA Clean Water Act 

ECx Effect Concentration at X Percent Effect Level

ELS Early Life Stage

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

ESA Endangered Species Act

FACR Final Acute-to-Chronic Ratio

FAV Final Acute Value

FCV Final Chronic Value

GMAV Genus Mean Acute Value

GMCV Genus Mean Chronic Value

LCx Lethal Concentration at X Percent Survival Level

LOEC Lowest Observed Effect Concentration

MATC Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (expressed mathematically as the 

geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC) 

MDR Minimum Data Requirements

NOEC No Observed Effect Concentration

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 

SD Sensitivity Distribution

SMACR Species Mean Acute-to-Chronic Ratio

SMAV Species Mean Acute Value

SMCV Species Mean Chronic Value

TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load 

TRAP EPA’s Statistical Program: Toxicity Relationship Analysis Program (Version 

1.21) 

WQBELS Water Quality-based Effluent Limitations 

WQC Water Quality Criteria 

WQS Water Quality Standards
xii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EPA has updated the Agency’s recommended cadmium aquatic life ambient water 

quality criteria in accord with provisions of §304(a) of the Clean Water Act to periodically revise 

Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) in order to reflect the latest scientific knowledge. 

Recommended 304(a) water quality criteria for cadmium were originally developed in 1980 

(EPA 440/5-80-025, U.S. EPA 1980), and subsequently updated in 1985 (EPA 440/5-84-032), 

1996 (EPA-820-B-96-001) and 2001 (EPA-822-R-01-001, U.S. EPA 2001). Cadmium aquatic 

life criteria are updated in this revision consistent with methods described in U.S. EPA’s 

“Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of 

Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses” (1985 Guidelines) (Stephan et al. 1985).

Revisions in this update are based on data that have become available since 2001.

Literature searches of laboratory aquatic toxicity tests with cadmium published between 2001 

and 2014 identified 90 new studies containing acute and chronic toxicity data that are acceptable 

for deriving the revised cadmium criteria. The relationship of cadmium toxicity to total hardness 

was also revised with the newly acquired data (see Table 6 and Table 8). The 2015 update 

incorporates data for 70 new species and 49 new genera. The dataset used to develop the updated 

criteria is composed of 75 freshwater genera for acute toxicity (compared to 55 genera in the 

2001 criteria), 20 freshwater genera for chronic toxicity (compared to 16 genera in the 2001 

criteria), and 79 estuarine/marine genera for acute toxicity (compared to 54 genera in the 2001 

criteria). No new chronic toxicity data were available for estuarine/marine genera. 

Studies evaluating the freshwater acute toxicity of cadmium are available for nine

Federally-listed species. Eight of these species are fish and one is a freshwater mussel. The most 

sensitive Listed species are in the family Salmonidae, as represented by the genera 

Oncorhynchus (O. kisutch, O. mykiss and O. tshawytscha) and Salvelinus (S. confluentus). Acute 

toxicity data are also available for the Listed freshwater mussel Neosho mucket (Lampsilis 

rafinesqueana). Studies evaluating the freshwater chronic toxicity of cadmium are available for 

four Federally-listed species, three of which are also represented by the genera Oncorhynchus

(O. kisutch, O. mykiss and O. tshawytscha) and one by the genera Salmo (S. salar). Acute 

estuarine/marine toxicity data are available for the Listed Oncorhynchus kisutch. There are no 

acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine Listed species. Summaries provided in the 
xiii

document describe the best available data for Federally-listed species that have been tested for 

sensitivity to cadmium; these data demonstrate that the 2015 cadmium criteria update is 

protective of these tested species.

Sufficient toxicity data were available to fulfill requirements of calculating acute and 

chronic freshwater and acute estuarine/marine criteria using a species sensitivity distribution, as

described in the 1985 Guidelines. Data were not sufficient to calculate the chronic 

estuarine/marine criterion and Acute-Chronic Ratios (ACRs) were therefore used to derive this 

criterion. The Final Acute-Chronic Ratio (FACR) for this update was derived from seven genera

ACRs (three freshwater invertebrate genera, five freshwater fish genera, and one acutely 

sensitive saltwater mysid genus). The freshwater ACR values used represent a range of species 

acute sensitivities, from very sensitive to moderately sensitive, and have taxonomically-related 

marine species. This differs from the 2001 update, where only two saltwater ACRs were 

available and used to calculate the saltwater FACR; however these two species are now reclassified as a single genus, Americamysis.

Acute and chronic hardness slopes were revised with data for several new species. The 

updated acute cadmium hardness slope incorporates data for 20 species (12 species used in the

2001 draft criteria and eight new species) (see Table 6). The updated chronic slope incorporates 

data for four species (two species used in the 2001 draft criteria and two new species) (see Table 

8). The new chronic slope uses EC20 estimates for three of the four species, instead of only

Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentrations (MATCs) used for the 2001 chronic slope

(MATCs were used only for Daphnia magna in the 2015 slope to retain the invertebrate species).

The 2015 freshwater and estuarine/marine Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)

and Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) values for cadmium are summarized and 

compared to corresponding 2001 criteria values in Table 1. The available freshwater toxicity 

data for cadmium, evaluated using procedures described in the 1985 Guidelines, indicates that 

freshwater aquatic life should be protected if the 1-hour average CMC does not exceed:

CMC (μg/L, dissolved conc.) = e(1.103 x ln(hardness) – 4.291)x CF (Eq. 1)

Where CF (conversion factor) = 1.136672 - [(ln hardness) (0.041838)];

and the four-day average CCC does not exceed:

CCC (μg/L, dissolved conc.) = e(0.7977 x ln(hardness)-3.897)x CF (Eq. 2)

Where the CF (conversion factor) = 1.101672 - [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]
xiv

more than once every three years on average.

The 2015 freshwater acute CMC is 2.1 μg/L dissolved cadmium based on a hardness of 

100 mg/L as CaCO3. The CMC was derived to be protective of the commercially and 

recreationally important rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), consistent with procedures 

described in the 1985 Guidelines, and is also protective of all salmonid species for which toxicity 

data are available. This value is very slightly higher than the 2001 CMC of 2.0 μg/L dissolved 

cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3. The 2015 freshwater chronic CCC is 0.73

μg/L dissolved cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3, and is an increase (i.e., 

less stringent) from the 2001 criteria of 0.25 μg/L dissolved cadmium, based on a hardness of 

100 mg/L as CaCO3. This increase is primarily due to use of EC20s over MATCs, new data for 

existing species and the inclusion of a new sensitive genus (Cottus), which now represents the 

third most sensitive genus.

The 2015 estuarine/marine acute CMC of 35 μg/L dissolved cadmium is more stringent 

than the 2001 recommended criterion of 40 μg/L, which is primarily due to the addition of three 

new sensitive genera, consisting of a mysid (Neomysis), a jellyfish (Aurelia) and a copepod 

(Tigriopus). The estuarine/marine chronic CCC is now 8.3 μg/L dissolved cadmium compared to 

the 2001 CCC of 8.8 μg/L. Available data suggest the acute toxicity of cadmium may be 

influenced by salinity, with a trend of decreasing sensitivity to cadmium with increasing salinity. 

However, this trend could not be definitively characterized and a mathematical relationship 

could not be described to define the dependency (see Section 5.4.1). 

Table 1. Summary of 2001 and 2015 Draft Aquatic Life AWQC for Cadmium.

2015 AWQC Update 2001 AWQC

Acute

(1-hour, 

dissolved Cd)c

Chronic

(4-day, 

dissolved Cd)

Acute

(1-day,

dissolved Cd)

Chronic

(4-day,

dissolved Cd)

Freshwater 

(Total Hardness = 

100 mg/L as CaCO3)

a

2.1 μg/Lb0.73 μg/L 2.0 μg/Lb0.25 μg/L

Estuarine/marine 35 μg/L 8.3 μg/L 40 μg/L 8.8 μg/L

a

Freshwater acute and chronic criteria are hardness-dependent and were normalized to a hardness of 100 

mg/L as CaCO3 to allow the presentation of representative criteria values.

b Lowered to protect the commercially and recreationally important species (rainbow trout), as per the 

1985 Guidelines, Stephan et al. (1985).

c The duration of the 2015 acute criteria was changed to 1-hour to reflect the 1985 Guidelines-based 

recommended acute duration. 
1

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

National Recommended Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) are established by the 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) under the Clean Water Act (CWA). 

Section 304(a)(1) aquatic life criteria serve as recommendations to states and tribes by defining 

ambient water concentrations that will protect against unacceptable adverse ecological effects to 

aquatic life resulting from exposure to pollutants found in water. Aquatic life criteria address the 

CWA goals of providing for the protection and propagation of fish and shellfish. Once EPA 

publishes final §304(a) recommended water quality criteria, states and authorized tribes may 

adopt the criteria based on EPA’s recommendations and scientific information into their water 

quality standards to protect designated uses of water bodies. States and authorized tribes may 

also adopt criteria to reflect site-specific conditions or use other scientifically-defensible methods 

to develop standards. After adoption, states are to submit new and revised water quality 

standards (WQS) to EPA for review and approval or disapproval. When approved by EPA, the 

state’s WQS become applicable WQS for CWA purposes. Such purposes include identification 

of impaired waters and establishment of TMDLs under CWA section 303(d) and derivation of 

water quality-based effluent limitations in permits issued under the CWA section 402 National 

Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program.

As required by the CWA, U.S. EPA periodically reviews and revises 304(a) AWQC to 

ensure they are consistent with the latest scientific information. Once peer reviewed and 

finalized, this draft 2015 update will supersede the AWQC for cadmium that was last updated in 

2001 (EPA-822-R-01-001, U.S. EPA 2001). The cadmium water quality criteria provided in this 

document were updated in accordance with methods outlined in the Agency’s “Guidelines for 

Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms 

and Their Uses” (referred to as the 1985 Guidelines) (Stephan et al. 1985). This document 

describes scientifically defensible water quality criteria values for cadmium pursuant to CWA 

§304(a), derived utilizing best available data in a manner consistent with the 1985 Guidelines 

and reflecting best professional scientific judgments of toxicological effects.

1.1 History of the EPA Cadmium AWQC for Aquatic Life

U.S. EPA first published AWQC for cadmium in 1980 (EPA 440/5-80-025), and updated 

the criteria in 1985 (EPA 440/5-84-032), 1996 (EPA-820-B-96-001) and again in 2001 (EPA-
2

822-R-01-0011). Each update supersedes the previous U.S. EPA aquatic life water quality criteria 

and uses the most recent data to estimate maximum and continuous concentrations of cadmium

that would protect most aquatic organism populations from unacceptable short- or long-term 

effects.

The 1980 acute and chronic freshwater and saltwater criteria were expressed as total 

recoverable cadmium. The acute and chronic freshwater criteria were adjusted for ambient water 

hardness since the presence of calcium and other ions in freshwater are known to reduce the 

toxicity of cadmium. An acute saltwater criterion was calculated and the effects of temperature 

and salinity were considered, although no clear relationship to toxicity could be established with 

the available data, thus the acute saltwater criteria was not adjusted for temperature. Because of a 

limited dataset at the time, a chronic saltwater criterion was not developed. Data for aquatic 

plants indicated that a reduction in growth occurred at concentrations above the lowest effect 

concentrations for fish and invertebrates, so aquatic life criteria were not developed for plants.

The 1985 criteria update was based on the measurement of acid-soluble cadmium instead 

of total recoverable cadmium, based on the conservatism of using total recoverable cadmium in 

situations where it is occluded in minerals, clays, and sand, or strongly sorbed to particulate 

matter. While the 1985 criteria provided extensive scientific and practical rationale for using 

acid-soluble cadmium measurements, no standard analytical method was available. In the 

absence of a U.S. EPA-approved method for the measurement of acid-soluble cadmium, total 

recoverable cadmium was considered the preferred concentration measure. 

Acute toxicity values for 44 freshwater genera were used for the 1985 criteria update to 

develop a Final Acute Value (FAV), which was lowered further to protect the commercially 

important rainbow trout, the most sensitive species. The acute freshwater criterion was set at

3.589 μg/L at a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3, not to be exceeded over a 1-hour average more 

than once every 3 years, on average. Acute toxicity values were available at that time for 35

estuarine/marine species (33 genera) and the most sensitive genera was Mysidopsis (Table 2)

Acute toxicity was generally found to increase with decreasing salinity, while the effect of 

temperature on acute toxicity appeared to occur on a species-specific basis. However, correction 

 

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http://www.epa.gov/nscep/
3

factors were not developed for either due to limitations in supporting data. The estuarine/marine 

FAV was 85.09 μg/L, not to be exceeded over a 1-hour average more than once every 3 years.

Chronic freshwater toxicity values used to derive the 1985 criteria were available for 16 

species (13 genera). The Final Chronic Value (FCV) was calculated in the same manner as the

FAV because the acute-to-chronic ratios, which were available for eight species, varied widely. 

The resulting freshwater FCV was 0.6582 μg/L at a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3, not to be 

exceeded over a 4-day average more than once every 3 years, on average. The mean acute-tochronic ratio for two saltwater species was used to calculate an estuarine/marine FCV of 9.345 

μg/L, not to be exceeded over a 4-day average more than once every 3 years, on average.

The 1995 criteria revision (U.S. EPA 1996a) updated freshwater criteria based on the 

incorporation of new acute and chronic data and the re-evaluation of existing data. Several 

Species Mean Acute Values (SMAVs) were changed based on a preference for flow-through 

tests and measured test concentrations. Data from tests conducted with uncharacterized river 

water were removed from the acceptable acute dataset. The resulting acute dataset consisted of 

43 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs). The FAV was 4.134 μg/L total recoverable cadmium, 

normalized to a hardness of 50 mg/L. The FAV was not lowered to protect a commercially or 

recreationally important species. Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCVs) were changed based on

the availability of additional test data, the removal of two test values conducted in river water, 

and the removal of a test value where cadmium concentrations were not measured. The resulting 

chronic dataset consisted of 12 GMCVs. The FCV was calculated using an “N” of 43, which was 

the number of GMAVs, rather than 12, the number of GMCVs. The FCV was 1.429 μg/L total 

recoverable cadmium, normalized to a hardness of 50 mg/L. 

The 2001 criteria update was based on dissolved cadmium (passing through a 0.45 μm

filter) to more accurately account for bioavailability and reflect the latest EPA policy for metals 

risk assessment (U.S. EPA 1993b). Freshwater SMAVs for cadmium were available for 65 

species in 55 genera (24 fish, 39 invertebrates, 1 frog, and 1 salamander) (Table 2). The most 

sensitive vertebrate species was brown trout (Salmo trutta). The most sensitive invertebrate 

species was Daphnia magna, which was approximately 9 times less sensitive than brown trout. 

Freshwater criteria were corrected for hardness based on separate acute and chronic cadmium

toxicity versus hardness slopes that were generated using acute data for 12 species and chronic 
4

data for 3 species. Conversion factors were applied to convert total recoverable to dissolved 

cadmium concentrations. 

Acceptable freshwater chronic test data were available for 14 fish species and 7

invertebrate species (Table 2), with the amphipod Hyalella azteca identified as the most 

sensitive species in the 2001 criteria. Acute-to-chronic ratios were calculated for 6 species. The 

2001 estuarine/marine acute criterion was based on SMAVs for 61 species in 54 genera (50 

invertebrates and 11 fish species) (Table 2), with mysids and striped bass identified as the most 

sensitive species. Chronic saltwater tests were available for two mysid species, from which

acute-to-chronic ratios were calculated.

Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) reported in the 2001 criteria document for freshwater 

species ranged from 7 to 6,910 for invertebrates and from 3 to 2,213 for fishes. BCFs for 

saltwater invertebrates ranged from 5 to 3,160. Toxicity values for freshwater and saltwater 

aquatic plants were reviewed and acute values were found to be in the same range as toxicity 

values for fish and invertebrates, while chronic values were found to be considerably higher. 

The resulting 2001 freshwater CMC was 2.0 μg/L dissolved cadmium and the resulting 

freshwater CCC was 0.25 μg/L dissolved cadmium, when normalized to a total hardness of 100

mg/L as CaCO3. The 2001 saltwater CMC was 40 μg/L dissolved cadmium, while the 2001 

saltwater CCC was 8.8 μg/L.

Table 2. Number of Aquatic Species Included in Cadmium AWQC

Freshwater Acute Freshwater 

Chronic

Estuarine/Marine

Acute

Estuarine/Marine

Chronic

1980 29 13 31 1

1985 52 16 35 2

1996 NAa NA NA NA

2001 65 21 61 2

2015 101 27 94 2

a NA = Not Available

For the 2015 update, U.S. EPA conducted a literature search and review of acute and 

chronic toxicity data that have become available since the 2001 update. This update incorporates

additional toxicity data for the development of both freshwater and estuarine/marine acute and 

chronic criteria and new toxicity data related to water hardness, which remains the primary 
5

quantitative correlation used to modify metal toxicity estimates in freshwater (U.S. EPA 1996a). 

U.S. EPA also re-evaluated studies with Hyalella azteca and freshwater mussel glochidia (a 

larval stage of unionid mussels), both of which were used in the development of the 2001 

criteria. U.S. EPA re-evaluated studies with H. azteca because recent research has shown that the 

outcome of toxicity tests with H. azteca can be impacted by culture and test conditions (e.g., 

chloride concentration, food quantity and composition) and that tests using standard 

recommended test methods may not be acceptable. All Hyalella studies were therefore reevaluated for acceptability with newly developed guidelines (Appendix K). The acceptable 

duration of tests using glochidia was also reconsidered. Glochidia are a larval stage of unionid 

freshwater mussels that occur in the water column and remain viable for only a limited period of 

time prior to attaching to a host fish. The duration of an acceptable toxicity test was adjusted to 

24 hours to account for potential adverse effects to glochidia during this larval stage, as recent 

information indicates that glochidia can be the most sensitive lifestage for some chemicals and

plays an important role in the viability of unionid mussel populations.
6

2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Problem formulation provides a strategic framework to develop water quality criteria by 

providing an overview of a chemical’s sources and occurrence, fate and transport in the 

environment, and toxicological characteristics and factors affecting toxicity. A problem 

formulation uses this information to develop a conceptual model and identify the most relevant 

chemical properties and endpoints for evaluation. The structure of the problem formulation

developed for cadmium is consistent with U.S. EPA’s Guidelines for Ecological Risk 

Assessment (U.S. EPA 1998).

2.1 Overview of Cadmium Sources and Occurrence

Cadmium is a relatively rare, naturally occurring metal found in mineral deposits and 

distributed ubiquitously at low concentrations in the environment. Cadmium is a minor metallic 

element that was first discovered in Germany in 1817 as a by-product of the zinc refining process 

(International Cadmium Association 2013). The primary current industrial uses of cadmium are 

for manufacturing batteries, pigments, plastic stabilizers, metal coatings, alloys and electronics

(Fulkerson and Goeller 1973; Hutton 1983; Pickering and Gast 1972; Wilson 1988). Nickelcadmium (NiCd) batteries account for the majority (over 80%) of global cadmium consumption,

followed by its use in pigments, coatings and plating, stabilizers for plastics, nonferrous alloys 

and other specialized uses (e.g., photovoltaic devices) (USGS 2013). Of particular note is the 

recent use of cadmium (as cadmium selenide or cadmium sulfide) in the manufacture of 

nanoparticles (also referred to as quantum dots) used as a semiconductor in photovoltaic devices 

(e.g., solar cells and emitters for color displays). The ecological and toxicological effects of these 

emerging materials to aquatic organisms are largely unknown at this time, and therefore 

represent a new source of cadmium to the environment (Tang 2013). Demand for cadmium has 

increased based on its use in NiCd batteries, while more traditional uses of cadmium in coatings, 

pigments and stabilizers have been declining due to environmental and health concerns (USGS 

2013). Cadmium is also present as an impurity in zinc, lead and copper ore mine wastes, fossil 

fuels, iron and steel, cement, and fertilizers (Cook and Morrow 1995; International Cadmium 

Association 2013), and is present as a natural or introduced constituent in inorganic phosphate 

fertilizers (MNDH 2014).
7

In 2012, approximately 70 percent of the world’s new cadmium supply was produced in 

Asia, with China, the Republic of Korea and Japan representing the leading producers (USGS 

2013). Cadmium is no longer actively mined in the U.S. or Canada (USGS 2013), but it is 

produced domestically as a by-product of the extraction, smelting and refining of zinc, copper 

and lead ores. A leading source of cadmium (23% of the global supply) is from the recovery of 

spent NiCd batteries and other cadmium-bearing scrap materials (International Cadmium 

Association 2013; USGS 2013). In 2010, an estimated 637 metric tons of refined cadmium was 

produced domestically from recovered materials (USGS 2013). The amount of cadmium 

contained in products imported to the U.S. in 2007 was estimated to be about 1,900 metric tons

(USGS 2007).

Cadmium concentrations in natural sources vary with geographic location and type of 

deposit. Concentrations of cadmium in mineral deposits, such as mineral sulfides, typically range

from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg, with an average concentration of 0.18 mg/kg (Babich and Stotzky 1978; 

EC 2001; Nriagu 1980). As a phosphate rock impurity, cadmium can vary in concentration from 

as low as 0.1 mg/kg in Tennessee ores to as high as 980 mg/kg in western ores (U.S. EPA 

1993a). In the U.S., cadmium concentrations in coal range from 5.47 mg/kg in the Interior

Province, to 2.89 mg/kg in the Illinois Basin, to 0.28 mg/kg in Alaska, to 0.13 mg/kg in the 

Appalachian region. This range in cadmium concentration depends on the type of coal, with 

bituminous coal having the highest average concentration (0.91 mg/kg) and anthracite coal 

having the lowest average concentration (0.22 mg/kg).

Cadmium enters the environment as a result of both natural processes (weathering and 

erosion of rock and soils, natural combustion from volcanoes and forest fires) and anthropogenic 

sources (mining, agriculture, urban activities, and waste streams from industrial processes, 

manufacturing, fossil fuel combustion, incineration and municipal effluent) (Hem 1992; Hutton 

1983; Morrow 2001; Pickering and Gast 1972; Shevchenko et al. 2003; WHO 2010). 

Anthropogenic sources account for more than 90 percent of the total cadmium present in surface 

water, with atmospheric particulate deposition from fossil fuel combustion contributing 

approximately 40 percent of the total cadmium present in surface water (Wood et al. 2012). The 

agricultural application of phosphate fertilizer releases 33 to 56 percent of total anthropogenic 

cadmium to the environment (Pan et al. 2010; Panagapko 2007). Waste from cement 
8

manufacturing and metallurgic smelting and refining operations account for the other major 

sources (Pan et al. 2010; Wood et al. 2012).

In the U.S., industrial and manufacturing facilities and mining operations report the 

volume of cadmium and other toxic substances released to the environment via the U.S. EPA 

Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Data from the TRI indicate the average yearly release of 

cadmium and cadmium compounds to the environment from all industries (between 2002 and 

2012) ranged from approximately 2.6 million pounds in 2009 to 10 million pounds in 2012. In 

coastal zones, continental riverine runoff represents a major secondary source of cadmium to 

estuaries and adjoining coastal waters (Cullen and Maldonado 2013), and elevated cadmium 

concentrations are often detected in runoff from urban and industrial areas, which increases the 

loading of cadmium to nearby waterways and sediments (Gobel et al. 2007). 

Cadmium concentrations in unpolluted freshwaters are typically very low and frequently 

below analytical detection limits (Mebane 2006). In natural waters, cadmium co-occurs with zinc 

at a dissolved Cd/Zn ratio of approximately 0.3 percent (Wanty et al. 2009). Dissolved cadmium 

concentrations in unpolluted waters of the U.S. have been estimated to range from 0.002 to 0.08 

μg/L (Stephan et al. 1994). Surface water monitoring of the Great Lakes between 2003 and 2006 

indicated cadmium concentrations ranging from <0.001 μg/L (below detection limit) to 0.015 

μg/L in Lake Huron, 0.098 μg/L in Lake Erie, 0.028 μg/L in Lake Ontario, 0.015 μg/L in Lake 

Superior and 0.005 μg/L in Lake Michigan (Lochner and Water Quality Monitoring and 

Surveillance 2008; Rossmann and Barres 1992). Cadmium concentrations in the world’s oceans 

are estimated to range from <0.005 to 0.110 μg/L, with higher concentrations reported near some

coastal areas (Cook and Morrow 1995; Elinder 1985; Jensen and Bro-Rasmussen 1992; OECD 

1994; Pan et al. 2010; WHO 1992). Cadmium concentrations in surface waters of impacted 

environments are frequently 2-3 μg/L or greater (Abbasi and Soni 1986; Allen 1994; Annune et 

al. 1994; Flick et al. 1971; Friberg et al. 1971; Henriksen and Wright 1978; Nilsson 1970; Spry 

and Wiener 1991). 

2.2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Cadmium in the Aquatic 

Environment

Cadmium has two oxidation states. The metallic state (Cd0) is insoluble and rarely 

present in water, while several salts of the divalent state (e.g., CdCl2 and CdSO4) freely dissolve 
9

in water (Merck 1989). Divalent cadmium is the predominant form in most well oxygenated 

freshwaters that are low in organic carbon. The physical and chemical properties of cadmium are 

summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cadmium.

CAS Registry Number 7440-43-9

Atomic weight 112.40 g/mol

Physical form Soft, white solid

Density 8.64 g/cm3(@ room temperature)

Melting point

a

321oC

Boiling point

a

765oC

Vapor pressure

b

1 torr at 394oC

Water solubility (g/L)a

Cadmium

Cadmium carbonate (CdCO3)

Cadmium chloride (CdCl2)

Cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH)2)

Cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2)

Cadmium sulfate (CdSO4)

Insoluble

Insoluble

1400 @ 20oC

0.0026 @ 26oC

Soluble

755 @ 0oC

a Reference: Merck 1989.

b Reference: ATSDR 2012.

Upon entering the freshwater or estuarine/marine aquatic environment, cadmium

becomes strongly adsorbed to clays, muds, humic and organic materials and some hydrous 

oxides (Watson 1973). This complexation tends to remove cadmium from the water column by 

precipitation (Lawrence et al. 1996), where it may not be bioavailable except to benthic feeders 

and bottom dwellers (Callahan et al. 1979; Kramer et al. 1997). It is estimated that up to 93 

percent of cadmium entering surface waters will react with constituents in the water column and 

will be removed to sediments (Lawrence et al. 1996), and the formation of these complexes is 

considered to be the most important factor in determining the fate and transport of cadmium in 

the aquatic environment.

Once in sediments, cadmium can be resuspended in particulate form or can return to the 

water column in dissolved form following hydrolysis or via upwelling in coastal zones (Bewers 

et al. 1987; U.S. EPA 1979). The solubility of cadmium compounds in water depends both on the 

specific cadmium compound (Table 3) and on abiotic conditions, such as pH, alkalinity, 

hardness and organic matter. Sorption processes, for example, become increasingly important 

with increasing pH.
10

2.3 Mode of Action and Toxicity

Cadmium is a non-essential metal (NRC 2005) with no biological function in aquatic 

animals (Eisler 1985; Lee et al. 1995; McGeer et al. 2012; Price and Morel 1990; Shanker 2008). 

In one study comparing the acute toxicity of all 63 atomically stable heavy metals in the periodic 

table, cadmium was found to be the most acutely toxic metal to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, 

based on the results of seven-day acute aquatic toxicity tests (Borgmann et al. 2005). In addition 

to acute toxicity, cadmium is a known teratogen and carcinogen, is a probable mutagen and is 

known to induce a variety of other short- and long-term adverse physiological effects in fish and 

wildlife at both the cellular and whole-animal level (ATSDR 2012; Eisler 1985; Okocha and 

Adedeji 2011). Chronic exposure leads to adverse effects on growth, reproduction, immune and

endocrine systems, development, and behavior in aquatic organisms (McGeer et al. 2012). Other 

toxic effects include histopathologies of the gill, liver and kidney in fish, renal tubular damage, 

alterations of free radical production and the antioxidant defense system, immunosuppression,

and structural effects on invertebrate gills (Giari et al. 2007; Jarup et al. 1998; McGeer et al. 

2011; Okocha and Adedeji 2011; Shanker 2008). 

Toxic effects are thought to result from the free ionic form of cadmium (Goyer et al. 

1989), which causes acute and chronic toxicity in aquatic organisms primarily by disrupting 

calcium homeostasis and causing oxidative damage. In freshwater fish, cadmium competes with 

calcium at high affinity binding sites in the gill membrane and blocks the uptake of calcium from 

water by interfering with ion uptake in specialized calcium channels that are located in the 

mitochondria-rich chloride cells (Carroll et al. 1979; Evans 1987; McGeer et al. 2012; Morel and 

Hering 1993; Pagenkopf 1983; Tan and Wang 2009). The combined effect of competition for the 

binding sites and blockage of calcium uptake on the gill membrane results in acute hypocalcemia 

in freshwater fish, which is characterized by cadmium accumulation in tissues as well as 

decreased calcium concentrations in plasma (McGeer et al. 2011; Roch and Maly 1979; Wood et 

al. 1997). This mechanism is also thought to be the target of cadmium toxicity in marine fish 

(McGeer et al. 2012; Schlenk and Benson 2005), although cadmium is generally considered to be 

less toxic in seawater than in freshwater. The lesser sensitivity of marine fish and aquatic 

organisms in general may be both a function of physiology and environmental condition. Rocha 

et al. (2015) observed an increase in catalase activity (oxidative stress) in the marine mussel, 
11

Mytilus galloprovincialis, suggesting a possible mode of action for this taxa. Mebane et al. 

(2006), for example, suggests the energy demands for fish to maintain homeostasis in the lower 

ionic composition freshwater environment may make fish more sensitive to metals, such as 

cadmium, which inhibit ion regulation. Higher levels of calcium and chloride in seawater are 

also believed to compete to a greater degree with cadmium, and cadmium complexes with 

elevated levels of chloride potentially making it less bioavailable to aquatic life (Engel and 

Flower 1979). However, application of the calcium competition for apical entry and the 

subsequent osmoregulatory disturbance toxicity mechanism for insects has been questioned by 

Poteat and Buchwalter (2013). Their research (Poteat et al. 2012, 2013) has demonstrated the 

lack of interaction between calcium and cadmium at the apical surface of aquatic insects in 

dissolved exposures. Cadmium exposure is also associated with the disruption of sodium balance 

and accompanying Na+/K+-ATPase activity (Atli and Canli 2007). Once inside the cell, cadmium 

can disrupt enzymatic function (Okocha and Adedeji 2011), by either directly affecting CaATPase activity or inhibiting antioxidant processes. Cadmium also inhibits enzymes such as 

catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase and reducing agents such as GSH, 

ascorbate, b-carotene and a-tocopherol, all of which can lead to the generation of excess reactive 

oxygen species and reduced ATP production (McGeer et al. 2012).

Cadmium can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, with total uptake depending on the 

environmental cadmium concentration, exposure route and the duration of exposure (Annabi et 

al. 2013; Francis et al. 2004; McGeer et al. 2000; Roméo et al. 1999). Cadmium concentrations 

typically build up in tissues at the site of exposure, such as the gill surface and gut tract wall 

(Chevreuil et al. 1995). Cadmium is then transferred via circulation to nearly all other tissues and 

organs, with the liver and kidney (in addition to the gill or gut) typically accumulating high 

concentrations relative to muscle tissues (Annabi et al. 2003; McGeer et al. 2012). Although 

cadmium bioaccumulates in some aquatic species, there does not appear to be a consistent 

relationship between body burden and toxicological effect. In a detailed review of this 

relationship, Mebane (2006) concluded that for both aquatic invertebrates and fish, tissue 

concentrations associated with adverse effects regularly overlap with tissue concentrations where 

no adverse effects were observed. This inconsistent relationship between whole body tissue 

concentration and effect may be related to specific organs and/or tissues within which the 

accumulation is occurring and which would not be accurately quantified by whole body tissue 
12

residue analysis, and/or to the metabolic bioavailability of cadmium in tissues. Detoxification 

mechanisms in aquatic organisms, including the formation and activation of antioxidants, 

metallothionein, glutathione, and heat shock proteins (McGeer et al. 2011), effectively sequester 

the metal in a detoxified form, thereby allowing the organism to accumulate elevated levels of 

cadmium before displaying a toxic response. While the amount of detoxified metal that an 

aquatic organism can accumulate is theoretically unlimited, an organism will only experience 

toxic effects once the concentration of metabolically available metal is exceeded (Mebane 2006; 

Rainbow 2002). Under natural conditions, most accumulated cadmium in tissues is expected to 

exist in the detoxified state, which may explain the poor relationship between toxic effect and 

whole body tissue residue concentrations of trace metals reported by Rainbow (2002) for aquatic 

invertebrates and fish. Mebane (2006) concluded that, although there were not adequate data to 

establish acceptable tissue effect concentrations for aquatic life, cadmium is unlikely to 

accumulate in tissue to levels that would result in adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates or fish

at calculated chronic criterion concentrations. The evaluation of direct exposure effects to

organisms via water is therefore considered more applicable to the development of criteria for 

aquatic life.

Mammals and avian wildlife could be exposed to cadmium within prey and abiotic media 

while foraging in aquatic habitats or via the ingestion of prey that have bioaccumulated cadmium 

from the aquatic environment. Although few adverse effects to mammals and avian wildlife have 

been demonstrated from the presence of cadmium in the aquatic environment, a number of 

laboratory-based investigations have demonstrated a range of sublethal and lethal toxic effects, 

the majority of which are associated with chronic exposure (Burger 2007; Cooke and Johnson 

1996; Eisler 1985; Furness 1996; Hanson and Chedrese 2004). However, the biological integrity 

of aquatic systems is considered to be at greater risk from cadmium than terrestrial systems 

based on the greater sensitivity of aquatic organisms relative to birds and mammals (Burger 

2007; Wren et al. 1995). Freshwater biota are the most sensitive to cadmium, marine organisms 

are generally considered to be more resistant than freshwater organisms, while mammals and 

birds are considered to be comparatively resistant to cadmium (Burger 2007; Eisler 1985). Based 

on this trend, criteria that are protective of aquatic life are also considered to be protective of 

mammalian and avian wildlife (including aquatic-dependent wildlife) and are accordingly the 

focus of this evaluation.
13

2.3.1 Water quality parameters affecting cadmium toxicity

Water quality parameters such as hardness, pH, salinity, alkalinity, some metals, and 

organic carbon can alter the toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. When adequate data are 

available, water quality criteria can be adjusted to quantify how these environmental factors 

affect the toxicity of a chemical. Water hardness, which is the amount of minerals (primarily 

calcium and to a lesser extent magnesium) dissolved in surface water, is one important water 

quality parameter influencing the toxicity of cadmium. 

The acute toxicity of cadmium has been shown to decrease with increasing water 

hardness in most freshwater animals (Sprague 1985). Available data for 14 genera (representing 

six of the eight required MDR families) listed in Appendix A indicate that cadmium is more 

acutely toxic in soft than in hard water. Acute tests conducted with Daphnia magna at three 

different water hardness levels, for example, demonstrate that daphnids are at least five times 

more sensitive to cadmium in soft water than in hard water (Chapman et al. 1980). Similarly, the 

acute toxicity of cadmium to D. magna was reduced (48-hr LC50 increased from 7.5 to 24.8 

μg/L) as the calcium concentration was increased from 0.46 to 192 mg/L (Tan and Wang 2011). 

The ability of calcium to reduce the toxicity of cadmium was also observed in water with D. 

pulex (Clifford and McGeer 2010), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Niyogi et al. 2008)

and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (Carroll et al. 1979).

In addition to hardness, other water quality characteristics have been shown to influence 

the toxicity of cadmium to aquatic species. Increased levels of dissolved organic carbon, for 

example, have been shown to reduce the toxicity of cadmium to daphnids by reducing the 

bioavailability of cadmium through complexation (Clifford and McGeer 2010; Giesy et al. 1977; 

Niyogi et al. 2008). Conversely, other water chemistry variables, including magnesium, pH and 

alkalinity have been shown to have little or no effect on cadmium toxicity (Clifford and McGeer 

2010; Niyogi et al. 2008). The relationship between salinity and temperature and cadmium 

effects could not be quantitatively established. These analyses are described in detail in Section 

5.4.1.

Development of an initial (phase I) biotic ligand model (BLM – formerly the “gill 

model”) was attempted for cadmium to better account for the bioavailability of this metal to 

aquatic life. The cadmium BLM is based on a conceptual model similar to the gill site model 
14

proposed by Pagenkopf (1983), but it is recognized that the gill itself may be a general surrogate 

for the actual site of toxic action. For cadmium, it is thought that more highly specific enzymatic 

binding sites affecting the activity of Ca

2+

-ATPase may be the actual site of toxic action (Fu et 

al. 1989; Hogstrand and Wood 1996). Based on the preliminary findings in 2003 during the

Phase I development of a cadmium BLM (HydroQual 2003) a significant pH effect was also 

observed when pH was decreased from 7.0 to 4.7 for steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In 

the BLM framework, this was explained as a competitive interaction between H+ and Cd2+ at the 

biotic ligand, rather than a change in cadmium speciation. Preliminary results for the cadmium

BLM for more complex interactions indicate the effect levels should generally increase with 

increasing DOC, pH and hardness (both as calcium and magnesium) (U.S. EPA et al. 2003). 

Further development of the BLM for cadmium may help to better quantify the bioavailable 

fraction of this chemical. However, because hardness is a surrogate for other ions affecting 

cadmium toxicity, and based on available data, U.S. EPA believes that a cadmium BLM model is 

not necessary for the current criteria update. 

2.4 Conceptual Model

A conceptual model characterizes relationships between human activities, stressors, and 

ecological effects on the assessment endpoints identified for evaluation (U.S. EPA 1998). The 

conceptual model links exposure characteristics with the ecological endpoints important for the 

development of management goals. Under the CWA, these management goals are established by 

states and tribes as designated uses of waters of the United States (for example, the protection of 

aquatic life). In deriving aquatic life criteria, U.S. EPA is developing acceptable thresholds for 

pollutants that, if not exceeded, are expected to be protective of aquatic life. A state and/or tribe 

may implement these criteria by adopting them into their respective water quality standards.

The conceptual model depicted in Figure 1 provides a broad overview of how aquatic 

organisms could be exposed to cadmium. As depicted in Figure 1 and discussed in Section 2.1, 

cadmium enters the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources 

of cadmium, which largely result from the weathering and erosion of rock and soils, represent a 

relatively minor source to the environment compared to anthropogenic sources. Although there 

are multiple anthropogenic sources (see Section 2.1), emissions of cadmium to the atmosphere 

(e.g., combustion, smelting/refining, and manufacturing) and contributions from leaching/runoff 
15

(via the application of phosphate fertilizers) represent the major cadmium inputs (40 and up to 56

percent, respectively) to surface water (Pan et al. 2010). 

Up to 93 percent of cadmium entering surface water will react with organic and inorganic 

constituents in the water column, including particulate matter, iron oxides, and clay materials, 

and will be removed to sediments (Lawrence et al. 1996). Sediments are therefore a reservoir for 

cadmium in the aquatic environment and can become a source of exposure for benthic and water 

column dwelling aquatic life and higher trophic level species. Figure 1 depicts exposure 

pathways for the biological receptors of concern (e.g., aquatic animals) and the potential attribute 

changes (i.e., effects such as reduced survival, growth and reproduction) in those receptors from

cadmium exposure. Although the multiple potential exposure pathways depicted in Figure 1 are 

likely to be complete, the development of the water quality criteria for cadmium focuses on 

evaluating the direct exposure of aquatic life to cadmium in surface water because this potential 

exposure pathway, and the potential for adverse effects on survival, growth, and reproduction 

from direct aqueous exposure, is considered to represent the greatest potential risk to most 

aquatic species, and is consistent with the approach established in the 1985 Guidelines. 

Nevertheless, consideration of the fate and transport mechanisms, exposure pathways, and 

receptors depicted in Figure 1 may be helpful for states and tribes as they adopt criteria into 

standards and evaluate potential exposure pathways affecting designated uses.
16

Figure 1. Conceptual Model Depicting the Major Sources, Transport and Exposure Media 

and Ecological Effects of Cadmium in the Environment.

(Note: Solid line indicates potentially important pathway/media/receptor; dashed line indicates 

secondary pathway/media/receptor).

2.5 Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints are defined as the explicit expressions of the environmental values

to be protected and are comprised of both the ecological entity (e.g., a species, community, or 

other entity) and the attributes or characteristics of the entity to be protected (U.S. EPA 1998). 

Assessment endpoints may be identified at any level of organization (e.g., individual, population, 

community). In context of the Clean Water Act, aquatic life criteria for toxic substances are 

typically determined based on the results of toxicity tests with aquatic organisms, for which 

adverse effects on growth, reproduction, or survival are measured. This information is 

aggregated into a species sensitivity analysis that characterizes an impact to the aquatic 

community. Criteria are designed to be protective of the vast majority of aquatic animal species 

in an aquatic community (i.e., approximately the 95th percentile of tested aquatic animals 
17

representing the aquatic community). Assessment endpoints consistent with the criteria 

developed in this document are summarized in Table 4.

The concept of using laboratory toxicity tests to protect North American bodies of water 

and resident aquatic species and their uses is based on the theory that effects that occur on a 

species in appropriate laboratory tests will generally occur on the same species in comparable 

field situations. Since aquatic ecosystems are complex and diversified, the 1985 Guidelines 

require acceptable data be available for at least eight genera with a specified taxonomic diversity 

(the standard eight-family minimum data requirement, or MDR). The intent of the eight-family 

MDR is to serve as a typical surrogate sample community representative of the larger and 

generally much more diverse natural aquatic community, not necessarily the most sensitive 

species in a given environment. For many aquatic life criteria, enough data are available to 

describe a species sensitivity distribution to represent the distribution of sensitivities in natural 

ecosystems. In addition, since aquatic ecosystems can tolerate some stress and occasional 

adverse effects, protection of all species at all times and places are not deemed necessary (the 

intent is to protect 95 percent of a group of diverse taxa, and any commercially and 

recreationally important species). Thus, if properly derived and used, the combination of a 

freshwater or saltwater acute CMC and chronic CCC should provide an appropriate degree of 

protection of aquatic organisms and their uses from acute and chronic toxicity to animals, 

toxicity to plants, and bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms (Stephan et al. 1985).

2.6 Measurement Endpoints

Assessment endpoints require one or more measures of ecological effect, which are

termed “measurement endpoints”. Measurement endpoints are the measures of ecological effect

used to characterize or quantify changes in the attributes of an assessment endpoint or changes in 

a surrogate entity or attribute, in this case a response to chemical exposure. Toxicity data are 

used as measures of direct and indirect effects on representative biological receptors. The 

selected measures of effect for the development of aquatic life criteria encompass changes in the 

growth, reproduction, and survival of aquatic organisms.

The toxicity data used for the development of aquatic life criteria depend on the 

availability of applicable toxicity test outcomes, the acceptability of test methodologies, and an 

in-depth evaluation of the acceptability of each specific test, as performed by the U.S. EPA.
18

Measurement endpoints for the development of aquatic life criteria are derived using acute and 

chronic toxicity studies for representative test species, which are then quantitatively and 

qualitatively analyzed, as described in the Analysis Plan below. Measurement endpoints 

considered for each assessment endpoint in this criteria document are summarized in Table 4.

The following sections discuss toxicity data requirements for the fulfillment of these 

measurement endpoints.

Overview of Toxicity Data Requirements

U.S. EPA has specific data requirements to assess the potential effects of a stressor on an

aquatic ecosystem and develop 304(a) aquatic life criteria under the CWA. Acute toxicity test 

data for species from a minimum of eight diverse taxonomic groups are required for the 

development of acute criteria to ensure the protection of various components of an aquatic 

ecosystem. 

 Acute freshwater criteria require data from the following taxonomic groups: 

o the family Salmonidae in the class Osteichthyes 

o a second family in the class Osteichthyes, preferably a commercially or 

recreationally important warmwater species (e.g., bluegill, channel catfish)

o a third family in the phylum Chordata (may be in the class Osteichthyes or may 

be an amphibian)

o a planktonic crustacean (e.g., cladoceran, copepod)

o a benthic crustacean (e.g., ostracod, isopod, amphipod, crayfish)

o an insect (e.g., mayfly, dragonfly, damselfly, stonefly, caddisfly, mosquito, 

midge)

o a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata (e.g., Rotifera, Annelida, 

Mollusca)

o a family in any order of insect or any phylum not already represented

 Acute estuarine/marine criteria require data from the following taxonomic groups:

o two families in the phylum Chordata

o a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata

o a family from either Mysidae or Penaeidae

o three other families not in the phylum Chordata (may include Mysidae or 

Penaeidae, whichever was not used above)

o any other family

Chronic toxicity test data (longer-term effects on survival, growth, or reproduction) are 

generally required for a minimum of three taxa, with at least one chronic test being from an 
19

acutely-sensitive species. Acute-chronic ratios (ACRs) can be calculated with data for species of 

aquatic animals from at least three different families if the following data requirements are met:

 at least one is a fish

 at least one is an invertebrate

 at least one is an acutely sensitive freshwater species, for freshwater chronic criterion (the 

other two may be saltwater species)

 at least one is an acutely sensitive saltwater species for estuarine/marine chronic criterion

(the other two may be freshwater species)

Because acceptable chronic values for all eight minimum data requirements were 

available for cadmium in freshwater, the chronic criterion was derived following the same genus 

level sensitivity distribution (SD) approach used to calculate the acute criterion (see the 1985 

Guidelines for additional detail). The chronic estuarine/marine criterion for cadmium was

derived using the ACR approach.

The 1985 Guidelines also require at least one acceptable test with a freshwater alga or 

vascular plant. If plants are among the aquatic organisms most sensitive to the chemical, results 

of a plant in another phylum should also be available. Data on toxicity to aquatic plants are 

examined to determine whether plants are likely to be unacceptably affected by concentrations

below those expected to cause unacceptable effects on aquatic animals. However, as discussed in 

Section 2.7, the relative sensitivity of fresh and estuarine/marine algae and plants to cadmium 

(Appendix E and Appendix F) is less than vertebrates and invertebrates, so plant criteria are not 

developed.

Measures of Effect

Measure of cadmium exposure concentration

Consistent with previous AWQC documents for cadmium, only effects data from tests 

that used the following cadmium salts (either anhydrous or hydrated) were used for development 

of the AWQC: 

 cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (CAS # 10108-64-2)

 cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2) (CAS # 10325-94-7)

 cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) (CAS # 10124-36-4)
20

Measured concentrations of cadmium can be expressed as either total recoverable 

cadmium, acid-soluble cadmium, or total dissolved cadmium (using a conversion factor) based 

on the different forms of cadmium present in the aquatic environment. Previous aquatic life 

criteria for cadmium were expressed either in terms of total recoverable cadmium (U.S. EPA 

1980; 1983a) or as acid-soluble cadmium (U.S. EPA 1985). Since 1993, U.S. EPA has 

recommended using dissolved metal concentrations (defined as the metal in solution that passes 

through a 0.45-μm membrane filter) for developing criteria, based on the greater bioavailability 

of dissolved metals in surface water. Cadmium criteria are accordingly expressed as dissolved 

metal concentrations consistent with current recommendations (Prothro 1993; U.S. EPA 1993b, 

1994), which typically involves converting measured total recoverable cadmium concentrations 

to estimated dissolved cadmium concentrations using a conversion factor. It should be noted, 

however, the majority of cadmium present in natural surface water is in the dissolved form and 

differences between the 0.45-μm filtered (dissolved) and unfiltered (total) concentrations in 

surface water samples are usually small, with dissolved concentrations typically averaging 90 to 

95 percent of the concentration present in an unfiltered sample (Clark 2002; Mebane 2006; 

Stephan 1995). These averages are generally consistent with dissolved concentrations of 94

percent for freshwater (at a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3) and 99 percent for marine 

environments that were discussed in Section 4.3.1 and Section 4.4.1 for the updated criteria, 

respectively.

All concentrations for toxicity tests are expressed as total cadmium in this document, not 

as the form of the chemical tested. In the aquatic environment, cadmium is measured as total 

recoverable metal or free divalent metal. 

Acute measures of effect

The acute measures of effect on aquatic organisms are the LC50, EC50, and IC50. LC 

stands for “Lethal Concentration” and an LC50 is the concentration of a chemical that is 

estimated to kill 50 percent of the test organisms. EC stands for “Effect Concentration” and the 

EC50 is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50 percent 

of the test organisms. IC stands for “Inhibitory Concentration” and the IC50 is the concentration 

of a chemical that is estimated to inhibit some biological process (e.g., growth) in 50 percent of 

the test organisms. Data that were determined to have acceptable quality and to be useable in the 

derivation of water quality criteria as described in U.S. EPA’s 1985 Guidelines for the derivation 
21

of a freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are presented in Appendix A and Appendix B, 

respectively.

Acute toxicity data on freshwater mussel glochidia lifestage

Glochidia are an early parasitic lifestage of unionid freshwater mussels, which are free 

living in the water column prior to finding an appropriate fish host. Based on their unique life 

history compared to most aquatic life, glochidia toxicity tests were carefully examined to 

determine if they provided ecologically relevant toxicological information for the derivation of 

aquatic life criteria. Glochidia may be present in the water column for a period of time ranging 

from seconds to days, depending on the species, and they have potential to be exposed to 

contaminants in surface water during that time. U.S. EPA determined it was important to

consider the potential for adverse effects to glochidia in the development of water quality criteria 

for cadmium because adverse effects on this sensitive early life stage could have implications on 

the viability of unionid mussel populations. The potential for adverse effects to glochidia was 

also considered in the development of ammonia criteria (U.S. EPA 2013). 

In order for the toxicity test results with glochidia to be ecologically relevant, the 

duration of the acute toxicity test must be comparable to the duration of the free-living stage of 

glochidia prior to attaching to a host. Research conducted by Fritts et al. (2014) supports the 

recommendation of a maximum test duration of 24 hours for glochidia, corresponding with the 

ecologically relevant period of host infectivity of this parasitic life stage. Survival of glochidia at 

the end of 24 hours should be at least 90% in the laboratory control and if the viability is less 

than 90% at 24 hours in the control, then the next longest duration less than 24 hours that had at 

least 90% survival in the control is considered acceptable for use. These requirements for the 

acceptance of glochidia tests were put forward in the 2013 ammonia criteria document and were

peer reviewed at that time (U.S. EPA 2013).

Chronic measures of effect

The endpoint for chronic exposure is the EC20, which represents a 20 percent 

effect/inhibition concentration. This is in contrast to a concentration that causes a low level of 

reduction in response, such as an EC5 or EC10, which is rarely statistically significantly different 

from the control treatment. U.S. EPA selected an EC20 to estimate a low level of effect that 

would be statistically different from control effects, but not severe enough to cause chronic 
22

effects at the population level (see U.S. EPA 1999c). Reported NOECs (No Observed Effect 

Concentrations) and LOECs (Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations) were only used for the 

derivation of chronic criterion when an EC20 could not be calculated for the genus. A NOEC is 

the highest test concentration at which none of the observed effects are statistically different 

from the control. A LOEC is the lowest test concentration at which the observed effects are 

statistically different from the control. When LOECs and NOECs are used, a Maximum 

Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) is calculated, which is the geometric mean of the 

NOEC and LOEC. 

Regression analysis was used to characterize a concentration-effect relationship and to 

estimate concentrations at which chronic effects are expected to occur. For the calculation of 

chronic criterion, point estimates were selected for use as the measure of effect in favor of

MATCs, as MATCs are highly dependent on the concentrations tested. Point estimates also 

provide additional information that is difficult to determine with an MATC, such as a measure of 

effect level across a range of tested concentrations. Chronic toxicity data that met the test 

acceptability and quality assurance/control criteria in U.S. EPA’s 1985 Guidelines for the 

derivation of freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are presented in Appendix C and 

Appendix D, respectively.
23

Table 4. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria 

Derivation.

Assessment Endpoints for the Aquatic 

Community Measures of Effect

Survival, growth, biomass, and reproduction 

of fish and invertebrates (freshwater and 

estuarine/marine)

Acute: LC50, EC50

Chronic: EC20, MATC (only used when an EC20

could not be calculated for the genus)

Maintenance and growth of aquatic plants 

from standing crop or biomass (freshwater 

and estuarine/marine)

LOEC, EC20, EC50, IC50, reduced growth rate, cell 

viability, calculated MATC

MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC)

NOEC = No observed effect concentration

LOEC = Lowest observed effect concentration

LC50 = Lethal concentration to 50% of the test population

EC50/EC20 = Effect concentration to 50%/20% of the test population

IC50 = Concentration of cadmium at which some effect is inhibited 50% compared to control organism

Use of data from chronic tests with Hyalella azteca

The use of H. azteca data for criteria derivation has created an uncertainty due to issues 

with culture and testing conditions. Laboratory evidence indicates that sufficient levels of 

bromide and chloride are required for maintaining healthy H. azteca cultures, which are 

important to accurately characterizing the toxicity of pollutants to H. azteca (U.S. EPA 2009a). 

In response to this concern, each H. azteca acute and chronic toxicity test was evaluated with the

acceptability criteria recommended by U.S. EPA (2012) (Appendix K). These criteria address 

the minimum levels of bromide and chloride in dilution water, along with other factors such as 

the use of a substrate and minimum survival of control to characterize test acceptability. 

2.7 Analysis Plan

During CWA §304(a) criteria development, U.S. EPA reviews and considers all relevant 

toxicity test data. Information available for all relevant species and genera are reviewed to 

identify: 1) data from acceptable tests that meet data quality standards; and 2) whether the 

acceptable data meet the minimum data requirements (MDRs) as outlined in U.S. EPA’s 1985 

Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1986a). The taxa represented by the different MDR 

groups represent taxa with different ecological, trophic, taxonomic and functional characteristics

in aquatic ecosystems, and are intended to be a representative subset of the diversity within a

typical aquatic community. 
24

For this cadmium criteria update, the MDRs described in Section 2.6 are met and 

criterion values are developed for acute and chronic freshwater and acute and chronic 

estuarine/marine species. Table 5 provides a summary of the Phyla, Families, Genera and 

Species for which toxicity data are available and that were used to fulfill the MDRs for 

calculation of acute and chronic criteria for both freshwater and estuarine/marine organisms. A 

relatively large number of tests from acceptable studies of aquatic algae and vascular plants are 

also available for possible derivation of a Final Plant Value. However, the relative sensitivity of 

fresh and estuarine/marine algae and plants to cadmium (Appendix E and Appendix F) is less 

than aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates so plant criteria are not developed.

Table 5. Summary of Acceptable Toxicity Data Used to Meet the Minimum Data 

Requirements in the “1985 Guidelines”.

Freshwater Acute Freshwater Chronic

Phylum Families GMAVs SMAVs Families GMCVs SMCVs

Annelida 4 11 12 2 2 2

Arthropoda 18 22 32 3 4 6

Bryozoa 3 3 3 - - -

Chordata 15 27 35 8 11 16

Cnidaria 1 1 4 - - -

Mollusca 4 9 13 3 3 3

Platyhelminthes 2 2 2 - - -

Total 47 75 101 16 20 27

Estuarine/Marine Acute Estuarine/Marine Chronic

Phylum Families GMAVs SMAVs Families GMCVs SMCVs

Annelida 6 10 10 - - -

Arthropoda 31 37 44 1 1 2

Chordata 14 14 16 - - -

Cnidaria 2 2 2 - - -

Echinodermata 3 3 4 - - -

Mollusca 9 12 17 - - -

Nematoda 1 1 1 - - -

Total 66 79 94 1 1 2

2.7.1 Hardness Adjustment

Water hardness is the primary quantitative correlation used to modify metal toxicity 

estimates (U.S. EPA 1996a). The hardness adjustment is used as a surrogate for this criteria 
25

revision to estimate the effect of all ions on the toxicity of cadmium. U.S. EPA’s 1985 

Guidelines state that when sufficient data are available to demonstrate that toxicity is related to a 

water quality characteristic, the relationship should be taken into account using an analysis of 

covariance (Stephan et al. 1985). As noted in the Guidelines, the relationship between hardness 

and the toxicity of metals in freshwater is best described by a log-log relationship. The ratio of 

calcium and magnesium ions influence the toxicity of cadmium and the subsequent cadmium 

toxicity-hardness relationship, especially since cadmium is known to behave like a calcium 

analog (Playle et al. 1993a). An analysis of covariance was conducted to examine the 

relationship between hardness and cadmium toxicity to freshwater aquatic animals. The analysis 

of covariance was performed separately for acute and chronic toxicity, using the R statistical 

program (Dixon and Brown 1979; Neter and Wasserman 1974; R Development Core Team 

2012).

Before conducting the analysis of covariance, currently available toxicity data with 

available hardness values were evaluated for each species to determine if they were useful for 

characterizing the relationship between hardness and cadmium toxicity in freshwater. The 1985 

Guidelines do not provide explicit rules regarding whether data for a particular species are 

useful, but they do emphasize the importance of having a range of tested hardness values for a 

particular species. Since the publication of the 1985 Guidelines, U.S. EPA has determined that in 

order to meet the precondition for inclusion in the covariance model for determining the hardness 

relationship, a species should have definitive toxicity values available over a range of hardness

levels, such that the highest hardness is at least three times the lowest, and at least 100 mg/L 

higher than the lowest (U.S. EPA 2001). As such, EPA evaluated the cadmium studies per the 

1985 Guidelines conditions above prior to inclusion in the covariance model and excluded 

studies from the analysis where only a single acute toxicity value was available, or where 

multiple tests were conducted at the same hardness. Examples of excluded tests include those

that were conducted to evaluate the effects of cadmium to a non-hardness parameter, such as Na 

or K (e.g., Clifford 2009). In cases where the hardness-toxicity relationship for a particular 

species is highly divergent between studies, then data from these studies were only used when 

they were specifically designed to investigate the effects of hardness, and when both the toxicity 

and hardness values provided were definitive (not greater than or less than values). For example, 

the hardness-toxicity relationship for the fathead minnow is highly divergent from one life stage 
26

to another. Adult fathead minnow responses are highly correlated, while fry responses are not, so

only tests conducted with adults were used (U.S. EPA 2001). 

As noted above, this 2015 cadmium update evaluated definitive toxicity values available 

over a specified range of hardness levels to develop the acute and chronic hardness-toxicity 

relationships. This procedure was very similar to that used for the 2001 update, except that 

multiple tests conducted at the same hardness level were excluded and data from the same study 

were favored over highly divergent data from multiple studies for a particular species. In 

addition, EC20 and MATC values are used in the chronic slope for this effort, whereas the 2001 

update used only MATCs. The data used to calculate the acute and chronic hardness-toxicity 

relationships are identified in Appendix A and Appendix C, respectively.

An analysis of covariance, to evaluate the relationship between natural log transformed 

hardness and natural log transformed cadmium toxicity to the tested species, is the first step 

following data selection. If the analysis of covariance model term describing the similarity of 

hardness slopes among individual species is not statistically significant at an alpha of 0.05

(P>0.05), then a model with a single hardness slope is statistically equivalent to a model with 

separate hardness slopes for each species, and a pooled slope can be calculated. The pooled 

hardness slope is then calculated using linear regression, and is considered the best estimate for 

characterizing the relationship between toxicity and hardness for all test species. The results of 

the acute and chronic hardness correction procedures are described in Section 3.1.1 and Section 

3.1.2, respectively, and individual species slopes are provided in Table 6 and Table 8.

2.7.2 Acute criterion

Acute criteria are derived from the sensitivity distribution (SD) of genus mean acute 

values (GMAVs), calculated from species mean acute values (SMAVs) for available and 

acceptable data. SMAVs are calculated using the geometric mean for all acceptable toxicity tests 

for a given species (e.g., all tests for Daphnia magna). If only one test is available, the SMAV is 

that test value by default. As stated in the 1985 Guidelines, flow-through test data are normally 

given preference over non-flow-through data for a species, when available. When relationships 

are apparent between life-stage and sensitivity, only values for the most sensitive life-stage are

considered.
27

GMAVs are calculated using the geometric means of all calculated SMAVs within a 

given genus (e.g., all SMAVs for genus Daphnia – including Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna). 

If only one SMAV is available for a genus, then the GMAV is represented by that value. 

GMAVs derived for each of the genera are then rank-ordered by sensitivity, from most (Rank 1) 

to least sensitive (Rank N). 

Acute freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are based on the Final Acute Value 

(FAV). The FAV is determined by first ordering the GMAVs by rank from most to least 

sensitive for regression analysis. The regression analysis is typically driven by the four most 

sensitive genera in the sensitivity distribution, based on the need to interpolate or extrapolate (as 

appropriate) to the 5th percentile of the distribution represented by the tested genera. Use of a 

sensitivity distribution where the criteria values are based on the four most sensitive taxa in a 

triangular distribution represents a censored statistical approach that improves estimation of the 

lower tail when the shape of the whole distribution is uncertain, while accounting for the total 

number of genera within the whole distribution. Since there were more than 59 GMAVs in both 

the freshwater and estuarine/marine cadmium acute datasets, the four GMAVs closest to the 5th

percentile of the distribution were used to calculate the FAV, consistent with procedures 

described in the 1985 Guidelines. The acute criterion, defined as the Criterion Maximum 

Concentration (CMC), is then calculated by dividing the FAV by two, which is intended to 

provide an acute criterion protective of nearly all individuals in the distribution (Stephan et al. 

1985);the FAV/2 approach was developed to estimate minimal effect levels, approximately equal

control mortality limits, based on analysis of 219 acute toxicity tests on a range of chemicals, as 

described in the Federal Register on May 18, 1978 (43 FR 21506-18). 

2.7.3 Chronic criterion

A chronic criterion is typically determined by one of two methods. If data requirements 

are met with acceptable chronic test data available for all eight families, then the chronic criteria 

are derived using the same method as for the acute criteria, employing chronic values (e.g., EC20) 

estimated from acceptable toxicity tests. While this is the case for the freshwater cadmium 

chronic dataset, acceptable chronic data are not available for all eight families for 

estuarine/marine species. For the estuarine/marine chronic dataset, the chronic criterion was 

therefore derived by determining an appropriate Final Acute-Chronic Ratio (FACR).
28

The procedure used to calculate an FACR involves dividing an acute toxicity test value 

by a “paired” chronic test value. Tests for a chemical are considered paired when they are 

conducted by the same laboratory, with the same test organism and with the same dilution water 

(see Stephan et al. 1985). If there is a clear trend, the FACR may be the geometric mean of the 

available ACRs, or an individual ACR (or combination therefore), based on the most sensitive 

taxa. Available data met with these guidelines and the Final Chronic Value (FCV) for 

estuarine/marine aquatic animals was obtained by dividing the FAV by the FACR, consistent 

with procedures described in Section IV.A of Stephan et al. (1985).

Available chronic toxicity data for freshwater and estuarine/marine plants were reviewed 

to determine whether plants are more sensitive to cadmium than freshwater and estuarine/marine 

animals (see Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix E and Appendix F). Plants were found to be 

less sensitive, and in most cases, at least an order of magnitude less sensitive to cadmium than 

other aquatic species. It was therefore not necessary to develop chronic criteria based on plant 

toxicity values in this update. 
29

3 EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS

The data used to update the acute and chronic criteria for cadmium were collected via 

literature searches of EPA’s ECOTOX database, as described in the ECOTOX User Guide 

Version 4.0 (see: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/blackbox/help/userhelp4.pdf). ECOTOX is an 

extensive database of selected toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife created 

and maintained by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and 

Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's Mid-Continent Ecology Division (U.S. EPA 

2007a). The search of cadmium and cadmium compounds for this update includes data entered in 

ECOTOX through October 2014.

Newly acquired data were evaluated for acceptability based on data quality guidelines given 

in Toxicity Test Applicability (Appendix A) of the1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985). Data

included in the 2001 cadmium criteria were previously reviewed and were not re-evaluated as 

part of the 2015 update. All acute and chronic toxicity data (see Appendices A-G) determined to 

be applicable and reliable were used to recalculate the CMC and the CCC, consistent with the

1985 Guidelines and as described in the following sections.

3.1 Freshwater Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

3.1.1 Acute toxicity

Acceptable data on the acute effects of cadmium in freshwater are available for a total of 

101 species representing 75 genera (Appendix A), the diversity of which satisfy the eight 

taxonomic MDRs specified in the 1985 Guidelines. Ranked GMAVs for cadmium in freshwater

based on acute toxicity are identified in Table 7 and plotted in Figure 2. The following sections 

detail the derivation of these GMAV summaries.

Hardness correction

Water hardness is the primary quantitative correlation used to modify metal toxicity 

estimates (U.S. EPA 1996a). The hardness adjustment is used as a surrogate to estimate the 

effect of primarily calcium on the toxicity of cadmium. Data to be used for the calculation of the 

hardness correction were selected according to procedures described in Section 2.7.1. An 

analysis of covariance was then performed using a subset of the data from Appendix A (each 

study used in the acute hardness slope derivation is identified by an asterisk) for the 20 species 
30

for which the appropriate data were available, as shown in Table 6. These included the 12 

species used in the determination of the acute toxicity hardness slope in the 2001 criteria 

document (U.S. EPA 2001) and eight new species. For all 20 species, the highest hardness was at 

least three times the lowest, and the highest hardness was at least 100 mg/L greater than the 

lowest (Appendix A). In addition, for H. circumcincta, T. tubifex, D. pulex, C. riparius, and D. 

rerio, only studies for which multiple tests were conducted across a hardness gradient were used.

Consistent with data quality criteria used for development of the 2001 AWQC for cadmium and

as discussed in Section 2.7.1, the dataset used for P. promelas consisted of only tests conducted 

with adults. For D. magna, the relationship between acute toxicity and hardness had a very 

shallow slope and a large confidence interval (and large standard error), indicating a poor 

correlation. This outcome was based on the poor correlation between hardness and acute toxicity 

for D. magna and occurred only when tests with less than 24-hr old neonates were included in 

the database. Accordingly, only the five D. magna tests from Chapman et al. (1980) initiated 

with less than 24-hr old neonates were used for the analysis.

Based on the final dataset used to calculate the acute hardness slope and consistent with 

the 1985 Guidelines, an analysis of covariance was performed to determine if a single pooled 

species slope would be acceptable. The P-value of the model term describing the relationship 

between hardness and species was 0.38, indicating that the individual species hardness slopes are 

not significantly different from one another, and that a single pooled slope could be calculated. 

The pooled slope for the log-log relationship between hardness and acute toxicity was 

1.103. A list of the species and accompanying slopes used to estimate the final acute hardness 

slope is provided in Table 6.
31

Table 6. Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Acute Toxicity vs. Hardness 

Relationship.

Species n Slope R

2 Value 95% Confidence Interval df

Hydra circumcinctaa

3 0.5363* 1.000 0.4706 – 0.6020 1

Hydra viridissima 2 1.788 --- --- 0

Hydra vulgaris 4 0.5386 0.635 -0.7029 – 1.780 2

Branchiura sowerbyi 2 1.545 --- --- 0

Limnodrilius hoffmeisteri 2 0.7888 --- --- 0

Tubifex tubifexb4 1.421* 0.957 0.5052-2.337 2

Villosa vibex 2 0.9286 --- --- 0

Daphnia magnac5 1.182* 0.915 0.5194-1.845 3

Daphnia pulexd7 0.9307* 0.867 0.5113-1.350 5

Chironomus ripariuse

2 0.4571 --- --- 0

Oncorhynchus mykissf

33 1.050* 0.633 0.7570-1.342 31

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 6 1.258* 0.947 0.8461-1.669 4

Salmo trutta 6 1.256* 0.900 0.6762-1.837 4

Carassius auratusg2 1.588 --- --- 0

Danio rerioh

2 0.9270 --- --- 0

Pimephales promelasi17 1.540* 0.547 0.7684-2.312 15

Poecilia reticulata 3 0.8752 0.949 -1.700-3.450 1

Morone saxatilis 2 0.4666 --- --- 0

Lepomis cyanellus 4 0.8986 0.880 -0.1127-1.910 2

Lepomis macrochirus 7 0.8734* 0.956 0.6575-1.089 5

Final Model 115 1.103*# 0.964 0.9544-1.252 75

Species highlighted in bold are new for the 2015 updated hardness slope.

* Slope is significantly different than 0 (p<0.05)

# Individual species slopes not significantly different (p=0.38)

a – 3 tests from Clifford (2009) at different hardness levels where hardness was manipulated as Ca.

b - 4 tests from Rathore and Khangarot (2003) at different hardness levels.

c – Following the procedure described in the 2001 AWQC document, used 5 tests from Chapman et al. 

(Manuscript) performed at different hardness levels.

d - 7 tests from Clifford (2009); Clifford and McGeer (2010) at different hardness levels where hardness was 

manipulated as Ca.

e - 2 tests from Gillis and Wood (2008) at different hardness levels. 

f – Excluded 6 tests from Davies et al. (1993) where hardness manipulated as Mg; excluded 2 tests from 

Davies and Brinkman (1994b) because of aged test solutions; excluded 3 tests from Nyogi et al. 2008 that 

manipulated water quality parameters in addition to hardness. 

g – 2 tests from McCarty et al. (1978) at different hardness levels.

h – 2 tests from Alsop and Wood (2011) at different hardness levels and same test temperature.

i – Following the procedure described in the 2001 AWQC document, used only adult life stages. 

Summaries of studies used in acute criterion determination

The 2015 update includes acute toxicity data for 66 invertebrate species, 33 fish species, 

one salamander species, and one frog species, for a total of 101 species grouped into 75 genera. 

Of the 75 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have new data 

(Table 7 and Appendix A). The most sensitive genus is the fish Salvelinus with a GMAV of 
32

4.750 μg/L (normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3). The most sensitive 

invertebrate genus is represented by the amphipod Hyalella azteca, with the seventh most 

sensitive normalized GMAV of 26.29 μg/L. As noted in Table 7, if the SMAVs for a genus 

differ by greater than a factor of 10, then the most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV 

calculation. This difference was primarily due to the sensitivity between the life stage tested for 

each species and was applied to the GMAV calculation for Salvelinus, Ptychocheilus, Physa and 

Orconectes. This approach ensures that the most sensitive effect level is used for each genus.

The pooled slope of 1.103 was used to normalize the freshwater acute values in 

Appendix A to a hardness = 100 mg/L CaCO3, except where it was not possible because no 

hardness value was reported or a value could not be estimated. Species Mean Acute Values 

(SMAV) were calculated as geometric means of the normalized acute values. Only the 

underlined EC50/LC50 values shown in Appendix A were used to calculate the SMAVs for each 

species. 

The SMAVs for freshwater invertebrates ranged from 26.29 μg/L total cadmium for the 

amphipod, H. azteca, to >144,586 μg/L total cadmium for the midge, Chironomus riparius. Of 

the fish species tested, the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, had the lowest SMAV of 4.468

μg/L total cadmium, and the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, had the highest SMAV of 75,693

μg/L total cadmium. As indicated by the data, both invertebrate and fish species display a wide 

range of sensitivities to cadmium. 

Fish species represent the six most acutely sensitive genera to cadmium (Table 7), and 

salmonids (Salmo, Salvelinus, Oncorhynchus and Prosopium) represent four of the six most 

sensitive fish genera. The most sensitive genus, Salvelinus, is over 10,200 times more sensitive

than the most resistant, Chironomus. 

The second through fifth most sensitive genera (out of a total of 75) were used in the 

computation of the Final Acute Value (FAV). As stated above, whenever there are 59 or more 

GMAVs in the acute criteria dataset, the FAV is calculated using the four GMAVs closest to the 

5

th percentile of the distribution. The distribution of ranked freshwater GMAVs for cadmium is 

depicted in Figure 2 and is expressed as normalized total cadmium.

The four species and hardness-normalized associated endpoints (SMAV or GMAV) used 

in calculating the acute criterion (sensitivity rank 2-5) are ranked below from most to least 

sensitive:
33

2. Cottus (GMAV=4.926 μg/L total Cd)

3. Morone saxatilis, Striped bass (GMAV=5.883 μg/L total Cd)

4. Salmo trutta, Brown trout (GMAV=6.066 μg/L total Cd)

5. Oncorhynchus (GMAV=7.841 μg/L total Cd)

The most sensitive genus, Salvelinus (GMAV of 4.750 μg/L total cadmium), is not 

included in the criteria numeric calculation because it falls below the 5

th percentile of sensitivity 

in the distribution of 75 genera included in the dataset. The resulting calculated FAV is 6.445

μg/L total cadmium. The SMAV for the commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout

(Table 7) is lower than the calculated FAV, along with the SMAVs for cutthroat trout, Chinook 

salmon, brown trout, bull trout, shorthead and mottled sculpin, and striped bass. As

recommended by the 1985 Guidelines, the freshwater FAV for total cadmium at a hardness of 

100 mg/L was therefore lowered to 4.468 μg/L to protect the commercially and recreationally 

important rainbow trout. Because rainbow trout was the most sensitive salmonid species tested

(and lowest SMAV in the acute dataset), this lowered value is also protective of all the salmonid 

species for which toxicity data are available, and other sensitive fish species as well. Summaries 

are provided below for the individual species or genera (in cases where more than one species is 

included in the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the freshwater FAV. All values are 

provided in terms of total cadmium.

Cottus

Two species of sculpin, Cottus bairdii and Cottus confusus, are used to derive the 

normalized GMAV of 4.962 μg Cd/L, the second most sensitive genus in the acute dataset, and 

the lowest of the four GMAVs used to calculate the FAV (Table 7). Besser et al. (2006, 2007)

and Brinkman and Vieira (2007) exposed fry of C. bairdii to flow-through measured conditions 

to yield normalized 96-hr LC50s ranging from 2.806 to 7.645 μg/L, with the SMAV of 4.540 

μg/L cadmium. The C. confusus normalized SMAV of 5.345 μg/L cadmium is based on the 

static-renewal measured study reported by Mebane et al. (2012).

Morone saxatilis

Two acceptable acute values from one study (Palawski et al. 1985) were used to calculate 

the hardness-normalized SMAV/GMAV for the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. The 63-day old 
34

fish were exposed in static, unmeasured chambers at two different test hardness levels (40 and 

285 mg/L as CaCO3). The GMAV for the species is 5.883 μg/L total cadmium and is the third

lowest in the acute dataset.

Salmo trutta

The hardness-normalized SMAV/GMAV of 6.066 μg/L total cadmium for the brown 

trout is based on the geometric mean of five 96-hr LC50s as reported by Davies and Brinkman 

(1994c), Brinkman and Hansen (2004a, 2007) and Stubblefield (1990). All tests were flowthrough measured exposures and used either the fingerling or fry life stage (see Appendix A). 

The GMAV for the brown trout is the fourth lowest in the acute dataset.

Oncorhynchus

The hardness-normalized GMAV of 7.911 μg/L total cadmium for the genus 

Oncorhynchus is the fifth lowest in the acute dataset, and is calculated from SMAVs of four 

different species (cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii; coho salmon, O. kisutch; rainbow trout,

O mykiss; Chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha). Oncorhynchus is one of the most widely tested 

genera in the freshwater acute dataset. All but the cutthroat trout are Listed species. Hardnessnormalized SMAVs range from 4.468 to 14.34 μg/L total cadmium (Table 7) and are composed 

of anywhere from one (O. kisutch) to 37 (O. mykiss) acute values (Appendix A).

Table 7. Ranked Freshwater GMAVs.

(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 and expressed as total cadmium).

(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

Ranka

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

75 48,458 Midge,

Chironomus plumosus 16,241

- -

Midge,

Chironomus riparius >144,586

74 31,404 Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus 75,693

- -

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambica 13,029

73 28,710 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio 28,710

72 27,070 Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum 27,070

71 24,249 Mayfly,

Rhithrogena hageni 24,249

70 >23,794 Little green stonefly,

Sweltsa sp. >23,794
35

Rank

a

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

69 16,084 Oligochaete,

Rhyacodrilus montana 16,084

68 15,895 Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis 15,895

67 14,041 Oligochaete,

Stylodrilus heringianus 14,041

66 13,429 Oligochaete,

Branchiura sowerbyi 13,429

65 10,968 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus 10,968

64 10,903 Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus 10,903

63 10,131 Oligochaete,

Spirosperma ferox 8,935

--

Oligochaete,

Spirosperma nikolskyi 11,488

62 9,701 Earthworm,

Varichaetadrilus pacificus 9,701

61 8,169 Oligochaete,

Quistadrilus multisetosus 8,169

60 8,028 Mayfly,

Hexagenia rigida 8,028

59 7,867 Red shiner,

Cyprinella lutrensis 7,867

58 7,377 Green sunfish,

Lepomis cyanellus 5,402

--

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus 10,074

57 7,357 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 7,357

56 6,656 Yellow perch,

Perca flavescens 6,656

55 6,182 Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae 6,182

54 5,100 Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata 5,100

53 4,946 Mayfly,

Drunella grandis 4,946

52 4,164 Tubificid worm,

Tubifex 4,164

51 3,651 Amphipod,

Crangonyx pseudogracilis 3,651

50 2,891 Copepod,

Diaptomus forbesi 2,891

49 2,860 Zebrafish,

Danio rerio 2,860

48 2,210 African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis 2,210

47 2,195 Crayfish,

Procambarus acutus 898.7

--

Crayfish,

Procambarus alleni 7,263

--

Red swamp crayfish,

Procambarus clarkii 1,620
36

Rank

a

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

46 >1,917 Caddisfly,

Arctopsyche sp. >1,917

45 1,831 Goldfish,

Carassius auratus 1,831

44 1,531 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 1,531

43 1,512 Oligochaete,

Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri 1,512

42 1,130 Northwestern salamander,

Ambystoma gracile 1,130

41 >973.2 Snail,

Gyraulus sp. >973.2

40 892.1 Isopod,

Caecidotea bicrenata 892.1

39 668.6 Lake whitefish,

Coregonus clupeaformis 668.6

38 496.4 Cladoceran,

Alona affinis 496.4

37 493.7 Bryozoa,

Plumatella emarginata 493.7

36 448.2 Cyclopoid copepod,

Cyclops varicans 448.2

35 425.3 Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus 425.3

34 389.3 Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis 389.3

33 384.2 Planarian,

Dugesia dorotocephala 384.2

32 382.6 Leech,

Glossiphonia complanata 382.6

31 317.1 Bryozoa,

Pectinatella magnifica 317.1

30 241.0 Worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus 241.0

29 225.4 Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 225.4

28 190.8 Snail,

Physa acuta 2,383

b

--

Pouch snail,

Physa gyrina 190.8

27 180.2 Worm,

Nais elinguis 180.2

26 171.0 Amphipod,

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus 171.0

25 121.9 Hydra,

Hydra circumcincta 207.4

--

Hydra

Hydra oligactis 141.1

--

Green hydra,

Hydra viridissima 41.06

--

Hydra,

Hydra vulgaris 183.9

24 108.4 Cladoceran,

Diaphanosoma brachyurum 108.4
37

Rank

a

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

23 103.4 Crayfish,

Orconectes immunis >24,972

b

--

Crayfish,

Orconectes juvenilis 148.4

--

Crayfish,

Orconectes placidus 72.11

--

Crayfish,

Orconectes virilis 26,948

b

22 94.50 Isopod,

Lirceus alabamae 94.50

21 88.67 Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa 88.67

20 73.91 Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis 73.91

19 73.80 Bonytail,

Gila elegans (LS) 73.80

18 72.54 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 66.29

--

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata 79.37

17 72.07 Southern rainbow mussel,

Villosa vibex 72.07

16 70.01 Mussel,

Lasmigona subviridis 70.01

15 69.80 Razorback sucker,

Xyrauchen texanus (LS) 69.80

14 69.65 Cladoceran,

Simocephalus serrulatus 69.65

13 69.49 Mussel,

Actinonaias pectorosa 69.49

12 67.94 Bryozoa,

Lophopodella carteri 67.94

11 66.10 Cladoceran,

Daphnia ambigua 27.80

--

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 40.54

--

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex 118.3

--

Cladoceran,

Daphnia similis 143.2

10 57.18 Neosho mucket,

Lampsilis rafinesqueana (LS) 49.46

--

Fatmucket,

Lampsilis siliquoidea 39.56

--

Southern fatmucket,

Lampsilis straminea claibornensis 104.4

--

Yellow sandshell,

Lampsilis teres 52.34

9 42.96 Colorado squawfish,

Ptychocheilus lucius (LS) 42.96

--

Northern pike minnow,

Ptychocheilus oregonensis 5,065

b

8 <33.46 White sturgeon,

Acipenser transmontanus (LS) <33.46
38

Ranka

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

7 26.29 Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca 26.29

6 >17.05 Mountain whitefish,

Prosopium williamsoni >17.05

5 7.841 Cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii 5.966

- -

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS) 14.34

- -

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss (LS) 4.468

- -

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (LS) 9.888

4 6.066 Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 6.066

3 5.883 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 5.883

2 4.926 Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii 4.540

- -

Shorthead sculpin,

Cottus confusus 5.345

1 4.750 Bull trout,

Salvelinus confluentus (LS) 4.750

- -

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 3,362b

a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b There is a 10x difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the calculation (e.g., only 

bull trout was used to determine GMAV for Salvelinus , not brook trout).

[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMAV Table because hardness was not reported and 

therefore toxicity values could not be normalized to the standard total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3: Leech, 

Nephelopsis obscura; Crayfish, Orconectes limosus; Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Stonefly, Pteronarcella 

badia; Midge, Culicoides furens; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus.]

LS = Federally-listed species
39

Figure 2. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMAVs.

3.1.2 Chronic toxicity

Acceptable data on the chronic effects of cadmium in freshwater are available for 27

species, grouped into 20 genera (Appendix C). As with the freshwater cadmium acute dataset, 

the diversity of species representing the chronic dataset satisfy the eight MDRs specified in the 

1985 Guidelines, and regression analysis was therefore used to derive the new freshwater CCC. 

This is in contrast to the acute-chronic ratio methodology, which must be used when the MDRs 

are not met. Ranked GMCVs for cadmium in freshwater based on chronic toxicity are identified 

in Table 9 and plotted in Figure 3. The following sections detail the derivation of these GMCV 

summaries.
40

Hardness correction

Following the procedures described in Section 2.7.1, an analysis of covariance was 

applied to the data in Appendix C (each study used in the chronic hardness slope derivation is 

identified by and asterisk) to calculate the chronic hardness correction slope for four species

(Daphnia magna, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta and Salvelinus fontinalis) (Table 8). Two 

of the four species (O. mykiss and S. fontinalis) were not included in the 2001 AWQC dataset. 

Although included in the 2001 revision, data for P. promelas were not used for the hardness 

correction slope in the 2015 update because no EC20 values and only MATCs were available for 

these tests. For D. magna, both EC20 values and MATCs were available, but the EC20 values 

from multiple studies were too divergent. Therefore, the same three MATC values from 

Chapman et al. (Manuscript) used in the 2001 revision were retained in the 2015 update so that 

an invertebrate species could be included in the calculation of the chronic cadmium toxicityhardness slope. The acceptable data for rainbow trout were limited to data from Brown et al. 

(1994), Davies and Brinkman (1994b), Besser et al. (2007), and Mebane et al. (2008). Rainbow 

trout data from Davies et al. (1993) were not included, as differences in toxicity due to different 

levels of hardness were attributed entirely to magnesium amendments. 

Using the final dataset to calculate the chronic cadmium toxicity-hardness slope, an 

analysis of covariance test was performed to determine whether a single pooled species slope 

was acceptable for use in the criteria derivation. The P-value of the resulting relationship

between hardness and individual species slopes was 0.15, indicating that individual species 

hardness slopes were not significantly different from one another, and that a single pooled slope 

could be used. The pooled slope for the log-log relationship between hardness and chronic 

toxicity was 0.7977. A list of the species and accompanying slopes used to estimate the final 

chronic hardness slope is provided in Table 8.
41

Table 8. Pooled Slope Estimated for the Cadmium Chronic Toxicity vs. Hardness 

Relationship.

Species n Slope R

2 Value

95% Confidence 

Interval df

Daphnia magnaa3 0.7712 0.962 -1.166-2.709 1

Oncorhynchus mykissb

6 0.4602* 0.705 0.04712-0.8732 4

Salmo trutta 6 1.329* 0.765 0.3072-2.350 4

Salvelinus fontinalis 3 1.078 0.862 -4.406-6.563 1

Final Model 18 0.7977*# 0.841 0.4334-1.162 10

Species highlighted in bold are new relative to the 2001 AWQC hardness slope estimation

* Slope is significantly different than 0 (p<0.05) 

# Individual species slopes not significantly different (p=0.15) 

a Includes 3 MATCs from Chapman et al. (Manuscript).

b Includes one value from Brown et al. (1994), two values from Davies and Brinkman (1994b), one 

value from Besser et al. (2007) and two from Mebane et al. (2008). Excluded 3 values from Davies 

et al. (1993) because hardness was manipulated using magnesium.

Summaries of studies used in chronic freshwater criterion determination

Of the 20 Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCV) in the updated chronic criteria dataset, 

four of the genera included previously in the 2001 update have new data. A new species in the 

updated dataset, mottled sculpin (C. bairdii) now represents the most sensitive fish species and 

the third most sensitive genus in the distribution with a GMCV = 1.721 μg/L (total cadmium and 

normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3). The most sensitive invertebrate is the 

amphipod Hyalella azteca with a normalized GMCV = 0.7453 μg/L (based on the 42-day 

reproduction endpoint). There are sufficient data to fulfill the requirements to calculate chronic 

freshwater criteria using the species sensitivity distribution (SD) method. Acceptable data on the 

chronic effects of cadmium on freshwater animals include 11 species of invertebrates and 16

species of fish grouped into 20 genera (Table 9). Six new species include the oligochaete 

(Lumbriculus variegatus), the fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea), the snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), 

the Rio Grande cutthroat trout (O. clarkii virginalis), the mottled sculpin (C. bairdii) and the 

cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia reticulata). All of the toxicity values and SMCVs derived are 

tabulated and included in Appendix C. The first through fourth most sensitive genera (out of a 

total of 20) were used in the computation of the Final Chronic Value (FCV) and are ranked 

below from most to least sensitive:
42

1. Hyalella azteca, Amphipod (GMCV=0.7453 μg/L total Cd)

2. Ceriodaphnia, Cladoceran (GMCV=1.293μg/L total Cd)

3. Cottus bairdii, Mottled sculpin (GMCV=1.721 μg/L total Cd)

4. Chironomus dilutus, Midge (GMCV=2.000 μg/L total Cd)

The resulting calculated FCV is 0.80 μg/L total cadmium. Summaries are provided 

below for the individual species or genera (in cases where more than one species is included in 

the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the freshwater FCV. All values are provided in 

terms of total cadmium.

Hyalella azteca

One full-life cycle study satisfied the acceptability criteria for H. azteca (Ingersoll and 

Kemble 2001) based on newly recommended culture and control conditions (see Appendix K). 

H. azteca were exposed under flow-through measured conditions (control, low, middle and high 

exposures) at a mean temperature of 23°C and a total hardness of 280 mg/L as CaCO3. A 3-mm 

nylon mesh substrate was provided during the test. The seven- to eight-day old amphipods were 

exposed to water only mean total cadmium concentrations of 0.10 (control), 0.12, 0.32, 0.51, 1.9 

and 3.2 μg/L for 42 days. The water used for this test (USGS Columbia Lab well water) is 

acceptable for H. azteca studies (around 25 mg Cl/L and 0.08 mg Br/L). For this study, both 

weight (measured by scale) and length data were obtained, and there are differences in the 

inferred growth between the two measures. After consultation with the study authors, it was 

determined that techniques used to measure length data were more likely to reflect true growth 

than the weight measurements. Since the time the original study was conducted, the same 

laboratory has developed a robust empirical relationship between amphipod length and weight.

Applying this formula, the 28-d average control length of 4.37 mm represents an average dry 

weight of 0.434 mg and the 42-d average control length of 4.67 mm translates to an average dry 

weight of 0.524 mg. These weight values are above the minimum control performance values 

listed in Appendix K. In addition, the average control reproduction (6.4 young/female) also met 

minimum performance values. Although the feeding rate used in this test was below that 

recommended for H. azteca exposures lasting longer than 10 days, the finding that control 

organisms met performance criteria applied in tests using a higher feeding rate supports retaining 

these data for use in deriving AWQC. The most sensitive endpoint from this test was 
43

reproduction; the reproduction EC20 for this test is 1.695 μg/L, or 0.7453 μg/L when normalized 

to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3. H. azteca is now the most chronically sensitive genus 

in the dataset with a hardness-normalized SMCV/GMCV of 0.7453 μg/L (Table 9). This value is 

a revision to the 42-day MATC of 0.9844 μg/L that was previously used in the 2001 AWQC 

cadmium document (see Section 5.2.1 for additional discussion on suitability of chronic Hyalella

studies).

Ceriodaphnia dubia

An acceptable C. dubia seven-day static-renewal toxicity test was conducted by Jop et al. 

(1995) using reconstituted soft laboratory water. The <24-hr old neonates were exposed to 1, 5, 

10, 19 and 41 μg/L measured cadmium concentrations in addition to a laboratory water control at 

25°C. The NOEC and LOEC were 10 and 19 μg/L cadmium, respectively, with a resulting

chronic value of 13.78 μg/L cadmium. An EC20 could not be calculated with the information 

provided for this test. Similarly, both Spehar and Fiandt (1986) and Brooks et al. (2004) lacked

the details necessary to calculate EC20s. MATCs for these tests were reported at 2.20 and 1.93 

μg/L total cadmium, respectively. Chronic values for these three studies ranged from 1.264 to 

49.75 μg/L total cadmium when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3.

Researchers at Southwest Texas State University (2000) also evaluated the chronic 

toxicity of cadmium to C. dubia. Five replicate tests were conducted using static-renewal 

exposures and laboratory reconstituted hard water at a hardness of 270 mg/L as dilution water for 

the five cadmium concentrations. For reproduction, NOECs ranged from 1.073 to 5.457 μg/L, 

LOECs from 2.391 to 9.934 μg/L, and the MATCs from 1.602 to 7.259 μg/L cadmium. 

Reproductive EC20s for these tests were very similar to the MATCs, and ranged from 1.341 to 

6.129 μg/L cadmium at 270 mg/L hardness, which is equivalent to 0.6071 to 2.775 μg/L when 

normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3. An EC20 could not be estimated for C. 

reticulata (Table 9) and data from this study could not be used in the GMCV calculation. The 

resultant hardness-normalized SMCV and GMCV for this species is 1.293 μg/L, and is the 

second most sensitive genus in the chronic dataset.

Cottus bairdii

Besser et al. (2007) evaluated the chronic toxicity of cadmium to the mottled sculpin, 

(Cottus bairdii), via a 28-day flow-through measured concentration early life stage (ELS) test. 
44

Swim-up fry were exposed to five cadmium concentrations diluted with a well water/reverse 

osmosis treated water mixture (103 mg/L average total hardness). Survival, growth and biomass 

were evaluated at the test termination. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint with a NOEC, 

LOEC and MATC of 1.4, 2.6 and 1.91 μg/L cadmium, respectively. The estimated hardnessnormalized survival EC20 of 1.721 μg/L cadmium is very similar to the MATC, and ranks Cottus 

as the third most chronically sensitive genus to cadmium.

Chironomus dilutus

Ingersoll and Kemble (2001) exposed the midge Chironomus dilutus to cadmium under 

the same conditions listed above for the amphipod H. azteca, except that a thin 5 mL layer of

sand was provided as a substrate. The <24-hr old larvae were exposed to water-only mean

measured total cadmium concentrations of 0.15 (control), 0.50, 1.5, 3.1, 5.8 and 16.4 μg/L 

cadmium for 60 days. The mean weight, biomass, percent emergence and percent hatch 20-day

NOEC and LOEC values for all endpoints were 5.8 and 16.4 μg/L cadmium, respectively. The 

calculated EC20 based on percent hatch was 4.548 μg/L total cadmium or 2.000 μg/L when 

normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3, and is the fourth most sensitive genus to 

cadmium in the chronic dataset.

Table 9. Ranked Freshwater GMCVs.

(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 and expressed as total cadmium).

(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

Ranka

GMCV

(μg/L) Species

SMCV

(μg/L)

20 >38.66 Blue tilapia,

Oreochromis aureus >38.66c

19 36.70 Oligochaete,

Aeolosoma headleyi 36.70

18 16.43 Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus 16.43

17 15.16 Oligochaete,

Lumbriculus variegatus 15.16

16 14.22 Smallmouth bass,

Micropterus dolomieu 14.22c

15 14.17 Northern pike,

Esox lucius 14.17c

14 14.16 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 14.16

13 13.66 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 13.66c

12 11.29 Fatmucket,

Lampsilis siliquoidea 11.29
45

Ranka

GMCV

(μg/L) Species

SMCV

(μg/L)

11 9.887 Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis 9.887

10 8.723 Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae 8.723

9 3.516 Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 3.516

8 3.360 Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar (LS) 2.389

- -

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 4.725

7 3.251 Rio Grande cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis 3.543

- -

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS) NAb

- -

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss (LS) 2.192

- -

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (LS) 4.426

6 2.356 Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 2.356

- -

Lake trout,

Salvelinus namaycush NAb

5 2.024 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 0.9150

- -

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex 4.478

4 2.000 Midge,

Chironomus dilutus 2.000

3 1.721

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii 1.721

2 1.293 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 1.293

- -

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata NAb

1 0.7453 Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

0.7453

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.

b Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC20 data are available for the genus.

c Calculated from the MATC and not EC20 but retained to avoid losing a GMCV.

[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMCV Table because hardness test conditions were not 

reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized to the standard hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3: 

Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum.]

LS = Federally-listed species
46

Figure 3. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMCVs.

3.2 Estuarine Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

3.2.1 Acute Toxicity

Acceptable acute data for cadmium are available for 94 different estuarine/marine species 

representing 79 genera. Table 10 identifies and Figure 4 plots the ranked GMAVs for cadmium 

in estuarine/marine environments based on acute toxicity. The following sections detail the 

derivation of these GMAV summaries.

Water quality parameters affecting toxicity

Estuarine/marine fish species are generally more resistant to cadmium than freshwater 

fish species with SMAVs ranging from 75.0 μg/L for the striped bass (at a salinity of 1 g/kg) to 

>80,000 μg/L for the Mozambique tilapia (Appendix B). In a study of the interaction of 
47

dissolved oxygen and salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the mummichog, for example, 

Voyer (1975) found that 96-hr LC50s at a salinity of 32 g/kg were about one-half of 96-hr LC50s 

at salinities of 10 and 20 g/kg. As discussed in Section 5.4.1, this increase in toxicity with 

increasing salinity is not consistent with other data reported in Appendix B and Appendix I, and 

a salinity correction factor could not be developed.

Limited investigations have been conducted to characterize the influence of temperature 

on cadmium toxicity. O’Hara (1973a) investigated the effect of water temperature and salinity on 

the toxicity of cadmium to the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. LC50s at 20°C were 32,300, 46,600 

and 37,000 μg/L at salinities of 10, 20 and 30 g/kg, respectively. Increasing the water 

temperature from 20 to 30°C lowered the LC50 at all of the salinities tested. Toudal and Riisgard 

(1987) reported that increasing the water temperature from 13 to 21°C at a salinity of 20 g/kg

also lowered the LC50 value of cadmium for the copepod, Acartia tonsa. Thus, increasing 

temperature levels generally resulted in the greater toxicity of cadmium to aquatic organisms, but 

sufficient data are not available to develop a quantitative relationship.

Summaries of studies used in acute estuarine/marine criterion determination

Suitable cadmium acute toxicity test results for estuarine/marine organisms are now 

available for 78 invertebrate species and 16 fish species, for a total of 94 species grouped into 79

genera (Appendix B). Thirty eight of the 79 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated 

dataset have new data. Three new invertebrate species, Tigriopus brevicornis, Aurelia aurita and 

Neomysis integer now represent the three most sensitive taxa in the distribution (GMAVs of 

29.14, 61.75 and 65.25 μg/L, respectively). The most sensitive fish is the striped bass, Morone 

saxatilis, with a GMAV = 75.0 μg/L and ranked the 5

thmost sensitive species in the new dataset 

(Table 10).

Acute sensitivity ranges widely amongst the estuarine/marine genera for which acute 

values are available, with the most sensitive species approximately 5,800 times more sensitive 

than the most resistant species. The GMAVs for estuarine/marine invertebrate species range

from 29.14 μg/L for the copepod, Tigriopus to 169,787 μg/L for the horseshoe crab, Limulus

(Table 10). The SMAVs for estuarine/marine polychaetes range from 200 μg/L for Capitella 

capitata to 12,052 μg/L for Neanthes arenaceodentata. Estuarine/marine molluscs have SMAVs 

that range from 60 μg/L for the horse clam (Tresus capax) to 23,200 μg/L for the dog whelk

(Nucella lapillus). Acute values are available for more than one species in each of 14 genera, and 
48

the range of SMAVs within each genus is no more than a factor of 10 for 13 of the 14 genera. 

Oysters (Crassostrea) include SMAVs that differ by a factor of 21.9, which is possibly due to 

different exposure conditions between the tested species. As described for the freshwater data, 

only the most sensitive SMAV is used in calculating the GMAV for Crassostrea. Only the data 

from Reish et al. (1976) were used for C. capitata, and only data from Martin et al. (1981) and 

Nelson et al. (1988) were used for M. edulis. Similarly, only data from Sullivan et al. (1983) 

were used for E. affinis, while only data from Wright and Frain (1981) were used for 

Marinogammarus obtusatus. Finally, only data from Cripe (1994) were used for F. duorarum, 

only data from Park et al. (1994) were used for Rivulus marmoratus and only data from Hilmy et 

al. (1985) were used for Mugil cephalus to avoid using test results from studies in which the life 

stage tested is known to be less sensitive than other life stages (Appendix B). The distribution of 

ranked estuarine/marine GMAVs for cadmium is depicted in Figure 4.

There are sufficient data to fulfill the necessary requirements to calculate an acute 

criterion for cadmium in estuarine/marine water using the species sensitivity distribution (SD)

method. The second through fifth most sensitive genus were used in the computation of the Final 

Acute Value (FAV) and are ranked below from most to least sensitive:

2. Aurelia aurita, Moon jellyfish (GMAV=61.75 μg/L total Cd)

3. Neomysis integer, Mysid (GMAV=65.25 μg/L total Cd)

4. Americamysis (GMAV=67.39 μg/L total Cd)

5. Morone saxatilis, Striped bass (GMAV=75.0 μg/L total Cd)

The most sensitive genus, Tigriopus (GMAV=29.14 μg/L total cadmium), is not included 

in the criteria numeric calculation because it falls below the 5

th percentile of sensitivity in the 

distribution of 79 genera included in the dataset. The resulting calculated FAV is 69.62μg/L total 

cadmium. Summaries are provided below for the individual species or genera (in cases where 

more than one species is included in the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the 

estuarine/marine FAV. All values are provided in terms of total cadmium.

Aurelia aurita

Free-swimming larvae (ephyra) of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, were exposed to 

cadmium nitrate in static, unmeasured chambers for 48-hr (Faimali et al. 2013). The 
49

SMAV/GMAV of 61.75 μg/L cadmium is the third most sensitive species in the 

estuarine/marine acute dataset and the second most sensitive genus (Table 10).

Neomysis integer

The GMAV/SMAV of 65.25 μg/L cadmium for the mysid, Neomysis integer, is based on 

the geometric mean of two 96-hr LC50s from tests conducted at two different salinities (Roast et 

al. 2001b). Adult mysids were exposed to unmeasured renewed cadmium chloride solutions 

adjusted to either 1 or 30 g/kg salinity. The resulting acute values were 28.2 and 151 μg/L 

cadmium at salinities of 1 and 30 g/kg, respectively (Appendix B).

Americamysis

The GMAV of 67.39 μg/L cadmium for Americamysis is the geometric mean of the 

SMAVs for the two mysid species A. bahia and A. bigelowi (formerly identified as Mysidopsis 

bigelowi). Acceptable acute values for A. bahia range from 11.1 to 110 μg/L total cadmium. 

While there are 13 acceptable acute values, the SMAV of 41.29 μg/L total cadmium is calculated 

from only the two flow-through measured exposures conducted at salinities of 10-17 g/kg 

(Nimmo et al. 1977a) and 30 g/kg (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985).

Morone saxatilis

Striped bass has a GMAV/SMAV of 75.0 μg/L cadmium and is the most sensitive fish 

species and the fifth most sensitive genus in the estuarine/marine acute dataset (Palawski et al. 

1985). This value is based on a test where 63-day old fish were exposed to static and unmeasured

concentrations of cadmium chloride for 96-hr at a salinity of 1 g/kg. 

Table 10. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMAVs.

(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

Ranka

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

79 169,787 Horseshoe crab,

Limulus polyphemus 169,787

78 135,000 Oligochaete worm,

Monopylephorus cuticulatus 135,000

77 >80,000 Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambicus >80,000

76 62,000 Scorpionfish,

Scorpaena guttata 62,000

75 50,000 Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus 50,000
50

Rank

a

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

74 25,900 Cunner,

Tautogolabrus adspersus 25,900

73 24,000 Oligochaete worm,

Tubificoides gabriellae 24,000

72 23,200 Dog whelk,

Nucella lapillus 23,200

71 22,887 Amphipod,

Eohaustorius estuarius 22,887

70 19,550 Mummichog,

Fundulus heteroclitus 18,200

--

Striped killifish,

Fundulus majalis 21,000

69 19,170 Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus 19,170

68 14,297 Winter flounder,

Pseudopleuronectes americanus 14,297

67 12,755 Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator 21,238

--

Fiddler crab,

Uca triangularis 7,660

66 12,052 Polychaete worm,

Neanthes arenaceodentata 12,052

65 11,000 Shiner perch,

Cymatogaster aggregata 11,000

64 >10,200 California market squid,

Loligo opalescens >10,200

63 10,114 Polychaete worm,

Alitta virens 10,114

62 10,000 Oligochaete,

Tectidrilus verrucosus

10,000

61 9,217 Striped mullet,

Mugil cephalus 7,079

--

White mullet,

Mugil curema 12,000

60 9,100 Nematode,

Rhabditis marina 9,100

59 >8,000 Isopod,

Excirolana sp. >8,000

58 7,400 Sand dollar,

Dendraster excentricus 7,400

57 7,120 Wood borer,

Limnoria tripunctata 7,120

56 6,700 Amphipod,

Diporeia spp. 6,700

55 6,600 Atlantic oyster drill,

Urosalpinx cinerea 6,600

54 4,900 Mud crab,

Eurypanopeus depressus 4,900
51

Rank

a

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

53 4,700 Polychaete,

Nereis grubei 4,700

52 4,100 Green shore crab,

Carcinus maenas 4,100

51 4,058 Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus 2,594

--

Lesser blue crab,

Callinectes similis 6,350

50 3,925 Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema 3,925

49 3,500 Scud,

Marinogammarus obtusatus 3,500

48 3,142 Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus

3,142

47 2,900 Amphipod,

Ampelisca abdita 2,900

46 2,600 Cone worm,

Pectinaria californiensis 2,600

45 2,413 Common starfish,

Asterias forbesi 2,413

44 2,110 Pacific sand crab,

Emerita analoga 2,110

43 2,060 Gastropod,

Tenguella granulata 2,060

42 1,720 Tiger shrimp,

Penaeus monodon 1,720

41 1,708 Copepod,

Pseudodiaptomus coronatus 1,708

40 1,672 Soft

-shell clam,

Mya arenaria 1,672

39 1,510 Amphipod,

Rhepoxynius abronius 1,510

38 1,506 Brown mussel,

Perna perna

1,146

--

Green mussel,

Perna viridis 1,981

37 1,500 Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS) 1,500

36 1,271 White shrimp,

Litopenaeus setiferus 990

--

White shrimp,

Litopenaeus vannamei 1,632

35 1,228 Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 1,983

--

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes vulgaris 760

34 1,184 Starlet sea anemone,

Nematostella vectensis 1,184
52

Rank

a

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

33 1,054 Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia 1,054

32 1,041 Amphipod,

Corophium insidiosum 1,041

31 1,000 Pinfish,

Lagodon rhomboides 1,000

30 862.9 Green sea urchin,

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 1,800

--

Purple sea urchin,

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 413.7

29 800 Rivulus,

Rivulus marmoratus 800

28 794.5 Harpacticoid copepod,

Nitokra spinipes 794.5

27 765.6 Bay scallop,

Argopecten irradians 1,480

--

Scallop,

Argopecten ventricosus 396

26 739.2 Amphipod,

Leptocheirus plumulosus 739.2

25 736.2 Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 1,073

--

Blue mussel,

Mytilus trossolus 505.0

24 716.2 Amphipod,

Elasmopus bampo 716.2

23 645.0 Longwrist hermit crab,

Pagurus longicarpus 645.0

22 630.7 Amphipod,

Grandidierella japonica 630.7

21 630 Amphipod,

Chelura terebrans 630

20 490 Barnacle,

Amphibalanus amphitrite 490

19 422.6 Mangrove oyster,

Isognomon californicum 422.6

18 410.3 Mysid,

Praunus flexuosus 410.3

17 410.0 Isopod,

Joeropsis sp. 410.0

16 320 Sand shrimp,

Crangon septemspinosa 320

15 310.5 Northern pink shrimp,

Farfantepenaeus duorarum 310.5

14 235.7 Rock crab,

Cancer plebejus 250

--

Dungeness crab,

Cancer magister 222.3
53

Ranka

GMAV

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

13 224 Harpacticoid copepod,

Sarsamphiascus tenuiremis 224

12 >200 Cabezon,

Scorpaenichthys marmoratus >200

11 200 Polychaete worm,

Capitella capitata 200

10 188.1 Horse clam,

Tresus capax 60

- -

Horse clam,

Tresus nuttalli 590

9 173.2 Pacific oyster,

Crassostrea gigas 173.2

- -

American oyster,

Crassostrea virginica 3,800b

8 147.7 Calanoid copepod,

Eurytemora affinis 147.7

7 130.7 Copepod,

Acartia clausi 144

- -

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa 118.7

6 78 American lobster,

Homarus americanus 78

5 75.0 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0

4 67.39 Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 41.29

- -

Mysid,

Americamysis bigelowi 110

3 65.25 Mysid,

Neomysis integer 65.25

2 61.75 Moon jellyfish,

Aurelia aurita 61.75

1 29.14 Harpacticoid copepod,

Tigriopus brevicornis 29.14

a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b There is a 10x difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the calculation.

LS = Federally-listed species
54

Figure 4. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMAVs.

3.2.2 Chronic Toxicity

Chronic studies were available for only two species of mysids for consideration in 

deriving a chronic criterion for cadmium in estuarine/marine water. The taxonomy of one of 

those species has recently changed so there is now only one genus represented by the two species 

(Table 11). Because the eight-family MDR is not met for derivation of the estuarine/marine 

FCV, the ACR approach was employed whereby the estuarine/marine FAV is divided by the 

FACR (see Section 4.4.2). Although three ACRs are typically required to calculate an FACR,

only two ACRs for estuarine/marine species were used in 2001 to calculate the estuarine/marine

FACR. Freshwater ACRs were not used in 2001 to support the derivation of the estuarine/marine 

FACR because the range of freshwater ACR values was considered too large for inclusion (see 

Section 5.9.5). With the availability of additional freshwater toxicity data, the updated 
55

estuarine/marine FACR now incorporates six freshwater genus-level ACRs and one

estuarine/marine genus-level ACR. EPA believes that inclusion of the freshwater species ACRs 

that are acutely sensitive and have taxonomically-related marine species with the

estuarine/marine species ACRs is the most appropriate and representative method for deriving 

the FACR.

The GMCV for estuarine/marine species based on chronic cadmium toxicity in a 

saltwater medium is identified in Table 11. This GMCV is plotted in Figure 5 in relation to the 

new FCV/CCC of 8.4 μg/L total cadmium. The following presents a discussion of 

estuarine/marine chronic data used in deriving the estuarine/marine chronic criterion for 

cadmium. The chronic values are based on estimated EC20 values for each of two species. The 

EC20 values and SMCVs derived are tabulated and included in Appendix D.

Americamysis

Three chronic toxicity tests have been conducted with the estuarine/marine invertebrate, 

Americamysis bahia, formerly classified as Mysidopsis bahia, and one acceptable study was 

conducted with Americamysis bigelowi, formerly classified as Mysidopsis bigelowi. Nimmo et al. 

(1977a) conducted a 23-day life-cycle test with A. bahia at a temperature ranging from 20 to 

28°C and a salinity ranging from 15 to 23 g/kg. Survival was 10 percent at 10.6 μg/L cadmium, 

84 percent at the next lower test concentration of 6.4 μg/L cadmium, and 95 percent in the 

controls. No unacceptable effects were observed at cadmium concentrations < 6.4 μg/L. The 

chronic toxicity limits, therefore, are 6.4 and 10.6 μg/L cadmium, with a MATC chronic value of 

8.237 μg/L cadmium. The accompanying reproductive EC20 estimate was 5.605 μg/L cadmium 

and the 96-hr LC50 was 15.5 μg/L cadmium, resulting in an acute-chronic ratio of 2.765.

Another life-cycle test was conducted with A. bahia at a constant temperature of 21°C 

and salinity of 30 g/kg (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985). All organisms died in 28 days at 

23 μg/L cadmium. At 10 μg/L cadmium, a series of morphological aberrations occurred at the 

onset of sexual maturity. External genitalia in males were aberrant, females failed to develop 

brood pouches, and both sexes developed a carapace malformation that prohibited molting after 

release of the initial brood. Although initial reproduction at this concentration was successful, 

successive broods could not be born because molting resulted in death. No reproductive effects 

on initial or successive broods were noted in the controls or at 5.1 μg/L cadmium. Thus, the 

chronic limits for this study are 5.1 and 10 μg/L cadmium, resulting in a MATC of 7.141 μg/L
56

cadmium. The corresponding EC20 estimate for survival was 10.93 μg/L cadmium and the LC50

at 21°C and salinity of 30 g/kg was 110 μg/L cadmium, which results in an ACR of 10.06 from 

this study (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985). 

These Nimmo et al. (1977a) and the Gentile et al. (1982) and Lussier et al. (1985) studies

had excellent agreement between the chronic values, but considerable divergence between the 

acute values and acute-chronic ratios. As discussed in Section 5.4.1, several studies have 

demonstrated an increase in the acute toxicity of cadmium with decreasing salinity and 

increasing temperature (Appendix B and Appendix I), and the observed differences in acute 

toxicity to the mysids might be partially explained on this basis. Nimmo et al. (1977a) conducted 

their acute test at 20 to 28°C and salinity of 15 to 23 g/kg, whereas the test conducted by Gentile 

et al. (1982) and Lussier et al. (1985) was performed at 21°C and salinity of 30 g/kg.

A third A. bahia chronic study was conducted by Carr et al. (1985) at a salinity of 30 

g/kg, but the temperature varied from 14 to 26°C over the 33 day study. At test termination, >50 

percent of the organisms had died in cadmium exposures ≥8 μg/L. After 18 days of exposure, 

growth in 4 μg/L cadmium, the lowest concentration treatment group, was significantly reduced 

when compared to the controls. The resultant chronic limits based on growth are a NOEC <4

μg/L and a LOEC of 4 μg/L (LOEC) cadmium. The accompanying survival EC20 estimate was 

5.833 μg/L cadmium. The SMCV for A. bahia is the geometric mean of the three EC20 values, or 

6.149 μg/L. Acute data were not reported for this study. 

Gentile et al. (1982) also conducted a life-cycle test with the mysid, A. bigelowi, and the 

results were very similar to those for A. bahia. The EC20 for this test was 11.61 μg/L cadmium 

and the ACR is 9.475 when paired with the acute LC50 for A. bigelowi of 110 μg/L cadmium. 

The resulting GMCV for Americamysis is 8.449 μg/L cadmium (Table 11) and is the only 

GMCV in the estuarine/marine chronic dataset.

Table 11. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMCVs.

(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

Ranka

GMCV

(μg/L) Species

SMCV

(μg/L)

1 8.449 Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 6.149

- -

Mysid,

Americamysis bigelowi 11.61

a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.
57

Figure 5. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMCVs.

3.3 Bioaccumulation

No U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level or other maximum acceptable 

concentration in tissue, as defined in the 1985 Guidelines, is available for cadmium. Therefore, a 

Final Residue Value was not developed for fish tissue. However, as discussed in Section 2.3, 

although cadmium can bioaccumulate in the tissues of aquatic life, at criteria concentrations it is 

unlikely to accumulate to levels that would result in adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates, fish, 

or wildlife from the ingestion of aquatic life that have accumulated cadmium in their tissues.

Most aquatic organisms are considered to be more susceptible to cadmium from direct aqueous 

exposure than through bioaccumulation and the development of criteria protective of direct 

exposure effects are considered more applicable to the development of criteria for aquatic life.

Acceptable bioaccumulation data are provided in Appendix G and discussed in Section 5.6.
58

3.4 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants

Available data for estuarine/marine plants were reviewed to determine whether plants are 

more sensitive to cadmium than estuarine/marine animals (see Appendix B and Appendix F). 

With only a few exceptions, plants were less sensitive than estuarine/marine animals and it was 

therefore unnecessary to develop criteria based on the toxicity of cadmium to aquatic plants in 

this update. The only two exceptions were the green algae Dunaliella viridis and Scenedesmus 

sp., each having a static-unmeasured 10-d MATC of 7.07 μg/L cadmium. As recommended in 

the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), these unmeasured plant studies were not used for the 

derivation of a Final Plant Value.
59

4 The National Criteria for Cadmium

4.1 The Freshwater Cadmium Criteria

Freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)

CMC= e(1.103 x ln(hardness) – 4.291)x CF

Where CF (conversion factor) = 1.136672 - [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]

The resultant CMC of 2.1 μg/L for dissolved cadmium at a hardness of 100 mg/L is below all 

the SMAVs in Table 7, when the SMAVs are expressed on a dissolved basis. A comparison of 

the updated CMC to the 2001 CMC across various hardness levels is presented in Table 12.

Freshwater Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)

CCC = e(0.7977 x ln(hardness) – 3.897)x CF

Where the CF (conversion factor) = 1.101672 - [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]

The resultant CCC of 0.73 μg/L for dissolved cadmium at a hardness of 100 mg/L is below all 

the SMCVs in Table 9. A comparison of the updated CCC to the 2001 CCC across various 

hardness levels is presented in Table 12.

Table 12. Freshwater CMC and CCC at Various Water Hardness.

Hardness

(mg/L as CaCO3)

CMC

(μg/L Cd dissolved)

CCC

(μg/L Cd dissolved)

2001 Criteria

(superseded) 2015 Criteria

2001 Criteria

(superseded) 2015 Criteria

25 0.52 0.48 0.09 0.26

50 1.0 1.0 0.15 0.43

75 1.5 1.5 0.20 0.59

100 2.0 2.1 0.25 0.73

150 3.0 3.2 0.33 1.0

200 3.9 4.3 0.40 1.2

250 4.9 5.5 0.46 1.4

300 5.9 6.6 0.53 1.7

350 6.8 7.8 0.59 1.9

400 7.7 9.0 0.64 2.1
60

4.2 The Estuarine/Marine Cadmium Criteria

Estuarine/Marine Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)

CMC:

Total Cadmium Final Acute Value = 69.62 μg/L

Total Cadmium Criterion Maximum Concentration = (69.62 μg/L)/2 = 34.81 μg/L

Dissolved Cadmium Criterion Maximum Concentration = 0.994 x (34.81 μg/L) = 35μg/L

Estuarine/Marine Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)

CCC:

Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 8.291 (see Section 4.4.2)

Total Cadmium Final Chronic Value = (69.62 μg/L)/8.291 = 8.397 μg/L

Dissolved Cadmium Final Chronic Value = 0.994 x (8.397 μg/L) = 8.3 μg/L

4.3 Freshwater Criteria Calculations

4.3.1 Acute

The freshwater Final Acute Value (FAV) for total cadmium at a total hardness of 100 

mg/L as CaCO3 was calculated to be 6.445 μg/L (Table 13), based on the GMAVs in Table 7.

This value is below all other SMAVs listed in Table 7 (see also Figure 2), with the exception of 

the SMAVs for rainbow trout, mottled sculpin, shorthead sculpin, bull trout, striped bass, 

cutthroat trout and brown trout. However, since the SMAV for the commercially and 

recreationally important rainbow trout is below this value, the FAV was lowered to 4.468 μg/L 

total cadmium (at a hardness of 100 mg/L) to protect this species. This lowered value is also 

protective of all other species, including salmonids, for which toxicity data are available. The 

resulting freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC) at a hardness of 100 mg/L as 

CaCO3 for total cadmium is (in μg/L) = e(1.103[ln(hardness)]-4.291), and is equal to 2.2 μg/L. When the 

CMC based on total cadmium concentration is converted to dissolved cadmium using the 0.944

conversion factor, which was determined at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (Stephan 1995; 

Univ. of Wisconsin-Superior 1995), the freshwater CMC for dissolved cadmium (in μg/L) = 

0.944 x [e(1.103[ln(hardness)]-4.291)]. The resultant 2.1 μg/L CMC for dissolved cadmium at a hardness 
61

of 100 mg/L is lower than all of the SMAVs/GMAVs presented in Table 7, as illustrated 

graphically in Figure 2.

Conversion factors

Although past water quality criteria for cadmium (and other metals) have been 

established based upon the loosely defined term of “acid soluble metals,” EPA made the decision 

to allow the expression of metal criteria on the basis of dissolved metal concentration (U.S. EPA 

1994b), which is operationally defined as the portion of metal that passes through a 0.45 μm

filter. Because most of the data in existing databases are from tests that provide only total 

cadmium concentrations, a procedure was required to convert total to dissolved concentrations. 

Conversion factors (CFs), corresponding to the percent of the total recoverable metal that are

dissolved, were applied to total metal concentrations to estimate dissolved metal concentrations. 

The CFs for cadmium were derived using data from “simulation tests” that were conducted to 

test the relationship between total and dissolved cadmium concentrations at a range of different 

hardness values. The objective of the simulation tests was to estimate the cadmium 

concentrations that would have been detected if dissolved metal concentrations had been

measured (Lussier et al. 1995; Stephan 1995; Univ. of Wisconsin-Superior 1995). Hardness was 

the focus of the simulation tests (and development of the CFs) because it was determined to be 

the most important variable affecting cadmium toxicity in freshwater.

The data presented in this document are in most cases provided as total cadmium. Only 

the final cadmium criteria values are converted from total to dissolved concentrations using the 

appropriate CFs, which are hardness-dependent in fresh water. Acute freshwater total cadmium 

concentrations were converted to dissolved concentrations using the factor of 0.973 at a total 

hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3, 0.944 at a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3, and 0.915 at a 

total hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCO3. The equation for the acute freshwater conversion factor is 

CF = 1.136672 - [(ln hardness) (0.041838)] where the (ln hardness) is the natural logarithm of 

the hardness (Stephan 1995; U.S. EPA 2009b). 
62

Table 13. Freshwater FAV Calculation.

N Rank GMAV ln(GMAV) ln(GMAV)2 P=R/(N+1) sqrt(P)

75 5 7.84 2.06 4.24 0.066 0.256

4 6.066 1.80 3.25 0.053 0.229

3 5.883 1.77 3.14 0.039 0.199

2 4.926 1.59 2.54 0.026 0.162

Sum: 7.23 13.17 0.18 0.85

S

2

= 22.287

L = 0.808

A = 1.863

FAV = 6.445

FAV (trout lowered) = 4.468

CMC= 2.2

Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FAV); and FAV=final acute value.

4.3.2 Chronic

All chronic values, which were expressed as EC20s whenever possible and MATCs when 

necessary, were adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 using the pooled slope of 

0.7977 (see Section 3.1.2). Normalized chronic values agreed well for most test organisms 

within a species and for most species within a genus. The exception was the three values for

Atlantic salmon, which were very different. Twenty-seven SMCVs were calculated from the 

underlined values in Appendix C. From these 27 SMCVs, 20 GMCVs were calculated and 

ranked (Table 9). A freshwater Final Chronic Value was calculated from the 20 GMCVs using 

regression analysis (Table 14). The freshwater Final Chronic Value for total cadmium at a 

hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 is (in μg/L) = e(0.7977[ln(hardness)]-3.897), and is equal to 0.80 μg/L. 

For dissolved cadmium, the Final Chronic value at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 is (in μg/L) 

= 0.909 x [e(0.7977[ln(hardness)]-3.897)], and is equal to 0.73 μg/L. The equation for the chronic 

freshwater conversion factor is CF = 1.101672 - [(ln hardness) (0.041838)]. At a hardness of 100 

mg/L as CaCO3, all of the SMCVs and GMCVs are above the CCC (dissolved metal basis). 
63

Table 14. Freshwater FCV Calculation.

N Rank GMCV ln(GMCV) ln(GMCV)2 P=R/(N+1) sqrt(P)

20 4 2.000 0.69 0.48 0.190 0.436

3 1.721 0.54 0.29 0.143 0.378

2 1.293 0.26 0.07 0.095 0.309

1 0.7453 -0.29 0.09 0.048 0.218

Sum: 1.20 0.93 0.48 1.34

S

2

= 21.467

L = -1.254

A = -0.218

FCV = 0.80

Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FCV); and FCV=final chronic value.

4.4 Estuarine/Marine Criteria Calculations

4.4.1 Acute

The estuarine/marine Final Acute Value for total cadmium calculated from the Genus 

Mean Acute Values shown in Table 10 is 69.62 μg/L. This FAV is below the SMAV for striped 

bass (75.0 μg/L), but higher than the SMAVs for the copepod T. brevicornis (29.14 μg/L), mysid 

A. bahia (41.29 μg/L), moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita (61.75 μg/L), horse clam Tresus capax (60 

μg/L) and mysid N. integer (65.25 μg/L). The resultant estuarine/marine Criterion Maximum 

Concentration (CMC) for total cadmium is 35 μg/L (FAV/2 or 69.62 μg/L/2). If the total 

cadmium CMC is converted to dissolved cadmium using the 0.994 factor determined 

experimentally by U.S. EPA according to the procedure described in Section 4.4.1, the 

estuarine/marine CMC for dissolved cadmium is 35 μg/L (Table 15). The resultant CMC of 35 

μg/L based on dissolved cadmium is below all but one of the estuarine/marine SMAVs (the 

copepod, Tigriopus brevicornis) presented in Table 10 (Figure 4).
64

Table 15. Estuarine/Marine FAV Calculation.

N Rank GMAV ln(GMAV) ln(GMAV)2 P=R/(N+1) sqrt(P)

79 5 75.0 4.32 18.64 0.063 0.250

4 67.39 4.21 17.73 0.050 0.224

3 65.25 4.18 17.46 0.038 0.194

2 61.75 4.12 17.00 0.025 0.158

Sum: 16.83 70.83 0.18 0.83

S

2

= 4.3

L = 3.780

A = 4.243

FAV = 69.62

CMC = 35

Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FAV); and FAV=final acute value.

4.4.2 Chronic

While there were sufficient data to calculate a freshwater chronic criterion using 

regression analysis, the estuarine/marine chronic database consists of data representing only one 

Genus/Family (Appendix D). Therefore, the alternative ACR approach was used for deriving an 

estuarine/marine chronic criterion. This AWQC document update for cadmium recommends the 

use of seven genus-level ACRs to calculate the FACR for estuarine/marine water (four 

freshwater fish genera represented by five species, two freshwater invertebrate genera 

represented by three species, and one acutely sensitive saltwater mysid genera represented by 

two species). Acceptable ACRs are available for six freshwater invertebrates, eight freshwater 

fish and two saltwater invertebrate species representing a diverse number of families (Table 16). 

Unfortunately, none of the four methods suggested in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985) 

for calculating the FACR are appropriate for cadmium (e.g., the species mean ACR does not 

increase or decrease as the SMAV increases; the ACRs for a number of species are greater than a 

factor of ten). Thus, an alternate approach was used to determine the FACR. 

The recommended FACR of 8.291 was obtained from the geometric mean of seven

genus-level ACRs: one based on estuarine/marine mysids (7.007, which is the geometric mean of 

5.275 for Americamysis bahia and 9.476 for A. bigelowi), two based on freshwater invertebrates 

(the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia dubia (19.84) and Daphnia (23.90, which is the geometric mean 

of 57.23 for D. magna and 9.977 for D. pulex), and four based on freshwater fish (the mottled 

sculpin, Cottus bairdii (11.22), the salmonids Oncorhynchus and Salmo (both raised to 2.0 since 

the ACRs for O. mykiss, O. tshawytscha and S. trutta were all below 2.0), and the fathead 

minnow, Pimephales promelas (17.90)). The fish C. bairdii, S. trutta, Oncorhynchus and P. 
65

promelas represent the second, fourth, fifth and forty-fourth most sensitive freshwater genera, 

respectively, and the cladocerans Daphnia and C. dubia are the eleventh and eighteenth most 

sensitive genera. The seven ACRs differ by a factor of 11.95, represent a diverse mix of species,

and are protective of the marine environment. The ACRs for the other freshwater species were 

not used because they have no taxonomically-related marine species (e.g., pulmonate snails), 

and/or the ACRs appear to be outliers.

This approach was chosen because EPA believes that use of combined ACRs for a 

variety of freshwater and estuarine/marine species is the most appropriate and representative 

method for deriving the FACR. When the estuarine/marine Final Acute Value of 69.62 μg/L is 

divided by the FACR of 8.291, the resulting estuarine/marine FCV is 8.4 μg/L. The dissolved 

cadmium FCV is computed by multiplying the total FCV by the conversion factor of 0.994, 

resulting in a concentration of 8.3 μg/L.

Table 16. Acute-to-Chronic Ratios.

Species

Acute 

Value

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Value

(μg/L) Ratio

Species 

ACR Reference

FRESHWATER SPECIES

Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 93 4.002 23.24 -

Holcombe et al. 1984; Phipps and 

Holcombe 1985

Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 93 0.8737 106.4 49.74 Holcombe et al. 1984; Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis 367.5 28.68 12.81 12.81 Pais 2012

Fatmucket,

Lampsilis siliquoidea 16 5.868 2.727 2.727 Wang et al. 2010d

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 38.3 1.93 19.84 19.84 Brooks et al. 2004

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 9.9 0.1523 65.00 - Chapman et al. manuscript

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 33 0.2118 155.8 - Chapman et al. manuscript

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 49 0.3545 138.2 - Chapman et al. manuscript

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 30 0.37 81.08 - Canton and Slooff 1982

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 12.66a

1.10 11.51 - Baird et al. 1990; 1991

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna >6.85e

2.496 >2.745b-

Chadwick Ecological Consultants 

2003
66

Species

Acute 

Value

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Value

(μg/L) Ratio

Species 

ACR Reference

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna >3.43e

2.373 >1.446b-

Chadwick Ecological Consultants 

2003

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 41.1 1.528 26.89 57.23 Jemec et al. 2007; 2008

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex 62 6.214 9.977 - Niederlehner 1984a

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex >14.6e

3.051 >4.785b9.977 Chadwick Environmental 

Consultants 2003

Rio Grande cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis 2.467 1.871 1.319 1.319 Brinkman 2012

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.834f

2.473 1.146 - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 4.391f

4.762 0.922 - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 6.564f

3.808 1.724 - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 8.54 1.82 4.692 - Davies and Brinkman 1994b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 13.4 10.8 1.241 - Davies and Brinkman 1994b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.79 1.39 2.007 - Davies and Brinkman 1994b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 5.200 3.471 1.498 - Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss >12 5.3 >2.264b

1.640 Wang et al. 2014

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1.41 1.465 0.9626 0.9626 Chapman 1975, 1982

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 2.37 0.6240 3.798 - Davies and Brinkman 1994c

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 10.1 13.56 0.7448 -

Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 

2007

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 3.9 6.36 0.6132 -

Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 

2007

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 1.23 3.52 0.3494 0.8824 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 5,995c

24.71 242.6 - Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 13.2 10.0 1.320 17.90 Spehar and Fiandt 1986

Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae 2,500 5.018 498.2 498.2 Spehar 1976a;b
67

Species

Acute 

Value

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Value

(μg/L) Ratio

Species 

ACR Reference

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus 21,100 29.35 718.9 718.9 Eaton 1974, 1980

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii

19.77d1.76 11.22 11.22 Besser et al. 2007

ESTUARINE/MARINE SPECIES

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 15.5 5.605 2.766 - Nimmo et al. 1977

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 110 10.93 10.06 5.275 Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985

Mysid,

(formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)

Americamysis bigelowi

110 11.61 9.476 9.476 Gentile et al. 1982

a Geometric mean of 6 LC50s from Baird et al. (1991).

b Not used to calculate the species ACR because it is an undefined value.

c Geometric mean of 5 LC50s from Pickering and Gast (1972).

d Geometric mean of 2 LC50s from Besser et al. (2007).

e Test species fed.

f Geometric mean of 2 LC50s from Davies et al. 1993.
68

5 EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION

The purpose of this section is to characterize the potential effects of cadmium on aquatic 

life based on available test data and to describe additional lines of evidence not used directly in 

the criteria calculations, but which support the 2015 criteria values. This section also provides a 

summary of the uncertainties and assumptions associated with the criteria derivation and

explanations for decisions regarding data acceptability and usage in the effects assessment. 

Finally, this section describes substantive differences between the 2001 cadmium AWQC and 

the 2015 update resulting from incorporation of the latest scientific knowledge.

All acceptable acute and chronic values used to derive criteria are presented in Appendix 

A (Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data), Appendix B (Acceptable Estuarine/Marine 

Acute Toxicity Data, Appendix C (Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data) and 

Appendix D (Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data). Acceptable aquatic plant 

toxicity data are presented in Appendix E (Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data) and 

Appendix F (Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data) and acceptable bioaccumulation 

data are presented in Appendix G (Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data), though as discussed in 

Section 3.4, the vast majority of plants are less sensitive than other aquatic species and were not 

directly used for the derivation of criteria, while direct toxic effects occur more rapidly than 

bioaccumulation effects, and direct effects were therefore the focus of the criteria development. 

Studies identified as scientifically sound, but that do not meet the screening guidelines for 

inclusion in criterion calculations (e.g., duration too long or short, too few exposure 

concentrations) are presented in Appendix H (Other Freshwater Toxicity Data) and Appendix I

(Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data). The toxicity values in Appendix H and Appendix I for 

Hyalella azteca and the glochidia and juvenile life stages of mussels represent studies that did 

not satisfy the recommended test procedures and/or latest science as described in Sections 2.6, 

5.1.2 and 5.2.1 of this document. 

5.1 Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data

Acceptable acute toxicity data supporting the development of acute criteria are available 

for 101 freshwater species grouped into 75 genera. In general, fish are more acutely sensitive to 

cadmium than are aquatic invertebrates. Fish comprise the first six of the ten most sensitive 

genera to cadmium, followed by an amphipod (H. azteca), the white sturgeon (Acipenser 
69

transmontanus), a cyprinid (Ptychocheilus), and finally a mussel (Lampsilis). The least sensitive 

genus is the midge Chironomus.

Several fish studies were identified as not meeting screening guidelines for inclusion in 

the criteria calculations (Appendix H), but showed similar ranges of response to the most 

sensitive fish species. Davies and Brinkman (1994a) reported a 96-hr LC50 of 1.87 μg/L 

cadmium for S. trutta (fed during the exposure), which is very similar to the unfed 96-hr LC50 of 

2.37 μg/L determined by the same authors using the same dilution water. The data generated for 

rainbow trout and reported in Hansen et al. (2002b) showed similar sensitivities to other 

acceptable data for rainbow trout. Five-day LC50 values ranged from 1.28 to 3.171 μg/L when 

normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3. Buhl and Hamilton (1991) and Chapman 

and Stevens (1978) reported LC50s for Coho salmon of 16.04 μg/L (96-hr) and 10.62 μg/L (217-

hr), respectively, when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3. In unmeasured,

flow-through cadmium exposures with sockeye salmon, Servizi and Martens (1978) reported 

unnormalized 7-day LC50 values ranging from 8 to 4,500 μg/L for fry and alevins, respectively. 

The range in sensitivity of the lifestages tested by these authors is similar to other salmonid 

studies used quantitatively to derive the acute criterion (Appendix A).

Sublethal effects of cadmium to invertebrate and vertebrate species have been reported by 

a number of authors (Appendix H), many above the 2015 criteria levels. Bluegill sunfish 

(Lepomis macrochirus) cough rate increased when exposed to 50 μg/L cadmium for three days 

(Bishop and McIntosh 1981) and Low (2009) observed an increase in the auditory threshold for 

fathead minnows exposed to 2.1 μg/L cadmium for four days. Ivankovic et al. (2010) reported 

increased metallothionein levels in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) exposed to 10 μg/L 

cadmium for seven days, and after 10 days limb regeneration of the Northwestern salamander 

(Ambystoma gracile) was adversely affected at 44.6 μg/L cadmium (Nebeker et al. 1994). 

Shorter exposures using adult Daphnia magna (3-hr) and larval Chironomus dilutes (24-hr) 

resulted in a reduced phototactic index at 30 μg/L and increased HSP gene expression at 200 

μg/L cadmium, respectively (Yuan et al. 2003; Lee et al. 2006b). In addition, rainbow trout 

exhibited significance avoidance to 52 μg/L cadmium after an 80 minute exposure (Black and 

Birge 1980).
70

5.1.1 Acute toxicity data for freshwater mussels

The only acceptable tests evaluating the acute toxicity of cadmium to glochidia were for

the fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea. However, the glochidia data were not used to derive the 

SMAV for this species because data for a more sensitive life stage were available (Wang et al. 

2010d). For the fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea, 5-day old juveniles (LC50 of 39.56 μg/L) were 

much more sensitive than glochidia (LC50 of >561.3 μg/L) and the data for the 5-day old 

juveniles were included in the acute toxicity dataset. 

All other glochidia test results were considered unacceptable and were not included in the 

acute dataset. These included results from tests conducted by Black (2001), who exposed 

Fusconia masoni and Utterbackia imbecillis glochidia to cadmium for 24 hours but did not 

report the control mortality adequately for the data to be used quantitatively.

5.1.2 Suitability of acute Hyalella azteca data

Eleven studies investigated the acute toxicity of cadmium to the amphipod, H. azteca. Of 

those 11 studies, only one was considered acceptable for quantitative use, while the others were 

classified as supporting data and not used to derive the SMAV for this species. Data from the ten 

studies were deemed unacceptable for the following reasons: test species were fed (SchubauerBerigan et al. 1993; Collyard et al. 1994; Suedel et al. 1997); dilution water not adequately 

characterized (Mackie 1989); the dilution water was river water and had high TOC (Spehar and 

Carlson 1984); or the test duration was too short (<96 hr) (McNulty et al. 1999; Gust 2006) or 

too long (Phipps et al. 1995; Borgman et al. 2005). 

Only results reported in Nebeker et al. (1986b) were considered acceptable and only the

EC50 of 8 μg/L cadmium from Nebeker et al. (1986b) was used to derive the H. azteca SMAV, 

which is equivalent to 26.29 μg/L cadmium when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as 

CaCO3. The amphipod H. azteca is the most acutely sensitive invertebrate species in the 

cadmium database (Table 17).
71

Table 17. Acute studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion.

Reference Lifestage

Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO3)

Concentration

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Effect 

Concentration

(μg/L)a Result of Evaluation

Nebeker et al. 

1986b

Large 

juvenile & 

young adult

34 8 26.29 Acceptable

Spehar and 

Carlson 1984a,b - 55-79 285 443.2 High TOC; River dilution water not characterized

Mackie 1989 -

15.3

(pH=5.0) 12 95.14 Dilution water not adequately characterized (Cl- concentration unknown)

Mackie 1989 -

15.3

(pH=5.5) 16 126.9 Dilution water not adequately characterized (Cl- concentration unknown)

Mackie 1989 -

15.3

(pH=6.0) 33 261.6 Dilution water not adequately characterized (Cl- concentration unknown)

SchubauerBerigan et al. 

1993

- 280-300 230 71.06 Test species fed

Collyard et al. 

1994 0-2 d 90 ≈13 14.60 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Collyard et al. 

1994 2-4 d 90 ≈7.5 8.423 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Collyard et al. 

1994 4-6 d 90 ≈9.5 10.67 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Collyard et al. 

1994 10-12 d 90 ≈7 7.861 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Collyard et al. 

1994 16-18 d 90 ≈11.5 12.91 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Collyard et al. 

1994 24-26 d 90 ≈14 15.72 Test species fed; Data graphed, could only get approximate value

Phipps et al. 

1995 - 44-47 2.8 6.673 Duration too long (10 d)

Suedel et al. 

1997 14-21 d 17 2.8 19.76 Test species fed; Did not meet specific acceptability criteria for this species

McNulty et al. 

1999 -

217-301

(starved for 48 

hr before test)

99.34 34.77 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al. 

1999 -

217-301

(starved for 72 

hr before test)

82.17 28.76 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al. 

1999 -

217-301

(starved for 96 

hr before test)

65.00 22.75 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al. 

1999 - 217-301 107.3 37.56 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al. 

1999 - 217-301 75.42 26.40 Duration too short (24 hr)

McNulty et al. 

1999 - 217-301 74.20 25.97 Duration too short (24 hr)

Jackson et al. 

2000 7-10 d 48 3.8 8.537 Lack of control survival information; No bromide in dilution water

Jackson et al. 

2000 7-10 d 118 12.1 10.08 Lack of control survival information; No bromide in dilution water
72

Reference Lifestage

Hardness

(mg/L as

CaCO3)

Concentration

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Effect 

Concentration

(μg/L)a Result of Evaluation

Borgmann et al. 

2005 1-11 d 18 0.15 0.9941 Duration too long (7 d)

Borgmann et al. 

2005 1-11 d 124 1.60 1.262 Duration too long (7 d)

Gust 2006 - - 1.9 - Duration too short (72 hr)

a Normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using the pooled acute slope of 1.103.

5.1.3 Uncertainty in the freshwater FAV calculation

A number of uncertainties are associated with calculation of the freshwater FAV as 

recommended by the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), and include use of limited data for a 

species or genus, acceptability of widely variable data for a genus, application of safety factors,

and extrapolation of laboratory data to field situations. There are a number of cases in the acute 

database where only one acute test is used to determine the SMAV, and then that SMAV based 

on one acute test is used to determine the GMAV. In this situation there is a level of uncertainty 

associated with the GMAV based on the one test result since it does not incorporate the range of 

values that would be available if multiple studies were available. The GMAV is still valid, in 

spite of absence of these additional data.

The acute database also includes several genera where two or more widely different 

SMAVs (>10x factor) are available for estimating the GMAV. In this case the 1985 Guidelines 

recommend that some or all of the values probably should not be used in calculations. To resolve 

this, only the more sensitive SMAV (primarily due to a more sensitive lifestage tested) was used 

to calculate the GMAV, thereby ensuring protection of the genus.

The final step in the acute criteria derivation process is to divide the FAV by a safety 

factor of 2 to yield the CMC. The CMC is set equal to half of the FAV to represent a low level of 

effect for the fifth percentile genus, rather than a 50% effect. This adjustment factor was derived 

from an analysis of 219 acute toxicity tests with a variety of chemicals (see 43 FR 21506-21518 

for a complete description) where mortality data were used to determine the highest tested 

concentration that did not cause mortality greater than that observed in the control (or between 0 

and 10%). Application of this safety factor is justified in that the concentration represents 

minimal acute toxicity to the species.
73

Application of water-only laboratory toxicity tests to protect aquatic species is a basic 

premise of the 1985 Guidelines, supported by the requirements of a diverse assemblage of eightfamily and the protection of 95 percent of all species. Confirmation has been reported by a 

number of researchers, thereby indicating that on the whole, extrapolation of laboratory data 

does a reasonably good job of protecting natural aquatic communities. Certain exoskeleton 

bearing aquatic organisms (e.g., aquatic insects), however, may not be adequately protected due 

to their differential accumulation of aqueous vs. dietary cadmium (Poteat and Buchwalter 2014), 

and this therefore represents uncertainty in the derived CMC. As discussed in Section 5.6.1, 

selected insect species evaluated by different researchers exhibited cadmium dietary effect levels 

lower than aqueous exposed organisms. The most sensitive insect in the acute database based on 

water-only laboratory toxicity tests is the mayfly Baetis, ranked as the 35th most sensitive genus. 

5.1.4 Acute criteria duration

For the draft 2015 acute cadmium criteria, EPA has changed the duration to 1-hour from 

the 24 hours EPA applied in the 2001 final cadmium criteria document. EPA made this change to 

the 2015 criteria to reflect the acute criteria duration recommended in the 1985 Guidelines. The 

draft 2001 cadmium criteria document used a 1-hour duration, which EPA subsequently revised 

to 24 hours in the final criteria document. The final cadmium criteria document did not detail the 

rationale for this change EPA has further examined this issue as part of the 2015 draft criteria 

revision. 

The 24-hour duration used in the 2001 final cadmium criteria document was based on a 

limited number of fish toxicity studies that were conducted in the mid-1990s and which 

suggested that cadmium time-to-effect may be longer than reflected by the 1 hour averaging 

period. These studies were focused on fish and did not address trends in duration for other 

aquatic species, such as invertebrates. Because of the limited nature of these investigations and 

absence of additional supporting information, EPA decided to revise the acute duration in this 

draft document to be consistent with the more protective 1-hour duration, which is generally 

supported by and consistent with the 1985 Guidelines. Page 5 of the 1985 Guidelines, for 

example, states that “For the CMC the averaging period should again be substantially less than 

the lengths of the tests it is based on, i.e., substantially less than 48 to 96 hours. One hour is 

probably an appropriate averaging period because high concentrations of some materials can 
74

cause death in one to three hours. Even when organisms do not die within the first hour or so, it 

is not known how many might have died due to delayed effects of this short of an exposure. Thus 

it is not appropriate to allow concentrations above the CMC to exist for as long as one hour. The 

durations of the averaging periods in national criteria have been made short enough to restrict 

allowable fluctuations in the concentration of the pollutant in the receiving water and to restrict 

the length of time that the concentration in the receiving water can be continuously above a 

criterion concentrations.” Page 6 of the 1985 Guidelines further states that “the one-hour average 

should never exceed the CMC.” 

Additional information supporting the 1-hour averaging period is presented in page 35 of 

the Technical Support Document for Water Quality-based Toxics Control (USEPA 1991) which 

states that “For acute criteria, EPA recommends an averaging period of 1-hour. That is, to protect 

against acute effects, the 1-hour average exposure should not exceed the CMC. The 1-hour acute 

averaging period was derived primarily from data on response time for toxicity to ammonia, a 

fast-acting toxicant. The l-hour averaging period is expected to be fully protective for the fastestacting toxicants, and even more protective for slower-acting toxicants.” Frequency and duration 

will be further considered as part of the 1985 Guidelines update, but the duration for the 2015 

draft cadmium acute criteria will be 1-hour.

5.2 Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data

Acceptable chronic toxicity data are available for 27 freshwater species representing 20 

different genera (Appendix C). In contrast to the acute toxicity test results, invertebrates were 

generally more sensitive to cadmium than fish based on chronic toxicity. The four most sensitive 

genera were the amphipod Hyalella, followed by the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia, the mottled 

sculpin Cottus, and the midge Chironomus. For the acceptable chronic toxicity data, normalized 

chronic toxicity values ranged from 0.7453 to 36.70 μg/L for invertebrates, and from 1.721 to 

>38.66 μg/L for fish. The blue tilapia was the least sensitive organism to cadmium and had a 

normalized MATC of >38.66 μg/L.

Additional chronic toxicity data that were not used quantitatively to derive a criterion are 

available for cadmium (Appendix H). Suedel et al. (1997) conducted a C. dubia static, measured 

life-cycle assessment. The normalized NOEC of 4.110 μg/L and LOEC of 16.44 μg/L reported 

for this study are only slightly higher than chronic values that were used quantitatively to derive 
75

a criterion (Appendix C). The 17 to 21-day NOEC and LOEC values reported for Daphnia 

magna and D. pulex by Biesinger and Christensen (1972), Winner (1986), Winner and Whitford 

(1987), Enserink et al. (1993), and Knops et al. (2001) were similar to other acceptable chronic 

values reported in Appendix C for these species, as were values from long term studies with 

Atlantic salmon (Rombough and Garside 1982; Peterson et al. 1983) and brown trout (Davies 

and Brinkman 1994c; Brinkman and Hansen 2004a, 2007).

Other sublethal effects data also not used to derive criteria are provided in Appendix H,

with many studies again reporting effect levels above the criteria. Asian clams (Corbicula 

fluminea) exhibited reduced phagocytosis activity when exposed to 3 μg/L cadmium for 30 days 

(Champeau et al. 2007), and goldfish (Carassius auratus) experienced reduced plasma sodium 

levels when exposed to 44.5 μg/L cadmium for 50 days (McCarty and Houston 1976). Scherer et 

al. (1997) evaluated lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) for eight months and reported decreased 

thyroid follicle epithelial cell height at 5 μg/L cadmium. Delayed development and forelimb 

emergence was observed in African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos after a 47 day 

exposure to 855 μg/L cadmium (Sharma and Patino 2008).

5.2.1 Suitability of chronic Hyalella azteca data

A total of eight H. azteca chronic studies were reviewed for acceptability as 

recommended by EPA (2012). Only data from the Ingersoll and Kemble (2001) study using 

USGS Columbia Lab well water as dilution water was considered acceptable for deriving a 

freshwater chronic criterion (Appendix C). Thus, the H. azteca normalized SMCV (and GMCV) 

of 0.7453 μg/L cadmium is based on only this study. Although the seven other studies were not 

used for deriving the revised cadmium freshwater chronic criterion, the effect levels observed for 

each study are provided below and demonstrate the similar sensitivity of the amphipod to 

cadmium, despite the issues which precluded their use in developing the SMCV and GMCV. The 

normalized effect concentrations for these seven studies ranged from 0.3733 to 4.876 μg/L 

cadmium, with the majority of values ranging from 0.4-2.0 μg/L (Table 18).
76

Table 18. Chronic studies of Hyalella azteca evaluated for cadmium freshwater criterion.

Reference Methoda Lifestage Exposure Effect

EC20/

MATC

(TH=100)

(μg/L) Result of Evaluation

Ingersoll and 

Kemble (2001) F, M 7-8 d old 42 days Reproduction 0.7453 Acceptable

Borgmann et al. 

1989b

R, M <7-d old 42 days Survival 0.6348

Not acceptable

Only 64% control survival

(need ≥80%)

Borgmann et al. 

1991 R, M <7-d old 42 days Survival 0.4299(EC50)

Not acceptable

Low control weight of 0.34 mg dwt

(need ≥ 0.50 mg dwt after 42 days of 

testing)

Suedel et al. 

1997 S, M 14-21 dold 14 days Survival/ growth 0.6576

Not acceptable

Test organisms underfed (control 

weights not reported). Low ionic 

composition of dilution water.

Chadwick 

Ecological 

Consultants 

2003

F, M 7-8 d old

28 days

(recon lab 

water)

Survival 0.3749

Not acceptable

Low control weight of 0.25 mg dwt 

(need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of 

testing)

Chadwick 

Ecological 

Consultants 

2003

F, M 7-8 d old

28 days

(surface 

water)

Survival 0.4461 Not acceptable

0.2 μg Cd/L in dilution water

Stanley et al. 

2005 R, M 7-14 d old 42 days Survival 2.414

Not acceptable

Only 45% control survival

(need ≥80%)

Straus 2011 R, M 2-9 d old 21 days Survival 4.907

Not acceptable

Low control weight of 0.136 mg dwt

(need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of 

testing)

Straus 2011 R, M 2-9 d old 28 days Survival 2.277

Not acceptable

Low control weight of 0.064 mg dwt

(need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of 

testing)

Pais 2012 R, M 2-9 d old 28 days Survival 0.5127

Not acceptable

Low control weight of 0.135 mg dwt

(need ≥ 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of 

testing)

a

S=static, R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured

Borgmann et al. (1989b) Chronic Survival Study

This long-term (6 week) study investigated the effect of cadmium on H. azteca survival, 

growth and reproduction and was primarily a methods development effort. The static-renewal 

life cycle test was initiated with <7-day old organisms and was conducted at 25°C in 

dechlorinated Burlington City tap water with exposure concentrations of 0.28 (control), 0.57, 

0.92, 1.49, 2.23, 3.42 and 6.28 μg/L cadmium. The water used for testing is acceptable, with a 
77

chloride concentration of approximately 26 mg/L and bromide concentration of around 0.047 

mg/L. Other common ion (Na, K, Ca, Mg, SO4, and HCO3) concentrations in this water are 

reasonable for testing with H. azteca. However, the food and feeding levels used in this test are 

questionable. The authors tested up to 20 organisms in each beaker and added 4 mg Tetramin 

flakes once per week to each test beaker, with additional feedings given up to two times each 

week on an as needed basis. It is not clear how they determined when more food was required. 

Furthermore, the reported control survival was only 64 percent, while 80 percent is considered to 

be the minimum acceptable control survival for a 6-week test. The calculated EC20 for survival 

was 0.7827 μg/L, or 0.6348 μg/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3.

Borgmann et al. (1991) Chronic Survival Study

An additional H. azteca 6-week chronic test was conducted by Borgmann using the same 

dechlorinated Burlington City tap water. As mentioned previously, this tap water is considered 

acceptable for H. azteca testing. However, it appears that organisms in this long-term test were 

also underfed (similar to other tests conducted by this group). The authors state that the animals 

were fed Tetramin at a rate of only 5 mg Tetramin/beaker/week, which equates to about 0.25 

mg/organism/week. This feeding rate is much lower than currently recommended for chronic 

tests. Results of other chronic amphipod tests with diets limited to Tetramin had limited success, 

suggesting that amphipods require dietary supplements in addition to the Tetramin (e.g., YCT or 

diatoms) to achieve acceptable growth and reproduction (J.R. Hockett, personal communication). 

Based on the organism control weights obtained at the end of the test (0.34 mg estimated average 

dry weight), it appears amphipod growth was limited by the feeding rate and dietary 

composition. Acceptable average ending dry weights typically fall within the range of 0.7 to 1.0 

mg/organism for a 42-d test. This poor growth and low feeding rate excluded the use of these 

data in calculating the SMCV for this species. The reported EC50 for survival in the study was 

0.53 μg/L, or 0.4299 μg/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3.

Suedel et al. (1997) Chronic Survival and Growth Study

This paper presents the results of several toxicity tests. Although limited information is 

provided, the tests appear to be static exposure without renewal. Five tests were conducted (48-

hr, 96-hr, 7-day, 10-day, and 14-day exposures). Organisms were fed in each test by adding 

leached, ground maple leaves to the test chambers at the beginning of each exposure. Especially 
78

for the longer duration tests (10-day and 14-day), it does not appear the test organisms were fed

sufficiently, although this remains unclear because body weight data were not reported. Little 

information is provided about the test/control water other than hardness (6 to 28 mg/L), 

alkalinity (8 to 18 mg/L) and conductivity (22 to 130 μS/cm), which indicates the dilution water 

was low in ion composition. The authors noted that water conditions represent the limits of 

environmental tolerance for the tested species. The chronic value of 0.16 μg/L (based on growth

and survival), or 0.6576 μg/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3, was not 

used quantitatively in this assessment.

Chadwick Ecological Consultant (2003) Chronic Survival Study

The chronic toxicity of cadmium to H. azteca was tested with 28-day flow-through 

measured test procedures using two different dilution waters (reconstituted laboratory water and 

natural surface water from Horsetooth Reservoir) with different hardness levels. Both dilution 

waters were augmented with bromide and chloride to achieve nominal concentrations of 

approximately 0.80 mg/L Br and 60 mg/L Cl-, which are above the minimum recommended 

levels of 0.02 mg/L Br and 10 mg/L Cl. The 28-day control survival was ≥90 percent for each 

test, which exceeds the 80 percent minimum requirement. The test organisms were fed 1.0 ml 

YCT daily and the authors reported mean control dry weights at day 28 of 0.25 mg for the 

reconstituted water test and 0.43 mg for the natural surface water test. The recommended mean 

control dry weight at day 28 is ≥0.35 mg and only the natural surface water test met the 

feeding/average control dry weight requirement. Even though the control dry weight of the 

natural surface water test met the recommended 0.35 mg average, there is an elevated level of 

cadmium in the Horsetooth Reservoir water (about 0.2 μg/L cadmium). In addition, the cadmium

concentration measured at day 28 in the lowest nominal exposure concentration (0.6 μg/L) was 

very similar to the next higher concentration, which raises questions about whether organism

response in the lowest concentration was exaggerated by an excursion in cadmium concentration, 

or if the measured concentration was an analytical anomaly. The 28-day MATC for the surface 

water test was 1.02 μg/L cadmium, which was slightly higher than the estimated 28-day survival 

EC20 of 0.6264 μg/L, or 0.4461 μg/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3. The 

MATC for the reconstituted water was 0.74 μg/L, which was also higher than the normalized 

calculated EC20 of 0.3749 μg/L cadmium.
79

Stanley et al. (2005) Chronic Survival Study

Stanley et al. (2005) conducted one H. azteca 42-day chronic test in laboratory 

reconstituted water (ASTM hard water) and at a feeding rate of 1 ml YCT/test chamber/day. The 

lack of sufficient chloride and bromide ions in the dilution water and sub-optimal diet would not 

support the health of H. azteca, especially after 10 days of testing (Appendix K). Additionally,

the control survival in this test was poor (45%). The results of this test were accordingly not used 

to develop AWQC. The non-normalized chronic limits based on survival are 2.49 and 5.09 μg/L

with a MATC of 2.414 μg cadmium/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3.

Straus (2011) Chronic Survival Studies

H. azteca neonates (2-9 days old) were exposed to cadmium for 21 days in artificial Lake 

Ontario reconstituted laboratory water (total hardness of 120-140 mg/L as CaCO3) and for 28 

days in a mixture of reverse osmosis and dechlorinated City of Waterloo tap water (blended to a 

total hardness of 22 mg/L as CaCO3). Water in both tests was renewed every 48 hours and cotton 

gauze was used as a substrate. Although the test organisms were cultured in artificial media 

containing bromide, it is not clear if the artificial Lake Ontario water or the reverse osmosis/tap 

water mix contained bromide. The chloride concentrations also were not reported for either 

dilution water, although the nominal chloride concentration of the artificial Lake Ontario water is 

estimated to be approximately 28 mg/L. Test recommendations in the draft recommendation 

document (U.S. EPA 2012) note that natural waters with a hardness of <80 mg/L as CaCO3

typically have <10 mg Cl-/L. Control organism survival was 93 percent in the 21-day test and 

81.8 percent in the 28-day test. Control organism mean dry weight averaged 0.136 for the 21-day 

test and 0.064 mg for the 28-day test. When all factors are considered, these two studies do not 

meet the test acceptability requirements outlined in the draft recommendations document (U.S. 

EPA 2012). The EC20s calculated for these two tests based on survival are 6.42 μg/L for the 21-

day test and 0.68 μg/L for the 28-day test, or 4.907 for the 21-day test and 2.277 μg/L for the 28-

day test when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3.

Pais (2012) Chronic Survival Study

H. azteca neonates (2-9 days old) were exposed to cadmium for 28 days in laboratory 

water that was renewed every 48 hours. The dilution water was a mix of reverse osmosis and 

dechlorinated City of Waterloo tap water blended to a total hardness of 90 mg/L as CaCO3. A 
80

cotton gauze substrate was used during the test. The bromide and chloride levels were not 

reported by the author, but since the total hardness of the reverse osmosis/tap water blend was 90 

mg/L as CaCO3, the dilution water may have contained an acceptable amount of chloride. U.S. 

EPA (2012) notes that natural waters with a hardness of <80 mg/L as CaCO3 typically have

chloride concentrations of <10 mg/L. The bromide level was not reported, but the tap water may

have supplied the minimum bromide level (0.02 mg Br/L) recommended in U.S. EPA (2012). 

The 28-day control survival was 100 percent, which exceeds the 80 percent minimum 

requirement. However, the authors reported a mean control organism weight of 0.135 mg, which 

is much less than the recommended ≥0.35 mg dwt at day 28. Accordingly, this study does not 

meet the test acceptability requirements and the normalized 28-day survival EC20 of 0.5127 μg/L 

was not used for criteria derivation. 

5.2.2 Uncertainty in the freshwater FCV calculation

In addition to the uncertainties described above for the freshwater acute criteria derivation

(Section 5.1.3), the freshwater FCV calculation is also influenced by the availability of limited 

data, estimation of chronic values with either EC20 or MATC methods, selection of either life 

cycle or early life-stage test results for a species, and the use of the most representative test 

duration for the C. bairdii ELS test.

The freshwater chronic database is comprised of 27 species and 20 genera that satisfy the 

eight-family MDR as recommended in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan 1985). There are several 

factors that contribute some uncertainty to the freshwater FCV (e.g., use of EC20s over MATCs, 

the limited data used to develop the hardness relationship, limited data for H. azteca, selection of 

most appropriate exposure scenarios, and other data that is only used qualitatively). In this 

update EC20s were selected as the most appropriate effect level, but not all studies reported EC20s 

or did not provide the raw data in the paper so EC20s could be calculated (Note: for all studies 

where raw data necessary to calculate EC20s were not provided, authors were contacted to 

request the raw data, if available. Some requests are still outstanding). While EC20s are the 

preferred effect level, so that chronic toxicity can be compared equally, this preference limits the 

amount of data that are used quantitatively in SMCV and GMCV calculations (Table 9 and 

Appendix C). This was the case for several species (C. dubia, C. reticulata, D. magna, O. 

kisutch, O. mykiss, S. trutta, S. fontinalis, S. namaycush, and P. promelas). Conversely, only 
81

MATCs were available for several genera, and therefore the effect levels associated with those 

MATC concentrations are unknown (Oreochromis, Micropterus, Esox, and Catostomus). These 

values were retained in the ranked table to avoid losing the genus. 

The use of EC20s also limited the amount of data that were used to develop the chronic 

hardness relationship. Currently there are only enough data EC20 data to explore this relationship 

for three fish species. This preference for EC20s precluded the inclusion of data for P. promelas,

but MATC data from a single study for D. magna (Chapman et al. Manuscript) were used so that 

an invertebrate could be included in the analysis. The rationale for the exclusion of P. promelas

is that the effect of hardness would be better evaluated without the confounding factor of the 

level of effect being unknown (see Section 2.6, Chronic measures of effect).

The 1985 Guidelines recommend the use of full life-cycle (LC) tests over early life-cycle 

tests (ELS), with the rationale that LC tests will be more sensitive. However, this relationship 

was not always apparent. Normalized EC20s of LC tests were more sensitive (lower effect 

concentrations) for S. fontinalis and O. mykiss, but ELS tests were more sensitive for S. trutta. 

To be conservative, the ELS tests were used to derive the SMAV for S. trutta.

As discussed above there is only one acceptable study using the new test requirements for 

H. azteca. While the other unacceptable data were not used quantitatively it appears that effect 

concentrations were similar, however the SMAV/GMAV for the most sensitive species in the 

freshwater chronic database is based on the results from one study (Ingersoll and Kemble 2001). 

Similarly, the SMAV/GMAV for the most sensitive fish species, Cottus bairdii is from the 

results of one 28 d ELS test (Besser et al. 2007). The other study reported in the same paper, a 

21-d ELS study, was not used quantitatively because there is a lack of information on the most 

appropriate duration for ELS tests with this species. Most of the available information implies 

that ELS tests should last at least 28 days, so these data were not added to Appendix C (ASTM 

1998; Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1996b). However, incorporating these data would only 

change the CCC slightly; the SMCV for Cottus would change from 1.721 to 1.470 μg/L and the 

criteria would change from 0.80 to 0.79 μg/L total cadmium.

5.3 Additional Aquatic Life Water Quality Assessments for Cadmium

Mebane (2006) recently derived freshwater ambient water quality criteria for cadmium and 

included data from studies that focused on species and surface water conditions in Idaho. Acute 
82

and chronic toxicity were calculated from available effects data and normalized for hardness 

based on hardness-toxicity regression analyses. The four most sensitive genera to acute 

exposures were the fish Oncorhynchus (Northwest trout and Pacific salmon), Salvelinus (“char” 

trout), Salmo (other trout and Atlantic salmon), and Cottus (sculpin). The four most sensitive 

genera to chronic exposures were the aquatic invertebrates Hyalella and Gammarus and the fish 

Cottus and Salvelinus. Mebane (2006) reported a CMC of 0.75 μg/L total cadmium and a CCC 

of 0.37 μg/L total cadmium, based on a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3. Mebane (2006) reported 

cadmium in total (unfiltered) instead of dissolved (0.45-μm filtered) concentrations, but indicated 

that because cadmium is highly soluble in water, the difference between total and dissolved 

concentrations would be small, with dissolved cadmium concentrations expected to average 

about 90 to 95 percent of total concentrations (Stephan 1995; Clark 2002; Mebane 2006). When 

adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3, the CMC and CCC calculated using 

equations reported by Mebane (2006) are 1.35 and 0.55 μg/L, respectively. These values are 

lower than the 2015 revised EPA draft CMC of 2.2 μg/L and CCC of 0.80 μg/L, based on total 

concentration and a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3. The differences in the criteria derived by 

Mebane (2006) and this 2015 draft update are primarily due the addition of new data since 2006, 

the subsequent estimation of different updated acute and chronic hardness-toxicity slopes, and 

exclusion of specific test results based on EPA data acceptability criteria. 

The British Columbia Ministry of Environment (BC-MOE) recently released a draft 

assessment of ambient water quality criteria for cadmium in freshwater to protect species 

resident to British Columbia, Canada (BC-MOE 2014). The proposed acute and chronic criteria 

are based on dissolved cadmium concentrations in freshwater. The criteria were adjusted for 

hardness using established methods to derive an equation from the results of multiple published 

studies (Mebane 2006; Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 2001). The BC-MOE used the lowest 

value from a primary study and applied a factor of 3.5 to account for uncertainty and protect the 

survival of the most sensitive species (<10% mortality) at all life stages. The resulting draft CMC

of 0.339 μg/L total cadmium at a water hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO3 was based on effects on 

rainbow trout fry growth after a 5-d exposure, as reported in Hansen et al. (2002b). The resulting 

draft CCC (30 days) of 0.0772 μg/L at a water hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO3 was based on 

effects on Hyalella azteca survival, as reported in Ingersoll and Kemble (2001). The short-term 

hardness slope factor was 1.04 and the long-term hardness slope factor was 0.762; compared to 
83

the 2015 draft hardness slope factors of 1.103 and 0.7977, respectively. The BC-MOE (2014) 

cadmium water quality guideline for long term exposure in marine environments is 0.12 μg/L. 

This is in contrast to the higher EPA 2015 draft estuarine/marine chronic CCC of 8.3 μg/L

dissolved cadmium. No short term exposure guideline has been developed by BC-MOE for the 

marine environment. The BC-MOE proposed cadmium criteria are all lower than the U.S. EPA 

2015 criteria, primarily due to differences in the methodology employed (use of lowest value), 

larger safety factors applied and hardness slope factor differences. 

5.4 Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data

Acute toxicity data are available for 94 estuarine/marine species representing 79 genera. 

These data are adequate to support the development of an estuarine/marine acute criterion.

SMAVs for cadmium range from 29.14 to 169,787 μg/L. The four most sensitive genera were

invertebrates with GMAVs ranging from 29.14 to 67.39 μg/L (Appendix B). 

Additional toxicity data on the effect of cadmium on estuarine/marine species were 

available, but did not meet standards of acceptability and were not used quantitatively in 

development of the criteria (Appendix I). However, the acute and chronic toxicity values for 

these tests are similar to those of the accepted studies, providing additional supporting evidence

about the toxicity of cadmium to estuarine/marine aquatic life. These include data from Roast et 

al. (2002a, b), who reported a N. integer 5-day LC50 of 32.43 μg/L, and a 6-day LC50 for P. 

flexuosus of 83.11 μg/L, both of which represent similar outcomes to those provided in 

Appendix B. Nimmo et al. (1977a) and Gentile et al. (1982) reported similar outcomes for A. 

bahia with 8 to 17-day EC50 values ranging from 11.3 to 60 μg/L.

Other non-traditional endpoints for marine/estuarine organisms exposed to cadmium for 

shorter time periods are presented in Appendix I. Daggerblade grass shrimp (Palaemonetes 

pugio) had increased LPO and ubiquitin levels when exposed for eight hours to 112.4 μg/L

cadmium (Downs et al. 2001a). Reduction in swimming speed and reduced serum osmolality 

were observed for nauplii of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis and the mysid 

Americamysis bahia subjected for 24 hours to 130 and 3.62 μg/L cadmium, respectively 

(Sullivan et al. 1983; De Lisle and Roberts 1994). Bellas et al. (2004) determined a 70-hr larval 

attachment EC50 of 752 μg/L for the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis, and the mud snail Nassarius 

obsoletus had increased oxygen consumption when exposed to 500 μg/L cadmium for 72 hours 
84

(MacInnes and Thurberg 1973). The mysid, Neomysis integer, displayed a preference for 

dissolved oxygen over hypoxia areas after a 7-day exposure to 1.0 μg/L cadmium (Roast et al. 

2002a). Osmotic pressure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas was affected at 34 μg/L cadmium 

after 10 days, but not at 3.4 μg/L (Burke et al. 2003). Choi et al. (2008) found that Pacific oysters 

(Crassostrea gigas) exposed to 10 μg/L cadmium for 11 days had an increased expression of MT 

mRNA in digestive gland and gills. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to 3.7 μg/L 

cadmium over 48 hours exhibited histological injury to the olfactory epithelium, and a significant 

loss of olfaction at concentrations greater than 347 μg/L, with the adverse effects of each still 

evident after a 16-day depuration in clean water (Williams and Gallagher 2013). The persistent 

nature of these effects could adversely alter the return rates of anadromous salmon species as 

noted by Baldwin et al. (2009).

5.4.1 Uncertainty in estuarine/marine FAV calculation

The influence of salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium was investigated with 10

different genera of estuarine/marine animals. A general trend of decreasing toxicity with 

increasing salinity was observed for the majority of genera (Appendix B). Frank and Robertson 

(1979) reported that the acute toxicity of cadmium to juvenile blue crabs was reduced by 

increasing salinity levels, with 96-hr LC50s of 320, 4,700 and 11,600 μg/L at salinities of 1, 15 

and 35 g/kg, respectively (Appendix B). The same trend was observed by Bengtsson and 

Bergstrom (1987) for the harpacticoid copepod, Nitocra spinipes, Ringwood (1990) for the 

mangrove oyster, Isognomon californicum, Roast et al. (2001b) for the mysid, Neomysis integer, 

Wu and Chen (2004) and Frias-Espericueta et al. (2001) for the white shrimp, Litopenaeus 

vannamei, and De Lisle and Roberts (1988) for the mysid, Americamysis bahia, amongst other 

species. 

In contrast to the results presented above, several authors reported possible relationships 

with salinity that seem contradictory, some of which may have been influenced by other test 

variables. In a study of the interaction of dissolved oxygen and salinity on the acute toxicity of 

cadmium to the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, Voyer (1975) found that 96-hr LC50s at a 

salinity of 32 g/kg were about half of what they were at lower salinities of 10 and 20 g/kg. When 

tested at approximately 20°C, the 96-hr LC50s were 73,000, 78,000 and 30,000 μg/L at salinities 

of 10, 20 and 32 g/kg, respectively (all exposures had sufficient dissolved oxygen levels 
85

throughout the test). The fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, showed a similar trend in that the crab was 

more sensitive to cadmium at the highest salinity tested (30 g/kg) as compared to the mid-level 

salinity (20 g/kg) test, and about the same sensitivity as the lowest salinity (10 g/kg) (O’Hara 

1973). Cadmium also appears to be more toxic to purple sea urchin embryos (Strongylocentrotus 

purpuratus) at a higher salinity, although salinity levels differed by only 4 mg/kg and test 

temperatures were higher in the higher salinity exposure, which may have confounded potential 

conclusions (Dinnel et al. 1989; Phillips et al. 2003). The potential relationship between salinity 

and cadmium saltwater acute toxicity was investigated using an analysis of covariance (Dixon 

and Brown 1979; Neter and Wasserman 1974) as noted in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 

1985). Despite the general relationship of decreasing toxicity with increasing salinity, a pooled 

species slope could not be calculated. 

As noted in the 1985 Guidelines, a final acute equation should be derived based on a 

water quality parameter if acute toxicity is shown to be related to that parameter (Stephan et al. 

1985). In order to derive a final acute equation from a water quality parameter, however, 

sufficient data are required to show that the factor similarly affects the results of tests with a 

variety of species (U.S. EPA 2001). Because a general trend was observed between increasing 

salinity and decreasing acute toxicity for the majority of genera, an analysis of covariance 

(Dixon and Brown 1979; Neter and Wasserman 1974) as noted in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan 

et al. 1985) using the “R” statistical program, version 3.2.2 (R Core Team 2015), was performed 

to examine whether a salinity correction equation could be calculated.

Data for the ten species comprising ten genera were included in the analysis of 

covariance. These species had definitive acute values (less than or greater than values were not 

used) over a salinity range of at least 7 g/kg. For any given species, data were limited to studies 

conducted at representative and similar temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations. When 

test data for multiple life stages were available, data for the most sensitive life stage was used.

In the analysis of covariance model equation, the natural logarithm of the acute value is 

the dependent variable, species is the grouping variable, and the natural logarithm of salinity is 

the covariate or independent variable. A species-salinity interaction variable is included to assess 

the similarity of slopes among species. An F-test is then used to test whether a model with 

separate slopes for each species gives a statistically significantly better fit to the data than a 

model with a single pooled slope. If the P-value of the species-salinity interaction term is 
86

statistically significant (defined as a P-value of less than 0.05), then the model with separate 

species slopes provides the better fit to the data, and a single pooled slope cannot be calculated.

When data for all ten species were fit to the analysis of covariance model, the speciessalinity interaction term used to test for equality of slopes produced a P=0.007, meaning that the 

model with separate species slopes provides the better fit to the data, and a single pooled slope 

could not be calculated. Individual species slopes were variable, ranging from -0.6998 for the 

mummichog F. heteroclitus to 5.538 for the amphipod G. japonica (Table 19). Individual 

species slopes were also plotted in Figure 6. As can be seen in Figure 6, nine of the ten species 

experience a decrease in acute cadmium toxicity with increasing salinity (i.e., a positive slope).

Table 19. Individual species slopes and selected regression statistics for the equation 

ln(LC50Cd) = ln(Salinity).

A pooled species slope could not be calculated from these data.

Species name 95% CI

Scientific Common Slope LCL UCL r

2

p n

M. edulis Blue mussel 0.7399 na na na na 2

I. californicum Mangrove oyster 1.467 na na na na 2

N. spinipes Harpacticoid copepod 0.3725 -0.6744 1.419 0.95 0.14 3

A. bahia Mysid 1.010 0.7158 1.305 0.98 <0.01 5

N. integer Mysid 0.4933 na na na na 2

G. japonica Amphipod 5.538 na na na na 2

L. vannamei Whiteleg shrimp 1.032 na na na na 2

C. sapidus Blue crab 1.006 0.8249 1.186 1.00 <0.01 3

U. pugilator Fiddler crab 0.1673 -3.499 3.834 0.25 0.67 3

F. heteroclitus Mummichog -0.6998 -8.129 6.729 0.59 0.44 3
87

Figure 6. Individual Species Slopes Showing the Relationship between Natural Log 

Transformed Salinity and Natural Log Transformed Acute Cadmium Toxicity.

Data used to generate species slopes in Table 19 have already accounted for the most 

sensitive life stage for a particular species. In addition to that consideration, following the 

recommendations of the U.S. EPA Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), individual species slopes 

were examined and subsequent analysis of covariance models were used to test whether a pooled 

species slope could be calculated using only those species with slopes determined to cover a 

relatively broad range of the relevant water quality parameter (i.e., salinity), defined here as at 

least 50% of the range of salinities, before and after natural log transformation. Five species: A. 

bahia, N. integer, C. sapidus, U. pugilator, and F. heteroclitus, had test data across a salinity 

range greater than 50% of the salinity range prior to natural log transformation. When data for 

these five species were fit to the analysis of covariance model, the species-salinity interaction 

term used to test for equality of slopes produced a P=0.006. Three species: A. bahia, C. sapidus, 

ln (Salinity (g/kg))

0 1 2 3 4 ln (Cd LC50 ( g/L))

2

4

6

8

10

12

M. edulis

I. californicum

N. spinipes

A. bahia

N. integer

G. japonica

L. vannamei

C. sapidus

U. pugilator

F. heteroclitus
88

and N. integer had test data across a salinity range greater than 50% of the salinity range 

following natural log transformation. When data for these species were fit to the analysis of 

covariance model, the species-salinity interaction term used to test for equality of slopes 

produced a P=0.003. In both cases, the model with separate species slopes provides the better fit 

to the data, and a single pooled slope could not be calculated. Despite the positive relationship 

between saltwater acute toxicity and salinity observed for nine of the ten species with available 

data, the species slopes are sufficiently variable that no pooled slope can be calculated. Thus, the 

saltwater acute data are not normalized for salinity. 

In addition to the uncertainties described above for the freshwater acute criteria derivation 

(Section 5.1.3), the lack of a statistically defensible salinity-toxicity relationship to normalize the 

acute data adds additional uncertainty to the saltwater FAV. Despite the positive relationship 

between saltwater acute toxicity and salinity observed for nine of the ten species included in the 

analysis of covariance, a pooled slope could not be calculated, precluding salinity normalization 

of the data. As such, the data are used at the tested salinity level, which may or may not be the 

most sensitive for the species. Not all studies, however, reported a salinity level which would 

potentially exclude them from the FAV calculation if the data were salinity normalized.

5.5 Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data

Data for only two estuarine/marine mysid species (Americamysis bahia, SMCV = 6.149 

μg/L and Americamysis bigelowi, SMCV = 11.61 μg/L) are suitable for the derivation of a 

chronic criterion, and limited toxicity data are available for qualitative consideration in this 

document. A 21-day survival chronic value of 111.8 μg/L was determined for the starlet sea 

anemone Nematostella vectensis (Harter and Matthews 2005), and 28-day LC50s for the 

polychaete worms Capitella capitata and Neanthes arenaceodentata ranged from 630 to 3,000 

μg/L (Reish et al. 1976). White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus 

duorarum), daggerblade grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), rock crab (Cancer irroratus) and 

blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) 21 to 30-day effect levels (LC50s and LOECs) ranged from 19 to 

720 μg/L (Nimmo et al. 1977b; Vernberg et al. 1977; Johns and Miller 1982; Guerin and Stickle 

1995; Wu and Chen 2005a). Scallops were more sensitive to cadmium, with Argopecten 

irradians and A. ventricosus 42-day EC50 and 30-day LOEC growth effect levels at 10 and 78 

μg/L, respectively (Pesch and Stewart 1980; Sobrino-Figueroa et al. 2007). Similarly, Atlantic 
89

silverside (Menidia menidia), cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) and winter flounder 

(Pseodopleuronectes americanus) 17 to 60-day survival effects ranged from 100 to >970 μg/L 

(MacInnes et al. 1977; Voyer et al. 1979). All of these effect levels are above those reported for 

the two mysid species that were used quantitatively for derivation of the chronic criterion.

Additional studies have reported the chronic sublethal effects of cadmium on 

estuarine/marine species (Appendix I). Delayed development and reduced food consumption 

were observed for rock crab larvae (Cancer irroratus) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) 

exposed for 28 days to 50 and 200 μg/L cadmium, respectively (Johns and Miller 1982; Wu and 

Chen 2005a). Increased ATPase activity was exhibited by the American lobster (Homarus 

americanus) exposed to 6 μg/L cadmium for 30 days (Tucker 1979), and mud crab larvae 

(Eurypanopeus depressus) experienced a delay in metamorphysis when exposed to 10 μg/L 

cadmium for 44 days (Mirkes et al. 1978). When evaluating fish, significant reduction in gill 

tissue respiratory rate was reported for the cunner after a 30-day exposure to 50 μg/L (MacInnes 

et al. 1977). Dawson et al. (1977) also reported a significant decrease in gill-tissue respiration of 

striped bass at 5 μg/L after a 30-day exposure, as did Calabrese et al. (1975) after a 60-day 

exposure to 5 μg/L. 

5.5.1 Final Acute-to-Chronic Ratio

The limited amount of acceptable estuarine/marine chronic toxicity data precluded the 

use of regression analysis to calculate the estuarine/marine CCC (as was done with the 

freshwater CCC). As stipulated in the 1985 Guidelines, the CCC was calculated as the FAV 

divided by the FACR. As previously mentioned, a minimum of three ACRs (a fish species and 

an invertebrate species, with one being acutely sensitive in saltwater) are typically used to 

estimate the FACR. This update has ACRs available for six freshwater invertebrates, eight

freshwater fish and two saltwater invertebrate species representing a diverse number of families

(Table 16). The 1985 Guidelines outline four primary ways to combine ACRs to calculate an 

appropriate FACR. 

 If the species mean acute-chronic ratios seems to increase or decrease as the SMAV 

increases, the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio should be calculated as the geometric mean of 

the acute-chronic ratios for species whose SMAVs are close to the Final Acute Value.
90

 If no major trend is apparent and the acute-chronic ratios for a number of species are 

within a factor of ten, the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio should be calculated as the 

geometric mean of all the species mean acute-chronic ratios available for both freshwater 

and saltwater species.

 For acute tests conducted on metals and possibly other substances with embryos and 

larvae of barnacles, bivalve molluscs, sea urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and abalones, 

it is probably appropriate to assume that the acute-chronic ratio is 2. Thus, if the lowest 

available SMAVs were determined with embryos and larvae of such species, the Final 

Acute-Chronic Ratio should probably be assumed to be 2, so that the Final Chronic Value 

is equal to the Criterion Maximum Concentration.

 If the most appropriate species mean acute-chronic ratios are less than 2.0, and especially 

if they are less than 1.0, acclimation has probably occurred during the chronic test. 

Because continuous exposure and acclimation cannot be assured to provide adequate 

protection in field situations, the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio should be assumed to be 2, 

so that the Final Chronic Value is equal to the Criterion Maximum Concentration.

None of the four methods listed above could be used to calculate the FACR for cadmium.

Therefore another approach was chosen to incorporate ACRs of sensitive species from both 

freshwater and estuarine/ marine environments to calculate an appropriate FACR. There were

several possible methods to compile these values. One option would have been to use the ACRs 

available for the two Americamysis species (5.275 for A. bahia and 9.476 for A. bigelowi), the 

chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (0.9626), and the fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea

(2.727). All are acutely sensitive, and the geometric mean of these four values yields an FACR 

of 3.385. If the freshwater fish is replaced by the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

(ACR=1.640), the resulting FACR is 3.867. Alternatively, using the acutely sensitive mottled 

sculpin (Cottus bairdii) ACR of 11.22 instead of the ACR for the Chinook salmon results in an

FACR of 6.254. 

A final option would be to use ACRs from a diverse mix of freshwater and 

estuarine/marine species representing both invertebrates and fish, with the freshwater species 

having taxonomically-related marine species. Using this approach, seven genus-level ACRs were 

used to calculate the FACR for estuarine/marine water (representing five freshwater fish species, 

three freshwater invertebrate species, and the two acutely sensitive estuarine/marine mysids). An

FACR of 8.291 was obtained from the geometric mean of seven genus-level ACRs: 

Americamysis (7.007), Ceriodaphnia (19.84), Daphnia (23.90), Cottus (11.22), Oncorhynchus
91

(2.0), Salmo (2.0) and Pimephales (17.90). The fish C. bairdii, S. trutta, Oncorhynchus and P. 

promelas represent the second, fourth, fifth and forty-fourth most sensitive freshwater genera, 

respectively, and the cladocerans Daphnia and C. dubia are the eleventh and eighteenth most 

sensitive genera. This approach was chosen because EPA believes that use of combined ACRs 

for a variety of freshwater and estuarine/marine species is the most appropriate and 

representative method for deriving the FACR.

5.5.2 Uncertainty in the estuarine/marine FCV calculation

The primary source of uncertainty with the derivation of the estuarine/marine FCV is the 

lack of available data. There have been no new acceptable estuarine/marine chronic data 

generated since the 2001 AWQC was published. The only data available are for one genus of 

mysid, Americamysis, which is the fourth most sensitive acute genus. The chronic criterion is 

therefore based on the use of a FACR. The FACR assumes that the relationship between acute 

and chronic toxicity for each species is constant. Acceptable ACRs are averaged across taxa to 

calculate the final overall relationship between the acute and chronic toxicity values. Since 

freshwater ACRs are used to bolster the calculation of the FACR, due to only one 

estuarine/marine genus-level ACR being available, this creates an additional uncertainty in the 

estuarine/marine FCV.

The saltwater FAV is also hampered by the lack of a statistically defensible salinitytoxicity relationship to normalize the acute data. Since the FAV is divided by the FACR to 

calculate the FCV, the FAV may not be representative of the true toxicity of cadmium across 

various salinity gradients (i.e., may be underprotective in low salinity waters).

5.6 Bioaccumulation

Test level bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for cadmium in freshwater (Appendix G) 

range from 3 for brook trout muscle (Benoit et al. 1976) to 65,600 for the amphipod, H. azteca

(Straus 2011). Fish typically accumulate only small amounts of cadmium in muscle as compared 

to most other tissues and organs (Benoit et al. 1976; Sangalang and Freeman 1979; Jarvinen and 

Ankley 1999). However, studies summarized by Jarvinen and Ankley (1999) showed that the 

skin, spleen, gill, fin, otolith and bone also have low bioconcentration factors. Sangalang and 

Freeman (1979) found that cadmium residues in fish reach steady-state only after exposure 
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periods greatly exceed 28 days. D. magna, and presumably other invertebrates with about the 

same body size, were found to reach steady-state within a few days (Poldoski 1979). 

Cadmium accumulated by fish from water is eliminated slowly (Benoit et al. 1976;

Kumada et al. 1980), but Kumada et al. (1980) found that cadmium accumulated from food is 

eliminated much more rapidly. When all variables, except temperature, are kept the same, 

Tessier et al. (1994a) found that increased exposure temperature generally increased the rate of 

soft tissue bioconcentration for the snail, Viviparus georgianus, but not for the mussel, Elliptio 

complanata. Poldoski (1979) reported that humic acid decreased the uptake of cadmium by D. 

magna, but Winner (1984) did not find any effect. Ramamoorthy and Blumhagen (1984) 

reported that fulvic and humic acids increased the uptake of cadmium by rainbow trout.

The only BCF reported for an estuarine/marine fish is a value of 48 from a 21-day 

exposure of mummichog (Eisler et al. 1972) (Appendix I). However, among nine species of 

invertebrates for which values were available, the BCFs range from 22 to 3,160 for whole body 

and from 5 to 2,040 for muscle (Appendix G). The highest BCF (3,160) was reported for the 

polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema (Klockner 1979). This BCF was reached after sixty-four 

days exposure using the renewal technique; however, tissue residues had not reached steady-state

at the end of the exposure period.

BCFs for four species of estuarine/marine bivalve molluscs range widely, from 113 for 

the blue mussel (George and Coombs 1977) to 2,150 for the eastern oyster (Zaroogian and Cheer 

1976). The range of reported BCFs is also large for some individual species. For example, two 

studies with the bay scallop resulted in BCFs of 168 (Eisler et al. 1972) and 2,040 (Pesch and

Stewart 1980) and three studies with the blue mussel reported BCFs of 113, 306, and 710 

(Appendix G and Appendix I). George and Coombs (1977) studied the importance of metal 

speciation on cadmium accumulation in the soft tissues of Mytilus edulis. Cadmium complexed 

as Cd-EDTA, Cd-alginate, Cd-humate, and Cd-pectate (Appendix I) was bioconcentrated

(directly taken up from water) at twice the rate of inorganic cadmium (Appendix G). Because 

bivalve molluscs usually do not reach steady-state, comparisons between species may be 

difficult, and the length of exposure may be the major determinant of the BCF.

BCFs for five species of estuarine/marine crustaceans range from 22 to 307 for whole 

body and from 5 to 25 for muscle (Appendix G and Appendix I). Nimmo et al. (1977b) 

reported whole-body BCFs of 203 and 307 for two species of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio
93

and P. vulgaris. Vernberg et al. (1977) reported a BCF of 140 for P. pugio at 25°C (Appendix 

I), and Pesch and Stewart (1980) reported a BCF of 22 for the same species exposed at 10°C, 

indicating that temperature might be an important variable determining the rate of 

bioaccumulation. The commercially important crustaceans, the pink shrimp and lobster, were not

effective bioaccumulators of cadmium with factors of 57 for whole body and 25 for muscle,

respectively (Appendix G and Appendix I). It should be noted that the inverse relation 

relationship between BCF and exposure concentration explains much of the variation in the 

observed BCFs (McGeer et al. 2003; DeForest et al. 2007).

5.6.1 Uncertainty with cadmium exposure routes

As reported in the literature, aquatic organisms can accumulate cadmium from both 

aqueous and dietary exposure routes. The relative importance of each, however, is dependent 

upon the species. The filter feeding cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia was found to accumulate 

more cadmium from water than diet, and at a more rapid rate (Sofyan et al. 2007). Barata et al.

(2002) observed during a 24-hour laboratory water exposure experiment that Daphnia magna

juveniles accumulated approximately twice as much cadmium from laboratory water exposure 

than from an algal food diet. Water exposure accounted for over 50 percent of the cadmium body 

burden in the isopod Acellus aquaticus (van Hattum et al. 1998). Fisher et al. (2000) found that 

in Acartia tonsa approximately 60 percent of the cadmium was assimilated from water and 40 

percent from food. The same trend of accumulating over 50 percent of cadmium from water was 

observed for the clam Macoma balthica (Harvey and Luoma 1985) and the blue mussel Mytilus 

edulis (Bouchardt 1983). In contrast, diet, rather than water, accounted for more than 50 percent 

of cadmium accumulated in the predatory insects Chaoborus punctipennis (Munger and Hare 

1997), Cryptochironomus sp. and Sialis velata (Roy and Hare 1999), the water mite Limnesia 

maculate, the caddisfly Mystacicks spp. (Timmermans et al. 1992), and in five of the seven 

stonefly species evaluated by Martin et al. (2007). Diet also accounted for most (>95%) of the 

observed cadmium tissue burden of mayflies in the field (Cain et al. 2011). This field 

observation is consistent with the observations of Xie et al. (2010), who noted that periphyton is 

often a sink for cadmium in aquatic environments. In a natural lake experiment, Stephenson and 

Turner (1993) found that the grazing amphipod, Hyalella azteca derived more than half (58%) of 

accumulated cadmium from periphyton, when compared to the aqueous exposure route. In a 
94

different lake experiment, rainbow trout and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) 

accumulated approximately five times as much cadmium from the food only exposure relative to 

the water only dose (Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989). Mebane (2006) summarized the 

contribution of aqueous versus dietary cadmium exposure to the bioaccumulation observed in 

various aquatic organisms and found the same species specific differences. In summary, the 

primary route of cadmium accumulation varies among species, with no discernable pattern.

The specific tissues/organs affected in an aquatic organism is also dependent on the 

exposure route. Wang and Fisher (1996) noted that bivalve molluscs primarily accumulate 

dissolved cadmium across the gills, and particulate forms via the gut, suggesting that cadmium 

speciation influences exposure route and the subsequent tissues and organs affected. In 

crustaceans, aqueous cadmium can be adsorbed to the body surface or taken up internally by 

ingestion, passive diffusion, or facilitated transport (Wang and Fisher 1998). For example, 

dissolved cadmium adsorbs onto the chitosan exoskeleton of pelagic and benthic crustaceans 

(Hook and Fisher 2001; Mohlenberg and Jensen 1980), or inert chitin surfaces of insects (Hare 

1992), where it is rendered unavailable to interfere with internal metabolic processes. In contrast, 

ingested cadmium can accumulate into internal tissues potentially interfering with a variety of 

metabolic and reproductive processes, such as egg production in copepods (Hook and Fisher 

2001). Cadmium assimilated from food is stored in the soft tissue of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

(Nassiri et al. 1997). Norway lobsters (Neohrops norvegica) accumulated aqueous cadmium 

primarily in their gills and digestive gland, with most of the dietary cadmium deposited in the 

digestive gland (Canli and Furness 1995). The freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus exposed 

to cadmium in water accumulated the greatest amount of cadmium in the hepatopancreas, with 

lesser amount in the gills, exoskeleton and abdominal muscles (Guner 2010). 

In fish, uptake of dissolved cadmium is mainly across the gills, the primary site of toxic 

action, followed by transport to different organs (Wang and Fisher 1996; Wood et al. 2012). 

Accumulation of dissolved cadmium by the gills can be by either passive (diffusion) or active 

(pump) transport (Neff 2002). Fish exposed to cadmium in the presence of food initially absorb 

cadmium in the intestinal tract and to some degree the stomach, and subsequently transfer it to 

other tissues via the circulatory system (Wood et al. 2012). Water-borne cadmium primarily 

accumulated in the gills of rainbow trout and lake whitefish (Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989), 

the kidney of brook trout (Sangalang and Freeman 1979) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
95

(Cogun et al. 2003), and the liver of the perch Perca fluviatilis (Edgren and Notter 1980). In 

comparison, cadmium-spiked food accumulated mainly in muscle and the intestinal tract of 

rainbow trout (Kumada et al. 1980) and in the intestine, kidney and liver of the eel Anguilla

anguilla (Haesloop and Schirmer 1985). 

In an effort to determine the most toxic exposure route, a number of investigators have 

compared the adverse effects of cadmium to organisms exposed separately to both aqueous and 

dietary cadmium. Hook and Fisher (2001) reported that dietary exposure of marine copepods 

(Acartia hudsonica and A. tonsa) to cadmium was approximately 200 times more toxic than an 

aqueous exposure. Marine copepod reproduction significantly decreased at 0.5 μg/L dietary 

cadmium (algal food at 7.19 μg Cd/g dw), but it was not affected when the animals were exposed 

to dissolved cadmium at a similar concentration (reported aqueous LC50 of 112.4 μg/L). The 

hatching rate, ovarian development and egg protein content all decreased at the dietary effect 

level, suggesting that the process of yolk development (vitellogenesis) was affected. The more 

than two-fold difference (dietary LOEC of 0.5 μg/L vs. aqueous LOEC of >1.12 μg/L) in effect 

levels is likely due to the adsorption of aqueous cadmium to the exoskeleton where it is largely 

unavailable, whereas the food-borne cadmium accumulates in internal tissues and disrupts 

metabolic and reproductive processes.

Irving et al. (2003) exposed grazing mayfly nymphs (Baetis tricaudatus) to cadmiumcontaminated diatom mats during a 13-day partial life-cycle experiment and observed 

significantly reduced grazing and growth at 10 μg/g cadmium (LOEC). The corresponding 96-hr 

LC50 determined for this was 1,611 μg/L. When evaluating the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer, 

Xie and Buchwalter (2011) found that larvae exposed to dietary cadmium had significantly 

suppressed catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Aqueous exposed larvae with similar 

cadmium tissue levels, however, had normal antioxidant enzyme activity. As shown by these 

studies, aqueous cadmium is adsorbed onto the chitin surface and potentially rendered 

unavailable to disrupt metabolic processes, whereas the food-borne cadmium accumulates in 

tissues and organs, and if not sequestered or detoxified, could interfer with a variety of metabolic 

and reproductive processes. In addition, this difference in toxicity relative to exposure route 

suggests that diet-derived cadmium may be more physiologically active and thus potentially 

more toxic in these organisms (Poteat and Buchwalter 2013).
96

Female goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to dietary cadmium for three years by 

Szczerbik et al. (2006) and the authors reported that the highest food dose of 10 mg/g (wet wt.) 

inhibited growth, disrupted behavior, prevented ovulation and decreased the gonado-somatic 

index. The lack of ovulation was due to disrupted oocyte development (most likely at the stages 

of vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation), thereby suggesting the site of toxic action. The only 

water exposure effects data available for this species were a 50-day reduced plasma sodium 

LOEC of 44.5 μg/L, a 7-day LC50 of 170 μg/L, and a SMAV (96-hr) of 1,831 μg/L. 

Understanding the toxicological link between accumulated cadmium tissue levels and 

observation of adverse effects remains difficult to characterize, and therefore has received 

considerable interest in recent years (Adams et al. 2011; Mebane 2006; Wood et al 2012). The 

poorly understood link between cadmium tissue levels and corresponding adverse effects is in 

part due to the various mechanisms utilized by different species to detoxify and/or sequester 

cadmium, thereby rendering it biologically unavailable. A well-known and widespread cadmium 

detoxification mechanism is the production of metal binding proteins (e.g., metallothioneins) by 

a number of invertebrates and fish in response to a metal exposure. As pointed out by Mebane 

(2006), it is unclear if the cadmium accumulated in the kidneys of fish is bioavailable or 

sequestered. Therefore, the link between total cadmium tissue levels and adverse effects is 

difficult to quantify since the majority of accumulated cadmium may be in a detoxified form 

(Wood et al. 2012).

A summary of tissue residue levels for various aquatic organisms indicating the presence 

or absence of adverse cadmium effects is provided by Mebane (2006). He concluded that “the 

data reviewed on effects of cadmium tissue-residues in fish and invertebrates were insufficient to 

analyze quantitatively similarly to data on the effects of waterborne cadmium.” For example, 

data compiled by Mebane (2006) for various studies indicate that different fish species can 

tolerate gill tissue residues ranging from 2 to 30 mg Cd/kg dw (Benoit et al 1976; Farag et al. 

2003), whereas brook trout males died during spawning after exposure to 5.1 mg Cd/kg dw 

(Benoit et al. 1976). Likewise, kidney residue levels ranging from 10 to 94 mg Cd/kg dw 

produced no adverse effects, yet 50 mg Cd/kg dw also resulted in brook trout mortality during 

spawning (Benoit et al. 1976; McGeer et al. 2000). In addition, mayfly adverse effects were 

reported at whole body residues of 2 mg Cd/kg dw, while no effects were observed at 30 mg 

Cd/kg dw (Besser et al. 2001; Birge et al. 2000). Mebane (2006) also stated “the data reviewed 
97

on bioaccumulation and effects of dietary exposures to cadmium indicate that at chronic criterion 

concentrations, cadmium is unlikely to bioaccumulate to tissue residue levels expected to cause 

obvious adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates or fish.” Adams et al. (2011) likewise noted that 

aquatic organisms contain a diverse array of homeostatic mechanisms that are both metal- and 

species-specific, and therefore the risk to the aquatic organism could not be determined by 

whole-body tissue residue levels for metals, further suggesting a tissue-based cadmium criteria 

may not accurately reflect ecotoxicological effects of cadmium under real-world exposure 

scenarios at the national-level

5.7 Effects on Aquatic Plants

Ninety acceptable cadmium toxicity tests from 66 studies are available for a large number 

of freshwater algae and vascular plant species (Appendix E). These tests lasted anywhere from 4 

to 32 days, and a reduction in growth was the most prominent toxic effect observed. Cadmium 

effect concentrations for most freshwater aquatic algae and plant species were well above 50 

μg/L, and cadmium does not appear to be algicidal at a concentration less than 250,000 μg/L

(Appendix E). However, several adverse effect concentrations are in the range known to cause

chronic toxicity to aquatic life. For example, the growth rate of the diatom, Asterionella formosa, 

was reduced by an order of magnitude at 2 μg/L, while the growth EC50 for the green alga, 

Chara vulgaris, is 9.5 μg/L (Appendix E). Similarly, a significant reduction in the number of 

fronds of two aquatic vascular plant species, Lemna valdiviana and Salvina natans, occurred at 

10 μg/L, and the MATC for growth of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes, is 12.72 μg/L. A 

comparison of the freshwater plant and animal data presented in this document demonstrated that

the lowest toxicity values for fish and aquatic invertebrate species are lower than the lowest 

toxicity values for plants. Thus, water quality criteria which protect freshwater animals should 

also protect freshwater plants and a final freshwater plant value was therefore not calculated.

Toxicity values are available for 10 species of estuarine/marine diatoms, five species of

green microalgae, one dinoflagellate species, and eight species of macroalgae (Appendix F). 

Concentrations causing fifty percent reductions in the growth rates of diatoms range from 50 

μg/L for Chaetoceros calcitrans and Isochrysis galbana to 7,560,000 μg/L for Phaeodactylum 

tricornutum. Green algae were the most sensitive species to cadmium, with reduced chlorophyll 

production observed for Dunaliella viridis and Scenedesmus sp. at 7.071 μg/L cadmium. The 
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brown macroalga (kelp) exhibited mid-range sensitivity to cadmium, with an EC50s that ranged 

from 355.5 to >1,124 μg/L. The most sensitive estuarine/marine macroalgae tested was the red 

alga, Champia parvula, with significant reductions in the growth of both the tetrasporophyte 

plant and female plant occurring at 22.8 μg/L. The estuarine/marine plant and animal data were 

also compared, and the most sensitive plant species (C. parvula) is more resistant than the most 

sensitive animal species in chronic tests. Therefore, water quality criteria for cadmium that 

protect estuarine/marine animals should also protect estuarine/marine plants and a final 

estuarine/marine plant value was therefore not calculated.

5.8 Protection of Listed Species

The dataset for cadmium is particularly extensive and includes data representing species 

that are Federally-listed as threatened or endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or 

NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service. Summaries provided here describing the best 

available data for the Federally-listed species that have been tested for sensitivity to cadmium

demonstrate that the 2015 cadmium criteria update is protective of these tested species.

5.8.1 Acute toxicity data for listed species

There are nine Federally-listed freshwater species and one estuarine/marine species that 

have acceptable acute toxicity data. Eight of these species are fish and one is a freshwater mussel

(Table 20). All of the freshwater data has been normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L to 

facilitate comparison to the acute criteria value expressed at that hardness.

The least sensitive of the Listed freshwater species are bonytail chub, Gila elegans, and 

razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus, with normalized SMAVs of 73.80 and 69.80 μg/L total 

cadmium, , respectively (Appendix A). Another Listed fish from the family Cyprinidae, 

Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius), had a similar level of sensitivity with a normalized 

SMAV of 42.96 μg/L total cadmium. This species was much more sensitive to cadmium than the 

non-Listed northern pike minnow, Ptychocheilus oregonensis, which is in the same genus and 

has a normalized SMAV of 5,065 μg/L total cadmium. All three endangered species were tested 

in the laboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey in Yankton, South Dakota, with laboratory test 

conditions designed to replicate conditions present in the Green River, Utah (Buhl 1997). One 

endangered freshwater mussel, Neosho mucket (Lampsilis rafinesqueana), has a normalized 
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SMAV of 49.46 μg/L total cadmium, indicating a sensitivity that falls within the range of other 

freshwater mussels within the genus, with normalized SMAVs ranging from 104.4 (Lampsilis 

straminea claibornensis) to 39.56 (Lampsilis siliquoidea) μg/L total cadmium (Appendix A).

All of these SMAVs are an order of magnitude higher than the freshwater acute cadmium criteria 

value.

The most sensitive Listed freshwater species with acceptable acute toxicity data are all 

from the family Salmonidae. Three species from the genus Oncorhynchus had normalized 

SMAVs that ranged from 4.468 to 14.34 μg/L total cadmium. The bull trout, Salvelinus 

confluentus, was almost as sensitive as the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with a 

normalized SMAV of 4.750 μg/L total cadmium (O. mykiss SMAV of 4.468 μg/L total 

cadmium). As recommended by the 1985 Guidelines, the freshwater FAV for total cadmium at a 

hardness of 100 mg/L was lowered to 4.468 μg/L (4.218 μg/L dissolved cadmium) to protect the 

commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout, which also addresses the 

Listedsteelhead trout. This lowered FAV, and resultant CMC of 2.1 μg/L dissolved cadmium

yielded by the 1985 Guidelines procedure of dividing the LC50-based FAV by a factor of 2, is 

also protective of the bonytail chub, razorback sucker, Colorado squawfish, and the freshwater 

mussel, Neosho mucket, which are less sensitive than all tested species with acceptable acute 

toxicity data from the family Salmonidae. The FAV/2 approach was developed to estimate 

minimal effect levels, approximately equal control mortality limits, based on analysis of 219 

acute toxicity tests on a range of chemicals, as described in the Federal Register on May 18, 

1978 (43 FR 21506-18). 

Several life stages of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, were exposed in 

flow-through measured exposures by Calfee et al. (2014) and Wang et al. (2014). The most 

sensitive lifestage were the 61 day post hatch fish with a non-definitive normalized acute value 

of <33.46 μg/L total cadmium. However, all other test lifestages were much less sensitive with 

normalized effect concentrations that ranged from >48.37 to >352.4 μg/L total cadmium

(Appendix A).

While the 96-hr acute and 7-d chronic toxicity tests for the fountain darter, Etheostoma 

fonticola, conducted by Southwest Texas State University (2000) indicated this species was very 

sensitive, the study was determined to be unacceptable for inclusion in the core dataset because 

the test species was fed in the acute test and the duration was too short for the chronic test to be 
100

included (Appendix H). While this species is endemic to Texas and has a very limited 

distribution, the genus Etheostoma has several Listed species and widespread distribution across 

the United States. Despite these data being unacceptable for inclusion in the core criteria dataset, 

it is noteworthy that the 2.1 μg/L acute and 0.73 μg/L chronic dissolved cadmium criteria are 

protective of this species. (The reported LC50 was 9.62 μg/L dissolved cadmium for this test 

found to be unacceptable for use in criteria derivation; the chronic values were in the 1.4 to 11.5 

μg/L range)

The mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) represents the most sensitive of the acutely tested 

freshwater species with acceptable toxicity data. Similarly, shorthead sculpin (C. confusus) is 

also very sensitive. Although C. bairdii and C. confusus are not Listed freshwater species, the 

grotto sculpin (Cottus specus) is Listed as endangered and the pygmy sculpin (Cottus paulus) is 

Listed as threatened. Grotto sculpin are found in five cave systems and two surface streams in 

Perry County, Missouri, while pygmy sculpin is endemic to Alabama. Although no direct 

toxicity data are available for either of these sculpin species, C. bairdii and C. confusus had 

normalized SMAVs of 4.540 and 5.345 μg/L total cadmium, respectively. Dividing the GMAV 

for Cottus by two, which is consistent with the procedure used to derive the CMC from the FAV

as indicated above, results in a concentration of 2.463 μg/L total cadmium (or 2.325 μg/L 

dissolved cadmium), which is a concentration that is expected to result in survival that is no 

different from the test controls. This normalized concentration is approximately equal to the

2015 freshwater CMC of 2.1 μg/L dissolved cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as 

CaCO3. The available data suggest the 2015 freshwater CMC would be protective of these Listed

species.

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts tested in natural filtered seawater with 

28.83 g/kg salinity were relatively insensitive to cadmium, with an LC50 of 1,500 μg/L total 

cadmium (Dinnel et al. 1989). The estuarine/marine CMC of 35 μg/L total cadmium would be 

protective of this species.
101

Table 20. Acute Summary of Listed Species Tests.

Species

Number of acute 

values

Range of normalized acute 

values

(Hardness=100 mg/L)

SMAV

(μg/L)

(total cadmium)

Freshwater - Acute

Neosho mucket,

Lampsilis rafinesqueana 1* 49.46 49.46

Bonytail,

Gila elegans 2 69.27 - 78.63 73.80

Razorback sucker,

Xyrauchen texanus 2 65.06 - 74.89 69.80

Colorado squawfish,

Ptychocheilus lucius 2 36.51 - 50.55 42.96

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 4 9.089 - 92.95 14.34

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 45 1.164 - >136.6 4.468

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 8 6.150 - 131.5 9.888

Bull trout,

Salvelinus confluentus 6 3.347 - 10.90 4.750

White sturgeon,

Acipenser transmontanus 7* <33.46 - >352.4 <33.46

Estuarine/Marine – Acute

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 1 1,500 1,500

* Indicates new species included since the 2001 cadmium document.

5.8.2 Chronic toxicity data for listed species

Four Listed freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae representing two genera 

(Oncorhynchus and Salmo) have acceptable chronic toxicity data for cadmium (Table 21). Of 

the 20 genera in the Ranked SMCV Table, these two genera are ranked seventh and eighth, 

respectively (Table 9). The Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) 

have similar normalized SMCVs of 4.426 and 2.192 μg/L total cadmium, based on early life 

stage growth and survival, respectively. Insufficient detail was reported for Coho salmon (O. 

kisutch), the third Listed species in this genus, thus a normalized EC20 could not be calculated. A 

normalized SMCV based on the two MATCs reported for Coho salmon would be 7.467 μg/L 

total cadmium (Appendix C). The most sensitive endangered freshwater species, Atlantic 

salmon (Salmo salar), had a normalized SMCV of 2.389 μg/L total cadmium, which is 

somewhat more sensitive than brown trout (Salmo trutta), the other species in the genus. All of 

these freshwater fish species are expected to be adequately protected at the freshwater CCC of 

0.80 μg/L total cadmium.
102

Mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) represent the third most sensitive of the chronically 

tested freshwater species with acceptable toxicity data. As discussed in the preceding section 

(Section 5.8.1), although C. bairdii is not a Listed species, grotto sculpin (Cottus specus) is 

Listed as endangered and pygmy sculpin (Cottus paulus) is Listed as threatened. C. bairdii had a 

normalized SMCV of 1.721 μg/L total cadmium. This normalized concentration is above the

2015 freshwater CCC of 0.73 μg/L dissolved cadmium based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as 

CaCO3. The 2015 freshwater CCC is expected to be protective of these species. There are no 

acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine Listed species.

Table 21. Chronic Summary of Listed Species Tests.

Species

Number of chronic 

values

Range of normalized chronic 

values

Freshwater - Chronic

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 2

4.046 – 13.78

(MATCs)

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 12 0.7962 – 6.989(EC20s and MATCs)

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1

4.426

(EC20)

Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar 3

2.389 – 392.5

(EC20s)

5.9 Comparison of 2001 and 2015 Criteria Values

5.9.1 Comparison of acute freshwater criterion to 2001 document

The 2001 cadmium freshwater acute criterion was based on data from 39 species of 

invertebrates, 24 species of fish and 1 species each of salamander and frog for a total of 65 

species grouped into 55 genera (Table 22). This 2015 update now includes 66 species of 

invertebrates, 33 species of fish, one salamander species, and one frog species for a total of 101 

species grouped into 75 genera. 

Of the 75 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have 

new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMAV 

calculation in this update (Table 7). A new genus in the updated dataset, sculpin (Cottusi), also 

represents the second most sensitive genera in the distribution with a GMAV of 4.926 μg/L 

(normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3). The most sensitive invertebrate genus is 

represented by the amphipod Hyalella azteca with a normalized GMAV of 26.29 μg/L.
103

Table 22. Freshwater GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents.

(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3).

(Values in bold new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

2015 

GMAVa 

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001 

SMAV 

(μg/L)

2015 

SMAV 

(μg/L) Comment

48,458 195,967 Midge,

Chironomus plumosus - 16,241 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Midge,

Chironomus riparius 195,967 >144,586 Acute value edited from re-review ofWilliams et al. 1985

31,404 21,569 Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus - 75,693 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambica 21,569 13,029 New data for existing species

28,710 8,573 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio 8,573 28,710 New data for existing species

27,070 28,454 Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum 28,454 27,070 Acute value edited from re-review of Ham et al. 1995

24,249 -

Mayfly,

Rhithrogena hageni - 24,249 New genus

>23,794 -

Little green stonefly,

Sweltsa sp. - >23,794 New genus

16,084 12,479 Oligochaete,

Rhyacodrilus montana 12,479 16,084 -

15,895 13,146 Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis 13,146 15,895 -

14,041 10,894 Oligochaete,

Stylodrilus heringianus 10,894 14,041 -

13,429 4,754 Oligochaete,

Branchiura sowerbyi 4,754 13,429 New data for existing species

10,968 10,225 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus 10,225 10,968 -

10,903 11,002 Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus 11,002 10,903 -

10,131 7,861 Oligochaete,

Spirosperma ferox 6,933 8,935 -

- -

Oligochaete,

Spirosperma nikolskyi 8,913 11,488 -

9,701 7,527 Earthworm,

Varichaetadrilus pacificus 7,527 9,701 (formerly, Varichaeta pacifica)

8,169 6,338 Oligochaete,

Quistadrilus multisetosus 6,338 8,169 -

8,028 -

Mayfly,

Hexagenia rigida - 8,028 New genus

7,867 7,762 Red shiner,

Cyprinella lutrensis 7,762 7,867 -

7,377 8,551 Green sunfish,

Lepomis cyanellus 5,997 5,402 -

- -

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus 12,194 10,074 -

7,357 6,344 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 6,344 7,357 -

6,656 -

Yellow perch,

Perca flavescens - 6,656 New genus
104

2015 

GMAVa 

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001 

SMAV 

(μg/L)

2015 

SMAV 

(μg/L) Comment

6,182 5,759 Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae 5,759 6,182

-

5,100 4,981 Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata 4,981 5,100

-

4,946 4,607 Mayfly,

Drunella grandis 4,607 4,946 (formerly, Ephemerella grandis

)

4,164 2,753 Tubificid worm,

Tubifex 2,753 4,164 New data for existing species

3,651 3,439 Amphipod,

Crangonyx pseudogracilis 3,439 3,651

-

2,891

-

Copepod,

Diaptomus forbesi

- 2,891 New genus

2,860

-

Zebrafish,

Danio rerio

- 2,860 New genus

2,210 3,093 African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis 3,093 2,210 New data for existing species

2,195 3,536 Crayfish,

Procambarus acutus

- 898.7 New species added to GMAV 

calculation

--

Crayfish,

Procambarus alleni

- 7,263 New species added to GMAV 

calculation

--

Red swamp crayfish,

Procambarus clarkii 3,536 1,620 New data for existing species

>1,917

-

Caddisfly,

Arctopsyche sp.

- >1,917 New genus

1,831 1,707 Goldfish,

Carassius auratus 1,707 1,831

-

1,531 59.08 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 59.08 1,531 Same studies but only used F,M tests to calculate GMAV

1,512 1,568 Oligochaete,

Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri 1,568 1,512

-

1,130 1,055 Northwestern salamander,

Ambystoma gracile 1,055 1,130

-

>973.2

-

Snail,

Gyraulus sp.

- >973.2 New genus

892.1 955.0 Isopod,

Caecidotea bicrenata 955.0 892.1 (formerly, Asellus bicrenata

)

668.6

-

Lake whitefish,

Coregonus clupeaformis

- 668.6 New genus

496.4 500.1 Cladoceran,

Alona affinis 500.1 496.4

-

493.7 525.3 Bryozoa,

Plumatella emarginata 525.3 493.7

-

448.2 451.6 Cyclopoid copepod,

Cyclops varicans 451.6 448.2

-

425.3

-

Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus

- 425.3 New genus

389.3

-

Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis

- 389.3 New genus

384.2

-

Planarian,

Dugesia dorotocephala

- 384.2 New genus

382.6 389.5 Leech,

Glossiphonia complanata 389.5 382.6

-
105

2015 

GMAVa 

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001 

SMAV 

(μg/L)

2015 

SMAV 

(μg/L) Comment

317.1 337.4 Bryozoa,

Pectinatella magnifica 337.4 317.1 -

241.0 264.2 Worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus 264.2 241.0 -

225.4 210.3 Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 210.3 225.4 -

674.3 202.6 Snail,

Physa acuta - 2,383b

New species for existing genus, but tenfold difference in SMAVs for the genus, 

only most sensitive SMAV used in 

GMAV calculation

- -

Pouch snail,

Physa gyrina 202.6 190.8 -

180.2 -

Worm,

Nais elinguis - 180.2 New genus

171.0 159.2 Amphipod,

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus 159.2 171.0 -

121.9 -

Hydra,

Hydra circumcincta - 207.4 New genus(formerly, Hydra attenuata)

- -

Hydra

Hydra oligactis - 141.1 New genus

- -

Green hydra,

Hydra viridissima - 41.06 New genus

- -

Hydra,

Hydra vulgaris - 183.9 New genus

108.4 -

Cladoceran,

Diaphanosoma brachyurum - 108.4 New genus

103.4 >23,632 Crayfish,

Orconectes immunis >23,281 >24,972b

Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the 

genus, only most sensitive SMAV used 

in GMAV calculation-

- -

Crayfish,

Orconectes juvenilis - 148.4 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Crayfish,

Orconectes placidus - 72.11 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Crayfish,

Orconectes virilis 23,988 26,948b

Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the 

genus, only most sensitive SMAV used 

in GMAV calculation94.50 97.98 Isopod,

Lirceus alabamae 97.98 94.50 -

88.67 87.16 Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa 87.16 88.67 -

73.91 86.82 Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis 86.82 73.91 New data for existing species

73.80 78.32 Bonytail,

Gila elegans 78.32 73.80 -

72.54 72.61 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 63.46 66.29 New data for existing species

- -

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata 83.08 79.37 -

72.07 71.16 Southern rainbow mussel,

Villosa vibex 71.16 72.07 -

70.01 -

Mussel,

Lasmigona subviridis - 70.01 New genus
106

2015 

GMAVa 

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001 

SMAV 

(μg/L)

2015 

SMAV 

(μg/L) Comment

69.80 74.08 Razorback sucker,

Xyrauchen texanus 74.08 69.80 -

69.65 61.10 Cladoceran,

Simocephalus serrulatus 61.10 69.65 -

69.49 68.38 Mussel,

Actinonaias pectorosa 68.38 69.49 -

67.94 72.29 Bryozoa,

Lophopodella carteri 72.29 67.94 -

66.10 50.44 Cladoceran,

Daphnia ambigua - 27.80 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 27.14 40.54

New data for existing species and Attar 

and Maly 1982 was not used to 

calculate SMAV, see Unused data 

(Appendix J)

- -

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex 93.77 118.3 New data for existing species

- -

Cladoceran,

Daphnia similis - 143.2 New species added to GMAV calculation

57.18 68.29 Neosho mucket,

Lampsilis rafinesqueana - 49.46 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Fatmucket,

Lampsilis siliquoidea - 39.56 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Southern fatmucket,

Lampsilis straminea 

claibornensis

96.44 104.40 -

- -

Yellow sandshell,

Lampsilis teres 48.35 52.34 -

42.96 452.6 Colorado squawfish,

Ptychocheilus lucius 45.59 42.96

Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the 

genus, only most sensitive SMAV used 

in GMAV calculation

- -

Northern pike minnow,

Ptychocheilus oregonensis 4,493 5,065b

-

<33.46 -

White sturgeon,

Acipenser transmontanus - <33.46 New genus

26.29 -

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca - 26.29 New genus

>17.05 -

Mountain whitefish,

Prosopium williamsoni - >17.05 New genus

7.841 7.760 Cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii - 5.966 New species added to GMAV calculation

- -

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 12.58 14.34 -

- -

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 4.265 4.468 New data for existing species

- -

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 8.708 9.888 -

6.066 3.263 Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 3.263 6.066 New data for existing species

5.883 5.916 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 5.916 5.883 -

4.926 -

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii - 4.540 New genus
107

2015 

GMAVa 

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001 

SMAV 

(μg/L)

2015 

SMAV 

(μg/L) Comment

- -

Shorthead sculpin,

Cottus confusus - 5.345 New genus

4.750 <3.971 Bull trout,

Salvelinus confluentus 4.353 4.750

Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the 

genus, only most sensitive SMAV used 

in GMAV calculation

- -

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis <3.623 3,362b

Carroll et al. 1979 was not used to 

calculate SMAV, see Unused data 

(Appendix J)

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b There is a 10x difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation.

[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMAV Table because hardness test conditions were not 

reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized: Leech, Nephelopsis obscura; Crayfish, Orconectes 

limosus; Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Stonefly, Pteronarcella badia; Midge, Culicoides furens; Grass carp, 

Ctenopharyngodon idellus.]

Table 23 provides a comparison of the second to fifth most sensitive taxa (≥59 genera) 

used to calculate the freshwater CMC in this 2015 AWQC update document compared to the 

four most sensitive taxa used to calculate the CMC in the 2001 AWQC document. The 2015

CMC of 2.2 μg/L total cadmium is slightly higher than the 2.1 μg/L total cadmium CMC given 

in the 2001 document, both of which are normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3

and lowered to protect a commercially and recreationally important salmonid species. Several 

genera (Morone, Salmo, Salvelinus and Oncorhynchus) are Listed as the most sensitive in both 

the 2001 and 2015 document, but the new genus, Cottus, is now one of the most sensitive in the 

current update. 

One additional difference is that Salvelinus, previously the second most sensitive genus 

in the 2001 document, is now the most sensitive genus in the 2015 document. This is due to the 

reassessment and reclassification of the brook trout test by Carroll et al. (1979) as an 

unacceptable study because the measured concentration of cadmium in control water was greater 

than the LC50 value of 1.5 μg/L and the control had 100% survival. Elimination of this LC50

yields the normalized SMAV of 3,362 μg/L based on the studies by Drummond and Benoit 

(1976) and Holcombe et al. (1983). However, since there is greater than a 10-fold difference in 

the SMAVs for the genus only the SMAV for the more sensitive species, S. confluentus, was 

used in the GMAV calculation. 

In addition, the number of GMAVs used to calculate the CMC increased from 55 in the 

2001 criteria document to 75 in the current update based on the addition of the GMAVs for 

Hydra, worm Nais, planarian Dugesia, mussel Lasmigona, snails Lymnaea and Gyraulus,
108

copepod Diaptomus, amphipod Hyalella, cladoceran Diaphanosoma, mayflies Baetis, Hexagenia 

and Rhithrogena, stonefly Sweltsa, caddisfly Arctopsyche, and fish Acipenser, Coregonus,

Cottus, Danio, Perca and Prosopium.

Table 23. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FAV and CMC 

in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

2001 Cadmium Freshwater FAV and CMC 2015 Cadmium Update Freshwater FAV and CMC

Species

SMAVa

(μg/L)

SMAVb

(μg/L)

GMAVb

[Rank]

(μg/L) Species

SMAVc

(μg/L)

GMAVc

[Rank]

(μg/L)

Cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii 5.966

7.841

[5]

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 14.34

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 4.468

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 6.221 12.58

7.760

[4]

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 9.888

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 4.305 8.708 Brown trout,Salmo trutta 6.066 6.066[4]

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.108 4.265 Striped bass,Morone saxatilis 5.883 5.883[3]

Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 2.925 5.916 5.916[3]

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii

4.540 4.926

Brook trout, [2]

Salvelinus fontinalis <1.791 <3.623 <3.971

[2]

Shorthead sculpin,

Cottus confusus 5.345

Bull trout,

Salvelinus confluentus 2.152 4.353 Bull trout,Salvelinus confluentus 4.750 4.750e

Brown trout, [1]

Salmo trutta 1.613 3.263 3.263[1]

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 3,362d

Number of GMAVs 55 Number of GMAVs 75

FAV (calculated) 2.764a5.590bFAV (calculated) 6.445c

FAV

(lowered to protect O. mykiss)

2.108a4.265b FAV 

(lowered to protect O. mykiss)

4.468

CMC 1.054a2.132b CMC 2.2c

a Normalized to total hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 1.0166).

b Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 1.0166).

c Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 1.103).

d There is a 10x difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation.

e Not used in FAV calculation due to the number of genera (N≥59) (see text).

5.9.2 Comparison of chronic freshwater criterion to 2001 document

Of the 20 Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCV) in the updated dataset, nine genera have 

new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMCV 

calculation in this update (Table 24). A new species in the updated dataset, mottled sculpin (C.

bairdii) represents the most sensitive fish species and the third most sensitive genus in the 
109

distribution with a GMCV of 1.721 μg/L (normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3). 

The most sensitive invertebrate is the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, with a normalized GMCV of

0.7453 μg/L. There are sufficient data to fulfill the requirements to calculate chronic criteria 

using species sensitivity distribution (SD) method.

Acceptable data on the chronic effects of cadmium on freshwater animals include 11

species of invertebrates and 16 species of fish grouped into 20 genera (Table 9). The previous 

updated criteria (2001) contained data from 7 species of invertebrates and 14 species of fish 

grouped into 16 genera. The update includes data for six new species added to the dataset, 

consisting of the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea, snail, 

Lymnaea stagnalis, Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis, mottled sculpin, 

C. bairdii, and cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata. 

One additional difference between the 2001 document and this 2015 update is the 

estimation of EC20 values as the chronic endpoint for each acceptable toxicity test. EC20 values 

were used to estimate a low level of effect observed in chronic datasets that are available for 

cadmium (see Section 2.6, Chronic measures of effect).

Table 24. Freshwater GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 Documents.

(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3).

(Values in bold new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).

2015 

GMCVa

(μg/L)

2001 

GMCV 

(μg/L) Species

2001 

SMCV 

(μg/L)

2015 

SMCV 

(μg/L) Comment

>38.66 >39.48 Blue tilapia,

Oreochromis aureus >39.48 >38.66c

(formerly, Oreochromis aurea)

36.70 34.66 Oligochaete,

Aeolosoma headleyi 34.66 36.70

Different values used from Niederlehner 

et al. 1984b that was a more appropriate

duration 

16.43 29.05 Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus 29.05 16.43 -

15.16 -

Oligochaete,

Lumbriculus variegatus - 15.16 New genus

14.22 13.58 Smallmouth bass,

Micropterus dolomieu 13.58 14.22c

-

14.17 13.52 Northern pike,

Esox lucius 13.52 14.17c

-

14.16 27.37 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 27.37 14.16 -

13.66 13.04 White sucker,

Catostomus commersonii 13.04 13.66c

-

11.29 -

Fatmucket,

Lampsilis siliquoidea - 11.29 New genus
110

2015 

GMCVa

(μg/L)

2001 

GMCV 

(μg/L) Species

2001 

SMCV 

(μg/L)

2015 

SMCV 

(μg/L) Comment

9.887 -

Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis - 9.887 New genus

8.723 8.886 Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae 8.886 8.723 -

3.516 8.055 Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum 8.055 3.516 -

3.360 10.52 Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar 13.24 2.389 -

- -

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta 8.360 4.725 New data for existing species, and more sensitive exposure scenatio used

3.251 4.082

Rio Grande cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii 

virginalis

- 3.543 New species added to GMCV 

calculation

- -

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 7.127 NAb

See footnote

- -

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 2.186 2.192 New data for existing species

- -

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 4.366 4.426 -

2.356 7.726 Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 4.416 2.356 -

- -

Lake trout,

Salvelinus namaycush 13.51 NAb

See footnote

2.024 <0.6340 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna <0.6340 0.9150 New data for existing species

- -

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex 10.30b

4.478 New data for existing species

2.000 4.686 Midge,

Chironomus dilutus 4.686 2.000 (formerly, Chironomus tentans)

1.721 -

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdii - 1.721 New genus

1.293 45.40 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 45.40 1.293 New data for existing species

- -

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata - NAb

See footnote

0.7453 0.4590 Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca 0.4590 0.7453 -

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.

b Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC20 data are available for the genus.

c Calculated from the MATC and not EC20 but retained to avoid losing a GMCV.

d Not used in GMCV calculation because species values are too divergent to use the geometric mean for the genus 

value, therefore, the most sensitive value used.

[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMCV Table because hardness test conditions were not 

reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized: Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum.]

Four new genera were added to the 2015 chronic freshwater database. The amphipod 

Hyalella is the most sensitive in both documents, but the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia, the mottled 

sculpin Cottus and the midge Chironomus are now the second, third and fourth most sensitive 

genera in the 2015 update (Table 9). The change in the four most sensitive genera presented in 
111

the 2015 update is partly due to the inclusion of the new sensitive genus Cottus, but also to the 

estimation of the chronic value by EC20 analysis and not the MATC (geometric mean of the 

NOEC and LOEC) as was done in the 2001 document.

As indicated in Table 25, the 2015 freshwater CCC is about 3 times the magnitude of the 

2001 CCC (0.80 vs. 0.27 μg/L total cadmium) due to differences in the data used for the CCC 

derivations. As a result, the four lowest GMCVs in the 2015 CCC have a smaller range of 

variation in values (0.7453 to 2.000) when compared to the four lowest GMCVs in the 2001 

CCC, which decreases the uncertainty of the 5th percentile GMCV estimation. In the 2001 CCC, 

there were also only 16 GMCVs in the dataset used to derive the CCC. In the 2015 CCC, there 

are 20 GMCVs used to derive the CCC, based on the addition of the GMCVs for the oligochaete,

Lumbriculus, snail, Lymnaea, fatmucket, Lampsilis and the mottled sculpin, Cottus. The new 

GMCVs affect the chronic species sensitivity distribution. The cumulative probability (P) 

decreases as a function of the increased number of GMCVs and results in an increase in the 

FCV.

Table 25. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FCV and CCC 

in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

2001 Cadmium Freshwater FCV and CCC 2015 Cadmium Update Freshwater FCV and CCC

Species

SMCV

a

(μg/L)

SMCV

b

(μg/L)

GMCV

b

[Rank]

(μg/L) Species

SMCV

c

(μg/L)

GMCV

c

[Rank]

(μg/L)

Midge,

Chironomus tentans 2.804 4.686 4.686[4]

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 4.265 7.127

4.082

[3]

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 2.612 4.366 Midge,Chironomus dilutus 2.000 2.000[4]

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 1.308 2.186 Mottled sculpin,Cottus bairdii

1.721

1.721

[3]

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna <0.3794 <0.6340 <0.6340

[2]

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 1.293 1.293

Cladoceran, [2]

Daphnia pulex 6.167 10.30d Cladoceran,Ceriodaphnia reticulata NAe

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca 0.2747 0.4590 0.4590[1]

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca 0.7453 0.7453[1]

Number of GMCVs 16 Number of GMCVs 20

FCV (calculated) 0.1618a0.2703bFCV (calculated) 0.80c

a Normalized to total hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 0.7490).

b Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 0.7490).

c Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 0.7977).

d Not used in GMCV calculation because species values are too divergent to use the geometric mean for the genus 

value, therefore, the most sensitive value used.

e Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC20 data available for the genus.
112

5.9.3 Hardness correlation and equations for cadmium toxicity adjustment

Hardness is used as a surrogate for the ions that can affect the results of toxicity tests on 

cadmium. In spite of its limitations, hardness is currently the best surrogate available for metal 

toxicity adjustment. The hardness toxicity relationship applies the same methodology 

(covariance) as presented in the 2001 update. The hardness-toxicity relationship used to 

normalize the data for this revision is described above. A comparison of the data used in 2001 

and this update is shown in Table 26.

Table 26. Hardness-Toxicity Relationship Data used in U.S. EPA (2001) Compared to this 

Update.

Sample size

Number of Vertebrates /

Invertebrates Species

Hardness Range

(mg CaCO3/L)

2001

AWQC

Acute 64 7 / 5 5.3 – 360

Chronic 7 2 / 1 44 – 250

2015 Update Acute 115 10 / 10 5.3 – 360

Chronic 18 3 / 1 19.7 – 301

5.9.4 Comparison of acute estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document

Of the 79 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have 

new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMAV 

calculation in this update (Table 27). Two new species in the updated dataset, the copepod, 

Tigriopus brevicornis, and moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurtia, represent the two most sensitive 

species in the distribution with GMAVs of 29.14 and 61.75 μg/L, respectively. The most 

sensitive fish species is the striped bass, Morone saxatilis, with a GMAV of 75.0 μg/L. There are 

sufficient data to fulfill the requirements to calculate acute criterion using the species sensitivity 

distribution (SD) method.

Suitable tests of the acute toxicity of cadmium to estuarine/marine organisms are now 

available for 78 species of invertebrates and 16 species of fish, or a total of 94 species grouped 

into 79 genera. The 2001 criteria were based on data from 50 species of invertebrates and 10 

species of fish for a total of 60 species grouped into 54 genera (Table 27).
113

Table 27. Estuarine/Marine GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 

Documents.

2015 

GMAVa

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Comment

169,787 -

Horseshoe crab,

Limulus polyphemus - 169,787 New genus

135,000 135,000

Oligochaete worm,

Monopylephorus 

cuticulatus

135,000 135,000 -

>80,000 -

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambicus - >80,000 New genus

62,000 -

Scorpionfish,

Scorpaena guttata - 62,000 New genus

50,000 50,000 Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus 50,000 50,000 -

25,900 -

Cunner,

Tautogolabrus adspersus - 25,900 New genus

24,000 24,000 Oligochaete worm,

Tubificoides gabriellae 24,000 24,000 -

23,200 -

Dog whelk,

Nucella lapillus - 23,200 New genus

22,887 27,992 Amphipod,

Eohaustorius estuarius 27,992 22,887 New data for existing species

19,550 19,550 Mummichog,

Fundulus heteroclitus 18,200 18,200 -

- -

Striped killifish,

Fundulus majalis 21,000 21,000 -

19,170 19,170 Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus 19,170 19,170 -

14,297 14,297

Winter flounder,

Pseudopleuronectes 

americanus

14,297 14,297 -

12,755 21,238 Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator 21,238 21,238 -

- -

Fiddler crab,

Uca triangularis - 7,660 New species added to GMAV calculation

12,052 12,836 Polychaete worm,

Neanthes arenaceodentata 12,836 12,052 New data for existing species

11,000 11,000 Shiner perch,

Cymatogaster aggregata 11,000 11,000 -

>10,200 >10,200 California market squid,

Loligo opalescens >10,200 >10,200 -

10,114 6,895 Polychaete worm,

Alitta virens 10,114 10,114 (formerly, Nereis virens)

10,000 10,000 Oligochaete,

Tectidrilus verrucosus 10,000 10,000 (formerly, Limnodriloides verrucosus)

9,217 7,079 Striped mullet,

Mugil cephalus 7,079 7,079 -

- -

White mullet,

Mugil curema - 12,000 New species added to GMAV calculation

9,100 -

Nematode,

Rhabditis marina - 9,100 New genus(formerly, Pellioditis marina)
114

2015 

GMAV

a

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Comment

>8,000

-

Isopod,

Excirolana sp.

- >8,000 New genus

7,400 7,400 Sand dollar,

Dendraster excentricus 7,400 7,400

-

7,120 7,120 Wood borer,

Limnoria tripunctata 7,120 7,120

-

6,700 6,700 Amphipod,

Diporeia spp. 6,700 6,700

-

6,600 6,600 Atlantic oyster drill,

Urosalpinx cinerea 6,600 6,600

-

4,900

-

Mud crab,

Eurypanopeus depressus

- 4,900 New genus

4,700 6,895 Polychaete,

Nereis grubei 4,700 4,700

-

4,100 4,100 Green shore crab,

Carcinus maenas 4,100 4,100

-

4,058 2,594 Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus 2,594 2,594

-

--

Lesser blue crab,

Callinectes similis

- 6,350 New species added to GMAV 

calculation

3,925

-

Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema

- 3,925 New genus

3,500 3,500

Scud,

Marinogammarus 

obtusatus

3,500 3,500-

3,142

-

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus

- 3,142 New genus

2,900 2,900 Amphipod,

Ampelisca abdita 2,900 2,900

-

2,600 2,600 Cone worm,

Pectinaria californiensis 2,600 2,600

-

2,413 2,413 Common starfish,

Asterias forbesi 2,413 2,413

-

2,110

-

Pacific sand crab,

Emerita analoga

- 2,110 New genus

2,060

-

Gastropod,

Tenguella granulata

- 2,060 New genus

(formerly, Morula granulata)

1,720

-

Tiger shrimp,

Penaeus monodon

- 1,720 New genus

1,708 1,708

Copepod,

Pseudodiaptomus 

coronatus

1,708 1,708-

1,672 1,672 Soft

-shell clam,

Mya arenaria 1,672 1,672

-

1,510

-

Amphipod,

Rhepoxynius abronius

- 1,510 New genus

1,506

-

Brown mussel,

Perna perna

- 1,146 New genus

(formerly, Perna indica)

--

Green mussel,

Perna viridis

- 1,981 New genus

1,500 1,500 Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch 1,500 1,500

-
115

2015 

GMAV

a

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Comment

1,271

-

White shrimp,

Litopenaeus setiferus

- 990 New genus

(formerly, Penaeus setiferus)

--

White shrimp,

Litopenaeus vannamei

- 1,632 New genus

1,228 1,228 Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 1,983 1,983

-

--

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes vulgaris 760 760

-

1,184

-

Starlet sea anemone,

Nematostella vectensis

- 1,184 New genus

1,054 779.8 Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia 779.8 1,054 Acute value removed after re

-review of 

Cardin 1985

1,041 929.3 Amphipod,

Corophium insidiosum 929.3 1,041 New data for existing species

1,000

-

Pinfish,

Lagodon rhomboides

- 1,000 New genus

862.9 948.7

Green sea urchin,

Strongylocentrotus 

droebachiensis

1,800 1,800-

--

Purple sea urchin,

Strongylocentrotus 

purpuratus

500 413.7 New data for existing species

800 800 Rivulus,

Rivulus marmoratus 800 800

-

794.5 794.5 Harpacticoid copepod,

Nitokra spinipes 794.5 794.5 (formerly, Nitocra spinipes

)

765.6 1,480 Bay scallop,

Argopecten irradians 1,480 1,480

-

--

Scallop,

Argopecten ventricosus

- 396 New species added to GMAV 

calculation

739.2 590.5 Amphipod,

Leptocheirus plumulosus 590.5 739.2 New data for existing species

736.2 1,073 Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 1,073 1,073

-

--

Blue mussel,

Mytilus trossolus

- 505.0 New species added to GMAV 

calculation

716.2 716.2 Amphipod,

Elasmopus bampo 716.2 716.2

-

645.0 645.0 Longwrist hermit crab,

Pagurus longicarpus 645.0 645.0

-

630.7 1,170 Amphipod,

Grandidierella japonica 1,170 630.7 New data for existing species

630 630 Amphipod,

Chelura terebrans 630 630

-

490

-

Barnacle,

Amphibalanus amphitrite

- 490 New genus

422.6

-

Mangrove oyster,

Isognomon californicum

- 422.6 New genus

410.3

-

Mysid,

Praunus flexuosus

- 410.3 New genus

410.0 410.0 Isopod,

Joeropsis sp. 410.0 410.0

(Formerly, Jaeropsis sp.)
116

2015 

GMAVa

(μg/L)

2001 

GMAV 

(μg/L) Species

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Comment

320 320 Sand shrimp,

Crangon septemspinosa 320 320 -

310.5 310.5

Northern pink shrimp,

Farfantepenaeus 

duorarum

310.5 310.5 (formerly, Penaeus duorarum)

235.7 235.7 Rock crab,

Cancer plebejus 250 250 (formerly, Cancer irroratus)

- -

Dungeness crab,

Cancer magister 222.3 222.3 -

224 224

Harpacticoid copepod,

Sarsamphiascus 

tenuiremis

224 224 (formerly, Amphiascus tenuiremis)

>200 >200

Cabezon,

Scorpaenichthys 

marmoratus

>200 >200 -

200 200 Polychaete worm,

Capitella capitata 200 200 -

188.1 -

Horse clam,

Tresus capax

- 60 New genus

- -

Horse clam,

Tresus nuttalli - 590 New genus

173.2 930.6 Pacific oyster,

Crassostrea gigas 227.9 173.2

USEPA 2001 did not use the >100 

values from Watling 1982 in the SMAV 

calculation

- -

American oyster,

Crassostrea virginica 3,800 3,800b

Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the 

genus, only most sensitive SMAV used 

in GMAV calculation

147.7 147.7 Calanoid copepod,

Eurytemora affinis 147.7 147.7 -

130.7 130.7 Copepod,

Acartia clausi 144 144 -

- -

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa 118.7 118.7 -

78 78 American lobster,

Homarus americanus 78 78 -

75.0 75.0 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0 75.0 -

67.39 41.29 Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 41.29 41.29 -

- 110 Mysid,

Americamysis bigelowi 110 110 (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)

65.25 -

Mysid,

Neomysis integer - 65.25 New genus

61.75 -

Moon jellyfish,

Aurelia aurita - 61.75 New genus

29.14 -

Harpacticoid copepod,

Tigriopus brevicornis - 29.14 New genus

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b There is a 10x difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation.
117

New acute data for estuarine/marine species have also been added to the 2015 document. 

A total of 79 genera are now used to derive the estuarine/marine CMC of 35 μg/L in the 2015

update in contrast to 54 genera and resultant CMC of 40.28 μg/L in the 2001 document (Table 

28). The four most sensitive genera are once again used to calculate the CMC in the 2001 

document (n<59), and the second to fifth most sensitive genera are used in the 2015 update 

(n≥59). The approximately 10 percent lower 2015 CMC is primarily due to the addition of three 

new sensitive genera, the mysid, Neomysis, the jellyfish, Aurelia and the copepod, Tigriopus. 

Both A. bahia (mysid) and the striped bass GMAVs are used to calculate the CMC in each 

document version. Additional genera included in the 2015 update include the polychaete worms,

Ctenodrilus and Ophryotrocha, nematode, Rhabditis, mussel, Perna, clam, Tresus, whelk,

Nucella, gastropod, Tenguella, barnacle, Amphibalanus, oyster, Isognomon, horseshoe crab,

Limulus, isopod, Excirolana, copepod Tigriopus, amphipod, Rhepoxynius, mysids, Neomysis and

Praunus, sea anemone Nematostella, shrimps, Litopenaeus and Penaeus, crabs, Emerita and

Eurypanopeus, jellyfish Aurelia, and fish, Lagodon, Oreochromis, Scorpaena and

Tautogolabrus.

Table 28. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Estuarine/Marine FAV and 

CMC in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2015 Update.

2001 Cadmium Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC 2015 Cadmium Update Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC

Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

GMAV

[Rank]

(μg/L) Species

SMAV

(μg/L)

GMAV

[Rank]

(μg/L)

Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0 75.0[5]

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 41.29

67.39

Mysid, [4]

Mysidopsis bigelowi 110 110[4]

Mysid,

(formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)

Americamysis bigelowi

110

American lobster,

Homarus americanus 78 78[3]

Mysid,

Neomysis integer 65.25 65.25[3]

Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 75.0 75.0[2]

Moon jellyfish,

Aurelia aurita 61.75 61.75[2]

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 41.29 41.29[1]

Harpacticoid copepod,

Tigriopus brevicornis 29.14 29.14a[1]

Number of GMAVs 54 Number of GMAVs 79

FAV (calculated) 80.55 FAV (calculated) 69.62

CMC 40.28 CMC 34.81

a Not used in FAV calculation due to the number of genera (N>59) (see text).
118

5.9.5 Comparison of chronic estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document

No new data were identified on the chronic effects of cadmium to estuarine/marine 

species since the 2001 update (Table 29 and Table 30). The same estuarine/marine chronic data 

presented in the 2001 cadmium document are also used in the 2015 document update (note that 

the mysid Mysidopsis bigelowi is now classified as Americamysis bigelowi). Due to the limited 

amount of estuarine/marine chronic data the CCC is derived by dividing the FAV by the FACR. 

In the 2001 document the FACR was determined based only on the two estuarine/marine ACRs. 

This is because the freshwater ACRs covered such a wide range, it was deemed inappropriate to 

use any of the available freshwater ACRs in the calculation of the saltwater FCV. Also the two 

estuarine/marine species for which acute-chronic ratios were available had SMAVs in the same 

range as the saltwater FAV, and it seemed reasonable to use the geometric mean of only those

two ACRs. Given the addition of new sensitive estuarine/marine species to the acute criteria 

dataset, a new FACR was calculated using a combination of both freshwater and 

estuarine/marine ACRs (see Section 5.5.1). The 2015 estuarine/marine chronic CCC is 8.4 μg/L

total cadmium (69.62 / 8.291) and the 2001 CCC is 8.9 μg/L total cadmium (80.55 / 9.106).

Table 29. Estuarine/Marine GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2015 

Documents.

2015

GMCV

(μg/L)a

2001

GMCV

(μg/L) Species

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Comment

8.449 6.173 Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 6.173 6.149 -

- 7.141 Mysid,

Americamysis bigelowi 7.141 11.61 (formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)

a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on 2015 Genus Mean Chronic Value.
119

Table 30. Total Number of Toxicity Values for Species and Genera in 2001 AWQC and 

2015 Update.

2001 Criteria 2015 Update

Freshwater Acute Criterion

Total # new acute toxicity values - 52a

SMAV 65 101

GMAV 55 75

Freshwater Chronic Criterion

Total # new chronic toxicity values - 14

b

SMCV 21 27

GMCV 16 20

Estuarine/Marine Acute Criterion

Total # new acute toxicity values - 41c

SMAV 61 94

GMAV 54 79

Estuarine/Marine Chronic Criterion

Total # new chronic toxicity values - 0

d

SMCV 2 2

GMCV 2 1

e

a See Table 22

b See Table 24

c

See Table 27

d

See Table 29

e Note: Americamysis bigelowi was formerly called Mysidopsis bigelowi.

6 UNUSED DATA

For this 2015 criteria update document, EPA considered and evaluated all available data 

that could possibly be used to derive the new acute and chronic criteria for cadmium in fresh and 

estuarine/marine waters. A substantial amount of those data were associated with studies that did 

not meet the basic QA/QC requirements described in the 1985 Guidelines (see Stephan et al. 

1985). A list of all other studies considered but removed from consideration for use in deriving 

the criteria is provided in Appendix J with rationale indicating the reason(s) for exclusion. Note 

that unused studies from previous AWQC documents were not reevaluated.
120

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A-1

Appendix A Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data
A-2

Appendix A: Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data

(Values normalized to total hardness=100 mg/L as CaCO3 using pooled hardness slope of 1.103 and expressed as total cadmium).

(Underlined values are used in SMAV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).

(Hardness values indicated with an asterisk were used in the hardness slope derivation).

(Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Hydra,

(formerly, Hydra attenuata)

Hydra circumcincta

S, M Cadmium reference 

standard 27.0* 69.69 295.3 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 85.1* 128.1 153.1 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 145* 172.0 114.1 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 69.69 295.3 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 73.8 83.18 116.3 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 125 76.44 59.75 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 69.69 295.3 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 61.83 262.0 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 84.31 357.3 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 66.32 281.0 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata

S, M Cadmium reference 

standard 27.0 69.69 295.3 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 58.45 247.7 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 43.84 185.8 - - Clifford 2009

Hydra,

Hydra attenuata S, M Cadmium reference standard 27.0 57.33 242.9 - 207.4 Clifford 2009
A-3

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Hydra (Monecious species),

Hydra oligactis S, M - 210 320.00 141.1 - 141.1 Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Green hydra (non-budding),

Hydra viridissima S, U Cadmium chloride 19.5*(19-20) 3.0 18.20 - - Holdway et al. 2001

Green hydra 

(Monecious species),

Hydra viridissima

S, M - 210* 210.0 92.63 - 41.06 Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Hydra 

(male clone, Zurich strain),

Hydra vulgaris

S, M Cadmium chloride 204* 310 141.2 - - Karntanut and Pascoe 2000

Hydra (non-budding),

Hydra vulgaris S, U Cadmium chloride 19.5*(19-20) 82.5 500.6 - - Holdway et al. 2001

Hydra 

(male clone, Zurich strain),

Hydra vulgaris

S, M - 210* 520 229.4 - - Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Hydra (Dioecious strain),

Hydra vulgaris S, M - 210* 160 70.57 - 183.9 Karntanut and Pascoe 2002

Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum R,M Cadmium chloride 87 23,220 27,070 28,454 27,070 Ham et al. 1995

Planarian (10-15 mm),

Dugesia dorotocephala S, U Cadmium sulfate 170(160-180) 690 384.2 - 384.2 Garcia-Medina et al. 2013

Worm (adult),

Lumbriculus variegatus S, M Cadmium nitrate 290 780 241.0 264.2 241.0 Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1993

Worm (adult, 1.0 cm),

Nais elinguis R, M Cadmium chloride 17.89 27 180.2 - 180.2 Shuhaimi-Othman et al. 2012b

Oligochaete,

Branchiura sowerbyi S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3* 240 6,127 - - Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete (2.0 cm, 2.05 mg),

Branchiura sowerbyi S, U Cadmium chloride 185* 58,020 29,431 4,754 13,429 Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002
A-4

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Oligochaete,

Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3* 170 4,340c

- - Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete (30-44 mm),

Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri F, M Cadmium 152* 2,400 1,512 1,568 1,512 Williams et al. 1985

Oligochaete,

Quistadrilus multisetosus S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 320 8,169 6,338 8,169 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete,

Rhyacodrilus montana S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 630 16,084 12,479 16,084 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete,

Spirosperma ferox S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 350 8,935 6,933 8,935 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete,

Spirosperma nikolskyi S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 450 11,488 8,913 11,488 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete,

Stylodrilus heringianus S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 550 14,041 10,894 14,041 Chapman et al. 1982

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 320 8,169 - - Chapman et al. 1982

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium chloride 128 3,200 2,437 - - Reynoldson et al. 1996

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium chloride 128 1,700 1,295 - - Reynoldson et al. 1996

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride - 1,032 NAd

- - Fargasova 1994a

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237(15oC) 56,000 21,615 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2002

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237(20oC) 51,900 20,033 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2002

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237(25oC) 61,470 23,727 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2002
A-5

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 237(30oC) 28,550 11,020 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2002

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 12* 130 1,347 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2003

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 45* 440 1,061 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2003

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 173* 7,950 4,342 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2003

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 305* 8,500 2,484 - -

Rathore and Khangarot 

2003

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex S, U Cadmium chloride 250 1,658 603.4 - - Redeker and Blust 2004

Tubificid worm (4-5 wk),

Tubifex tubifex S, M Cadmium chloride - 400 NAd

2,753 4,164 Maestre et al. 2009

Earthworm,

(formerly, Varichaeta pacifica)

Varichaetadrilus pacificus

S, M Cadmium sulfate 5.3 380 9,701 7,527 9,701 Chapman et al. 1982

Leech (1-20 mm),

Glossiphonia complanata R, M Cadmium chloride 122.8 480 382.6 389.5 382.6 Brown and Pascoe 1988

Leech (cocoon),

Nephelopsis obscura S, M Cadmium chloride - 832.6 - - NAe Wicklum et al. 1997

Pond snail

(juvenile, stage I, 4 wk),

Lymnaea stagnalis

S, M Cadmium chloride 250 752 273.7 - - Coeurdassier et al. 2004

Pond snail

(juvenile, stage II, 9 wk),

Lymnaea stagnalis

S, M Cadmium chloride 250 1,515 551.3 - - Coeurdassier et al. 2004

Pond snail (adult, 20 wk),

Lymnaea stagnalis S, M Cadmium chloride 250 1,585 576.8 - - Coeurdassier et al. 2004

Pond snail (juvenile, 25 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis R, M Cadmium chloride 135(130-140)

367.5f

(347 reporteddissolved)

263.9 - 389.3 Pais 2012
A-6

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum F, M Cadmium chloride 44.8 93 225.4 210.3 225.4

Holcombe et al. 1984; 

Phipps and Holcombe 

1985

Snail,

Gyraulus sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 24

>467.7f

(>455 reported 

dissolved)

>2,257 - - Mebane et al. 2012

Snail,

Gyraulus sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 21

>75.04f

(>73 reported 

dissolved)

>419.6 - >973.2 Mebane et al. 2012

Snail (adult, 3.3-15 mm),

Physa acuta R, U Cadmium chloride 44 963.6 2,383 - 2,383 Woodard 2005

Pouch snail (adult),

Physa gyrina S, M - 200 1,370 637.7c

- - Wier and Walter 1976

Pouch snail (juvenile),

Physa gyrina S, M - 200 410 190.8 202.6 190.8 Wier and Walter 1976

Mussel (juvenile),

Actinonaias pectorosa S, M - 82 46.40 57.74 - - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile),

Actinonaias pectorosa S, M - 84 69 83.62 68.38 69.49 Keller, Unpublished

Neosho mucket 

(juvenile, 5 d),

Lampsilis rafinesqueana

R, M Cadmium nitrate 44

(40-48) 20 49.46 - 49.46 Wang et al. 2010d

Fatmucket (glochidia),

Lampsilis siliquoidea S, M Cadmium nitrate 44(40-48) >227 >561.3c

- - Wang et al. 2010d

Fatmucket (juvenile, 5 d),

Lampsilis siliquoidea R, M Cadmium nitrate 44(40-48) 16 39.56 - - Wang et al. 2010d

Fatmucket (juvenile, 2 mo.),

Lampsilis siliquoidea R, M Cadmium nitrate 44(40-48) >62 >153.3c

- - Wang et al. 2010d
A-7

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Fatmucket (juvenile, 6 mo.),

Lampsilis siliquoidea R, M Cadmium nitrate 44(40-48) 199 492.1c

- 39.56 Wang et al. 2010d

Southern fatmucket,

Lampsilis straminea 

claibornensis

S, M - 40 38 104.4 96.44 104.4 Keller, Unpublished

Yellow sandshell,

Lampsilis teres S, M - 40 11 30.22 - - Keller, Unpublished

Yellow sandshell (juvenile),

Lampsilis teres S, M - 40 33 90.65 48.35 52.34 Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile),

Lasmigona subviridis R, M Cadmium chloride 84 57.77 70.01 - 70.01 Black 2001

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 90 114.7 128.8 - - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 90 111.8 125.6 - - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 86 93.0 109.8 - - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 92 81.9 89.77 - - Keller, Unpublished

Mussel (juvenile, 12 d),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 39 9 25.42 - - Keller and Zam 1991

Mussel (juvenile, 12 d),

Utterbackia imbecillis S, M Cadmium chloride 90 107 120.2 - - Keller and Zam 1991

Mussel (juvenile),

Utterbackia imbecillis R, M Cadmium chloride 84 20.42 24.75 86.82 73.91 Black 2001

Southern rainbow mussel

(juvenile),

Villosa vibex

S, M - 40* 30 82.41 - - Keller, Unpublished

Southern rainbow mussel

(juvenile),

Villosa vibex

S, M - 186* 125 63.03 71.16 72.07 Keller, Unpublished
A-8

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran,

Alona affinis S, U Cadmium nitrate 109 546 496.4 500.1 496.4 Ghosh et al. 1990

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), 

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Cadmium chloride 90 54 60.64 - - Bitton et al. 1996

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), 

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M Cadmium chloride 80 54.5 69.70 - - Diamond et al. 1997

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr), 

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Cadmium chloride 90 55.9 62.78 - - Lee et al. 1997

Cladoceran (3rd-4th instar),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M Cadmium chloride 80 64.26 82.18 - - Black 2001

Cladoceran (neonate),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Cadmium chloride 90 40.1 45.03 - - Jun et al. 2006

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M Cadmium chloride 40 31.47 86.45 63.46 66.29 Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran

(1st instar larva, <24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia reticulata

S, U Cadmium chloride 240 184 70.04 - - Elnabarawy et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<6hr),

Ceriodaphnia reticulata S, U Cadmium chloride 120 110 89.94 83.08 79.37 Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia ambigua S, M Cadmium chloride 40 10.12 27.80 - 27.80 Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride - <1.6 NAd

- - Anderson 1948

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 45 65 156.8 - -

Biesinger and Christensen 

1972

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

S, U Cadmium nitrate - 27.07 NAd- - Canton and Adema 1978

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium nitrate - 28.36 NAd

- - Canton and Adema 1978

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium nitrate - 35.45 NAd

- - Canton and Adema 1978
A

-9

Species Method

a Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Value

b

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 51* 9.9 20.80

--

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 104* 33 31.60

--

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 105* 34 32.21

--

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 197* 63 29.82

--

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 209* 49 21.73

--

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, M Cadmium chloride 105 30 28.42

-- Canton and Slooff 1982

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, M Cadmium chloride 209.2 30 13.29

-- Canton and Slooff 1982

Cladoceran

(1st instar larva, <24 hr),

Daphnia magna

S, U Cadmium chloride 240 178 67.76-- Elnabarawy et al. 1986

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 120 20 16.35

-- Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 120 40 32.71

-- Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 76 59 79.84

-- Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 84 117.1

-- Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 41 99 264.6

-- Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 38 164 476.7

-- Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 76 71 96.08

-- Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 178 248.1

-- Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 116 161.7

-- Nebeker et al. 1986a
A-10

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (<4 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 71 101 147.3 - - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 71 4 5.835 - - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 41 8 21.38 - - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 38 16 46.51 - - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (1 d),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 74 146 203.5 - - Nebeker et al. 1986a

Cladoceran (genotype A),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 3.6 2.005 - - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype A-1),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 9.0 5.012 - - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype A-2),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 9.0 5.012 - - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype B),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 4.5 2.506 - - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype E),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 27.1 15.09 - - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (genotype S-1),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 115.9 64.54 - - Baird et al. 1991

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 10 37.9 480.3 - - Hickey and Vickers 1992

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone S-1),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 129.4 72.06 - -

Stuhlbacher et al. 1992, 

1993

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone F),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 24.5 13.64 - -

Stuhlbacher et al. 1992, 

1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 3 d, clone S-1),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 228.8 127.4c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 3 d, clone F),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 25.4 14.14c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
A-11

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran

(neonate, 6 d, clone F),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 49.1 27.34c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 6 d, clone S-1),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 250.1 139.3c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 10 d, clone F),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 131.2 73.06c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 10 d, clone S-1),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 319.3 177.8c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 20 d, clone S-1),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 326.3 181.7c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 20 d, clone F),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 139.9 77.90c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran

(neonate, 30 d, clone F),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 146.7 81.69c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran 

(neonate, 30 d, clone S-1),

Daphnia magna

S, M Cadmium chloride 170 355.3 197.8c- - Stuhlbacher et al. 1993

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium sulfate 250 280 101.9 - - Crisinel et al. 1994

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride - 360 NAd

- - Fargasova 1994a

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 170 9.5 5.290 - - Guilhermino et al. 1996

Cladoceran (clone S-1),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 46.1 112 263.1 - - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone S-1),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 90.7 106 118.0 - - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone S-1),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 179 233 122.6 - - Barata et al. 1998
A-12

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (clone A),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 46.1 30.1 70.70 - - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone A),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 90.7 23.4 26.06 - - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (clone A),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium sulfate 179 23.6 12.41 - - Barata et al. 1998

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 18 66 437.4 - - Baer et al. 1999

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 18 69 457.3 - - Baer et al. 1999

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M - 170 3.3 1.838 - - Barata and Baird 2000

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 1),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 26 14.48 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 2),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 34 18.93 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 3),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 39 21.72 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 4),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 48 26.73 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 5),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 55 30.63 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 6),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 63 35.08 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 7),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 100 55.68 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr; Source 8),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 170 >120 >66.82 - - Ward and Robinson 2005

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 40 101.20 278.0 - - Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 44 3 7.418 - - Yim et al. 2006

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 150 4 2.557 - - Yim et al. 2006

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 41.1 NAd

- - Jemec et al. 2007
A-13

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 93 318.76 345.3 - - Mohammed 2007

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride 240 77.6 29.52 - - Xie et al. 2007

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 170 79.05 44.02 - - Ferreira et al. 2008a

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone O),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 250 NAd

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone E),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 260 NAd

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone R),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 285 NAd

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone F),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 320 NAd

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone B),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 330 NAd

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone X),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 355 NAd

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone K),

Daphnia magna S, M Cadmium chloride - 550 NAd

- - Haap and Kohler 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride 85(80-90) 19.87 23.77 - - Kim et al. 2009

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U -

170

(160-180) 571.5 318.2 - - Perez and Beiras 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride ~170 20.1 11.19 - - Loureiro et al. 2011

Cladoceran (7 d),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca2+=0.46 mg/L(pH=8.1) 7.5 NAd

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca2+=19 mg/L(pH=8.1) 14.2 NAd

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca2+=192 mg/L(pH=8.1) 24.8 NAd

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca2+=19 mg/L(pH=5.8) >170 NAd

- - Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (7 d),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca2+=19 mg/L(pH=7.0) 46.2 NAd

- - Tan and Wang 2011
A-14

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (7 d),

Daphnia magna S, U Cadmium chloride Ca2+=19 mg/L(pH=8.2) 17.5 NAd

27.14 40.54 Tan and Wang 2011

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium nitrate - 90.23 NAd

- - Canton and Adema 1978

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 57 47 87.35 - - Bertram and Hart 1979

Cladoceran (neonate),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium chloride 65 62 99.69 - - Niederlehner 1984

Cladoceran 

(1st instar larva, <24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

S, U Cadmium chloride 240 319 121.4 - - Elnabarawy et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 120 80 65.41 - - Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 120 100 81.77 - - Hall et al. 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium chloride 53.5 70.1 139.7 - -

Stackhouse and Benson 

1988

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 85 66 78.94 - - Roux et al. 1993

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 85 99 118.4 - - Roux et al. 1993

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Cadmium chloride 85 70 83.73 - - Roux et al. 1993

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium chloride 40 44.96 123.5 - - Shaw et al. 2006

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 17.0* 16.86 119.0 - -

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 24.0* 23.61 113.9 - -

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 30.0* 46.09 173.9 - -

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 47.0* 24.73 56.86 - -

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 67.1* 71.94 111.7 - -

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010
A

-15

Species Method

a Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Value

b

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 119* 116.9 96.48

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 175* 155.1 83.66

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 19.0 26.98 168.4

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32.0 46.09 161.9

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 66.9 70.82 110.3

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 112 89.93 79.35

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 158 68.57 41.39

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 46.09 161.9

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 33.72 118.5

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 42.72 150.1

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 46.09 161.9

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 52.83 185.6

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 43.84 154.0

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 48.34 169.8

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 73.07 256.7

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 62.95 221.2

--

Clifford 2009; Clifford and 

McGeer 2010

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, M Cadmium reference standard 32 52.83 185.6 93.77 118.3 Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
A-16

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia similis S, M Cadmium nitrate 44 57.89 143.2 - 143.2 Rodgher et al. 2010

Cladoceran,

Diaphanosoma brachyurum S, U Cadmium chloride 67.1 69.80 108.4 - 108.4 Mano et al. 2011

Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa S, U Cadmium chloride 82 71.25 88.67 87.16 88.67 Hatakeyama and Yasuno 1981b

Cladoceran,

Simocephalus serrulatus S, M Cadmium chloride 11.1 7 79.07 - - Giesy et al. 1977

Cladoceran,

Simocephalus serrulatus S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5 24.5 61.35 61.10 69.65 Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b

Cyclopoid copepod,

Cyclops varicans S, U Cadmium nitrate 109 493 448.2 451.6 448.2 Ghosh et al. 1990

Copepod (0.58 mm),

Diaptomus forbesi S, U Cadmium chloride 185 5,700 2,891 - 2,891 Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002

Isopod,

(formerly, Asellus bicrenata)

Caecidotea bicrenata

F, M Cadmium chloride 220 2,129 892.1 955.0 892.1 Bosnak and Morgan 1981

Isopod,

Lirceus alabamae F, M Cadmium chloride 152 150 94.50 97.98 94.50 Bosnak and Morgan 1981

Amphipod (4 mm),

Crangonyx pseudogracilis R, U Cadmium chloride 50 1,700 3,651 3,439 3,651 Martin and Holdich 1986

Amphipod,

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5 68.3 171.0 159.2 171.0 Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b

Amphipod 

(large juvenile & young adult),

Hyalella azteca

S, M Cadmium chloride 34 8 26.29 - 26.29 Nebeker et al. 1986b
A-17

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Prawn (post larva),

Macrobrachium rosenbergii R, U Cadmium chloride - 36.12 - - NAe

Sowdeswari et al. 2012

Crayfish (adult, 1.8 g),

Orconectes immunis F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4 >10,200 >24,972 >23,281 >24,972 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Crayfish (adult, 4.58 g),

Orconectes juvenilis R, M Cadmium chloride 44.1 2,440 6,019c

- - Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (3rd-5th instar, 0.2 g),

Orconectes juvenilis R, M Cadmium chloride 44 60 148.4 - 148.4 Wigginton 2005; Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish,

Orconectes limosus S, M Cadmium chloride - 400 - NAe NAe Boutet and Chaisemartin 1973

Crayfish (adult, 7.06 g),

Orconectes placidus R, M Cadmium chloride 44.1 487 1,201c

- - Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (3rd-5th instar, 0.2 g),

Orconectes placidus R, M Cadmium chloride 54.6 37 72.11 - 72.11 Wigginton 2005; Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish,

Orconectes virilis F, M Cadmium chloride 26 6,100 26,948 - - Mirenda 1986

Crayfish (adult, 12.8 g),

Orconectes virilis R, M Cadmium chloride 42.5 3,300 8,479c

23,988 26,948 Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (adult, 15.5 g),

Procambarus acutus R, M Cadmium chloride 44.5 368 898.7 - 898.7 Wigginton and Birge 2007

Crayfish (adult, 5.14 g),

Procambarus alleni R, M Cadmium chloride 45.8 3,070 7,263 - 7,263 Wigginton and Birge 2007

Red swamp crayfish (juvenile),

Procambarus clarkii S, M Cadmium chloride 30 1,040 3,924c

- - Naqvi and Howell 1993

Red swamp crayfish 

(adult, 18.5 g),

Procambarus clarkii

R, M Cadmium chloride 52.9 2,660 5,368c- - Wigginton and Birge 2007
A-18

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Red swamp crayfish

(3rd to 5th instar, 0.02 g),

Procambarus clarkii

R, M Cadmium chloride 42.1 624 1,620 3,536 1,620 Wigginton 2005; 

Wigginton and Birge 2007

Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus R, M Cadmium chloride 24

>456.4f

(>444 reported 

dissolved)

>2,202g

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Mayfly,

Baetis tricaudatus R, M Cadmium chloride 21

76.07f

(74 reported 

dissolved)

425.3 - 425.3 Mebane et al. 2012

Mayfly,

(formerly, Ephemerella 

grandis)

Drunella grandis

S, U Cadmium sulfate 44 2,000 4,946 - - Warnick and Bell 1969

Mayfly,

Drunella grandis F, M Cadmium chloride - 28,000 NAd

4,607 4,946 Clubb et al. 1975

Mayfly (nymph, 24 mm),

Hexagenia rigida S, M Cadmium 79.1 6,200 8,028 - 8,028 Leonhard et al. 1980

Mayfly (nymph),

Rhithrogena hageni F, M Cadmium sulfate 48

10,794f

(10,500 

reported 

dissolved)

24,249 - 24,249

Brinkman and Vieira 2007; 

Brinkman and Johnston 

2008

Stonefly,

Pteronarcella badia F, M Cadmium chloride - 18,000 - NAe NAe Clubb et al. 1975

Little green stonefly,

Sweltsa sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 26

>5,386f

(>5,239 

reported 

dissolved)

>23,794 - >23,794 Mebane et al. 2012
A-19

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Caddisfly,

Arctopsyche sp. R, M Cadmium chloride 28

>470.8f

(>458 reported 

dissolved)

>1,917 - >1,917 Mebane et al. 2012

Midge (larva),

Culicoides furens S, U - - 300 - - -

Vedamanikam and Shazilli 

2008a

Midge (larva),

Culicoides furens S, M Cadmium chloride -(35oC) 245.2 - - -

Vedamanikam and Shazilli 

2008b

Midge (larva),

Culicoides furens S, M Cadmium chloride -(25oC) 245.2 - - -

Vedamanikam and Shazilli 

2008b

Midge (larva),

Culicoides furens S, M Cadmium chloride -(10oC) 183.9 - - NAe Vedamanikam and Shazilli 2008b

Midge (3rd-4th instar larva),

Chironomus plumosus S, U Cadmium chloride 80 12,700 16,241 - - Fargasova 2001, 2003

Midge (larva),

Chironomus plumosus S, U - - 400 NAd

- -

Vedamanikam and Shazilli 

2008a

Midge (larva),

Chironomus plumosus S, M Cadmium chloride -(35oC) 367.8 NAd

- -

Vedamanikam and Shazilli 

2008b

Midge (larva),

Chironomus plumosus S, M Cadmium chloride -(25oC) 245.2 NAd

- -

Vedamanikam and Shazilli 

2008b

Midge (larva),

Chironomus plumosus S, M Cadmium chloride -(10oC) 183.9 NAd

- 16,241 Vedamanikam and Shazilli 

2008b

Midge (10-12 mm),

Chironomus riparius F, M - 152 >229,500 >144,586 - - Williams et al. 1985

Midge (4th instar larva),

Chironomus riparius R, M Cadmium chloride 124 140,000 110,408c

- - Pascoe et al. 1990

Midge (3rd instar larva),

Chironomus riparius S, U Cadmium chloride 170(160-180) 128,840 71,744c

- - Lee et al. 2006a

Midge (3rd-4th instar larva),

Chironomus riparius S, M Cadmium nitrate 10* 331,000 4,195,140c

- - Gillis and Wood 2008

Midge (3rd-4th instar larva),

Chironomus riparius S, M Cadmium nitrate 140* 1,106,000 762,947c

195,967 >144,586 Gillis and Wood 2008
A-20

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2-3 d),

Pectinatella magnifica S, U - 205 700 317.1 337.4 317.1 Pardue and Wood 1980

Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2-3 d),

Lophopodella carteri S, U - 205 150 67.94 72.29 67.94 Pardue and Wood 1980

Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2-3 d),

Plumatella emarginata S, U - 205 1,090 493.7 525.3 493.7 Pardue and Wood 1980

Westslope cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi R, M Cadmium chloride 32

1.542f

(1.5 reported 

dissolved)

5.418c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Westslope cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi R, M Cadmium chloride 31

1.234f

(1.2 reported 

dissolved)

4.490c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Westslope cutthroat trout

(young of the year),

Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi

R, M Cadmium chloride 21

0.9663f

(0.94 reported 

dissolved)

5.403c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rio Grande cutthroat trout

(fry, 0.26 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis

F, M Cadmium sulfate 44.9

2.467f

(2.40 reported 

dissolved)

5.966 - 5.966 Brinkman 2012

Coho salmon (adult),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M Cadmium chloride 22 17.5 92.95c

- - Chapman 1975

Coho salmon (parr),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M Cadmium chloride 22 2.7 14.34 - - Chapman 1975

Coho salmon (yearling),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Cadmium 90 10.4 11.68c

- - Lorz et al. 1978

Coho salmon (juvenile),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Cadmium chloride 41 3.4 9.089c

12.58 14.34 Buhl and Hamilton 1991

Rainbow trout (4 mo.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, U - - 0.95 NAd

- - Chapman 1973

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U - - 6 NAd

- - Kumada et al. 1973
A-21

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U - - 7 NAd

- - Kumada et al. 1973

Rainbow trout (smolt),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >2.9 >14.67 - - Chapman 1975

Rainbow trout (smolt),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 4.1 20.74 - - Chapman 1975

Rainbow trout (130 mm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 31* 1.75 6.368 - - Davies 1976a

Rainbow trout (2 mo.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium nitrate - 6.60 NAd

- - Hale 1977

Rainbow trout

(swim-up fry, 0.17 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 1.3 6.575 - - Chapman 1975; 1978

Rainbow trout (parr, 6.96 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 1.0 5.057 - - Chapman 1978

Rainbow trout (alevin),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >27 >136.6g

- - Chapman 1975; 1978

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Cadmium chloride - 6.0 NAd

- - Kumada et al. 1980

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5* 2.3 5.760c

- -

Spehar and Carlson 

1984a;b

Rainbow trout (8.8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4* 3.0 7.345 - -

Phipps and Holcombe 

1985

Rainbow trout (fry),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 9.2 <0.5 <6.948 - - Cusimano et al. 1986

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 18.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 52* 1.88 3.867 - - Stubblefield 1990

Rainbow trout (juvenile),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Cadmium chloride 41* 1.50 4.010c

- - Buhl and Hamilton 1991

Rainbow trout (36 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M - 47 2.66 6.116 - - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M - 204 3.15 1.435 - - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M - 427 7.56 1.524 - - Davies et al. 1993
A-22

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout (36 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M - 49 3.02 6.632 - - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M - 224 6.12 2.514 - - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (36 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M - 422 5.70 1.164 - - Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout (fry, 1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 29* 2.79 10.93 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 258(aged solution) 8.54 3.002 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 281* 13.4 4.286 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout (fry, 1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 28* 2.09 8.508 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 276(aged solution) 10.5 3.426 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium sulfate 281* 10.0 3.199 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 4.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmiun nitrate 140* 22 15.18 - - Hollis et al. 1999

Rainbow trout (263 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 30.7* 0.71 2.611 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (659 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 29.3* 0.47 1.820 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (1,150 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 31.7* 0.51 1.811 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (1,130 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 30.2* 0.38 1.423 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (299 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 30.0* 1.29 4.867 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (289 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 89.3* 2.85 3.228 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Rainbow trout (juvenile, 12 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium nitrate 20* 2.07 12.21 - - Hollis et al. 2000a
A-23

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 8-12 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium nitrate 120* 19.00 15.53 - - Niyogi et al. 2004b

Rainbow trout

(swim-up fry, 0.131 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M - 103* 3.7 3.581 - - Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout

(juvenile, 0.496 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M - 103* 5.2 5.032 - - Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 1-3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

S, M Cadmium chloride - 0.753 NAd- - Birceanu et al. 2008

Rainbow trout

(swim-up fry, 0.2-0.4 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M Cadmium chloride 19.7*

0.864f

(0.84 reporteddissolved)

5.184c

- - Mebane et al. 2007; 2008

Rainbow trout

(swim-up fry, 0.2-0.4 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M Cadmium chloride 29.4*

0.915f

(0.89 reporteddissolved)

3.530c

- - Mebane et al. 2007; 2008

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 6-8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M Cadmium nitrate 44*

(40-48) 2.75 6.800c

- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 6-8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M Cadmium nitrate

44

(40-48)

(pH=5.8)

3.21 7.938c- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 6-8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M Cadmium nitrate

44

(40-48) 

(pH=8.8)

3.08 7.616c- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 6-8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M Cadmium nitrate

44

(40-48)

(Alkalinity=90 

mg/L)

1.02 2.522c- - Niyogi et al. 2008

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 21*

0.8224f

(0.8 reported 

dissolved)

4.598c

- - Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 7*

0.4934f

(0.48 reported 

dissolved)

9.268c

- - Mebane et al. 2012
A

-24

Species Method

a Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Value

b

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 13*

1.018

f

(0.99 reported 

dissolved)

9.660

c

-- Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 24*

1.336

f

(1.3 reported 

dissolved)

6.447

c

-- Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 32*

0.9560

f

(0.93 reported 

dissolved)

3.359

c

-- Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M Cadmium chloride 29*

0.8532

f

(0.83 reported 

dissolved)

3.342

c

-- Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout 

(young of the year),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M Cadmium chloride 21*

0.3495

f

(0.34 reported 

dissolved)

1.954

c

-

- Mebane et al. 2012

Rainbow trout

(1 dph, 0.08 g, 14.3 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 103

>52.31

f

(>49.40 

reported 

dissolved)

>50.63

c

-- Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout

(18 dph, 0.1 g, 24.33 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 104

3.061

f

(2.89 reported 

dissolved)

2.930

-- Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout

(32 dph, 0.12 g, 26.67 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 107

5.115

f

(4.83 reported 

dissolved)

4.746

-- Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout

(46 dph, 0.22 g, 32.1 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 107

2.933

f

(2.77 reported 

dissolved)

2.722

-- Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout

(60 dph, 0.33 g, 37.1 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 104

3.929

f

(3.71 reported 

dissolved)

3.762

-- Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout

(74 dph, 0.42 g, 40.3 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 96

4.808

f

(4.54 reported 

dissolved)

5.028

-- Calfee et al. 2014

Rainbow trout

(95 dph, 0.7 g, 45.43 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 103

3.135

f

(2.96 reported 

dissolved)

3.034

-- Calfee et al. 2014
A-25

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout (1 dph),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Cadmium chloride 100

>12.71f

(>12 reported 

dissolved)

>12.71c

- - Wang et al. 2014

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 26 dph),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

F, M Cadmium chloride 100

5.401f

(5.1 reported 

dissolved)

5.400 4.265 4.468 Wang et al. 2014

Chinook salmon (at hatch),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, U - - >25 NAd

- - Chapman 1973

Chinook salmon (swim-up),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, U - - 1.9 NAd

- - Chapman 1973

Chinook salmon (juvenile),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium chloride 25* 1.41 6.504 - - Chapman 1978; 1982

Chinook salmon 

(alevin, 0.05 g),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >26 >131.5g- - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon

(swim-up fry, 0.23 g),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 1.8 9.103 - - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon (parr, 11.58 g),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium chloride 23* 3.5 17.70 - - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon 

(smolt, 32.46 g),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

F, M Cadmium chloride 23 >2.9 >14.67 - - Chapman 1978

Chinook salmon (juvenile),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M Cadmium sulfate 21* 1.1 6.150 - - Finlayson and Verrue 1982

Chinook salmon (9-13 wk),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Cadmium chloride 211* 26 11.41c

- - Hamilton and Buhl 1990

Chinook salmon (18-21 wk),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Cadmium chloride 343* 57 14.63c

8.708 9.888 Hamilton and Buhl 1990

Lake whitefish

(yearling, 140 mm, 22 g),

Coregonus clupeaformis

F, M - 81 530 668.6 - 668.6 McNicol 1997
A-26

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Mountain whitefish (209 g),

Prosopium williamsoni F, M Cadmium chloride 52 >8.29 >17.05 - >17.05 Stubblefield 1990

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5* 1.4 3.506c

- -

Spehar and Carlson 

1984a;b

Brown trout 

(fingerling, 22.4 g),

Salmo trutta

F, M Cadmium chloride 48* 2.85 6.403 - - Stubblefield 1990

Brown trout (fingerling),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 37.6* 2.37 6.970 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994c

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 29.2* 1.23 4.781 - -

Brinkman and Hansen 

2004a; 2007

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 67.6* 3.9 6.006 - -

Brinkman and Hansen

2004a; 2007

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta F, M Cadmium sulfate 151* 10.1 6.410 3.263 6.066 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007

Bull trout (76.1 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 30.7(pH=7.5) 0.91 3.347 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (200 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 29.3(pH=7.5) 0.99 3.834 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (221 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 31.7(pH=7.5) 1.00 3.550 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (218 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 30.2(pH=7.5) 0.90 3.371 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (84.2 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 30.0(pH=6.5) 2.89 10.90 - - Stratus Consulting 1999

Bull trout (72.7 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus F, M Cadmium chloride 89.3(pH=7.5) 6.06 6.864 4.353 4.750 Stratus Consulting 1999

Brook trout 

(yearling, 21 cm, 110 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis

F, M -

45

(44-46) >405 >977.0 - -

Drummond and Benoit 

1976

Brook trout (100 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis F, M Cadmium chloride 47.4 5,080 11,572 <3.623 3,362 Holcombe et al. 1983
A-27

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus S, U Cadmium chloride 20 2,340 13,807c

- -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus S, M Cadmium chloride 20* 2,130 12,568c

- - McCarty et al. 1978

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus S, M Cadmium chloride 140* 46,800 32,284c

- - McCarty et al. 1978

Goldfish (8.8 g),

Carassius auratus F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4 748.0 1,831 1,707 1,831 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Grass carp (18 mm, 17 g),

Ctenopharyngodon idellus S, U Cadmium sulfate - 9,420 - - NAe Yorulmazlar and Gul 2003

Common carp (fry),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium nitrate 100 4,300 4,299 - - Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (fingerling),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Cadmium nitrate 100 17,100 17,097 - - Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (yolk absorbed),

Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride - 140 NAd

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp (fry),

Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride - 2,840 NAd

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp (advanced fry),

Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride - 2,910 NAd

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp (fingerling),

Cyprinus carpio R, U Cadmium chloride - 4,560 NAd

- - Ramesha et al. 1997

Common carp

(fry, 3.34 cm, 0.33 g),

Cyprinus carpio

S, U Cadmium chloride 185 220,770 111,987 - - Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002

Common carp

(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),

Cyprinus carpio

S, U Cadmium chloride <125 43,170 33,745 - - Datta et al. 2003

Common carp

(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),

Cyprinus carpio

S, U Cadmium chloride 187.5

(125-250) 48,390 24,185 - - Datta et al. 2003

Common carp

(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),

Cyprinus carpio

S, U Cadmium chloride 312.5

(250-375) 116,450 33,131 - - Datta et al. 2003
A-28

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Common carp

(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),

Cyprinus carpio

S, U Cadmium chloride >375 310,480 72,243 8,573 28,710 Datta et al. 2003

Red shiner (adult, 0.80-2.0 g),

Cyprinella lutrensis S, M Cadmium sulfate 85.5 6,620 7,867 7,762 7,867 Carrier 1987; Carrier and Beitinger 1988a

Zebrafish (3-7 d, larva),

Danio rerio R, U Cadmium chloride 177.5 2,113 1,122 - - Blechinger et al. 2002

Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio R, M Cadmium nitrate 141(28oC)

4,047f

(3,822 reported 

dissolved)

2,770 - - Alsop and Wood 2011

Zebrafish (larva),

Danio rerio R, M Cadmium nitrate 141*(26.6oC)

1,832f

(1,730 reported 

dissolved)

1,254 - - Alsop and Wood 2011

Zebrafish (larva),

Danio rerio R, M Cadmium nitrate 7.8*(26.6oC)

125.2f

(121.8 reported 

dissolved)

2,087 - - Alsop and Wood 2011

Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250

(18oC) 13,657 4,970 - -

Vergauwen 2012; 

Vergauwen et al. 2013

Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250

(26oC) 11,510 4,189 - -

Vergauwen 2012; 

Vergauwen et al. 2013

Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250

(30oC) 14,005 5,097 - -

Vergauwen 2012; 

Vergauwen et al. 2013

Zebrafish (adult),

Danio rerio S, U Cadmium chloride 250(34oC) 14,241 5,526 - 2,860 Vergauwen 2012; Vergauwen et al. 2013

Fathead minnow 

(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 1,050 6,195c- -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Fathead minnow 

(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 630 3,717c- -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Fathead minnow 

(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U Cadmium chloride 360* 72,600 17,671c- -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966
A

-29

Species Method

a Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Value

b

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Fathead minnow 

(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U Cadmium chloride 360* 73,500 17,890

c

--

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Fathead minnow (2 g),

Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 11,200 5,185

-- Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g),

Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 12,000 5,555

-- Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g),

Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 6,400 2,963

-- Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g),

Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 2,000 925.8

-- Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (2 g),

Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium sulfate 201* 4,500 2,083

-- Pickering and Gast 1972

Fathead minnow (fry),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 40 21.5 59.06

c

-- Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 48 11.7 26.287

c

-- Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 39 19.3 54.52

c

-- Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 45 42.4 102.3

c

-- Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 44 29.0 71.71

c

-- Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (fry),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 47 54.2 124.6

c

-- Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow (adult),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 103* 3,060 2,961

c

-- Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (adult),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 103* 2,900 2,806

c

-- Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (adult),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 103* 3,100 3,000

c

-- Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (adult),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 262.5* 7,160 2,469

c

-- Birge et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (30 d),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 43.5* 1,280 3,205

c

--

Spehar and Carlson 

1984a;b
A-30

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Fathead minnow (0.6 g),

Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4* 1,500 3,672 - -

Phipps and Holcombe 

1985

Fathead minnow (larva),

Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium chloride 120 >150 >122.7c

- - Hall et al. 1986

Fathead minnow (30 d),

Pimephales promelas F, M Cadmium nitrate 44* 13.2 32.64 - - Spehar and Fiandt 1986

Fathead minnow (juvenile),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 141 3,420 2,341c

- - Sherman et al. 1987

Fathead minnow (juvenile),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium chloride 141 3,510 2,402c

- - Sherman et al. 1987

Fathead minnow (0.8-2.0 g),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium sulfate 85.5* 3,580 4,254c

- -

Carrier 1987; Carrier and 

Beitinger 1988a

Fathead minnow (<24 hr),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium nitrate 290(pH=6-6.5) 73 22.55c

- -

Schubauer-Berigan et al. 

1993

Fathead minnow (<24 hr),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium nitrate 290(pH=7-7.5) 60 18.54c

- -

Schubauer-Berigan et al. 

1993

Fathead minnow (<24 hr),

Pimephales promelas S, M Cadmium nitrate 290(pH=8-8.8) 65 20.08c

- -

Schubauer-Berigan et al. 

1993

Fathead minnow (<24 hr),

Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium nitrate 60 210 368.8c

- - Rifici et al. 1996

Fathead minnow (1-2 d),

Pimephales promelas S, U Cadmium nitrate 60 180 316.1c

59.08 1,531 Rifici et al. 1996

Colorado squawfish

(larva, 9 mm),

Ptychocheilus lucius

S, U Cadmium chloride 199 78 36.51 - - Buhl 1997

Colorado squawfish

(juvenile, 43 mm),

Ptychocheilus lucius

S, U Cadmium chloride 199 108 50.55 45.59 42.96 Buhl 1997

Northern pike minnow 

(juvenile, 56 mm),

Ptychocheilus oregonensis

F, M Cadmium chloride 25 1,092 5,037 - - Andros and Garton 1980

Northern pike minnow 

(juvenile, 60 mm),

Ptychocheilus oregonensis

F, M Cadmium chloride 25 1,104 5,093 4,493 5,065 Andros and Garton 1980
A-31

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Bonytail (larva),

Gila elegans S, U Cadmium chloride 199 148 69.27 - - Buhl 1997

Bonytail (juvenile),

Gila elegans S, U Cadmium chloride 199 168 78.63 78.32 73.80 Buhl 1997

White sucker,

Catostomus commersoni F, M Cadmium chloride 18 1,110 7,357 6,344 7,357 Duncan and Klaverkamp 1983

Razorback sucker (larva),

Xyrauchen texanus S, U Cadmium chloride 199 139 65.06 - - Buhl 1997

Razorback sucker (juvenile),

Xyrauchen texanus S, U Cadmium chloride 199 160 74.89 74.08 69.80 Buhl 1997

Channel catfish (7.4 g),

Ictalurus punctatus F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4 4,480 10,968 10,225 10,968 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae F, M Cadmium chloride 44 2,500 6,182 5,759 6,182 Spehar 1976a;b

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis F, M Cadmium chloride 11.1 900 10,166 - - Giesy et al. 1977

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis F, M Cadmium chloride 11.1 2,200 24,851 - - Giesy et al. 1977

Mosquitofish (juvenile),

Gambusia affinis S, U Cadmium chloride - 2,354 NAd

- - Annabi et al. 2009

Mosquitofish (adult),

Gambusia affinis S, U Cadmium chloride - 1,447 NAd

13,146 15,895 Annabi et al. 2009

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 1,270 7,494 - -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Guppy (3-4 wk),

Poecilia reticulata R, M Cadmium chloride 105* 3,800 3,600 - - Canton and Slooff 1982

Guppy (3-4 wk),

Poecilia reticulata R, M Cadmium chloride 209.2* 11,100 4,917 - - Canton and Slooff 1982
A-32

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata S, U Cadmium chloride - 18,635 NAd

4,981 5,100 Yilmaz et al. 2004

Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus S, U Cadmium chloride 115 6,500 5,570 - - Pascoe and Cram 1977

Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus R, M Cadmium chloride 107 23,000 21,342 11,002 10,903 Pascoe and Mattey 1977

Striped bass (63 d),

Morone saxatilis S, U Cadmium chloride 40* 4 10.99 - - Palawski et al. 1985

Striped bass (63 d),

Morone saxatilis S, U Cadmium chloride 285* 10 3.149 5.916 5.883 Palawski et al. 1985

Green sunfish,

Lepomis cyanellus S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 2,840 16,757c

- -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Green sunfish,

Lepomis cyanellus S, U Cadmium chloride 360* 66,000 16,064c

- -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Green sunfish,

Lepomis cyanellus F, M Cadmium chloride 335* 20,500 5,402 - - Jude 1973

Green sunfish (juvenile),

Lepomis cyanellus S, M Cadmium sulfate 85.5* 11,520 13,690c

5,997 5,402 Carrier 1987; Carrier and 

Beitinger 1988b

Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5-3.5 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium sulfate 20* 1,700 10,031 - - Lemke 1965

Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5-3.5 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium sulfate 20 >2,100 >12,391 - - Lemke 1965

Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5-3.5 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium sulfate 350* 22,200 5,574 - - Lemke 1965

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Cadmium chloride 20* 1,940 11,447c

- -

Pickering and Henderson 

1966

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium chloride 207* 21,100 9,456 - - Eaton 1980

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, M Cadmium chloride 18* 2,300 15,243c

- - Bishop and McIntosh 1981

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, M Cadmium chloride 18* 2,300 15,243c

- - Bishop and McIntosh 1981
A-33

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Bluegill (1.0 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M Cadmium chloride 44.4* 6,470 15,840 12,194 10,074 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Yellow perch 

(juvenile, 8-12 g),

Perca flavescens

F, M Cadmium nitrate 120 8,140 6,656 - 6,656 Niyogi et al. 2004b

Nile tilapia 

(adult, 13.1 cm, 77.2 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

S, M Cadmium chloride 36.17 24,660 75,693 - 75,693 Garcia-Santos et al. 2006

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis mossambica R, U Cadmium chloride 28.4 6,000 24,047 - - Gaikwad 1989

Mozambique tilapia (1.52 g),

Oreochromis mossambica R, U Cadmium sulfate 17 1,000 7,059 21,569 13,029 James and Sampath 1999

White sturgeon (2 dph, 0.03g),

Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 103

>49.98f

(>47.2 reported 

dissolved)

>48.37c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon 

(30 dph, 0.17g, 30.6 cm),

Acipenser transmontanus

F, M Cadmium chloride 106

>375.9f

(>355 reported 

dissolved)

>352.4c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon 

(61 dph, 1.15 g, 62.5 cm),

Acipenser transmontanus

F, M Cadmium chloride 108

<36.43f

(<34.4 reported 

dissolved)

<33.46 - - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon 

(72 dph, 1.89 g, 75.6 cm),

Acipenser transmontanus

F, M Cadmium chloride 105

>158.3f

(>149.5 

reported 

dissolved)

>150.0c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon 

(89 dph, 3.73 g, 97.57 cm),

Acipenser transmontanus

F, M Cadmium chloride 104

>289.6f

(>273.5 

reported 

dissolved)

>277.3c

- - Calfee et al. 2014

White sturgeon (2 dph),

Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 100

>11.65f

(>11 reported 

dissolved)

>289.5c

- - Wang et al. 2014
A-34

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

White sturgeon (larva, 27 dph),

Acipenser transmontanus F, M Cadmium chloride 100

>11.65f

(>11 reported 

dissolved)

>289.5c

- <33.46 Wang et al. 2014

Mottled sculpin

(swim-up fry, 0.033 g),

Cottus bairdi

F, M Cadmium chloride 103 7.9 7.645 - - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin

(juvenile, 0.104 g),

Cottus bairdi

F, M Cadmium chloride 103 17 16.45c- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin

(juvenile, 0.260 g),

Cottus bairdi

F, M Cadmium chloride 103 23 22.26c- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin

(yearling, 2.3 g),

Cottus bairdi

F, M Cadmium chloride 103 >67 >64.84c- - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin

(newly hatched),

Cottus bairdi

F, M Cadmium chloride 103 2.9 2.806 - - Besser et al. 2006; 2007

Mottled sculpin (fry),

Cottus bairdi F, M Cadmium sulfate 48.7

1.973f

(1.92 reporteddissolved)

4.362 - 4.540 Brinkman and Vieira 2007

Shorthead sculpin,

Cottus confusus R, M Cadmium chloride 21

0.9560f

(0.93 reported 

dissolved)

5.345 - 5.345 Mebane et al. 2012

African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis R, U Cadmium chloride 116 3,597 3,053 - - Sunderman et al. 1991

African clawed frog

(blastula stage 8-11),

Xenopus laevis

R, U Cadmium nitrate ~100 1,600 1,600 3,093 2,210 Gungordu et al. 2010

Northwestern salamander

(larva),

Ambystoma gracile

F, M Cadmium chloride 45 468.4 1,130 1,055 1,130 Nebeker et al. 1995
A-35

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Acute Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMAV

(μg/L)

2015

SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

a

S=static, R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured

b Normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using the pooled acute slope of 1.103.

c Data not used to calculate SMAV because more sensitive lifestage availabe, or flow-through measured test available.

d Not used to calculate SMAV because other normalized data available.

e

Freshwater data not normalized so no SMAV calculated.

f

Study reported a dissolved value only and this value was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059 and 1.093 for total hardness levels 

of 50, 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively for freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.

g Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available or value is considered an outlier.

h Carroll et al. 1979 not used in the 2015 AWQC update because the authors noted that the Cd measured concenctration in the control water was greater than the 

LC50 value of 1.5 ug/L and had 100% survival.
B-1

Appendix B Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data
B-2

Appendix B: Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data

(Underlined values are used in SMAV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).

(Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Nematode (juvenile, 2.5 d),

(formerly, Pellioditis marina)

Rhabditis marina

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 30 9,100 - 9,100 Vranken et al. 1985

Polychaete worm (adult),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium chloride - 12,000 - - Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (juvenile),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium chloride - 12,500 - - Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(20°C) 18,540 - - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(20°C) 5,600 - - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) >5,600 - - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (2 mo.),

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) 30,030 - - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Neanthes arenaceodentata S, U Cadmium chloride - 14,100 12,836 12,052 Reish and LeMay 1991

Polychaete,

Nereis grubei S, U Cadmium chloride - 4,700 4,700 4,700 Reish and LeMay 1991

Polychaete worm,

(formerly, Nereis virens)

Alitta virens

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 20 11,000 - - Eisler 1971

Polychaete worm,

Alitta virens S, U Cadmium chloride 20 9,300 10,114 10,114 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium chloride 32 1,770 - - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(20°C) 1,370 - - Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) 4,790 - - Reish et al. 1977
B

-3

Species Method

a Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) 19,090

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete,

Ophryotrocha diadema S, U Cadmium chloride 32 4,200

- 3,925 Reish 1978

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, 

U

Cadmium 

chloride

32

(20°C) 2,720

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(20°C) 2,240

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) 3,330

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) 6,030

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(10°C) 3,690

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Ctenodrilus serratus S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(10°C) 2,130

- 3,142 Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (adult),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

- 7,500

c

-- Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (larva),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

- 200-- Reish et al. 1976

Polychaete worm (15 d),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(20°C) 5,030

c

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(20°C) 5,140

c

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) 16,300

c

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(15°C) 6,000

c

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(10°C) 28,444

c

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm (15 d),

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

32

(10°C) 5,880

c

-- Reish et al. 1977

Polychaete worm,

Capitella capitata S, U Cadmium chloride

- 2,800

c

200 200 Reish and LeMay 1991
B-4

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Starlet sea anemone 

(adult, female),

Nematostella vectensis

S, M Cadmium 

chloride 10 1,284 - - Harter and Matthews 2005

Starlet sea anemone 

(adult, female),

Nematostella vectensis

S, M Cadmium 

chloride 12 1,092 - 1,184 Harter and Matthews 2005

Cone worm,

Pectinaria californiensis S, U Cadmium chloride - 2,600 2,600 2,600 Reish and Lemay 1991

Oligochaete,

(formerly, Limnodriloides 

verrucosus)

Tectidrilus verrucosus

R, U Cadmium 

sulfate - 10,000 10,000 10,000 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete worm,

Monopylephorus cuticulatus R, U Cadmium sulfate - 135,000 135,000 135,000 Chapman et al. 1982

Oligochaete worm,

Tubificoides gabriellae R, U Cadmium sulfate - 24,000 24,000 24,000 Chapman et al. 1982

Atlantic oyster drill,

Urosalpinx cinerea S, U Cadmium chloride - 6,600 6,600 6,600 Eisler 1971

Gastropod (2-15 cm),

(formerly, Morula granulata)

Tenguella granulata

R, U Cadmium 

chloride 32 2,060 - 2,060 Devi 1997

Dog whelk 

(29.6 mm, 601 mg),

Nucella lapillus

R, U Cadmium 

chloride 34 23,200 - 23,200 Leung and Furness 1999

Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus S, U Cadmium chloride - 10,500 - - Eisler 1971

Eastern mud snail,

Nassarius obsoletus S, U Cadmium chloride - 35,000 19,170 19,170 Eisler and Hennekey 1977
B-5

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Barnacle (larva-nauplii II),

Amphibalanus amphitrite S, U Cadmium nitrate 37 490 - 490 Piazza et al. 2012

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis S, U Cadmium chloride - 25,000c

- - Eisler 1971

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis S, M Cadmium chloride - 1,620c

- - Ahsanullah 1976

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis F, M Cadmium chloride - 3600c

- - Ahsanullah 1976

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis F, M Cadmium chloride - 4300c

- - Ahsanullah 1976

Blue mussel (embryo),

Mytilus edulis S, U Cadmium chloride 33.8 1,200 - - Martin et al. 1981

Blue mussel (juvenile),

Mytilus edulis R, U Cadmium chloride 25 960 1,073 1,073 Nelson et al. 1988

Blue mussel (embryo),

Mytilus trossolus S, M Cadmium chloride -

505.0f 

(502 reporteddissolved)- 505.0 Nadella et al. 2009

Bay scallop (juvenile),

Argopecten irradians S, U Cadmium chloride - 1,480 1,480 1,480 Nelson et al. 1976

Scallop 

(juvenile, 35 d, 3 mm),

Argopecten ventricosus

R, U Cadmium 

chloride 36 396 - 396 Sobrino-Figueroa et al. 2007

Pacific oyster (embryo),

Crassostrea gigas S, U Cadmium chloride 33.8 611 - - Martin et al. 1981

Pacific oyster (larva, 6 d),

Crassostrea gigas R, U Cadmium chloride 34 85 - - Watling 1982

Pacific oyster (larva, 16 d),

Crassostrea gigas R, U Cadmium chloride 34 >100 227.9 173.2 Watling 1982

American oyster (larva),

Crassostrea virginica S, U Cadmium chloride 25 3,800 3,800 3,800 Calabrese et al. 1973
B

-6

Species Method

a Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Brown mussel (20-24 mm),

(formerly, Perna indica)

Perna perna

S, U Cadmium 

chloride

- 2,213-- Baby and Menon 1986

Brown mussel (20-24 mm),

Perna perna R, U Cadmium chloride 32 1,357

-- Baby and Menon 1987

Brown mussel (20-24 mm),

Perna perna R, U Cadmium sulfate 32 818.0

-- Baby and Menon 1987

Brown mussel (20-24 mm),

Perna perna R, U Cadmium nitrate 32 701.3

- 1,146 Baby and Menon 1987

Green mussel (20-25 mm),

Perna viridis S, U Cadmium chloride

- 2,500-- Mohan et al. 1986

Green mussel,

Perna viridis R, U Cadmium chloride 33 1,570

- 1,981 Chan 1988

Mangrove oysters (embryo),

Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium chloride 34 500

-- Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 3 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 34 500

-- Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 10 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 34 500

-- Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 24 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 34 4,000

c

-- Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 36 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 34 4,000

c

-- Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters (embryo),

Isognomon californicum S, U Cadmium chloride 24 300

-- Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 3 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 24 380 Ringwood 1990
B-7

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 10 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 24 400 Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 24 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 24 2,000c Ringwood 1990

Mangrove oysters 

(larva, 36 d),

Isognomon californicum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 24 2,000c

- 422.6 Ringwood 1990

Horse clam 

(newly hatched embryos),

Tresus capax

S, U Cadmium 

sulfate 30 60 - 60 Cardwell et al. 1979

Horse clam, Pacific gaper

(newly hatched embryos),

Tresus nuttalli

S, U Cadmium 

sulfate 29 590 - 590 Cardwell et al. 1979

Soft-shell clam,

Mya arenaria S, U Cadmium chloride - 2,200 - - Eisler 1971

Soft-shell clam,

Mya arenaria S, U Cadmium chloride - 850 - - Eisler 1977

Soft-shell clam,

Mya arenaria S, U Cadmium chloride - 2,500 1,672 1,672 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Horseshoe crab 

(1st instar larva, 3.3 mm),

Limulus polyphemus

R, U Cadmium 

chloride 20 167,700 - Botton 2000

Horseshoe crab (embryo),

Limulus polyphemus R, U Cadmium chloride 20 171,900 - 169,787 Botton 2000

California market squid 

(larva),

Loligo opalescens

S, M Cadmium 

chloride 30 >10,200 >10,200 >10,200 Dinnel et al. 1989

Copepod,

Pseudodiaptomus coronatus S, U Cadmium chloride - 1,708 1,708 1,708 Gentile 1982
B-8

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Calanoid copepod,

Eurytemora affinis S, U Cadmium chloride - 1,080c

- - Gentile 1982

Calanoid copepod

(newly hatched nauplii),

Eurytemora affinis

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 147.7 147.7 147.7 Sullivan et al. 1983

Copepod,

Acartia clausi S, U Cadmium chloride - 144 144 144 Gentile 1982

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium chloride - 337 - - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium chloride - 90 - - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium chloride - 220 - - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod,

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium chloride - 122 - - Sosnowski and Gentile 1978

Calanoid copepod (adult),

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium chloride

15

(18oC) 93 - - Toudal and Riisgard 1987

Calanoid copepod (adult),

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium chloride

20

(13oC) 151 - - Toudal and Riisgard 1987

Calanoid copepod (adult),

Acartia tonsa S, U Cadmium chloride

21

(21oC) 29 118.7 118.7 Toudal and Riisgard 1987

Harpacticoid copepod,

(formerly, Nitocra spinipes)

Nitokra spinipes

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 1,800 - - Bengtsson 1978

Harpacticoid copepod,

Nitokra spinipes F, U Cadmium chloride 3 430 - - Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987

Harpacticoid copepod,

Nitokra spinipes F, U Cadmium chloride 7 660 - - Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987

Harpacticoid copepod,

Nitokra spinipes F, U Cadmium chloride 15 780 794.5 794.5 Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987
B

-9

Species Method

a Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Harpacticoid copepod,

(formerly, Amphiascus 

tenuiremis)

Saramphiascus tenuiremis

S, M Cadmium 

nitrate 30.7 224 224 224 Green et al. 1993

Harpacticoid copepod 

(nauplii),

Tigriopus brevicornis

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 34.5

-35 17.4-- Forget et al. 1998

Harpacticoid copepod 

(copepodid),

Tigriopus brevicornis

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 34.5

-35 29.7-- Forget et al. 1998

Harpacticoid copepod 

(ovigerous female),

Tigriopus brevicornis

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 34.5

-35 47.9- 29.14 Forget et al. 1998

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia F, M Cadmium chloride 10

-17 15.5-- Nimmo et al. 1977a

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia F, M Cadmium chloride 30 110

--

Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et 

al. 1985

Mysid (7 d),

Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium chloride

6 14.7

c

-- De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d),

Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium chloride 14 38.0

c

-- De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d),

Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium chloride 22 70.4

c

-- De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d),

Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium chloride 30 77.3

c

-- De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (7 d),

Americamysis bahia S, M Cadmium chloride 38 90.3

c

-- De Lisle and Roberts 1988

Mysid (<24 hr),

Americamysis bahia S, M

-

10

(20oC) 30.9

c

-- Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr),

Americamysis bahia S, M

-

10

(25oC) 20.7

c

-- Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr),

Americamysis bahia S, M

-

10

(30oC) <11.1

c

-- Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr),

Americamysis bahia S, M

-

30

(20oC) 82.0

c

-- Voyer and Modica 1990
B-10

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Mysid (<24 hr),

Americamysis bahia S, M -

30

(25oC) 32.8c

- - Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (<24 hr),

Americamysis bahia S, M -

30

(30oC) <11.1c

41.29 41.29 Voyer and Modica 1990

Mysid (juvenile, 24 hr),

(formerly, Mysidopsis 

bigelowi)

Americamysis bigelowi

F, M Cadmium 

chloride 30 110 110 110 Gentile et al. 1982

Mysid (adult, 14 mm),

Neomysis integer R, U Cadmium chloride 30 151 - - Roast et al. 2001b

Mysid (adult, 14 mm),

Neomysis integer R, U Cadmium chloride 1 28.2 - 65.25 Roast et al. 2001b

Mysid (adult, 18 mm),

Praunus flexuosus R, U Cadmium chloride 30 410.3 - 410.3 Roast et al. 2001b

Isopod (adult),

Excirolana vancouverensis R, U Cadmium chloride 28 >8,000 - >8,000 Boese et al. 1997

Isopod,

(formerly, Jaeropsis sp.)

Joeropsis sp.

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 35 410.0 410.0 410.0 Hong and Reish 1987

Wood borer,

Limnoria tripunctata S, U Cadmium chloride 35 7,120 7,120 7,120 Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod (adult),

Ampelisca abdita F, M Cadmium chloride - 2,900 2,900 2,900 Scott et al. Manuscript

Amphipod,

Chelura terebrans S, U Cadmium chloride 35 630 630 630 Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod,

Corophium insidiosum S, U Cadmium chloride 35 1,270 - - Hong and Reish 1987
B

-11

Species Method

a Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Amphipod (8-12 mm),

Corophium insidiosum S, U Cadmium chloride

- 680-- Reish 1993

Amphipod,

Corophium insidiosum R, U Cadmium chloride 28 960

-

- Boese et al. 1997

Amphipod (2-4 mm),

Corophium insidiosum S, M Cadmium chloride

35.9

(10oC) 2,110

-- Prato et al. 2008

Amphipod (2-4 mm),

Corophium insidiosum S, M Cadmium chloride

35.9

(25oC) 700 929.3 1,041 Prato et al. 2008

Amphipod (juvenile),

Diporeia spp. S, M Cadmium chloride

20

(4oC) 49,400

c

-- Gossiaux et al. 1992

Amphipod (juvenile),

Diporeia spp. S, M Cadmium chloride

20

(10oC) 17,500

c

-- Gossiaux et al. 1992

Amphipod (juvenile),

Diporeia spp. S, M Cadmium chloride

20

(15oC) 6,700 6,700 6,700 Gossiaux et al. 1992

Amphipod,

Elasmopus bampo S, U Cadmium chloride 35 570

-- Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod (8-12 mm),

Elasmopus bampo S, U Cadmium chloride

- 900 716.2 716.2 Reish 1993

Amphipod (3-5 mm),

Eohaustorius estuarius R, M Cadmium chloride

30

(held 11 days 

before testing)

41,900-- Meador 1993

Amphipod (3-5 mm),

Eohaustorius estuarius R, M Cadmium chloride

30

(held 17 days 

before testing)

36,100-- Meador 1993

Amphipod (3-5 mm),

Eohaustorius estuarius R, M Cadmium chloride

30

(held 121 days 

before testing)

14,500-- Meador 1993

Amphipod,

Eohaustorius estuarius R, U Cadmium chloride 28 12,510 27,992 22,887 Boese et al. 1997

Amphipod,

Grandidierella japonica S, U Cadmium chloride 35 1,170

-- Hong and Reish 1987

Amphipod,

Grandidierella japonica R, U Cadmium chloride 28 340 1,170 630.7 Boese et al. 1997
B-12

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Amphipod,

Leptocheirus plumulosus R, U Cadmium chloride 20 1,450 - - Boese et al. 1997

Amphipod (500 um),

Leptocheirus plumulosus S, U Cadmium chloride 8 360 - - McGee et al. 1998

Amphipod (700 um),

Leptocheirus plumulosus S, U Cadmium chloride 8 650 - - McGee et al. 1998

Amphipod (1,000 um),

Leptocheirus plumulosus S, U Cadmium chloride 8 880 590.5 739.2 McGee et al. 1998

Amphipod,

Rhepoxynius abronius R, U Cadmium chloride 28 1,510 - 1,510 Boese et al. 1997

Scud (adult),

Marinogammarus obtusatus S, M Cadmium chloride - 13,000c

- - Wright and Frain 1981

Scud (young),

Marinogammarus obtusatus S, M Cadmium chloride - 3,500 3,500 3,500 Wright and Frain 1981

Northern pink shrimp 

(subadult),

(formerly, Penaeus duorarum)

Farfantepenaeus duorarum

F, M Cadmium 

chloride - 3,500c

- - Nimmo et al. 1977b

Northern pink shrimp 

(2nd post larva),

Farfantepenaeus duorarum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 25 310.5 310.5 310.5 Cripe 1994

White shrimp (juvenile),

(formerly, Penaeus setiferus)

Litopenaeus setiferus

S, M Cadmium 

chloride 11 990 - 990 Vanegas et al. 1997

Whiteleg shrimp 

(post larva),

Litopenaeus vannamei

R, U Cadmium 

chloride 34 2,490 - - Frias-Espericueta et al. 2001

White shrimp

(post larva, 7.13 mg),

Litopenaeus vannamei

R, U - 15 1,070 - 1,632 Wu and Chen 2004
B-13

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Tiger shrimp (juvenile),

Penaeus monodon R, M Cadmium chloride 28 1,720 - 1,720 Raj Kumar 2012

Daggerblade grass shrimp 

(adult),

Palaemonetes pugio

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 20 3,280 - - Khan et al. 1988

Daggerblade grass shrimp 

(adult),

Palaemonetes pugio

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 20 1,830 - - Khan et al. 1988

Daggerblade grass shrimp 

(juvenile),

Palaemonetes pugio

S, M Cadmium 

chloride 10 1,300 1,983 1,983 Burton and Fisher 1990

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes vulgaris S, U Cadmium chloride - 420c

- - Eisler 1971

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes vulgaris F, M Cadmium chloride - 760 760 760 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Sand shrimp,

Crangon septemspinosa S, U Cadmium chloride - 320 320 320 Eisler 1971

American lobster (larva),

Homarus americanus S, U Cadmium nitrate - 78 78 78 Johnson and Gentile 1979

Longwrist hermit crab,

Pagurus longicarpus S, U Cadmium chloride - 320 - - Eisler 1971

Longwrist hermit crab,

Pagurus longicarpus S, U Cadmium chloride - 1,300 645.0 645.0 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Rock crab (zoea),

(formerly, Cancer irroratus)

Cancer plebejus

F, M Cadmium 

chloride - 250 250 250 Johns and Miller 1982

Dungeness crab (zoeae),

Cancer magister S, U Cadmium chloride 33.8 247 - - Martin et al. 1981

Dungeness crab (zoeae),

Cancer magister S, M Cadmium chloride 30 200 222.3 222.3 Dinnel et al. 1989
B-14

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Blue crab (juvenile),

Callinectes sapidus S, U Cadmium chloride 35 11,600 - - Frank and Robertson 1979

Blue crab (juvenile),

Callinectes sapidus S, U Cadmium chloride 15 4,700 - - Frank and Robertson 1979

Blue crab (juvenile),

Callinectes sapidus S, U Cadmium chloride 1 320 2,594 2,594 Frank and Robertson 1979

Lesser blue crab 

(intermolt, 1-5 g),

Callinectes similis

R, U Cadmium 

chloride 30 6,350 - 6,350 Ramirez et al. 1989

Green shore crab,

Carcinus maenas S, U Cadmium chloride - 4,100 4,100 4,100 Eisler 1971

Mud crab (1 g),

Eurypanopeus depressus S, U Cadmium chloride 25 4,900 - 4,900 Collier et al. 1973

Pacific sand crab (juvenile),

Emerita analoga R, U Cadmium chloride 28 2,110 - 2,110 Boese et al. 1997

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium chloride

10

(20°C) 32,300 - - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium chloride

20

(20°C) 46,600 - - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium chloride

30

(20°C) 37,000 - - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium chloride

10

(30°C) 6,800 - - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium chloride

20

(30°C) 10,400 - - O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator S, U Cadmium chloride

30

(30°C) 23,300 21,238 21,238 O'Hara 1973a

Fiddler crab (intermolt, males, 

24-29 mm carapace),

Uca triangularis

R, U Cadmium 

chloride 25 7,660 - 7,660 Devi 1987
B-15

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Common starfish,

Asterias forbesii S, U Cadmium chloride - 820 - - Eisler 1971

Common starfish,

Asterias forbesii S, U Cadmium chloride - 7,100 2,413 2,413 Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Green sea urchin (embryo),

Strongylocentrotus 

droebachiensis

S, M

Cadmium 

chloride 30 1,800 1,800 1,800 Dinnel et al. 1989

Purple sea urchin (embryo),

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus S, M Cadmium chloride 30 500 - - Dinnel et al. 1989

Purple sea urchin (embryo),

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus S, M Cadmium chloride 34 342.3 500 413.7 Phillips et al. 2003

Sand dollar (embryo),

Dendraster excentricus S, M Cadmium chloride 30 7,400 7,400 7,400 Dinnel et al. 1989

Moon jellyfish (ephyra),

Aurelia aurita S, U Cadmium nitrate 37 61.75 - 61.75 Faimali et al. 2013

Coho salmon (smolt),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M Cadmium chloride 28.3 1,500 1,500 1,500 Dinnel et al. 1989

Sheepshead minnow 

(36 mm, 1.1 g),

Cyprinodon variegatus

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 50,000 50,000 50,000 Eisler 1971

Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride - 49,000c

- - Eisler 1971

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 20 114,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 20 92,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 20 78,000c

- - Voyer 1975
B-16

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 10 73,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 10 73,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 10 63,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 32 31,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 32 30,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (juvenile),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride 32 29,000c

- - Voyer 1975

Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus S, U Cadmium chloride - 22,000c

- - Eisler and Hennekey 1977

Mummichog (12-20 mm),

Fundulus heteroclitus F, M Cadmium sulfate 14 18,200 18,200 18,200 Lin and Dunson 1993

Striped killifish (adult),

Fundulus majalis S, U Cadmium chloride - 21,000 21,000 21,000 Eisler 1971

Rivulus (11-18 mm),

Rivulus marmoratus F, M Cadmium sulfate 14 23,700c

- - Lin and Dunson 1993

Rivulus (11-18 mm),

Rivulus marmoratus F, M Cadmium sulfate 14 18,500c

- - Lin and Dunson 1993

Rivulus (adult, 120 d),

Rivulus marmoratus S, M Cadmium chloride 10 32,200c

- - Park et al. 1994

Rivulus (juvenile, 30 d),

Rivulus marmoratus S, M Cadmium chloride 10 18,800c

- - Park et al. 1994

Rivulus (larvae, 7 d),

Rivulus marmoratus S, M Cadmium chloride 10 800 800 800 Park et al. 1994

Atlantic silverside (adult),

Menidia menidia S, U Cadmium chloride 30 2,032c

- - Cardin 1985

Atlantic silverside (juvenile),

Menidia menidia S, U Cadmium chloride 30 28,532c

- - Cardin 1985

Atlantic silverside (juvenile),

Menidia menidia S, U Cadmium chloride 30 13,652c

- - Cardin 1985
B-17

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Atlantic silverside 

(larva, 1d),

Menidia menidia

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 30.4 1,054 779.8 1,054 Cardin 1985

Striped bass (63 d),

Morone saxatilis S, U Cadmium chloride 1 75.0 75.0 75.0 Palawski et al. 1985

Cabezon (larva),

Scorpaenichthys marmoratus S, M Cadmium chloride 27 >200 >200 >200 Dinnel et al. 1989

Pinfish (subadult),

Lagodon rhomboides S, U Cadmium 1 1,000 - 1,000 Sharp 1988

Shiner perch 

(adult, 87 mm),

Cymatogaster aggregata

F, M Cadmium 

chloride 30.1 11,000 11,000 11,000 Dinnel et al. 1989

Striped mullet 

(juvenile, 50 mm),

Mugil cephalus

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 37.3 28,000c

- - Hilmy et al. 1985

Striped mullet (fry, 10 mm),

Mugil cephalus S, U Cadmium chloride 37.3 7,079 7,079 7,079 Hilmy et al. 1985

White mullet,

Mugil curema S, U Cadmium chloride 36 12,000 - 12,000 Chung 1978

Mozambique tilapia 

(27 mm),

Oreochromis mossambicus

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 1 >80,000 - >80,000 Chung 1983

Cunner 

(2-3 yr., 1 cm, 14-29 g),

Tautogolabrus adspersus

R, U Cadmium 

chloride - 25,900 - 25,900 Robohm 1986

Winter flounder (larva),

Pseudopleuronectes 

americanus

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 14,297 14,297 14,297 Cardin 1985
B-18

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Acute Value

(μg/L)

2001 SMAV

(μg/L)

2015 SMAV

(μg/L) Reference

Scorpionfish (287 g),

Scorpaena guttata R, M Cadmium chloride - 62,000 - 62,000 Brown et al. 1984

a

S=static, R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured

c Data not used to calculate SMAV because more sensitive lifestage availabe, or flow-through measure test available.

d Not used to calculate SMAV because other normalized data available.

f

Study reported a dissolved value only and this value was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059 and 1.093 for total hardness levels of 50, 100 

and 200 mg/L, respectively for freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.

g Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available or value is considered an outlier.
C-1

Appendix C Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data
C-2

Appendix C: Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data

(Values normalized to total hardness=100 mg/L as CaCO3 using pooled hardness slope of 0.7977 and expressed as total cadmium).

(Underlined values are used in SMCV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).

(Hardness values indicated with an asterisk were used in the hardness slope derivation).

(Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Methoda Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L 

CaCO3)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Chronic 

Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Oligochaete,

Aeolosoma headleyi R, M LC Cadmium chloride

175

(160-190) 32-50.2

40.08

(growth & 

reproduction)

57.35

(growth) 36.70 34.66 36.70 Niederlehner et al. 1984

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus R, M 28 d - 140 86.9-107.6 96.70(reproduction)

19.83

(reproduction) 15.16 - - Straus 2011

Oligochaete (adult),

Lumbriculus variegatus R, M 28 d - 22 2.3->2.3 >2.3(survival) - >7.695c

- 15.16 Straus 2011

Snail 

(<24 hr, egg masses),

Aplexa hypnorum

F, M LC Cadmium 

chloride 45.3 4.41-7.63 5.801(-)

4.002

(reproduction) 7.525 - Holcombe et al. 1984

Snail 

(<24 hr, egg masses),

Aplexa hypnorum

F, M LC Cadmium 

chloride 45.3 2.50-4.79 3.460(-)

0.8737

(survival) 1.643 8.055 3.516 Holcombe et al. 1984

Pond snail (5 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 31 d Cadmium chloride

135

(130-140) 9.43-28.3 16.34(growth)

1.944

(survival) 1.530 - - Pais 2012

Pond snail (10 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 31 d Cadmium chloride

135

(130-140) 28.3-94.3 51.66(survival)

35.56

(growth) 27.99 - - Pais 2012

Pond snail (15 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 31 d Cadmium chloride

135

(130-140) 94.3->94.3 >94.3(growth)

28.68

(growth) 22.57 - - Pais 2012

Pond snail (5 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis R, M 28 d Cadmium chloride 90 5.20->5.20

>5.20

(survival &

growth)

- >5.655c- 9.887 Pais 2012

Mudsnail,

Potamopyrgus 

antipodarum

R, M 28 d Cadmium 

sulfate - 0.806-3.44 1.665(reproduction)

2.641

(reproduction) - - NAf Sieratowicz et al. 2011
C-3

Species Methoda Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L 

CaCO3)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Chronic 

Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Fatmucket (juvenile),

Lampsilis siliquoidea F, M 28 d Cadmium nitrate

44

(40-48) 4.4-8.2

6.007

(survival & 

growth)

5.868

(growth) 11.29 - 11.29 Wang et al. 2010d

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia - LC - 100 -

2.20

(-)

- 2.200c- -

Spehar and Fiandt 

1986

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC - 20 10-19 13.78(-)

- 49.75c- - Jop et al. 1995

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium chloride 270 5.304-9.934

7.259

(survival & 

reproduction)

6.129

(reproduction) 2.775 - -

Southwest Texas 

State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium chloride 270 1.073-2.391

1.602

(reproduction)

2.262

(reproduction) 1.024 - -

Southwest Texas 

State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium chloride 270 3.066-4.108

3.549

(reproduction)

3.029

(reproduction) 1.371 - -

Southwest Texas 

State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium chloride 270 5.457-7.174

6.257

(survival & 

reproduction)

3.376

(reproduction) 1.528 - -

Southwest Texas 

State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M LC Cadmium chloride 270 1.748-2.391

2.044

(reproduction)

1.341

(reproduction) 0.6071 - -

Southwest Texas 

State Univeristy 2000

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia - LC - 170 1.1-3.4 1.93(reproduction) - 1.264c

45.40 1.293 Brooks et al. 2004

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata - LC - 44 3.6-7.5 5.20(-)

- 10.01 - NAg Spehar and Carlson 

1984a,b

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium chloride 53* 0.08-0.29 0.1523(reproduction) - 0.2527c

- -

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium chloride 103* 0.16-0.28 0.2117(reproduction)

0.2118

(reproduction) 0.2068 - -

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium chloride 209* 0.21-0.91 0.4371(reproduction)

0.3545

(reproduction) 0.1969 - -

Chapman et al. 

Manuscript, 1980

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna R, M LC - 200 0.37-0.48 0.37(EC20)

0.37

(-)

0.2128 - -

Canton and Slooff 

1982
C-4

Species Methoda Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L 

CaCO3)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Chronic 

Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium chloride 150 5.0-10 7.07(reproduction)

6.166

(survival) 4.461 - - Bodar et al. 1988b

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium 130 <1.86-1.86 <1.86(reproduction)

1.677

(reproduction) 1.360 - -

Borgmann et al. 

1989a; b

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium chloride 170 0.6-2.0 1.10(growth) - 0.7203c

- - Baird et al. 1990

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

R, M LC Cadmium 

chloride 99 1.67-3.43 2.39(reproduction)

2.496

(reproduction) 2.516 - -

Chadwick Ecological 

Consultants 2003

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium chloride 51 1.97-3.43 2.60(reproduction)

2.373

(reproduction) 4.059 - -

Chadwick Ecological 

Consultants 2003

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, M LC Cadmium chloride -

0.328-

0.656

0.46

(reproduction)

1.528

(survival) NAc <0.6340

0.9150 Jemec et al. 2008

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex R, M LC Cadmium chloride 65 5.5-10.2

7.49

(survival & 

reproduction)

6.214

(growth) 8.761 - - Niederlehner 1984

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex R, M LC Cadmium chloride 52 14.6->14.6 >14.6(reproduction)

3.051

(reproduction) 5.140 - -

Chadwick Ecological 

Consultants 2003

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex - LC - 52 - -

1.45

(survival) 2.443 - -

Chadwick Ecological 

Consultants 2004a

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex - LC - 52 - -

2.17

(reproduction) 3.655 10.30 4.478 Chadwick Ecological Consultants 2004a

Amphipod (7-8 d),

Hyalella azteca F, M LC Cadmium chloride 280 0.51-1.9

0.984

(growth & 

survival)

1.695

(reproduction) 0.7453 0.4590 0.7453 Ingersoll and Kemble 2001

Midge (larva, <24 hr),

Chironomus dilutus F, M LC Cadmium chloride 280 5.8-16.4 9.753(growth)

4.548

(percent hatch) 2.000 4.686 2.000 Ingersoll and Kemble 2001
C

-5

Species Method

a Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L 

CaCO

3

)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Chronic 

Value

b

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Rio Grande cutthroat 

trout (eyed egg),

Oncorhynchus clarkii 

virginalis

F, M ELS Cadmium 

sulfate 44.9 1.48

-3.37

2.296

e

(2.233 

dissolved)

(survival, 

growth & 

biomass)

1.871

e

(1.82 

dissolved)

(survival, 

growth & 

biomass)

3.543

- 3.543 Brinkman 2012

Coho salmon 

(Lake Superior),

Oncorhynchus kisutch

- ELS Cadmium 

chloride 44 1.3

-3.4 2.102 (-)- 4.046-- Eaton et al. 1978

Coho salmon 

(West Coast),

Oncorhynchus kisutch

- ELS Cadmium 

chloride 44 4.1

-12.5 7.159 (-)- 13.78 7.127 NA

g Eaton et al. 1978

Rainbow trout 

(adult, female, 270 d),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

- LC- 250* 3.39-5.48 4.310 (-)

3.319

(reproduction) 1.598

-- Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M PLC

- 46 1.25-1.74 1.47

(lethal to 1%)

2.473

(survival) 4.593

-- Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M PLC

- 217 2.55-5.03 3.58

(lethal to 1%)

4.762

(survival) 2.567

-- Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M PLC

- 413.8 2.57-5.16 3.64

(lethal to 1%)

3.808

(survival) 1.226

-- Davies et al. 1993

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium sulfate 301* 8.20

-14.2 10.8

(survival)

9.508

(survival) 3.947

d

--

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium sulfate 282

1.48-2.24

(aged 

solution)

1.82

(survival)

- 0.7962

c

--

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium sulfate 29* 1.02

-1.89 1.39

(survival)

2.604

(survival) 6.989

d

--

Davies and Brinkman 

1994b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS

- 103* 1.3-2.7 1.87

(survival)

3.471

(survival) 3.389

d

-- Besser et al. 2007

Rainbow trout 

(4 hr post fert),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, M ELS Cadmium 

chloride 6.8 0.25

-2.5

0.79

(delayed hatch 

& growth)

- 6.743

c

--

Lizardo-Daudt and 

Kennedy 2008
C-6

Species Methoda Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L 

CaCO3)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Chronic 

Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium chloride 19.7* 0.6-1.3

0.905e

(0.88 

dissolved)

(survival)

1.312e

(1.276 

dissolved)

(survival)

4.794d

- - Mebane et al. 2008

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium chloride 29.4* <0.16-0.16

<0.164e

(<0.16 

dissolved)

(growth)

2.386e

(2.321 

dissolved)

(survival)

6.334d

- - Mebane et al. 2008

Rainbow trout (1 dph),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M ELS Cadmium chloride 100 - -

5.613e

(5.3 dissolved)

(survival)

5.612d

2.186 2.192 Wang et al. 2014

Chinook salmon 

(egg-fry),

Oncorhynchus 

tshawytscha

F, M ELS Cadmium 

chloride 25 1.30-1.88 1.563(survival)

1.465

(growth) 4.426 4.366 4.426 Chapman 1975

Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar -

ELS

(5°C)

Cadmium 

chloride 23.5 90-270

155.9

(survival & 

hatch)

19.37

(biomass) 61.47d

- -

Rombough and 

Garside 1982

Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar -

ELS

(8.9°C)

Cadmium 

chloride 24.5 300-800 489.9(survival)

127.8

(biomass) 392.5d

- -

Rombough and 

Garside 1982

Atlantic salmon (alevin),

Salmo salar -

ELS

(9.6°C)

Cadmium 

chloride 23.5 2.5-8.2 4.53(survival)

0.7528

(biomass) 2.389 13.24 2.389 Rombough and Garside 1982

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta - ELS Cadmium chloride 44 3.8-11.7 6.668(-)

- 12.83c- - Eaton et al. 1978

Brown trout 

(adult, female),

Salmo trutta

- LC Cadmium 

sulfate 250* 9.34-29.1 16.49(growth)

15.15

(survival) 7.294d

- - Brown et al. 1994

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium sulfate 36.9* 1.11-1.6 1.33(survival)

1.368

(survival) 3.030 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994a

Brown trout (fingerling),

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium sulfate 37.6* <0.7-0.7

<0.7

(growth & 

survival)

0.624

(survival) 1.361 - -

Davies and Brinkman 

1994c
C-7

Species Methoda Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L 

CaCO3)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Chronic 

Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Brown trout (eggs),

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium sulfate 149* 9.62-19.1 13.56(survival)

16.02

(biomass) 11.65 - -

Brinkman and Hansen 

2004a; 2007

Brown trout (eggs),

Salmo trutta

F, M ELS Cadmium 

sulfate 71.3* 4.68-8.64 6.36(survival)

5.187

(biomass) 6.793 - -

Brinkman and Hansen 

2004a; 2007

Brown trout (eggs),

Salmo trutta F, M ELS Cadmium sulfate 30.6* 2.54-4.87 3.52(survival)

2.807

(biomass) 7.218 8.360 4.725 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis - LC Cadmium chloride 44* 1.7-3.4

2.404

(growth of F3 

juveniles)

1.224

(reproduction) 2.356 - - Benoit et al. 1976

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis - ELS Cadmium chloride 37* 1-3

1.732

(growth)

2.187

(survival) 4.833d

- - Sauter et al. 1976

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis - ELS Cadmium chloride 188* 7-12

9.165

(survival & 

growth)

9.172

(survival) 5.543d

- - Sauter et al. 1976

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis - ELS Cadmium chloride 44 1.1-3.8 2.045(-)

- 3.935c4.416 2.356 Eaton et al. 1978

Lake trout,

Salvelinus namaycush - ELS Cadmium chloride 44 4.4-12.3 7.357(-)

- 14.16 13.51 NAg Eaton et al. 1978

Northern pike,

Esox lucius - ELS Cadmium chloride 44 4.2-12.9 7.361(-)

- 14.17 13.52 14.17 Eaton et al. 1978

Fathead minnow 

(0.23 g),

Pimephales promelas

- LC Cadmium 

sulfate 201 37-57 45.92(-)

24.71

(reproduction) 14.16 - -

Pickering and Gast 

1972

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas - ELS - 44 9-18 12.73(-)

- 24.50c- -

Spehar and Carlson 

1984a,b

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas - ELS Cadmium nitrate 44 -

10.0

(-)

- 19.25c27.37 14.16 Spehar and Fiandt 

1986

White sucker,

Catostomus commersoni - ELS Cadmium chloride 44 4.2-12.0 7.099(-)

- 13.66 13.04 13.66 Eaton et al. 1978
C-8

Species Methoda Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L 

CaCO3)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

Normalized 

Chronic 

Valueb

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2015

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae - LC Cadmium chloride 44 4.1-8.1 5.763(-)

5.018

(reproduction) 9.659 - - Spehar 1976a,b

Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae - LC Cadmium chloride 47.5 3.0-6.5 4.416(-)

6.274

(reproduction) 11.36 - - Carlson et al. 1982

Flagfish,

Jordanella floridae - LC Cadmium chloride 47.5 3.4-7.3 4.982(-)

3.341

(reproduction) 6.050 8.886 8.723 Carlson et al. 1982

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus - LC Cadmium sulfate 207 31-80 49.80(-)

29.35

(survival) 16.43 29.05 16.43 Eaton 1974

Smallmouth bass,

Micropterus dolomieui - ELS Cadmium chloride 44 4.3-12.7 7.390(-)

- 14.22 13.58 14.22 Eaton et al. 1978

Blue tilapia,

Oreochromis aurea - LC Cadmium nitrate 145 >52.0 >52.0(-)

- >38.66 >39.48 >38.66 Papoutsoglou and 

Abel 1988

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdi F, M ELS Cadmium chloride 103 1.4-2.6 1.91(survival)

1.762

(biomass) 1.721 - 1.721 Besser et al. 2007

a R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured, ELS=early life-cycle test, PLC=partial life-cycle test, LC=life-cycle test.

b

Freshwater data normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using using the pooled acute slope of 0.7977.

c Not used to calculate SMCV because other normalized data available or normalized EC20 values available.

d Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available, value is considered an outlier, or preference was given to the more sensitive exposure scenario (LC versus 

ELS tests).

e

Study reported a dissolved value only and was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059, and 1.093 for hardness of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L, respectively for 

freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.

f

Freshwater data not normalized so no SMCV calculated.

g No SMCV calculated because normalized EC20 data available for the genus.
D-1

Appendix D Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data
D-2

Appendix D: Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data

(Underlined values are used in SMCV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).

(Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Methoda Test Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg)

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

MATC 

(μg/L)

EC20

(μg/L)

2001

SMCV

(μg/L)

2014

SMCV

(μg/L) Reference

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia - LC Cadmium chloride 15-23 6.4-10.6 8.237 5.605 - Nimmo et al. 1977a

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia - LC Cadmium chloride 30 5.1-10 7.141 10.93 -

Gentile et al. 1982; 

Lussier et al. 1985

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia - LC Cadmium chloride 30 <4-4 <4d

5.833 6.173 6.149 Carr et al. 1985

Mysid,

(formerly, Mysidopsis 

bigelowi)

Americamysis bigelowi

- LC Cadmium 

chloride - 5.1-10 7.141 11.61 7.141 11.61 Gentile et al. 1982

a

S=static, R=renewal; F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured, ELS=early life-cycle test, LC=life-cycle test
E-1

Appendix E Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data
E-2

Appendix E: Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Alga,

Euglena gracilis -

Cadmium 

chloride - -

Morphological 

abnormalities - 5,000 Nakano et al. 1980

Alga,

Euglena gracilis anabaena -

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Cell division inhibition - 20,000 Nakano et al. 1980

Blue-green alga,

Anabaena doliolum R, U - - 12 d EC50(lethal) - 75,000 Kaur et al. 2002

Blue-green alga,

Anabaena doliolum R, U - - 12 d Algicidal - 250,000 Kaur et al. 2002

Blue-green alga,

Anabaena flos-aquae

-

Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50 - 120 Rachlin et al. 1984

Blue-green alga (15 d),

Anabaena flos-aquae

S, U Cadmium 

nitrate - 96 hr EC50 - 140 Heng et al. 2004

Blue-green alga,

Microcystis aeruginosa -

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Incipient inhibition - 70 Bringmann 1975

Blue-green alga,

Microcystis aeruginosa S, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d Growth 56.21-112.41 79.49 Zhou et al. 2006

Blue-green alga,

Spirulina platensis S, U Cadmium chloride - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 18,350 Rangsayatorn et al. 2002

Diatom,

Asterionella formosa - - - -

Factor of 10 growth rate 

decrease - 2 Conway 1978

Diatom,

Navicula incerta -

Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50 - 310 Rachlin et al. 1982

Diatom,

Navicula pelliculosa S, M Cadmium chloride - 96 hr EC50(mat formation) - 31 Irving et al. 2009

Diatom,

Nitzschia costerium -

Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50 - 480 Rachlin et al. 1982
E-3

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Diatom,

Nitzschia palea S, U Cadmium chloride - 5 d EC50(growth) - 27.6 Branco et al. 2010

Green alga,

Ankistrodesmus falcatus -

Cadmium 

chloride - - 58% reduction in growth - 2,500 Devi Prasad and Devi Prasad 1982

Green alga,

Chara vulgaris S, M Cadmium sulfate - 7 d Lethal dose - 56.2 Heumann 1987

Green alga,

Chara vulgaris S, M Cadmium sulfate - 14 d EC50(growth) - 9.5 Heumann 1987

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas sp. S, U Cadmium chloride - 12 d EC50(growth) - 22,482 Aguilera and Amils 2005

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas moewusii S, U Cadmium chloride - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 4,100 Suarez et al. 2010

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardii F, M Cadmium chloride 24 96 hr EC50(cell density) - 203 Schafer et al. 1993

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardii F, M Cadmium chloride 24 7 d EC50(cell density) - 130 Schafer et al. 1993

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardii F, M Cadmium chloride 24 10 d EC50(cell density) - 99 Schafer et al. 1993

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardii S, U Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 3,020 Li et al. 2012b

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardii S, U Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr EC50(cell density) - 2,690 Li et al. 2013

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardii S, U Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr EC50(Chlorophyll a) - 1,820 Li et al. 2013

Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa - - - - Reduction in growth - 250 Hart and Scaife 1977

Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa S, U Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 5,170 Li et al. 2012b
E-4

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa S, U Cadmium chloride - 96 hr Reduced O2 evolution - 2,810 Wang et al. 2013

Green alga,

Chlorella saccharophila -

Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50 - 105 Rachlin et al. 1984

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris - - - -

EC50

(growth) - 50 Hutchinson and Stokes 1975

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris -

Cadmium 

chloride - -

EC50

(growth) - 60 Rosko and Rachlin 1977

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris -

Cadmium 

chloride 50 96 hr EC50(growth) - 3,700 Canton and Slooff 1982

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris S, U Cadmium sulfate - 15 d Growth <17.99-17.99 <17.99 Awasthi and Das 2005

Green alga

(South Laguna de Bay strain),

Chlorella vulgaris

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 12 d EC50(growth) - 1,850 Nacorda et al. 2007

Green alga

(West Laguna de Bay strain),

Chlorella vulgaris

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 12 d EC50(growth) - 2,500 Nacorda et al. 2007

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris S, U Cadmium chloride - 7 d Stimulated growth <562.1-562.1 <562.1 Huang et al. 2009

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. -

Cadmium 

chloride - - 42% reduction in growth - 2,500 Devi Prasad and Devi Prasad 1982

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. S, U Cadmium chloride - 10 d Growth 1,000-5,000 2,236 Qiu et al. 2006

Green alga,

Gonium pectorale S, U Cadmium chloride - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 109 Pereira et al. 2005

Green alga,

Parachlorell kessleri S, M - - 5 d Growth and chlorophyll a content 2-8 4.000 Ngo et al. 2009
E-5

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

S, U Cadmium 

chloride 171 96 hr EC50(growth) - 130 Versteeg 1990

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

-

Cadmium 

chloride - - Reduction in growth - 50 Bartlett et al. 1974

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

-

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Reduction in growth - 255 Slooff et al. 1983a

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 10,500 Bozeman et al. 1989

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 23.2 Thellen et al. 1989

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

S, M Cadmium 

nitrate - 96 hr IC50(growth rate) - 67.44 Rodgher et al. 2012

Green alga,

Scenedesmus obliquus -

Cadmium 

chloride - - 39% reduction in growth - 2,500 Devi Prasad and Devi Prasad 1982

Green alga,

Scenedesmus obliquus S, U Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 2,660 Li et al. 2012b

Green alga,

Scenedesmus quadricauda -

Cadmium 

chloride - - Reduction in cell count - 6.1 Klass et al. 1974

Green alga,

Scenedesmus quadricauda -

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Incipient inhibition - 310 Bringmann and Kuhn 1977a,c

Green alga,

Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Cadmium chloride - 144 hr Growth rate and chlorophyll a concentration <50-50 <50 Mohammed and Markert 2006

Green alga,

Spirogyra decimina S, U Cadmium chloride - 96 hr Growth <1,124.1-1,124.1 <1,124.1 Pribyl et al. 2005

Duckweed,

Lemna gibba S, M Cadmium nitrate - 7 d EC50(growth) - 800 Devi et al. 1996
E-6

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Duckweed,

Lemna gibba S, M Cadmium chloride - 96 hr Growth <1-1 <1 Megateli et al. 2009

Duckweed,

Lemna gibba S, U Cadmium sulfate - 96 hr Total chlorophyll 100-500 223.6 Doganlar 2013

Duckweed,

Lemna gibba R, U Cadmium nitrate - 7 d Reduced chlorophyll pigment - 5,000 Uruc Parlak and Yilmaz 2013

Duckweed,

Lemna minor R, M Cadmium chloride 39 96 hr Reduced chlorophyll - 54 Taraldsen and NorbergKing 1990

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U - - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 200 Wang 1986

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium chloride - 9 d Chlorosis symptoms <112.41-112.41 <112.41 Paczkowska et al. 2007

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium chloride - 9 d Growth 112.41-562.05 251.4 Paczkowska et al. 2007

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium sulfate - 7 d EC50(growth) - <2,500 Uysal and Taner 2007

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium chloride - 7 d Growth rate, chlorosis 11.24-112.4 35.54 Razinger et al. 2008

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium chloride - 7 d EC20(frond abscission) - 56.0 Henke et al. 2011

Duckweed,

Lemna minor R, M Cadmium chloride - 7 d EC50(growth) - 112.4 Basile et al. 2012

Duckweed,

Lemna minor S, U Cadmium sulfate - 96 hr Total chlorophyll 500-1,500 866.0 Doganlar 2013

Duckweed,

Lemna triscula S, U Cadmium sulfate - 7 d LOEC(Chl a reduction) - 112.4 Malec et al. 2010

Duckweed,

Lemna valdiviana -

Cadmium 

nitrate - -

Reduction in number of 

fronds - 10 Hutchinson and Czyrska 1972

Giant duckweed,

Spirodela polyrrhiza R, U Cadmium sulfate - 28 d Growth <7.63-7.63 <7.63 Sajwan and Ornes 1994

Giant duckweed,

Spirodela polyrrhiza S, U Cadmium chloride - 7 d Multiplication rate and fresh weight <1,000-1,000 <1,000 Singh et al. 2011
E-7

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Giant duckweed,

Spirodela polyrrhiza S, U Cadmium sulfate - 96 hr Total chlorophyll 10-50 22.36 Doganlar 2013

Duckweed,

Wolffia arrhiza S, M Cadmium nitrate - 7 d Fresh weight 112.41-1,124.1 355.5 Piotrowska et al. 2010

Duckweed,

Wolffia arrhiza S, M Cadmium nitrate - 14 d Fresh weight <112.41-112.41 <112.41 Piotrowska et al. 2010

Duckweed (3 wk),

Wolffia globosa S, U Cadmium chloride - 12 d Algal lethal - 8,000 Boonyapookana et al. 2002

Duckweed (3 wk),

Wolffia globosa S, U Cadmium chloride - 9 d EC50(biomass) - 1,500 Boonyapookana et al. 2002

Duckweed (3 wk),

Wolffia globosa S, U Cadmium chloride - 9 d EC50(total chlorophyll content) - 500 Boonyapookana et al. 2002

Pondweed,

Elodea canadensis R, M Cadmium chloride - 7 d EC50(growth) - 112.4 Basile et al. 2012

Feathered fern,

Azolla pinnata S, U - - 96 hr Decrease chlorophyll 100-500 223.6 Prasad and Singh 2011

Macrophyte,

Bacopa monnieri R, M Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr Cysteine content in roots 1,124.1-5,620.5 2,514 Singh et al. 2006

Macrophyte,

Bacopa monnieri R, M Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr TBARS content in leaves and roots

1,124.1-

5,620.5 2,514 Singh et al. 2006

Macrophyte,

Bacopa monnieri R, M Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr Cysteine content in leaves <1,124.1-1,124.1 <1,124.1 Singh et al. 2006

Water hyacinth (mature),

Eichhornia crassipes S, U Cadmium nitrate - 16 d Growth 2,500-4,000 3,162 Hasan et al. 2007

Moss,

Leptodictyum riparium R, M Cadmium chloride - 7 d EC50(growth) - 562.5 Basile et al. 2012
E-8

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Crome sphagnum 

(young shorts),

Sphagnum squarrosum

S, U Cadmium 

chloride - 25 d LOEC(reduced chlorophyll) - 1,124 Saxena and Saxena 2012

Eurasian watermilfoil,

Myriophyllum spicatum - - - 32 d EC50(root weigtht) - 7,400 Stanley 1974

Water lettuce,

Pistia stratiotes R, U Cadmium chloride - 21 d Growth 8.993-17.98 12.72 Wang et al. 2010b

Macrophyte,

Potamogeton crispus R, U Cadmium chloride - 7 d

Decreased chlorophyll a, b 

and carotenoid pigments in 

leaves

<2,248-2,248 <2,248 Xu et al. 2012

Sage pond weed,

Potamogeton pectinatus S, M Cadmium chloride - 96 hr Chlorophyll a content 2,810-5,620 3,974 Rai et al. 2003

Aquatic fern,

Salvinia cucullata S, U Cadmium chloride - 8 d % biomass, total chlorophyll content <500-500 <500 Phetsombat et al. 2006

Fern,

Salvina natans -

Cadmium 

nitrate - -

Reduction in number of 

fronds - 10 Hutchincon and Czyrska 1972

Macrophyte,

Vallisneria spiralis S, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d Growth 4.496-8.993 6.359 Wang et al. 2009e

a

S=static, R=renewal; F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured
F-1

Appendix F Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data
F-2

Appendix F: Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits 

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Diatom,

Asterionella japonica -

Cadmium 

chloride - 72 hr EC50(growth rate) - 224.8 Fisher and Jones 1981

Diatom,

Chaetoceros calcitrans S, U Cadmium chloride 30 96 hr EC50(growth) - 50-70 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Ditylum brightwellii -

Cadmium 

chloride - 5 d EC50(growth) - 60 Canterford and Canterford 1980

Diatom,

Isochrysis galbana S, U Cadmium chloride 30 96 hr EC50(growth-well test) - 50-70 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Isochrysis galbana S, U Cadmium chloride 30 96 hr EC50(growth-shaken flask) - 60 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Phaeodactylum tricornutum S, U Cadmium chloride 35 96 hr EC50(growth) - 22,390 Torres et al. 1998

Diatom (3-5 d),

Phaeodactylum tricornutum S, U Cadmium nitrate - 96 hr EC50(growth) - 15,720 Horvatic and Persic 2007

Diatom (3-5 d),

Phaeodactylum tricornutum S, U Cadmium nitrate - 336 hr EC50(growth) - 7,560,000 Horvatic and Persic 2007

Dinoflagellate,

Prorocentrum minimum S, U - - 96 hr EC50(growth, nutrient rich medium) - 674.5 Miao and Wang 2006

Dinoflagellate,

Prorocentrum minimum S, U - - 96 hr EC50(growth, P-starved medium) - 113.5 Miao and Wang 2006

Diatom,

Skeletonema costatum -

Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50(growth rate) - 175 Gentile and Johnson 1982

Diatom,

Tetraselmis sp. S, U Cadmium chloride 30 96 hr EC50(growth-well test) - 3,900-7,500 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Tetraselmis sp. S, U Cadmium chloride 30 96 hr EC50(growth-shaken flask) - 5,199 Ismail et al. 2002
F-3

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits 

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Diatom,

Tetraselmis tetrahele S, U Cadmium chloride 30 96 hr EC50(growth-well test) - 4,500-5,800 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Tetraselmis tetrahele S, U Cadmium chloride 30 96 hr EC50(growth-shaken flask) - 6,900 Ismail et al. 2002

Diatom,

Thalassiosira 

nordenskioeldii

S, U - - 15 d IC50

(growth) - 67.00 Wang and Wang 2011

Diatom,

Thalassiosira pseudonana -

Cadmium 

chloride - 96 hr EC50(growth rate) - 160 Gentile and Johnson 1982

Green alga,

Cladophora rupestris R, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41-1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009

Green alga,

Dunaliella viridis S, U Cadmium chloride 35 10 d Chlorophyll production 5-10 7.071 Marcano et al. 2009

Green alga,

Scenedesmus sp. S, U Cadmium chloride 35 10 d Chlorophyll production 5-10 7.071 Marcano et al. 2009

Green alga,

Ulva intestinalis R, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d NOEC(growth) >1,124.1 >1,124.1 Baumann et al. 2009

Green alga,

Ulva pertusa S, U - 35 5 d EC50(growth) - 326 Han and Choi 2005

Green alga,

Ulva pertusa S, U - 35 5 d Sporulation inhibition 63->63 >63 Han and Choi 2005

Green alga,

Ulva pertusa S, U - 35 96 hr EC50(spore inhibition) - 95 Han et al. 2008

Brown alga,

Ascophyllum nodosum R, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d NOEC(growth) >1,124.1 >1,124.1 Baumann et al. 2009

Brown alga,

Fucus vesiculosus R, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41-1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009
F-4

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity

(g/kg) Duration Effect

Chronic 

Limits 

(μg/L)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Kelp,

Laminana saccharina -

Cadmium 

chloride - 8 d EC50(growth rate) - 860 Markham et al. 1980

Red alga,

Champia parvula -

Cadmium 

chloride - - Reduced tetrasporophyte growth - 24.9 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga,

Champia parvula -

Cadmium 

chloride - -

Reduced tetrasporangia 

production - >189 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga,

Champia parvula -

Cadmium 

chloride - - Reduced female growth - 22.8 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga,

Champia parvula -

Cadmium 

chloride - - Stopped sexual production - 22.8 Steele and Thursby 1983

Red alga,

Champia parvula R, U Cadmium chloride 28-30 14 d Sexual reproduction 77->77 >77 Thursby and Steele 1986

Red alga,

Chondrus crispus R, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d NOEC(growth) >1,124.1 >1,124.1 Baumann et al. 2009

Red alga,

Gracilaria lemaneiformis S, U - - 96 hr Growth 5,620-11,241 7,948 Xia et al. 2004

Red alga,

Hypnea musciformis S, U Cadmium chloride 34 7 d

LOEC

(Chl a)

- 5,620 Bouzon et al. 2011

Red alga,

Palmaria palmata R, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41-1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009

Red alga,

Polysiphonia lanosa R, U Cadmium chloride - 14 d Growth 112.41-1,124.1 355.5 Baumann et al. 2009

a

S=static, R=renewal; F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured
G-1

Appendix G Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data
G-2

Appendix G: Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data

(Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

FRESHWATER

Aufwuchs 

(attached microscopic plants 

and animals)

Cadmium 

chloride - - - - 365 720 Giesy et al. 1979

Aufwuchs 

(attached microscopic plants 

and animals)

Cadmium 

chloride - - - - 365 580 Giesy et al. 1979

Duckweed,

Lemna valdiviana

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Whole plant - 21 603 Hutchinson and Czyrska 1972

Fern,

Salvinia natans

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Whole plant - 21 960 Hutchinson and Czyrska 1972

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 4.6 140 Whole body 51.3(dry wt.) 87 2,230 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 32.4 140 Whole body 156.4(dry wt.) 87 965 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 57.4 140 Whole body 533.1(dry wt.) 87 1,857 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 86.9 140 Whole body 649.9(dry wt.) 87 1,496 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 107.6 140 Whole body 739.2(dry wt.) 87 1,374 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 153 140 Whole body 989.3(dry wt.) 87 1,293 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 205.3 140 Whole body 1,620.6(dry wt.) 87 1,579 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 0.3 22 Whole body 15.9(dry wt.) 28 10,600 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 0.5 22 Whole body 21.6(dry wt.) 28 8,640 Straus 2011

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus - 1.3 22 Whole body 45.5(dry wt.) 28 7,000 Straus 2011
G

-3

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO

3

) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),

Lumbriculus variegatus

- 2.3 22 Whole body 99.4

(dry wt.) 28 8,643 Straus 2011

Pond snail 

(juvenile, 4-5 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 0.35 20.5(20-21) Soft tissue 25(dry wt.) 28 d 14,285 Pais 2012

Pond snail 

(juvenile, 4-5 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 0.53 20.5(20-21) Soft tissue 30(dry wt.) 28 d 11,320 Pais 2012

Pond snail 

(juvenile, 4-5 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 1.41 20.5(20-21) Soft tissue 61(dry wt.) 28 d 8,652 Pais 2012

Pond snail

(juvenile, 4-5 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 2.51 20.5(20-21) Soft tissue 117(dry wt.) 28 d 9,322 Pais 2012

Snail,

Physa integra

Cadmium 

chloride

-- Whole body- 28 1,750 Spehar et al. 1978

Snail (1 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 71 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (1 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 74 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (1 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 109 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (2 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 28 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (2 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 42 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (2 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 60 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (3 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 27 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (3 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 42 Tessier et al. 1994a
G

-4

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO

3

) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Snail (3 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 26 Tessier et al. 1994a

Snail (1 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 10

- Soft tissue- 60 6,910 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (1 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 50

- Soft tissue- 60 2,238 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (2 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 10

- Soft tissue- 60 1,758 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (2 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 50

- Soft tissue- 60 758 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (3 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 10

- Soft tissue- 60 1,258 Tessier et al. 1994b

Snail (3 yr),

Viviparus georgianus

Cadmium 

chloride 50

- Soft tissue- 60 617 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (0-74 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 15 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (0-74 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 16 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (0-74 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 28 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (74-86 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(10oC) Soft tissue

- 20 16 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (74-86 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(15oC) Soft tissue

- 20 16 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (74-86 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(25oC) Soft tissue

- 20 14 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (86-100 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(10oC) Soft tissue

- 208 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (86-100 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(15oC) Soft tissue

- 207 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (86-100 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 100

-

(25oC) Soft tissue

- 208 Tessier et al. 1994a

Mussel (0-74 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 10

- Soft tissue- 60 1,256 Tessier et al. 1994b
G-5

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Mussel (0-74 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 50 - Soft tissue - 60 918 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (74-86 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 10 - Soft tissue - 60 945 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (74-86 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 50 - Soft tissue - 60 613 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (86-100 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 10 - Soft tissue - 60 574 Tessier et al. 1994b

Mussel (86-100 mm),

Elliptio complanata

Cadmium 

chloride 50 - Soft tissue - 60 254 Tessier et al. 1994b

Zebra mussel (19-25 mm),

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 2.2 - Whole body 22(dry wt.) 31 2,000 Voets et al. 2004

Zebra mussel (19-25 mm),

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 7.3 - Whole body 42.7(dry wt.) 31 1,170 Voets et al. 2004

Zebra mussel (19-25 mm),

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 23.9 - Whole body 129.3(dry wt.) 31 1,082 Voets et al. 2004

Asian clam,

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

sulfate - - Whole body - 28 3,770 Graney et al. 1983

Asian clam,

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

sulfate - - Whole body - 28 1,752 Graney et al. 1983

Asian clam (adult),

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

chloride 3 55.8 Whole body 175(dry wt.) 28 11,667 Barfield et al. 2001

Asian clam (adult),

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

chloride 5 55.8 Whole body 227.4(dry wt.) 28 9,096 Barfield et al. 2001

Asian clam (adult),

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

chloride 9.2 55.8 Whole body 175(dry wt.) 28 3,804 Barfield et al. 2001

Asian clam (adult),

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

chloride 20.2 55.8 Whole body 175(dry wt.) 28 1,733 Barfield et al. 2001

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate - - Whole body - 2-4 320 Poldoski 1979

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate - - Whole body - 7 484 Winner 1984
G-6

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

sulfate 0.48 162.7 Whole body 0.59(wet wt.) 28 1,229 Stanley et al. 2005

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

sulfate 5.09 162.7 Whole body 41.18(wet wt.) 28 8,090 Stanley et al. 2005

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca - 0.3 22 Whole body 98.4(dry wt.) 28 65,600 Straus 2011

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca - 0.5 22 Whole body 145.0(dry wt.) 28 58,000 Straus 2011

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca - 1.25 140 Whole body 82.4(dry wt.) 21 13,184 Straus 2011

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca - 2.5 140 Whole body 128.3(dry wt.) 21 10,264 Straus 2011

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca - 5 140 Whole body 106.7(dry wt.) 21 4,268 Straus 2011

Amphipod (2-9 d, neonate),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 0.64 90 Whole body 15(dry wt.) 28 d 4,688 Pais 2012

Amphipod (2-9 d, neonate),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 1.38 90 Whole body 110(dry wt.) 28 d 15,942 Pais 2012

Amphipod (2-9 d, neonate),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 2.65 90 Whole body 145(dry wt.) 28 d 10,943 Pais 2012

Crayfish,

Orconectes propinquus - - - Whole body - 8 184 Gillespie et al. 1977

Mayfly,

Ephemeroptera sp.

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 1,630 Giesy et al. 1979

Mayfly,

Ephemeroptera sp.

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 3,520 Giesy et al. 1979

Dragonfly,

Pantala hymenea

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 736 Giesy et al. 1979

Dragonfly,

Pantala hymenea

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 3,520 Giesy et al. 1979

Damselfly,

Ischnura sp.

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 1,300 Giesy et al. 1979
G-7

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Damselfly,

Ischnura sp.

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 928 Giesy et al. 1979

Stonefly,

Pteronarcys dorsata

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 28 373 Spehar et al. 1978

Beetle,

Dytiscidae

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 164 Giesy et al. 1979

Beetle,

Dytiscidae

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 260 Giesy et al. 1979

Caddisfly,

Hydropsyche sp.

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 2-8 228.2 Dressing et al. 1982

Caddisfly,

Hydropsyche betteni

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 28 4,190 Spehar et al. 1978

Biting midge,

Ceratopogonidae

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 936 Giesy et al. 1979

Biting midge,

Ceratopogonidae

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 662 Giesy et al. 1979

Midge,

Chironomidae

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 2,200 Giesy et al. 1979

Midge,

Chironomidae

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 365 1,830 Giesy et al. 1979

Midge,

Chironomus riparius - 10,000 - Whole body - 28 1,370 Timmermans et al. 1992

Lake whitefish,

Coregonus clupeaformis

Cadmium 

chloride 2.07 82.5 Whole body - 72 42 Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss - - - Whole body - 140 540 Kumada et al. 1973
G-8

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 70 33 Kumada et al. 1980

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 3.39 82.5 Whole body - 72 55 Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 1.8 250 Muscle - 231 333 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 3.4 250 Muscle - 231 294 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 5.5 250 Muscle - 231 509 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 1.8 250 Muscle - 455 89 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 3.4 250 Muscle - 455 182 Brown et al. 1994

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 5.5 250 Muscle - 455 127 Brown et al. 1994

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar

Cadmium 

chloride 0.87 -(pH=6.8) Whole body - 91 229 Peterson et al. 1985

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar

Cadmium 

chloride 1.74 -(pH=6.8) Whole body - 91 176 Peterson et al. 1985

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar

Cadmium 

chloride 1.01 -(pH=4.5) Whole body - 91 4 Peterson et al. 1985

Atlantic salmon (egg),

Salmo salar

Cadmium 

chloride 2.09 -(pH=4.5) Whole body - 91 7 Peterson et al. 1985

Brookl trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis

Cadmium 

chloride - - Muscle - 490 3 Benoit et al. 1976

Brook trout,

Salvelinusfontinalis

Cadmium 

chloride - - Muscle - 84 151 Benoit et al. 1976

Bull trout,

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride - - Muscle - 93 22 Sangalang and Freeman 1979

Bull trout

(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 0.052 30.6 Whole body 0.170(dry wt.) 55 817 Hansen et al. 2002a
G-9

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Bull trout

(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 0.089 30.6 Whole body 0.204(dry wt.) 55 573 Hansen et al. 2002a

Bull trout

(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 0.197 30.6 Whole body 0.379(dry wt.) 55 481 Hansen et al. 2002a

Bull trout

(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 0.383 30.6 Whole body 0.572(dry wt.) 55 373 Hansen et al. 2002a

Bull trout

(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 0.786 30.6 Whole body 0.913(dry wt.) 55 290 Hansen et al. 2002a

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis

Cadmium 

chloride - -

Whole body

(estimated steady 

state)

- 180 2,213 Giesy et al. 1979

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis

Cadmium 

chloride - -

Whole body

(estimated steady 

state)

- 180 1,891 Giesy et al. 1979

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata - - - Whole body - 32 280 Canton and Sloof 1982

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 0.8 134 Whole body - 28 113 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 1.8 134 Whole body - 28 78 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 2.2 134 Whole body - 28 86 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 2.8 134 Whole body - 28 68 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 3.6 134 Whole body - 28 67 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 4.4 134 Whole body - 28 66 Cope et al. 1994
G

-10

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO

3

) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 5.2 134 Whole body

- 28 69 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 6.2 134 Whole body

- 28 50 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 7.7 134 Whole body

- 28 48 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 8.4 134 Whole body

- 28 62 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 13.2 134 Whole body

- 28 55 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 16.1 134 Whole body

- 28 37 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 19.7 134 Whole body

- 28 34 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill sunfish,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 32.3 134 Whole body

- 28 41 Cope et al. 1994

Blue tilapia,

Tilapia aurea

Cadmium 

nitrate 6.8 145 Muscle

- 112 17.6 Papoutsoglou and Abel 

1988

Blue tilapia,

Tilapia aurea

Cadmium 

nitrate 14 145 Muscle

- 112 16.4 Papoutsoglou and Abel 

1988

Blue tilapia,

Tilapia aurea

Cadmium 

nitrate 28 145 Muscle

- 112 25.7 Papoutsoglou and Abel 

1988

Blue tilapia,

Tilapia aurea

Cadmium 

nitrate 52 145 Muscle

- 112 17.7 Papoutsoglou and Abel 

1988

African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis

--- Whole body- 100 130 Canton and Sloof 1982

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 0.1

- Whole body 2.5

(dry wt.) 47 6,250 Sharma and Patino 2008

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 0.8

- Whole body 6.6

(dry wt.) 47 2,063 Sharma and Patino 2008
G-11

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3) Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g)

Duration 

(days)

BCF or 

BAF Reference

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 8 - Whole body 8.4(dry wt.) 47 263 Sharma and Patino 2008

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 84 - Whole body 14(dry wt.) 47 42 Sharma and Patino 2008

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 855 - Whole body 100(dry wt.) 47 29 Sharma and Patino 2008

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L) Salinity Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g) Duration

BCF or 

BAF Reference

ESTUARINE/MARINE WATER

Polychaete worm,

Ophryotrocha diadema

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 64 3,160 Klockner 1979

Common bay mussel,

Mytilus edulis

Cadmium 

chloride - - Soft parts - 35 306 Phillips 1976

Common bay mussel,

Mytilus edulis

Cadmium 

chloride - - Soft parts - 28 113 George and Coombs 1977

Common bay mussel

(adult, 40-50 mm),

Mytilus edulis

Cadmium 

chloride

3.3

(dissolved)

-

(6oC) Whole body 8(dry wt.) 28 485 Mubiana and Blust 2007

Common bay mussel

(adult, 40-50 mm),

Mytilus edulis

Cadmium 

chloride

3.1

(dissolved)

-

(16oC) Whole body 16(dry wt.) 28 1,032 Mubiana and Blust 2007

Common bay mussel

(adult, 40-50 mm),

Mytilus edulis

Cadmium 

chloride

3.2

(dissolved)

-

(26oC) Whole body 21(dry wt.) 28 1,313 Mubiana and Blust 2007

Common bay mussel

(9.5 g, 43.2 cm),

Mytilus edulis

Cadmium 

chloride 55.9 - Soft tissue 85(dry wt.) 14 Amachree et al. 2013
G-12

Species Chemical

Concentration 

in water

(μg/L) Salinity Tissue

Concentration 

(μg/g) Duration

BCF or 

BAF Reference

Bay scallop,

Argopecten irradians

Cadmium 

chloride - - Muscle - 42 2,040 Pesch and Stewart 1980

Eastern oyster,

Crassostrea virginica

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Soft parts - 98 1,220 Schuster and Pringle 1969

Eastern oyster,

Crassostrea virginica

Cadmium 

chloride - - Soft parts - 280 2,150 Zaroogian and Cheer 1976

Eastern oyster,

Crassostrea virginica

Cadmium 

chloride - - Soft parts - 280 1,830 Zaroogian 1979

Soft-shell clam,

Mya arenaria

Cadmium 

nitrate - - Soft parts - 70 160 Pringle et al. 1968

Pink shrimp,

Penaeus duorarum

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 30 57 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Grass shrimp,

Paleomonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 28 203 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Grass shrimp,

Paleomonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 42 22 Pesch and Stewart 1980

Grass shrimp,

Paleomonetes vulgaris

Cadmium 

chloride - - Whole body - 28 307 Nimmo et al. 1977b

Green crab,

Carcinus maenas

Cadmium 

chloride - - Muscle - 68 5 Wright 1977

Green crab,

Carcinus maenas

Cadmium 

chloride - - Muscle - 40 7

Jennings and Rainbow 

1979a
H-1

Appendix H Other Freshwater Toxicity Data
H-2

Appendix H: Other Freshwater Toxicity Data

(Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

FRESHWATER

Mixed natural fungi and 

bacterial colonies on leaf litter

Cadmium 

chloride 196 d 10.7 Inhibition of leaf decomposition 5 Giesy 1978 Mixed community exposure

Mixed algal species Cadmium 

chloride - 11.1 Significant reduction in population 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Mixed community exposure

Mixed algal species Cadmium 

chloride 10 d - Growth inhibition 50 Lasheen et al. 1990 Mixed community exposure

Phytoplankton community - 7 week -

Positive biodiversityproduction relationship 120,000 Li et al. 2010b Mixed community 

exposure

Stream microcosm Cadmium 

nitrate 21 d -

No effect on periphyton 

structure, but adverse 

effects on invertebrate 

grazers and collectors

22 Selby et al. 1985 Mixed community 

exposure

Mixed zooplankton community - 14 d 60% reduced biomass 1

Lawrence and 

Holoka 1987

Mixed community 

exposure

Mixed macro-invertebrates Cadmium 

chloride 52 wk 11.1 Reduced taxa 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Mixed community exposure

Blue-green alga,

Microcystis aeruginosa

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 0.56 Guanzon et al. 1994 Duration

Blue-green alga,

Microcystis aeruginosa - 48 hr -

EC50

(growth, non-toxic strain) 19.78 Zeng et al. 2009 Duration

Blue-green alga,

Microcystis aeruginosa - 48 hr -

EC50

(growth, toxic strain) 11.58 Zeng et al. 2009 Duration

Cyanobacteria,

Anacystis nidulans

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d - No growth 50,000 Lee et al. 1992

Cyanobacteria,

Synechococcus sp. - - EC50 5,400 Satoh et al. 2005

Cyanobacteria,

Synechococcus sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr - Reduced growth 562 Toth et al. 2012
H-3

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Diatom,

Entomoneis cf punctulata

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr -

EC50

(fluorescence inhibition) 3,700 Adams and Stauber 2004 Duration

Diatom,

Entomoneis cf punctulata

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 2,400 Adams and Stauber 2004 Duration

Green alga,

Acetabularia acetabulum

Cadmium 

chloride 3 wk - Morphological deformities 100 Karez et al. 1989

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas acidophila

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 1,562 Nishikawa and Tominaga 2001 Duration

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 789 Schafer et al. 1994 Duration

Green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - 24 hr -

NOEC-LOEC

(specific growth rate) 2.248-4.496 Stoiber et al. 2010 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(growth-batch test) 170 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(growth-continuous test) 28 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris

Cadmium 

nitrate 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 50,000 Wren and McCarroll 1990 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr -

Reduced progeny 

formation 100 Wilczok et al. 1994 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -

LOEC

(reduced nitrate reductase 

activity)

17.99 Awasthi and Das 

2005

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 11,200 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorococcum littorale - 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 9,700 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga,

Prasinococcus sp. - 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 5,900 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration
H-4

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

nitrate 5 d -

LOEC

(growth) 30 Thompson and Couture 1991

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 24.2 EC50(cell counts) 20.6 Radetski et al. 1995 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 24.2 EC50(cell counts) 42.7 Radetski et al. 1995 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 72 hr -

EC50

(cell number) 164 Van der Heever and Grobbelaar 1996 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 72 hr -

EC50

(chlorophyll) 97 Van der Heever and Grobbelaar 1996 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 3.5 EC50(growth rate) 31 Kallqvist 2009 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 13.5 EC50(growth rate) 62 Kallqvist 2009 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 43.5 EC50(growth rate) 131 Kallqvist 2009 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 24 hr -

EC50

(growth rate-total cell 

volume)

82 Chao and Chen 

2001 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 24 hr -

EC50

(growth rate-cell density) 13 Chao and Chen 2001 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 72 hr -

EC50

(cell division) 15 Franklin et al. 2001

Duration too short; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 15,370 Bascik-Remisiewicz and Tukaj 2002 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 18,000 Bascik-Remisiewicz and Tukaj 2002 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 16,440 Bascik-Remisiewicz and Tukaj 2002 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Cadmium 

chloride 60 min -

EC50

(photosynthesis inhibition) 200 Koukal et al. 2003 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 48 hr -

EC50

(growth) 35 Lin et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 48 hr -

EC50

(cell density) 25 Lin et al. 2005 Duration
H-5

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - 48 hr -

EC50

(D.O. production) 80 Lin et al. 2005 Duration

Green alga,

Scenedesmus dimorphus

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 11.3 LC50(density) 63 Ghosh et al. 1990 Duration

Green alga,

Scenedesmus quadricauda

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr -

Incipient inhibition

(river water) 100 Bringmann and Kuhn 1959a;b

Green alga,

Scenedesmus quadricauda

Cadmium 

chloride 20 d - LC50 9 Fargasova 1993

Green alga,

Scenedesmus quadricauda

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 1.9 Guanzon et al. 1994 Duration

Green alga,

Stichococcus bacillaris

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - Reduced growth 5,000 Skowronski et al. 1985

Duckweed,

Lemna minor - 10 d -

EC50

(frond production) 191 Smith and Kwan 1989

Duckweed,

Lemna minor

Cadmium 

sulfate 48 hr -

NOEC-LOEC

(relative pigment 

concentration)

562,050-

1,124,100 Prasad et al. 2001 Duration

Duckweed,

Lemna minor

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 57,000 Drinovec et al. 2004 Duration

Duckweed,

Lemna pavcicostata

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

NOEC-LOEC

(increase colony break-up) 44.96-89.93 Li and Xiong 2004 Duration

Giant duckweed,

Spirodela polyrrhiza - 12 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(inhibit chlorophyll 

synthesis)

100-500 Rolli et al. 2010 Lack of exposure 

details

Duckweed,

Spirodela punctata - 30 d - Reduced growth rate 25 Outridge 1992

Fungi,

Cylindrotheca sp. - 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 9,300 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration
H-6

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Garden cress (seeds),

Lepidium sativum

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 33,723 Gianazza et al. 2007 Duration

Water fern,

Salvinia minima - 30 d - Reduced growth rate 10 Outridge 1992

Bacteria,

Escherichia coli

Cadmium 

chloride - - Incipient inhibition 150 Bringmann and Kuhn 1959a,b Bacteria

Bacteria,

Salmonella typhimurium

Cadmium 

chloride 8 hr 50 EC50(growth inhibition) 10,400 Canton and Slooff 1982 Bacteria

Bacteria,

Pseudomonas putida

Cadmium 

chloride 16 hr - Incipient inhibition 80

Bringmann and 

Kuhn 1976; 

1977a,c; 1979; 

1980b

Bacteria

Bacteria,

Vibrio fischeri

Cadmium 

chloride 30 min - EC50 14,240 Macken et al. 2009 Bacteria

Bacteria (6 species) Cadmium 

chloride 18 hr - Reduced growth 5,000 Seyfreid and Horgan 1983 Bacteria

Protozoan community Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 70 EC50(number of species) 4,600 Niederlehner et al. 1985 Protozoan

Protozoan community Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 70 EC20(colonization) 1

Niederlehner et al. 

1985 Protozoan

Protozoan community Cadmium 

chloride 10 d - Reduced biomass 1

Fernandez-Leborans 

and Novillo-Villajos 

1993

Protozoan

Protozoan,

Chilomonas paramecium

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - Incipient inhibition 160 Bringmann et al. 1980 Protozoan

Ciliate,

Colpidium campylum

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 75 Dive et al. 1989 Protozoan
H-7

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Protozoan,

Colpidium colpoda

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 890 Madoni and Romeo 2006 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Colpoda steinii - 24 hr - LC50 500 Martin-Gonzalez et al. 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Cyrtolophosis elongata - 24 hr - LC50 2,000 Martin-Gonzalez et al. 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Dexiotricha granulosa

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 300 Madoni and Romeo 2006 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Drepanomonas revoluta - 24 hr - LC50 2,000 Martin-Gonzalez et al. 2005 Protozoan

Protozoa,

Entosiphon sulcatum

Cadmium 

nitrate 72 hr - Incipient inhibition 11

Bringmann 1978; 

Bringmann and 

Kuhn 1979; 1980b; 

1981

Protozoan

Protozoa,

Euglena gracilis

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr -

EC50

(motility) 860 Ahmed and Hader 2010 Protozoan

Protozoa,

Euplotes aediculatus

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 590 Madoni and Romeo 2006 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Halteria grandinella

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 103 LC50 70 Madoni and Romeo 2006 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Microregma heterostoma

Cadmium 

chloride 28 hr - Incipient inhibition 100 Brinmgmann and Kuhn 1959b Protozoan

Protozoan,

Spirostomum ambiguum

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 28 LC50 78.1 Nalecz-Jawecki et al. 1993 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Spirostomum ambiguum

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 250 LC50 5,270 Nalecz-Jawecki et al. 1993 Protozoan
H-8

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Protozoan,

Spirostomum ambiguum

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - LC50 168 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki 1998 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Spirostomum ambiguum

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr <10 LC50 160 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Spirostomum ambiguum

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr <10 EC50(deformity) 130 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Spirostomum ambiguum

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 200 LC50 3,870 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Spirostomum ambiguum

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 200 EC50(deformity) 3,250 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Spirostomum teres

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 1,950 Twagilimana et al. 1998 Protozoan

Ciliate,

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cadmium 

chloride 90 min - Reduced locomotor rate 750 Bergquist andBovee 1976 Protozoan

Ciliate,

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cadmium 

chloride 60 min -

Decrease in swimming 

rate 1,000 Bergquist and Bovee 1976 Protozoan

Ciliate,

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr - Growth inhibition 3,372 Krawczynska et al. 1989 Protozoan

Ciliate,

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cadmium 

acetate 30 min - Complete mortality 56,205 Larsen and Svensmark 1991 Protozoan

Ciliate,

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr -

EC50

(growth) 1,045 Schafer et al. 1994 Protozoan

Ciliate,

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cadmium 

chloride 9 hr -

IC50

(growth) 3,000 Sauvant et al. 1995 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Tetrahymena thermophila

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 195 Gallego et al. 2007 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Tetrahymena thermophila

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr <10 EC50(feeding inhibition) 130 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Tetrahymena thermophila

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr 200 EC50(feeding inhibition) 260 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki 2005 Protozoan

Protozoan,

Uronema parduezi

Cadmium 

nitrate 20 hr - Incipient inhibition 26 Bringmann and Kuhn 1980a; 1981 Protozoan
H-9

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Paramecium,

Paramecium caudatum

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d -

IC50

(growth) 94.40 Miyoshi et al. 2003 Protozoan

Paramecium,

Paramecium bursaria - 24 hr - LC50 640 Wanick et al. 2008 Protozoan

Paramecium,

Paramecium trichium

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d -

IC50

(growth) 11.71 Miyoshi et al. 2003 Protozoan

Heliozoon,

Raphidiophrys contractilis

Cadmium 

chloride 20 min -

LOEC

(axopodial degradation) 11.24 Khan et al. 2006a Protozoan

Hydra,

Hydra littoralis

Cadmium 

chloride 12 d 70 Reduced growth 20 Santiago-Fandino 1983

Duration; Exposure 

methods unknown

Hydra,

Hydra oligactis

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - LC50 583 Slooff 1983; Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Green hydra,

Hydra viridissima

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 19-20 NOEC-LOEC(population growth rate) 0.4-0.8 Holdway et al. 2001 Duration; Unmeasured exposure

Green hydra

(symbiotic, with algae),

Hydra viridissima

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 207 LC50 160 Karntanut and Pascoe 2005 Duration

Green hydra

(aposymbiotic, without algae),

Hydra viridissima

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 207 LC50 140 Karntanut and Pascoe 2005 Duration

Pink hydra,

Hydra vulgaris

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 19-20 LOEC(population growth rate) 12.5 Holdway et al. 2001 Duration; Unmeasured exposure

Planarian,

Dendrocoelum lacteum

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 122.8 LC50 46,000 Brown and Pascoe 1988 Duration

Planarian,

Dugesia lugubris

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - LC50 >20,000 Slooff 1983 Duration
H-10

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr 80-100 LC50 1,300 Snell et al. 1991a Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 80-100 EC50 70 Snell and Moffat 1992 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 80-100 Chronic value 60 Snell and Moffat 1992 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 250 EC50 120 Crisinel et al. 1994 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

chloride 35 min 170 NOEC(ingestion rate) 250.00 Juchelka and Snell 1994 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

nitrate 72 hr 80-100 Chronic value(asexual reproduction) 20 Snell and Carmona 1995 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

nitrate 72 hr 80-100 Chronic value(sexual reproduction) 20 Snell and Carmona 1995 Duration

Rotifer (<2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 80-100 EC50 10 Radix et al. 1999 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus calyciflorus

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - 180 Sarma et al. 2006 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus macracanthus

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 118.9 Nandini et al. 2007 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus macracanthus 

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d -

LOEC

(population growth) 0.383 Nandini et al. 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure

Rotifer,

Brachionus rubens

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 80-100 LC50 810 Snell and Persoone 1989a Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus rubens

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 80-100 NOEC(survival) 280 Snell and Persoone 1989a Duration

Rotifer,

Philodina acuticornis

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr Soft water EC50(death and immobility) 500 Buikema et al. 1973 Test species fed

Rotifer,

Philodina acuticornis

Cadmium 

sulfate 96 hr Soft water EC50(death and immobility) 200 Buikema et al. 1973 Test species fed

Rotifer,

Philodina acuticornis

Cadmium 

sulfate 96 hr Hard water EC50(death and immobility) 300 Buikema et al. 1973 Test species fed
H-11

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rotifer,

Streptocephalus rubricaudatus

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 250 EC50 250 Crisinel et al. 1994 Duration

Rotifer,

Thamnocephalus platyurus

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 80-100 LC50 400 Centeno et al. 1995 Duration

Parasite (embryo, blastula stage),

Chordodes nobilli

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 162 Infective capacity of larva 630 Achiorno et al. 2010 Atypical endpoint

Parasite (larva),

Chordodes nobilli

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 162 Infective capacity of larva 360 Achiorno et al. 2010 Atypical endpoint; Duration

Nematode,

Caenorhabditis elegans 

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - LC50 61 Williams and Dusenbery 1990 Test species fed

Nematode (adult),

Caenorhabditis elegans 

- 48 hr - 2,000 Cressman and 

Williams 1997 Duration

Nematode (adult),

Caenorhabditis elegans 

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(growth) 16,524 Anderson et al. 2001

Test species fed; 

Duration

Nematode (adult),

Caenorhabditis elegans 

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(movement) 18,772 Anderson et al. 2001

Test species fed; 

Duration

Nematode (adult),

Caenorhabditis elegans 

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(feeding) 14,388 Anderson et al. 2001

Test species fed; 

Duration

Nematode (adult),

Caenorhabditis elegans 

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr -

EC50

(reproduction) 16,973 Anderson et al. 2001

Test species fed; 

Duration

Nematode (L1 larva),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - LC50 66,884 Chu and Chow 2002 Test species fed; Duration

Nematode (adult),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - LC50 620,503 Chu and Chow 2002 Test species fed; Duration

Nematode (larva),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 169,920 Ura et al. 2002 Duration

Nematode (3 d),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 518,598 Roh et al. 2006 Duration

Nematode (L1-L4 larva),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 4 hr -

LOEC

(reproduction) 11,240 Guo et al. 2009 Duration

Nematode (adult),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr -

LOEC

(reproduction) 11,240 Guo et al. 2009 Duration

Nematode (L4 larva),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

EC50

(number of offsprings) 20,906 Boyd et al. 2010 Duration
H-12

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Nematode (L4 larva),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

EC50

(number of offsprings) 19,784 Boyd et al. 2010 Duration

Nematode (L4 larva),

Caenorhabditis elegans

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

EC50

(number of offsprings) 21,583 Boyd et al. 2010 Duration

Polychaete worm

(non-reproductive),

Aelosoma headleyi 

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 60-70 LC50 1,200 Niederlehner et al. 1984

Test species fed; 

Duration

Polychaete worm

(non-reproductive),

Aelosoma headleyi 

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160-190 LC50 4,980 Niederlehner et al. 1984

Test species fed; 

Duration

Oligochaete,

Aeolosoma headleyi

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 65(60-70)

NOEC-LOEC

(growth and reproduction) 17.2-36.9 Niederlehner et al. 1984 Duration

Oligochaete (adult) worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 44-47 LC50 158 Phipps et al. 1995 Duration

Oligochaete worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 270 Penttinen et al. 2011 Duration

Oligochaete worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 50 LC50 410 Penttinen et al. 2011 Duration

Oligochaete worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 250.25 LC50 2,161 Penttinen et al. 2011 Duration

Oligochaete,

Pristina sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 52 week 11.1 Population reduction 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Exposure methods unknown

Oligochate,

Prstina leidyi

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 95 LC50 215 Smith et al. 1991 Duration

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 224 LC50 320,000 Qureshi et al. 1980 Duration

Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 245 LC50 47,530 Khangarot 1991

Tubificid worm (adult, 4 cm),

Tubifex tubifex

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 4,900 Gerhardt 2009 Duration

Tubificid worm (adult, 4 cm),

Tubifex tubifex

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

EC50

(locomotion) 1,100 Gerhardt 2009 Duration
H-13

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Spire snail,

Amnicola limosa

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=3.5) LC50 6,350 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Spire snail,

Amnicola limosa

Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.0) LC50 3,800 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Spire snail,

Amnicola limosa

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.5) LC50 2,710 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Snail (egg, strain BS90),

Biomphalaria glabrata 

Cadmium 

chloride 3 mo -

LOEC

(hatching success) 1.14 Salice and Miller 2003

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Snail (egg, strain NMRI),

Biomphalaria glabrata 

Cadmium 

chloride 3 mo -

LOEC

(hatching success) 2.81 Salice and Miller 2003

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Pond snail (6-9 mo., 10.32 mm),

Lymnaea palustris

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d - LC50 >320 Coeurdassier et al. 2003

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Pond snail (6-9 mo., 10.32 mm),

Lymnaea palustris

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d -

EC50

(growth) 58.2 Coeurdassier et al. 2003

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Pond snail (6-9 mo., 10.32 mm),

Lymnaea palustris

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(reproduction) 40-80 Coeurdassier et al. 2003

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Pond snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - LC50 583 Slooff 1983; Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Pond snail (6-9 mo., 20.62 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d -

EC50

(growth) 142.2 Coeurdassier et al. 2003

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Pond snail (5 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 31 d 135(130-140) LC50 12.8(dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Pond snail (10 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 31 d 135(130-140)

NOEC

(length and weight) 94.3 Pais 2012

More sensitive 

endpoint available for 

this study

Pond snail (10 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 31 d 135(130-140) LC50 49.7(dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Pond snail (15 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 31 d 135(130-140)

NOEC

(length and weight) 94.3 Pais 2012

More sensitive 

endpoint available for 

this study

Pond snail (15 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 31 d 135(130-140) LC50 45.7(dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration
H-14

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Pond snail (juvenile, 7 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d

20.5

(20-21) LC50 7.3(dissolved) Pais 2012

Duration; Too few 

exposure 

concentrations

Pond snail (juvenile, 7 mm),

Lymnaea stagnalis

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 20.5(20-21)

NOEC-LOEC

(length and weight) 2.47-4.76 Pais 2012 Too few exposure concentrations

Snail,

Physa integra

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 44-58 LC50 10.4 Spehar et al. 1978 Exposure methods unknown; Duration

New Zealand mud snail

(clone A, 3-4 mm),

Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 197 LC50 1,920 Jensen and Forbes 2001 Duration

New Zealand mud snail

(clone B, 3-4 mm),

Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 197 LC50 1,290 Jensen and Forbes 2001 Duration

New Zealand mud snail

(clone C, 3-4 mm),

Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 197 LC50 560 Jensen and Forbes 2001 Duration

New Zealand mudsnail,

Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Cadmium 

sulfate 28 d -

EC50

(reproduction) 11.5 Sieratowicz et al. 2011 Atypical endpoint

Snail,

Viviparus bengalensis

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 140-190 LC50 1,550 Gadkari and Marathe 1983

Mussel (glochidia),

Fusconia masoni

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 88 LC50 168.1 Black 2001

Control mortality was 

not reported 

adequately to use for 

this lifestage

Fatmucket (juvenile),

Lampsilis siliquoidea

Cadmium 

nitrate 28 d 40-48 LC50 8.1 Wang et al. 2010d Atypical endpoint

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 39 LC50 57 Keller and Zam 1991 Duration

Mussel,

Utterbackia imbecillis

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80-100 LC50 137 Keller and Zam 1991 Duration
H-15

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Mussel (glochidia),

Utterbackia imbecillis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 88 LC50 56.76 Black 2001

Control mortality was 

not reported 

adequately to use for 

this lifestage

Zebra mussel (3.0-3.5 cm),

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 8 hr - Caused valve closure 200-560 Slooff et al. 1983b Atypical endpoint; Duration

Zebra mussel,

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 77 d 268 LOEC(filtration rate) 9 Kraak et al. 1992b Atypical endpoint

Zebra mussel,

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 77 d 268 EC50 130 Kraak et al. 1992b Duration

Zebra mussel,

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 150 EC50 388 Kraak et al. 1994a Duration

Zebra mussel (18-25 mm),

Dreissena polymorpha

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 290 Increased metallothionein level 10 Ivankovic et al. 2010

Atypical endpoint; 

Duration

Asian clam (adult, 15-20 mm),

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d 90

LOEC

(reduced phagocytosis 

activity)

3

Champeau et al. 

2007

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Atypical 

endpoint

Asian clam (adult, 15-20 mm),

Corbicula fluminea

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d 90

NOEC-LOEC

(decrease lysosomal value, 

surface, size and number)

21.5-46.5 Champeau et al. 

2007

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Atypical 

endpoint

Bivalve,

Pisidium casertanum

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=3.5) LC50 1,370 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Bivalve,

Pisidium casertanum

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.0) LC50 480 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Bivalve,

Pisidium casertanum

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.5) LC50 700 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Bivalve,

Pisidium compressum

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=3.5) LC50 2,080 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Bivalve,

Pisidium compressum

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.0) LC50 700 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Bivalve,

Pisidium compressum

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.5) LC50 360 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study
H-16

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 100 LC50 27.3 Spehar and Fiandt 1986

High TOC; River 

dilution water not 

characterized

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

sulfate 10 d 90 NOEC(reproduction) 0.5 Winner 1988

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

sulfate 7 d 169 Chronic value(reproduction) <14 Masters et al. 1991

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia - 290 120 Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1993 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<48 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 280-300 LC50 560 Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1993 Test species fed

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

chloride 1 hr 80-100 EC50(feeding inhibition) 54 Bitton et al. 1996 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

chloride 1 hr 80-100 EC50(feeding inhibition) 76.2 Lee et al. 1997 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (≤ 24hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 17 LC50 63.1 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia - LC 17 NOEC-LOEC 1.0-4.0 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 80-100 Chronic value 1.4 Zuiderveen and Birge 1997

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

sulfate 120 min 160-180 Reduced mobility 2,500(dissolved)

Brent and Herricks 

1998 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 80-100 LC50 78.2 Nelson and Roline 1998 Test species fed

Cladoceran (neonate),

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Cadmium 

chloride 1.5 hr - EC50 34.2 Jun et al. 2006 Duration

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia - 7 d 100 LOEC(reproduction) 5.22 Sofyan et al. 2007a Duration

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia - 7 d 100 LOEC(reproduction) 5 Sofyan et al. 2007b

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure
H-17

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia - 7 d 100 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 5-10 Sofyan et al. 2007b

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata - 48 hr 45 LC50 66 Mount and Norberg 1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia reticulata

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 55-79 LC50 129 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

High TOC; River 

dilution water not 

characterized

Cladoceran (< 6hr),

Ceriodaphnia reticulata

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 200 LC50 79.4 Hall et al. 1986 Well water (not characterized)

Cladoceran,

Daphnia galeata mendotae

Cadmium 

chloride 154 d - Reduced biomass 4.0 Marshall 1978a Exposure methods unknown

Cladoceran,

Daphnia galeata mendotae

Cadmium 

chloride 15 d - Reduced rate of increase 5.0 Marshall 1978b Exposure methods unknown

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - EC50 100 Bringmann and Kuhn 1959a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 45 Reproductive impairment 0.17 Biesinger and Christensen 1972

Exposure methods 

unknown

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 163 LC50 15.8 Debelak 1975 Test species fed

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr - LC50 600 Bringmann and Kuhn 1977b Duration

Cladoceran (3-5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(10oC) LC50 224 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species

Cladoceran (3-5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(15oC) LC50 224 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species

Cladoceran (3-5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(25oC) LC50 12 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species

Cladoceran (3-5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(30oC) LC50 0.1 Braginskly andShcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species

Cladoceran (adult),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(10oC) LC50 479 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species

Cladoceran (adult),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(15oC) LC50 187 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species
H

-18

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (adult),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr

-

(25oC) LC50 10.2 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species

Cladoceran (adult),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr

-

(30oC) LC50 2.4 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978

Duration; Atypical 

lifestage for species

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr 200 EC50 160 Bellavera and Gorbi 1981 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 130 EC50

5

Attar and Maly 

1982

Atypical duration for 

species

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 20 d 200 LC50 670 Canton and Sloof 1982 Other endpoints used

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

- 48 hr 45 LC50 118 Mount and Norberg 

1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 55

-79 LC50 166 Spehar and Carlson 

1984a;b

High TOC; River 

dilution water not 

characterized

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160

-180 LC50 37 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 16 of 

22 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160

-180 LC50 6.1 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 16 of 

22 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160

-180 LC50 43 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 16 of 

22 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160

-180 LC50 31 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 16 of 

22 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test
H

-19

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160

-180 LC50 18 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 16 of 

22 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160

-180 LC50 12 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 16 of 

22 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160

-180 LC50 24 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 16 of 

22 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 200 LC50 49.0 Hall et al. 1986 Well water (not characterized)

Cladoceran (1 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 64 Nebeker et al. 1986a Test species fed

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 55 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 306 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 41 LC50 98 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 307 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 37 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 94 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old
H

-20

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 277 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (2 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 71 LC50 135 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 17 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 40 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 41 LC50 30 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 131 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 38 LC50 92 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old; Test species 

fed

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 76 LC50 25 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 74 LC50 36 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 71 LC50 18 Nebeker et al. 1986a

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 34 LC50 33 Nebeker et al. 1986b

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 34 LC50 24 Nebeker et al. 1986b

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old
H-21

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 34 LC50 40 Nebeker et al. 1986b

Typically tests with 

cladocerans are <24 

hr old

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 25 d 100(20oC)

NOEC

(reproduction) 2.25 Winner and Whitford 1987

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 25 d 100(25oC)

NOEC

(reproduction) 0.75 Winner and Whitford 1987

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 25 d 150 NOEC-LOEC(reproduction) 5.0-10 Bodar et al. 1988b

More sensitive 

endpoint available 

from this study

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 10 d 90 NOEC(reproduction) 2.5 Winner 1988

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran (egg),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 46 hr 150 Profound effect on egg development >1,000 Bodar et al. 1989a Duration

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 48 hr 240 LC50 1,880 Khangarot and Ray 1989a

Dilution water not 

fully characterized

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - EC50 1,900 Kuhn et al. 1989 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 24 d -

NOEC

(reproduction) 0.6 Kuhn et al. 1989

Cladoceran (small neonate),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 250 LC50 98 Enserink et al. 1990 Test species fed

Cladoceran (large neonate),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 250 LC50 294 Enserink et al. 1990 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160-180(20oC) LC50 38 Lewis and Horning 1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160-180(26oC) LC50 9

Lewis and Horning 

1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 225 LOEC(reproduction) 2.3 Enserink et al. 1993

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - LC50 48

DomalKwiatkowska et al. 

1994

Test species fed

Cladoceran (14 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 160-180 LC50 80 Allen et al. 1995
H-22

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

acetate 24 hr - EC50 980 Sorvari and Sillanpaa 1996 Duration

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr)

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 17 LC50 26.4 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Cladoceran (juvenile, 4-5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 48 hr 160-180 EC50(death and immobility) 30-219 Barata et al. 2000 Test species fed

Cladoceran (juvenile, 4-5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 48 hr 160-180 EC50(feeding inhibition) 9-41 Barata et al. 2000 Test species fed; Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (neonate, <48 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 17 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(reproduction) 1.7-3.7 Knops et al. 2001

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure

Cladoceran (4th instar, 4-5 d),

Daphnia magna - 24 hr -

IC50

(feeding inhibition) 1.31 McWilliam and Baird 2002

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint; Test species 

fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 >3.43

Chadwick 

Environmental 

Consultants 2003

Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 100 LC50 >6.85

Chadwick 

Environmental 

Consultants 2003

Test species fed

Cladoceran (adult, 12-15 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 3 hr -

LOEC

(reduce phototactic index) 30 Yuan et al. 2003 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran 

(neonate, >14 d, female),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

nitrate 14 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(Survival-low food ration 

groups)

2.81-5.62 Smolders et al. 2005 Duration

Cladoceran 

(neonate, >14 d, female),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

nitrate 14 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(Survival-high food ration 

groups)

1.12-2.81 Smolders et al. 2005 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 48 hr -

Reduced feeding and egg 

production 2.473 Barata et al. 2007 Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 21 d 125-140 EC50(survival) 0.64 Poynton et al. 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 125-140 LC50 180 Poynton et al. 2007 Duration

Cladoceran (juvenile, 5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 4 hr 240 LOEC(ROS production) >112.41 Xie et al. 2007 Duration; Atypical endpoint
H-23

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (4th instar, 4-5 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 160-180 EC50(feeding inhibition) 35.54 Ferreira et al. 2008a Duration; Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - 50% reduced survival 36.79 Connon et al. 2008 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(ChE activities) 0.041-0.082 Jemec et al. 2008 Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (juvenile, ≤24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 250 EC50(respiration) 160 Zitova et al. 2009 Atypical endpoint

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -(20oC)

EC50

(immobility)

112

(dissolved) Muyssen et al. 2010

Elevated DOC (3.7-

5.74 mg/L) in dilution 

water

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -(24oC)

EC50

(immobility)

64

(dissolved) Muyssen et al. 2010

Elevated DOC (3.7-

5.74 mg/L) in dilution 

water

Cladoceran (14 d),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 71 Taylor et al. 2010 Lack of exposure details; Duration

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr

90

(80-110)

(20oC)

EC50 6.34 Kim et al. 2012a Duration

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

chloride 1 hr

90

(80-110)

(36.5oC)

EC50 26.9 Kim et al. 2012a Duration

Cladoceran (6-24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 135.5(pH=5.0)

EC50

(immobility) 1,210 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6-24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 135.5(pH=6.0)

EC50

(immobility) 1,160 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6-24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 135.5(pH=7.0)

EC50

(immobility) 420 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6-24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 135.5(pH=8.0)

EC50

(immobility) 390 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran (6-24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 135.5(pH=9.0)

EC50

(immobility) 350 Qu et al. 2013 Duration

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 140 d 57 Reduced reproduction 1

Bertram and Hart 

1979

Lack of exposure 

details

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 57 LC50 104-127 Ingersoll and Winner 1982 Test species fed
H

-24

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 58 d 106 NOEC

-LOEC5-10 Ingersoll and 

Winner 1982

Lack of exposure 

details

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex

- 48 hr 45 LC50 68 Mount and Nerberg 

1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr 100 LC50 80

-92 Winner 1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber 

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 120 Lewis and Weber 

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 170 Lewis and Weber 

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber 

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 190 Lewis and Weber 

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 160 Lewis and Weber 

1985 Test species fed

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 150 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 12 of 

16 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 12 of 

16 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 150 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 12 of 

16 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80

-90 LC50 100 Lewis and Weber 

1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 12 of 

16 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test
H-25

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80-90 LC50 180 Lewis and Weber 1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 12 of 

16 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (≤ 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80-90 LC50 130 Lewis and Weber 1985

Mean control survial 

was >90% for 12 of 

16 tests, but author 

did not present control 

survival for each test

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 200 LC50 100 Hall et al. 1986 Well water (not characterized)

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 58 NOEC(survival) 3.8 Winner 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 115 NOEC(brood size) 7.5 Winner 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 230 NOEC(brood size) 7.5 Winner 1986

Cladoceran (adult),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 124-130 LC50 87.9 Jindal and Verma 1990

Pond water (not 

characterized)

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80-90 (20oC) LC50 42 Lewis and Horning 1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 80-90 (26oC) LC50 6

Lewis and Horning 

1991 Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 80-90 NOEC(reproduction) <0.003 Roux et al. 1993 Static, unmeasured exposure

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 >14.6

Chadwick 

Environmental 

Consultants 2003

Test species fed

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex

Cadmium

chloride 96 hr 100 LC50 >20

Chadwick 

Environmental 

Consultants 2003

Test species fed

Cladoceran (24 hr),

Macrothrix triserialis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 420 Garcia et al. 2004 Duration
H-26

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa

Cadmium 

chloride 20 d 80-84 Reduced survival 0.2 Hatakeyama and Yasuno 1981b

Duration; Unknown 

exposure methods

Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d - Reduced survival 10 Wong and Wong 1990 Duration

Cladoceran (24 hr),

Moina macrocopa

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 680 Garcia et al. 2004 Duration

Cladoceran,

Simocephalus serrulatus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 55-79 LC50 123 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

High TOC; River 

dilution water not 

characterized

Cladoceran,

Simocephalus vetulus - 48 hr 45 LC50 24 Mount and Norberg 1984 Test species fed

Cladoceran,

Simocephalus vetulus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 55-79 LC50 89.3 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

High TOC; River 

dilution water not 

characterized

Copepod,

Acanthocyclops viridis

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr - LC50 0.5 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978 Duration

Copepod,

Eucyclops agilis

Cadmium 

chloride 52 wk 11.1 Population reduction 5 Giesy et al. 1979 Lack of exposure details

Copepod,

Tropocyclops prasinus 

mexicanus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 10 LC50 149 Lalande and PinelAlloul 1986 Duration

Aquatic sowbug

(3-6 mm, land population),

Asellus aquaticus

- 176 76 Pascoe and Carroll 

2004 Test species fed

Aquatic sowbug

(3-6 mm, pond population),

Asellus aquaticus

- 176 160 Pascoe and Carroll 

2004 Test species fed

Aquatic sowbug

(3-6 mm, canal population),

Asellus aquaticus

- 176 233 Pascoe and Carroll 

2004 Test species fed
H-27

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Amphipod,

Diporeia sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - (4oC) LC50 800 Gossiaux et al. 1992 Dilution water not fully characterized

Amphipod,

Diporeia sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - (10oC) LC50 280 Gossiaux et al. 1992 Dilution water not fully characterized

Amphipod,

Diporeia sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - (15oC) LC50 60 Gossiaux et al. 1992 Dilution water not fully characterized

Amphipod (0-1 wk),

Gammarus fasciatus Cadmium 130 1.49-2.23 NOEC - LOEC(survival) 1.49-2.23 Borgmann et al. 1989b

Poor control survival 

(45%)

Amphipod,

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55-79 LC50 54.4 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Amphipod (adult, 9 mm),

Gammarus tigrinus

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 116 LC50 146.5 Boets et al. 2012 Duration

Scud,

Gammarus sp. Cadmium S, U 50 70 Rehwoldt et al. 1973

Lack of detail since 

other acceptable study 

available with specific 

species

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55-79 LC50 285 Spehar and Carlson 1984a,b

High TOC; River 

dilution water not 

characterized

Amphipod (0-1 wk), 

Hyalella azteca Cadmium LC 130 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 0.57-0.92 Borgmann et al. 1989b

Low control weights 

and poor (64%) 

control survival

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=5.0) LC50 12 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=5.5) LC50 16 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3 (pH=6.0) LC50 33 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

nitrate 6 wk 130 EC50(survival) 0.53 Borgmann et al. 1991

Inadequate control 

performance

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

nitrate 96 hr 280-300 LC50 230 Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1993 Test species fed
H

-28

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Amphipod (0-2 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈13 Collyard et al. 1994

Test species fed; Data 

graphed, could only 

get approximate value

Amphipod (2-4 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈7.5 Collyard et al. 1994

Test species fed; Data 

graphed, could only 

get approximate value

Amphipod (4-6 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈9.5 Collyard et al. 1994

Test species fed; Data 

graphed, could only 

get approximate value

Amphipod (10-12 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈7 Collyard et al. 1994

Test species fed; Data 

graphed, could only 

get approximate value

Amphipod (16-18 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈11.5 Collyard et al. 1994

Test species fed; Data 

graphed, could only 

get approximate value

Amphipod (24-26 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 90 LC50 ≈14 Collyard et al. 1994

Test species fed; Data 

graphed, could only 

get approximate value

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 44

-47 LC50 2.8 Phipps et al. 1995 Duration

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

-

JGS 

(juvenile 

growth 

and 

survival 

test

17 Chronic value

(growth and survival) 0.16 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Amphipod (2-3 wk), 

Hyalella azteca

- 96 hr 17 LC50 2.8 Suedel et al. 1997

Did not meet specific 

acceptability criteria 

for this species

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 217

-301

LC50

(starved for 48 hr before 

test)

99.34 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 217

-301

LC50

(starved for 72 hr before 

test)

82.17 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 217

-301

LC50

(starved for 96 hr before 

test)

65.00 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration
H

-29

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 217

-301 LC50 107.3 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 217

-301 LC50 75.42 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 217

-301 LC50 74.20 McNulty et al. 1999 Duration

Amphipod (7-10 d),

Hyalella azteca

- 96 hr 48 LC50 3.8 Jackson et al. 2000

Did not meet specific 

acceptability criteria 

for this species

Amphipod (7-10 d),

Hyalella azteca

- 96 hr 118 LC50 12.1 Jackson et al. 2000

Did not meet specific 

acceptability criteria 

for this species

Amphipod (7-8 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride LC 153 NOEC

-LOEC

(survival) 0.8

-1.3

Chadwick 

Ecological 

Consultants 2003

Low control weights; 

does not meet feeding 

recommendations for 

chronic test with this 

species

Amphipod (7-8 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride LC 126 NOEC

-LOEC

(survival) 0.5

-1.1

Chadwick 

Ecological 

Consultants 2003

Low control weights; 

does not meet feeding 

recommendations for 

chornic test with this 

species

Amphipod (1-11 d),

Hyalella azteca

- 7 d 18 LC50 0.15 Borgmann et al. 

2005 Duration

Amphipod (1-11 d),

Hyalella azteca

- 7 d 124 LC50 1.60 Borgmann et al. 

2005 Duration

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

sulfate LC 162.7 NOEC

-LOEC

(survival) 2.49

-5.09 Stanley et al. 2005

Low control weights; 

does not meet feeding 

recommendations for 

chornic test with this 

species

Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca

- 72 hr- LC50 1.9 Gust 2006 Duration

Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),

Hyalella azteca

- 21 d 140 NOEC

-LOEC

(survival)

5-10 Straus 2011

More sensitive 

endpoint available for 

this study
H-30

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),

Hyalella azteca - 21 d 140 NOEC-LOEC(growth) <1.25-1.25 Straus 2011

Does not meet chronic 

test requirements for 

this species

Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),

Hyalella azteca - 28 d 22 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 0.5-1.3 Straus 2011

Does not meet chronic 

test requirements for 

this species

Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 4.6(dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),

Hyalella azteca

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 90 LC50 0.70(dissolved) Pais 2012 Duration

Crayfish,

Cambarus latimanus

Cadmium 

chloride 50 mo 11.1 Significant mortality 5 Thorp et al. 1979 Lack of exposure details

Crayfish,

Orconectes immunis

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50.3 LC50 >10,000 Thorp and Gloss 1986

Effect level based on 

nominal, but 

substantial loss per 

measured levels was 

observed

Crayfish (juvenile, 2 g),

Orconectes immunis

Cadmium 

nitrate 5 d - LC50 7,000 Khan et al. 2006b Duration; Test species fed

Crayfish (juvenile, 2 g),

Orconectes immunis

Cadmium 

nitrate 2.51 d - LT50=2.51 d 22,000 Khan et al. 2006b Duration; Test species fed

Fairy shrimp

(2nd-3rd instar nauplii),

Streptocephalus proboscideus

- 24 hr - - 460 Centeno et al. 1993 Duration

Fairy shrimp

(2nd-3rd instar nauplii),

Streptocephalus proboscideus

- 24 hr - - 510 Centeno et al. 1993 Duration

Fairy shrimp,

Streptocephalus proboscideus

Cadmium 

sulfate 24 hr 250 - 250 Crisinel et al. 1994 Duration

Fairy shrimp,

Thamnocephalus platyurus

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 80-100 400 Centeno et al. 1995 Duration
H-31

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Mayfly,

Cleon dipterum

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(10oC) LC50 70,600 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly,

Cleon dipterum

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(15oC) LC50 28,600 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly,

Cleon dipterum

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(25oC) LC50 6,990 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly,

Cleon dipterum

Cadmium 

sulfate 72 hr -(30oC) LC50 930 Braginskly and Shcherban 1978 Duration

Mayfly,

Cleon dipterum

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - LC50 56,000 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Mayfly,

Ephemerella sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 44-48 LC50 <3.0 Spehar et al. 1978 Lack of exposure details

Mayfly,

Paraleptophlebia praepedita

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55-77 LC50 449 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Mayfly,

Rhithrogena sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 25 LC50 157(dissolved) Mebane et al. 2012

Other data avilable for 

a specific species in 

the genus

Mayfly,

Rhithrogena sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 21 LC50 >50(dissolved) Mebane et al. 2012

Other data avilable for 

a specific species in 

the genus

Mayfly (nymph),

Rhithrogena hageni

Cadmium 

sulfate 10 d 48 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 1,880-3,520 Brinkman and Johnston 2008 Duration

Mosquito,

Aedes aegypti

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - LC50 4,000 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Mosquito,

Culex pipiens

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - LC50 765 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Midge (2nd instar),

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 100-110 LC50 13,000 Williams et al. 1986 Test species fed

Midge (3rd instar),

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 100-110 LC50 22,000 Williams et al. 1986 Test species fed
H-32

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 100-110 LC50 54,000 Williams et al. 1986 Test species fed

Midge,

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 98 LOEC(egg viability) 30,000 Williams et al. 1987 Duration; Static, unmeasured exposure

Midge,

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 98

LOEC

(number of eggs 

ovipositioned)

100,000 Williams et al. 1987 Duration; Static, 

unmeasured exposure

Midge (1st instar),

Chironomus riparius - 17 d 98

LOEC

(survival, development 

and growth)

150 Pascoe et al. 1989 Duration

Midge (1st instar),

Chironomus riparius - 1 hr 100 Reduced emergence 2,100 McCahon and Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (1st instar),

Chironomus riparius - 10 hr 100 Reduced emergence 210 McCahon and Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius - 1 hr 100 Reduced emergence 2,000 McCahon and Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius - 10 hr 100 Reduced emergence 200 McCahon and Pascoe 1991 Duration

Midge (1st instar larva, <24 hr),

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

nitrate 24 hr 8 LC50 9,380 Bechard et al. 2008 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 212,230 Choi and Ha 2009 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr -

Downregulation of 

CrSTART1 mRNA 2,000 Nair and Choi 2012 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Midge,

Chironomus dilutus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 25 LC50 8,050 Khangarot and Ray 1989b

Dilution water 

(natural surface water) 

not characterized

Midge (2nd instar, 10-12 d),

Chironomus dilutus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 17 LC50 2,956 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Midge (4th instar larva),

Chironomus dilutus

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

LOEC

(increased HSP gene 

expression)

200 Lee et al. 2006b Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Midge (4th instar larva),

Chironomus dilutus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

NOEC

(growth) 20,000 Lee et al. 2006b Duration

Midge (4th instar larva),

Chironomus dilutus

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 169,500 Ha and Choi 2008 Duration
H-33

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Midge,

Tanytarsus dissimilis

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 47 LC50 3.8 Anderson et al. 1980 Duration

Damselfly,

Enallagma sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=3.5) LC50 7,050 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Damselfly,

Enallagma sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.0) LC50 8,660 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially low as part of study

Damselfly,

Enallagma sp.

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15.3(pH=4.5) LC50 10,660 Mackie 1989 pH is artificially lowas part of study

Rio Grande cutthroat trout 

(eyed egg),

Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis

Cadmium 

sulfate

ELS

(53 d) 44.9 NOEC(hatch success)

8.03

(dissolved) Brinkman 2012

More sensitive 

endpoint available for 

this study

Pink salmon (alevin),

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 3,160 Servizi and Martens 1978 Duration

Pink salmon (fry),

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 2,700 Servizi and Martens 1978 Duration

Pink salmon

(alevin, newly hatched),

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 3,600 Servizi and Martens 1978 Duration

Coho salmon (juvenile),

Oncorhynchus kisutch

Cadmium 

chloride 217 hr 22 LC50 2.0 Chapman and Stevens 1978 Duration

Coho salmon (adult),

Oncorhynchus kisutch

Cadmium 

chloride 215 hr 22 LC50 3.7 Chapman and Stevens 1978 Duration

Coho salmon (alevin),

Oncorhynchus kisutch

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 6.0 Buhl and Hamilton 1991

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 7 d 290 LC50 8.944(8-10) Ball 1967

Lack of exposure 

details; Duration; 

Unmeasured exposure

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 24 hr 290 LC50 30,000 Ball 1967 Lack of exposure details; Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 10 d - LC50 7 Kumada et al. 1973 Duration
H-34

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 10 d - LC50 5 Kumada et al. 1973 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 96 hr 326 LC20 20 Davies 1976b Atypical endpoint for this duration

Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 104 EC50(death and deformity) 140 Birge 1978; Birge et al. 1980

Lack of exposure 

details

Rainbow trout (alevin),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 186 hr 23 LC10 >6 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout (swim-up fry),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.0 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout (parr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 0.7 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout (smolt),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 0.8 Chapman 1978 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout (adult),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 17 d 54 LC50 5.2 Chapman and Stevens 1978 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 243 d 240 Increased gill diffusion 2 Hughes et al. 1979

Lack of exposure 

details; Atypical 

endpoint

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 125 (18oC) LC50 10-30 Roch and Maly 1979 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 125 (12oC) LC50 30 Roch and Maly 1979 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 125 (6oC) LC50 10-30 Roch and Maly 1979 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 80 min 112 Significant avoidance 52 Black and Birge 1980 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

stearate 96 hr - LC50 6 Kumada et al. 1980 Inappropriate form of toxicant

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

acetate 96 hr - LC50 6.2 Kumada et al. 1980 Inappropriate form of toxicant

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 18 mo 112 Reduced survival 0.2 Birge et al. 1981 Lack of exposure details

Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

sulfate 62 d 100 Reduced survival <5 Dave et al. 1981 Lack of exposure details
H-35

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 4 mo 320 Physiological effects 10 Arillo et al. 1982; 1984

Lack of exposure 

details; Atypical 

endpoint

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 47 d 98.6 Reduced growth and survival 100 Woodworth and Pascoe 1982

Lack of exposure 

details

Rainbow trout (larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 89-107 LC50 700 Birge et al. 1983 Duration

Rainbow trout (larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 89-107 LC50 1,590 Birge et al. 1983

Duration; Acclimated 

to 5.9 ug/L for 24 

days

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr - LC50 55 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 11 d 82 (10oC) LC50 16.0 Majewski and Giles 1984 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 82 (15oC) LC50 16.6 Majewski and Giles 1984 Duration

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 178 d 82 Physiological effects 4.8 Majewski and Giles 1984 Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55-79 LC50 10.2 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

High TOC; River 

dilution water not 

characterized

Rainbow trout (egg, 0 hr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 13,000 Van Leeuwen et al. 1985a

Rainbow trout (egg, 24 hr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 13,000 Van Leeuwen et al. 1985a

Rainbow trout (eyed egg, 14 d),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 7,500 Van Leeuwen et al. 1985a

Rainbow trout (eyed egg, 28 d),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 9,200 Van Leeuwen et al. 1985a

Rainbow trout (sac fry, 42 d),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 30 Van Leeuwen et al. 1985a

Rainbow trout (early fry, 77 d),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 50 LC50 10 Van Leeuwen et al. 1985a

Rainbow trout (fry),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 9.2(pH=4.7) LC50 28 Cusimano et al. 1986 Exposure at low pH

Rainbow trout (fry),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 9.2(pH=5.7) LC50 0.7 Cusimano et al. 1986 Exposure at low pH
H

-36

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 63 LC50 1,300(dissolved) Pascoe et al. 1986 Test species fed

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 300 LC50 2,600(dissolved) Pascoe et al. 1986 Test species fed

Rainbow trout (5 d post fert.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 >100,000 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (10 d post fert.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 3,300 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (15 d post fert.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 7,200 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (22 d post fert.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 8,000 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (29 d post fert.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 12,500 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (36 d post fert.),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 16,500 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(alevin, 2 d post hatch),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 5,800 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(alevin, 7 d post hatch),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 87.7 LC50 8,300 Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (alevin),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 37.9 Buhl and Hamilton 1991

Rainbow trout (juvenile),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

nitrate 96 hr 140 LC50 280 Hollis et al. 1999 Prior exposed to 3 ug/L for 30 d

Rainbow trout (juvenile),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

nitrate 96 hr 140 LC50 250 Hollis et al. 1999 Prior exposed to 10 ug/L for 30 d

Rainbow trout

(33.3 mm, 263 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 30.7 LC50 0.53 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout

(33.6 mm, 289 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 89.3 LC50 2.07 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout

(34 mm, 299 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 30.0 LC50 0.84 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration
H

-37

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Rainbow trout

(42.6 mm, 659 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 29.3 LC50 0.35 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout

(49.4 mm, 1,150 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 31.7 LC50 0.36 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout

(48.2 mm, 1,030 mg),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium

chloride 5 d 30.2 LC50 0.35 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Rainbow trout

(larvae, 1 mo., 1.2-1.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 1 hr 210

NOEC

(decrease oxygen 

consumption rates)

200 Jezierska and 

Sarnowski 2002

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Rainbow trout 

(swim-up fry, 4-5 wk),

Oncorhynchus mykiss 

- 96 hr 101 LC50 5.4 Besser et al. 2006; 

2007 Test species fed

Rainbow trout (1 dph),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 100 EC20(survival) 12 Wang et al. 2014 Duration too short

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile, 26 dph),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 100 EC20(biomass) 1.9 Wang et al. 2014 Exposure started too late for true ELS test

Sockeye salmon

(newly hatched alevin),

Oncorhynchus nerka

Cadmium 

chloride

7d 83.1 LC50 4,500 Servizi and Martens 

1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (alevin),

Oncorhynchus nerka

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 1,000 Servizi and Martens 1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (alevin),

Oncorhynchus nerka

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 500 Servizi and Martens 1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (fry),

Oncorhynchus nerka

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 30 Servizi and Martens 1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (fry),

Oncorhynchus nerka

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50

8

Servizi and Martens 

1978 Duration

Sockeye salmon (smolt),

Oncorhynchus nerka

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 83.1 LC50 360 Servizi and Martens 1978 Duration

Chinook salmon (alevin),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Cadmium 

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 18

-26 Chapman 1978 Duration
H-38

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Chinook salmon (swim-up fry),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Cadmium 

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.2 Chapman 1978 Duration

Chinook salmon (parr),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Cadmium 

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.3 Chapman 1978 Duration

Chinook salmon (smolt),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Cadmium 

chloride 200 hr 23 LC10 1.5 Chapman 1978 Duration

Atlantic salmon (alevin),

Salmo salar

Cadmium 

chloride 92 d 28 Net water uptake inhibited 0.78 Rombough and Garside 1982 Atypical endpoint

Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar

Cadmium 

chloride 70 d 13 Reduced growth 2 Peterson et al. 1983 Lack of exposure details

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55-79 LC50 15.1 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta

Cadmium 

sulfate 96 hr 36.9 LC50 1.87 Davies and Brinkman 1994a Test species fed

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta

Cadmium 

sulfate 12 wk 37.6 Chronic value(growth and survival) 0.70 Davies and Brinkman 1994c

Per author chronic 

values does not have a 

clear effect level

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta

Cadmium 

sulfate 30 d 29.2 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 0.74-1.40 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Duration

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta

Cadmium 

sulfate 30 d 67.6 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 1.30-2.58 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Duration

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta

Cadmium 

sulfate 30 d 151 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 4.81-8.88 Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007 Duration

Bull trout 

(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 55 d 30.6 NOEC-LOEC(growth and survival) 0.383-0.786 Hansen et al. 2002a Duration

Bull trout (23.8 mm, 76.1 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 30.7 LC50 0.83 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (23.4 mm, 72.7 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 89.3 LC50 5.23 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (26.0 mm, 84.2 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 30.0 LC50 2.41 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (30.2 mm, 200 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 29.3 LC50 0.83 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration
H-39

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Bull trout (32.0 mm, 221 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 31.7 LC50 0.88 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Bull trout (31.8 mm, 218 mg),

Salvelinus confluentus

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 30.2 LC50 0.83 Hansen et al. 2002b Duration

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 10 Testicular damage 10

Sangalang and 

O'Halloran 1972; 

1973

Lack of exposure 

details; Atypical 

endpoint

Brook trout (8 mo.), 

Salvelinus fontinalis - 10 d 20 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 8-18 Jop et al. 1995 Duration

Lake trout,

Salvelinus namaycush

Cadmium 

chloride 8-9 mo 90 Decreased thyroid follicle epithelial cell height 5 Scherer et al. 1997 Atypical endpoint

Arctic grayling (alevin),

Thymallus arcticus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 6.1 Buhl and Hamilton 1991

Only acclimated to 

test water for 1 d

Arctic grayling (juvenile),

Thymallus arcticus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 41 LC50 4.0 Buhl and Hamilton 1991 Low D.O.

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus - 50 d - Reduced plasma sodium 44.5 McCarty and Houston 1976

Lack of exposure 

details; Atypical 

endpoint

Goldfish (embryo, larva),

Carassius auratus

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 195 EC50(death and deformity) 170 Birge 1978 Duration

Common carp (embryo),

Cyprinus carpio

Cadmium 

sulfate - 360 EC50(hatch) 2,094 Kapur and Yadav 1982 Duration unknown

Common carp (embryo, larva),

Cyprinus carpio

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 139 Birge et al. 1985 Multiple-species test; Duration

Common carp (fry),

Cyprinus carpio - 96 hr 100 LC50 4,260 Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (fingerling),

Cyprinus carpio - 96 hr 100 LC50 17,050 Suresh et al. 1993a

Common carp (30 g),

Cyprinus carpio

Cadmium 

chloride 29 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(survival) 449.64-2,248 De Smet and Blust 2001 Duration

Common carp (30 g),

Cyprinus carpio

Cadmium 

chloride 29 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(survival) 56.2-280.25 De Smet et al. 2001 Duration
H-40

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Common carp 

(larva, 0.9-1.39 g),

Cyprinus carpio

Cadmium 

chloride 1 hr 210

LOEC

(decrease oxygen 

consumption rates)

200 Jezierska and 

Sarnowski 2002

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Golden shiner (3 mo, 6.75 g),

Notemigonus crysoleucas

Cadmium 

sulfate 96 hr 100-119 Elevated metabolic rate 200 Peles et al. 2012 Atypical endpoint

Common shiner (0.75-3.5 mg),

Notropis cornutus

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 48 67% reduced growth 200(dissolved)

Borgmann and 

Ralph 1986

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio

Cadmium 

chloride 12 d 200 LC50 100 Nguyen and Janssen 2001 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio

Cadmium 

chloride 12 d 200 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 50-150 Nguyen and Janssen 2001 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 100 NOEC(enlarged edema) 753.1 Fraysse et al. 2006 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio

Cadmium 

chloride 80 hr 100 NOEC(hatching time) <22.48 Fraysse et al. 2006 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - EC50 3,372 Lahnsteiner 2008 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - LC50 24,185 Notch et al. 2011 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 250 EC50(deformation rate) 4,856 Sawle et al. 2010 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 63 LC50 80.8 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55 LC50 40.9 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 59 LC50 64.8 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 66 LC50 135 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 65 LC50 120 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 74 LC50 86.3 Spehar 1982
H

-41

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 79 LC50 86.6 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 62 LC50 114 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 63 LC50 80.8 Spehar 1982

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 6.8 hr 103 LT50=6.8 hr 6,000 Birge et al. 1983 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 3.7 hr 254

-271 LT50=3.7 hr 16,00 Birge et al. 1983 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 89

-107 LC50 200 Birge et al. 1983 Duration

Fathead minnow (larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 89

-107 LC50 540 Birge et al. 1983

Duration; Acclimated 

to 5.6 ug/L 

for 4 d

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr

- LC50 2,200 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 209 LC50 802 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr

- Histological effects 12,000 Stromberg et al. 

1983 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (30 d),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55

-79 LC50 3,390 Spehar and Carlson 

1984a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55

-79 LC50 1,830 Spehar and Carlson 

1984a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Fathead minnow

(embryo, larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6(20.1oC) LC50 125 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(embryo, larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6(22.8oC) LC50 84 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow

(embryo, larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6(25.7oC) LC50 76 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow

(embryo, larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6(27.9oC) LC50 87 Birge et al. 1985 Duration
H

-42

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO

3

) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Fathead minnow 

(embryo, larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 41 Birge et al. 1985 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(embryo, larva),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 107 Birge et al. 1985 Duration; Multiple

-

species test

Fathead minnow (14-30 d),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 200 LC50 90 Hall et al. 1986

Fathead minnow (1-7 d),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 70

-90 LC50 35.4 Diamond et al. 1997 Duration

Fathead minnow (2-4 d),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 17 LC50 4.8 Suedel et al. 1997 Test species fed

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

-

juvenile 

growth & 

survival 

test

17 NOEC

-LOEC

(growth and survival) 1.0

-2 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

-

Juvenile 

growth & 

survival 

test

17 NOEC

-LOEC

(growth and survival) 2.0

-3 Suedel et al. 1997 Static exposure

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 270 NOEC

-LOEC

(growth and survival) 10.7

-21.9

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 261 NOEC

-LOEC

(growth and survival) 11.5

-21.3

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 285 NOEC

-LOEC

(growth and survival) 8.5

-11.3

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 272 NOEC

-LOEC

(growth and survival) 9.6

-12.2

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 292 NOEC

-LOEC

(growth and survival) 5.3

-6.9

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fathead minnow 

(larva, 96-144 hr),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d

- LC50 15.43

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration
H-43

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Fathead minnow 

(larva, 96-144 hr),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d - LC50 16.99

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fathead minnow (adult pairs),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 169 NOEC-LOEC(spawning frequency) 24.3-39.7 Sellin and Kolok 2006a

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Fathead minnow (larva, 8 d),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 173

NOEC-LOEC

(# of pairs to spawn per 

day)

25-50 Sellin and Kolok 

2006b Duration

Fathead minnow (larva, 8 d),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 173

NOEC

(hatching success, 

offspring mortality)

50 Sellin and Kolok 

2006b Duration

Fathead minnow (adult),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

sulfate 96 hr 117.9 LOEC(increase metabolic rate) 250 Pistole et al. 2008 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (29-55 mm),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

nitrate 96 hr 120 Increase in auditory threshold 2.1-2.9 Low 2009 Atypical endpoint

Fathead minnow (larva, <24 hr),

Pimephales promelas

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 38-66 LC50 47.7 Robison 2011 Duration

White sucker (larva),

Catostomus commersoni

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 48 46% reduced growth 36(dissolved)

Borgmann and 

Ralph 1986 Duration

Walking catfish

(12-14 cm, 25 g),

Clarias batrachus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 250(240-260) LC50 315,000 Banerjee et al. 1978 Lack of exposure details

Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d - 60% mortality 8,993 Jana and Sahana 1989

Duration; 

Unmeasured exposure

Stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus

Cadmium 

sulfate 18 d 299 Kidney cell tissue breakdown 6,000 Oronsaye 1989 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus

Cadmium 

sulfate 30 d 299

NOEC-LOEC

(kidney cytological 

alteration)

4,000-6,000 Oronsaye 2001 Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Brown bullhead,

Ictalurus nebulosus

Cadmium 

chloride 2 hr - Affected gills and kidney 61,300 Blickens 1978; Garofano 1979

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint
H-44

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus

Cadmium 

chloride - - Increased albinism 0.5 Westerman and Birge 1978

Duration unknown; 

Atypical endpoint

Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55-79 LC50 7,940 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis

Cadmium 

sulfate 48 hr 45 LC50 7,260 Chagnon and Guttman 1989 Duration

Guppy (fry),

Poecilia reticulata

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 140-190 LC50 2,500 Gadkari and Marathe 1983

Guppy (male),

Poecilia reticulata

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 140-190 LC50 12,750 Gadkari and Marathe 1983

Guppy (female),

Poecilia reticulata

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 140-190 LC50 16,000 Gadkari and Marathe 1983

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 209 LC50 41,900 Slooff et al. 1983a Duration

Striped bass (larva),

Morone saxatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 34.5 LC50 1 Hughes 1973 Duration

Striped bass (fingerling),

Morone saxatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 34.5 LC50 2 Hughes 1973 Duration

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 80 min 112 Significant avoidance >41.1 Black and Birge 1980

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 3 d 340-360 Increased cough rate 50 Bishop and McIntosh 1981

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 55-79 LC50 8,810 Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b

River dilution water 

not characterized

Bluegill (juvenile),

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 32 d 134 NOEC(growth) >32.3 Cope et al. 1994

Bluegill (31.1 mm),

Lepomis macrochirus

Cadmium 

chloride 22 d 174 LOEC(prey attack rate) 37.3 Bryan et al. 1995 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Largemouth bass 

(embryo, larva),

Micropterus salmoides

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 99 EC50(death and deformity) 1,640 Birge et al. 1978 Duration
H-45

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Largemouth bass,

Micropterus salmoides - 24 hr - Affected opercular activity 150 Morgan 1979 Duration; Atypical endpoint

Largemouth bass,

Micropterus salmoides

Cadmium 

chloride 80 min 112 Significant avoidance 8.83 Black and Birge 1980

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Largemouth bass 

(embryo, larva),

Micropterus salmoides

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 101.6 LC50 244 Birge et al. 1985 Duration; Multiplespecies test

Fountain darter 

(larva, 96-144 hr),

Etheostoma fonticola

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 254-282 LC50 9.62 (reporteddissolved)

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Test species fed

Fountain darter,

Etheostoma fonticola

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 270 NOEC-LOEC(growth and survival) 1.4-2.8

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fountain darter,

Etheostoma fonticola

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 261 NOEC-LOEC(growth and survival) 5.5-11.5

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fountain darter,

Etheostoma fonticola

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 285 NOEC-LOEC(growth and survival) 5.7-8.5

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fountain darter,

Etheostoma fonticola

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 270 NOEC-LOEC(growth and survival) 6.6-9.6

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Fountain darter,

Etheostoma fonticola

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 292 NOEC-LOEC(growth and survival) 4-5.3

Southwest Texas 

State University 

2000

Duration

Orangethroat darter (embryo),

Etheostoma spectabile

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 180 LC50 >500 Sharp and Kaszubski 1989

River dilution water 

not characterized

Nile tilapia 

(adult, 13.1 cm, 77.2 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 36.17 Reduction in plasma Ca 2+ concentration 5,000 Garcia-Santos et al. 2006 Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d 324 LOEC(increase CAT activity) 562 Atli and Canli 2007

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Duration; 

Atypical endpoint
H-46

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d 324

LOEC

(decrease intestine Na, KATPase activity)562 Atli and Canli 2007

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Duration; 

Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d 324

NOEC-LOEC

(decrease muscle Na, KATPase activity)562-1,124 Atli and Canli 2007

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Duration; 

Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d 324

NOEC

(gill, blood, and muscle 

and GSH level)

>2,248 Atli and Canli 2008

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Duration; 

Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d 324 LOEC(increase liver MT level) 562 Atli and Canli 2008

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Duration; 

Atypical endpoint

Nile tilapia (fingerling, 4-6 cm),

Oreochromis niloticus

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d -

NOEC

(brain and muscle ChE

activity)

30 Silva and Pathiratne 

2008 Atypical endpoint

Mozambique tilapia 

(12-14 cm, 25 g),

Oreochromis mossambica

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 250(240-260) LC50 200,000 Banerjee et al. 1978 Lack of exposure details

Mozambique tilapia 

(larva, <1 d),

Oreochromis mossambica

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - LC50 205 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not characterized

Mozambique tilapia (larva, 1 d),

Oreochromis mossambica

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - LC50 83 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not characterized

Mozambique tilapia (larva, 2 d),

Oreochromis mossambica

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - LC50 33 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not characterized

Mozambique tilapia (larva, 3 d),

Oreochromis mossambica

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - LC50 22 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not characterized

Mozambique tilapia (larva, 7 d),

Oreochromis mossambica

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - LC50 29 Hwang et al. 1995 Dilution water not characterized

Mozambique tilapia (72 hr),

Oreochromis mossambica

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 28 LC50 21.4 Chang et al. 1998

Mottled sculpin,

Cottus bairdi

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 103 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 0.59-1.3 Besser et al. 2007 Duration
H-47

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Mummichog,

Fundulus heteroclitus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 5 TL50 12.2 Gill and Epple 1992 Atypical endpoint

White sturgeon (embryo),

Acipenser transmontanus

Cadmium 

chloride 66 d 70 NOEC-LOEC(mortality) 1.1-8.3 Vardy et al. 2011

No true control group 

- control water had Cd 

level similar to lowest 

exposure group

White sturgeon (embryo),

Acipenser transmontanus

Cadmium 

chloride 66 d 70 LC20 1.5 Vardy et al. 2011 No true control group

White sturgeon (larva, 2 dph),

Acipenser transmontanus

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d 100 EC20(survival) >11 Wang et al. 2014 Duration too short

White sturgeon 

(juvenile, 28 dph),

Acipenser transmontanus

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d 100 EC20(biomass) 3.2 Wang et al. 2014 Exposure started too late for true ELS test

Southern gray treefrog (embryo),

Hyla chrysoscelis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 90 LC50 49.9 Westerman 1977 Duration

Southern gray treefrog (embryo),

Hyla chrysoscelis

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 40.3 Westerman 1977 Duration

Pipfrog (embryo),

Rana grylio

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d 90 LC50 81.8 Westerman 1977 Duration

Pipfrog (embryo),

Rana grylio

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 90 LC50 69.3 Westerman 1977 Duration

River frog (embryo),

Rana heckscheri

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d 90 LC50 69.2 Westerman 1977 Duration

River frog (embryo),

Rana heckscheri

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 90 LC50 60.5 Westerman 1977 Duration

Leopard frog (embryo),

Rana pipiens

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d 90 LC50 56.1 Westerman 1977 Duration

Leopard frog (embryo),

Rana pipiens

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 90 LC50 50.1 Westerman 1977 Duration
H-48

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

Southern leopard frog

(tadpole, GS 25),

Rana sphenocephala

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 130.8

NOEC-LOEC

(decreased tadpole 

activity)

750-1,200 Moyer 2012 Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

American toad

(tadpoles, Gosner stage 25),

Bufo americanus

Cadmium 

chloride 60 d 51.2

LOEC

(metamorph wet weight 

and days to tail resorption)

5

James and Little 

2003 Duration

American toad

(tadpoles, Gosner stage 25),

Bufo americanus

Cadmium 

chloride 60 d 51.2 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 54-540 James and Little 2003 Duration

Red-spotted toad (embryo),

Bufo punctatus

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 90 LC50 9,800 Westerman 1977 Duration

Red-spotted toad (embryo),

Bufo punctatus

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 6,781 Westerman 1977 Duration

Narrow-mouthed toad 

(embryo, larva),

Gastrophyryne carolinensis

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 195 EC50(death and deformity) 40 Birge 1978 Duration

Narrow-mouthed toad (embryo),

Gastrophyryne carolinensis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 90 LC50 47.9 Westerman 1977 Duration

Narrow-mouthed toad (embryo),

Gastrophyryne carolinensis

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 90 LC50 41.5 Westerman 1977 Duration

African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

nitrate 48 hr 209 LC50 11,700

Slooff and 

Baerselman 1980; 

Slooff et al. 1983a

Duration

African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 170 LC50 3,200 Canton and Slooff 1982 Duration

African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 100 d 170 Inhibited development 650 Canton and Slooff 1982

Lack of exposure 

details

African clawed frog (stage 40),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 1,000 Herkovits et al. 1997 Duration

African clawed frog (stage 40),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr - LC50 0.2 Herkovits et al. 1998 Duration

African clawed frog (stage 47),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr - LC50 1.6 Herkovits et al. 1998 Duration
H-49

Species Chemical Duration

Hardness

(mg/L CaCO3) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference Reason unacceptable

African clawed frog 

(adult, female),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(total egg count) 500-1,000 Fort et al. 2001 Duration

African clawed frog 

(adult, male),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(total sperm count) 2,500-5,000 Fort et al. 2001 Duration

African clawed frog (stage 50),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d - 40% mortality 5,000 Mouchet et al. 2007 Duration; Test species fed

African clawed frog (stage 50),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d - 60% mortality 10,000 Mouchet et al. 2007 Duration; Test species fed

African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr -

Increased toxicity and 

teratogenicity 562 Boga et al. 2008 Atypical endpoint

African clawed frog (embryo),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 47 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(delayed development and 

forelimb emergence)

84-855 Sharma and Patino 

2008 Duration

African clawed frog 

(embryo,<24 hr),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 86 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(survival) 85-860 Sharma and Patino 2009 Duration

African clawed frog 

(embryo,<24 hr),

Xenopus laevis

Cadmium 

chloride 86 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(growth) 8-85 Sharma and Patino 2009 Duration

Marbled salamander

(embryo, larva),

Ambystoma gracile

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d 99 EC50(death and deformity) 150 Birge et al. 1978 Duration

Northwestern salamander,

Ambystoma gracile

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 45 LOEC(limb regeneration) 44.6 Nebeker et al. 1994 Duration

Northwestern salamander,

Ambystoma gracile

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 45 LOEC(growth) 227 Nebeker et al. 1995 Duration
I-1

Appendix I Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data
I-2

Appendix I: Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data

(Species are organized phylogenetically).

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

ESTUARINE/MARINE 

WATER

Bacterium,

Vibrio fischeri

Cadmium 

nitrate 22 hr 35 EC50 214 Radix et al. 1999 Bacteria

Bacteria,

Vibrio fischeri

Cadmium 

chloride 15 min 35 EC50(luminescence) 56,800 Rosen et al. 2008 Bacteria

Phytoplankton population Cadmium 

nitrate 4 d - Reduced biomass 112 Hollibaugh et al. 1980

Mixed community 

exposure

Phytoplankton community - - - LC50 0.23-498.7 Echeveste et al. 2012

Mixed community 

exposure, exposure 

duration not well 

defined

Phytoflagellate,

Olisthodiscus luteus

Cadmium 

chloride 192 hr - 27% biovolume reduction 500 Fernandez-Leborans and Novillo 1996

Dinoflagellate,

Alexandrium catenella

Cadmium 

sulfate 30 d - 30% decreased growth 5.83 Herzi et al. 2013 Duration

Dinoflagellate,

Ceratocorys horrida

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 35 EC50(bioluminescence) 1,710 Rosen et al. 2008 Duration

Dinoflagellate,

Heterocapsa sp. - 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 13,800 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Dinoflagellate,

Lingulodinium polyedrum

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 35 EC50(bioluminescence) 843 Rosen et al. 2008 Duration

Dinoflagellate,

Prorocentrum minimum - 72 hr -

IC50

(cell-specific growth rate) 116.9 Wang 2010 Duration

Dinoflagellate (4 wk),

Pyrocystis lunula - 48 hr 35 EC50(bioluminescence) 750 Heimann et al. 2002 Duration
I-3

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Dinoflagellate,

Pyrocystis noctiluca

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 35 EC50(bioluminescence) 1,130 Rosen et al. 2008 Duration

Diatom,

Chaetoceros gracilis

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 8,500 Koutsaftis and Aoyama 2006 Duration

Diatom,

Isochrysis galbana - 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 2,900 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Diatom,

Minutocellus polymorphus 

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - EC50 66 Walsh et al. 1988 Duration

Diatom,

Skeletonema costatum - 10 d -

EC50

(growth) 450 Govindarajan et al. 1993

Diatom,

Skeletonema costatum

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr - EC50 144 Walsh et al. 1988 Duration

Diatom,

Tetraselmis gracilis - 96 hr -

EC50

(survival) 1,800 Okamoto et al. 1996

Diatom,

Tetraselmis tetrahele - 72 hr -

EC50

(growth) 9,800 Satoh et al. 2005 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - (18oC)

EC50

(growth) 291.1 Wang and Wang 2008; Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - (24oC)

EC50

(growth) 210.2 Wang and Wang 2008; Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr - (30.5oC)

EC50

(growth) 33.72 Wang and Wang 2008; Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr

- 

High 

irradiance

IC50

(cell-specific growth rate) 77.56 Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr

-

Low 

irradiance

IC50

(cell-specific growth rate) 303.5 Wang 2010 Duration
I-4

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Diatom,

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii - 72 hr

-

Med. 

irradiance

IC50

(cell-specific growth rate) 236.1 Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira pseudonana - 72 hr -

IC50

(cell-specific growth rate) 7.862 Wang 2010 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira weissflogii - 48 hr -

EC50

(growth-nutrient rich 

medium)

157.4 Miao and Wang 2006 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira weissflogii - 48 hr -

EC50

(growth-N-starved medium) 22.48 Miao and Wang 2006 Duration

Diatom,

Thalassiosira weissflogii - 48 hr -

EC50

(growth-P-starved medium) 73.07 Miao and Wang 2006 Duration

Green alga,

Acetabularia acetabulum

Cadmium 

chloride 3 wk - Morphological deformities 100 Karez et al. 1989

Green alga,

Acetabularia acetabulum

Cadmium 

chloride 3 wk - Decreased cell elongation 1 Karez et al. 1989

Green alga,

Chlorella autotrophica - 72 hr -

IC50

(cell-specific growth rate) 1,248 Wang 2010 Duration

Green alga,

Ulva pertusa

Cadmium 

chloride 72-120 hr 35 EC50(reproduction) 217 Han et al. 2007 Duration not specifically identified

Red alga,

Champia parvula

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 28-30 NOEC(sexual reproduction) >100 Thursby and Steele 1986 Duration

Hydroid,

Campanularia flexuosa - - - Enzyme inhibition 40-75 Moore and Stebbing 1976

Duration not 

specifically identified

Hydroid,

Campanularia flexuosa - 11 d - Growth rate 110-280 Stebbing 1976

Starlet sea anemone 

(adult, female),

Nematostella vectensis

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 12 NOEC-LOEC(survival) 50-250 Harter and Matthews 2005 Duration
I-5

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Rotifer,

Brachionus plicatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 15 LC50 54,900 Snell and Personne 1989b Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus plicatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 30 LC50 56,800 Snell and Personne 1989b Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus plicatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr 15 LC50 >39,000 Snell et al. 1991b Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus plicatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr - LC50 490.6 Arulvasu et al. 2010 Duration

Rotifer,

Brachionus plicatilis

Cadmium 

nitrate 7 d - No survival 429.2 Arulvasu et al. 2010 Unmeasured chronic exposure; Duration

Polychaete,

Capitella capitata

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d - LC50 630 Reish et al. 1976 Duration

Polychaete,

Capitella capitata

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d - LC50 700 Reish et al. 1976 Duration

Polychaete,

Neanthes arenaceodentata

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d - LC50 3,000 Reish et al. 1976 Duration

Polychaete worm,

Nereis virens

Cadmium 

chloride 144 hr - LC50 170 McLeese and Ray 1986 Duration

Sea squirt (sperm),

Ciona intestinalis

Cadmium 

chloride 30 min 33 NOEC-LOEC(% fertilization) 4,096-16,384 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (gamete),

Ciona intestinalis

Cadmium 

chloride 1 hr 33 LOEC(% fertilization) >16,384 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (embryo),

Ciona intestinalis

Cadmium 

chloride 20 hr 33 EC50(development) 809.4 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (larva),

Ciona intestinalis

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 33 EC50(attachmnet) >16,366 Bellas et al. 2001 Duration

Sea squirt (egg/sperm),

Ciona intestinalis

Cadmium 

chloride 20 hr 33 EC50(embryonic development) 721 Bellas et al. 2004 Duration

Sea squirt (egg/sperm),

Ciona intestinalis

Cadmium 

chloride 70 hr 33 EC50(larva attachment) 752 Bellas et al. 2004 Duration
I-6

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Gastropod (larva),

Crepidula fornicata

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

LOEC

(% larval mortality) 2,189 Pechenik et al. 2001 Duration; Test species fed

Mud snail (0.24-1.14 g),

Nassarius obsoletus

Cadmium 

chloride 72 hr 25 Increased O2 consumption 500 MacInnes and Thurberg 1973 Atypical endpoint

Mussel,

Mytilus edulis

Cadmium 

chloride 9.5 d 28 LT50 = 9.5 d(anoxic conditions) 47 Veldhuizen-Tsoerkan et al. 1991 Atypical endpoint

Bay scallop,

Argopecten irradians

Cadmium 

chloride 42 d -

EC50

(growth) 78 Pesch and Stewart 1980

Scallop (juvenile, 3 mm),

Argopecten ventricosus

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d 36 LOEC(growth) 10 Sobrino-Figueroa et al. 2007

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Duration

Pacific oyster (larva, 6 d),

Crassostrea gigas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr -

EC50

(growth) 75 Watling 1982 Atypical endpoint

Pacific oyster (larva, 16 d),

Crassostrea gigas

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr -

EC50

(growth) 120 Watling 1982 Atypical endpoint

Pacific oyster,

Crassostrea gigas

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d - 50 % reduction in settlement 20-25 Watling 1983b Duration

Pacific oyster,

Crassostrea gigas

Cadmium 

chloride 14 d - Growth reduction 10 Watling 1983b Duration

Pacific oyster,

Crassostrea gigas

Cadmium 

chloride 23 d - LC50 50 Watling 1983b Duration

Pacific oyster 

(1 yr, 112 mm, 20.3 g),

Crassostrea gigas

Cadmium 

chloride 11 d 35

LOEC

(increase expression of MT 

mRNA in digestive gland and 

gills)

10 Choi et al. 2008

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Atypical 

endpoint

Pacific oyster 

(1 yr, 112 mm, 20.3 g),

Crassostrea gigas

Cadmium 

chloride 11 d 35

LOEC

(increase expression of 

HSP90 mRNA in digestive 

gland and gills)

10 Choi et al. 2008

Duration; 

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Atypical 

endpoint

American or virginia oyster,

Crassostrea virginica

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

Reduction in embryonic 

development 15 Zaroogian and Morrison 1981 Duration
I-7

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Brown mussel (20-24 mm),

Perna perna

Cadmium 

acetate 96 hr 32 LC50 877.5 Baby and Menon 1987

Inappropriate form of 

toxicant

Clam,

Macoma balthica

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d - LC50 1,710 McLeese and Ray 1986 Duration

Hard clam (juvenile),

Mercenaria mercenaria

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 25 EC50(growth) 86.7 Keppler and Ringwood 2002

Duration; Test 

species fed

Hard clam 

(juvenile, 212-350 mm),

Mercenaria mercenaria

- 24 hr 32 LC50 420 Chung et al. 2007 Duration

Japanese carpet shell 

(6.7-7.1 mm),

Ruditapes philippinarum

- 5 d - LC50 3,114 Figueira et al. 2012 Duration

Sand gaper,

Mya arenaria

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d - LC50 150 Eisler 1977 Duration

Sand gaper,

Mya arenaria

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d - LC50 700 Eisler and Hennekey 1977 Duration

Calanoid copepod

(newly hatched nauplii),

Eurytemora affinis

Cadmium 

chloride 24 hr -

Reduction in swimming 

speed 130 Sullivan et al. 1983 Duration

Calanoid copepod

(newly hatched nauplii),

Eurytemora affinis

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

Reduction in development 

rate 116 Sullivan et al. 1983 Duration

Calanoid copepod,

Eurytemora affinis

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 5 LC50 51.6 Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Calanoid copepod,

Eurytemora affinis

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15 LC50 213 Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Harpacticoid copepod,

Nitokra spinipes

Cadmium 

sulfate 96 hr 30 NOEC(survival) 500 Ward et al. 2011 Atypical endpoint
I-8

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Copepod,

Tisbe holothurlae

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr - LC50 970

MoraitouApostolopoulou and 

Verriopoulos 1982

Duration

Barnacle 

(larva, stage 2 nauplii),

Balanus improvisus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15 LC50 >100.5 Lang et al. 1981

According to the 

author no attempt 

was made to 

determine a LC50; 

Test species fed

Barnacle 

(larva, stage 2 nauplii),

Balanus improvisus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 30 LC50 >201.8 Lang et al. 1981

According to the 

author no attempt 

was made to 

determine a LC50; 

Test species fed

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia

Cadmium 

chloride 17 d 15-23 LC50 11.3 Nimmo et al. 1977a Duration

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia

Cadmium 

chloride 16 d 30 LC50 28 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d - LC50 60 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia - 28 d 13-29

NOEC

(survival, growth and 

reproduction)

4-5

Voyer and 

McGovern 1991

Mysid (8 d),

Americamysis bahia

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 25 NOEC(survival and growth) 5 Khan et al. 1992

Duration; 

Unmeasured 

exposure

Mysid (8 d),

Americamysis bahia

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 25 NOEC(survival and growth) 5 Khan et al. 1992

Mysid,

Americamysis bahia - 24 hr 12 Reduced serum osmolality 3.62 De Lisle and Roberts 1994

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Mysid,

Mysidopsis bigelowi

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d - LC50 18 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration

Mysid,

Mysidopsis bigelowi

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d - LC50 70 Gentile et al. 1982 Duration
I-9

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Mysid (adult, 14 mm),

Neomysis integer

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 10 LC50 32.43 Roast et al. 2001b Duration

Mysid (adult, 15 mm),

Neomysis integer - 7 d 10

LOEC

(preference for DO vs. 

hypoxia areas)

1.0 Roast et al. 2002a Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Mysid (juvenile, 1-5 d),

Neomysis integer

Cadmium 

chloride - 5 -

2.87x10-8

(free ion 

activity Cd)

Verslycke et al. 2003 Atypical endpoint

Mysid (juvenile, 1-5 d),

Neomysis integer

Cadmium 

chloride - 25 -

2.86x10-8

(free ion 

activity Cd)

Verslycke et al. 2003 Atypical endpoint

Mysid (adult, 18 mm),

Praunus flexuosus

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d 10 LC50 83.11 Roast et al. 2001b Duration

Isopod,

Idotea baltica

Cadmium 

chloride 5 d 3 LC50 10,000 Jones 1975 Duration

Isopod,

Idotea baltica

Cadmium 

chloride 3 d 21 LC50 10,000 Jones 1975 Duration

Isopod,

Idotea baltica

Cadmium 

chloride 1.5 d 14 LC50 10,000 Jones 1975 Duration

White shrimp (0.02 cm, 0.1 g),

Litopenaeus vannamei

Cadmium 

sulfate 28 d 15 LOEC(growth) 100 Wu and Chen 2005a Unmeasured chronic exposure

White shrimp 

(0.22 cm, 0.49 g),

Litopenaeus vannamei

Cadmium 

sulfate 28 d 15 NOEC-LOEC(food consumption) 100-200 Wu and Chen 2005a

Unmeasured chronic 

exposure; Atypical 

endpoint

Pink shrimp,

Penaeus duorarum

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d - LC50 720 Nimmo et al. 1977b Lack of exposure details

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 29 d - LC50 120 Nimmo et al. 1977b Lack of exposure details

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 5 LC25 50 Vernberg et al. 1977 Lack of exposure details

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 10 LC10 50 Vernberg et al. 1977 Lack of exposure details
I-10

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 20 LC5 50 Vernberg et al. 1977 Lack of exposure details

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d - BCF = 140 - Vernberg et al. 1977 Steady state not documented

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d 10 LC75 300 Middaugh and Floyd 1978 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d 15 LC50 300 Middaugh and Floyd 1978 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d 30 LC25 300 Middaugh and Floyd 1978 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 42 d - LC50 300 Pesch and Stewart 1980 Duration

Daggerblade grass shrimp 

(juvenile),

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 10 LC50 1,300 Burton and Fisher 1990

Duration too short for 

juvenile shrimp

Daggerblade grass shrimp 

(25-35 mg),

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 8 hr 20 NOEC-LOEC(increase GSH) 562.05-5,620.5 Downs et al. 2001a Duration; Atypical endpoint

Daggerblade grass shrimp 

(25-35 mg),

Palaemonetes pugio

Cadmium 

chloride 8 hr 20 LOEC(increase LPO and ubiquitin) 112.41 Downs et al. 2001a Duration; Atypical endpoint

Shrimp,

Palaemon sp. - 5 d - 2,300 Ahsanullah 1976 Duration

Spot shrimp,

Pandalus platyceros - - - 4,970 Cardwell et al. 1979 Unknown duration

Pink shrimp,

Pandalus montagui

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d - LC50 1,280 McLeese and Ray 1986 Duration

Common shrimp (post-molt),

Crangon crangon - 5.3 d - 350 Price and Uglow 1979 Duration

Bay shrimp,

Crangon septemspinosa

Cadmium 

chloride 6 d - LC50 1,160 McLeese and Ray 1986 Duration
I-11

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

American lobster,

Homarus americanus

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d - BCF = 25 - Eisler et al. 1972 Steady state not documented

American lobster,

Homarus americanus

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d - Increase in ATPase activity 6 Tucker 1979 Atypical endpoint

Longwrist hermit crab,

Pagurus longicarpus

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d - 25% mortality 270 Eisler and Hennekey 1977 Duration

Longwrist hermit crab,

Pagurus longicarpus

Cadmium 

chloride 60 d - LC56 70 Pesch and Stewart 1980

Lack of exposure 

details; Atypical 

endpoint

Yellow crab,

Cancer anthonyi

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 34 28% mortality 1,000 MacDonald et al. 1988 Duration

Rock crab,

Cancer irroratus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - Enzyme activity 1,000 Gould et al. 1976 Atypical endpoint

Rock crab (larva),

Cancer irroratus

Cadmium 

chloride 28 d - Delayed development 50 Johns and Miller 1982

Lack of exposure 

details

Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus

Cadmium 

nitrate 7 d 10 LC50 50 Rosenberg and Costlow 1976 Duration

Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus

Cadmium 

nitrate 7 d 30 LC50 150 Rosenberg and Costlow 1976 Duration

Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 2.5 LC50 19 Guerin and Stickle 1995 Duration

Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus

Cadmium 

chloride 21 d 25 LC50 186 Guerin and Stickle 1995 Duration

Blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus

Cadmium 

chloride 6-8 d 28 EC50(hatching) 0.25 Lee et al. 1996 Duration

Shore crab (45.6 g),

Carcinus maenas

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 32 NOEC-LOEC(osmotic pressure) 3.4-34 Burke et al. 2003

Duration; Only two 

exposure 

concentrations

Shore crab (45.6 g),

Carcinus maenas

Cadmium 

chloride 10 d 10.5 LOEC(osmotic pressure) 3.4 Burke et al. 2003

Duration; Only two 

exposure 

concentrations
I-12

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Mud crab (larva),

Eurypanopeus depressus

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d - LC50 10 Mirkes et al. 1978 Duration; Lack of exposure details

Mud crab (larva),

Eurypanopeus depressus

Cadmium 

chloride 44 d - Delay in metamorphysis 10 Mirkes et al. 1978 Lack of exposure details

Mud crab,

Rhithropanopeus harrisil

Cadmium 

nitrate 11 d 10 LC80 50 Rosenberg and Costlow 1976

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Mud crab,

Rhithropanopeus harrisil

Cadmium 

nitrate 11 d 20 LC75 50 Rosenberg and Costlow 1976

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Mud crab,

Rhithropanopeus harrisil

Cadmium 

nitrate 11 d 30 LC40 50 Rosenberg and Costlow 1976

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator - 10 d - LC50 2,900 O'Hara 1973a Duration

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator

Cadmium 

chloride - - Effect on respiration 1.0 Vernberg et al. 1974 Duration not provided

Northern Pacific seastar 

(egg/sperm),

Asterias amurensis

Cadmium 

chloride 60 min 32 Fertilization rate 154,000 Lee et al. 2004 Duration

Common starfish,

Asterias forbesii

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d - 25% mortality 270 Eisler and Hennekey 1977 Duration

Sea urchin (sperm cell),

Arbacia punctulata

Cadmium 

chloride 1 hr 30 EC50(sperm cell) 38,000 Nacci et al. 1986 Duration

Sea urchin (embryo),

Arbacia punctulata

Cadmium 

chloride 4 hr 30 EC50(embryo growth) 13,900 Nacci et al. 1986 Duration

Green sea urchin (sperm),

Strongylocentrotus 

droebachiensis

Cadmium 

chloride 80 min 30 EC50(sperm fertilization) 26,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Green sea urchin (embryo),

Strongylocentrotus 

droebachiensis

Cadmium 

chloride 120 hr 30 EC50(development) 1,800 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Red sea urchin (sperm), Cadmium 80 min 30 EC50 12,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration
I-13

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Strongylocentrotus 

franciscanus

chloride (sperm fertilization)

Purple sea urchin (sperm),

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Cadmium 

chloride 80 min 30 EC50(sperm fertilization) 18,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Purple sea urchin (embryo),

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Cadmium 

chloride 120 hr 30 EC50(development) 500 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Purple sea urchin,

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Cadmium 

chloride 40 min 30 NOEC(sperm fertilization) >67 Bailey et al. 1995 Duration

Sand dollar (sperm),

Dendraster excentricus

Cadmium 

chloride 80 min 30 EC50(sperm fertilization) 8,000 Dinnel et al. 1989 Duration

Sand dollar,

Dendraster excentricus

Cadmium 

chloride 40 min 30 NOEC(sperm fertilization) >67 Bailey et al. 1995 Duration

Herring (larvae),

Clupea harengus

Cadmium 

chloride - - 100% embryonic survival 5,000 Westernhagen et al. 1979

Duration not 

provided

Pacific herring (embryo),

Clupea harengus pallasi

Cadmium 

chloride <24 hr - 17% reduction in volume 10,000 Alderdice et al. 1979a

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Pacific herring (embryo),

Clupea harengus pallasi

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - Decrease in capsule strength 1,000 Alderdice et al. 1979b Atypical endpoint

Pacific herring (embryo),

Clupea harengus pallasi

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr -

Reduced osmolality of 

periviteline fluid 1,000 Alderdice et al. 1979c

Duration; Atypical 

endpoint

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 34-35 LC50 1,230 Hutchinson et al. 1994 Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 7 d 34-35 NOEC(survival and growth) 560 Hutchinson et al. 1994 Duration

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 5 LC50 180(dissolved) Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 15 LC50 312(dissolved) Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr 25 LC50 496(dissolved) Hall et al. 1995 Test species fed

Mummichog, Cadmium 21 d - BCF = 48 - Eisler et al. 1972 Steady state not 
I-14

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Fundulus heteroclitus chloride documented

Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 60,000 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Mummichog (adult),

Fundulus heteroclitus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 43,000 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Mummichog (larva),

Fundulus heteroclitus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 32,000 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Mummichog (larva),

Fundulus heteroclitus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 7,800 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Mummichog (<23 d),

Fundulus heteroclitus

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 10 LC50 44,400 Burton and Fisher 1990 Duration

Atlantic silverside (adult),

Menidia menidia

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 13,000 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside (adult),

Menidia menidia

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 12,000 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside (larva),

Menidia menidia

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 20 LC50 2,200 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside (larva),

Menidia menidia

Cadmium 

chloride 48 hr 30 LC50 1,600 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration

Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia

Cadmium 

chloride 19 d 12 LC50 <160 Voyer et al. 1979 Duration

Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia

Cadmium 

chloride 19 d 20 LC50 540 Voyer et al. 1979 Duration

Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia

Cadmium 

chloride 19 d 30 LC50 >970 Voyer et al. 1979 Duration

Striped bass (juvenile),

Morone saxatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 90 d -

Significant decrease in 

enzyme activity 5 Dawson et al. 1977 Atypical endpoint

Striped bass (juvenile),

Morone saxatilis

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d -

NOEC-LOEC

(significant decrease in 

oxygen consumption)

0.5-5 Dawson et al. 1977 Atypical endpoint

Cunner (adult),

Tautogolabrus adspersus

Cadmium 

chloride 96 hr - Decreased enzyme activity 3,000 Gould and Karolus 1974 Atypical endpoint

Cunner (adult),

Tautogolabrus adspersus

Cadmium 

chloride 60 d - 37.5% mortality 100 MacInnes et al. 1977 Lack of exposure details
I-15

Species Chemical Duration

Salinity

(g/kg) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Reason 

unacceptable

Cunner (adult),

Tautogolabrus adspersus

Cadmium 

chloride 30 d -

Depressed gill tissue oxygen 

consumption 50 MacInnes et al. 1977 Atypical endpoint

Winter flounder,

Pseodopleuronectes 

americanus

Cadmium 

chloride 60 d - Increase gill tissue respiration 5 Calabrese et al. 1975 Atypical endpoint

Winter flounder,

Pseudopleuronectes 

americanus

Cadmium 

chloride 8 d - 50% viable hatch 300 Voyer et al. 1977 Duration

Winter flounder,

Pseodopleuronectes 

americanus

Cadmium 

chloride 17 d - Reduction of viable hatch 586 Voyer et al. 1982 Lack of exposure details

Spot (larva),

Leiostomus xanthurus

Cadmium 

chloride 9 d - Incipient LC50 200 Middaugh and Dean 1977 Duration
J-1

Appendix J Unused Studies
J-2

Appendix J: Unused Studies

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Abbasi and Soni An examination of environmentally safe levels of zinc (II), cadmium (II) 

and lead (II) with reference to impact on channelfish Nuria denricus 1986 Not North American species

Abbasi and Soni Relative toxicity of seven heavy metals with respect to impact towards 

larvae of amphibian Rana tigrina.

1989 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Abdallah Trace Element Levels in Some Commercially Valuable Fish Species from 

Coastal Waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

AbdAllah and Moustafa Accumulation of lead and cadmium in the marine prosobranch Nerita 

saxtilis, chemical analysis, light and electron microscopy 2002 Non-applicable

Abdel-Baky et al. Seasonal variations of some heavy metals accumulated in the organs of 

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Lake Manzala, Egypt 1998 Non-applicable

Abel and Barlocher Uptake of cadmium by Gammarus fossarum (Amphipoda) from food and 

water. 1988 Not North American species

Abel and Garner Comparisons of median survival times and median lethal exposure times 

for Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium, permethrin and cyanide. 1986 Not North American species

Abel and Papoutsoglou Lethal toxicity of cadmium to Cyprinus carpio and Tilapia aurea. 1986 Not North American species

Abrahim et al. Distribution and Assessment of Sediment exposure Toxicity in Tamaki 

Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand 2007 Sediment exposure

Abtahi et al. Study of Histopathological Effect of Environmental Factors of Caspian 

Sea on Sturgeon Fishes 2007 Mixture

Adam et al.

Impact of Cadmium and Zinc Prior Exposure on 110mSilver, 

58+60Cobalt and 137Cesium Uptake by Two Freshwater Bivalves During 

a Brief Field Experiment

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Adami et al. Levels of cadmium and zinc in hepatopancreas of reared Mytilus 

galloprovincialis from the Gulf of Trieste (Italy) 2002 Non-applicable

Adams et al. The Impact of an Industrially Contaminated Lake on Heavy Metal Levels 

in Its Effluent Stream 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Adeyemi and Deaton The effect of cadmium exposure on digestive enzymes in the Eastern 

oyster Crassostrea virginica 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

Adham et al. Impaired Functions in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 

1757), from Polluted Waters 2002 Mixture

Adhikari et al. Effect of calcium hardness on toxicity and accumulation of water-borne 

lead, cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton) 2007

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 14 day exposure); not North American 

speciess

Adhikari et al. Combined effects of water pH and alkalinity on the accumulation of lead, 

cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton) 2006

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 14 day exposure); not North American 

species
J-3

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Adiele Involvement of mitochondria in cadmium toxicity in rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2012 Excised tissue/cells

Adiele et al. Reciprocal Enhancement of Uptake and Toxicity of Cadmium and 

Calcium in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Liver Mitochondria. 2010 In vitro

Adiele et al. Cadmium- and calcium-mediated toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss) in vivo: interactions on fitness and mitochondrial endpoints. 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Adiele et al.

Differential inhibition of electron transport chain enzyme complexes by 

cadmium and calcium in isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 

hepatic mitochondria.

2012a In vitro

Adiele et al. Features of Cadmium and Calcium Uptake and Toxicity in Rainbow Trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) Mitochondria. 2012b In vitro

Afonso et al. Contaminant metals in black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) caught off 

Madeira and the Azores 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Agnello et al. Cadmium induces an apoptotic response in sea urchin embryos 2007 Not North American species, only one exposure 

concentration, duration too short

Agrahari and Gopal Fate and toxicity of cadmium and lead accumulation in different tissues 

(gills, liver, kidney, brain) of a freshwater fish Channa punctatus 2007 Not North American species, lack of exposure details

Ahmad et al. Effect of cadmium chloride on the histoarchitecture of liver and kidney of 

a freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Ahmed et al.

Measurements of genotoxic potential of cadmium in different tissues of 

fresh water climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch), using the comet 

assay

2010 Excised tissue/cells

Ahn et al. The effect of body size on metal accumulations in the bivalve Laternula 

elliptica 2001 Non-applicable

Ahn et al. Spatial Variations of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Manila Clam 

Ruditapes philippinarum From Some Selected Intertidal Flats of Korea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ahsanullah and Arnott

Acute toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to larvae of the crab 

Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and implications for 

water quality criteria

1978 Not North American species

Ahsanullah and Williams Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and 

zinc in the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa 1991 Not North American species

Ahsanullah et al. Toxicity of zinc, cadmium, and copper to the shrimp Callianassa 

australiensis 1981 Not North American species

Ai et al. Effects of Heavy Metal and Pollutants on the Non-Special Immunity of 

the Shrimp and Crab. 2008 Non-applicable

Airas et al. Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Blue Mussels 

(Mytilus edulis) in the Bergen Harbor Area, Western Norway 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-4

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Akinola and Ekiyoyo

Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium in Some Plants 

Cultivated Along the Bank of River Ribila at Odo-Nla Area of Ikorodu, 

Lagos State, Nigeria

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Aktac et al. The effects of short-term exposure to cadmium and copper on sialic acid 

in carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues 2010

Only three exposure concentrations, too few 

organisms per concentration; Bioaccumulation: 

steady state not documented

Albers and Camardese Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Plants and 

Invertebrates. 1. Constructed Wetlands 1993a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Albers and Camardese Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Plants and 

Invertebrates. 2. Wetlands, Ponds and Small Lake. 1993b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Albrecht et al. Heavy Metal Levels in Ribbon Snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) and Anuran 

Larvae From the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Alabama, USA 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Albright et al. Technique for Measuring Metallic Salt Effects Upon the Indigenous 

Heterotrophic Microflora of Natural Water. 1972 Bacteria

Alhashemi et al. Bioaccumulation of trace elements in trophic levels of wetland plants and 

waterfowl birds. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Al-Homaidan Heavy Metal Concentrations in Three Species of Green Algae from the 

Saudi Coast of the Arabian Gulf 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Allen Accumulation profiles of lead and the influence of cadmium and mercury 

in Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner) during chronic exposure 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Allen Soft-tissue accumulation of lead in the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus

(Steindachner), and the modifying effects of cadmium and mercury 1995a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Allen Accumulation profiles of lead and cadmium in the edible tissues of 

Oreochromis aureus during acute exposure 1995b

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Allen et al.

Development and Application of Long-Term Sublethal Whole Sediment 

exposure Tests With Arenicola marina and Corophium volutator Using 

Ivermectin as the Test Compound

2007 Sediment exposure

Al-Madfa Metals accumulation in the marine ecosystem around Qatar (Arabian 

Gulf) 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Almaguer-Cantu et al. Biosorption of Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) Using Escherichia coli

Genetically Engineered With Mice Metallothionein I. 2011 Bacteria

Almeida et al. Environmental cadmium exposure and metabolic responses of the Nile 

tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus 2001 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, unmeasured chronic exposure

Almli et al. Hepatic and renal concentrations of 10 trace elements in crocodiles 

(Crocodylus niloticus) in the Kafue and Luangwa rivers in Zambia 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-5

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Alonso et al. Development of a feeding behavioural bioassay using the freshwater 

amphipod Gammarus pulex and the multispecies freshwater biomonitor. 2009 Not North American species, duration too short, a typical endpoint

Alonso et al. Contrasting sensitivities to toxicants of the freshwater amphipods 

Gammarus pulex and G. fossarum 2010a Not North American species

Alonso et al. Effects of animal starvation on the sensitivity of the freshwater amphipod 

Gammarus pulex to cadmium 2010b Not North American species, atypical endpoint

Alquezar et al. Metal Accumulation in the Smooth Toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, in 

Estuaries Around Sydney, Australia 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Alquezar et al. Effects of Metals on Condition and Reproductive Output of the Smooth 

Toadfish in Sydney Estuaries, South-Eastern Australia 2006b Non-applicable

Alquezar et al. Comparative Accumulation of 109Cd and 75Se from Water and Food by 

an Estuarine Fish (Tetractenos glaber)

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Al-Shami et al. Genotoxicity of heavy metals to the larvae of Chironomus kiiensis

Tokunaga after short-term exposure 2012 Only three exposure concentrations

Al-Shwafi and Rushdi Heavy Metal Concentrations in Marine Green, Brown, and Red Seaweeds 

From Coastal Waters of Yemen, the Gulf of Aden 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

AltIndag and Yigit Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the food web of lake 

Beysehir, Turkey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Alvarado et al.

Cellular biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in hepatocytes of 

turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) exposed to Cd, Cu and Zn and after 

depuration

2005

Dilution water not characterized, only two 

exposure concentrations, duration too short, not 

North American species

Alvarez-Legorreta et al. Thiol peptides in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum (Banks ex Konig) in 

response to cadmium exposure 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Alves de Oliveira et al. Sulphate uptake and metabolism in water hyacinth and salvinia during 

cadmium stress 2009 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Amado-Filho et al. Heavy Metals in Benthic Organisms From Todos Os Santos Bay, Brazil 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Amenu A comparative study of water quality conditions between heavily 

urbanized and less urbanized watersheds of Los Angeles Basin 2011 Not applicable (no cadmium toxicity information)

Amiard et al.

Influence of some ecological and biological factors on metal 

bioaccumulation in young oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) during 

their spat rearing

1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Amiard et al. Influence of ploidy and metal-metal interactions on the accumulation of 

Ag, Cd, and Cu in oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 15 day exposure)

Amiard et al. Relationship Between the Liability of Sediment exposure-Bound Metals 

(Cd, Cu, Zn) and Their Bioaccumulation in Benthic Invertebrates 2007 Sediment exposure
J-6

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Amiard-Triquet et al. Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, copper and zinc in 

the mussel Mytilus edulis 1986

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Amiard-Triquet et al. Etudes in situ et experimentales de leotoxicologie de quatre metaux (Cd, 

Pb, Cu, Zn) chez des algues et des mollusques gasteropodes brouteurs 1987 Not North American species

Amiard-Triquet et al.

Field and experimental study of the bioaccumulation of some trace metals 

in a coastal food chain: seston, oyster (Crassostrea gigas), drill (Ocenebra 

erinacea)

1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Amin et al. Toxicity of cadmium, lead, and zinc to larval stages of Lithodes santolla

(Decapoda, Anomura) 2003 Dilution water not characterized, not NorthAmerican species

Amin et al.

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment exposure and Intertidal 

Gastropod Nerita lineata From Two Opposing Sites in the Straits of 

Malacca

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Amutha and Subramanian Cadmium alters the reproductive endocrine disruption and enhancement 

of growth in the early and adult stages of Oreochromis mossambicus 2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Amweg and Weston Whole-Sediment exposure Toxicity Identification Evaluation Tools for 

Pyrethroid Insecticides: I. Piperonyl Butoxide Addition 2007 Sediment exposure

An et al. Heavy Metals Contents in Haplocladium and Their Relationships With 

Shanghai City Environment 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anadu Fish acclimation and the development of tolerance to zinc as a modifying 

factor in toxicity 1983 Mixture, prior exposure to zinc

Anadu et al. Effect of zinc exposure on subsequent acute tolerance to heavy metals in 

rainbow trout 1989 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated for increased resistance to cadmium

Anajjar et al. Monitoring of Trace Metal Contamination in the Souss Estuary (South 

Morocco) Using the Clams Cerastoderma edule and Scrobicularia plana 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anan et al. Subcellular distribution of trace elements in the liver of sea turtles 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anderson

Concentration of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Thirty-Five 

Genera of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates From the Fox River, Illinois 

and Wisconsin.

1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anderson et al. The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the biota of two freshwater sites 

with different trace metal inputs 1978

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Anderson et al. A Comparison of in Situ and Laboratory Toxicity Tests With the 

Estuarine Amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius 2004 Non-applicable

Anderson et al. DNA- and RNA-derived assessments of fungal community composition 

in soil amended with sewage sludge rich in cadmium, copper and zinc 2008 Sludge
J-7

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Andosch et al.

A freshwater green alga under cadmium stress: Ameliorating calcium 

effects on ultrastructure and photosynthesis in the unicellular model 

Micrasterias

2012 No control group, only two exposure 

concentrations

Andreji et al. Heavy Metals Content and Microbiological Quality of Carp (Cyprinus 

carpio, L.) Muscle From Two Southwestern Slovak Fish Farms 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Andreji et al. Accumulation of Some Metals in Muscles of Five Fish Species from 

Lower Nitra River 2006b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Andres et al.

Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea along a 

polymetallic contamination gradient (River Lot, France): I. Geochemical 

characteristics of sampling sites and cadmium and zinc bioaccumulation 

kinetics

1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Ankley et al. Evaluation of the Toxicity of Marine Sediments and Dredge Spoils With 

the Microtox Bioassay. 1989 Bacteria

Annabi et al. Cadmium accumulation and histological lesion in mosquitofish 

(Gambusia affinis) tissues following acute and chronic exposure 2011 Bioaccumulation: exposure not measured

Annabi et al. Influence of cadmium exposure on growth and fecundity of freshwater 

mosquitofish Gambusia affinis: In situ and in vivo studies 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Annune et al. Acute toxicity of cadmium to juveniles of Clarias gariepinus (Teugels) 

and Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). J. 1994 Not North American species

Ansaldo et al. Effect of cadmium, lead and arsenic on the oviposition, hatching and 

embryonic survival of Biomphalaria glabrata 2009 Only two exposure concentration, test species fed, unmeasured chronic exposure

Anu et al. Monitoring of Heavy Metal Partitioning in Reef Corals of Lakshadweep 

Archipelago, Indian Ocean 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Anushia et al. Heavy metal induced enzyme response in Tilapia mossambicus 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Apeti et al. Cadmium Distribution in Coastal Sediment exposures and Mollusks of the 

US 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Aramphongphan et al. Snakehead-Fish Cell Line, Ssn-1 (Ophicephalus striatus) as a Model for 

Cadmium Genotoxicity Testing 2009 In vitro

Aravind and Prasad Zinc Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Ceratophyllum 

demersum L.: A Free Floating Freshwater Macrophyte 2003 Mixture

Aravind and Prasad

Zinc Protects Chloroplasts and Associated Photochemical Functions in 

Cadmium Exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L., a Freshwater 

Macrophyte

2004 Mixture

Aravind and Prasad Zinc Mediated Protection to the Conformation of Carbonic Anhydrase in 

Cadmium Exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L. 2005 Mixture

Aravind et al. Zinc Protects Ceratophyllum demersum L. (Free-Floating Hydrophyte) 

Against Reactive Oxygen Species Induced by Cadmium 2009 Mixture
J-8

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Arias-Almeida and RicoMartinezInhibition of Two Enzyme Systems in Euchlanis dilatata (Rotifera: 

Monogononta) as Biomarker of Effect of Metals and Pesticides. 2011a In vitro

Arias-Almeida and RicoMartinezToxicity of cadmium, lead, mercury and methyl parathion on Euchlanis 

dilatata Ehrenberg 1832 (Rotifera: Monogononta). 2011b Duration too short, not North American species

Arikpo et al. Cadmium uptake by the green alga Chlorella emersonii 2004 Adsorption not absorption study

Arini et al. Field Translocation of Diatom Biofilms Impacted by Cd and Zn to Assess 

Decontamination and Community Restructuring Capacities. 2012 Mixture

Arnac and Lassus Heavy metal accumulation (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) by smelt (Osmerus 

mordax) from the north shore of the St. Lawrence estuary 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Arshaduddin et al. Effect of two heavy metals (lead and cadmium) on growth in the rotifer 

Asplanchna intermedia 1989 Not North American species

Arts et al. Sensitivity of submersed freshwater macrophytes and endpoints in 

laboratory toxicity tests 2008 No cadmium toxicity information

Asagba et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected 

tissues of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2008

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 21 day exposure); not North American 

species

Asagba et al. Oxidative enzymes in tissues of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed 

to varying levels of cadmium 2010

Dilution water not characterized, not North 

American species, only three exposure 

concentrations

Asato and Reish The effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding of Holmesimysis 

costata (Crustacea: Mysidacea) 1988 High control mortality reported

Ashraf Accumulation of heavy metals in kidney and heart tissues of Epinephelus 

microdon fish from the Arabian Gulf 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ashraf et al. Seasonal Variation of Metal Concentration in Barnacles (Balanus spp.) Of 

Cochin Estuary, South West Coast of India 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Askary Sary et al. Cadmium, Iron, Lead and Mercury Bioaccumulation in Abu mullet, Liza 

abu, Different Tissues From Karoun and Karkheh Rivers, Khozestan, Iran 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Atici et al. Sensitivity of freshwater microalgal strains (Chlorella vulgaris Beijernick 

and Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kutzing) to heavy metals 2008 Excessive EDTA

Attar and Maly Acute toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and cadmium-zinc mixtures to Daphnia 

magna

1982 Prior exposure (1.0 ug/L Cd in city water used 

for culturing organisms)

Au et al. Reproductive impairment of sea urchins upon chronic exposure to 

cadmium. Part I: effects on gamete quality 2001a

Dilution water not characterized, only two 

exposure concentrations, Not North American 

species

Au et al. Reproductive impairment of sea urchin upon chronic exposure to 

cadmium. Part II: effects on sperm development 2001b

Dilution water not characterized, only two 

exposure concentrations, Not North American 

species
J-9

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Audet and Couture Seasonal variations in tissue metabolic capacities of yellow perch (Perca 

flavescens) from clean and metal-contaminated environments 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Augier et al. Variation of heavy metal contents of the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia

(Vahl) C. agardh in its area of expansion in the French Mediterranean Sea 1999 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Auslander et al. Pollution-affected fish hepatic transcriptome and its expression patterns 

on exposure to cadmium 2008 Dietary and injected exposure; not North American species

Austen and McEvoy The use of offshore meiobenthic communities in laboratory microcosm 

experiments: response to heavy metal contamination 1997 Sediment, no species name given, only one exposure concentration

Austin and Deniseger Periphyton Community Changes Along a Heavy Metals Gradient in a 

Long Narrow Lake. Environ. 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Avery et al.

The detection of pollutant impact in marine environments: condition 

index, oxidative DNA damage, and their associations with metal 

bioaccumulation in the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialis

1996 Not North American species

Awasthi and Rai Toxicity of Nickel, Zinc, and Cadmium to Nitrate Uptake in Free and 

Immobilized Cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda 2005 Mixture

Awasthi and Rai Interactions Between Zinc and Cadmium Uptake by Free and 

Immobilized Cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) 2006 Mixture

Ayas et al. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Water, Sediment exposures and Fishes of 

Nallihan Bird Paradise, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Azeez and Banerjee Influence of light on chlorophyll, a content of blue-green algae treated 

with heavy metals 1987 Not North American species

Baas et al. Modeling the Effects of Binary Mixtures on Survival in Time 2007 Modeling

Babich and Stotzky Influence of chloride ions on the toxicity of cadmium to fungi 1982 Non-aquatic species, only one exposure 

concentration

Babich et al. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Metals to Bluegill (Bf-2) Cells 1986 In vitro

Baby and Menon Salt forms of metals and their toxicity in the brown mussel Perna indica

(Kuriakose and Nair) 1987 Not North American species

Backor et al.

Response to Copper and Cadmium Stress in Wild-Type and Copper 

Tolerant Strains of the Lichen Alga Trebouxia erici: Metal Accumulation, 

Toxicity and Non-Protein Thiols

2007 Mixture

Badr and Fawzy

Bioaccumulation and Biosorption of Heavy Metals and Phosphorous by 

Potamogeton pectinatus L. And Ceratophyllum demersum L. In Two Nile 

Delta Lakes

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bagwe Effect of cadmium and seasonality on critical temperatures of aerobic 

metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin 1791 2012 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Bagy et al. Effect of pH and organic matter on the toxicity of heavy metals to growth 

of some fungi 1991 Only three exposure concentrations
J-10

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bah et al. Comparative proteomic analysis of Typha angustifolia leaf under 

chromium, cadmium and lead stress 2010 Soil exposure

Bai et al. Effect of H2O2 pretreatment on Cd tolerance of different rice cultivars 2011 Not applicable (non-aquatic plant)

Baillieul and Blust Analysis of the swimming velocity of cadmium-stressed Daphnia magna 1999 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Baines and Fisher Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Bioaccumulation of Metals by a 

Marine Bioindicator Organism, Mytilus edulis 2008 Modeling

Baines et al. Effects of Temperature on Uptake of Aqueous Metals by Blue Mussels 

Mytilus edulis From Arctic and Temperate Waters

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Baird and Van den Brink Using Biological Traits to Predict Species Sensitivity to Toxic Substances 2007 Modeling

Bajguz

An enhancing effect of exogenous brassinolide on the growth and 

antioxidant activity in Chlorella vulgaris cultures under heavy metals 

stress 

2010 Only three exposure concentrations

Bajguz Suppression of Chlorella vulgaris growth by cadmium, lead, and copper 

stress and its restoration by endogenous brassinolide 2011 Mixture

Bakhmet et al. Effect of copper and cadmium ions on heart function and calpain activity 

in blue mussel Mytilus edulis 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Bako and Daudu

Trace Metal Contents of the Emergent Macrophytes Polygonum sp. And 

Ludwigia sp. In Relation to the Sediment exposures of Two Freshwater 

Lake Ecosystems in the Nigerian Savanna

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Baldisserotto et al.

Effects of Dietary exposure Calcium and Cadmium on Cadmium 

Accumulation, Calcium and Cadmium Uptake from the Water, and Their 

Interactions in Juvenile Rainbow Trout

2005 Dietary exposure

Baldisserotto et al. Acute and waterborne cadmium uptake in rainbow trout is reduced by 

Dietary exposure calcium carbonate 2004a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 3 hour exposure); lack of exposure details

Baldisserotto et al. A protective effect of Dietary exposure calcium against acute waterborne 

cadmium uptake in rainbow trout 2004b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; lack of exposure details

Ball The toxicity of cadmium to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson) 1967 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Ball et al. Toxicity of a cadmium-contaminated diet to Hyalella azteca 2006 Dietary exposure

Balog and Shalanki

Crustacean Zooplankton as Indicators of Lake Balaton Pollution With 

Heavy Metals (Ispol'zovanie Rachkovogo Zooplanktons (Crustacea) Dlya 

Otsenki Zagryazneniya Oz. Balaton Tyazhelymi Metallami)

1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Balogh and Salanki The dynamics of mercury and cadmium uptake into different organs of 

Anodonta cygnea L

1984

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured
J-11

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bambang et al.

Effect of cadmium on survival and osmoregulation of various 

developmental stages of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Crustacea: 

Decapoda) 

1994 Not North American species

Banni et al. Mixture toxicity assessment of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in the sea 

worm Hediste diversicolor 2009 Mixture

Banni et al. Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effect of Zinc and Selenium 

Against Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Danio rerio 2011 Mixture

Baraj et al.

Assessing the effects of Cu, Cd, and exposure period on metallothionein 

production in gills of the Brazilian brown mussel Perna perna by using 

factorial design

2011 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Barata et al.

Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Metals and Pyrethroid Insecticides to 

Daphnia magna Straus. Implications for Multi-Substance Risks 

Assessment

2006 Mixture

Barata et al.

Among- and within-population variability in tolerance to cadmium stress 

in natural populations of Daphnia magna: implications for ecological risk 

assessment

2002a Lack of detail

Barata et al. Genetic variability in sublethal tolerance to mixtures of cadmium and zinc 

in clones of Daphnia magna straus 2002b Water and dietary exposure simultaneously

Barata et al. Demographic responses of a tropical cladoceran to cadmium: effects of 

food supply and density 2002c Dietary exposure

Barbieri

Use of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion to evaluate the 

sublethal toxicity of cadmium and zinc on Litopenaeus schmitti

(Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea)

2007 Not North American species, dilution water not 

characterized

Barbieri

Effects of Zinc and Cadmium on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium 

Excretion in Pink Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis, Perez-Farfante, 

1967, Crustacea)

2009 Mixture, Not North American species

Bargagli et al. Elevated cadmium accumulation in marine organisms from Terra Nova 

Bay (Antarctica) 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barhoumi et al.

Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Three Benthic Fish Species, Salaria 

basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris Collected From 

the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barjaktarovic and 

Bendell-Young

Accumulation of 109Cd by Second-Generation Chironominae Propagated 

from Wild Populations Sampled from Low-, Mid-, and high-Saline 

Environments

2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barjhoux et al. Effects of Copper and Cadmium Spiked-Sediments on Embryonic 

Development of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

2012 Sediment
J-12

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Barka

Insoluble Detoxification of Trace Metals in a Marine Copepod Tigriopus 

brevicornis Exposed to Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Cadmium, Silver and 

Mercury

2007 Mixture

Barka et al.

Metal distributions in Tigriopus brevicornis (Crustacea, Copepoda) 

exposed to copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, silver, and mercury, and 

implication for subsequent transfer in the food web

2010 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Barnthouse et al. Estimating responses of fish populations to toxic contaminants 1987 Review of previously published data

Barrento et al. Influence of Season and Sex on the Contents of Minerals and Trace 

Elements in Brown Crab (Cancer pagurus, Linnaeus, 1758) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barrera and Wong

Lipid Peroxidation and Metallothionein Induction by Chromium and 

Cadmium in Oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) From Mandinga 

Lagoon, Veracruz

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented.

Barrera-Escorcia et al. Mean Lethal Body Concentration of Cadmium in Crassostrea virginica

from a Mexican Tropical Coastal Lagoon 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Barrera-Escorcia et al. Filtration rate, assimilation and assimilation efficiency in Crassostrea 

virginica (Gmelin) fed with Tetraselmis suecica under cadmium exposure 2010 Only two exposure concentrations

Bartsch et al. Effects of cadmium-spiked sediment on cadmium accumulation and 

bioturbation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia bilineata 1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Barwick and Maher

Biotransferance and biomagnification of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc, 

arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie 

Estuary, NSW, Australia

2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Basha and Rani Cadmium-induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost 

Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) 2003

Dilution water not characterized, only one 

exposure concentration, exposure methods 

unknown

Basic et al. Cadmium hyperaccumulation and genetic differentiation of Thlaspi 

caerulescens populations 2006 Non-aquatic plant

Batista et al. Impacts of warming on aquatic decomposers along a gradient of cadmium 

stress 2012 Dilution water not characterized, unmeasured exposure

Battaglini et al. The effects of cadmium on the gills of the goldfish Carassius auratus L.: 

metal uptake and histochemical changes 1993 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or bioconcentration

Baudrimont et al.

Bioaccumulation and metallothionein response in the asiatic clam 

(Corbicula fluminea) after experimental exposure to cadmium and 

inorganic mercury

1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Baudrimont et al. The Key Role of Metallothioneins in the Bivalve Corbicula fluminea

During the Depuration Phase, After In Situ Exposure to Cd and Zn 2003 Mixture
J-13

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Baudrimont et al.

Geochemical survey and metal bioaccumulation of three bivalve species 

(Crassostrea gigas, Cerastoderma edule and Ruditapes philippinarum) in 

the Nord Medoc salt marshes (Gironde estuary, France)

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Baumann and Fisher

Relating the sediment phase speciation of arsenic, cadmium, and 

chromium with their bioavailability for the deposit-feeding polychaete 

Nereis succinea

2011a Mixture

Baumann and Fisher Modeling metal bioaccumulation in a deposit-feeding polychaete from 

labile sediment fractions and from pore water 2011b Dilution water not characterized, mixture, sediment

Baunemann and Hofner

Influence of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn on the Synthesis of Metalloproteins by 

Scenedesmus subspicatus (Einfluss Von Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn Auf Die 

Synthese Metallothionein-Ahnlicher Substanzen in Scenedesmus 

Subspicatus).

1991 Text in foreign language

Bay et al. Status and applications of echinoid (Phylum echinodermata) toxicity test 

methods 1993 Review of previously published data

Bazzaz and Govindjee Effects of cadmium nitrate on spectral characteristics and light reactions 

of chloroplasts 1974 Not applicable

Beattie and Pascoe Cadmium uptake by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri eggs and alevins 1978

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Beauvais et al. Cholinergic and behavioral neurotoxicity of carbaryl and cadmium to 

larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2001 Only two exposure concentrations

Bednarz and WarkowskaDratnalToxicity of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, and their mixture for Chlorella 

pyrenoidosa Chick

1983/

1984 Not North American species

Beiras and Albentosa

Inhibition of embryo development of the commercial bivalves Ruditapes 

decussatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis by trace metals; implications for 

the implementation of seawater quality criteria.

2004 Not North American species

Beiras et al. Effects of storage temperature and duration on toxicity of sediments 

assessed by Crassostrea gigas oyster embryo bioassay 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bektas et al. Inhibition effect of cadmium on carbonic anhydrase in rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2008 Dietary exposure

Belabed et al. Toxicity study of some heavy metals with daphnia test 1994 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Beltrame et al.

Cadmium and zinc in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (Argentina): salinity 

effects on lethal toxicity in juveniles of the burrowing crab 

Chasmagnathus granulatus

2008 Not North American species

Benaduce et al. Toxicity of cadmium for silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae) 

embryos and larvae at different alkalinities 2008 Lack of detail; not North American species
J-14

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bendell Cadmium in Shellfish: the British Columbia, Canada Experience--a MiniReview 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bendell and Feng

Spatial and Temporal Variations in Cadmium Concentrations and Burdens 

in the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Sampled From the Pacific 

North-West. Marine Pollution Bulletin

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bendell-Young

Comparison of metal concentrations in the fore and hindguts of the 

crayfish Cambarus bartoni and Orconectes virilis and implications 

regarding metal absorption efficiencies

1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bendell-Young

Application of a kinetic model of bioaccumulation across a pH and 

salinity gradient for the prediction of cadmium uptake by the sediment 

dwelling chironomidae

1999 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Bendell-Young et al. Accumulation of cadmium by white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in 

relation to fish growth and lake acidification 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bender Trace Metal Levels In Beach Dipterans And Amphipods 1975 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bennett et al. Pilot Sampling For Heavy Metals In Fish Flesh From Killarney Lake, 

Coeur D'alene River System, Idaho 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bentley Accumulation of cadmium by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): 

Influx from environmental solutions 1991

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Bere and Tundisi Toxicity and sorption kinetics of dissolved cadmium and chromium III on 

tropical freshwater phytoperiphyton in laboratory mesocosm experiments 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Bere and Tundisi Cadmium and lead toxicity on tropical freshwater periphyton 

communities under laboratory-based mesocosm experiments 2012a Mixture, Mixed species exposure

Bere and Tundisi Effects of cadmium stress and sorption kinetics on tropical freshwater 

periphytic communities in indoor mesocosm experiments 2012b Dilution water not characterized

Berglind The effects of cadmium on ala-d activity, growth and haemoglobin 

content in the water flea, Daphnia magna 1985

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Berglind Combined and separate effects of cadmium, lead and zinc on ala-d 

activity, growth and hemoglobin content in Daphnia magna 1986

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Bernds Bioaccumulation of trace metals in polychaetes from the German Wadden 

Sea: evaluation and verification of toxicokinetic models 1998

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured
J-15

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Berntssen and Lundebye Energetics in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Parr fed Elevated Dietary 

exposure Cadmium 2001 Dietary exposure

Berntssen et al.

Tissue Metallothionein, Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Responses in 

Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Parr Fed Elevated Dietary exposure 

Cadmium

2001 Dietary exposure

Berntssen et al.

Effects of dietary exposure cadmium on calcium homeostasis, Ca 

mobilization and bone deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) 

Parr

2003 Dietary exposure

Bervoets et al. The uptake of cadmium by the midge larvae Chironomus riparius as a 

function of salinity 1995

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Bervoets et al. Effect of temperature on cadmium and zinc uptake by the midge larvae 

Chironomus riparius 1996

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Bervoets et al. Accumulation of Metals in the Tissues of Three Spined Stickelback 

(Gasterosteus aculeatus) From Natural Fresh Waters 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bervoets et al. Comparison of Accumulation of Micropollutants Between Indigenous and 

Transplanted Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)

2004 Non-applicable

Besser and Rabeni Bioavailability and toxicity of metals leached from lead-mine tailings to 

aquatic invertebrates 1987 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Besser et al.

Bioavailability of Metals in Stream Food Webs and Hazards to Brook 

Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Upper Animas River Watershed, 

Colorado

2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Besser et al. Ecological Impacts of Lead Mining on Ozark Streams: Toxicity of 

Sediment and Pore Water 2009 Mixture

Besson et al. NO contributes to cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana 2007 Mixture

Besson-Bard and 

Wendehenne

NO Contributes to Cadmium Toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by 

Mediating an Iron Deprivation Response 2009 Mixture

Besson-Bard et al.

Nitric Oxide Contributes to Cadmium Toxicity in Arabidopsis by 

Promoting Cadmium Accumulation in Roots and by up-Regulating Genes 

Related to Iron Uptake

2009 Mixture

Beyrem et al. Individual and combined effects of cadmium and diesel on a nematode 

community in a laboratory microcosm experiment 2007 Sediment exposure

Bhamre et al. Effects of cadmium intoxication on the gills of freshwater mussel 

Parreysia favidens 2010 Only one exposure concentration
J-16

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bhamre and Desai Impact of heavy metal compounds on oxygen consumption of freshwater 

mussel Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea) 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Bhattacharya et al. Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water, Sediment exposure and Tissues of 

Different Edible Fishes in Upper Stretch of Gangetic West Bengal 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bhilave et al. Biochemical changes in the fish cirrhinus mrigala after acute and chronic 

exposure of heavy metals 2008 Dilution water not characterized, lack of exposure details, not North American species

Bicho et al.

Accumulation in Livers and Excretion Through Eggs of Heavy Metals in 

a Nesting Population of Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the NW Indian 

Ocean

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Biddinger and Gloss The Importance of Trophic Transfer in the Bioaccumulation of Chemical 

Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems 1984 Review

Biesinger et al. Effects of metal salt mixtures on Daphnia magna reproduction 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bigelow and Lasenby Particle size selection in cadmium uptake by the opossum shrimp, Mysis 

relicta 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bigot et al.

Early defense responses in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea

exposed to copper and cadmium: Transcriptional and histochemical 

studies

2011 Only three exposure concentrations, dilution 

water not characterized

Billoir et al.

Integrating the lethal and sublethal effects of toxic compounds into the 

population dynamics of Daphnia magna: a combination of the DEBtox 

and matrix population models

2007 No original data; modeling

Billoir et al. Bayesian modeling of daphnid responses to time-varying cadmium 

exposure in laboratory aquatic microcosms 2011 Mixed species exposure

Billoir et al. Comparison of bioassays with different exposure time patterns: the added 

value of dynamic modeling in predictive ecotoxicology 2012 Mixed species exposure

Bird et al.

To What Extent Are Hepatic Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Anguilla 

anguilla at a Site in a Contaminated Estuary Related to Body Size and 

Age and Reflected in the Metallothionein Concentrations?

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Birge and Black

In Situ Acute/Chronic Toxicological Monitoring of Industrial Effluents 

for the NPDES Biomonitoring Program Using Fish and Amphibian 

Embryo-Larval Stages as Test Organisms

1981 Effluent

Birmelin et al. The mysid Siriella armata as a test organisms in toxicology: effects of 

cadmium 1995 Not North American species

Bisova et al. Cell growth and division processes are differentially sensitive to cadmium 

in Scenedesmus quadricauda 2003 Excessive EDTA in growth media (18,000 ug/L), duration too short

Biswas and Kaviraj Size dependent tolerance of indian cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 

to toxicity of cadmium and composted vegetation 2002 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species
J-17

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Bitton et al. Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity 1994

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Bitton et al. Short-term toxicity assay based on daphnid feeding behavior 1995 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Bjerregaard Accumulation of cadmium and selenium and their mutual interaction in 

the shore crab Carcinus maenas 1982

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Bjerregaard Effect of selenium on cadmium uptake in the shore crab Carcinus maenas

(L.) 1985

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Bjerregaard Relationship between physiological condition and cadmium accumulation 

in Carcinus maenas (L.) 1991

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Bjerregaard and Depledge Cadmium accumulation in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus 

maenas: the influence of salinity and calcium ion concentrations 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Bjerregaard and Depledge Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab 

Carcinus maenas: effects of size and tissue hydration 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bjerregaard et al.

Cadmium in the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas: Seasonal Variation in 

Cadmium Content and Uptake and Elimination of Cadmium After 

Administration via Food

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Blackmore and Wang Uptake and Efflux of Cd and Zn by the Green Mussel Perna viridis After 

Metal Preexposure 2002 Mixture

Blinova Use of freshwater algae and duckweeds for phytotoxicity testing 2004 Review

Block and Glynn Influence of xanthates on the uptake of 109Cd by Eurasian dace (Phoxinus 

phoxinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1992

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Block and Part Uptake of 109Cd by cultured gill epithelial cells from rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1992

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Block et al. Xanthate effects on cadmium uptake and intracellular distribution in 

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills 1991

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration
J-18

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Blondin et al. An in vitro submitochondrial bioassay for predicting acute toxicity in fish 1989

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Bocchetti et al.

Trace Metal Concentrations and Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in the 

Polychaete Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin) (Sabellidae): Potential Role of 

Antioxidants in Revealing Stressful Environmental Conditions in the 

Mediterranean

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bochenek et al.

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in Roach, Rutilus rutilis (L.) From 

the Lower Reaches of the Oder River, and Their Correlation With 

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediment exposures Collected 

in the Same Area

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bodar et al. Effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical 

parameters of Daphnia magna: possible implications for reproduction 1988a Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Bodar et al. Ecdysteroids in Daphnia magna: their role in moulting and reproduction 

and their levels upon exposure to cadmium 1990a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bodar et al. Cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna 1990b Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated 

for increased resistance to cadmium

Boets et al. A comparison of the short-term toxicity of cadmium to indigenous and 

alien gammarid species 2012 Not North American species

Bohn and Mcelroy

Trace metals arsenic cadmium copper iron and zinc in arctic cod 

Boreogadus saida and selected zoo plankton from Strathcona Sound 

Northern Baffin Island

1976 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Boisson et al.

Comparative radiotracer study of cadmium uptake, storage, detoxification 

and depuration in the oyster Crassostrea gigas: potential adaptive 

mechanisms

2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 15 day exposure)

Bolanos et al. Differential toxicological response to cadmium in Anabaena strain PCC 

7119 grown with NO3

-

or NH4

+

as nitrogen source 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Bonneris et al.

Sub-cellular Partitioning of Cd, Cu and Zn in Tissues of Indigenous 

Unionid Bivalves Living Along a Metal Exposure Gradient and Links to 

Metal-Induced Effects

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Borane et al. Ascorbate effect on the cadmium induced alterations in the behavior of 

the fresh water fish Channa orientalis (Schneider) 2008 Only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Borchardt Influence of food quantity on the kinetics of cadmium uptake and loss via 

food and seawater in Mytilus edulis 1983 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or bioconcentration

Borchardt Biological monitoring in the central and southern north sea heavy metal 

contamination of mussels Mytilus edulis 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-19

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Borcherding and Wolf

The influence of suspended particles on the acute toxicity of 2-chloro-4-

nitro-aniline, cadmium, and pentachlorophenol on the valve movement 

response of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

2001 Only one exposure concentration, duration too 

short, concentration decreased over time

Bordajandi et al. Study on PCBs, PCDD/Fs, organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and 

arsenic content in freshwater fish species from the River Turia (Spain) 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Borgmann et al.

Relative Contribution of Food and Water to 27 Metals and Metalloids 

Accumulated by Caged Hyalella azteca in Two Rivers Affected by Metal 

Mining

2007 Mixture

Boscher et al. Chemical contaminants in fish species from rivers in the North of 

Luxembourg: Potential impact on the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Bouallam and 

Nejmeddine

Effects of Heavy Metals - Cu, Hg, Cd - on Three Species of Mosquitoes 

Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) 2001 Mixture

Boughammoura et al. Effects of cadmium and high temperature on some parameters of calcium 

metabolism in the killifish (Aphanius fasciatus)

2013 Only one exposure concentration; not North 

American species

Boullemant et al. Uptake of lipophilic cadmium complexes by three green algae: influence 

of humic acid and its pH dependence 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not achieved (only 40 minute exposure)

Bouquegneau and Martoja La teneur en cuivre et son degre de complexation chez quatre 

gasteropodes marins. Donnees sur le cadmium et zinc 1982

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Bouraoui et al. Acute effects of cadmium on liver phase I and phase II enzymes and 

metallothionein accumulation on sea bream Sparus aurata 2008 Injected toxicant, not North American species

Bourgeault et al. Modeling the effect of water chemistry on the bioaccumulation of 

waterborne cadmium in zebra mussels 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not achieved

Bourret et al. Evolutionary Ecotoxicology of Wild Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) 

Populations Chronically Exposed to a Polymetallic Gradient 2008 Mixture

Bovee Effects of certain chemical pollutants on small aquatic plants 1975 Lack of exposure details; cannot determine effect 

concentration

Bowen and Engel Effects of protracted cadmium exposure on gametes of the purple sea 

urchin, Arbacia punctulata 1996

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Bowmer et al.

The Detection of Chronic Biological Effects in the Marine Intertidal 

Bivalve Cerastoderma edule, in Model Ecosystem Studies With 

Pulverised Fuel Ash: Reproduction and Histopathology

1994 Mixture

Boyden Effect of size upon metal content of shellfish 1977

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Boyer Trace Elements In The Water Sediment exposures And Fish Of The 

Upper Mississippi River Twin Cities Metropolitan Area USA 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-20

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Boyle et al. Natural Arsenic Contaminated Diets Perturb Reproduction in Fish 2008 Dietary exposure

Bozcaarmutlu and Arinc

Effect of Mercury, Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium and Zinc on Kinetic 

Properties of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Purified From 

Leaping Mullet (Liza saliens)

2007 Mixture

Bradac et al. Kinetics of cadmium accumulation in periphyton under freshwater 

conditions 2009 Mixed species exposure

Bradac et al. Cadmium Speciation and Accumulation in Periphyton in a Small Stream 

With Dynamic Concentration Variations 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Brand et al. Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and 

cadmium. 1986 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Brandao et al. Correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity to cultured fathead minnow 

fish cells and fish lethality data for 50 chemicals 1992 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; in vitro

Brauwers Algae and Heavy Metal Pollution 1985 Review

Bresler and Yanko Acute toxicity of heavy metals for benthic epiphytic foraminifera 

Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez) and influence of seaweed-derived DOC 1995 Not North American species

Bressan and Brunetti The effects of nitriloacetic acid, Cd and Hg on the marine algae 

Dunaliella tertiolecta and Isochrysis galbana 1988

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Bringmann and Kuhn Results of toxic action of water pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus 

tested by an improved standardized procedure 1982 Cultured daphnids in one dilution water and tested them in another one

Brinke et al. Using Meiofauna to Assess Pollutants in Freshwater Sediments: a 

Microcosm Study With Cadmium 2011 Sediment

Brinkhurst et al. Comparative study of respiration rates of some aquatic oligochaetes in 

relation to sublethal stress 1983 Only two exposure concentrations 

Brinkman and Vieira Water pollution studies 2008 Scientific name not given, just common name

Brinza et al. Cadmium Tolerance and Adsorption by the Marine Brown Alga Fucus 

vesiculosus From the Irish Sea and the Bothnian Sea 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Brix et al. Effects of Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc on the Hatching Success of Brine 

Shrimp (Artemia franciscana)

2006 Mixture

Brix et al. The Sensitivity of Aquatic Insects to Divalent Metals: a Comparative 

Analysis of Laboratory and Field Data 2011 Review

Brkovic-Popovic and 

Popovic

Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid 

worms: Part I-effects on survival 1977a The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Brkovic-Popovic and 

Popovic

Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid 

worms: Part II-effects on respiration rate 1977b The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Brooks et al. Sublethal Effects and Predator-Prey Interactions: Implications for 

Ecological Risk Assessment 2009 Multiple species exposed
J-21

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Brooks et al. A simple indoor artificial stream system designed to study the effects of 

toxicant pulses on aquatic organisms 1996 Not North American species

Brouwer et al. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: 

effect of cadmium accumulation in tissues on proton relaxation properties 1992 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Brown Effects of Polluting Substances on Enzymes of Aquatic Organisms 1976 In vitro

Brown and Ahsanullah Effect of heavy metals on mortality and growth 1971 Brine shrimp

Brown et al. Detoxification/toxification of cadmium in scorpionfish (Scorpaena 

quttata): acute exposure 1984 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Brown et al.

A comparison of the differential accumulation of cadmium in the tissues 

of three species of freshwater fish, Salmo Gairdneri, Rutilus rutilus and 

Noemacheilus barbatulus

1986

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Brucka-Jastrzebska and 

Protasowicki

Elimination Dynamics of Cadmium, Administered by a Single 

Intraperitoneal Injection, in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L

2004 In vitro

Brumbaugh et al.

Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced 

waters of northeastern Oklahoma: sampling of blood, carcass, and liver 

for aquatic biomonitoring

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Brunelli et al. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigation on the gills of the 

teleost, Thalassoma pavo L., exposed to cadmium 2011 Not North American species

Brunetti et al. Effects of the chelating agent nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on the toxicity of 

metals (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus LMK 1991 Not North American species

Brunham and Bendell The effect of temperature on the accumulation of cadmium, copper, zinc, 

and lead by Scirpus acutus and Typha latifolia: a comparative analysis 2011 Sediment exposure

Bryan The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine 

organisms 1971 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Bryan and Langston Bioavailability, Accumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Sediments 

With Special Reference to United Kingdom Estuaries: a Review. 1992 Review

Bryan et al. An assessment of the gastropod, Littorina littorea, as an indicator of 

heavy metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries 1983

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Bryson et al. Roxboro Steam Electric Plant Preliminary Hyco Bioassay Report for 1983 1984a Effluent

Bryson et al. Roxboro Steam Electric Plant 1982 Environmental Monitoring Studies 

Volume II Hyco Reservoir Bioassay Studies 1984b Mixture

Buchwalter et al. Using Biodynamic Models to Reconcile Differences Between Laboratory 

Toxicity Tests and Field Biomonitoring With Aquatic Insects 2007 Modeling

Buckley et al.

Toxicities of total and chelex-labile cadmium to salmon in solutions of

natural water and diluted sewage with potentially different cadmium 

complexing capacities

1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-22

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Budambula and 

Mwachiro

Metal Status of Nairobi River Waters and Their Bioaccumulation in 

Labeo cylindricus 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Buikema et al. Rotifer sensitivity to combinations of inorganic water pollutants 1977 The 96 hour values reported were subject to error 

because of possible reproductive interactions

Buikema et al. Rotifers as monitors of heavy metal pollution in water 1974a The 96 hour values reported were subject to error 

because of possible reproductive interactions

Buikema et al. Evaluation of Philodina acuticornis (Rotifera) as a bioassay organism for 

heavy metals 1974b The 96 hour values reported were subject to error because of possible reproductive interactions

Bulus Rossini and Ronco Sensitivity of Cichlasoma facetum (Cichlidae, Pisces) to metals 2004 Not North American species

Bunluesin et al. Influences of Cadmium and Zinc Interaction and Humic Acid on Metal 

Accumulation in Ceratophyllum demersum 2007 Mixture

Bu-Olayan and Thomas Trace metals toxicity and bioaccumulation in mudskipper Periophthalmus 

waltoni Koumans 1941 (Gobiidae: Perciformes) 2008 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Bu-Olayan et al. Trace metals toxicity to the body structures of mullet Liza klunzingeri

(Mugilidae: Perciformes) 2008 Mixture, dilution water not characterized

Burdin and Bird Heavy metal accumulation by carrageenan and agar producing algae 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Burger Assessment and Management of Risk to Wildlife From Cadmium 2008 Review

Burger and Campbell Species differences in contaminants in fish on and adjacent to the Oak 

Ridge Reservation, Tennessee 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger and Gochfeld Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Exposure Assessment for Heavy Metal Ingestion From a Sport Fish in 

Puerto Rico: Estimating Risk for Local Fishermen. 1992 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal Levels in Fish from the Savannah River: Potential Hazards to Fish 

and Other Receptors 2002a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal levels in horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) from Maine to 

Florida 2002b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal levels in tissues of Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus) from 

Lake Okeechobee 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Metal Levels in Blood, Muscle and Liver of Water Snakes (Nerodia spp.) 

from New Jersey, Tennessee and South Carolina 2007a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al.

Metal Levels in Flathead Sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon) and Great 

Sculpin (Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus) From Adak Island, 

Alaska: Potential Risk to Predators and Fishermen

2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burger et al. Heavy Metals in Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) From the Aleutians: 

Location, Age, Size, and Risk 2007c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burgos and Rainbow Availability of Cadmium and Zinc from Sewage Sludge to the Flounder, 

Platichthys flesus, via a Marine Food Chain 2001 Sludge
J-23

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Burnison et al. Toxicity of cadmium to freshwater algae 1975 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Burnison et al. Cadmium accumulation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs in modulated by 

dissolved organic matter (DOM) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 5 hour exposure)

Burrell and Weihs Uptake of cadmium by marine bacteria and transfer to a deposit feeding 

clam 1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Burt et al.

The Accumulation of Zn, Se, Cd, and Pb and Physiological Condition of 

Anadara trapezia Transplanted to a Contamination Gradient in Lake 

Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Burton and Pinkney

Yellow Perch Larval Survival in the Zekiah Swamp Watershed 

(Wicomico River, Maryland) Relative to the Potential Effects of a Coal 

Ash Storage Facility

1994 Effluent

Busch et al.

Effects of changing salt concentrations and other physical-chemical 

parameters on bioavailability and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in 

exposed Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)

1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Bustamante et al. Biokinetics of zinc and cadmium accumulation and depuration at different 

stages in the life cycle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis 2002 Mixture; not North American species

Bustamante et al. Distribution of trace elements in the tissues of benthic and pelagic fish 

from the Kerguelen Islands 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Byzitter et al. Acute Combined Exposure to Heavy Metals (Zn, Cd) blocks memory 

formation in a freshwater snail. 2012 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Cadena-Cardenas et al. Heavy Metal Levels in Marine Mollusks From Areas With, or Without, 

Mining Activities Along the Gulf of California, Mexico 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cain et al. Linking metal bioaccumulation of aquatic insects to their distribution 

patterns in a mining-impacted river 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cain et al. 

Influence of metal exposure history on the bioaccumulation and 

subcellular distribution of aqueous cadmium in the insect Hydropsyche 

californica

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 6 day exposure)

Cain et al. Bioaccumulation dynamics and exposure routes of Cd and Cu among 

species of aquatic mayflies 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, not renewal or flow-through

Cairns et al. The effects of temperature upon the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic 

organisms 1975 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; review

Cairns et al. A simple, cost-effective multispecies toxicity test using organisms with a 

cosmopolitan distribution 1985 Review of previously published data

Calabro et al. Survey on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Patella caerulea Specimens 

Collected Along Coastlines in Messina Province (Italy) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-24

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Calevro et al. Tests of toxicity and teratogenicity in biphasic vertebrates treated with 

heavy metals (Cr3+, Al3+, Cd2+)

1998a Not North American species

Calevro et al. Toxic effects of aluminum, chromium and cadmium in intact and 

regenerating freshwater planarians 1998b The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Caliceti et al. Heavy metal contamination in the seaweeds of the Venice Lagoon 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Call et al. Variation of acute toxicity with water source 1983 Report appears to be missing data tables and 

LC50 values

Cambier et al. Cadmium-induced genotoxicity in zebrafish at environmentally relevant 

doses 2010 Only two exposure concentrations

Campbell and Evans Cadmium concentrations in the freshwater mussel (Elliptio complanata) 

and their relationship to water chemistry 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Campbell et al.

Cadmium-Handling Strategies in Two Chronically Exposed Indigenous 

Freshwater Organisms-The Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and the 

Floater Mollusc (Pyganodon grandis)

2005 Non-applicable

Campos Heavy Metal Concentrations In Some Oyster Species Of The Caribbean 

Coast Of Columbia 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Camusso et al. Bioconcentration of trace metals in rainbow trout: a field study 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Canli and Furness

Toxicity of heavy metals dissolved in sea water and influences of sex and 

size on metal accumulation and tissue distribution in the Norway lobster 

Nephrops norvegicus

1993 Not North American species

Canli and Furness Mercury and cadmium uptake from seawater and from food by the 

Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus 1995

Canli and Kargin

A Comparative Study on Heavy Metal (Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) Accumulation 

in the Tissue of the Carp Cyprinus carpio and the Nile Fish Tilapia 

nilotica

1995 Mixture

Canli et al.

The induction of metallothionein in tissues of the Norway lobster 

Nephrops norvegicus following exposure to cadmium, copper and zinc: 

the relationships between metallothionein and the metals

1997 Mixture

Canli et al.

Metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni) Concentrations in Tissues of a Fish 

Sardina pilchardus and a Prawn Penaeus japonicus from Three Stations 

on the Mediterranean Sea

2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cannicci et al. Effects of Urban Wastewater on Crab and Mollusc Assemblages in

Equatorial and Subtropical Mangroves of East Africa 2009 Mixture

Canton and Slooff A proposal to classify compounds and to establish water quality based on 

laboratory data 1979 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Cao et al. Cadmium toxicity to embryonic-larval development and survival in red 

sea bream Pagrus major 2009 Not North American species
J-25

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cao et al. Accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in japanese flounder larvae 

and juveniles under chronic cadmium exposure 2010 Not North American species, usually Unused data

Cao et al. Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium and its effects on antioxidative 

responses in japanese flounder juveniles 2012 Not North American species, lack of exposure details

Capelli et al.

Distribution of Trace Elements in Organs of Six Species of Cetaceans 

From the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean), and the Relationship With Stable 

Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Caplat et al. Comparative toxicities of aluminum and zinc from sacrificial anodes or 

from sulfate salt in sea urchin embryos and sperm 2010 Not applicable, not cadmium toxicity information

Carattino et al.

Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Cu2+ and Cd2+ on the Pentose 

Phosphate Pathway Dehydrogenase Activities in the Ovary of Adult Bufo 

arenarum: Possible Role as Biomarker for Cu2+ Toxicity

2004 Mixture

Cardwell et al. Metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from southeast Queensland, 

Australia 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Carline et al. Long-Term Effects of Treated Domestic Wastewater on Brown Trout 1987 Effluent

Carlisle and Clements Sensitivity and variability of metrics used in biological assessments of 

running waters 1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Carmichael and Fowler Cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the kidney of the bay scallop 

Argopecten irradians 1981

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Carpene and Boni Effects of heavy metals on the algae Nitzschia closterium and 

Prorocentrum micans 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Carpene et al. Cadmium-binding proteins from the mantle of Mytilus edulis (L.) after 

exposure to cadmium 1980 Exposure concentration not measured

Carr and Neff Biochemical indices of stress in the sandworm Neanthes virens (Sars). II. 

sublethal responses to cadmium 1982

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured, No pertinent adverse effects reported

Carranza-Alvarez et al. Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Scirpus americanus

and Typha latifolia from an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis Potosi, Mexico 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Carriquiriborde and 

Ronco

Sensitivity of the neotropical teleost Odonthestes bonariensis (Pisces, 

Atherinidae) to chromium(VI), copper(II), and cadmium(II) 2002 Not North American species, duration too short, test species fed

Carriquiriborde and 

Ronco

Distinctive Accumulation Patterns of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI) in Tissue 

of the South American Teleost, Pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis)

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Carroll et al. Influences of hardness constituents on the acute toxicity of cadmium to 

brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1979

Authors noted that the Cd measured conc in the 

control water was greater than the LC50 value of 

1.5 ug/L and had 100% survival
J-26

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Casado-Martinez et al. Biodynamic Modeling and the Prediction of Accumulated Trace Metal 

Concentrations in the Polychaete Arenicola marina 2009 Modeling

Casas et al. Relation between metal concentration in water and metal content of 

marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis): impact of physiology 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Casini and Depledge Influence of copper, zinc, and iron on cadmium accumulation in the 

Talitrid amphipod, Platorchestia platensis 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Casiot et al.

Hydrological and Geochemical Control of Metals and Arsenic in a 

Mediterranean River Contaminated by Acid Mine Drainage (the Amous 

River, France) Preliminary Assessment of Impacts on Fish (Leuciscus 

cephalus)

2009 Mixture

Cassini et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation studies in the freshwater molluscs Anodonta 

cygnea and Unio elongatulus 1986 Not North American species

Cassis et al. The Role of Phytoplankton in the Modulation of Dissolved and Oyster 

Cadmium Concentrations in Deep Bay, British Columbia, Canada 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Castano et al. Correlations between the RTG-2 cytotoxicity test EC50 and in vivo LC50 

rainbow trout bioassay 1996

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Castille and Lawrence

The effects of EDTA (ethylenedinitrotetraacetic acid) on the survival and 

development of shrimp nauplii (Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson) and the 

interactions of EDTA and the toxicities of cadmium, calcium, and phenol

1981 Not North American species

Cavas et al.

Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of 

fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chloride and copper sulphate 2005 Mixture

Cearley and Coleman Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in southern naiad 1973 The dilution water or medium used was open to 

questions because of its origin or content

Cearley and Coleman Cadmium toxicity and bioconcentration in largemouth bass and bluegill 1974 The dilution water or medium used was open to 

questions because of its origin or content

Cebrian and Uriz Contrasting effects of heavy metals and hydrocarbons on larval settlement 

and juvenile survival in sponges 2007 Not North American species, only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Celik et al. Determination of the lead and cadmium burden in some northeastern 

Atlantic and Mediterranean fish species by DPSAV 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Centeno et al.

Cyst-based toxicity tests. III. Development and standardization of an acute 

toxicity test with the freshwater anostracan crustacean Streptocephalus 

proboscideus

1993 Not North American species

Cesar et al. Sensitivity of mediterranean amphipods and sea urchins to reference 

toxicants 2002 Not North American species, duration too short 

Cevik et al. Assessment of Metal Element Concentrations in Mussel (M. 

galloprovincialis) in Eastern Black Sea, Turkey 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-27

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Chadwick Ecological 

Consultants

U.S. EPA Cadmium water quality criteria document-technical review and 

criteria update 2004b Review

Chadwick Ecological 

Consultants

Addendum to U.S. EPA Cadmium water quality criteria documenttechnical review and criteria update 2004c Review

Chaharlang et al.

Assessment of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc Contamination Using 

Oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) as Biomonitors on the Coast of the Persian 

Gulf, Iran

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chan Accumulation and tolerance to cadmium, copper, lead and zinc by the 

green mussel Perna viridis 1988 Not North American species

Chan and Cheng Cadmium-induced ectopic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos 2003 Lack of details

Chan et al. Effects of polyethylene glycol on growth and cadmium accumulation of 

Chlorella salina CU-1

1981 Questionable treatment of test organisms or 

inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Chan et al. Uptake of zinc and cadmium by two populations of shore crabs Carcinus 

maenas at different salinities 1992

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Chan et al.

The Uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn by the Macroalga Enteromorpha crinita

and Subsequent Transfer to the Marine Herbivorous Rabbitfish, Siganus 

canaliculatus

2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chander et al. Response of Pithophora oedogonia to cadmium 1991

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Chandini

Changes in food (Chlorella) levels and the acute toxicity of cadmium to 

Daphnia carinata (daphnidae) and Echinisca triserialis (macrothricidae) 

(Crustacea: cladocera)

1988a Not North American species, dilution water not 

characterized

Chandini

Effects of different food (Chlorella) concentrations on the chronic toxicity 

of cadmium to survivorship, growth and reproduction of Echinisca 

triserialis (crustacea: cladocera)

1988b Not North American species

Chandini

Survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia carinata (crustacea: 

cladocera) exposed to chronic cadmium stress at different food 

(Chlorella) levels

1989 Not North American species

Chandini

Reproductive value and the cost of reproduction in Daphnia carinata and 

Echinisca triserialis (crustacea: cladocera) exposed to food and cadmium 

stress

1991 Not North American species

Chandra and Garg Absorption and toxicity of chromium and cadmium in Limnanthemum 

cristatum Griseb 1992 Not North American species
J-28

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Chandra and KhudaBukhshGenotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and 

in combination in fish 2004 Injected pollutant

Chandrudu and 

Radhakrishnaiah

Effect of cadmium on the histology of hepatopancreas and foot of the 

freshwater mussels Lamellidens marginalis (Lam.) 2008 Lack of detail, not North American species

Chandrudu et al.

Effect of subacute concentration of cadmium on the energetics of 

freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis (Lam.) and fish Labeo rohita

(Ham.)

2007 Only one exposure concentration, not North 

American species

Chandurvelan et al.

Impairment of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) physiology by 

waterborne cadmium: relationship to tissue bioaccumulation and effect of 

exposure duration

2012 Not North American species

Chandurvelan et al. Waterborne cadmium impacts immunocytotoxic and cytogenotoxic 

endpoints in green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus 2013a Not North American species; only two exposure concentrations

Chandurvelan et al. Biochemical biomarker responses of green-lipped mussel, Perna 

canaliculus, to acute and subchronic waterborne cadmium toxicity 2013b Not North American species; only two exposure concentrations

Chang et al. Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada margaritifera from French 

Polynesia and evaluation for using as a food supplement 2007 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, exposure concentration unknown

Chang et al. Effects of cadmium on respiratory burst, intracellular Ca2+ and DNA 

damage in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

2009 Dilution water not characterized, duration too 

short

Chang et al. Influence of Divalent Metal Ions on E2-Induced ER Pathway in Goldfish 

(Carassius auratus) Hepatocytes 2011 In vitro

Chapman et al. Global Geographic Differences in Marine Metals Toxicity 2006 Non-applicable

Charpentier et al. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in experimental cultures of 

duckweed, Lemna polyrrhiza L. 1987 Not North American species

Chassard-Bouchaud Ultrastructural Study of Cadmium Concentration by the Digestive Gland 

of the Crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea Decapoda). 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chattopadhyay et al. Bioassay evaluation of acute toxicity levels of mercuric chloride and 

cadmium chloride on the early growing stages of Labeo rohita 1995 Not North American species

Chaumot et al.

Additive vs non-additive genetic components in lethal cadmium tolerance 

of Gammarus (Crustacea): novel light on the assessment of the potential 

for adaptation to contamination

2009 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water 

not characterized, not North American species

Chawla et al. Effect of pH and temperature on the uptake of cadmium by Lemna minor

L. 1991

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Chelomin et al.

An in vitro study of the effect of reactive oxygen species on subcellular 

distribution of deposited cadmium in digestive gland of mussel 

Crenomytilus grayanus

2005 In vitro
J-29

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Chen and Fang Safety assessment and acute toxicity of copper, zinc and cadmium to the 

embryo and larval fish of Tanichthys albonubes 2011 Not North American species; text in foreign language, abstract only in English

Chen et al. Comparison of the relative toxicity relationships based on batch and 

continuous algal toxicity tests 1997 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Chen et al.

Use of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Tilapia (Oreochromis 

mossambicus) in Toxicity Tests on Different Industrial Effluents in 

Taiwan

2001 Effluent

Chen et al.

Expression Pattern of Metallothionein, MTF-1 Nuclear Translocation, and 

Its DNA-Binding Activity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Induced by Zinc and 

Cadmium

2007 Mixture

Chen et al. Accumulation and Release Characteristics of Heavy Metals in 

Crassostrea rivalaris Under Mixed Exposure 2008 Mixture

Chen et al. Effects of Cd and Zn on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion in 

Sipuncula (Phascolosoma esculenta)

2009 Mixture

Chen et al. Accumulation and Elimination Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cadmium 

in Bullacta exarata from Intertidal Zone of Tianjin, China. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chen et al.

Toxicity Assessment of Simulated Urban Runoff Containing Polycyclic 

Musks and Cadmium in Carassius auratus Using Oxidative Stress 

Biomarkers

2012 Mixture

Chen et al. Assessing abalone growth inhibition risk to cadmium and silver by linking 

toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics and subcellular partitioning 2011a Analyzed data from another study

Chen et al.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of receptor 

for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) from pearl oyster (Pinctada martensii) 

challenged with bacteria and exposed to cadmium

2011b Mixture

Chen et al. Differential effect of waterborne cadmium exposure on lipid metabolism 

in liver and muscle of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Cherkasov et al.

Effects of acclimation temperature and cadmium exposure on cellular 

energy budgets in the marine mollusk Crassostrea virginica: linking 

cellular and mitochondrial responses

2006 Only one exposure concentration

Cherkasov et al.

Combined effects of temperature and cadmium exposure on haemocyte 

apoptosis and cadmium accumulation in the eastern oyster Crassostrea 

virginica (Gmelin)

2007 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle 

content

Cherkasov et al.

Seasonal variation in mitochondrial responses to cadmium and 

temperature in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) from 

different latitudes

2010 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through; 

Excised cells

Chernova and Sergeeva Metal Concentrations in Sargassum Algae From Coastal Waters of Nha 

Trang Bay (South China Sea) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cherry and Guthrie Toxic Metals in Surface Waters From Coal Ash 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-30

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cherry et al. Coal Ash Basin Effects (Particulates, Metals, Acidic Ph) Upon Aquatic 

Biota: an Eight-Year Evaluation 1984 Effluent

Cheung and Lam Effect of cadmium on the embryos and juveniles of a tropical freshwater 

snail, Physa acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) 1998 Not North American species

Cheung and Wong Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Shrimp Farming in 

Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cheung et al. Effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding behaviour of the 

sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus (Powys) 2002 Not North American species

Cheung et al. Metal Concentrations of Common Freshwater and Marine Fish From the 

Pearl River Delta, South China 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chevreuil et al.

Evaluation of the Pollution by Organochlorinated Compounds 

(Polychlorobiphenyls and Pesticides) and Metals (Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) in 

the Water and in the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) of the 

River Seine

1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chiarelli et al. Sea urchin embryos as a model system for studying autophagy induced by 

cadmium stress 2011 Lack of exposure details

Chiarelli et al. Sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium as an experimental model for 

studying the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis 2013 Only one exposure concentration\

Chigbo et al. Uptake of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Form Polluted Waters 

by the Water Hyacinth Eichornia crassipes 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chiodi Boudet et al.

Lethal and sublethal effects of cadmium in the white shrimp 

Palaemonetes argentinus: A comparison between populations from 

contaminated and reference sites

2013 Not North American species; dilution water not 

characterized

Chishty et al. Evaluation of acute toxicity of zinc, lead and cadmium to zooplanktonic 

community in upper Berach river system, Rajasthan, India 2012 Mixture (lead, zinc and cadmium)

Chitguppa et al. Reusability of seaweed biosorbent in multiple cycles of cadmium 

adsorption and desorption 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Choi et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation and detoxification in the gill and digestive 

gland of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica 2007a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Choi et al. Cadmium affects the expression of metallothionein (MT) and glutathione 

peroxidase (GPX) mRNA in goldfish, Carassius auratus 2007b Injected pollutant

Choi et al. Biosorption of heavy metals and uranium by starfish and Pseudomonas 

putida 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chojnacka et al. Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ Ions by Blue-Green Algae Spirulina 

sp.: Kinetics, Equilibrium and the Mechanism of the Process 2005 Mixture
J-31

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Chora et al. Effect of cadmium in the clam Ruditapes decussatus assessed by 

proteomic analysis 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chou and Uthe Effect of starvation on trace metal levels in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) 1991

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Chou et al.

Effect of dietary cadmium on growth, survival, and tissue concentrations 

of cadmium, zinc, copper, and silver in juvenile american lobster 

(Homarus americanus)

1987 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Chou et al.

Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Silver, and Zinc in Rock Crab (Cancer 

irroratus) from Highly Copper Contaminated Sites in the Inner Bay of 

Fundy, Atlantic Canada

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Chou et al. Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidant status and cadmium 

toxicity in rice seedlings. 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Chouchene et al. Cadmium-induced ovarian pathophysiology is mediated by change in 

gene expression pattern of zinc transporters in zebrafish (Danio rerio). 2011 Only one exposure concentrations

Chowdhury et al. Gastrointestinal Uptake and Fate of Cadmium in Rainbow Trout 

Acclimated to Sublethal Dietary exposure Cadmium 2004 Dietary exposure

Christoffers and Ernst The in-vivo fluorescence of Chlorella fusca as a biological test for the 

inhibition of photosynthesis 1983

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Ciardullo et al.

Bioaccumulation Potential of Dietary exposure Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, 

Mercury, and Selenium in Organs and Tissues of Rainbow Trout 

(Oncorhyncus mykiss) as a Function of Fish Growth

2008 Dietary exposure

Cicik et al. Effects of lead and cadmium interactions on the metal accumulation in 

tissue and organs of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

2004

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 15 day exposure); not renewal or flowthrough exposure

Cid et al. Determination of trace metals in fish species of the Ria de Aveiro 

(Portugal) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ciliberti et al. The Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus, Squamata: Varanidae) as a Sentinel 

Species for Lead and Cadmium Contamination in Sub-Saharan Wetlands 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cincinelli et al. Organochlorine Pesticide Air-Water Exchange and Bioconcentration in 

Krill in the Ross Sea 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ciocan and Rotchell Cadmium induction of metallothionein isoforms in juvenile and adult 

mussels (Mytilus edulis)

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

dilution water not characterized

Cirillo et al. Cadmium accumulation and antioxidant responses in Sparus aurata

exposed to waterborne cadmium 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 11 day exposure)
J-32

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ciutat and Boudou

Bioturbation Effects on Cadmium and Zinc Transfers from a 

Contaminated Sediment exposure and on Metal Bioavailability to Benthic 

Bivalves

2003 Sediment exposure

Ciutat et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation in Tubificidae from the overlying water source 

and effects on bioturbation 2005 Sediment exposure

Clara Reboucas do 

Amaral et al.

Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Zn and Cd in Mangrove Oysters 

(Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding, 1828) Transplanted to and from a 

Contaminated Tropical Coastal Lagoon

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Clason et al.

Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Antarctic Amphipod Paramoera 

walkeri (Stebbing, 1906): Comparison of Two-Compartment and 

Hyperbolic Toxicokinetic Models

2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Clausen et al. Passive and active cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the shore crab, 

Carcinus maenas (L.) 1993

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Coban et al. Heavy Metals in Livers, Gills and Muscle of Dicentrarchus labrax

(Linnaeus, 1758) Fish Species Grown in the Dardanelles 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cogun et al. Accumulation of copper and cadmium in small and large Nile tilapia 

Oreochromis niloticus 2003 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure, dilution water not characterized

Cogun et al. Metal Concentrations in Fish Species from the Northeast Mediterranean 

Sea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cohen et al. Trace Metals in Fish and Invertebrates of Three California Coastal 

Wetlands 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Collado et al. Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in Two Species of Limpets (Patella 

rustica and Patella candei crenata) in the Canary Islands, Spain 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Collard and Matagne Cd2+ resistance in wild-type and mutant strains of Chlamydomonas 

reinhardtii 1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Company et al.

Effect of Cadmium, Copper and Mercury on Antioxidant Enzyme 

Activities and Lipid Peroxidation in the Gills of the Hydrothermal Vent 

Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus

2004 Mixture

Company et al. Sub-lethal effects of cadmium on the antioxidant defense system of the 

hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Conti and Cecchetti A biomonitoring study: trace metals in algae and molluscs from 

Tyrrhenian coastal areas 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Conway Ecological Impact of Cadmium on Aquatic Organisms 1981 Review

Conway and Williams Sorption and desorption of cadmium by Asterionella formosa and 

Fragilaria crotonensis 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-33

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cooke et al. Biological Availability of Sediment-Bound Cadmium to the Edible 

Cockle, Cerastoderma edule 1979 Sediment

Cooper and De

Reducing the Toxicity of Cadmium Sulphate to Rainbow Trout (Salmo 

gairdneri) by Preliminary Exposure of Fish to Zinc Sulphate, With and 

Without Intermittent Exposure to Cadmium

1978 Mixture

Cooper et al.

The Effects of Dietary exposure Iron Concentration on Gastrointestinal 

and Branchial Assimilation of both Iron and Cadmium in Zebrafish 

(Danio rerio)

2006 Dietary exposure

Cooper et al.

Subcellular partitioning of cadmium in the freshwater bivalve, Pyganodon 

grandis, after separate short-term exposures to waterborne or diet-borne 

metal

2010a Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through

Cooper et al. Modeling cadmium uptake from water and food by the freshwater bivalve 

Pyganodon grandis 2010b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 60 hour exposure)

Cope et al. Differential exposure, duration, and sensitivity of unionoidean bivalve life 

stages to environmental contaminants 2008 Dilution water not characterized, lack of details, duration too short

Copes et al. Uptake of Cadmium From Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in British 

Columbia Oyster Growers 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Coppellotti Effects of cadmium on Uronema marinum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) 

from Antarctica 1994 Not North American species

Corami et al. Complexation of Cadmium and Copper by Fluvial Humic Matter and 

Effects on Their Toxicity 2007 Mixture

Cordero et al. Effect of Heavy Metals on the Growth of the Tropical Microalgae 

Tetrasermis chuii (Prasinophyceae) 2005 Non-applicable

Cornellier

Cinetique De Bioaccumulation Et Distribution Tissulaire Du Cadmium109 Par La Nourriture Et Par L'eau Chez Le Petoncle Geant (Placopecten 

magellanicus) Et Le Petoncle D'islande (Chlamys islandica)

2010 Text in foreign language

Costa et al.

Biochemical Endpoints on Juvenile Solea senegalensis Exposed to 

Estuarine Sediment exposures: the Effect of Contaminant Mixtures on 

Metallothionein and Cyp1a Induction

2009a Sediment exposure

Costa et al.

Histological Biomarkers in Liver and Gills of Juvenile Solea senegalensis

Exposed to Contaminated Estuarine Sediment exposures: a Weighted 

Indices Approach

2009b Sediment exposure

Costa et al. Multi-organ histological observations on juvenile Senegalese soles

exposed to low concentrations of waterborne cadmium 2013 Not North American species, only three exposure concentrations

Coteur et al. Alteration of Cellular Immune Responses in the Seastar Asterias rubens

Following Dietary Exposure to Cadmium 2005 Dietary exposure

Couch Ultrastructural study of lesions in gills of a marine shrimp exposed to 

cadmium 1977 Only one exposure concentration
J-34

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Couillard Acute toxicity of six metals to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, with 

comparisons to other freshwaer organisms 1989 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Couture and Kumar Impairment of Metabolic Capacities in Copper and Calcium 

Contaminated Wild Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)

2003 Mixture

Cox Interactions of Cadmium, Zinc, and Phosphorus in Marine 

Synechococcus: Field Uptake, Physiological and Proteomic Studies. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Craig et al. Effect of exposure regime on the internal distribution of cadmium in 

Chironomus staegeri larvae (insecta, diptera) 1998 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or bioconcentration

Craig et al. Experimental evidence for cadmium uptake via calcium channels in the 

aquatic insect Chironomus staegeri 1999

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Cravo et al. Metal concentrations in the shell of Bathymodiolus azoricus from 

contrasting hydrothermal vent fields on the mid-Atlantic ridge 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Creighton and Twining Bioaccumulation from food and water of cadmium, selenium and zinc in 

an estuarine fish, Ambassis jacksoniensis 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Crichton et al. Assessing Stream Grazer Response to Stress: A Post-Exposure Feeding 

Bioassay Using the Freshwater Snail Lymnaea peregra (Muller) 2004 Dietary exposure

Croisetiere et al.

A Field Experiment to Determine the Relative Importance of Prey and 

Water as Sources of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the Aquatic 

Invertebrate Sialis velata

2006 Mixture

Croteau and Luoma A Biodynamic Understanding of Dietborne Metal Uptake by a Freshwater 

Invertebrate 2008 Dietary exposure

Croteau et al. Differences in Cd Accumulation Among Species of the Lake-Dwelling 

Biomonitor Chaoborus 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cruz et al. Kinetic modeling and equilibrium studies during cadmium biosorption by 

dead Sargassum sp. biomass 2004 Modeling

Cruz Rodriguez Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) Response in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea 

virginica, Exposed to Various Contaminants (PAHs, PCBs and Cadmium) 2002 Mixture

Cubadda et al. Size-dependent concentrations of trace metals in four Mediterranean 

gastropods 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Culshaw et al.

Concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cu in Sediment exposures and brown 

shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol 

Channel, UK

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Cunha et al.

Effects of Copper and Cadmium on Cholinesterase and Glutathione STransferase Activities of Two Marine Gastropods (Monodonta lineata and 

Nucella lapillus)

2007 Mixture
J-35

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Cunningham

The effect of cadmium exposure on repeat swimming performance and 

recovery in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo 

trutta) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

2012 Only one exposure concentration

Currie et al. Influence of nutrient additions on cadmium bioaccumulation by aquatic 

invertebrates in littoral enclosures 1998 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated for increased resistance to cadmium

Cuthbert et al. Toxicity of cadmium to Bullia digitalis (prosobranchiata: nassaridae) 1976 Not North American species, dilution water not 

characterized

Cuvin-Aralar Survival and heavy metal accumulation of two Oreochromis niloticus (L.) 

strains exposed to mixtures of zinc, cadmium and mercury 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Cuvin-Aralar and Aralar Effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of cadmium, zinc, and 

inorganic mercurey on two strains of Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Cyrille et al. Cadmium accumulation in tissues of Sarotherodon melanotheron

(Ruppel, 1852) from the Aby Lagoon system in Cote d'Ivoire 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

D’Agostino and Finney The effect of copper and cadmium on the development of Tigriopus 

japonicas 1974 Not North American species

D’Aniello et al. Effect of mercury, cadmium and copper on the development and viability 

of Loligo vulgaris and Sepia officinalis embryos 1990 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

da Cruz et al. Estimation of the critical effect level for pollution prevention based on 

oyster embryonic development toxicity test: The search for reliability 2007 Not North American species, duration too short

da Silva et al.

Relative contribution of food and water to the Cd burden in Balanus 

amphitrite in an urban tidal creek discharging into the Great Barrier Reef 

lagoon

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

da Silva et al. Can body burden in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite indicate seasonal 

variation in cadmium concentrations? 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dabas et al. Assessment of tissue-specific effect of cadmium on antioxidant defense 

system and lipid peroxidation in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus

2012 Not North American species

Daka and Hawkins Interactive Effects of Copper, Cadmium and Lead on Zinc Accumulation 

in the Gastropod Mollusc Littorina saxatilis 2006 Mixture

Daka et al. Tolerance to Heavy Metals in Littorina saxatilis from a Metal 

Contaminated Estuary in the Isle of Man 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dallinger and Kautzky The Importance of Contaminated Food for the Uptake of Heavy Metals by 

Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): a Field Study 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dallinger et al. Effects of cadmium on Murex trunculus from the Adriatic Sea. I. 

Accumulation of metal and binding to a metallothionein-like protein 1989 Not North American species

Dallinger et al. The role of metallothionein in cadmium accumulation of Arctic char 

(Salvelinus alpinus) from high alpine lakes 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Damiens et al. Metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein concentrations in larvae of 

Crassostrea gigas 2006 Prior exposure, dilution water not characterized
J-36

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Dang and Wang Assessment of tissue-specific accumulation and effects of cadmium in a 

marine fish fed contaminated commercially produced diet Manuscript Dietary exposure

Dang et al. Metallothionein and Cortisol Receptor Expression in Gills of Atlantic 

Salmon, Salmo salar, Exposed to Dietary exposure Cadmium 2001 Dietary exposure

Dangre et al. Effects of Cadmium on Hypoxia-Induced Expression of Hemoglobin and 

Erythropoietin in Larval Sheepshead Minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 2010 In vitro

Darmono Uptake of cadmium and nickel in banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis de 

Man) 1990 Not North American species

Darmono et al. The pathology of cadmium and nickel toxicity in the banana shrimp 

(Penaeus merguiensis de Man) 1990 Not North American species

Das Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of cadmium on feeding and growth of 

an Indian pond snail Lymnaea luteola L. under laboratory conditions 2010 Dilution water not characterized 

Das and Gupta Effects of cadmium chloride on oxygen consumption and gill morphology 

of Indian flying barb, Esomus danricus 2012 Not North American species, only three exposure concentrations

Das and Maiti Metal Accumulation in A. baccifera Growing Naturally on Abandoned 

Copper Tailings Pond 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Das et al.

The temperature dependence of the acute toxicity of heavy metals 

(cadmium, copper and mercury) to a freshwater pond snail, Lymnae 

aluteola L

2012 Not North American species

Datta et al. Estimation of acute toxicity of cadmium, a heavy metal, in a carnivorous 

freshwater teleost, Mystus vittatus (Bloch) 1987 Not North American species

Dautremepuit et al.

Gill and Head Kidney Antioxidant Processes and Innate Immune System 

Responses of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Exposed to Different 

Contaminants in the St. Lawrence River, Canada

2009 Mixture

Dauvin Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination on the Macrobenthic Fauna in 

Estuaries: the Case of the Seine Estuary 2008 Mixture

Dave et al.

Toxicity of eight solvent extraction chemicals and of cadmium to water 

fleas, Daphnia magna, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and zebrafish, 

Brachydanio rerio

1981 Cultured daphnids in one dilution water and 

tested them in another one

Daverat et al. Otolith Microchemistry Interrogation of Comparative Contamination by 

Cd, Cu and PCBs of Eel and Flounder, in a Large SW France Catchment. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Davies and Woodling Importance of laboratory-derived metal toxicity results in predicting instream response of resident salmonids 1980 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; effluent, 

survey

Davies et al. Field and experimental studies on cadmium in the edible crab Cancer 

pagurus

1981

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured
J-37

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Davies et al. The influence of particle surface characteristics on pollutant metal uptake 

by cells 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Davis et al. Bioaccumulation of Arsenic, Chromium and Lead in Fish: Constraints 

Imposed by Sediment Geochemistry 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Davis et al. Cadmium biosorption by S. fluitans: treatment, resilience and uptake 

relative to other Saragassum spp. and brown algae 2004 Lack of details, not renewal or flow-through accumulation study

Dayeh et al. Cytotoxicity of metals common in mining effluent to rainbow trout cell 

lines and to the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila 2005 Excised tissue/cells

De Boeck et al. Metal accumulation and metallothionein induction in the spotted dogfish 

Scyliorhinus canicula 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 7 day exposure)

De Coninck et al.

An investigation of the inter-clonal variation of the interactive effects of 

cadmium and Microcystis aeruginosa on the reproductive performance of 

Daphnia magna

2013 Only one exposure concentration

De Conto Cinier et al.

Cadmium bioaccumulation in carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues during longterm high exposure: analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass 

spectrometry

1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

De Conto Cinier et al. Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein biosynthesis in Cyprinus 

carpio tissues 1998

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

De Lisle and Roberts The effect of salinity of cadmium toxicity to the estuarine Mysidopsis 

bahia: role of chemical speciation 1988 Dilution water not characterized 

de March

Acute toxicity of binary mixtures of five cations (Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Zn2+, Mg2+

and K+) to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris (Sars): 

alternative descriptive models

1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

de Mora et al. Distribution of heavy metals in marine bivalves, fish and coastal Sediment 

exposures in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

De Nicola et al. Effects of cadmium on survival, bioaccumulation, histopathology, and 

PGM polymorphism in the marine isopod Idotea baltica.

1993

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

De Nicola et al. Ecotoxicological Assessment of Pollutants by Chemico-Biological 

Analysis: a Mini review 1996 Review

De Nicola et al Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium or copper on Idothea baltica

(crustacea, isopoda) 1989 Not North American species

De Nicola et al Long term effect of cadmium of copper on Asellus aquaticus (L.) 

(Crustacea, isopoda) 1988 Not North American species
J-38

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

De Vries et al. Critical Soil Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in View of 

Health Effects on Humans and Animals 2007 Review

De Wolf and Rashid Heavy Metal Accumulation in Littoraria scabra Along Polluted and 

Pristine Mangrove Areas of Tanzania 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

De Wolf et al. Sensitivity to cadmium along a salinity gradient in populations of the 

periwinkle, Littorina littorea, using time-to-death analysis 2004 Prior exposure

Decho and Luoma Humic and fulvic acids: ink or source in the availability of metals to the 

marine bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis?

1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

DeFilippis et al. The effects of sublethal concentrations of zinc, cadmium and mercury on 

Euglena. II. Respiration, photosynthesis and photochemical activities 1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Defo et al. Evidence for Metabolic Imbalance of Vitamin A2 in Wild Fish 

Chronically Exposed to Metals 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dekker et al. Life History Changes in the Benthic Cladoceran Chydorus piger Induced 

by Low Concentrations of Sediment exposure-Bound Cadmium 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dekker et al. Development and Application of a Sediment exposure Toxicity Test 

Using the Benthic Cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus 2006 Sediment exposure

Del Castillo Arias and 

Robinson

Nuclear and Cytosolic Distribution of Metallothionein in the Edible Blue 

Mussel, Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Exposed to Cadmium and 

Benzo[a]Pyrene and in Gill Tissue from Three Natural Populations Along 

the Massachusetts Coast

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Delmail et al.

Physiological, anatomical and phenotypical effects of a cadmium stress in 

different-aged chlorophyllian organs of Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC 

(Haloragaceae)

2011 Only one exposure concentration

Delmotte et al. Cadmium Transport in Sediment exposures by Tubificid Bioturbation: an 

Assessment of Model Complexity 2007 Modeling

Delval et al.

Responses of a Flat Fish, the Flounder (Platichtys flesus L.) To Metal 

Pollutions by Elaborating Metallothioneins. Competition Between Zinc, 

Copper (Responses D'un Poisson Plat: Le Flet (Platichtys Flesus L.) Aux 

Pollutions Metalliques Par Elaboration De Metallothioneines: 

Competition Entre Zinc, Cuivre Et Cadmium)

1988 Text in foreign language

Demirak et al. Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment exposure and Tissues of Leuciscus 

cephalus From a Stream in Southwestern Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Demon et al.

The influence of pre-treatment, temperature and calcium ions on trace 

element uptake by an alga (Scenedesmus pannonicus subsp. Berlin) and 

fungus (Aureobasidium pullulans)

1989 Not North American species

Den Besten et al. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduction of the sea star Asterias 

rubens: aberrations in the early development 1989 Not North American species

Den Besten et al. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in the sea star Asterias rubens L 1991 Not North American species
J-39

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Deng et al. Trace Metal Concentration in Great Tit (Parus major) and Greenfinch 

(Carduelis sinica) at the Western Mountains of Beijing, China 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Deniseger et al. Periphyton Communities in a Pristine Mountain Stream Above and Below 

Heavy Metal Mining Operations 1986 Effluent

Denton and Burdon-Jones

Influence of temperature and salinity on the uptake, distribution, and 

depuration of mercury, cadmium, and lead by the black-lip oyster 

Saccostrea echinata

1981

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Denton and Burdon-Jones Trace Metals In Corals From The Great Barrier Reef 1986a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Denton and Burdon-Jones

Environmental effects on toxicity of heavy metals to two species of 

tropical marine fish from northern Australia. 1986b Not North American species

Department of the 

Environment 1973 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Desouky Metallothionein is up-regulated in molluscan responses to cadmium, but 

not aluminum, exposure. 2012 Only one exposure concentration

Desouky et al. Effect of orthosilic acid on the accumulation of trace metals by the pond 

snail Lymnaea stagnalis 2003 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle content

Desrosiers et al.

Relationships Among Total Recoverable and Reactive Metals and 

Metalloid in St. Lawrence River Sediment exposure: Bioaccumulation by 

Chironomids and Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dethlefsen Uptake, retention and loss of cadmium by brown shrimp (Crangon 

crangon)

1978 Dilution water not characterized 

Deveau and Turner

Use of the Edible Seaweed Taqq'astan (Porphyra abbottiae

Krishnamurthy: Bangiaceae) and Metal Bioaccumulation at Traditional 

Harvesting Sites in Queen Charlotte Strait and Broughton Strait

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Devi

Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes Latreille and Uca 

triangularis (Milne Edwards): tolerance to copper, mercury, cadmium, 

and zinc

1987 Not North American species

Devi Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of cadmium on marine fouling 

dressinid bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz) 1996 Not North American species; prior exposure (collected from a polluted harbor)

Devi and Kumaraguru Toxicity of Heavy Metals Copper and Cadmium on the Brown 

Macroalgal Species of Pudumadam Coast, Gulf of Mannar 2008 Mixture

Devi and Rao Cadmium accumulation in fiddler crabs Uca annulipes latelle and Uca 

triangularis (Milne Edwards) 1989 Not North American species

Devier et al.

One-Year Monitoring Survey of Organic Compounds (PAHs, PCBs, 

TBT), Heavy Metals and Biomarkers in Blue Mussels from the Arcachon 

Bay, France

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-40

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Devineau and Triquet Patterns of bioaccumulation of an essential trace element (zinc) and a 

pollutant metal (cadmium) in larvae of the prawn Palaemon serratus 1985 Not North American species

Dhamotharan et al. Bioremediation of Tannery Effluent Using Cyanobacterium 2008 Effluent

Diamond et al. Effects of pulsed contaminant exposures on early life stages of the fathead 

minnow 2005 Pulsed exposure

Dickson et al.

The effect of chronic cadmium exposure on phosphoadenylate 

concentrations and adenylate energy charge of gills and dorsal muscle 

tissue of crayfish

1982 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Dierickx and BredaelRozen

Correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity of inorganic metal 

compounds to cultured fathead minnow fish cells and the toxicity to 

Daphnia magna

1996 Review of previously published data

Dierking et al.

Spatial patterns in PCBs, pesticides, mercury and cadmium in the 

common sole in the NW Mediterranean Sea, and a novel use of 

contaminants as biomarkers

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dietrich et al. Exposure of rainbow trout milt to mercury and cadmium alters sperm 

motility parameters and reproductive success 2010 In vitro

Dietrich et al. Carp transferrin can protect spermatozoa against toxic effects of cadmium 

ions 2011 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water not characterized

Dixon et al. Cadmium Uptake by Marine Micro-Organisms in the English Channel 

and Celtic Sea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dobrovoljc et al. Uptake and elimination of cadmium in Rana dalmatina (Anura, amphibia) 

tadpoles 2003

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

dilution water not characterized; not North 

American species

Dong et al. Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Safe Assessments of Fishes in Main 

Lakes From Wuhan City 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dorfman Tolerance of Fundulus heteroclitus to different metals in salt waters 1977 Questionable treatment of test organisms or 

inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Dorgelo et al. Effects of diet and heavy metals on growth rate and fertility in the depositfeeding snail Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith) (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) 1995 Not North American species

Dorts et al. Sub-lethal cadmium toxicity in bullhead Cottus gobio. Biochemical and 

proteomic approaches 2009 Lack of detail

Dorts et al. Proteomic response to sublethal cadmium exposure in a sentinel fish 

species, Cottus gobio 2011 Not North American species

Dorts et al. Proteasome and antioxidant responses in Cottus gobio during a combined 

exposure to heat stress and cadmium 2012 Not North American species, only two exposure concentrations

Douben Uptake and elimination of waterborne cadmium by the fish Noemacheilus 

barbatulus L. (stone loach) 1989 Not North American species
J-41

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Dovzhenko et al. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the bivalve mollusk Modiolus 

modiolus 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Downs et al. A molecular biomarker system for assessing the health of gastropods 

(Ilyanassa obsoleta) exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors 2001b Duration too short, only two exposure concentrations

Dragun et al. The Influence of the Season and the Biotic Factors on the Cytosolic Metal 

Concentrations in the Gills of the European Chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dragun et al. Assessment of low-level metal contamination using the Mediterranean 

mussel gills as the indicator tissue 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Drastichova et al. Effect of cadmium on hematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus 

carpio L.) 2004a Dilution water not characterized, not definitive value, usually Unused data

Drastichova et al. Effect of cadmium on blood plasma biochemistry in carp (Cyprinus 

carpio L.) 2004b Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Drava et al.

Trace elements in the muscle of red shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 

1816) (Crustacea, Decapoda) from Ligurian sea (NW Mediterranean): 

variations related to the reproductive cycle

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Drazkiewicz and 

Baszynaski

Calcium Protection of Ps2 Complex of Phaseolus coccineus From 

Cadmium Toxicity: in Vitro Study 2008 In vitro

Drbal et al. Toxicity and accumulation of copper and cadmium in the alga 

Scenedesmus obliquus LH. 1985 Not North American species

Dressing The effect of chemical speciation on the equilibrium, whole-body 

cadmium content of larvae of the caddisfly, Hydropsyche sp. 1980 Chelator present in test media (NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid))

Drost et al. Heavy metal toxicity to Lemna minor: Studies on the time dependence of 

growth inhibition and the recovery after exposure 2007 Excessive EDTA in the medium (1,177 ug/L)

Du Laing et al. Factors Affecting Metal Concentrations in Reed Plants (Phragmites 

australis) of Intertidal Marshes in the Scheldt Estuary 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Duan et al. Differential survivorship among allozyme genotypes of Hyalella azteca

exposed to cadmium, zinc or low pH 2001 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Dugmonits et al. Major distinctions in the antioxidant responses in liver and kidney of 

Cd2+-treated common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Only one exposure concentration

Dulymamode et al. Evaluation of Padina boergesenii (Phaeophyceae) as a bioindicator of 

heavy metals: some preliminary results from Mauritius 2001 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through

Duman Bioaccumulation of nickel, copper, and cadmium by Spirodela polyrhiza

and Lemna gibba 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 10 day duration); unmeasured exposure

Duman and Kar Temporal variation of metals in water, sediment and tissues of the 

European chup (Squalius cephalus L.) 2012 Field survey

Duman et al.

Seasonal Changes of Metal Accumulation and Distribution in Common 

Club Rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris) and Common Reed (Phragmites 

australis)

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-42

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Duman et al.

Effects of exogenous glycinebetaine and trehalose on cadmium 

accumulation and biological responses of an aquatic plant (Lemna gibba

L.)

2011 No control group; only three exposure 

concentrations

Duong et al. Seasonal Effects of Cadmium Accumulation in Periphytic Diatom 

Communities of Freshwater Biofilms 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Duong et al. Experimental toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in freshwater 

periphytic diatoms in relation with biofilm maturity 2010 Only one exposure concentration, mixed species exposure

Duquesne and Coll Metal accumulation in the clam Tridacna crocea under natural and 

experimental conditions 1995 Not North American species

Duquesne et al. Sub-lethal effects of metal exposure: physiological and behavioural 

responses of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica 2004 Lack of details, not North American species

Dural et al.

Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in different tissues of 

Dicentrarchus labrax L, 1758, Sparus aurata L, 1758 and Mugil cephalus

L, 1758 from the Camlik Lagoon of the eastern coast of Mediterranean 

(Turkey)

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Dutta and Kaviraj Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Fish Labeo rohita and Copepod 

Diaptomus forbesi Pre-Exposed to CaO and KMnO4 2001 Mixture

Dutton and Fisher Salinity effects on the bioavailability of aqueous metals for the estuarine 

killifish Fundulus heteroclitus 2011a Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through

Dutton and Fisher Bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Hg(II), and MeHg in killifish (Fundulus 

heteroclitus) from amphipod and worm prey 2011b Dietary exposure

Dutton and Fisher Influence of humic acid on the uptake of aqueous metals by the killifish 

Fundulus heteroclitus 2012 Bioaccumualtion: steady state not documented

Dyer et al. An initial evaluation of the use of Euro/North American fish species for 

tropical effects assessments 1997 Review of previously published data

Eaton Chronic Toxicity Of A Copper, Cadmium And Zinc Mixture To The 

Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) 1973 Non-applicable

Ebau et al.

Toxicity of cadmium and lead on tropical midge larvae, Chironomus 

kiiensis Tokunaga and Chironomus javanus Kieffer (Diptera: 

Chironomidae)

2012 Not North American species; test species fed

Ebrahimi Using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) to Monitoring the 

Effects of Zinc and Cadmium Pollution on Fish Sperm 2005 Mixture

Ebrahimi Effects of in Vivo and in Vitro Zinc and Cadmium Treatment on Sperm 

Steroidogenesis of the African Catfish Clarias gairepinus 2007 Mixture

Ebrahimi et al.

Concentration of Four Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and 

Arsenic) in Organs of Two Cyprinid Fish (Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta 

sp.) From the Kor River (Iran)

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-43

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ebrahimpour and 

Mushrifah

Heavy Metal Concentrations (Cd, Cu and Pb) in Five Aquatic Plant 

Species in Tasik Chini, Malaysia 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ebrahimpour et al. Seasonal Variation of Cadmium, Copper, and Lead Concentrations in Fish 

From a Freshwater Lake 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Edema and Egborge Heavy metal content of crabs from Warri River, Nigeria 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Edge et al. Indicators of environmental stress: cellular biomarkers and reproductive 

responses in the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata)

2012 Mixture

EIFAC Working Party on 

Water Quality Criteria for 

European Freshwater Fish

Report on cadmium and freshwater fish 1978 Review

Eimers et al.

Cadmium accumulation in the freshwater isopod Asellus racovitzai: the 

relative importance of solute and particulate sources at trace 

concentrations

2001 Sediment exposure

Eisler Radio cadmium exchange with seawater by Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) 

(Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) 1974

Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes 

and were not used because of the possibility of 

isotope discrimination

Eisler Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms 1981 Review of previously published data

Eisler and Gardner Acute toxicology to an estuarine teleost of mixtures of cadmium, copper, 

and zinc salts 1973 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Eisler et al. Metal Survey of the Marine Clam Pitar morrhauna Collected Near a 

Rhode Island (USA) Electroplating Plant 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Eissa et al. Behavioral alterations in juvenile Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) 

exposed to sublethal waterborne cadmium 2006 Only two exposure concentrations, test species fed, usually Unused data

Eissa et al. Quantitative behavioral parameters as toxicity biomarkers: fish responses 

to waterborne cadmium 2010 Dilution water not characterized

Elder and Mattraw

Accumulation of Trace Elements, Pesticides, and Polychlorinated 

Biphenyls in Sediments and the Clam Corbicula manilensis of the 

Apalachicola River, Florida.

1984 Sediment

Eletta et al. Determination of concentration of heavy metals in two common fish 

species from Asa River, Ilorin, Nigeria 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Elliott et al. The influence of cyclic exposure on the accumulation of heavy metals by 

Mytilus edulis planulatus (Lamarck) 1985

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Elliott et al. Metal interaction during accumulation by the mussel Mytilus edulis 

planulatus 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-44

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Engel Accumulation and cytosolic partitioning of metals in the american oyster 

Crassostrea virginica 1999

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Engel and Fowler Copper and cadmium induced changes in the metabolism and structure of 

molluscan gill tissue 1979 Excised tissue/cells

Enserink et al. Combined effects of metals; an ecotoxicological evaluation 1991 Review of previously published data

Erdogrul and Ates Determination of Cadmium and Copper in Fish Samples From Sir and 

Menzelet Dam Lake Kahramanmaras, Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Erickson et al. Effects of copper, cadmium, lead, and arsenic in a live diet on juvenile 

fish growth 2010 Dietary exposure

Errecalde et al.

Influence of a low molecular weight metabolite (citrate) on the toxicity of 

cadmium and zinc to the unicellular green alga Selenastrum 

capricornutum: an exception to the free-ion model

1998 Non-applicable

Errecalde et al.

Influence of a low molecular weight metabolite (citrate) on the toxicity of 

cadmium and zinc to the unicellular green alga Selenastrum 

capricornutum: and exception to the free-ion model

1998 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Escobedo-Fregoso et al.

Assessment of Metallothioneins in Tissues of the Clam Megapitaria 

squalida as Biomarkers for Environmental Cadmium Pollution From 

Areas Enriched in Phosphorite

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Eslami et al. Trace element level in different tissues of Rutilus frisii kutum collected 

from Tajan River, Iran 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Espana et al. Manganese, nickel, selenium and cadmium in molluscs from the Magellan 

Strait, Chile 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Espinoza et al. Effect of cadmium on glutathione s-transferase and metallothionein gene 

expression in coho salmon liver, gill and olfactory tissues 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

Esposito et al. Effects of heavy metals on ultrastructure and HSP70s induction in the 

aquatic moss Leptodictyum riparium Hedw 2012 Lack of exposure details (duration), effect concentration not clear

Essumang and Essumang

Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Cadmium, and 

Mercury in Manta birostris (Manta Ray) Caught Along the Ghanaian 

Coastline

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Estabrook et al.

Comparison of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Plants on Charity Island, 

Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, USA, With Plants Along the Shoreline of 

Saginaw Bay

1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Esvelt et al. Toxicity Removal From Municipal Wastewaters. Volume IV of a Study of 

Toxicity and Biostimulation in San Francisco Bay-Delta Waters 1971 Effluent

Etnier et al. Update of Acute and Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Data for Heavy Metals 

and Organic Chemicals Found at Hazardous Waste Sites 1987 Review
J-45

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Eustace Zinc, cadmium, copper and manganese in species of finfish and shellfish 

caught in the Derwent estuary, Tashmania 1974 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Evans et al. Simultaneous measurements of uptake and elimination of cadmium by 

caddisfly (Trichoptera: hydropsychidae) larvae using stable isotope tracers 2002 Dilution water not characterized 

Everaarts Uptake and release of cadmium in various organs of the common mussel, 

Mytilus edulis (L.) 1990

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Everaarts and Fischer Micro Contaminants In Surface Sediment exposures And Macrobenthic 

Invertebrates Of The North Sea 1991 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Everard and Swain Isolation, charaterization and induction of metallothionein in the stonefly 

Eusthenia spectabilis following exposure to cadmium 1983 Not North American species, dilution water not characterized

EVS Environment 

Consultants

Site-Specfic Toxicity Testing Methods for the South Fork Coeur D’Alene 

River-Results and Recommendations 1996 Dilution water not characterized

Evtushenko et al. Cadmium accumulation in organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis

- I. activities of phosphatases and composition and amount of lipids 1986 Not North American species

Evtushenko et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation in organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten 

yessoensis 1990 Not North American species

Ezemonye and Enuneku Evaluation of acute toxicity of cadmium and lead to amphibian tadpoles 

(toad: Bufo Maculatus and frog: Ptychadena Birroni)

2005 Lack of exposure details, not North American 

species

Fabacher Hepatic Microsomes From Freshwater Fish - I. In Vitro Cytochrome P450 Chemical Interactions 1982 In vitro

Fabris et al. Trace Metal Concentrations in Edible Tissue of Snapper, Flathead, 

Lobster, and Abalone from Coastal Waters of Victoria, Australia 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fair and Sick Accumulations of naphthalene and cadmium after simultaneous ingestion 

by the Black Sea Bass, Centropristis striata 1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Falfushynska et al. Population-related molecular responses on the effect of pesticides in 

Carassius auratus gibelio 2012 Mixture

Fan et al. Metal accumulation and biomarker responses in Daphnia magna

following cadmium and zinc exposure 2009 Mixture

Fang Comparative studies on uptake pathway of cadmium by Perna viridis 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fang et al. Heavy Metals in Oysters, Mussels and Clams Collected From Coastal 

Sites Along the Pearl River Delta, South China 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fang et al. Trace Metals in Seawater and Copepods in the Ocean Outfall Area off the 

Northern Taiwan Coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-46

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Fang et al.

Metal Concentrations in Green-Lipped Mussels (Perna viridis) and 

Rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) From Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong After 

Pollution Abatement

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fang et al. Metallothionein and superoxide dismutase responses to sublethal 

cadmium exposure in the clam Mactra veneriformis.

2010 Not North American species, only three exposure 

concentrations

Farag et al. Physiological changes and tissue metal accumulation in rainbow trout 

exposed to foodborne and waterborne metals 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Farag et al.

Concentrations of metals associated with mining waste in sediments, 

biofilm, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish from the Coeur d’Alene 

River basin, Idaho

1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Farag et al.

Characterizing Aquatic Health Using Salmonid Mortality, Physiology, 

and Biomass Estimates in Streams with Elevated Concentrations of 

Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Boulder River 

Watershed, Montana

2003 Mixture

Farag et al.

Concentrations of Metals in Water, Sediment exposure, Biofilm, Benthic 

Macroinvertebrates, and Fish in the Boulder River Watershed, Montana, 

and the Role of Colloids in Metal Uptake

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fargasova Comparative toxicity of five metals on various biological subjects 1994b

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Faria et al.

In situ and laboratory bioassays with Chironomus riparius larvae to 

assess toxicity of metal contamination in rivers: the relative toxic effect of 

sediment versus water contamination

2007 Mixture

Faria et al.

Contaminant accumulation and multi-biomarker responses in field 

collected zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and crayfish 

(Procambarus clarkii), to evaluate toxicological effects of industrial 

hazardous dumps in the Ebro river (NE Spain).

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Farkas et al. Age- and size-specific patterns of heavy metals in the organs of 

freshwater fish Abramis brama L. populating a low-contaminated site 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fattorini et al.

Seasonal, Spatial and Inter-Annual Variations of Trace Metals in Mussels 

From the Adriatic Sea: a Regional Gradient for Arsenic and Implications 

for Monitoring the Impact of Off-Shore Activities

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Faucher et al.

Impact of acute cadmium exposure on the trunk lateral line neuromasts 

and consequences on the "C-Start" response behaviour of the sea bass 

(Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae).

2006 Dilution water not characterized, not North 

American species, duration too short

Faucher et al. Impact of cadmium exposure at environmental dose on escape behaviour 

in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae) 2008 Pulsed exposure, not North American species

Faupel and Traunspurger Secondary Production of a Zoobenthic Community Under Metal Stress 2012 Mixture
J-47

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Faupel et al. The functional response of a freshwater benthic community to cadmium 

pollution 2012 Sediment; only two exposure concentrations

Fava et al. Comparative Toxicity of Whole and Liquid Phase Sewage Sludges to 

Marine Organisms 1985 Sludge

Favorito et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its cytotoxic effect on zebrafish brain 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fayed and Abdel-Shafy Accumulation of Cu, Cd, and Pb by algae 1986 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Fdil et al.

Valve movement response of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to 

metals (Cu, Hg, Cd and Zn) and phosphate industry effluents from 

moroccan Atlantic coast

2006 Duration unknown, dilution water not 

characterized, not North American species

Felten et al. Physiological and behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: 

Amphipoda) exposed to cadmium 2008 Not North American species, test species fed, usually Unused data

Feng et al. Exploring spatial and temporal variations of cadmium concentrations in 

Pacific oysters from British Columbia 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Feng et al. Indication function of aquatic algae for environment 2012 Review of previously published data

Fennikoh et al. Cadmium toxicity in planktonic organisms of a freshwater food web 1978 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Fernandez and Beiras

Combined Toxicity of Dissolved Mercury with Copper, Lead and 

Cadmium on Embryogenesis and Early Larval Growth of the 

Paracentrotus lividus Sea-Urchin

2001 Mixture

Fernandez et al.

Assessment of the mechanisms of detoxification of chemical compounds 

and antioxidant enzymes in the digestive gland of mussels, Mytilus 

galloprovincialis, from Mediterranean coastal sites.

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fernandez Severini et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of cadmium and copper in water and 

zooplankton in the Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fernandez-Leborans and 

Antonio-Garcia Effects of lead and cadmium in a community of protozoans 1988 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Fernandez-Pinas et al. Cadmium toxicity in Nostoc UAM208: protection by calcium 1995

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Ferrari et al. Selective protection of temperature against cadmium acute toxicity to 

Bufo arenarum tadpoles 1993 Not North American species

Ferrari et al. Energy balance of juvenile Cyprinus carpio after a short-term exposure to 

sublethal water-borne cadmium 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Ferreira da Silva et al. Heavy Metal Pollution Downstream the Abandoned Coval Da Mo Mine 

(Portugal) and Associated Effects on Epilithic Diatom Communities 2009 Mixture

Ferreira et al. Metal Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Responses in, Cultured and 

Wild, White Seabream from Northwest Atlantic 2008b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-48

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ferrer et al. Acute toxicities of four metals on the early life stages of the crab 

Chasmagnathus granulata from Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina 2006 Not North American species

Fialkowski et al. Seasonal variation in trace metal concentrations in three talitrid 

amphipods from the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Figueira et al. Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to cadmium: 

Toxicological effects and bioaccumulation patterns 2012 Not North American species, duration too long

Filazi et al. Metal concentrations in tissues of the Black Sea fish Mugil auratus from 

Sinop-Icliman, Turkey 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Filosto et al. Environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations affect development and 

induce apoptosis of Paracentrotus lividus larvae cultured in vitro 2008 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure

Finger and Bulak Toxicity of Water From Three South Carolina Rivers to Larval Striped 

Bass 1988 Mixture

Finlayson et al. Toxicity of metal-contaminated Sediment exposures from Keswick 

Reservoir, California, USA 2000 Sediment exposure

Firat and Kargin Biochemical alterations induced by Zn and Cd individually or in 

combination in the serum of Oreochromis niloticus 2010a Only one exposure concentration

Firat and Kargin Effects of zinc and cadmium on erythrocyte antioxidant systems of a 

freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus 2010b Only one exposure concentration

Firat and Kargin Individual and combined effects of heavy metals on serum biochemistry 

of Nile Tilapia oreochromis Niloticus 2010c Only one exposure concentration

Firat and Kargin

Protein intensity changes in the hemoglobin and plasma electrophoretic 

patterns of Oreochromis niloticus in response to single and combined Zn 

and Cd exposure

2010d Only two exposure concentrations

Fisher and Fabris Complexation of Cu, Zn and Cd by metabolites excreted from marine 

diatoms 1982 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Fisher and Jones Heavy metals and marine phytoplankton: Correlation of toxicity and 

sulfhydryl-binding 1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Fisher et al. Accumulation and retention of metals in mussels from food and water: a 

comparison under field and laboratory conditions 1996 Not North American species

Fitzsimons et al. Occurrence of a Swim-up Syndrome in Lake Ontario Lake Trout in 

Relation to Contaminants and Cultural Practices 1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Flament et al. Effect of cadmium on gonadogenesis and metamorphosis in Pleurodeles 

waltl (Urodele Amphibian) 2003 Not North American species, duration too short

Fleeger et al.

Does Bioturbation by a Benthic Fish Modify the Effects of Sediment 

exposure Contamination on Saltmarsh Benthic Microalgae and 

Meiofauna?

2006 Sediment exposure

Flegal Trace Element Concentrations of the Rough Limpet, Acmaea scabra, in 

California 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-49

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Florence et al. Determination of trace element speciation and the role of speciation in 

aquatic toxicity 1992 Review of previously published data

Food and Agriculture 

Organization of the 

United Nations

Report on Cadmium and Freshwater Fish 1977 Review

Foran et al. Influence of parental and developmental cadmium exposure on endocrine 

and reproductive function in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

2002 Prior exposure, not North American species

Foran et al. A survey of metals in tissues of farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Forbes Response of Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu) to environmental stress: 

Effects of salinity fluctuations and cadmium exposure on growth 1991 Not North American species

Forget et al.

Mortality and LC50 values for several stages of the marine copepod 

Tigriopus brevicornis (Muller) exposed to the metals arsenic and 

cadmium and the pesticides atrazine, carbofuran, dichlorvos, and 

malathion

1998 Not North American species

Forget et al.

Joint action of pollutant combinations (pesticides and metals) on survival 

(LC50 values) and acetylcholinesterase activity of Tigriopus brevicornis

(Copepoda, Harpacticoida)

1999 Mixture

Formicki et al. Combined effects of cadmium and ultraviolet radiation on mortality and 

mineral content in common frog (Rana temporaria) larvae 2008 Not North American species, duration too short

Formicki et al. Cadmium Availability to Freshwater Mussel (Unio tumidus) in the 

Presence of Organic Matter and UV Radiation 2009 Mixture

Foster Metal resistances of chlorophyta from rivers polluted by heavy metals 1982 Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in 

water

Fowler et al. Levels of Toxic Metals in Marine Organisms Collected From Southern 

California Coastal Waters 1975 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fracacio et al. In situ and laboratory evaluation of toxicity with Danio rerio Buchanan 

(1822) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (1859) 2009 Mixture

France Calcium and Trace Metal Composition of Crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in 

Relation to Experimental Lake Acidification 1987 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Francesconi Distribution of cadmium in the pearl oyster, Pinctada albina albina

(Lamarck), following exposure to cadmium in seawater 1989 Not North American species

Francesconi et al. Cadmium uptake from seawater and food by the western rock lobster 

Panulirus Cygnus 1994 Not North American species

Francesconi et al.

Cadmium in the saucer scallop, Amusium balloti, from Western Australian 

waters: Concentrations in adductor muscle and redistribution following 

frozen storage

1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Franchi et al. Bioconcentration of Cd and Pb by the river crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis

(Crustacea: Decapoda) 2011 Dilution water not characterized
J-50

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Frankenne et al. Isolation and characterization of metallothioneins from cadmium-loaded 

mussel Mytilus edulis 1980 Dilution water not characterized

Franklin et al.

Toxicity of Metal Mixtures to a Tropical Freshwater Alga (Chlorella sp.): 

The Effect of Interactions Between Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc on Metal 

Cell Binding and Uptake

2002 Mixture

Franzellitti et al. Heavy metals in tissues of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the 

northwestern Adriatic Sea 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Franzin and McFarlane

An Analysis of the Aquatic Macrophyte, Myriophyllum exalbescens, as an 

Indicator of Metal Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems Near a Base 

Metal Smelter

1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fraser et al.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations in 

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) From the Baie Des Chaleurs, New Brunswick, 

Canada

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Frazier Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms 1979

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Frazier and George Cadmium kinetics in oyster - a comparative study of Crassostrea gigas

and Ostrea edulis 1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Freeman Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish 

(Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen stress 1978

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Freeman Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish 

(Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen stress 1980

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Freitas and Rocha Acute toxicity tests with the tropical cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa: The 

importance of using native species as test organisms 2011 Not North American species

Frias-Espericueta et al. Heavy Metals in the Tissues of the Sea Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea From 

a Nesting Site of the Northwest Coast of Mexico 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Frias-Espericueta et al. Metal Content of the Gulf of California Blue Shrimp Litopenaeus 

stylirostris (Stimpson) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Frias-Espericueta et al. Histological effects of a combination of heavy metals on Pacific white 

shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 2008a Mixture

Frias-Espericueta et al. The Metal Content of Bivalve Molluscs of a Coastal Lagoon of NW 

Mexico 2008b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-51

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Frias-Espericueta et al. Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in Mugil cephalus from seven coastal 

lagoons of NW Mexico 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fridman et al. Estradiol uptake, toxicity, metabolism, and adverse effects on cadmiumtreated amphibian embryos 2004 Mixture, not North American species

Friedrich and Halden Determining exposure history of northern pike and walleye to tailings 

effluence using trace metal uptake in otoliths 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Fritioff and Greger Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant, 

Potamogeton natans

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 5 day exposure); unmeasured exposure

Fritioff et al. Influence of Temperature and Salinity on Heavy Metal Uptake by 

Submersed Plants 2005 Non-applicable

Fujii and Sugiyama Toxic effect of cadmium to early life stages of fishes and a simple method 

for toxicity evaluation of environmental pollutants 1983 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; text in foreign language

Fulladosa et al. Study on the Toxicity of Binary Equitoxic Mixtures of Metals Using the 

Luminescent Bacteria Vibrio fischeri as a Biological Target 2005 Mixture

Fulladosa et al. Stress proteins induced by exposure to sublethal levels of heavy metals in 

sea bream (Sparus sarba) blood levels 2006 Excised tissue/cells

Gaal et al. The Heavy Metal Content Of Fish In Lake Balaton The Danube And The 

Tisza From 1979-1982 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gachter

Heavy Metal Toxicity and Synergism to Natural Phytoplankton 

(Untersuchungen Uber Die Beeinflussung Der Planktischen 

Photosynthese Durch Anorganische Metallsalze Im Eutrophen 

Alpnachersee Und Der Mesotrophen Horwer Bucht)

1976 Text in foreign language

Gachter and Geiger Melimex, an Experimental Heavy Metal Pollution Study: Behaviour of 

Heavy Metals in an Aquatic Food Chain 1979 Mixture

Gachter and Mares Melimex, an Experimental Heavy Metal Pollution Study: Effects of 

Increased Heavy Metal Loads on Phytoplankton Communities 1979 Mixture

Gaete and Paredes Toxicity of chemical pollutant mixtures towards Daphnia magna 1996 Non-applicable

Gagnaire et al. In vitro effects of cadmium and mercury on Pacific oyster, Crassostrea 

gigas (Thunberg), haemocytes 2004 In vitro

Gagne et al. Biomarker study of a municipal effluent dispersion plume in two species 

of freshwater mussels 2002 Effluent

Gagne et al. Immunocompetence and Alterations in Hepatic Gene Expression in 

Rainbow Trout Exposed to Cds/Cdte Quantum Dots. 2010 Inappropriate toxicant

Gagnon et al. Exposure of Caged Mussels to Metals in a Primary-Treated Municipal 

Wastewater Plume 2006 Effluent

Gale et al. Aquatic Organisms and Heavy Metals in Missouri's New Lead Belt. 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gale et al. Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium in Fish and Sediment exposures from 

the Big River and Flat River Creek of Missouri's Old Lead Belt 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-52

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gale et al.

Chronic Sublethal Sediment exposure Toxicity Testing Using the 

Estuarine Amphipod, Melita plumulosa (Zeidler): Evaluation Using 

Metal-Spiked and Field-Contaminated Sediment exposures

2006 Sediment exposure

Galic et al Toxicity of cadmium and nitrilotriacetic acid in sea water to the 

photobacteria Vibrio fisheri 1987 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Gallo et al. The impact of metals on the reproductive mechanisms of the ascidian 

Ciona intestinalis 2011 Excised tissue/cells

Galvao et al. Sudden Cadmium Increases in the Digestive Gland of Scallop, Nodipecten 

nodosus L., Farmed in the Tropics 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gama-Flores et al. Exposure time-dependent cadmium toxicity to Moina macrocopa

(Cladocera): a life table demographic study 2007a Pulsed exposure

Gama-Flores et al.

Effect of Pulsed Exposure to Heavy Metals (Copper and Cadmium) on 

Some Population Variables of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas (Rotifera: 

Brachionidae: Monogononta)

2007b Pulsed exposure

Gama-Flores et al.

Prey (Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus havanaensis) Exposed to 

Heavy Metals (Cu and Cd) for Different Durations and Concentrations 

Affect Predator's (Asplanchna brightwellii) Population Growth

2007c Pulsed exposure

Gao et al. Expression of metallothionein cDNA in a freshwater crab, Sinopotamon 

yangtsekiense, exposed to cadmium 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Garceau et al. Inhibition of Goldfish Mitochondrial Metabolism by in Vitro Exposure to 

Cd, Cu and Ni 2010 In vitro

Garcia et al. Comparative sensitivity of a tropical mysid metamysidopsis insularis and 

the temperate species Americamysis bahia to six toxicants 2008 Not North American species

Garcia et al. Age-related differential sensitivity to cadmium in Hyalella curvispina

(Amphipoda) and implications in ecotoxicity studies 2010 Not North American species; test species fed

Garcia et al. Age differential response of Hyalella curvispina to a cadmium pulse: 

Influence of sediment particle size 2012 Pulsed exposures; sediment present in test chambers

Garcia-Fernandez et al. Heavy Metals in Tissues From Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) From 

the Southwestern Mediterranean (Spain) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Garcia-Hernandez et al. Concentrations of heavy metals in Sediment exposure and organisms 

during a harmful algal bloom (HAB) at Kun Kaak Bay, Sonora, Mexico 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Garcia-Santos et al. Metabolic and osmoregulatory alterations and cell proliferation in gilthead 

seam bream (Sparus aurata) exposed to cadmium 2008 Injected toxicant

Garg and Chandra The duckweed Wolffia globosa as an indicator of heavy metal pollution: 

sensitivity to Cr and Cd 1994 Excessive EDTA (>200 ug/L FeEDTA)

Garg et al. Sublethal effects of heavy metals on biochemical composition and their 

recovery in Indian major carps 2009 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure
J-53

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gargiulo et al. Action of cadmium on the gills of Carassius auratus L. in the presence of 

catabolic NH3

1996 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or 

bioconcentration

Gauley and Heikkila Examination of the expression of the heat shock protein gene, hsp110, in 

Xenopus laevis cultured cells and embryos 2006 Cannot determine effect concentration, lack of details

Gaur et al. Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in Spirodela 

polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Azolla pinnata R

1994 Not North American species

Gauthier et al. Metal effects on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) under field and 

laboratory conditions 2006 Mixture

Gauthier et al. Condition and Pyloric Caeca as Indicators of Food Web Effects in Fish 

Living in Metal-Contaminated Lakes 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Geffard et al.

Relationships between metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein levels 

in larvae of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to contaminated estuarine 

Sediment exposure elutriate

2002 Sediment exposure

Geffard et al.

Bioaccumulation of Metals in Sediment exposure Elutriates and Their 

Effects on Growth, Condition Index, and Metallothionein Contents in 

Oyster Larvae

2007 Mixture

Geffard et al. Effects of chronic dietary and waterborne cadmium exposures on the 

contamination level and reproduction of Daphnia magna 2008 Cannot determine effect concentration, lack of details

Geffard et al. Ovarian cycle and embryonic development in Gammarus fossarum: 

Application for reproductive toxicity assessment 2010 Not North American species, only three exposure concentrations

George et al. Effects of cadmium exposure on metal-containing amoebocytes of the 

oyster Ostrea edulis 1983

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Geret and Cosson Induction of specific isoforms of metallothionein in mussel tissues after 

exposure to cadmium and mercury 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; dilution water not characterized

Geret et al. Effect of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation 

in the gills of the clam Ruditapes decussatus 2002a Dilution water not characterized, not North American species 

Geret et al.

Influence of metal exposure on metallothionein synthesis and lipid 

peroxidation in two bivalve mollusks: The oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and 

the mussel (Mytilus edulis)

2002b Dilution water not characterized, only one 

exposure concentration

Gerhardt Effects of subacute doses of cadmium on pH-stressed Leptophlebia 

marginata (L.) And Baetis rhodani Pictet (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) 1990 Dilution water not characterized, mixture, sediment

Gerhardt Acute toxicity of Cd in stream invertebrates in relation to pH and test 

design 1992 Not North American species

Gerhardt Review of Impact of Heavy Metals on Stream Invertebrates With Special 

Emphasis on Acid Conditions 1993 Review

Gerhardt Joint and single toxicity of Cd and Fe related to metal uptake in the 

mayfly Leptophlebia marginata (L.) (Insecta) 1995 Not North American species
J-54

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gharbi-Bouraoui et al. Field Study of Metal Concentrations and Biomarker Responses in the 

Neogastropod, Murex trunculus, From Bizerta Lagoon (Tunisia) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ghedira et al. Metallothionein and metal levels in liver, gills and kidney of Sparus 

aurata exposed to sublethal doses of cadmium and copper 2010 Injected toxicant

Ghiasi et al.

Effects of low concentration of cadmium on the level of lysozyme in 

serum, leukocyte count and phagocytic index in Cyprinus carpio under 

the wintering conditions

2010 Only one exposure concentration

Ghidini et al. Cd, Hg and As Concentrations in Fish Caught in the North Adriatic Sea 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ghnaya et al. Cd-induced growth reduction in the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum is 

significantly improved by NaCl 2007 Lack of details

Ghosh and Chakrabarti Toxicity of arsenic and cadmium to a freshwater fish 1990 Not North American species

Giarratano et al. Heavy metal toxicity in Exosphaeroma gigas (Crustacea, Isopoda) from 

the coastal zone of beagle channel 2007 Not North American species

Giesy and Wiener Frequency Distributions of Trace Metal Concentrations in Five 

Freshwater Fishes 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Giguere et al.

Influence of lake chemistry and fish age on cadmium, copper, and zinc 

concentrations in various organs of indigenous yellow perch (Perca 

flavescens)

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Giguere et al.

Metal bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in yellow perch (Perca 

flavescens) collected from eight lakes along a metal contamination 

gradient (Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni)

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gil et al.

Heavy metal concentrations in the general population of Andalusia, South 

of Spain: A comparison with the population within the area of influence 

of Aznalcóllar mine spill (SW Spain)

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Giles Accumulation of cadmium by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, during 

extended exposure 1988

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Gillis et al.

Cadmium-Induced Production of a Metallothioneinlike Protein in Tubifex 

tubifex (Oligochaeta) and Chironomus riparius (Diptera): Correlation 

with Reproduction and Growth

2002 Non-applicable

Gillis et al.

Uptake and Depuration of Cadmium, Nickel, and Lead in LaboratoryExposed Tubefix tubifex and Corresponding Changes in the Concentration 

of a Metallothionein-Like Protein

2004 Non-applicable

Gillis et al.

Metallothionein-Like Protein and Tissue Metal Concentrations in 

Invertebrates (Oligochaetes and Chironomids) Collected From Reference 

and Metal Contaminated Field Sediment exposures

2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-55

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gillis et al. Bioavailability of Sediment exposure-Associated Cu and Zn to Daphnia 

magna

2006b Sediment exposure

Gingrich et al. Zinc and cadmium metabolism in Euglena gracilis: metal distribution in 

normal and zinc-deficient cells 1984 No control group; only one exposure concentration

Gismondi et al. Microsporidia parasites disrupt the responses to cadmium exposure in a 

gammarid 2012a Multiple stressors (Cd and parasite)

Gismondi et al. Acanthocephalan parasites: Help or burden in gammarid amphipods 

exposed to cadmium? 2012b Not North American species

Gismondi et al. Do male and female gammarids defend themselves differently during 

chemical stress? 2013 Not North American species, only two exposure concentrations

Giusto et al. Cadmium toxicity assessment in juveniles of the Austral South America 

amphipod Hyalella curvispina.

2012 Not North American species; only 3 exposure 

concentrations, duration too long

Glubokov Growth of three species of fish during early ontogeny under normal and 

toxic conditions 1990 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Glynn The concentration dependency of branchial intracellular cadmium 

distribution and influx in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

1996 Not North American species

Glynn The Influence of Zinc on Apical Uptake of Cadmium in the Gills and 

Cadmium Influx to the Circulatory System in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2001 Mixture

Glynn et al. Chronic toxicity and metabolism of Cd and Zn in juvenile minnows 

(Phoxinus phoxinus) exposed to a Cd and Zn mixture. 1992 Not North American species

Glynn et al. Differences in uptake of inorganic mercury and cadmium in the gills of 

the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio 1994 Not North American species

Gnandi et al. The Impact of Phosphate Mine Tailings on the Bioaccumulation of Heavy 

Metals in Marine Fish and Crustaceans from the Coastal Zone of Togo 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Goatcher et al. Evaluation and Refinement of the Spirillum volutans Test for Use in 

Toxicity Screening 1984 Bacteria

Gold et al. Effects of cadmium stress on periphytic diatom communities in indoor 

artificial streams 2003 No specific species

Golding et al. Cadmium bioavailability to Hyalella azteca from a periphyton diet 

compared to an artificial diet and application of a biokinetic model 2012 Dietary exposure

Golding et al.

Validation of a chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity 

model for Hyalella azteca exposed to field-contaminated periphyton and 

lake water

2011a Prior exposure

Golding et al. Modeling chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity from 

periphyton to Hyalella azteca 2011b Water and dietary exposure simultaneously

Gomez-Mendikute and 

Cajaraville

Comparative Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Paraquat and Benzo[a]pyrene 

on the Actin Cytoskeleton and Production of Reactive Oxygen Species 

(ROS) in Mussel Haemocytes

2003 In vitro
J-56

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gomot Toxic effects of cadmium on reproduction, development, and hatching in 

the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis for water quality monitoring 1998 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or bioconcentration

Gonzalez et al. Comparative effects of direct cadmium contamination on gene expression 

in gills, liver, skeletal muscles and brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gopal and Devi Influence of nutritional status on the median tolerance limits (LC50) of 

Ophiocephalus striatus for certain heavy metal and pesticide toxicants 1991 Not North American species

Gopalakrishnan et al. Comparison of heavy metal toxicity in life stages (spermiotoxicity, egg 

toxicity, embryotoxicity and larval toxicity) of Hydroides elegans 2008 Not North American species

Gordon et al. Mytilus californianus as a bioindicator of trace metal pollution: 

Variability and statistical considerations 1980

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Gorman and Skogerboe Speciation of cadmium in natural waters and their effect on rainbow trout 1987 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Gorski and Nugegoda Sublethal toxicity of trace metals to larvae of the blacklip abalone, 

Haliotis rubra.

2006a Dilution water not characterized, high control 

mortality (<13%), not North American species

Gorski and Nugegoda Toxicity of trace metals to juvenile abalone, Haliotis rubra following 

short-term exposure 2006b Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Gosselin and Hare Effect of Sedimentary exposure Cadmium on the Behavior of a 

Burrowing Mayfly (Ephemeroptera, Hexagenia limbata) 2004 Sediment exposure

Goto and Wallace Interaction of Cd and Zn During Uptake and Loss in the Polychaete 

Capitella capitata: Whole Body and Subcellular Perspectives 2007 Mixture

Goto and Wallace

Relevance of intracellular partitioning of metals in prey to differential 

metal bioaccumulation among populations of mummichogs (Fundulus 

heteroclitus)

2009a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Goto and Wallace Influences of prey- and predator-dependent processes on cadmium and 

methylmercury trophic transfer to mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus)

2009b Dietary exposure

Gottofrey and Tjalve Axonal transport of cadmium in the olfactory nerve of the pike 1991 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Gottofrey et al.

Effect of sodium isopropylxanthate, potassium amylxanthate and sodium 

diethyldithiocarbamate or the uptake and distribution of cadmium in the 

brown trout (Salmo trutta)

1986

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Goulet et al. Dynamic multipathway modeling of Cd bioaccumulation in Daphnia 

magna using waterborne and dietary exposures 2007 Dietary exposure
J-57

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Grabowski and Trybus

Some Results on Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Fly Ash and Chemical 

Solvents as Measured by the Method of a Substrate (FDA) With 

Fluorogenic Product (Badania Toksycznosci Metali Ciezkich, Pylu 

Lotnego I Rozpuszczalnikow Chemicznych Metoda Substratu Z 

Fluorogennym Produktem)

2001 Text in foreign language

Grajeda Y Ortega et al. Cadmium, iron, and zinc uptake individually and as a mixture by 

Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri and impact on adenosine triphosphate content 2008 Sediment exposure

Graney et al.

The influence of substrate, pH, diet and temperature upon cadmium 

accumulation in the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in laboratory 

artificial streams

1984

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Green and Williams A continuous flow toxicity testing apparatus for macroinvertebrates 1983 Cannot determine effect concentration; testing 

methodology; no cadmium toxicity information

Green et al. The acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium to different life history stages 

of the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus (L) 1986 Not North American species

Greenwood and Fielder Acute toxicity of zinc and cadmium to zoeae of three species of portnid 

crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura) 1983 Not North American species

Greichus et al. Insecticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Metals in African Lake 

Ecosystems. II. Lake Mcilwaine, Rhodesia 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Greig Trace metal uptake by three species of mollusks 1979 Questionable treatment of test organisms or 

inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Greig and Wenzloff Metal accumulation and depuration by the american oyster, Crassostrea 

virginica 1978

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Griscom and Fisher

Uptake of Dissolved Ag, Cd, and Co by the Clam, Macoma balthica: 

Relative Importance of Overlying Water, Oxic Pore Water, and Burrow 

Water

2002 Mixture

Griscom et al. Effects of Gut Chemistry in Marine Bivalves on the Assimilation of 

Metals from Ingested Sediment exposure Particles 2002a Sediment exposure

Griscom et al. Kinetic modeling of Ag, Cd and Co bioaccumulation in the clam Macoma 

balthica: quantifying Dietary exposure and dissolved sources 2002b Modeling

Gross et al. Lethal and sublethal effects of chronic cadmium exposure on northern 

leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles 2007 High control mortality (60%)

Gross et al. Critical period of sensitivity for effects of cadmium on frog growth and 

development 2009 Only two exposure concentrations

Gstoettner and Fisher Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the moss Sphagnum 

papillosum Lindle 1997 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
J-58

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gu et al. The toxic effect of Hg2+ and Cd2+ combined pollution on Myriophyllum 

verticillatum Linn 2001 Text in foreign language

Guan and Wang Multipahse biokinetic modeling of cadmium accumulation in Daphnia 

magna from dietary and aqueous sources 2006c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, dietary exposure

Guan and Wang Cd and Zn uptake kinetics in Daphnia magna to Cd exposure history 2004a Dietary exposure and prior exposure

Guan and Wang Dietary assimilation and elimination of Cd, Se, and Zn by Daphnia magna

at different metal concentrations 2004b Dietary exposure

Guan and Wang Multigenerational cadmium acclimation and biokinetics in Daphnia 

magna

2006a Dietary exposure

Guan and Wang

Comparison between two clones of Daphnia magna: effects of 

multigenerational cadmium exposure on toxicity, individual fitness, and 

biokinetics

2006b Lack of detail

Guanzon et al. Inhibitory effects of heavy metals on growth and photosynthesis of three 

freshwater microalgae 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Guardiola et al. Accumulation, histopathology and immunotoxicological effects of 

waterborne cadmium on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Gueguen et al.

Competition Between Alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), Humic 

Substances and EDTA for Cd and Zn Control in the Algal Assay 

Procedure (AAP) Medium

2003 Mixture

Guerin et al. Effects of cadmium on survival, osmoregulatory ability and bioenergetics 

of juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus at different salinities. 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Guilhermino et al. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity as effect criterion in acute tests 

with juvenile Daphnia magna.

1997 Review of previously published data

Gul et al.

Investigation of Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in the 

Tissues of Sander lucioperca (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanli Dam Lake, 

Turkey.

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gully and Mason Cytosolic redistribution and enhanced accumulation of Cu in gill tissue of 

Littorina littorea as a result of Cd exposure 1993

Mixture (Cu and Cd), Cadmium was a 

component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, 

sediment or sludge

Guner Effects of Copper and Cadmium Interaction on Total Protein Levels in 

Liver of Carassius carassius 2008 Mixture

Gunkel et al. A Fish Test on the Basic of the Avoidance Reaction (Die Fluchtreaktion 

Von Fischen Als Grundlage Eines Fischtests). 1983 Text in foreign language

Guo et al. Effect of dissolved organic matter on the uptake of trace metals by 

American oysters 2001 Mixture

Guo et al.

Levels and Bioaccumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPS) and 

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDES) in Fishes From the Pearl River 

Estuary and Daya Bay, South China

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-59

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Gupta and Devi Uptake and toxicity of cadmium in aquatic ferns 1993

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Gupta and Rajbanshi Toxicity of copper and cadmium to Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 1991 Not North American species

Gupta et al. Effects of long-term low-dose exposure to cadmium during the entire life 

cycle of Ceratopteris thalictroides, a water fern 1992 Not North American species

Gupta et al. Analysis of some heavy metals in the riverine water, sediments and fish 

from river Ganges at Allahabad 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Gust and Fleeger Exposure-related effects on Cd bioaccumulation explain toxicity of Cdphenanthrene mixtures in Hyalella azteca 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 96 hour exposure)

Gust and Fleeger Exposure to Cadmium-Phenanthrene Mixtures Elicits Complex Toxic 

Responses in the Freshwater Tubificid Oligochaete, Ilyodrilus templetoni 2006 Non-applicable

Guthrie and Cherry Trophic Level Accumulation of Heavy Metals in a Coal Ash Basin 

Drainage System 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Guven and De Pomerai Differential Expression of Hsp70 Proteins in Response to Heat and 

Cadmium in Caenorhabditis elegans 1995 Mixture

Guven et al. Heavy Metals Concentrations in Marine Algae From the Turkish Coast of 

the Black Sea 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Guzman-Garcia et al. Effects of heavy metals on the oyster (Crassostrea virginica) at Mandinga 

Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hackstein

Changes in the Population Dynamics of Gammarus tigrinus Sexton 

(Crustacea: Amphipoda) as Expression of Sublethal Effects by Reciprocal 

Interactions of Temperature and Cadmium Enriched Food (Die 

Veranderung Populations Dynamischer Parameter Bei Gammarus 

Tigrinus Sexton (Crustacea: Amphipoda) Ala Ausdruck Subletaler Effekte 

Durch Die Wechselwirkung Von Temperatur Und Cadmium 

Kontaminiertem Futter)

1988 Text in foreign language

Hader et al. The Erlanger flagellate test (EFT): photosynthetic flagellates in biological 

dosimeters 1997 Not North American species

Hadjispyrou et al. Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, and Interactive Effects of Organotin, 

Cadmium, and Chromium on Artemia franciscana 2001 Mixture

Haines and Brumbaugh Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white 

suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity 1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Hakanson Metals in Fish and Sediments From the River Kolbacksan Water System, 

Sweden 1984 Sediment
J-60

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hall Studies of Striped Bass in Three Chesapeake Bay Spawning Habitats 1988 Mixture

Hall and Brown Copper and Manganese Influence the Uptake of Cadmium in Marine 

Macroalgae 2002 Mixture

Hall et al. Effects of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants on fertilization, 

hatching success, and prolarval survival of striped bass 1984 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hall et al. Survival of Striped Bass Larvae and Yearlings in Relation to 

Contaminants and Water Quality in the Upper Chesapeake Bay 1987a Mixture

Hall et al. In situ striped bass (Morone saxatilis) contaminant and water quality 

studies in the Potomac River 1987b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hall et al. Concurrent mobile on-site and in situ striped bass contaminant and water 

quality studies in the Choptank River and upper Chesapeake Bay 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hall et al. Ambient Toxicity Testing in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Using 

Freshwater and Estuarine Water Column Tests 1992 Mixture

Hall et al. A ten-year summary of concurrent ambient water column and Sediment 

exposure toxicity tests in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990-1999 2002 Review

Hamed and Emara Marine Molluscs as Biomonitors for Heavy Metal Levels in the Gulf of 

Suez, Red Sea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hameed and 

Muthukumaravel

Impact of cadmium on the biochemical constituents of fresh water fish 

Oreochromis mossambicus.

2006 Lack of exposure details, dilution water not 

characterized

Hammock et al. The effect of humic acid on the uptake of mercury(II), cadmium(II), and 

zinc(II) by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hanafy and Soltan

Comparative changes in absorption, distribution and toxicity of copper 

and cadmium chloride in toads during the hibernation and the role of 

vitamin C against their toxicity

2007 Dietary exposure, not North American species

Handy The effect of acute exposure to dietary Cd and Cu organ toxicant 

concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 1993 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Handy Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals in Fish 1996 Review

Hannam et al. Immune Modulation in the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis Exposed to North 

Sea Produced Water 2009 Mixture

Hannas et al. Regulation and Dysregulation of Vitellogenin MRNA Accumulation in 

Daphnids (Daphnia magna). 2011 In vitro

Hansen et al.

Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine 

sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for 

biomonitoring

1995

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Hansen et al. Behavioral Avoidance: Possible Mechanism for Explaining Abundance 

and Distribution of Trout Species in a Metal-Impacted River 1999 Mixture
J-61

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hansen et al.

Gill Metal Binding and Stress Gene Transcription in Brown Trout (Salmo 

trutta) Exposed to Metal Environments: the Effect of Pre-Exposure in 

Natural Populations

2007a Pre-exposure

Hansen et al. Induction and activity of oxidative stress-related proteins during 

waterborne Cd/Zn exposure in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

2007b Mixture

Hanson and Evans

Metal Contaminant Assessment For The Southeast Atlantic And Gulf Of 

Mexico Coasts: Results Of The National Benthic Surveillance Project 

Over The First Four Years 1984-87

1992 Review

Hansten et al. Viability of glochidia of Anodonta anatina (Unionidae) exposed to 

selected metals and chelating agents 1996 Not North American species

Harada et al. Shortened Lifespan of Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans After Prolonged 

Exposure to Heavy Metals and Detergents 2007 Mixture

Hardy and O’Keeffe Cadmium uptake by the water hyacinth: Effects of root mass, solution 

volume, complexers and other metal ions 1985

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Hardy and Raber Zinc uptake by the water hyacinth: Effect of solution factors 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hare Aquatic insects and trace metals: bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and 

toxicity 1992 Review of previously published data

Hare et al. Trace Element Distributions in Aquatic Insects: Variations Among 

Genera, Elements, and Lakes 1991a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hare et al.

Dynamics of cadmium, lead, and zinc exchange between nymphs of the 

burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) and the 

environment

1991b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hare et al. A field study of metal toxicity and accumulation by benthic invertebrates; 

implications for the acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) model 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hare et al. Cadmium Accumulation by Invertebrates Living at the Sediment 

exposure-Water Interface 2001 Sediment exposure

Haritonidis et al.

Trace metal interactions in the macroalga Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. 

Muller) grown in water of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium and SW 

Netherlands), in response to cadmium exposure

1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Harper et al. Effects of Acclimation on the Toxicity of Stream Water Contaminated 

with Zinc and Cadmium to Juvenile Cutthroat Trout 2008 Mixture

Harper et al.

Trout Density and Health in a Stream With Variable Water Temperatures 

and Trace Element Concentrations: Does a Cold-Water Source Attract 

Trout to Increased Metal Exposure?

2009 Mixture
J-62

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hartmann Synergistic Effects of Heavy Metal Ions on the Activity of Bacteria and 

Other Aquatic Microorganisms 1980 Bacteria

Hartmann et al.

Algal Testing of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles - Testing 

Considerations, Inhibitory Effects and Modification of Cadmium 

Bioavailability

2010 Mixture

Hartmann et al. The Potential of Tio2 Nanoparticles as Carriers for Cadmium Uptake in 

Lumbriculus variegatus and Daphnia magna 2012 Mixture

Hartwell Demonstration of a toxicological risk ranking method to correlate 

measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hartwell et al. Avoidance Responses of Schooling Fathead Minnows (Pimephales 

Promelas) to a Blend of Metals During a 9-Month Exposure. 1987 Mixture

Hartwell et al. Fish Behavioral Assessment of Pollutants. 1988 Mixture

Harvey and Luoma Separation of solute and particulate vectors of heavy metal uptake in 

controlled suspension-feeding experiments with Macoma balthica 1985 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or bioconcentration

Harvey et al. Contaminant Concentrations in Whole-Body Fish and Shellfish From US 

Estuaries 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hashemi et al. Copper resistance in Anabaena variabilis: effects of phosphate nutrition 

and polyphosphate bodies 1994 Not applicable; No cadmium toxicity information

Hashim and Chu Biosorption by brown, green, and red seaweeds 2004 Not in vivo study

Hashim et al. Adsorption equilibria of cadmium on algal biomass 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Has-Schoen et al. Heavy Metal Profile in Five Fish Species Included in Human Diet, 

Domiciled in the End Flow of River Neretva (Croatia) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Has-Schuml et al. Heavy Metal Concentration in Fish Tissues Inhabiting Waters of "Busko 

Blato" Reservoir (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2008a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Has-Schuml et al.

Heavy Metal Distribution in Tissues of Six Fish Species Included in 

Human Diet, Inhabiting Freshwaters of the Nature Park (Bosnia and 

Herzegovina)

2008b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hatakeyama Chronic effects of Cd on reproduction of Polypedilum nubifer

(Chironomidae) through water and food 1987

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Hatakeyama and Yasuno The effects of cadmium-accumulated Chlorella on the reproduction of

Moina macrocopa (Cladocera) 1981a Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in water
J-63

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hatakeyama et al.

Flora and Fauna in Heavy Metal Polluted Rivers. I. Density of Epeorus 

latifolium (Ephemeroptera) and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Baetis 

spp. (Ephemeroptera) Relating to Cd, Cu and Zn Concentrations.

1986 Text in foreign language

Hatano and Shoji Toxicity of Copper and Cadmium in Combinations to Duckweed 

Analyzed by the Biotic Ligand Model 2008 Mixture

Hattink et al. The toxicokinetics of cadmium in carp under normoxic and hypoxic 

conditions 2005 Species tested is a hybrid of wild and domestic populations

Haye et al. Protective Role of Alginic Acid Against Metal Uptake by American 

Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

2006 Mixture

Haynes et al. Gender-dependent problems in toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hazen and Kneip Biogeochemical cycling of cadmium in a marsh ecosystem 1980

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Hedouin et al. Allometric Relationships in the Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals by the 

Edible Tropical Clam Gafrarium tumidum 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hedouin et al. Trends in Concentrations of Selected Metalloid and Metals in Two 

Bivalves From the Coral Reefs in the SW Lagoon of New Caledonia 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Heininger et al. Nematode Communities in Contaminated River Sediment exposures 2006 Sediment exposure

Heinis et al. Short-term sublethal effects of cadmium on the filter feeding chironomid 

larva Glyptotendipes pallens (Meigen) (Diptera) 1990 Not North American species

Heit and Klusek Trace Element Concentrations in the Dorsal Muscle of White Suckers and 

Brown Bullheads From Two Acidic Adirondack Lakes 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Heit et al. Trace Element, Radionuclide, and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon 

Concentrations in Unionidae Mussels From Northern Lake George. 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hendriks

Modelling equilibrium concentrations of microcontaminants in organisms 

of the Rhine delta: Can average field residues in the aquatic food chain be 

predicted from laboratory accumulation?

1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hendrix et al. Microcosms as test systems for the ecological effects of toxic substances: 

an appraisal with cadmium 1981 Mixed species exposure, only three exposure concentrations

Henebry and Ross Use of Protozoan Communities to Assess the Ecotoxicological Hazard of 

Contaminated Sediments. 1989 Mixture

Henry et al. Contamination accidentelle par le cadmium d’un mollusque Rudifapes 

decussatus: bioaccumulation et toxicite 1984 Not North American species

Henry et al. Heavy metals in four fish species from the French coast of the Eastern 

English Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Herkovits and Perez-Coll Stage -dependent susceptibility of Bufo arenarum embryos to cadmium 1993 Not North American species
J-64

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Herkovits and Perez-Coll Zinc protection against delayed development produced by cadmium 1990 Not North American species, only one exposure 

concentration

Herkovits and Perez-Coll Increased resistance against cadmium toxicity by means of pretreatment 

with low cadmium-zinc concentrations in Bufo arenarum embryos 1995 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated for increased resistance to cadmium

Hermesz et al. Tissue-specific expression of two metallothionein genes in common carp 

during cadmium exposure and temperature shock 2001 No control exposure, dilution water not characterized

Hernandez et al. Accumulation of toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in the sea urchin Diadema aff. 

antillarum Philippi, 1845, in an oceanic island (Tenerife, Canary Islands) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Herve-Fernandez et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation and retention kinetics in the Chilean blue 

mussel Mytilus chilensis: seawater and food exposure pathways 2010 Not North American species

Herwig et al. Bioaccumulation and histochemical localization of cadmium in Dreissena 

polymorpha exposed to cadmium chloride 1989

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Heugens et al. Population growth of Daphnia magna under multiple stress conditions: 

joint effects of temperature, food, and cadmium 2006 Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M7 medium which complexes the metal)

Heugens et al. Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on Daphnia magna: 

accumulation versus sensitivity 2003 Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M7 medium which complexes the metal)

Hewitt et al. Influence of water quality and associated contaminants on survival and 

growth of the endangered Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas)

2006 Mixture

Heydari et al.

Cadmium and Lead Concentrations in Muscles and Livers of Stellate 

Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) From Several Sampling Stations in the 

Southern Caspian Sea.

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hickey and Clements Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 

New Zealand streams 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hickey and Martin Relative sensitivity of five benthic invertebrate species to reference 

toxicants and resin-acid contaminated sediments 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hickey and Roper Acute toxicity of cadmium to two species of infaunal marine amphipods 

(tube-dwelling and burrowing) from New Zealand 1992 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hildebrand et al. The Potential Toxicity and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Systems of Trace 

Elements Present in Aqueous Coal Conversion Effluents 1976 Effluent

Hinck et al. Chemical Contaminants, Health Indicators, and Reproductive Biomarker 

Responses in Fish From the Colorado River and Its Tributaries 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hinrichsen and Tran A Circadian Clock Regulates Sensitivity to Cadmium in Paramecium 

tetraurelia 2010 Bacteria

Hiraoka Reduction of Heavy Metal Content in Hiroshima Bay Oysters 

(Crassostrea gigas) by Purification 1991 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-65

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hiraoka et al. Acute toxicity of 14 different kinds of metals affecting medaka (Oryzias 

latipes) fry 1985 Not North American species

Hoang and Klaine Influence of organism age on metal toxicity to Daphnia magna 2007 No cadmium toxicity information

Hockett and Mount Use of metal chelating agents to differentiate among sources of acute 

aquatic toxicity 1996 Only 5 organisms per concentration and excessive chelant used

Hockner et al.

Coping with cadmium exposure in various ways: the two helicid snails 

Helix pomatia and Cantareus aspersus share the metal transcription 

factor-2, but differ in promoter organization and transcription of their Cdmetallothionein genes

2009 Dietary exposure

Hofer et al. Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish (Phoxinus phoxinus) 

Along a North-South Transect in the Alps 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hofslagare et al. Cadmium effects on photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation in 

Scenedesmus obliquus. A potentiometric study in an open CO2-system 1985 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Hogstrand et al. The importance of metallothionein for the accumulation of copper, zinc 

and cadmium in environmentally exposed perch, Perca fluviatilis 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hollis et al. Does the age of metal-dissolved organic carbon complexes influence 

binding of metals to fish gills? 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hollis et al. Influence of dissolved organic matter on copper binding, and calcium on 

cadmium binding by gills of rainbow trout 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Hollis et al.

Tissue-specific cadmium accumulation, metallothionein induction, and 

tissue zinc and copper levels during chronic sublethal cadmium exposure 

in juvenile rainbow trout

2001 Dietary exposure

Hollis et al. Protective Effects of Calcium Against Chronic Waterborne Cadmium 

Exposure to Juvenile Rainbow Trout 2000b Prior exposure

Holmes et al. Trace-Metal Content in Antipatharian Corals From the Jacksonville 

Lithoherm, Florida 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hong and Reish Acute toxicity of cadmium to eight species of marine amphipod and 

isopod crustaceans from southern California 1987 High control mortality reported

Hongve et al. Effect of heavy metals in combination with NTA, humic acid, and 

suspended sediment on natural phytoplankton photosynthesis 1980 Lack of exposure details; mixed species exposure

Hook and Fisher Reproductive toxicity of metals in calanoid copepods 2001 Dietary exposure

Hook and Fisher Relating the Reproductive Toxicity of Five Ingested Metals in Calanoid 

Copepods with Sulfur Affinity 2002 Dietary exposure

Hook and Lee Interactive Effects of UV, Benzo(a)Pyrene, and Cadmium on DNA 

Damage and Repair in Embryos of the Grass Shrimp Paleomonetes pugio 2004 Mixture
J-66

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Hooten and Carr Development and application of a marine sediment pore-water toxicity 

test using Ulva fasciata zoospores

1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Hopkins et al.

Responses of benthic fish exposed to contaminants in outdoor 

microcosms--examining the ecological relevance of previous laboratory 

toxicity tests

2004 Non-applicable

Horike et al. Usefulness of flagellar regeneration in Dunaliella sp. as an endpoint for 

the bioassay of seawater pollution 2002 Text in foreign language

Horng et al. Effects of Sediment exposure-Bound Cd, Pb, and Ni on the Growth, 

Feeding, and Survival of Capitella sp.

2009 Sediment exposure

Hornstrom Toxicity test with algae - a discussion on the batch method 1990 Review of previously published data

Hoss et al. Toxicity of cadmium to Caenorhabditis elegans (nematoda) in whole 

sediment and pore water-the ambiguous role of organic matter 2001 Sediment exposure

Hsiao et al. The Bioconcentration of Trace Metals in Dominant Copepod Species Off 

the Northern Taiwan Coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hsu et al.

Sublethal levels of cadmium down-regulate the gene expression of DNA 

mismatch recognition protein MutS homolog 6 (MSH6) in zebrafish 

(Danio rerio) embryos

2010 Dilution water not characterized

Hu et al. Cadmium accumulation by several seaweeds 1996 Not North American species

Hu et al. Bioaccumulation and chemical forms of cadmium, copper and lead in 

aquatic plants 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hu et al. Combined Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Humic Acid on the 

Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Zebrafish 2011a Mixture

Hu et al. Root-induced changes to cadmium speciation in the rhizosphere of two 

rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes 2011b Sediment (soil) exposure

Huang et al. Bioaccumulation of silver, cadmium and mercury in the abalone Haliotis 

diversicolor from water and food sources 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 7 day exposure)

Huang et al. Cadmium and copper accumulation and toxicity in the macroalga 

Gracilaria tenuistipitata 2010a Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Huang et al. Responses of abalone Haliotis diversicolor to sublethal exposure of 

waterborne and dietary silver and cadmium 2010b Not North American species, dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Huang et al. Differential protein expression of kidney tissue in the scallop 

Patinopecten yessoensis under acute cadmium stress 2011a Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Huang et al. Alteration of heart tissue protein profiles in acute cadmium-treated 

scallops Patinopecten yessoensis 2011b Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Huebert and Shay The effect of cadmium and its interaction with external calcium in the 

submerged aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca L. 1991 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Huebert and Shay Zinc toxicity and its interaction with cadmium in the submerged aquatic 

macrophyte Lemna trisulca L. 1992 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies
J-67

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Huebert and Shay The response of Lemna trisulca L. to cadmium 1993 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Huebert et al. The effect of EDTA on the assessment of Cu toxicity in the submerged 

aquatic macrophyte, Lemna trisulca L

1993 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Huebner and Pynnonen Viability of glochidia of two species of Anodonta exposed to low pH and 

selected metals 1992 Not North American species

Huelya

Seasonal Variations of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment exposures, 

Pondweed (P. Pectinatus L.) And Freshwater Fish (C. C. Umbla) of Lake 

Hazar (Elazig-Turkey)

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hughes Acute toxicity of thirty chemical to striped bass (Morone saxatilis) 1973

Huiskes and 

Nieuwenhuize

Uptake Of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Sediment exposures By 

Salt-Marsh Plants 1990 Sediment exposure

Hung Effects of temperature and chelating agents on cadmium uptake in the 

American oyster 1982 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Hung et al. Trace metals in different species of mollusca, water and Sediment 

exposures from Taiwan coastal area 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Hungspreugs et al. Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Compounds in Benthic 

Organisms of the Upper Gulf of Thailand. 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Husaini et al. Cadmium toxicity to photosynthesis and associated electron transport 

system of Nostoc linckia 1991 Not North American species

Hutcheson The effects of temperature and salinity on cadmium uptake by the blue 

crab, Callinectes sapidus 1975 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Hutchins et al. Transcriptomic Signatures in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as Cd 

Biomarkers in Metal Mixtures 2010 Mixture

Hutchinson and Collins Effect of H+ Ion Activity and Ca2+ on the Toxicity of Metals in the 

Environment 1978 Review

Hutchinson et al. Effect of H+

ion activity and Ca2+ on the toxicity of metals in the 

environment 1994 Not North American species

Hylland et al. Interactions between eutrophication and contaminants. IV. Effects on 

sediment-dwelling organisms 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Iannacone and Alvarino Acute ecotoxicity of heavy metals using juveniles of freshwater snail 

Physa venustula (Gould, 1847) 1999 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; text in foreign language

Idardare et al. Metal Concentrations in Sediment exposure and Nereis diversicolor in 

Two Moroccan Lagoons: Khnifiss and Oualidia 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ieradi et al. Mutagenicity test and heavy metals in teleost fish from Tiber River 

(Rome, Italy) 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-68

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Iftode et al. Action of a heavy ion, Cd2+, and the antagonistic effect of Ca2+, on two 

ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis and Euplotes vannus.

1985

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Ikemoto et al.

Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Aquatic Food Web in the 

Mekong Delta, South Vietnam Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope 

Analysis

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta A Comparison On Heavy Metal Contents Between Batillus cornutus And 

Babylonia japonica 1985a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Distribution And Localization Of Some Heavy Metals In Female And 

Male Of A Herbivorous Gastropod Haliotis discus 1985b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Female And Male Of A Herbivorous 

Gastropod Batillus cornutus 1985c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Female And Male Of A Scallop 

Patinopecten yessoensis 1985d Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ikuta Cadmium accumulation by a top shell Batillus cornutus 1987 Not North American species

Ilangovan et al.

Effect of cadmium and zinc on respiration and photosynthesis in 

suspended and immobilized cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and 

Scenedesmus acutus

1998

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Iliopoulou-Georgudaki 

and Kotsanis

Toxic effects of cadmium and mercury in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss): a short-term bioassay 2001 Injected pollutant

Illuminati et al.

Cadmium bioaccumulation and metallothionein induction in the liver of 

the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii during an on-site short-term 

exposure to the metal via seawater

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ingersoll et al. Toxicity of Sediment exposure Cores Collected From the Ashtabula River 

in Northeastern Ohio, USA, to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca 2009 Sediment exposure

Inza et al.

Dynamics of cadmium and mercury compounds (inorganic mercury or 

methylmercury): uptake and depuration in Corbicula fluminea. Effects of 

temperature and pH

1998 Sediment; mixture (Hg and Cd)

Ip et al. Heavy metal and Pb isotopic compositions of aquatic organisms in the 

Pearl River Estuary, South China 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Irato and Piccinni Effects of cadmium and copper on Astasia longa: Metal uptake and 

glutathione levels 1996

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Irving et al. Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus to dietary and 

waterborne cadmium: Implications for toxicity testing 2003 High control mortality (19%)

Isani et al. Cadmium accumulation and biochemical responses in Sparus aurata

following sub-lethal Cd exposure 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species
J-69

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ismail and Yusof Effect of mercury and cadmium on early life stages of java medaka 

(Oryzias javanicus): A potential tropical test fish 2011 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure

Issa et al. Abolition of heavy metal toxicity on Kirchneriella lunaris (Chlorophyta) 

by calcium 1995

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Issartel et al. Cellular and molecular osmoregulatory responses to cadmium exposure in 

Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda) 2010 Not North American species, only one exposure concentration

Ivanina and Sokolova Effects of cadmium exposure on expression and activity of p-glycoprotein 

in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin 2008

Unmeasured, non-renewal or flow-through 

chronic exposure, only one exposure 

concentration

Ivanina et al. Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and 

bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin 2011 Mixture (Cd and hypoxia)

Ivanina et al.

Effects of cadmium on anaerobic energy metabolism and mrna expression 

during air exposure and recovery of an intertidal mollusk Crassostrea 

virginica

2010a Only one exposure concentration

Ivanina et al. Effects of cadmium exposure and intermittent anoxia on nitric oxide 

metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica 2010b Only one exposure concentration

Ivanina et al. Interactive effects of pH and metals on mitochondrial functions of 

intertidal bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Ivorra et al. Metal-induced tolerance in the freshwater microbenthic diatom 

Gomphonema parvulum 2002a No cadmium toxicity information

Ivorra et al. Responses of Biofilms to Combined Nutrient and Metal Exposure 2002b Mixture

Iwasaki and Ormerod Estimating safe concentrations of trace metals from inter-continental field 

data on river macroinvertebrates. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jaafarzadeh et al. Cadmium Determination in Two Flat Fishes From Two Fishery Regions 

in North of the Persian Gulf. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jak et al. Evaluation of laboratory derived toxic effect concentrations of a mixture 

of metals by testing freshwater plankton communities in enclosure 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Jamers et al. An omics based assessment of cadmium toxicity in the green alga 

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

James et al. Metamorphosis of two amphibian species after chronic cadmium exposure 

in outdoor aquatic mesocosms 2005 Duration too short, non-renewal or flow-through chronic exposure

Jana and Sahana Effects of copper, cadmium and chromium cations on the freshwater fish 

Clarias batrachus L. 1988

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Janati-Idrissi et al. Effect of cadmium on reproduction of daphnids in a small aquatic 

microcosm 2001 Dietary exposure, lack of details
J-70

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Jankovska et al.

Concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu and Cd in different tissues of perch (Perca 

fluviatilis) and in perch intestinal parasite (Acanthocephalus lucii) from 

the stream near Prague (Czech Republic).

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Janssen and Persoone Rapid toxicity screening tests for aquatic biota. I. Methodology and 

experiments with Daphnia magna 1993 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Janssens de Bisthoven et 

al.

The concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in Chironomus

thummi larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) with deformed versus normal 

menta

1992 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Janssens De Bisthoven et 

al.

Morphological deformities in Chironomus riparius meigen larvae after 

exposure to cadmium over several generations 2001 Dietary exposure

Jara-Marini et al.

Trophic Relationships and Transference of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and 

Zinc in a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon Food Web From SE Gulf of 

California

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Javanshir et al.

Impact of water hardness on cadmium absorption by four freshwater 

mollusks Physa fontinalis, Anodonta cygnea, Corbicula fluminea and 

Dreissena polymorpha from south Caspian Sea region

2011 Mixture, only one exposure concentration

Javed and Greger Cadmium triggers Elodea canadensis to change the surrounding water pH 

and thereby Cd uptake 2011 Sediment exposure

Jaworska et al.

Effect of metal ions on the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis 

bacteriophora poinar (Nematoda: Heterohabditidae) under laboratory 

conditions

1997 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Jay and Muncy Toxicity to Channel Catfish of Wastewater From an Iowa Coal 

Beneficiation Plant 1979 Mixture

Jebali et al. Effects of malathion and cadmium on acetylcholinesterase activity and 

metallothionein levels in the fish Seriola dumerilli 2006 Injected toxicant

Jeitner and Burger

Metal Concentrations (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury and 

Selenium) in Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) From the Aleutian Islands, 

Alaska

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jenkins and Mason Relationships between subcellular distributions of cadmium and 

perturbations in reproduction in the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Jenkins and Sanders Relationships between free cadmium ion activity in seawater, cadmium 

accumulation and subcellular distibution, and growth in polychaetes 1986

Not North American species, Inappropriate 

medium of medium contained too much of a 

complexing agent for algal studies

Jenner and Bowmer

The Accumulation of Metals and Their Toxicity in the Marine Intertidal 

Invertebrates Cerastoderma edule, Macoma balthica, and Arenicola 

marina Exposed to Pulverized Fuel Ash in Mesocosms.

1990 Mixture

Jenner and JanssenMommenPhytomonitoring of Pulverized Fuel Ash Leachates by the Duckweed 

(Lemna minor)

1989 Mixture
J-71

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Jenner and JanssenMommenDuckweed Lemna minor as a tool for testing toxicity of coal residues and 

polluted sediments 1993 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Jennett et al. Some Effects of Century Old Abandoned Lead Mining Operations on 

Streams in Missouri, USA 1981 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jennings and Rainbow Accumulation of cadmium by Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher 1979b

Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes 

and were not used because of the possibility of 

isotope discrimination

Jensen et al.

Variation in cadmium uptake, feeding rate, and life-history effects in the 

gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum: linking toxicant effects on 

individuals to the population level

2001 Sediment exposure

Jerez et al.

Accumulation and tissue distribution of heavy metals and essential 

elements in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from Spanish 

Mediterranean coastline of Murcia

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jezierska et al.

The effect of temperature and heavy metals on heart rate changes in 

common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

(Val.) during embryonic development

2002 Duration too short, only one exposure 

concentration

Jia et al.

Low Levels of Cadmium Exposure Induce DNA Damage and Oxidative 

Stress in the Liver of Oujiang Colored Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

var. color

2011 In vitro

Jiang et al. Heavy Metal Exposure Reduces Hatching Success of Acartia pacifica

Resting Eggs in the Sediment exposure 2007 Sediment exposure

Jing et al. Acute effect of copper and cadmium exposure on the expression of heat 

shock protein 70 in the Cyprinidae fish Tanichthys albonubes 2013 Excised tissue/cells

Jiraungkoorskul et al. Micronucleus test: the effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in fish 

(Puntius altus)

2007a Lack of detail, Mixture

Jiraungkoorskul et al. The effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in the gills of Puntius 

altus 2007b Not North American species, only one exposure concentration

Jiraungkoorskul et al. Micronucleus Test: the Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Cadmium Exposure in 

Fish (Puntius altus)

2010 Mixture

Jofre et al. Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in Anuran Amphibians of a Permanent 

Water Body in Arid Midwestern Argentina 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

John et al. Influence of aquatic humus and pH on the uptake and depuration of 

cadmium by the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) 1987

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured, Bioaccumulation: not renewal or 

flow-through

Johns Spatial Distribution of Total Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Zebra 

Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Along the Upper St. Lawrence River 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-72

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Johns 

Trends of Total Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Zebra Mussel 

(Dreissena Polymorpha) Along the Upper Reach of the St. Lawrence 

River: 1994-2005.

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Johnson et al. The Use of Periphyton as a Monitor of Trace Metals in Two 

Contaminated Indiana Lakes 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jones et al. Silver and Other Metals in Some Aquatic Bryophytes From Streams in the 

Lead Mining District of Mid-Wales, Great Britain 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jones et al. Cadmium delays growth hormone expression during rainbow trout 

development 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (duration unknown)

Jonker et al. Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Cadmium-Copper and CarbendazimCopper to the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 2004 Mixture

Jonnalagadda and Rao Toxicity, bioavailability and metal speciation 1993 Review of previously published data

Jop Concentration of metals in various larval stages of four Ephemeroptera 

species 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Jop et al. Analysis of Metals in Blue Crabs, Callinectes sapidus, From Two 

Connecticut Estuaries 1997 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jost and Zauke Trace Metal Concentrations in Antarctic Sea Spiders (Pycnogonida, 

Pantopoda)

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Juarez-Franco et al. Effect of cadmium and zinc on the population growth of Brachionus 

havanaensis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) 2007 Not North American species, duration too short

Juhasza et al.

Comparative Study on the Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase, 

Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Synthetase and Metallothionein 

Genes in Common Carp During Cadmium Exposure

2012 Abstract only

Julshamn et al. Trace Elements Intake in the Faroe Islands. I. Element Levels in Edible 

Parts of Pilot Whales (Globicephalus meleanus)

1987 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Julshamn et al. Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) sampled 

in the Hardangerfjord, Norway 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Julshamn et al. Concentrations of mercury and other toxic elements in orange roughy, 

Hoplostethus atlanticus, from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jung and Zauke Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Brown Shrimp Crangon crangon

(Linnaeus, 1758) from the German Wadden Sea 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jung et al.

Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Biomass Indices 

in Cerastoderma edule Linnaeus (1758) From the German Wadden Sea: 

an Integrated Biomonitoring Approach

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Jurewa and Blanuwa Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in fish and shellfish from the 

Adriatic Sea 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kadioglu and Ozbay Effects of heavy metals on chlorophyll content and cell colony number in 

Chlamydomonas reinhardii 1995 Lack of exposure details; cannot determine effect concentration
J-73

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kahle

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the copepod Calanoides acutus from 

the Weddell Sea (Antarctica): comparison of two-compartment and 

hyperbolic toxicokinetic models

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kahle and Zauke Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the calanoid copepod Metridia 

gerlachei from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kahle and Zauke Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Antarctic Amphipod Orchomene 

plebs: Evaluation of Toxicokinetic Models 2003a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kahle and Zauke Trace metals in Antarctic copepods from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) 2003b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kaitala et al. The Effect of Copper, Cadmium, Zinc and Pentachlorophenolate on 

Heterotrophic Activity and Primary Production 1983 Abstract only

Kalafatic et al. The impairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian Polycelis 

felina (Daly.) caused by in vitro treatment with cadmium sulfate 2004 In vitro

Kalman et al. Comparative Toxicity of Cadmium in the Commercial Fish Species 

Sparus aurata and Solea senegalensis 2010a Injected toxicant

Kalman et al.

Biodynamic Modelling of the Accumulation of Ag, Cd and Zn by the 

Deposit-Feeding Polychaete Nereis diversicolor: Inter-Population 

Variability and a Generalised Predictive Model

2010b Modeling

Kamala-Kannan et al.

Assessment of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) in Water, Sediment 

exposure and Seaweed (Ulva lactuca) in the Pulicat Lake, South East 

India

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kamunde

Early subcellular partitioning of cadmium in gill and liver of rainbow 

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following low-to-near-lethal waterborne 

cadmium exposure

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kamunde and MacPhail Subcellular interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow 

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2011a Dietary exposure

Kamunde and MacPhail Metal-metal interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow 

trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2011b Dietary exposure

Kamunde et al Effect of humic acid during concurrent chronic waterborne exposure of 

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium and zinc 2011 Mixture

Kangwe et al. Heavy metal inhibition of calcification and photosynthetic rates of the 

geniculate calcareous alga Amphiroa tribulus 2001 Lack of details

Kaonga et al. Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium, Manganese, Copper and Zinc by 

Sludge Worms Tubifex tubifex in Sewage Sludge 2010 Effluent

Kaoud and Rezk Effect of exposure to cadmium on the tropical freshwater prawn 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii 2011 Dilution water not characterized

Kapauan et al. Cadmium, Lead, Copper And Zinc In Philippine Aquatic Life 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-74

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kaplan et al. Cadmium toxicity and resistance in Chlorella sp 1995 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated 

for increased resistance to cadmium

Kar and Aditya Impact of heavy metal and pesticide on total protein content in intact and 

regenerating Hydra 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Kara Physiological and toxicological effects of lead plus cadmium mixtures on 

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in soft acidic water 2010 Only two exposure concentrations; dilution water not characterized

Kara and Zeytunluoglu Bioaccumulation of Toxic Metals (Cd and Cu) by Groenlandia densa (L.) 

Fourr 2007 Non-applicable

Karadede-Akin and Unlu Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment exposure, Fish and Some 

Benthic Organisms from Tigris River, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Karasov et al. Field Exposure of Frog Embryos and Tadpoles Along a Pollution 

Gradient in the Fox River and Green Bay Ecosystem in Wisconsin, USA 2005 Mixture

Karayakar et al.

Seasonal Variation in Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Lead and Cadmium 

Levels in Hepatopancreas, Gill and Muscle Tissues of the Mussel 

(Ibrachidontes pharaonis) Fischer, Collected Along the Mersin Coast, 

Turkey

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kargin et al.

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Tissues of the Shrimp Penaeus 

semiculatus and Metapenaeus monocerus from the Iskenderun Gulf, 

Turkey: Seasonal Variations

2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Karlsson-Norrgren and 

Runn

Cadmium dynamics in fish: Pulse studies with 109Cd in female zebrafish, 

Brachydanio rerio 1985 Not North American species

Karouna-Renier et al.

Accumulation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Shellfish 

Collected in Estuarine Waters Near Pensacola, Florida: Contamination 

Profiles and Risks to Human Consumers

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Karthik et al. Synergistic effect of cadmium in combination with UV-B radiations in PS 

II photochemistry of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis 2011 Only three exposure concentrations

Karuppasamy et al. Haematological responses to exposure to sublethal concentration of 

cadmium in air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) 2005

Dilution water not characterized, only one 

exposure concentration, not North American 

species

Kasherwani et al. Cadmium induced skeletal deformities in freshwater catfish, 

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 2007

Unmeasured chronic exposure, not North 

American species, only one exposure 

concentration

Kasherwani et al. Cadmium toxicity to freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 2009 Not North American species

Kaska and Furness Heavy metals in marine turtle eggs and hatchlings in the Mediterranean 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kasuga Sexual differences of medaka, Oryzias latipes in the acute toxicity test of 

cadmium 1980 Not North American species

Kato Studies on Toxicity of Chemical Substances (Heavy Metals Etc.) To Fish 

and Animal 1973 Text in foreign language
J-75

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Katsikatsou et al. Field studies on the relation between the accumulation of heavy metals 

and metabolic and HSR in the bearded horse mussel Modiolus barbatus

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Katsumiti et al.

An Assessment of Acute Biomarker Responses in the Demersal Catfish 

Cathorops spixii After the Vicuna Oil Spill in a Harbour Estuarine Area in 

Southern Brazil

2009 Mixture

Katti and Sathyanesan Chronic effects of lead and cadmium on the testis of the catfish Clarias 

batrachus 1985

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Kavun et al.

A Content of Microelements in the Grass Shrimp Pandalus kessleri

(Decapoda: Pandalidae) From Coastal Waters of the Lesser Kurilskaya 

Ridge

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kavun et al. Metal accumulation in mussels of the Kuril Islands, North-west Pacific 

Ocean 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kawamata et al. Contents of Heavy Metals in Fishes in Nagano Prefecture 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kay et al. Cadmium accumulation and protein binding patterns in tissues of the 

rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri 1986 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Kayhan et al. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Levels of Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus 

galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) From Bosphorus, Istanbul, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kayser Cadmium effects in food chain experiments with marine plankton algae 

(Dinophyta) and benthic filter-feeders (Tunicata) 1982 Lack of exposure details; dilution water not characterized

Ke and Wang Trace Metal Ingestion and Assimilation by the Green Mussel Perna 

viridis in a Phytoplankton and Sediment exposure Mixture 2002 Sediment exposure

Ke and Wang Bioaccumulation of Cd, Se, and Zn in an estuarine oyster (Crassostrea 

rivularis) and a coastal oyster (Saccostrea glomerata)

2001

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 2 hour exposure); not renewal of flowthrough exposure; not North American species

Keduo et al. Effects os six heavy metals on hatching eggs and survival of larval of 

marine fish 1987 Not North American species

Keenan and Alikhan Comparative study of cadmium and lead accumulations in Cambarus 

bartoni (Fab.) (Decapoda, Crustacea) from an acidic and a neutral lake 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Keil et al. Significance and Interspecific Variability of Accumulated Trace Metal 

Concentrations in Antarctic Benthic Crustaceans 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kelly and Whitton Interspecific differences in Zn, Cd and Pb accumulation by freshwater 

algae and bryophytes 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kemble et al.

Toxicity of Metal-Contaminated Sediments From the Upper Clark Fork 

River, Montana, to Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish in Laboratory 

Exposures

1994 Mixture
J-76

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kennedy and Benson Report Of Heavy Metal Analysis Conducted On Mussel Mytilus edulis

Samples Collected At 55 Sites In Newfoundland 1994 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kennedy and Farrell Immunological Alterations in Juvenile Pacific Herring, Clupea pallasi, 

Exposed to Aqueous Hydrocarbons Derived From Crude Oil 2008 Mixture

Kerfoot and Jacobs Cadmium accrual in combined waste-treatment aquaculture system 1976

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Keskin et al. Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Copper in Fish From the Marmara Sea, 

Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kessler An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain of Chlorella 1985 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Kessler Limits of growth of five Chlorella species in the presence of toxic heavy 

metals 1986 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Keteles and Fleeger The Contribution of Ecdysis to the Fate of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in 

Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Holthius 2001 Non-applicable

Kettle and deNoyelles Effects of cadmium stress on the plankton communities of experimental 

ponds 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Khaled Trace Metals in Fish of Economic Interest From the West of Alexandria, 

Egypt 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar et 

al.

The parasitic nematodes Hysterothylacium sp. type MB larvae as 

bioindicators of lead and cadmium: a comparative study of parasite and

host tissues

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Khalil et al. Effect of tapeworm parasitisation on cadmium toxicity in the bioindicator 

copepod, Cyclops strenuous 2014 Only one exposure concentration

Khan and Nugegoda Sensitivity of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor (Decapoda: 

Parastacidae) to trace metals 2007 Not North American species

Khan and Weis Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in two populations of mummichog 

(Fundulus heteroclitus)

1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Khan et al. Bioaccumulation of four heavy metals in tow populations of grass shrimp, 

Palaemonetes pugio 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Khan et al.

Cadmium bound to metal rich granules and exoskeleton from Gammarus 

pulex causes increased gut lipid peroxidation in zebrafish following single 

dietary exposure

2010 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through; 

fed toxicant

Khangarot and Ray Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna

and fish 1987a Review of previously published data

Khangarot and Ray Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), to heavy 

metals 1987b Not North American species 
J-77

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Khangarot et al. Daphnia magna as a model to assess heavy metal toxicity: Comparative 

assessment with mouse system 1987 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Khoshmanesh et al. Cadmium uptake by unicellular green microalgae 1996

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Khoshmanesh et al. Cell surface area as a major parameter in the uptake of cadmium by 

unicellular green microalgae 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Khosravi et al. Toxic Effect of Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn on Azolla filiculoides in the 

International Anzali Wetland 2005 Mixture

Khoury et al. Relating disparity in competitive foraging behavior between two 

populations of fiddler crabs to the subcellular partitioning of metals 2009 Mixture

Khristoforova et al. Effect of cadmium on gametogenesis and offspring of the sea urchin 

Strongylocentrotus intermedius 1984 Not North American species

Khristoforova et al. Heavy Metals in Mass Species of Bivalves in Ha Long Bay (South China 

Sea, Vietnam) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kiffney and Clements Effects of Heavy Metals on a Macroinvertebrate Assemblage From a 

Rocky Mountain Stream in Experimental Microcosms. 1994 Mixture

Kiffney and Clements Effects of heavy metals on a macroinvertebrate assemblage from a rocky 

mountain stream in experimental microcosms 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kilemade et al.

Genotoxicity of Field-Collected Inter-tidal Sediment exposures from Cork 

Harbor, Ireland, to Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) as 

Measured by the Comet Assay

2004 Sediment exposure

Kim et al. The Geographic Distribution of Population Health and Contaminant Body 

Burden in Gulf of Mexico Oysters 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kim et al. Effect of Dietary exposure Cadmium on Growth and Haematological 

Parameters of Juvenile Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) 2004a Dietary exposure

Kim et al. Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive 

flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub-chronic cadmium exposure 2004b

Dilution water not characterized; 

Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; not 

North American species

Kim et al. Kinetics of Cd Accumulation and Elimination in Tissues of Juvenile 

Rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) Exposed to Dietary exposure Cd 2006 Dietary exposure

Kim et al. Molecular Cloning of Daphnia magna Catalase and Its Biomarker 

Potential Against Oxidative Stresses 2010a In vitro

Kim et al. Expression Profiles of Seven Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Genes in 

Cadmium-Exposed River Pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus)

2010b In vitro
J-78

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kim et al. Effects of Montmorillonite on Alleviating Dietary Cd-Induced Oxidative 

Damage in Carp (Carassius auratus)

2011a Fed toxicant

Kim et al. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid exposure increases cadmium toxicity in 

early life stage of zebrafish, Danio rerio 2011b Mixture

Kim et al.

8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 (Ogg1) From the Copepod Tigriopus 

japonicus: Molecular Characterization and Its Expression in Response to 

UV-B and Heavy Metals

2012b Mixture

Kim et al. Effect of cadmium exposure on expression of antioxidant gene transcripts 

in the river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus (Tetraodontiformes) 2010c Dilution water not characterized

King and Riddle

Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common 

antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity 

with tropical and temperate echinoids

2001 Not North American species, duration too long

King et al. Short-term accumulation of Cd and Cu from water, sediment and algae by 

the amphipod Melita plumulosa and the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis 2005 Sediment exposure; not North American species

King et al. Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of aqueous and sediment-bound 

metals in the estuarine amphipod Melita plumulosa 2006 Not North American species, control mortality (≥75%)

King et al.

Toxicity of metals to the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis and relationships 

between metal bioaccumulation and metal partitioning between seawater 

and marine sediments

2010 Not North American species; sediment

Kir et al. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Organs of Rudd, Scardinus 

erythrophthalmus L.,1758 Populating Lake Karatas-Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kiran et al. Trace Metal Levels in the Organs of Finfish Oreochromis mossambicus

(Peter) and Relevant Water of Jannapura Lake, India 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kirby et al.

Changes in Selenium, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc Concentrations in 

Mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the Southern Basin of Lake Macquarie, 

Australia, in Response to Alteration of Coal-Fired Power Station Fly Ash 

Handling Procedures

2001a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kirby et al.

Selenium, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Concentrations in Sediment 

exposures and Mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the Southern Basin of Lake 

Macquarie, NSW, Australia

2001b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kiser et al. Impacts and pathways of mine contaminants to bull trout (Salvelinus 

confluentus) in an Idaho watershed. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Klaverkamp and Duncan Acclimation to cadmium toxicity by white suckers: Cadmium binding 

capacity and metal distribution in gill and liver cytosol 1987

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Kleinert et al. Concentration of Metals in Fish 1974 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-79

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Klerks et al. Effects of Ghost Shrimp on Zinc and Cadmium in Sediment exposures 

From Tampa Bay, Fl 2007 Sediment exposure

Klerks and Bartholomew Cadmium accumulation and detoxification in a Cd-resistant population of 

the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Klinck et al.

Branchial cadmium and copper binding and intestinal cadmium uptake in 

wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from clean and metal-contaminated 

lakes

2007 Prior exposure

Klinck et al.

Cadmium Accumulation and In Vitro Analysis of Calcium and Cadmium 

Transport Functions in the Gastro-intestinal Tract of Trout Following 

Chronic Dietary exposure Cadmium and Calcium Feeding

2009 Dietary exposure

Klinck et al. In Vitro Characterization of Cadmium Transport Along the GastroIntestinal Tract of Freshwater Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)2011 In vitro

Kline et al. Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms 1987 Review

Kljakovic-Gaspic et al. A. Distribution of cadmium and lead in Posidonia oceanica (L.) delile 

from the middle Adriatic sea 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kljakovic-Gaspic et al. Biomonitoring of Trace Metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the Eastern 

Adriatic Using the Mediterranean Blue Mussel (2001-2005) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Klochenko et al. Some Peculiarities of Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Macrophytes and 

Epiphyton Algae in Water Bodies of Urban Territories 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kluttgen and Ratte Effects of different food doses on cadmium toxicity to Daphnia magna 1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Kluytmand et al. Effects of cadmium on the reproduction of Mytilus edulis L. 1988

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Knauer and Martin Seasonal Variations of Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Lead and Zinc and 

in Water and Phytoplankton in Monterey Bay, California 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kneip Effects of Cadmium in an Aquatic Environment 1978 Review

Kneip and Hazen Deposit and mobility of cadmium in marsh-cove ecosystem and the 

relation to cadmium concentration in biota 1979

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Kobayashi Fertilized sea urchin eggs as an indicator material for marine pollution 

bioassay, preliminary experiments 1971 Not North American species

Kobayashi and Okamura Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. Part 2. 

Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals in synthetic mine effluents 2005 Effluent

Koca et al.

Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Water Pollution on Two Fish 

Species, Barbus capito pectoralis and Chondrostoma nasus in the 

Menderes River, Turkey

2008 Mixture
J-80

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kock et al. Accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in Arctic char (Salvelinus 

alpinus) from oligotrophic alpine lakes: Relation to alkalinity 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kock et al. Seasonal Patterns of Metal Accumulation in Arctic Char (Salvelinus 

alpinus) From an Oligotrophic Alpine Lake Related to Temperature 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Koelmans et al. Influence of salinity and mineralization on trace metal sorption to 

cyanobacteria in natural waters 1996

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Kogan et al. Effect of cadmium ions on Chlorella II: modification of the UV irridation 

effect 1975 Text in foreign language

Kohler and Riisgard Formation of metallothioneins in relation to accumulation of cadmium in 

the common mussel Mytilus edulis 1982

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Koivisto et al. Does cadmium pollution change trophic interactions in rockpool food 

webs? 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kojadinovic et al.

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Pelagic Fish From the Western 

Indian Ocean 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kola and Wilkinson Cadmium Uptake by a Green Alga can be Predicted by Equilibrium 

Modelling 2005 Modeling

Kolok et al. Individual variation in the swimming performance of fishes: An 

overlooked source of variation in toxicity studies 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kolyuchkina and Ismailov Morpho-functional characteristics of bivalve mollusks under the 

experimental environmental pollution by heavy metals 2011 Only two exposure concentrations

Komjarova and Blust Multi-Metal Interactions Between Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in Water Flea 

Daphnia magna, a Stable Isotope Experiment 2008 Mixture

Komjarova and Blust Effect of Na, Ca and Ph on Simultaneous Uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and 

Zn in the Water Flea Daphnia magna Measured Using Stable Isotopes 2009 Mixture

Kondera and Witeska Cadmium-induced alterations in heady kidney hematopoietic tissue of 

common carp

2012 Only one exposure concentration

Kooijman and Bedaux Analysis of toxicity tests on Daphnia survival and reproduction 1996 Review of previously published data

Koop

Untersuchungen Ueber Die Schwermetallanreicherung In Fischen Aus 

Schwermetallbelasteten Gewaessern Im Hinblick Auf Deren 

Fischereiliche Nutzung. (Studies On Heavy Metal Enrichment In Fish 

From Waters Polluted By Heavy Metals With Reference To Their Use By 

The Fishing Industry)

1991 Mixture
J-81

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kopecka-Pilarczyk

The effect of pesticides and metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in 

various tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus L.) in short-term in vivo 

exposures at different temperatures

2010 Mixture

Kopfler and Mayer Concentrations of Five Trace Metals in the Waters and Oysters 

(Crassostrea virginica) of Mobile Bay, Alabama 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Korda et al. Trace Elements in Samples of Fish, Sediment and Taconite From Lake 

Superior 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kosakowska et al. Effect of amino acids on the toxicity of heavy metals to phytoplankton 1988

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Kosanovic et al.

Influence of Urbanization of the Western Coast of the United Arab 

Emirates on Trace Metal Content in Muscle and Liver of Wild Red-Spot 

Emperor (Lethrinus lentjan)

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Koskinen et al. Response of rainbow trout transcriptome to model chemical contaminants 2004 Dilution water not characterized, only two 

exposure concentrations, duration too short

Kostaropoulos et al.

Effects of Exposure to a Mixture of Cadmium and Chromium on 

Detoxification Enzyme (GST, P450-MO) Activities in the Frog Rana 

ridibunda

2005 Mixture

Kovacik et al.

Comparison of methyl jasmonate and cadmium effect on selected 

physiological parameters in Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyta, 

Chlorophyceae)

2011 Dilution water not characterized

Kovarova et al.

Effect of metals, with special attention of Cd, content of the Svitava and 

Svratka rivers on levels of thiol compounds in fish liver and their use as 

biochemical markers

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Koyama et al. The seawater fish for evaluation of the toxicity of pollutants 1992 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Kraak et al. Chronic ecotoxicity of mixtures of Cu, Zn, and Cd to the zebra mussel 

Dreissena polymorpha 1993a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kraak et al. Toxicity of heavy metals to the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) 1993b

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Kraak et al. Short-term effects of metals on the filtration rate of the zebra mussel 

Dreissena polymorpha 1994a Review of previously published data

Kraak et al. Ecotoxicity of mixtures of metals to the zebra mussel Dreissena 

polymorpha 1994b Review of previously published data

Kraal et al. Uptake and tissue distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by carp 

(Cyprinus carpio)

1995 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or 

bioconcentration
J-82

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kraemer et al. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Zn accumulation in organs and sub-cellular 

fractions in field transplanted juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

2005 Mixture

Kraemer et al. Modeling Cadmium Accumulation in Indigenous Yellow Perch (Perca 

flavescens)

2008 Modeling

Krantzberg Accumulation of essential and nonessential metals by chironomid larvae 

in relation to physical and chemical properties of the elements 1989a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krantzberg Metal accumulation by chironomid larvae: the effects of age and body 

weight on metal body burdens 1989b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krantzberg and Stokes The importance of surface adsorption and pH in metal accumulation by 

chironomids 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krantzberg and Stokes Metal regulation, tolerance, and body burdens in the larvae of the genus 

Chironomus 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Krasnov et al.

Hepatic responses of gene expression in juvenile brown trout (Salmo 

trutta lacustris) exposed to three model contaminants applied singly and 

in combination

2007 Not North American species

Krassoi and Julli

Chemical batch as a factor affecting the acute toxicity of the reference 

toxicant potassium dichromate to the cladoceran Moina australiensis

(Sars)

1994 Not North American species

Kraus Accumulation and Excretion of Five Heavy Metals by the Saltmarsh 

Cordgrass Spartina alteriflora 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kremling et al. Studies on the pathways and effects of cadmium in controlled ecosystem 

enclosures 1978 Mixture; field study

Krishna Kumari et al. Bio-accumulation of some trace metals in the short-neck clam Paphia 

malabarica from Mandovi estuary, Goa 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Krishnaja et al. effects of certain heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, As and Se) on the intertidal 

crab Scylla serrata 1987 Not North American species

Kruatrachue et al. Histopathological Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish, Puntius 

gonionotus, fed on Dietary exposure Cadmium 2003 Dietary exposure

Krumschnabel et al. Apoptosis and Necroptosis Are Induced in Rainbow Trout Cell Lines 

Exposed to Cadmium 2010 In vitro

Krywult et al. Metal Concentrations in Chub Leuciscus cephalus From a Submontane 

River (Poland) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kucuksezgin et al. Trace metal and organochlorine residue levels in red mullet (Mullus 

barbatus) from the eastern Aegean, Turkey 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kuehl and Haebler

Organochlorine, Organobromine, Metal, and Selenium Residues in 

Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Collected During an Unusual 

Mortality Event in the Gulf of Mexico, 1990

1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-83

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kuehl et al.

Coplanar PCB and Metal Residues in Dolphins From the U.S. Atlantic 

Coast Including Atlantic Bottlenose Obtained During the 1987/88 Mass 

Mortality

1994 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kuhn and Pattard Results of the harmful effects of water pollutants to green algae 

(Scenedesmus subspicatus) in the cell multiplication inhibition test 1990 Not North American species

Kumar Accumulation of Pb, Cd, and Zn in aquatic snails from four freshwater 

sites in Steuben County, Indiana 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Kumar and Achyuthan Heavy Metal Accumulation in Certain Marine Animals Along the East 

Coast of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kumar et al. Selected Heavy Metals in the Sediment exposure and Macrobenthos of the 

Coastal Waters Off Mangalore 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kumar et al. Levels of Cadmium and Lead in Tissues of Freshwater Fish (Clarias 

batrachus L.) And Chicken in Western up (India) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kumar et al.

Selenium and spermine alleviate cadmium induced toxicity in the red 

seaweed Gracilaria dura by regulating antioxidants and DNA 

methylation 

2012 Lack of exposure details

Kumarasamy et al. Effect of some heavy metals on the filtration rate of an estuarine clam, 

Meretrix casta (Chemnitz) 2006 Effect level cannot be determined, dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Kumari et al. Bio-Accumulation of Some Trace Metals in the Short-Neck Clam Paphia 

malabarica From Mandovi Estuary, Goa 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kurochkin et al. Cadmium affects metabolic responses to prolonged anoxia and 

reoxygenation in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

2009 Mixture

Kurochkin et al.

Top-Down Control Analysis of the Cadmium Effects on Molluscan 

Mitochondria and the Mechanisms of Cadmium-Induced Mitochondrial 

Dysfunction

2011 In vitro

Kuroshima Cadmium accumulation and it effect on calcium metabolism in the girella 

Girella punctata during a long term exposure 1987 Not North American species

Kuroshima Cadmium accumulation in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, 

adapted to various salinities 1992 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Kuroshima and Kimura Changes in toxicity of Cd and its accumulation in girella and goby with 

their growth 1990 Not North American species

Kuroshima et al. Kinetic analysis of cadmium toxicity to red sea bream, Pagrus major 1993 Not North American species

Kurun et al.

Accumulations of Total Metal in Dominant Shrimp Species (Palaemon 

adspersus, Palaemon serratus, Parapenaeus longirostris) and Bottom 

Surface Sediment exposures Obtained From the Northern Inner Shelf of 

the Sea of Marmara

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Kurun et al. Total metal levels in crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), 

and surface sediments in Lake Terkos, Turkey 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-84

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Kusch et al.

Chronic exposure to low concentrations of water-borne cadmium during 

embryonic and larval development results in the long-term hindrance of 

anti-predator behavior in zebrafish

2007 Duration too short, high control mortality (85%)

Kwan and Smith Some aspects of the kinetics of cadmium and thallium uptake by fronds of 

Lemna minor L. 1991

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Kwong and Niyogi The interactions of iron with other divalent metals in the intestinal tract of 

a freshwater teleost, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2009 Mixture

Kwong et al.

Molecular Evidence and Physiological Characterization of Iron 

Absorption in Isolated Enterocytes of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss): Implications for Dietary Cadmium and Lead Absorption

2010 In vitro

Kwong et al.

Effects of Dietary Cadmium Exposure on Tissue-Specific Cadmium 

Accumulation, Iron Status and Expression of Iron-Handling and StressInducible Genes in Rainbow Trout: Influence of Elevated Dietary Iron2011 Fed toxicant

Kwong et al.

Cadmium Transport in Isolated Enterocytes of Freshwater Rainbow 

Trout: Interactions With Zinc and Iron, Effects of Complexation With 

Cysteine, and an ATPase-Coupled Efflux.

2012 In vitro

La Touche and Mix Seasonal Variations of Arsenic and Other Trace Elements in Bay Mussels 

(Mytilus edulis)

1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Labonne et al. Use of non-radioactive, mono-isotopic metal tracer for studying metal 

(Zn, Cd, Pb) accumulation in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis 2002

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North 

American species

Lacoue-Labarthe et al. Acid phosphatase and cathepsin activity in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) 

eggs: The effects of Ag, Cd, and Cu exposure 2010 Not North American species

Lacroix and Hontela

A Comparative Assessment of the Adrenotoxic Effects of Cadmium in 

Two Teleost Species, Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Yellow 

Perch, Perca flavescens

2004 Non-applicable

Laegreild et al. Seasonal variation of cadmium toxicity toward the alga Selenastrum 

capricornutum Printz in two lakes with different humus content 1983 Results were only presented graphically

Lahsteiner et al.

The sensitivity and reproducibility of the zebrafish (Danio Rerio) embryo 

test for the screening of waste water quality and for testing the toxicity of 

chemicals

2004

Duration too short, only one exposure 

concentration, some species are Not North 

American

Lake and Thorp

The Gill Lamellae of the Shrimp Paratya tasmaniensis (Atyidae: 

Crustacea). Normal Ultrastructure and Changes With Low Levels of 

Cadmium

1974 Abstract only

Lakshmi and Rao Evaluation of cadmium toxicity on survival, accumulation and depuration 

in an intertidal gastropod, Turbo intercostalis 2002 Not North American species
J-85

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lam Effects of cadmium on the consumption and absorption rates of a tropical 

freshwater snail, Radix plicatulus 1996a Not North American species

Lam

Interpopulation differences in acute response of Brotia hainanensis

(Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) to cadmium: genetic or environmental 

variance?

1996b Not North American species

Lam et al. Cadmium uptake and depuration in the soft tissues of Brotia hainanensis

(Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Thiaridae): A dynamic model 1997 Not North American species

Lamelas and Slaveykova Comparison of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) Biouptake by Green Algae in the 

Presence of Humic Acid 2007 Mixture

Lamelas et al. Effect of Humic Acid on Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) Uptake by Freshwater 

Algae: Kinetic and Cell Wall Speciation Considerations 2009 Mixture

Lanceleur et al.

Long-Term Records of Cadmium and Silver Contamination in Sediments 

and Oysters From the Gironde Fluvial-Estuarine Continuum - Evidence of 

Changing Silver Sources

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Landner and Jernelov Cadmium in aquatic systems 1969 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Lane et al. The interaction between inorganic iron and cadmium uptake in the marine 

diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 2008 Mixture

Lang and Lang-Dobler The Chemical Environment of Tubificid and Lumbriculid Worms 

According to the Pollution Level of the Sediment 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lange et al. Alterations of tissue glutathione levels and metallothionein mRNA in 

rainbow trout during single and combined exposure to cadmium and zinc 2002 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle content 

Langston and Zhou Cadmium accumulation, distribution and metabolism in the gastropod 

Littorina littorea: The role of metal-binding proteins 1987

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Lanning et al. Cadmium-dependent oxygen limitation affects temperature tolerance in 

eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) 2008 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Lanning et al. Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on mitochondrial and wholeorganism bioenergetics of oysters (Crassostrea virginica)2006a Only one exposure concentration, lack of details

Lanning et al. Temperature-dependent stress response in oysters, Crassostrea virginica: 

pollution reduces temperature tolerance in oysters 2006b Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle content 

LaPoint et al. Relationships among observed metal concentrations, criteria, and benthic 

community structural responses in 15 streams 1984 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; survey

Lapota et al. The use of bioluminescent dinoflagellates as an environmental risk 

assessment tool 2007 No cadmium toxicity information
J-86

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lares et al.

Mercury and cadmium concentrations in farmed bluefin tuna (Thunnus 

orientalis) and the suitability of using the caudal peduncle muscle tissue 

as a monitoring tool.

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Larsson Some experimentally induced biochemical effects of cadmium on fish 

from the Baltic Sea 1977 Dilution water not characterized

Lasenby and Van Duyn and cadmium accumulation by the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta 1992 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Latif et al. Effect of cadmium chloride and ascorbic acid exposure on the vital organs 

of freshwater Cyprinid, Labeo rohita 2012 Not North American species, dilution water not characterized

Latire et al. Responses of Primary Cultured Haemocytes From the Marine Gastropod 

Haliotis tuberculata Under 10-Day Exposure to Cadmium Chloride 2012 In vitro

Laube Strategies of response to copper, cadmium, and lead by a blue-green and a 

green alga 1980 Results were only presented graphically

Laurent et al. Cadmium Biosorption by Ozonized Activated Sludge: the Role of 

Bacterial Flocs Surface Properties and Mixed Liquor Composition 2010 Bacteria

Lavoie et al.

Influence of essential elements on cadmium uptake and toxicity in a 

unicellular green alga: The protective effect of trace zinc and cobalt 

concentrations

2012 Excessive EDTA/NTA in growth media

Lawrence and Holoka Response of crustacean zooplankton impounded in situ to cadmium at low 

environmental concentrations 1991 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

LeBlanc Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic 

organisms 1984 Review of previously published data

Leblebici et al. Influence of nutrient addition on growth and accumulation of cadmium 

and copper in Lemna gibba 2010 Dilution water not characterized

Lee

Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria From 

Internal Organs of American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Raised in 

Malaysia

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lee and Lee

Influence of acid volatile sulfides and simultaneously extracted metals on 

the bioavailability and toxicity of a mixture of Sediment exposureassociated Cd, Ni, and Zn to polychaetes Neanthes arenaceodentata2005 Sediment exposure

Lee and Luoma Influence of microalgal biomass on absorption efficiency of Cd, Cr, and 

Zn by two bivalves from San Francisco Bay 1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Lee and Noone Effect of reproductive toxicants on lipovitellin in female blue crabs, 

Callinectes sapidus 1995 Fed toxicant

Lee and Oshima Effects of selected pesticides, metals and organometallics on development 

of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) embryos 1998 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Lee and Wang Metal Accumulation in the Green Macroalga Ulva fasciata: Effects of 

Nitrate, Ammonium and Phosphate 2001 Non-applicable
J-87

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lee and Xu Differential response of marine organisms to certain metal and 

agrichemical pollutants 1984 Not North American species

Lee et al.

Influence of Reactive Sulfide (AVS) and Supplementary Food on Ag, Cd 

and Zn Bioaccumulation in the Marine Polychaete Neanthes 

arenaceodentata

2001 Mixture

Lee et al.

Acute toxicities of trace metals and common xenobiotics to the marine 

copepod Tigriopus japonicus: Evaluation of its use as a benchmark 

species for routine ecotoxicity tests in western Pacific coastal regions

2007 Not North American species

Lee et al. Acute toxicity of two CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with different surface 

coating in Daphnia magna under various light conditions 2010 Mixture

Lee et al. Binding Strength-Associated Toxicity Reduction by Birnessite and 

Hydroxyapatite in Pb and Cd Contaminated Sediments 2011 Sediment

Lefcort et al. Aquatic Snails from Mining Sites have Evolved to Detect and Avoid 

Heavy Metals 2004 Mixture

Lefevre et al. Chloride salinity reduces cadmium accumulation by the Mediterranean 

halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. 2009 Non-aquatic plant

Legeay et al. Impact of cadmium contamination and oxygenation levels on biochemical 

responses in the Asiatic clam Cobicula fluminea 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 13-14 day exposure), static exposure

Lehtonen et al.

Biomarkers of Pollution Effects in the Bivalves Mytilus edulis and 

Macoma balthica Collected From the Southern Coast of Finland (Baltic 

Sea)

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lei et al.

Effect of cadmium on cytochrome C oxidase isozyme in the 

hepatopancreas, gill and heart of freshwater crab Sinopotamon 

yangtsekiense

2011a Dilution water not characterized; Not North 

American species

Lei et al.

Histopathological and biochemical alternations of the heart induced by 

acute cadmium exposure in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon 

yangtsekiense

2011b Dilution water not characterized; Not North 

American species

Lei et al. Arsenic, cadmium, and lead pollution and uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) 2011c Sediment exposure

Lekhi et al. Role of dissolved and particulate cadmium in the accumulation of 

cadmium in cultured oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

2008 Mixture

Lera et al. Variations in sensitivity of two populations of Corophium orientale

(Crustacea: Amphipoda) towards cadmium and sodium laurylsulphate 2008 Not North American species

Les Cadmium uptake and depuration by the pleurocerid gastropod, Leptoxis 

carinata (Bruguiere), and its potential use as an indicator species 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 21 day exposure)

Les and Walter Toxicity and binding of copper, zinc and cadmium by the blue-green alga,

Chroococcus paris 1984

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured
J-88

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lesage et al. Accumulation of Metals in the Sediment exposure and Reed Biomass of a 

Combined Constructed Wetland Treating Domestic Wastewater 2007a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lesage et al. Accumulation of Metals in a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed 

Wetland Treating Domestic Wastewater in Flanders, Belgium 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Leung and Furness Influence of static and fluctuating salinity on cadmium uptake and 

metallothionein expression by the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.) 2002 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Leung and Furness Metallothionein induction and condition index of dogwhelks Nucella 

lapillus (L.) exposed to cadmium and hydrogen peroxide 2001a Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Leung and Furness

Survival, growth, metallothionein and glycogen levels of Nucella lapillus

(L.) exposed to sub-chronic cadmium stress: the influence of nutritional 

state and prey type

2001b Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured 

chronic exposure

Leung et al.

Concentrations of metallothionein-like proteins and heavy metals in the 

freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to different levels of 

waterborne cadmium

2003 Duration too short, unmeasured chronic 

exposure, only two exposure concentrations

Leung et al.

Differential proteomic responses in hepatopancreas and adductor muscles 

of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis to stresses induced by cadmium 

and hydrogen peroxide

2011 Only one exposure concentration

Lewis Selected Heavy Metals in Sediments and Biota From Desert Streams of 

the Gila River Drainage (Arizona). 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li Cellular accumulation and distribution of cadmium in Isochrysis galbana

during growth inhibition and recovery 1980 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through; Toxicity: only two exposure concentrations

Li Cadmium toxicity and random motility studies using marine 

dinoflagellates 2001 Only two exposure concentrations

Li and Lin Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Argopecten irradiams 2006 Non-applicable

Li et al. Metal uptake in zebrafish embryo-larvae exposed to metal-contaminated 

Sediment exposures 2004 Sediment exposure

Li et al. Trace Metal Concentrations in Suspended Particles, Sediment exposures 

and Clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) From Jiaozhou Bay of China 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li et al. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals Along Food Chain in the Water of 

Zhalong Wetland 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li et al. Absorption and Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Plants in Poyang Lake 

Wetland 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Li et al. Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium 

accumulation in tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. 2009 Dietary exposure

Li et al. Kinetic study of the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Cd) in 

Chinese domestic oyster Ostrea plicatula 2010a Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Li et al. Influence of environmental related concentrations of heavy metals on 

motility parameters and antioxidant responses in sturgeon sperm 2010c Dilution water not characterized; only two exposure concentrations
J-89

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Li et al. Evaluating the function of calcium antagonist on the Cd-induced stress in 

sperm of Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. Aquat. Toxicol 2010d Not North American species, only two exposure concentrations, duration too short

Li et al. Low-molecular-weight-chitosan ameliorates cadmium-induced toxicity in 

the freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangtsekiense 2011b Not North American species, only two exposure concentrations

Li et al. Protective roles of calcium channel blocker against cadmium-induced 

physiological stress in freshwater teleost Oncorhynchus mykiss 2011c Dilution water not characterized; only two exposure concentrations

Li et al. Uptake pathways and subcellular fractionation of Cd in the polychaete 

Nereis diversicolor 2012a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, unmeasured exposure

Li et al. Photosynthetic activity and antioidative response of seagrass Thalassia 

hemprichii to trace metal stress 2012c Only three exposure concentrations

Liao and Hsieh Toxicity of three heavy metals to Macrobrachium rosenbergii 1990 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Liao et al. Subcellular Partitioning Links BLM-Based Toxicokinetics for Assessing 

Cadmium Toxicity to Rainbow Trout 2011a Modeling

Liao et al. Assessing the impact of waterborne and dietborne cadmium toxicity on 

susceptibility risk for rainbow trout 2011b Review

Lieb and Carline

Effects of Urban Runoff From a Detention Pond on Water Quality, 

Temperature and Caged Gammarus minus (Say) (Amphipoda) in a 

Headwater Stream

2000 Mixture

Lin et al. Changes of glycogen metabolism in the gills and hepatic tissue of tilapia 

(Oreochromis mossambicus) during short-term Cd exposure 2011 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Lin et al. Selenium reduces cadmium uptake and mitigates cadmium toxicity in rice 2012 Not applicable

Lira et al. Effects of barium and cadmium on the population development of the 

marine nematode Rhabditis (Pellioditis) marina 2011 Non-aquatic exposure; not North American species

Lithner et al. Bioconcentration factors for metals in humic waters at different pH in the 

Ronnskar area (N. Sweden) 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Liu and Deng Accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the Pacific oyster, 

Crassostrea gigas, collected from the Pearl River Estuary, southern China 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Liu and Wang Metallothionein-Like Proteins Turnover, Cd and Zn Biokinetics in the 

Dietary Cd-Exposed Scallop Chlamys nobilis 2011a Fed toxicant

Liu and Wang Differential Roles of Metallothionein-Like Proteins in Cadmium Uptake 

and Elimination by the Scallop Chlamys nobilis 2011b In vitro

Liu et al. Complex toxicity of triadimefon and Cd towards aquatic organisms 2005 Text in foreign language

Liu et al. Residual Concentrations of Micropollutants in Benthic Mussels in the 

Coastal Areas of Bohai Sea, North China 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Liu et al. Distribution of Persistent Toxic Substances in Benthic Bivalves from the 

Inshore Areas of the Yellow Sea 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-90

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Liu et al. Mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of the 

freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense exposed to cadmium 2011a Dilution water not characterized

Liu et al. Toxicity of copper, lead, and cadmium on the motility of two marine 

microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chui 2011b Dilution water not characterized

Liu et al. Antioxidant responses, hepatic intermediary metabolism, histology and 

ultrastructure in Synechogobius hasta exposed to waterborne cadmium 2011c Not North American species

Liu et al. Metabolic Profiling of Cadmium-Induced Effects in One Pioneer 

Intertidal Halophyte Suaeda salsa by NMR-Based Metabolomics 2011d In vitro

Liu et al. Metal accumulation in the tissues of grass carps (Ctenopharyngodon 

idellus) from fresh water around a copper mine in Southeast China 2012a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Liu et al. Cadmium-induced changes in trace element bioaccumulation and 

proteomics perspective in four marine bivalves 2012b Only two exposure concentrations

Liu et al. Cloning and Characterization of the HSP90 Beta Gene from Tanichthys 

albonubes Lin (Cyprinidae): Effect of Copper and Cadmium Exposure 2012c Mixture

Liu et al. Effect of ambient cadmium with calcium on mRNA expressions of 

calcium uptake related transporters in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae 2012d Only one exposure concentration

Liu et al. Cadmium induces ultrastructural changes in the hepatopancreas of the 

freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense 2013 Dilution water not characterized

Loayza-Muro and EliasLetts

Responses of the mussel Anodontites trapesialis (Unionidae) to 

environmental stressors: Effect of pH, temperature and metals on filtration 

rate

2007 Not North American species, duration too short

Lobato et al. The role of lipoic acid in the protection against of metallic pollutant 

effects in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea, Decapoda) 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Loehle and Paller Heavy Metals In Fish From Streams Near F-Area And H-Area Seepage 

Basins 1991 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lokeshwari and 

Chandrappa

Heavy Metals Content in Water, Water Hyacinth and Sediment exposures 

of Lalbagh Tank, Bangalore (India) 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lomagin and Ul’yanova A new bioassay on water pollution using duckweed Lemna minor L 1993 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Lombardi et al. Trace metal levels in Prochilodus lineatus collected from the La Plata 

River, Argentina 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Long and Wang

Metallothionein induction and bioaccumulation kinetics of Cd and Ag in 

the marine fish Terapon jarbua challenged with dietary or waterborne Ag 

and Cu

2005 Mixture

Long et al. Short-term metal accumulation and MTLP induction in the digestive 

glands of Perna virdis exposed to Zn and Cd 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lopez and Thompson An Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Egg Yolks of Olive Ridley 

Turtles of the Tropical Eastern Pacific 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-91

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Lopez Greco et al. Toxicity of cadmium and copper on larval and juvenile stages of the 

estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Brachyura, Grapsidae) 2001 Not North American species, Duration too short

Lorenzon et al. Heavy metals affect the circulating haemocyte number in the shrimp 

Palaemon elegans 2001 Not North American species, atypical endpoint

Loumbourdis Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of cadmium in the frog Rana

ridibunda 2005 Only one exposure concentration, not North American species, duration too short

Loumbourdis et al. Effects of cadmium exposure on bioaccumulation and larval growth in the 

frog Rana ridibunda 1999 Not North American species

Loumbourdis et al.

Heavy metal accumulation and metallothionein concentration in the frog 

Rana ridibunda after exposure to chromium or a mixture of chromium 

and cadmium

2007 Mixture

Loureiro et al.

Assessing joint toxicity of chemicals in Enchytraeus albidus

(Enchytraeidae) and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda) using avoidance 

behaviour as an endpoint

2009 Sediment exposure

Lovett et al. A Survey of the Total Cadmium Content of 406 Fish From 49 New York 

State Fresh Waters 1972 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lozano et al. Lead and cadmium levels in coastal benthic algae (seaweeds) of Tenerife, 

Canary Islands 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lozano et al.

Content of lead and cadmium in barred hogfish, Bodianus scrofa, island 

grouper, Mycteroperca fusca, and Portuguese dogfish, Centroscymnus 

coelolepis, from Canary Islands, Spain.

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lu and Wu Recolonization and succession of subtidal macrobenthic infauna in 

sediment exposures contaminated with cadmium 2003 Sediment exposure

Lu and Xu Effects of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme activity and DNA damage in 

Sinonovacula constricta 2011 Text in foreign language

Lu et al. Importance of waterborne cadmium and zinc accumulation in the 

suspension-feeding amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri 2012a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lu et al. Effects of cadmium, 17β-estradiol and their interaction in the male 

Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

2012b Only two exposure concentrations

Lucas et al. Concentrations of Trace Elements in Great Lakes Fishes 1970 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lucia et al. Effect of Dietary Cadmium on Lipid Metabolism and Storage of Aquatic 

Bird Cairina moschata 2010 Fed toxicant

Lucker et al. Experiments to determine the impact of salinity on the heavy metal 

accumulation of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771) 1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Lue-Kim et al. Cadmium toxicity on synchronous populations of Chlorella ellipsoidea 1980 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Lugowska The effect of cadmium and cadmium/copper mixture during the 

embryonic development on deformed common carp larvae 2007 Species name not given
J-92

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Luis et al.

Impact of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Water Quality, Stream 

Sediment exposures and Periphytic Diatom Communities in the 

Surrounding Streams of Aljustrel Mining Area (Portugal)

2009 Mixture

Lukashev

Peculiarities of Seasonal Dynamics of Manganese, Cobalt and Chromium 

Accumulation by the Mollusks Dreissena Bugensis (Andr.) Nearby City 

of Kyiv

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lussier et al. Comparison of dissolved and total metals concentrations from acute tests 

with saltwater organisms 1999

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Lytle and Lytle Heavy Metals in Oysters and Clams of St. Louis Bay, Mississippi 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Lyubenova et al. Direct effect of Cd on glutathione s-transferase and glutathione reductase 

from Calystegia sepium 2007 Non-aquatic plant

Ma et al. Acute toxicity bioassay using the freshwater luminescent bacterium 

Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp. Nov.-Q67 1999 Not North American species

Ma et al. Tissue-specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in freshwater crab 

Sinopotamon henanense during acute exposure to waterborne cadmium 2008 Deionized water without proper salts, duration too long, not North American species

Ma et al. Oxidative damages and ultrastructural changes in the sperm of freshwater 

crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to cadmium 2013 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Maanan Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals Using Mytilus galloprovincialis in Safi 

Coastal Waters, Morocco 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Maanan Heavy Metal Concentrations in Marine Molluscs From the Moroccan 

Coastal Region 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Maas A field study of the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in 

stream water and selected benthic macroinvertebrate species 1978 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

MacDonald Assessing the Toxicity of Aquatic Sediments Using Japanese Medaka 

(Oryzias latipes) Embryolarval Bioassays 2010 Sediment

Macdonald and Sprague Cadmium in marine invertebrates and Arctic cod in the Canadian Arctic. 

Distibution and ecological implications 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Maceda-Veiga et al.

Metal bioaccumulation in the Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis) 

in a Mediterranean river receiving effluents from urban and industrial 

wastewater treatment plants

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Macek and Sleight III Utility of Toxicity Tests With Embryos and Fry of Fish in Evaluating 

Hazards Associated With the Chronic Toxicity of Chemicals to Fishes 1977 Review

MacFarlane et al. Effects of Five Metals on Susceptibility of Striped Bass to Flexibacter 

columnaris 1986 Mixture

Macfie et al. Effects of cadmium, cobalt, copper, and nickel on growth of the green 

alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: The influences of the cell wall and pH 1994 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies
J-93

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Machreki-Ajmi and 

Hamza-Chaffai

Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead in Cerastoderma glaucum

Originating From the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Machreki-Ajmi and 

Hamza-Chaffai

Assessment of Sediment exposure/Water Contamination by in Vivo 

Transplantation of the Cockles Cerastoderma glaucum From a Non 

Contaminated to a Contaminated Area by Cadmium

2008 Mixture

Macka et al. Uptake of 203Hg++ and 115Cd++ by Chlamydomonas reinhardi under 

various conditions 1979 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through

Macken et al. A test battery approach to the ecotoxicological evaluation of cadmium and 

copper employing a battery of marine bioassays 2009 Not North American species, duration too short

Mackey et al. Bioaccumulation of Vanadium and Other Trace Metals in Livers of 

Alaskan Cetceans and Pinnipeds. 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Madhusudan et al. Bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in freshwater fishes 2003 Dilution water not characterized, not North 

American species

Madkour and Ali

Heavy Metals in the Benthic Foraminifera From the Coastal Lagoons, Red 

Sea, Egypt: Indicators of Anthropogenic Impact on Environment (Case 

Study)

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Madoni et al. Acute toxicity of lead, chromium, and other heavy metals to ciliates from 

activated sludge plants 1994 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated for increased resistance to cadmium

Maeda et al. A bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in freshwater alga, Chlorella 

vulgaris. Part II. Association mode of the metals and cell tissue 1990

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Maes et al.

Spatial Variations and Temporal Trends Between 1994 and 2005 in 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals 

in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) In Flanders, Belgium

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Maffucci et al.

Trace element (Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) accumulation and tissue distribution 

in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Western Mediterranean 

Sea (southern Italy)

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mahmoud et al.

Acute toxicities of cadmium and permethrin on the pre-spawning and 

post-spawning phases of Hexaplex trunculus from Bizerta Lagoon, 

Tunisia

2012 Only three exposure concentrations

Mahon and Carman

The Influence of Salinity on the Uptake, Distribution, and Excretion of 

Metals by the Smooth Cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel.), Grown 

in Sediment exposure Contaminated by Multiple Metals

2008 Sediment exposure

Mai et al. Embryotoxic and genotoxic effects of heavy metals and pesticides on 

early life stages of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

2012 Only three exposure concentrations

Maine et al. Cadmium uptake by floating macrophytes 2001 No cadmium toxicity information; treatment 

study
J-94

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Malea Uptake of cadmium and the effect on viability of leaf cells in the seagrass 

Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers 1994 Not North American species

Malea et al. Metal content of some green and brown seaweeds from Antikyra Gulf 

(Greece) 1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Malea et al.

Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium Contents in Ruppia maritima

From a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Monthly Variation and 

Distribution in Different Plant Fractions

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Malea et al. Kinetics of cadmium accumulation and its effects on microtubule integrity 

and cell viability in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa 2013 Not North American species, Bioaccumualtion: steady state not documented

Malekpouri and 

Moshtaghie

Novel Observation in Cadmium-Zinc Interaction on Parameters Related to 

Bone Metabolism in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) 2011 Abstract only

Malekpouri et al. Protective effect of zinc on related parameters to bone metabolism in 

common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) intoxified with cadmium 2011 Dilution water not characterized

Maleva et al. The response of hydrophytes to environmental pollution with heavy 

metals 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; unmeasured exposure

Maleva et al. Effect of heavy metals on photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant status 

of Elodea 2012 Only one exposure concentration, mixture

Malley and Chang Early observations on the zooplankton community of a precambrian shield 

lake receiving experimental additions of cadmium 1991 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Malley et al. Whole lake addition of cadmium-109: radiotracer accumulation in the 

mussel population in the first season 1989

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Mallick and Mohn Use of chlorophyll fluorescence in metal-stress research: A case study 

with the green microalga Scenedesmus 2003 Excessive EDTA in growth media (10 g/L), duration too short

Malone-Oliver et al. Metallothionein and cadmium toxicity in developing zebrafish 2011 Lack of exposure details, abstract only

Maloney Influence of organic enrichment on the partitioning and bioavailability of 

cadmium in a microcosm study 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Mandal et al. Experiences with some toxic and relatively accessible heavy metals on the 

survival and biomass production of Amphora costata W. Smith 2006 Lack of details, no statistical analysis

Manga Trace Metals In The Common Mussel Mytilus edulis From Belfast Lough 

Northern Ireland UK 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mann and Fyfe Algal Uptake of U and Some Other Metals: Implications for Global 

Geochemical Cycling 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mann et al. The Chemical Content of Algae and Waters: Bioconcentration 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mansour Effects on fish of cadmium concentrations in water 1993 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described
J-95

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Manyin and Rowe Bioenergetic effects of aqueous copper and cadmium on the grass shrimp, 

Palaemonetes pugio 2009 Mixture

Manz et al. In situ characterization of the microbial consortia active in two wastewater 

treatment plants 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Manzl et al. Acute toxicity of cadmium and copper in hepatopancreas cells from the 

Roman snail (Helix pomatia)

2004 Excised tissue/cells

Manzo et al. Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus

embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation 2010 Not North American species

Mao et al. Expression and function analysis of metallothionein in the testis of stone 

crab Charybdis japonica exposed to cadmium 2012 Dilution water not characterized; Not North American species

Maranhao et al.

Zinc and cadmium concentrations in soft tissues of the red swamp 

crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) after exposure to zinc and 

cadmium

1999

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Marcussen et al. Food Safety Aspects of Toxic Element Accumulation in Fish From 

Wastewater-Fed Ponds in Hanoi, Vietnam 2007 Mixture

Marie et al. Metallothionein response to cadmium and zinc exposures compared in 

two freshwater bivalves, Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Marie et al.

Cadmium and Zinc Bioaccumulation and Metallothionein Response in 

Two Freshwater Bivalves (Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena 

polymorpha) Transplanted Along a Polymetallic Gradient

2006 Mixture

Marigomez et al. Lysosomal enlargement in digestive cells of mussels exposed to cadmium, 

benzo(a)pyrene and their combination 2005 Not North American species, only one exposure concentration

Marion and Denizeau Rainbow Trout and Human Cells in Culture for the Evaluation of the 

Toxicity of Aquatic Pollutants: a Study With Cadmium 1983 In vitro

Mark and Solbe Analysis of the ecetoc aquatic toxicity (EAT) database V: The relevance 

of Daphnia magna as a representative test species 1998 Review of previously published data

Markich and Jeffree

Absorption of divalent trace metals as analogues of calcium by Australian 

freshwater bivalves: An explanation of how water hardness reduces metal 

toxicity

1994 Not North American species

Markich et al.

The effects of pH and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of 

cadmium and copper to a freshwater bivalve: Further support for the 

extended free ion activity model

2003 Not North American species, duration too short

Marr et al.

Differences in relative sensitivity of naive and metals-acclimated brown 

and rainbow trout exposed to metals representative of the Clark Fork 

River, Montana

1995a Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Marr et al. Relative sensitivity of brown and rainbow trout to pulsed exposures of an 

acutely lethal mixture of metals typical of the Clark Fork River, Montana 1995b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-96

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Martignago et al. Cadmium, lead and metallothionein contents in tissues of the sea bream 

Sparus aurata from three different fish farming systems 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Martin-Diaz et al.

Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Dissolved Heavy Metals from the 

Guadalquivir Estuary After the Aznalcollar Mining Spill Using Ruditapes 

philippinarum

2005a Mixture

Martin-Diaz et al. Effects of cadmium and zinc on Procambarus clarkii: Simulation of the 

Aznalcollar mining Spill 2005b Surgically altered (chelipeds removed), only two exposure concentrations

Martinez et al. Cadmium toxicity, accumulation and metallothionein induction in 

Echinogammarus echinosetosus 1996 Not North American species

Martinez et al. Morphological Abnormalities in Chironomus tentans Exposed to 

Cadmium- and Copper-Spiked Sediment exposures 2003 Sediment exposure

Martinez-Guitarte et al. Overexpression of Long Non-Coding RNAs Following Exposure to 

Xenobiotics in the Aquatic Midge Chironomus riparius 2012 Mixture

Masoudzadeh et al.

Biosorption of Cadmium by Brevundimonas sp. Zf12 Strain, a Novel 

Biosorbent Isolated From Hot-Spring Waters in High Background 

Radiation Areas

2011 Bacteria

Masson et al.

Responses of Two Sentinel Species (Hexagenia limbata--Mayfly 

Pyganodon grandis--Bivalve) Along Spatial Cadmium Gradients in Lakes 

and Rivers in Northwestern Quebec.

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mastrangelo et al. Cadmium toxicity in tadpoles of Rhinella arenarum in relation to calcium 

and humic acids 2011 Not North American species

Mateo et al. O2-induced inactivation of nitrogenase as a mechanism for the toxic action 

of Cd2+ on Nostoc UAM 208 1993

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Mathad et al. Short and long term effects of exposure of microalgae to heavy metal 

stress 2004 Lack of details, no statistical analysis

Mathew and Menon Toxic responses of bivalves to metal mixtures 1992 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Mathew and Menon Filtration Rates and Heavy Metal Toxicity in Donax incarnatus 2004 Non-applicable

Mathew and Menon Histological aberrations accompanying chronic metal toxicity in the 

mussel Perna indica 2005 Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured chronic exposure

Mathews et al. Metal Concentrations in Mediterranean Fish Tissues: Exploring 

Biomagnification Patterns. Monaco 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mathews et al. Assimilation and Retention of Metals in Teleost and Elasmobranch Fishes 

Following Dietary Exposure 2008 Dietary exposure

Mathis and Cummings Selected Metals in Sediments, Water, and Biota in the Illinois River 1973 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Matozzo et al. Effects of copper and cadmium exposure on functional responses of 

hemocytes in the clam, Tapes philippinarum 2001 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, not North American species
J-97

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Matsuo and Val Dietary exposure Tissue Cadmium Accumulation in an Amazonian 

Teleost (Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) 2007 Dietary exposure

Matz and Krone Cell death, stress-responsive transgene activation, and deficits in the 

olfactory system of larval zebrafish following cadmium exposure 2007 No scientific name given, atypical endpoint

Matz et al. Accumulation and elimination of cadmium in larval stage zebrafish 

following acute exposure 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Maunder et al. Uptake, tissue distribution and excretion of Dietary exposure cadmium 

and copper in discus fish Symphysodon spp.

2009 Dietary exposure

Maunder et al. Accumulation of dietary and aqueous cadmium into the epidermal mucus 

of the discus fish Symphysodon sp 2011 Not North American species, only one exposure concentration

Mayrand and Dutil Physiological responses of rock crab Cancer irroratus exposed to 

waterborne pollutants 2008 Mixture

Mazen and El Maghraby Accumulation of Cadmium, Lead and Strontium, and a Role of Calcium 

Oxalate in Water Hyacinth Tolerance 1997 Mixture

Mazet et al.

Concentrations of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals 

(lead, cadmium, and copper) in fish from the Drome river: Potential 

effects on otters (Lutra lutra)

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McCahon and Pascoe Cadmium toxicity to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) 

during the molt cycle 1988a Not North American species

McCahon and Pascoe Increased sensitivity to cadmium of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus 

pulex (L.) during the reproductive period 1988b Not North American species

McCahon and Pascoe Use of Gammarus pulex (L.) in safety evaluation tests: Culture and 

selection of a sensitive life stage 1988c Not North American species

McCahon et al.

The effect of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis (Muller 1776) 

on the acute toxicity of cadmium to its intermediate host, the amphipod 

Gammarus pulex (L.)

1988 Not North American species

McCahon et al.

The toxicity of cadmium to different larval instars of the trichopteran 

larvae Agapetus fuscipes Curtis and the importance of life cycle 

information to the design of toxicity tests

1989 Not North American species

McClain et al. Laboratory and field validation of multiple molecular biomarkers of 

contaminant exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2003 Surgically altered test species

McClosky and Newman

Sediment Preference in the Asiatic Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and 

Viviparid Snail (Campeloma decisum) as a Response to Low-Level Metal 

and Metalloid Contamination

1995 Sediment

McClurg Effects of fluoride, cadmium and mercury on the estuarine prawn Penaeus 

indicus 1984 Not North American species

McDonald et al. Incorporation of 28-d Leptocheirus plumulosus toxicity data in a sediment 

weight-of-evidence framework 2010 Sediment exposure
J-98

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

McFarlane and Franzin

Effects of Elevated Heavy Metals on a Natural Population of White 

Suckers, Catostomus commersoni, in Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan: Near a 

Base Metal Smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba.

1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McFarlane and Franzin Elevated Heavy Metals: a Stress on a Population of White Suckers, 

Catostomus Commersoni, in Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan. 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McGeer et al.

Influence of acclimation and cross-acclimation of metals on acute Cd 

toxicity and Cd uptake and distribution in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

2007 Mixture

McGeer et al. Cadmium 2011 Review

McHardy and George The Uptake of Selected Heavy Metals by the Green Alga Cladophora 

glomerata 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mckee et al. Contaminant Levels in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Their 

Diets From Missouri Coldwater Hatcheries 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McLean and Williamson Cadmium accumulation by marine red alga Porphyra umbilicalis 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

McLeese Cadmium and marine invertebrates 1981 Lack of exposure details

McLeese and Ray Toxicity of CdCl2, CdEDTA, CuCl2, and CuEDTA to marine 

invertebrates 1984

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

McLeese et al. Lack of excretion of cadmium from lobsters 1981

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

McNicol and Scherer

Influence of cadmium pre-exposure on the preference-avoidance 

responses of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to cadmium 1993 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated for increased resistance to cadmium

McPherson and Brown The Bioaccumulation of Cadmium by the Blue Swimmer Crab Portunus 

pelagicus L

2001 Non-applicable

Meador et al. A comparison of the non-essential elements cadmium, mercury, and lead 

found in fish and sediment exposure from Alaska and California 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mebane

Development of site-specific water quality criteria for the segment of the 

South Fork Coeur d'Alene River from Daisy Gulch to Wallace, Idaho: 

Comparison of cadmium criteria to the results toxicity testing with species 

resident to the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River

2003 Review

Mebane Cadmium risks to freshwater life: derivation and validation of low-effect 

criteria values using laboratory and field studies 2006b Review

Mebane

Relevance of Risk Predictions Derived From a Chronic Species 

Sensitivity Distribution With Cadmium to Aquatic Populations and 

Ecosystems

2010 Review
J-99

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Mebane et al. Incubating rainbow trout in soft water increased their later sensitivity to 

cadmium and zinc 2010 Mixture

Medina et al. Histopathological and biological studies of the effect of cadmium on 

Rhinella arenarum gonads 2012 Not North American species; injected toxicant

Meinelt et al. Interaction of cadmium toxicity in embryos and larvae of zebrafish (Danio 

rerio) with calcium and humic substances 2001 Lack of detail

Mekkawy et al.

Effects of cadmium on some haematological and biochemical 

characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) dietary 

supplemented with tomato paste and vitamin E

2011 Dilution water not characterized

Melgar et al. Accumulation profiles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after 

short-term exposure to cadmium 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Mellinger

The comparative metabolism of cadmium, mercury and zinc as 

environmental contaminants in the freshwater mussel, Margaritifera 

margaritifera

1972 Only one exposure concentration; median 

survival time

Menchaca et al. Sensitivity comparison of laboratory-cultured and field-collected 

amphipod Corophium multisetosum in toxicity tests 2010 Duration too short, Not North American species

Mendez and Baird Effects of Cadmium on Sediment exposure Processing on Members of the 

Capitella Species-Complex 2002 Sediment exposure

Mendez and Green-Ruiz

Preliminary observations of cadmium and copper effects on juveniles of 

the polychaete Capitella sp. Y (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Estero del 

Yugo, Mazatlan, Mexico

2005 Lack of detail, dilution water not characterized

Mendez and Green-Ruiz Cadmium and copper effects on larval development and mortality of the 

polychaete Capitella sp. Y from Estero del Yugo, Mazatlan, Mexico 2006 Duration too long, dilution water not characterized

Mendoza-Cozatl et al. Cadmium accumulation in the chloroplast of Euglena gracilis 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 8 day exposure)

Merivirta et al. Cadmium, mercury and lead content of river lamprey caught in Finnish 

rivers 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mersch et al.

Laboratory accumulation and depuration of copper and cadmium in the 

freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the aquatic moss 

Rhynchostegium riparioides

1993

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Mersch et al. Copper in indigenous and transplanted zebra mussels in relation to 

changing water concentrations and body weight 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Messaoudi et al. Study on the sensitivity to cadmium of marine fish Salaria basilisca

(Pisces: Blennidae) 2009 Not North American species; only one exposure concentration; dilution water not characterized

Messiaen et al. The micro-evolutionary potential of Daphnia magna population exposed 

to temperature and cadmium stress 2010 Only one exposure concentration
J-100

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Messiaen et al.

The potential for adaptation in a natural Daphnia magna population: 

broad and narrow-sense heritability of net reproductive rate under Cd 

stress at two temperatures

2012 Only one exposure concentration

Metayer et al.

Accumulation of some trace metals (cadmium, lead, copper and zinc) in 

sole (Solea solea) and flounder (Platichthus flesus): Changes as a function 

of age and organotropism

1982 Not North American species

Metayer et al. Evolution Of The Bioaccumulation Of Some Trace Elements In Elvers 

And Eels Anguilla anguilla Of 3 Estuaries Of The Atlantic Ocean 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Metcalfe-Smith

Influence of Species and Sex on Metal Residues in Freshwater Mussels 

(Family Unionidae) From the St. Lawrence River, With Implications for 

Biomonitoring Programs

1994 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Metcalfe-Smith et al.

Influence of Biological Factors on Concentrations of Metals in the Tissues 

of Freshwater Mussels (Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata 

radiata) From the St. Lawrence River

1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Meteyer et al. Effect of cadmium on early developmental stages of the sheepshead 

minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)

1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Metian et al. Interspecific comparison of Cd bioaccumulation in European pectinidae 

(Chlamys varia and Pecten maximus)

2007

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 7 day exposure); dilution water not 

characterized; not North American species

Metian et al. Accumulation of nine metals and one metalloid in the tropical scallop 

Comptopallium radula from coral reefs in New Caledonia 2008 Mixture, not North American species

Meyer A mechanistic explanation for the ln(LC50) vs 1n(hardness) adjustment 

equation for metals 1999 Review of previously published data

Meyer et al. Sensitivity analysis of population growth rates estimated from cladoceran 

chronic toxicity tests 1987 Review

Meyer et al. Effects of water chemistry on bioavailability and toxicity of waterborne 

cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc on freshwater organisms 2007 Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; review

Mhadhbi et al. A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine 

fish Psetta maxima 2010 Not North American species

Miao et al. Comparison of Cd, Cu, and Zn toxic effects on four marine phytoplankton 

by pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometry 2005 Mixture

Michibata et al. Effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the toxicity of cadmium to the 

egg of the teleost, Oryzias latipes 1986 Not North American species

Michibata et al. Stage sensitivity of eggs of the teleost Oryzias latipes to cadmium 

exposure

1987 Not North American species

Migliarini et al. Effects of cadmium exposure on testis apoptosis in the marine teleost 

Gobius niger 2005

Duration too short, dilution water not 

characterized, not North American species, only 

two exposure concentrations
J-101

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Migliore and Giudici Effect of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu and Fe) on two species of crustacean 

isopods, Asellus aquaticus (L.) and Proasellus coxalis 1987 Not North American species

Milani et al.

The Relative Sensitivity of Four Benthic Invertebrates to Metals in 

Spiked-Sediment exposure Exposures and Application to Contaminated 

Field Sediment exposure

2003 Sediment exposure

Mills et al. Contaminant and Nutrient Element Levels in Soft Tissues of Zebra and 

Quagga Mussels From Waters of Southern Lake Ontario 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Millward et al. Mixtures of Metals and Hydrocarbons Elicit Complex Responses by a 

Benthic Invertebrate Community 2004 Mixtures

Milne

The dynamics of chronically bioaccumulated Cd in rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) during both moderately hard and soft waterborne 

exposures

2010 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle

Ministry of Technology - 1967 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Mishra et al. Accumulation of cadmium and copper from aqueous solutions using 

Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

2009 No cadmium toxicity information; treatment 

study

Misitano and Schiewe Effect of Chemically Contaminated Marine Sediment on Naupliar 

Production of the Marine Harpacticoid Copepod, Tigriopus californicus 1990 Sediment

Mitchell et al. Acute Toxicity of Mine Tailings to Four Marine Species 1985 Mixture

Mitchelmore et al. Differential accumulation of heavy metals in the sea anemone 

Anthopleura elegantissima as a function of symbiotic state 2003 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; dilution water not characterized

Mitchelmore et al. Uptake and partitioning of copper and cadmium in the coral Pocillopora 

damicornis 2007

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

dilution water not characterized; unmeasured

exposure

Mizutani et al. Uptake of lead, cadmium and zinc by the fairy shrimp, Branchinecta 

longiantenna (Crustacea: Anostraca) 1991

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Mohammed and Agard

Comparative sensitivity of three tropical cladoceran species 

(Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Ceriodaphnia rigaudii and Moinodaphnia 

macleayi) to six chemicals

2006 Not North American species

Moller et al.

Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of 

cadmium to the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum

(Hydrobiidae)

1994 Not North American species

Mondal Pesticides and Heavy Metals Influence Steroidogenic Activity in Fish 

Gonad and Interrenal. 1997 In vitro
J-102

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Mondon et al.

Histological, Growth and 7-Ethoxyresorufin O-Deethylase (EROD) 

Activity Responses of Greenback Flounder Rhombosolea tapirina to 

Contaminated Marine Sediment exposure and Diet

2001 Sediment exposure

Monteiro-Neto et al. Concentrations of heavy metals in Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea: 

Delphinidae) off the coast of Ceara, northeast Brazil 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Moolman et al. Comparative studies on the uptake and effects of cadmium and zinc on the 

cellular energy allocation of two freshwater gastropods 2007

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; 

unmeasured exposure

Moraitou-Apostolopoulou 

and Verriopoulos

Individual and combined toxicity of 3 heavy metals copper cadmium and 

chromium for the marine copepod Tisbe holothuriae 1982 Non-applicable

Moraitou-Apostolopoulou 

et al.

Effects of sublethal concentrations of cadmium pollution for two 

populations of Acartis clausi (Copepoda) living at two differently polluted 

areas

1979 Questionable treatment of test organisms or 

inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Morales-Hernandez et al.

Heavy Metals in Sediment exposures and Lobster (Panulirus gracilis) 

from the Discharge Area of the Submarine Sewage Outfall in Mazatlan 

Bay (SE Gulf of California)

2004 Effluent

Moreno et al. Inhibition of molting by cadmium in the crab Chasmagnathus granulata

(Decapoda Brachyura) 2003 Surgically altered species, not North American species

Mori and Wakabayashi

Cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals. 1. 

Cytotoxicity of cadmium and copper to CHSE-214 cells derived from 

Chinook salmon

1996 In vitro

Mori and Wakabayashi

Cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals. 2. 

Cytotoxicity of metals toward cultured fish cells and effect of exposure 

temperature on cytotoxicity

1997 In vitro

Morillo-Velarde et al. Effects of cadmium on locomotor activity rhythms of the amphipod 

Gammarus aequicauda 2011 Not North American species, short duration

Morin et al. Detection of DNA damage in yolk-sac larvae of the Japanese medaka, 

Oryzias latipes, by the comet assay 2011 Not North American species, duration too short

Morley et al. Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc Mixtures to Diplostomum spathaceum

(Trematoda: Diplostomidae) Cercarial Survival 2002 Mixtures

Morley et al. Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc Mixtures to Cercarial Tail Loss in 

Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) 2005 Mixtures

Mormede and Davies Heavy metal concentrations in commercial deep-sea fish from the Rockall 

Trough 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Morris Toxicity of Cyanide, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and 

Zinc. Summary Report 1973 Review
J-103

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Morrison et al.

Proximate Composition and Organochlorine and Heavy Metal 

Contamination of Eggs From Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Lake Michigan 

Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) in Relation to Egg 

Survival

1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mostafa and Khalil

Uptake, release and incorporation of radio active cadmium and mercury 

by the fresh water alga Phormidium fragile 1986 Not North American species

Motohashi and Tsuchida Uptake of cadmium by pure cultured diatom, Skeletonema costatum 1974 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through

Mouchet et al.

Comparative evaluation of the toxicity and genotoxicity of cadmium in 

amphibian larvae (Xenopus laevis and Pleurodeles waltl) using the comet 

assay and the micronucleus test

2007 Not North American species, test species fed, 

duration too long

Mouneyrac et al.

Comparison of metallothionein concentrations and tissue distribution of 

trace metals in crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) from a metal-rich 

estuary, in and out of the reproductive season

2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Mount et al. Dietary and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 

to copper, cadmium, lead and zinc using a live diet 1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Moureaux et al. Effects of field contamination by metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) on biometry and 

mechanics of echinoderm ossicles 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Moza et al. Effect of sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium on food intake, growth 

and digestibility in the gold fish, Carassius auratus L

1995 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Mubiana and Blust Effects of Temperature on Scope for Growth and Accumulation of Cd, 

Co, Cu and Pb by the Marine Bivalve Mytilus edulis 2007 In vitro

Mueller and Prosi Distribution Of Zinc, Copper, And Cadmium In Various Organs Of 

Roaches (Rutilus rutilus L.) From The Neckar And Elsenz Rivers 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Muino et al. Protective action of ions against cadmium toxicity to young Bufo 

arenarum tadpoles 1990 Not North American species

Mullaugh and Luther III Formation and Persistence of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticle in Aqueous 

Solution 2009 Inappropriate form of toxicant

Muller and Payer The influence of pH on the cadmium-repressed growth of the alga 

Coelostrum proboscideum 1979 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Munawar and Legner Detection of Metal Toxicity Using Natural Phytoplankton as Test 

Organisms in the Great Lakes. 1993 Mixture

Muncke Molecular Scale Ecotoxicological Testing in Developing Zebrafish 

(Danio rerio)

2006 In vitro

Munger and Hare

Relative importance of water and food as cadmium sources to an aquatic 

insect (Chaoborus punctipennis): Implications for predicting Cd 

bioaccumulation in nature

1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Munger et al. Influence of exposure time on the distribution of cadmium within the 

cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia 1999 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described
J-104

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Muramoto Decrease in cadmium concentration in a Cd-contaminated fish by shortterm exposure to EDTA 1980

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Musko et al. The impact of Cd and different pH on the amphipod Gammarus fossarum

Koch (Crustacea: amphipoda) 1990 Not North American species

Musthafa et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium in selected tissues of Oreochromis 

mossambicus exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium chloride 2009 Lack of exposure details

Muyssen and Janssen Multi-generation cadmium accumulation and tolerance in Daphnia magna

Straus 2004 Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M4 medium which complexes the metal)

Mwangi and Alikhan Cadmium and nickel uptake by tissues of Cambarus bartoni (Astacidae, 

Decapoda, Crustacea): Effects on copper and zinc stores 1993

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Mwashote Levels of Cadmium and Lead in Water, Sediment exposures and Selected 

Fish Species in Mombasa, Kenya 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nagel and Voigt Impaired photosynthesis in a cadmium-tolerant Chlamydomonas mutant 

strain 1995 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated for increased resistance to cadmium

Nair and Choi

Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiles of Chironomus 

riparius Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Genes in Response to 

Cadmium and Silver Nanoparticles Exposure

2011 Inappropriate form of toxicant

Nair et al. Expression of catalase and glutathione S-transferase genes in Chironomus 

riparius on exposure to cadmium and nonylphenol 2011 Dilution water not characterized; only three exposure concentrations

Najeeb et al. Insights into cadmium induced physiological and ultra-structural disorders 

in Juncus effusus L. and its remediation through exogenous citric acid 2011 Excessive EDTA

Nakagawa and Ishio Aspects of accumulation of cadmium ion in the egg of medaka Oryzias 

latipes 1988 Not North American species

Nakagawa and Ishio Effects of water hardness on the toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in 

eggs and larvae of medaka Oryzias latipes 1989 Not North American species

Nakamoto and Hassler Selenium and Other Trace Elements in Bluegills From Agricultural 

Return Flows in the San Joaquin Valley, California. 1992 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nakamura Experimental studies on the accumulation of cadmium in the fish body 1974 Text in foreign language

Nakhle et al. Cadmium and Mercury in Seine Estuary Flounders and Mussels: the 

Results of Two Decades of Monitoring 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nalewajko

Effects of cadmium and metal-contaminated sediments on photosynthesis 

heterotrophy, and phosphate uptake in Mackenzie River delta 

phytoplankton

1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-105

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Narayanan et al. Pattern of depuration of accumulated heavy metals in the mud crab, Scylla 

serrata (Forskal) 1999 Not North American species

Narvaez et al. Uptake, depuration and effect of cadmium on the green mussel Perna 

viridis (L. 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) 2005

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; 

unmeasured exposure; dilution water not 

characterized

Nassiri et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation in Tetraselmis suecica and electron energy 

loss spectroscopy (EELS) study 1997 Not North American species

Nasu et al. Comparative studies on the absorption of cadmium and copper in Lemna 

paucicostata 1983 The dilution water or medium used was open to questions because of its origin or content

Nasu et al. The toxicity of some water pollutants for Lemnaceae (duckweed) plant 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Naumann et al.

Growth rate based dose-response relationships and EC-values of ten 

heavy metals using the duckweed growth inhibition test (ISO 20079) with 

Lemna minor L. Clone St.

2007 Excessive EDTA in the medium (>200 ug/L)

Nawaz et al. In vitro toxicity of copper, cadmium, and chromium to isolated 

hepatocytes from carp, Cyprinus carpio L. 2005 In vitro

Nawaz et al. Determination of heavy metals in fresh water fish species of the River 

Ravi, Pakistan compared to farmed fish varieties. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Naylor et al. Effect of differing maternal food ration on susceptibility of Daphnia 

magna Straus neonates to toxic substances 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Negilski

Acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium and chromium to the marine fishes, 

yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri C. and V.) and smallmouth hardy 

head (Atherinasoma microstoma Whitley)

1976 Not North American species

Negri et al. Contamination in Sediment exposures, Bivalves and Sponges of 

McMurdo Sound, Antarctica 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nelson Observed field tolerance of caddisfly larvae (Hesperophylax sp.) to fish 

metal concentrations and low pH 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Nendza et al. Potential for secondary poisoning and biomagnification in marine 

organisms 1997 Review of previously published data

Nessim et al. Biosorption of lead and cadmium using marine algae 2011 Homogenized algal material

Nesto et al. Bioaccumulation and Biomarker Responses of Trace Metals and MicroOrganic Pollutants in Mussels and Fish from the Lagoon of Venice, Italy 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Neuberger-Cywiak et al. Effects of zinc and cadmium on the burrowing behavior, LC50, and LT50 

on Donax trunculus Linnaeus (Bivalvia-Donacidae) 2003 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Neuberger-Cywiak et al. Sublethal effects of Zn++ and Cd++ on respiration rate, ammonia 

excretion, and O:N ratio of Donax trunculus (Bivalvia; Donacidae) 2007 Mixture
J-106

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Neumann et al. Heavy Metal Ions Inhibit Molybdoenzyme Activity by Binding to the 

Dithiolene Moiety of Molybdopterin in Escherichia coli 2008 Mixture

Ney and Martin Influence of Prefreezing on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Bluegill 

Sunfish 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ng and Wang Detoxification and Effects of Ag, Cd, and Zn Pre-Exposure on Metal 

Uptake Kinetics in the Clam Ruditapes philippinarum 2004 Prior exposure

Ng and Wang Modeling of cadmium bioaccumulation in two populations of the green 

mussel Perna viridis 2005 Modeling

Ng and Wang Interactions of silver, cadmium, and copper accumulation in green 

mussels (Perna viridis)

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

unmeasured exposure

Ng and Wood Trophic Transfer and Dietary exposure Toxicity of Cd from the 

Oligochaete to the Rainbow Trout 2008 Dietary exposure

Ng et al. Does Dietary exposure Ca Protect Against Toxicity of a Low Dietborne 

Cd Exposure to the Rainbow Trout? 2009 Dietary exposure

Ng et al. Cadmium Accumulation and Loss in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas

Along the West Coast of the USA. 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nguyen and Janssen Embryo-larval toxicity tests with the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): 

Comparative sensitivity of endpoints 2002 Duration too long, not North American species

Ni et al. Influences of salinity on the biokinetics of Cd, Se, and Zn in the intertidal 

mudskipper Periophthalmus cantonensis 2005 Mixture

Nimick et al. 

Influence of in-stream diel concentration cycles of dissolved trace metals 

on acute toxicity to one-year-old cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki 

lewisi)

2007 Mixture

Nimmo et al. Three Studies Using Ceriodaphnia to Detect Nonpoint Sources of Metals 

From Mine Drainage. 1990 Mixture

Nimmo et al. Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation in Aquatic Bryophytes Immersed in the 

Arkansas River, Colorado: Comparison of Fall Versus Spring 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nir et al. Cadmium uptake and toxicity to water hyacinth: Effect of repeated 

exposures under controlled conditions 1990 Not North American species

Niyogi and Wood Effects of chronic waterborne and dietary metal exposures on gill metalbinding: implications for the biotic ligand model 2003 Review

Niyogi et al.

Kinetic Analyses of Waterborne Ca and Cd Transport and Their 

Interactions in the Gills of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and 

Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), Two Species Differing Greatly in Acute 

Waterborne Cd Sensitivity

2004a Mixture

Noel-Lambot et al. Distribution of Cd, Zn and Cu in liver and gills of the eel Anguilla 

anguilla with special reference to metallothioneins 1978 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; not North American species
J-107

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Noel-Lambot et al. Cadmium, zinc, and copper accumulation in limpets (Patella vulgata) 

from the British channel and special reference to metallothioneins 1980

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Nolan and Duke Cadmium accumulation and toxicity in Mytilus edulis: Involvement of 

metallothioneins and heavy molecular weight protein 1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Noraho and Gaur Effect of cations, including heavy metals, on cadmium uptake by Lemna 

polyrhiza L. 1995 Not North American species

Norberg-King et al. Interlaboratory evaluation of Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans

short-term and long-term sediment toxicity tests 2006 Non-applicable

Nordberg Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology 2009 Review

Nordberg et al. Cadmium: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Third Edition) 2007 Review

Norey et al.

Induction of metallothionein gene expression by cadmium and the 

retention of the toxic metal in the tissues of rainbow Trout (Salmo 

gairdneri) 

1990c Injected toxicant

Norey et al. A comparison of the accumulation, tissue distribution and secretion of 

cadmium in different species of freshwater fish 1990a

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Norris and Lake Trace Metal Concentrations in Fish From the South Esk River, 

Northeastern Tasmania, Australia. 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Norum et al. Trace element distribution during the reproductive cycle of female and 

male spiny and Pacific scallops, with implications for biomonitoring 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Norwood et al. Interactive effects of metals in mixtures on bioaccumulation in the 

amphipod Hyalella azteca 2007 Mixture

Notenboom et al.

Effect of ambient oxygen concentration upon the acute toxicity of 

chlorophenols and heavy metals to the groundwater copepod 

Parastenocaris germanica (crustacea)

1992 Not North American species

Nott and Nicolaidou Variable transfer of detoxified metals from snails to hermit crabs in 

marine food chains 1994 Not North American species

Novais et al. Reproduction and biochemical responses in Enchytraeus albidus

(Oligochaeta) to zinc or cadmium exposures 2011 Sediment exposure

Novais et al.

Exposure of Enchytraeus albidus to Cd and Zn - Changes in cellular 

energy allocation (CEA) and linkage to transcriptional, enzymatic and 

reproductive effects

2013 Soil exposure

Novakova et al. Zinc and cadmium toxicity using a biotest with Artemia franciscana 2007 Brine shrimp
J-108

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Novelli et al.

Toxicity of heavy metals using sperm cell and embryo toxicity bioassays 

with Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Comparisons 

with exposure concentrations in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy

2003 Not North American species

Nowak et al. Consequences of inbreeding and reduced genetic variation on tolerance to 

cadmium stress in the midge Chironomus riparius 2007 Sediment exposure

Nowak et al. Variation in sensitivity to cadmium among genetically characterized 

laboratory strains of the midge Chironomus riparius 2008 Sediment exposure

Nowierski et al. Effects of water chemistry on the bioavailability of metals in sediment to 

Hyalella azteca: Implications for sediment quality guidelines 2005 Sediment exposure

Nowierski et al. Lac Dufault Sediment exposure core trace metal distribution, 

bioavailability and toxicity to Hyalella azteca 2006 Sediment exposure

Nugegoda and Rainbow The uptake of dissolved zinc and cadmium by the decapod crustacean 

Palaemon elegans 1995 Not North American species

Nunez-Nogueira and 

Rainbow

Cadmium uptake and accumulation by the decapod crustacean Penaeus 

indicus 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Nusetti et al.

Pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytochrome c 

oxidase and catalase activities in cadmium exposed Perna viridis

subjected to anoxic and aerobic conditions

2010 Too few exposure concentrations, atypical 

endpoint

Nyholm and Kallqvist Methods for Growth Inhibition Toxicity Tests With Freshwater Algae 1989 Review

Nyman et al. Current levels of DDT, PCB and trace elements in the Baltic ringed seals 

(Phoca hispida baltica) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Nyquist and Greger Response of two wetland plant species to Cd exposure at low and neutral 

pH 2009

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; 

unmeasured exposure; dilution water not 

characterized

O’Hara Cadmium uptake by fiddler crabs exposed to temperature and salinity 

stress 1973b

Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes 

and were not used because of the possibility of 

isotope discrimination

O’Neill Effects of intraperitoneal lead and cadmium on the humoral immune 

response of Salmo trutta 1981 Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in water

Oakley et al. Accumulation of cadmium by Abarenicola pacifica 1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Obande et al. Trace metal analysis of the prawn (Atya gabonesis), water and bottom 

sediments of Lower River Benue 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Occhiogrosso et al. Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate densities in foundry 

cove on the Hudson River 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-109

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

O'Connor and Lauenstein Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along 

the US Coast: Update to 2003 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Odin et al.

Temperature and pH effects on cadmium and methylmercury 

bioaccumulation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida, 

from water column or sediment source

1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Odin et al.

Depuration processes after exposure of burrowing mayfly nymphs 

(Hexagenia rigida) to methylmercury and cadmium from water column or 

sediment: Effects of temperature and pH

1997 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Offermann et al.

Assessing the importance of dietborne cadmium and particle 

characteristics on bioavailability and bioaccumulation in the nematode 

Caenorhabditis elegans

2009 Dietary exposure

Oguma and Klerks The role of native salinity regime on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) 

sensitivity to cadmium 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Ogwok et al. Pesticide residues and heavy metals in Lake Victoria Nile perch, Lates 

niloticus, belly flap oil 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Oikari et al. Acute toxicity of chemicals to Daphnia magna in humic water 1992 Review of previously published data

Ojaveer et al. On the effect of copper, cadmium and zinc on the embryonic development 

of Baltic spring spawning herring 1980 Not North American species

Olesen and Weeks Accumulation of Cd by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas: 

Effects upon filtration rate and its relevance for biomonitoring 1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Olgunoglu and Polat Trace metals in marine macroalgae samples from the Iskenderun Bay, 

Turkey 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Oliveira et al.

Hepatic metallothionein concentrations in the golden grey mullet (Liza 

aurata) relationship with environmental metal concentrations in a metalcontaminated coastal system in Portugal2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ololade et al. Influence of diffuse and chronic metal pollution in water and sediments on 

edible seafoods within Ondo oil-polluted coastal region, Nigeria. 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Olson and Christensen Effects of water pollutants and other chemicals on fish 

acetylcholinesterase (in vitro) 1980 In vitro

Olsvik et al. Metal accumulation and metallothionein in brown trout, Salmo trutta, 

from two Norwegian rivers differently contaminated with Cd, Cu and Zn 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Olsvik et al. Effects of combined gamma-irradiation and metal (Al+Cd) exposures in 

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). 2010 Mixture (Al and Cd)

Olusegun et al. Heavy metal distribution in crab (Callinectes amnicola) living on the 

shores of Ojo Rivers, Lagos, Nigeria 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-110

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Omoregie et al. Metal concentrations in water column, benthic macroinvertebrates and 

tilapia from Delimi River, Nigeria 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Oner et al. Changes in serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Oreochromis 

niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures 2008 Unmeasured chronic exposure, only one exposure concentration

Ong and Din Cadmium, copper, and zinc toxicity to the clam, Donax faba C., and the 

blood cockle, Anadara granosa L

2001 Not North American species

Ongeri et al.

Seasonal variability in cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and iron 

concentrations in the three major fish species, Oreochromis niloticus, 

Lates niloticus and Rastrineobola argentea in Winam Gulf, Lake 

Victoria: Impact of wash-off into the lake

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Onuoha et al. Comparative toxicity of cadmium to crustacean zooplankton (copepods 

and ostracods) 1996 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Opuene and Agbozu

Relationships between heavy metals in shrimp (Macrobrachium 

felicinum) and metal levels in the water column and sediments of Taylor 

Creek

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Orchard et al. A rapid response toxicity test based on the feeding rate of the tropical 

cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi 2002 Duration too short, not North American species

Oronsaye et al. The toxicity of zinc and cadmium to Clarias subnaginatus 2003 Mixture, not North American species

Orun and Tolas

Antioxidative role of sodium selenite against the toxic effect of heavy 

metals (Cd+2, Cr+3) on some biochemical and hematological parameters 

in the blood of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792)

2008 Mixture

Osuna-Martinez et al. Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in cultured oysters under two contrasting 

climatic conditions in coastal lagoons from SE Gulf of California, Mexico 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Othman et al. Cadmium accumulation in two populations of rice frogs (Fejervarya 

limnocharis) naturally exposed to different environmental cadmium levels 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Otitoloju and Don-Pedro Integrated laboratory and field assessments of heavy metals accumulation 

in edible periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula (L.) 2004 No cadmium toxicity information

Otitoloju and Don-Pedro Determination of types of interactions exhibited by binary mixtures of 

heavy metals tested against the hermit crab, Clibanarius africanus 2006 Sediment substrate in exposure water, not North American species

Outridge et al.

Changes in mercury and cadmium concentrations and the feeding 

behaviour of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) near Somerset Island, 

Canada, during the 20th century

2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Packer et al. Cadmium copper lead zinc and manganese in the polychaete Arenicola 

marina from Sediment exposures around the coast of Wales UK 1980 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pajevic et al. The content of some macronutrients and heavy metals in aquatic 

macrophytes of three ecosystems connected to the Danube in Yugoslavia 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pajevic et al. Heavy metal accumulation of Danube River aquatic plants -- indication of 

chemical contamination 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-111

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Palackova et al. Sublethal effects of cadmium on carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings 1994

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Palawski et al. Sensitivity of young striped bass to organic and inorganic contaminants in 

fresh and saline water 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Palm and Wikberger Tungmetallanalyser av mossor och baeckvattenvaexter i norra Estland. 

(Heavy metals in mosses and aquatic plants in northern Estonia) 1995 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pan Application of biokinetic model in studying the bioaccumulation of 

cadmium, zinc, and copper in the scallop Chlamys nobilis 2009 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North American species

Pan and Wang Influences of dissolved and colloidal organic carbon on the uptake of Ag, 

Cd, and Cr by the marine mussel Perna viridis 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Pan and Wang The subcellular fate of cadmium and zinc in the scallop Chlamys nobilis

during waterborne and dietary exposure 2008

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North 

American species

Pan and Zhang Metallothionein, antioxidant enzymes and DNA strand breaks as 

biomarkers of Cd exposure in a marine crab, Charybdis japonica 2006 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, not North American species

Pan et al.

Effects of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) on DNA damage of 

the gills, hemocytes and hepatopancreas of marine crab, Charybdis 

japonica

2011 Only three exposure concentrations

Pandeswara and 

Yallapragada

Tolerance, accumulation and depuration in an intertidal gastropod, Turbo 

intercostalis, exposed to cadmium 2000 Not North American species, abstract only

Pandey et al.

Effects of exposure to multiple trace metals on biochemical, histological 

and ultrastructural features of gills of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata

Bloch

2008 Mixture

Pantani et al.

Comparative acute toxicity of some pesticides, metals, and surfactants to 

Gammarus italicus Goedm. and Echinogammarus tibaldii Pink. and stock 

(Crustacea: Amphipoda)

1997 Not North American species

Papa et al. Determination of heavy metal in seawater and macroalgae of shorelines of 

Naples and Ischia Island, Italy 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Papathanassiou Cadmium accumulation and ultrastructural alterations in oogenesis of the 

prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) 1986

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Papathanassiou Effects of cadmium and mercury ions on respiration and survival of the 

common prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) 1983 Not North American species

Papoutsoglou and Abel Studies on the lethal and sublethal effects of cadmium on some 

commercially cultured species of the Mediterranean 1993 Review of previously published data
J-112

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Park and Kim

Bioassays on marine organisms: Acute toxicity test of mercury, cadmium 

and copper to arkshell, Anadara broughtonii, from Jin-Dong Bay, and to 

oyster, Crassostrea gigas, from Kwang-Do Bay, south coast of Korea

1978 Not North American species

Park and Kim Bioassays on marine organisms. II. Acute toxicity test of mercury, copper 

and cadmium to clam, Meretrix lusoria 1979 Not North American species

Park and Presley Trace metal contamination of sediments and organisms from the Swan 

Lake Area of Galveston Bay 1997 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Parker The effects of selected chemicals and water quality on the marine 

polychaete Ophryotrocha diadema 1984 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Part and Svanberg Uptake of cadmium in perfused rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) gills 1981 In vitro

Parveen and Shadab Cytogenetic evaluation of cadmium chloride on Channa punctatus 2012 Dilution water not characterized, not North 

American species

Parvin et al. Preliminary acute toxicity bioassays of lead and cadmium on fresh water 

climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) 2011 Dilution water not characterized

Pascal et al. The toxicological interaction between ocean acidity and metals in coastal 

meiobenthic copepods 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pascoe and Shazili Episodic pollution - a comparison of brief and continuous exposure of 

rainbow trout to cadmium 1986 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Pastorinho et al. Amphipod susceptibility to metals: cautionary tales 2009

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North 

American species

Patel et al. Sponge 'sentinel' of heavy metals 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Patthebahadur and Bais Studies on some physiological aspects in fresh water fish Ophiocephalus 

striatus (Channa) in relation to heavy metal cadmium (Cd) toxicity 2008 Duration too short, test species fed, not North American species

Pauli and Berger Toxicological comparisons of Tetrahymena species, end points and 

growth media: Supplementary investigations to the pilot ring test 1997 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Paul-Pont et al.

Short-term metallothionein inductions in the edible cockle Cerastoderma 

edule after cadmium or mercury exposure: Discrepancy between MRNA 

and protein responses

2010a In vitro

Paul-Pont et al. How life history contributes to stress response in the manila clam 

Ruditapes philippinarum 2010b Only one exposure concentration

Paul-Pont et al.

Cloning, characterization and gene expression of a metallothionein 

isoform in the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule after cadmium or 

mercury exposure

2012 Not North American species, only one exposure 

concentration

Pavicic Combined cadmium-zinc toxicity on embryonic development of Mytilus 

galloprovincialis LMK. (Mollusca, Mytilidae) 1977 Abstract only

Pavicic and Jarvenpaa Cadmium toxicity in adults and early larval stages of the mussel Mytilus 

galloprovincialis Lam. 1974 Not North American species
J-113

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Pavicic et al.

Embryo-larval tolerance of Mytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to the 

elevated sea water metal concentrations - I. Toxic effects of Cd, Zn and 

Hg in relation to the metallothionein level

1994 Not North American species

Pawlik and Skowronski Transport and toxicity of cadmium: Its regulation in the cyanobacterium 

Synechocystis aquatilis 1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Pawlik et al. pH-dependent cadmium transport inhibits photosynthesis in the 

cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis 1993

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Pecon and Powell Effect of the amino acid histidine on the uptake of cadmium from the 

digestive system of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus 1981 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Pedersen and Petersen Variability of species sensitivity to complex mixtures 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Pedro et al.

The influence of cadmium contamination and salinity on the survival, 

growth and phytoremediation capacity of the saltmarsh plant Salicornia 

ramosissima

2013 Soil exposure

Pelgrom et al.

Interactions between copper and cadmium during single and combined 

exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus: Influence of 

feeding condition on whole body metal accumulation and the effect of the 

metals on tissue water and ion content

1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Pelgrom et al. Calcium fluxes in juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, exposed to 

sublethal waterborne Cd, Cu or mixtures of these metals 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Pellegrini et al.

Interactions between the toxicity of the heavy metals cadmium, copper, 

zinc in combinations and the detoxifying role of calcium in the brown 

alga Cystoseira barbata

1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Pellet et al. Model predicting waterborne cadmium bioaccumulation in Gammarus 

pulex: the effects of dissolved organic ligands, calcium, and temperature 2009 Not North American species

Peltier et al. Accumulation of trace elements and growth responses in Corbicula 

fluminea downstream of a coal-fired power plant 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pempkowiak et al. Toxicants accumulation rates and effects in Mytilus trossulus and Nereis 

diversicolor exposed separately or together to cadmium and PAHs 2006a Non-applicable

Pempkowiak et al. Heavy metals in zooplankton from the southern Baltic 2006b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Peng et al.

Trace metals in Iaustinogebia edulis (Ngoc-Ho & Chan, 1992) 

(Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Upogebiidae) and its habitat sediment from the 

central western Taiwan coast

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-114

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Peng et al.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the aquatic plants Potamogeton 

pectinatus L. and Potamogeton malaianus Miq. and their potential use for 

contamination indicators in wastewater treatment

2008 No cadmium toxicity information

Pennington et al. Contaminant levels in fishes from Brown’s Lake, Mississippi 1982

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Penttinen et al. The kinetics of cadmium in Daphnia magna as affected by humic 

substances and water hardness 1995 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or bioconcentration

Penttinen et al. Combined effects of dissolved organic material and water hardness on 

toxicity of cadmium to Daphnia magna 1998 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Perceval et al. Long-term trends in accumulated metals (Cd, Cu and Zn) and 

metallothionein in bivalves from lakes within a smelter-impacted region 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Percy Heavy metal and sulphur concentrations in Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. 

in the maritime provinces, Canada 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pereira et al.

Effect of cadmium accumulation on serum vitellogenin levels and 

hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices of winter flounder 

(Pleuronectes americanus)

1993

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Perez-Coll and Herkovits Stage-dependent uptake of cadmium by Bufo arenarum embryos 1996 Not North American species

Perez-Coll et al. Teratogenic effects of cadmium on Bufo arenarum during gastrulation 1986 Not North American species; too few exposure 

concentrations; no statistical analysis

Perez-Legaspi and RicoMartinezAcute toxicity tests on three species of the genus Lecane (Rotifera: 

Monogononta) 2001 Duration too short, not North American species

Perez-Legaspi and RicoMartinezPhospholipase A2 activity in three species of littoral freshwater rotifers 

exposed to several toxicants 2003 Duration too short, not North American species

Perez-Legaspi et al. Toxicity testing using esterase inhibition as a biomarker in three species 

of the genus Lecane (Rotifera) 2002 Duration too short, not North American species

Perkins et al. The potential of screening for agents of toxicity using gene expression 

fingerprinting in Chironomus tentans 2004 Exposure in distilled water without the addition of proper salts

Pernice et al.

Comparative Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements Between Nautilus 

pompilius and Nautilus macromphalus (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) from 

Vanuatu and New Caledonia

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pery et al. Assessing the risk of metal mixtures in contaminated sediments on 

Chironomus riparius based on cytosolic accumulation 2008 Sediment exposure

Pesonen and Andersson Fish primary hepatocyte culture; and important model for xenobiotic 

metabolism and toxicity studies 1997 Review of previously published data

Pestana et al.

Effects of cadmium and zinc on the feeding behaviour of two freshwater 

crustaceans: Atyaephyra desmarestii (Decapoda) and Echinogammarus 

meridionalis (Amphipoda)

2007 Not North American species
J-115

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Peterson Toxicity testing using a chemostat-grown green alga, Selenastrum 

capricornutum 1991 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Peterson et al. Metal toxicity to algae: A highly pH dependent phenomenon 1984 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Phelps Cadmium sorption in estuarine mud-type sediment and the accumulation 

of cadmium in the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria 1979

Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes 

and were not used because of the possibility of 

isotope discrimination

Phillips The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in 

Scandinavian waters. I. Zinc and cadmium 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Phillips Trace metals in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.), and in the alga 

Fucus vesiculosus (L.) from the region of the Sound (Oresund) 1979 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Phillips Toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in marine and estuarine biota. Part 

1. Ecological cycling 1980 Review

Phillips and Russo Metal bioaccumulation in fishes and aquatic invertebrates: A literature 

review 1978 Review of previously published data

Philp

Effects of experimental manipulation of pH and salinity on Cd2+ uptake 

by the sponge Microciona prolifera and on sponge cell aggregation 

induced by Ca2+ and Cd2+

2001 Excised tissue/cells

Phipps et al. Effects of pollution on freshwater organisms. 1984 Review

Pierron et al. Impairment of lipid storage by cadmium in the European eel (Anguilla 

anguilla)

2007a Only one exposure concentration, not North 

American species

Pierron et al. Effects of salinity and hypoxia on cadmium bioaccumulation in the 

shrimp Palaemon longirostris 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not North American species

Pierron et al.

Transcriptional responses to environmental metal exposure in wild yellow 

perch (Perca flavescens) collected in lakes with differing environmental 

metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Ni)

2009a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pierron et al. Ovarian gene transcription and effect of cadmium pre-exposure during 

artificial sexual maturation of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

2009b Only one exposure concentration, not North 

American species

Pierron et al. Effects of chronic metal exposure on wild fish populations revealed by 

high-throughput cDNA sequencing 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pinkina Effect of the ionic form of cadmium on reproduction and development of 

Lymnaea stagnalis L. 2006 Dilution water not characterized, unmeasured chronic exposure

Pinto et al. Influence of organic matter on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and 

iron by sorghum plants 2004 Non-aquatic plants

Pip and Mesa Cadmium, copper, and lead in two species of Artemisia (compositae) in 

southern Manitoba, Canada 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Piyatiratitivorakul and 

Boonchamoi

Comparative toxicity of mercury and cadmium to the juvenile freshwater 

snail, Filopaludina martensi martensi 2008 Not North American species, dilution water not characterized
J-116

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Piyatiratitivorakul et al. Comparative toxicity of heavy metal compounds to the juvenile golden 

apple snail, Pomacea sp.

2006 Dilution water not characterized

Planello et al.

Effect of acute exposure to cadmium on the expression of heat-shock and 

hormone-nuclear receptor genes in the aquatic midge Chironomus 

riparius

2010 Only one exposure concentration; duration too 

short; mixture

Playle Physiological and toxicological effects of metals at gills of freshwater fish 1997 Review

Playle et al. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: Estimates of metal-gill stability 

constants and modelling of metal accumulation 1993a

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Playle et al. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: Modification by dissolved 

organic carbon and synthetic ligands 1993b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Ploetz et al.

Differential accumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver of a marine 

fish, (king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla cuvier) from the northern 

Gulf of Mexico, USA

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Podgurskaya and Kavun

Cadmium concentration and subcellular distribution in organs of the 

mussel Crenomytilus grayanus from upwelling regions of Okhotsk Sea 

and Sea of Japan

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pohl

Wechselbeziehungen zwischen spurenmetallkonzentrationen (Cd, Cu, Pb, 

Zn) im meerwasser und in zooplanktonorganismen (Copepoda) der arktis 

und des atlantiks. (Correlations between trace metal concentrations (Cd, 

Cu, Pb, Zn) in seawater and zooplankton organisms (Copepoda) of the 

Arctic and Atlantic

1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pokora and Tukaj The combined effect of anthracene and cadmium on photosynthetic 

activity of three desmodesmus (Chlorophyta) species 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Polak-Juszczak Temporal trends in the bioaccumulation of trace metals in herring, sprat, 

and cod from the southern Baltic Sea in the 1994-2003 period 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Polar and Kucukcezzar Influence of some metal chelators and light regimes on bioaccumulation 

and toxicity of Cd2+ in duckweed (Lemna gibba)

1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Portmann and Wilson The toxicity of 140 substances to the brown shrimp and other marine 

animals 1971 Not North American species

Postma and Davids Tolerance induction and life cycle changes in cadmium-exposed 

Chironomus riparius (Diptera) during consecutive generation 1995 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Postma et al. Chronic toxicity of cadmium to Chironomus reparius (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) at different food levels 1994 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage
J-117

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Postma et al. Increased cadmium excretion in metal-adapted populations of the midge 

Chironomus riparius (Diptera) 1996

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Poteat et al. Divalent metal (Ca, Cd, Mn, Zn) uptake and interactions in the aquatic 

insect Hydropsyche sparna 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not reached (only 9 hour exposure)

Poulsen et al. Accumulation of cadmium and bioenergetics in the mussel Mytilus edulis 1982

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Poulton et al. Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations 

in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana 1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Pourang and Dennis Distribution of trace elements in tissues of two shrimp species from the 

Persian Gulf and roles of metallothionein in their redistribution 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Powell and Powell Trace Elements in Fish Overlying Subaqueous Tailings in the Tropical 

West Pacific 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Powell et al. Use of Azolla to assess toxicity and accumulation of metals from artificial 

and natural Sediment exposures containing cadmium, copper, and zinc 1998 Sediment exposure

Prafulla et al. Concentrations of trace metals in the squids, Loligo duvauceli and 

Doryteuthis sibogae caught from the southwest coast of India 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Prasad et al. Toxicity of cadmium and copper in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild-type 

(WT2137) and cell wall deficient mutant strain (CW15) 1998

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Pratap and Wendelaar Mineral composition and cadmium accumulation in Oreochromis 

mossambicus exposed to waterborne cadmium 2004 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle content

Prato and Biandolino Combined Toxicity of Mercury, Copper and Cadmium on Embryogenesis 

and Early Larval Stages of the Mytlius galloprovincialis 2007 Mixture

Prato and Biandolino Combined toxicity of mercury, copper and cadmium on embryogenesis 

and early larval stages of the Mytlius galloprovincialis 2007 Not North American species, duration too short

Prato et al. Effects of temperature on the sensitivity of Gammarus aequicauda

(Martynov, 1931) to cadmium 2009 Not North American species

Presing et al. Cadmium uptake and depuration in different organs of Lymnaea stagnalis

L. and the effect of cadmium on the natural zinc level 1993

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Pretto et al. Acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, and bioaccumulation in 

silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to cadmium 2010 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species
J-118

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Pretto et al. Effects of water cadmium concentrations on bioaccumulation and various 

oxidative stress parameters in Rhamdia quelen 2011 In vitro

Prevot and SoyerGobillard

Combined action of cadmium and selenium on two marine dinoflagellates 

in culture, Prorocentrum micans Ehrbg. and Crypthecodinium cohnii

Biecheler

1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Price and Knight

Mercury cadmium lead and arsenic in sediment exposures plankton and 

clams from Lake Washington and Sardis reservoir Mississippi October 

1975-may 1976

1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Prowe et al. Heavy metals in crustaceans from the Iberian Deep Sea Plain 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Pundir and Malhotra Haematological alterations induced by heavy metal cadmium toxicity in 

Clarias batrachus 2011 Only one exposure concentration

Pundir et al. Toxicopathological changes in liver of Clarias batrachus due to cadmium 

sulphate toxicity 2012 Dilution water not characterized

Puvaneswari and 

Karuppasamy

Accumulation of cadmium and its effects on the survival and growth of 

larvae of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) 2007 Unmeasured chronic exposure, duration too short, not North American species

Pynnonen Effect of pH, hardness and maternal pre-exposure on the toxicity of Cd, 

Cu and Zn to the glochidial larvae of a freshwater clam Anodonta cygnea 1995 Not North American species

Pytharopoulou et al. Translational responses and oxidative stress of mussels experimentally 

exposed to Hg, Cu and Cd: One pattern does not fit at all 2011 Mixture

Qian et al. Combined effect of copper and cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris growth 

and photosynthesis-related gene transcription 2009 Mixture

Qian et al. Photoperiod and temperature influence cadmium's effects on 

photosynthesis-related gene transcription in Chlorella vulgaris 2010 Mixture

Qian et al. Combined effect of copper and cadmium on heavy metal ion 

bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzymes induction in Chlorella vulgaris 2011 Mixture

Qichen et al. A comprehensive investigation of the toxic effects of heavy metals on fish 1988 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Qin et al. Effect of nanometer selenium on nonspecific immunity and antioxidase of 

gift stressed by cadmium 2011 Mixture

Qin et al. Immune responses and ultrastructural changes of hemocytes in freshwater 

crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to elevated cadmium 2012 In vitro

Qiu et al. Effects of calcium on the uptake and elimination of cadmium and zinc in 

Asiatic clams 2005 Mixture

Rachlin and Grosso The effects of pH on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and its interactions 

with cadmium toxicity 1991

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Rachlin and Grosso The growth response of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris to combined 

divalent cation exposure 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-119

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Radenac et al. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of four dissolved metals in Paracentrotus 

lividus sea-urchin embryo 2001

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; 

unmeasured exposure

Radhakrishnan and 

Hemalatha

Sublethal toxic effects of cadmium chloride to liver of freshwater fish 

Channa striatus (Bloch.) 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Radhakrishnan and 

Hemalatha

Bioaccumulation of cadmium in the organs of freshwater fish 

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) 2011 Not North American species

Rai et al. Chromium and cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity in Hydrilla 

verticillata (l.f.) Royle and Chara corallina Wildenow. 1995

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Raimundo et al. Geographical variation and partition of metals in tissues of Octopus 

vulgaris along the Portuguese coast 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raimundo et al.

Sub-cellular partitioning of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the digestive gland of 

native Octopus vulgaris exposed to different metal concentrations 

(Portugal)

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raimundo et al.

Association of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb with protein fractions and sub-cellular 

partitioning in the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris living in habitats 

with different metal levels.

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raimundo et al.

Decrease of Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations in marine fish species over a 

decade as response to reduction of anthropogenic inputs: the example of 

Tagus estuary.

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rainbow Accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd by crabs and barnacles 1985

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Rainbow and Black Cadmium, zinc and the uptake of calcium by two crabs, Carcinus maenas

and Eriocheir sinensis 2005 Excised tissue/cells

Rainbow and Kwan Physiological responses and the uptake of cadmium and zinc by the 

amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus 1995 Not North American species

Rainbow and Wang Comparative assimilation of Cd, Cr, Se, and Zn by the barnacle Elminius 

modestus from phytoplankton and zooplankton diets 2001 Dietary exposure

Rainbow and Wang Trace metals in barnacles: the significance of trophic transfer 2005 Review

Rainbow and White Comparative strategies of heavy metal accumulation by crustaceans: Zinc, 

copper and cadmium in a decapod, and amphipod and a barnacle 1989 Not North American species

Rainbow et al.

Effects of chelating agents on the accumulation of cadmium by the 

barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, and the complexation of soluble Cd, Zn 

and Cu

1980 Not North American species
J-120

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Rainbow et al.

Geographical and seasonal variation of trace metal bioavailabilities in the 

Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea using mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and 

barnacles (Balanus improvisus) as biomonitors

2004a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rainbow et al. Acute dietary pre-exposure and trace metal bioavailability to the barnacle 

Balanus amphitrite 2004b Dietary exposure

Rainwater et al. Metals and organochlorine pesticides in caudal scutes of crocodiles from 

Belize and Costa Rica 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raissy et al. Mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead in lobster (Panulirus homarus) from 

the Persian Gulf 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ralph and Burchett Photosynthetic response of Halophila ovalis to heavy metal stress 1998 Not North American species

Ramachandran et al. Effect of copper and cadmium on three Malaysian tropical estuarine 

invertebrate larvae 1997 Not North American species

Ramesha et al. Toxicity of cadmium to common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) 1996 Review of previously published data

Ramirez et al. Effects of chromium and cadmium upon respiration and survival of 

Callinectes similis 1989

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Ramos et al. Metal contents in Porites corals: Anthropogenic input of river run-off into 

a coral reef from an urbanized area, Okinawa 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ramsak et al.

Evaluation of metallothioneins in blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) 

as a biomarker of mercury and cadmium exposure in the Slovenian 

Waters (Gulf of Trieste): A long-term field study

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rangsayatorn et al. Ultrastructural changes in various organs of the fish Puntius gonionotus

fed cadmium-enriched cyanobacteria 2004 Dietary exposure

Rank et al.

DNA damage, acetylcholinesterase activity and lysosomal stability in 

native and transplanted mussels (Mytilus edulis) in areas close to coastal 

chemical dumping sites in Denmark

2007 Mixture

Rao and Madhyastha Toxicities of some heavy metals to the tadpoles of frog, Microhyla ornata

(Dumeril and Bibron) 1987 Not North American species

Rao et al. Toxic effect of two heavy metals on phytoplankton photosynthesis 1979 No species name given; dilution water not 

characterized

Rao et al. Distribution of contaminants in aquatic organisms from East Fork Poplar 

Creek 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Raposo et al. Trace metals in oysters, Crassotrea sps., from UNESCO protected natural 

reserve of Urdaibai: Space-time observations and source identification 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rasmussen et al. Effect of age and tissue weight on the cadmium concentration in Pacific 

oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

2007 Lack of details; exposure concentration not 

known
J-121

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Raungsomboon and 

Wongrat

Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic ecosystem 

involving phytoplankton, zooplankton, catfish and sediment 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 72 hour exposure), sediment exposure

Ray and White Selected aquatic plants as indicator species for heavy metal pollution 1976 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ray et al. Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead from two contaminated 

sediments by three marine invertebrates - a laboratory study 1981

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Rayms-Keller et al. Effect of heavy metals on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae 1998 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Raynal et al. Cadmium uptake in isolated adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout and 

yellow perch 2005 In vitro

Razinger et al. Real-time visualization of oxidative stress in a floating macrophyte Lemna 

minor L. exposed to cadmium, copper, menadione, and AAPH 2010 Mixture

Re et al. Estuarine sediment acute toxicity testing with the european amphipod 

Corophium multisetosum Stock, 1952 2009 Sediment

Reader et al.

The effects of eight trace metals in acid soft water on survival, mineral 

uptake and skeletal calcium deposition in yolk-sac fry of brown trout, 

Salmo trutta L.

1989

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Rebhun and Ben-Amotz The distribution of cadmium between the marine alga Chlorella 

stigmatophora and sea water medium 1984 Not North American species

Rebhun and Ben-Amotz Effect of NaCl concentration on cadmium uptake by the halophilic alga 

Dunaliella salina 1986 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Rebhun and Ben-Amotz Antagonistic effect of maganese to cadmium toxicity in the alga 

Dunaliella salina 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Reddy and Fingerman Effect of cadmium chloride on amylase activity in the red swamp crayfish, 

Procambarus clarkii 1994

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Reddy et al. Effects of cadmium and mercury on ovarian maturation in the red swamp 

crayfish, Procambarus clarkii 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Reddy et al. Biochemical effects of cadmium on the liver of catfish, Mystus tengara

(Ham.) 2010 In vitro

Reddy et al. Cadmium and mercury-induced hyperglycemia in the fresh water crab, 

Oziotelphusa senex senex: Involvement of neuroendocrine system 2011 Mixture

Reddy et al. Effect of cadmium, lead and zinc on growth of some cyanobacteria 2002 Lack of details; exposure concentration not 

known

Rehwoldt et al. The effect of increased temperature upon the acute toxicity of some heavy 

metal ions 1972 Questionable treatment of organisms; River water is dilution water (uncharacterized)

Rehwoldt et al. The acute toxicity of some heavy metals ions toward benthic organisms 1973 Questionable treatment of organisms
J-122

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Reichelt-Brushett and 

Harrison

The effect of selected trace metals on the fertilization success of several 

scleractinian coral species 2005 Not North American species, duration too short

Reichert et al. Uptake and metabolism of lead and cadmium in coho salmon 

(Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1979

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Reid and McDonald Metal binding activity of the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 1991

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Reinfelder and Fisher The assimilation of elements ingested by marine planktonic bivalve larvae 1994a Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Reinfelder and Fisher Retention of elements absorbed by juvenile fish (Menidia menidia,

Menidia beryllina) from zooplankton prey 1994b Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Reinfelder et al. Assimilation efficiencies and turnover rates of trace elements in marine 

bivalves: a comparison of oysters, clams and mussels 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Reish et al. The effect of cadmium and DDT on the survival and regeneration in the 

amphinomid polychaete Eurythoe complanata

1988 Not North American species

Rejomon et al. Trace metal concentrations in zooplankton from the eastern Arabian Sea 

and western Bay of Bengal 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rejomon et al. Trace metal dynamics in fishes from the southwest coast of India 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Remacle et al. Cadmium fate in bacterial microcosms 1982 Results were only presented graphically

Ren et al. Using factorial experiments to study the toxicity of metal mixtures 2004 Modeling

Ren et al. Bioavailability and oxidative stress of cadmium to Corbicula fluminea 2013 Sediment exposure

Revathi et al. Effect of cadmium on the ovarian development in the freshwater prawn 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) 2011 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water not characterized

Reynders et al.

Dynamics of cadmium accumulation and effects in common carp 

(Cyprinus carpio) during simultaneous exposure to water and food 

(Tubifex tubifex)

2006a Dietary exposure

Reynders et al. Patterns of gene expression in carp liver after exposure to a mixture of 

waterborne and dietary cadmium using a custom-made microarray 2006b Dietary exposure

Reynders et al. Accumulation and effects of metals in caged carp and resident roach along 

a metal pollution gradient 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Reynoldson et al.

A comparison of reproduction, growth and acute toxicity in two 

populations of Tubifex tubifex (Muller, 1774) from the North American 

Great Lakes and northern Spain

1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
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Rhea et al.

Biomonitoring in the Boulder River watershed, Montana, USA: Metal 

concentrations in biofilm and macroinvertebrates, and relations with 

macroinvertebrate assemblage

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rhodes et al. Interactive effects of cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls, and fuel oil on 

experimentally exposed English sole (Parophrys vetulus)

1985 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or 

by injection or gavage

Riba et al. The influence of pH and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals in 

sediment to the estuarine clam Ruditapes philippinarum 2004 Non-applicable

Ribo Interlaboratory comparison studies of the luminescent bacteria toxicity 

bioassay

1997

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Rice A simple mass transport model for metal uptake by marine macroalgae 

growing at different rates 1984 Review of previously published data

Rice and Chien Uptake, binding and clearance of divalent cadmium in Glycera 

dibranchiata (Annelida: Polychaeta) 1979

Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through; 

injected toxicant; dilution water not 

characterized

Richards et al. Effects of natural organic matter source on reducing metal toxicity to 

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and on metal binding to their gills 2001 Mixture

Richelle et al.

Experimental and field studies on the effect of selected heavy metals on 

three freshwater sponge species: Ephydatia fluviatilis, Ephydatia muelleri 

and Spongilla lacustris

1995 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Riches et al. Effect of heavy metals on lipids from the freshwater alga Selenastrum 

capricornutum 1996 In vitro

Riddell et al. Behavioral responses to sublethal cadmium exposure within an 

experimental aquatic food web 2005b Only two exposure concentrations, duration too long

Riddell et al. Sublethal effects of cadmium on prey choice and capture efficiency in 

juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

2005a Only two exposure concentration, atypical 

endpoint

Ridlington et al. Metallothionein and Cu-chelation: Characterization of metal-binding 

proteins from the tissues of four marine animals 1981 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Ridout et al. Concentrations of manganese iron copper zinc and cadmium in the 

mesopelagic decapod Systellaspis debilis from the east Atlantic ocean 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Riedel and Christensen Effect of selected water toxicants and other chemicals upon adenosine 

triphosphatase activity in vitro 1979 In vitro

Riget et al. Influence of length on element concentrations in blue mussels (Mytilus 

edulis)

1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Riisgard et al. Accumulation of cadmium in the mussel Mytilus edulis: Kinetics and 

importance of uptake via food and sea water 1987

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured
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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Ringwood Accumulation of cadmium by larvae and adults of an Hawaiian bivalve, 

Isognomon californicum, during chronic exposure 1989

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Ringwood The relative sensitivities of different life stages of Isognomon 

californicum to cadmium toxicity 1990 Not North American species

Ringwood Effects of chronic cadmium exposures on growth of larvae of an Hawaiian 

bivalve, Isognomon californicum 1992b Not North American species

Ringwood

Comparative sensitivity of gametes and early developmental stages of a 

sea urchin species (Echinometra mathaei) and a bivalve species 

(Isognomon californicum) during metal exposures

1992a

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Ringwood Age-specific differences in cadmium sensitivity and bioaccumulation in 

bivalve molluscs 1993

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Risso-de Faverney et al. Cadmium induces apoptosis and genotoxicity in rainbow trout 

hepatocytes through generation of reactive oxygen species 2001 In vitro

Ritterhoff et al.

Calibration of the estuarine amphipods, Gammarus zaddachi Sexton 

(1912), as biomonitors: Toxicokinetics of cadmium and possible role of 

inducible metal-binding proteins in Cd detoxification

1996 Not North American species

Roach et al. Assessment of metals in fish from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, 

Australia 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roast et al. Impairment of mysid (Neomysis integer) swimming ability: An 

environmentally realistic assessment of the impact of cadmium exposure 2001a Only two exposure concentrations, duration too long

Roast et al. Trace metal uptake by the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: the role 

of osmoregulation 2002c

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North 

American species

Roast et al.

Distribution and swimming behaviour of Neomysis integer (Peracarida: 

Mysidacea) in response to gradients of dissolved oxygen following 

exposure to cadmium at environmental concentrations

2002b Review

Roberto et al. Carbonic anhydrase activity in Mytilus galloprovincialis digestive gland: 

Sensitivity to heavy metal exposure 2010 Mixture

Robertson and Liber Bioassays with caged Hyalella azteca to determine in situ toxicity 

downstream of two Saskatchewan, Canada, uranium operations 2007 Mixture

Roccheri et al. Cadmium induces the expression of specific stress proteins in sea urchin 

embryos 2004 Not North American species
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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Roch and Mccarter Metallothionein induction, growth, and survival of chinook salmon 

exposed to zinc, copper, and cadmium 1984 Mixture

Roch and McCarter Metallothionein induction growth and survival of rainbow trout exposed 

to mixed heavy metal contamination 1986 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Roch et al. Determination of no effect levels of heavy metals for rainbow trout using 

hepatic metallothionein 1986 Mixture

Rodgher and Espindola Effects of interactions between algal densities and cadmium 

concentrations on Ceriodaphnia dubia fecundity and survival 2008 Dietary exposure

Rodrigues and 

Pawlowsky

Acute toxicity tests by bioassays applied to the solubilized extracts of 

solid wastes Class II A - non inerts and Class II B 2007 Text in foreign language

Rodriguez et al. Accumulation of lead, chromium, and cadmium in muscle of capitan 

(Eremophilus mutisii), a catfish from the Bogota River Basin 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roesijadi and Fellingham Influence of Cu, Cd, and Zn preexposure on Hg toxicity in the mussel 

Mytilus edulis 1987 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Roesijadi et al. Dietary cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene increased intestinal metallothionein 

expression in the fish Fundulus heteroclitus 2009 Dietary exposure

Roh et al. A cadmium toxicity assay using stress responsive Caenorhabditis elegans

mutant strains 2009 Data previously reported

Roline and Boehmke Heavy metals pollution of the Upper Arkansas River, Colorado, and its 

effects on the distribution of the aquatic macrofauna 1981 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roman et al. Seasonal studies on cadmium toxicity in Choromytilus chorus (Molina 

1782) 1994 Not North American species

Rombough The influence of the zona radiata on the toxicities of zinc, lead, mercury, 

copper and silver ions to embryos of steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri 1985

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Romeo Toxicology of trace metals in the marine 1991 Text in foreign language

Romeo and GnassiaBarelli

Metal distribution in different tissues and in subcellular fractions of the 

Mediterranean clam Ruditapes decussatus treated with cadmium, copper, 

or zinc

1995 Not North American species

Romera et al. Comparative study of biosorption of heavy metals using different types of 

algae 2007 No cadmium toxicity information; treatment study

Romera et al. Biosorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn with mixture of different types of algae 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 120 minute exposure)

Romera et al. Biosorption of heavy metals by Fucus spiralis 2008b Mixture

Romera et al. Biosorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn with mixtures of different types of algae 2008a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Romero et al. Toxic effects of cadmium on microalgae isolated from the northeastern 

region of Venezuela 2002 Non-applicable

Ros and Slooff Integrated criteria document cadmium; Appendix 1. Effects 1988 Review
J-126

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Rosas and Ramirez Effect of chromium and cadmium on the thermal tolerance of the prawn 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii expose to hard and soft water 1993

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Rosas et al. Trace metal concentrations in southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) 

at Peninsula Valdes, Argentina. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Roseman et al. bsorption of cadmium from water by North American zebra and quagga 

mussels (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) 1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Rossi and Jamet

In situ heavy metals (copper, lead and cadmium) in different plankton 

compartments and suspended particulate matter in two coupled 

Mediterranean coastal ecosystems (Toulon Bay, France)

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rouleau et al.

Kinetics and body distribution of waterborne 65Zn(II), 109Cd(II), 203Hg(II), 

and CH3

203Hg(II) in phantom midge larvae (Chaoborus americanus) and 

effects of complexing agents

1998 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or 

bioconcentration

Rowe Elevated standard metabolic rate in a freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes 

paludosus) exposed to trace element-rich coal combustion waste 1998 Mixture

Roy et al. Adsorption of heavy metals by green algae and ground rice hulls 1993 In vitro

Ruan Contents of and assessment on heavy metals in aquatic organisms in the 

Yuandang Lake of Xiamen 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ruangsomboon and 

Wongrat

Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic food chain 

involving phytoplankton (Chlorella vulgaris), zooplankton (Moina 

macrocopa), and the predatory catfish Clarias macrocephalus x C. 

gariepinus

2006 Dietary exposure

Rubinstein et al.

Accumulation of PCBs, mercury and cadmium by Nereis virens, 

Mercenaria mercenaria and Palaemontes pugio from contaminated 

harbor sediments

1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Ruelaqs-Inzunza and 

Paez-Osuna

Trophic Distribution of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a Food Web from AltataEnsenada del Pabellon Subtropical Lagoon, SE Gulf of California 2008 SS not do

Ruelas-Inzunza et al. Trophic distribution of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a food web from AltataEnsenada del Pabellon subtropical lagoon, SE Gulf of California 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ruelle and Keenlyne Contaminants in Missouri River pallid sturgeon 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Rumolo et al. Heavy metals in benthic foraminifera from the highly polluted sediments 

of the Naples Harbour (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Saavedra et al. Interspecific variation of metal concentrations in three bivalve mollusks 

from Galicia 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Safadi The use of freshwater planarians in acute toxicity test with heavy metals 1998 Not North American species
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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Saglam et al. Investigations on the osmoregulation of freshwater fish (Oreochromis 

niloticus) following exposures to metals (Cd, Cu) in differing hardness 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Saglamtimur et al.

Effects of different concentrations of copper alone and a copper+cadmium 

mixture on the accumulation of copper in the gill, liver, kidney and 

muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

2003 Mixture

Sahu et al. Accumulation of metals in naturally grown weeds (aquatic macrophytes) 

grown on an industrial effluent channel 2007 Effluent

Saiki et al.

Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in juvenile chinook salmon 

and selected fish-forage organisms (aquatic insects) in the upper 

Sacramento River, California

2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sajwan et al. Elemental status in sediment and American oyster collected from 

Savannah marsh/estuarine ecosystem: A preliminary assessment 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salahshur et al. Use of Solen brevis as a biomonitor for Cd, Pb and Zn on the intertidal 

zones of Bushehr-Persian Gulf, Iran. 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salanki et al. Heavy metals in animals of Lake Balaton 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salazar-Lugo et al. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on structure of head kidney of 

neotropical fish Colossoma macropomum 2011 Abstract only

Salazar-Medina et al. Inhibition by Cu2+ and Cd2+ of a mu-class glutathione S-transferase from 

shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 2010 In vitro

Saleem et al. Heavy metal concentration in the fish and shellfish of Karachi harbour 

area

1999 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Salice et al. Demographic responses to multigeneration cadmium exposure in two 

strains of the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria glabrata 2009 Prior exposure, unmeasured chronic exposure

Salice et al. Adaptive responses and latent costs of multigeneration cadmium exposure 

in parasite resistant and susceptible strains of a freshwater snail 2010 Too few exposure concentrations, atypical endpoint

Salvado et al. Monitoring of nutrients, pesticides, and metals in waters, sediments, and 

fish of a wetland 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Samecka-Cymerman and 

Kempers

Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes from two small rivers polluted by 

urban, agricultural and textile industry sewages SW Poland 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Samecka-Cymerman et al. Heavy metals in aquatic bryophytes from the Ore mountains (Germany) 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sanchez Development of novel biomarkers of fish exposure to environmental 

contaminants 2009 Injected toxicant

Sanchez-Chardi et al.

Bioaccumulation of lead, mercury, and cadmium in the greater whitetoothed shrew, Crocidura russula, from the Ebro Delta (NE Spain): Sexand age-dependent variation

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sanchiz et al.

Bioaccumulation of Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn in four marine phanerogams and 

the alga Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) Lamouroux from the east coast of 

Spain

1999 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sanchiz et al. Relationships between sediment physico-chemical characteristics and 

heavy metal bioaccumulation in Mediterranean soft-bottom macrophytes 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sanchiz et al. Mercury, cadmium, lead and zinc bioaccumulation in soft-bottom marine 

macrophytes from the east coast of Spain 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sandau et al. Heavy metal sorption by microalagae 1996 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Sandhu et al. Cadmium-mediated disruption of cortisol biosynthesis involves 

suppression of corticosteroidogenic genes in rainbow trout 2011 In vitro

Sandhu et al.

Exposure to environmental levels of waterborne cadmium impacts 

corticosteroidogenic and metabolic capacities, and compromises 

secondary stressor performance in rainbow trout

2014 Only two exposure concentrations

Sandrini et al.

Short-term responses to cadmium exposure in the estuarine polychaete 

Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae): Subcellular distribution and 

oxidative stress generation

2006 Only one exposure concentration, duration too 

short, not North American species

Sanger et al. The effects of cadmium on Mytilus edulis: Metallothionein, micronuclei 

and heart rate 2002 Non-applicable

Santojanni et al. Prediction of fecundity in chronic toxicity tests on Daphnia magna 1998

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Santoro et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macroinvertebrates along the 

Basento River in the south of Italy 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Santos et al.

Biomonitoring of metal contamination in a marine prosobranch snail 

(Nassarius reticulatus) by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled 

plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sapozhnikova et al. Evaluation of pesticides and metals in fish of the Dniester River, Moldova 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sarma et al.

Effect of cadmium and chromium toxicity on the demography and 

population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus

(Rotifera)

2006 Duration too short, not North American species

Sarosiek et al. The effect of copper, zinc, mercury and cadmium on some sperm enzyme 

activities in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) 2009 Mixture

Sasikumar et al. Monitoring trace metal contaminants in green mussel, Perna viridis from 

the coastal waters of Karnataka, southwest coast of India 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sasmaz et al. The accumulation of heavy metals in Typha latifolia L. grown in a stream 

carrying secondary effluent 2008 Effluent

Sassi et al. Influence of high temperature on cadmium-induced skeletal deformities in 

juvenile mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)

2010 Only one exposure concentration, dilution water 

not characterized
J-129

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sastry and Shukla Influence of protective agents in the toxicity of cadmium to a freshwater 

fish (Channa punctatus)

1994 Not North American species

Sastry and Sunita Effect of cadmium and chromium on the intestinal absorption of glucose 

in the snakehead fish, Channa punctatus 1982 Not North American species

Satake et al. Inorganic elements in some aquatic bryophytes from streams in New 

Caledonia 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sauter et al.

Effects of exposure to heavy metals on selected freshwater fish. Toxicity 

of copper, cadmium, chromium and lead to eggs and fry of seven fish 

species

1976 High control mortality reported

Sauvant et al. Toxicity assessment of 16 inorganic environmental pollutants by six 

bioassays 1997

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Sauve et al. Phagocytic response of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates following in 

vitro exposure to trace elements 2002a In vitro

Sauve et al. Phagocytic activity of marine and freshwater bivalves: In vitro exposure 

of hemocytes to metals (Ag, Cd, Hg and Zn) 2002b In vitro

Saxena et al. Experimental studies on toxicity of zinc and cadmium to Heteropneustes 

fossilis (Bl.) 1993 Not North American species

Saygideger and Dogan Lead and cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the presence of EDTA in 

Lemna minor L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. 2004 Mixture

Saygideger and Dogan Variation of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in aquatic macrophytes from 

the Seyhan River, Adana, Turkey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Saygideger et al. Adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions by Lemna minor L.: Effect of 

physicochemical environment 2005 Mixture

Sayk and Schmidt Algae fluorescence auto meter, a computer-controlled measuring 

apparatus biotest 1986 Text in foreign language

Schaeffer et al. Evaluation of the reference toxicant addition procedure for testing the 

toxicity of environmental samples 1991 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Schafer et al. Biotests using unicellular algae and ciliates for predicting long-term 

effects of toxicants 1994 Not North American species

Schiff et al. Characterization of stormwater toxicants from an urban watershed to 

freshwater and marine organisms 2002 Effluent

Schintu et al. Trace metals in algae from the south-western coast of Sardinia (Italy) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmidt Possible use and results of an algal fluorescence bioassay 1987 Text in foreign language

Schmitt Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, selenium, and zinc in 

fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. Organochlorine residues and elemental contaminants in U.S. freshwater 

fish, 1976-1986: National contaminant biomonitoring program 1999 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-130

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Schmitt et al. Biochemical effects of lead, zinc, and cadmium from mining on fish in the 

tri-states district of northeastern Oklahoma, USA 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. A screening-level assessment of lead, cadmium, and zinc in fish and 

crayfish from northeastern Oklahoma, USA 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. Accumulation of metals in fish from lead-zinc mining areas of 

southeastern Missouri, USA 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al.

Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and zinc in blood and 

fillets of northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans) from streams 

contaminated by lead-zinc mining: Implications for monitoring

2009a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schmitt et al. Concentrations of metals in aquatic invertebrates from the Ozark National 

Scenic Riverways, Missouri 2009b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schoenert et al. The sensitivity of six strains of unicellular algae Selenastrum 

capricornutum to six reference toxicants 1983 Abstract only

Schor-Fumbarov et al. Characterization of cadmium uptake by the water lily Nymphaea aurora 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure

Schorr and Backer Localized effects of coal mine drainage on fish assemblages in a 

Cumberland plateau stream in Tennessee 2006 Mixture

Schroeder

Development of models for the prediction of short-term and long-term 

toxicity to Hyalella azteca from separate exposures to nickel and 

cadmium

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Schuwerack et al. The dynamics of protein and metal metabolism in acclimated and Cdexposed freshwater crabs (Potamonautes warreni)2009 Only one exposure concentration, duration too 

short, not North American species

Schwartz et al. Influence of natural organic matter source on acute copper, lead, and 

cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2004 Mixture

Secor et al.

Bioaccumulation of toxicants, element and nutrient composition, and soft 

tissue histology of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from New York 

State waters

1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sedlacek et al. Influence of different aquatic humus fractions on uptake of cadmium to 

alga Selenastrum capriconutum Printz 1989

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Seebaugh and Wallace Assimilation and subcellular partitioning of elements by grass shrimp 

collected along an impact gradient 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Seebaugh et al. Digestive toxicity in grass shrimp collected along an impact gradient 2011 Fed toxicant

Seebaugh et al. Carbon assimilation and digestive toxicity in naive grass shrimp 

(Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to dietary cadmium 2012 Fed toxicant

Segner and Lenz Cytotoxicity assays with the rainbow trout R1 cell line 1993 In vitro
J-131

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Segovia-Zavala et al.

Cadmium and silver in Mytilus californianus transplanted to an 

anthropogenic influenced and coastal upwelling areas in the Mexican 

northeastern Pacific

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sehgal and Saxena Determination of acute toxicity levels of cadmium and lead to the fish 

Lebistes reticulatus (Peters) 1987 Not North American species

Sekine and Noriko

Studies on the accumulation and transfer of pollutants through food chain. 

6. Study on the optimum condition on simulation test and effect of 

culturing density on the toxicity of cadmium for killifish throughout the 

year

1985 Text in foreign language

Sekkat et al. Study of the interactions between copper, cadmium, and ferbam using the 

protozoan Colpidium campylum bioassay 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Selck and Forbes The relative importance of water and diet for uptake and subcellular 

distribution of cadmium in the deposit-feeding polychaete, Capitella sp. 2004

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North 

American species

Sellin et al. Cadmium exposures in fathead minnows: Are there sex-specific 

differences in mortality, reproductive success, and Cd accumulation? 2007 Only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Semsari and Megateli Effect of cadmium toxicity on survival and phototactic behaviour of 

Daphnia magna 2007 Duration too short, only one exposure concentration

Sen and Sunlu

Effects of cadmium (CdCl(2)) on development and hatching of eggs in 

European squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) (Cephalopoda: 

Loliginidae)

2007 No acclimation to test media, not North 

American species

Senadheera and Pathiratne Bioaccumulation potential of three toxic heavy metals in shrimp, Penaeus 

monodon from different fractions of the culture environment 2003 Bioaccumulation: field study, exposure concentration not known

Senger et al. In vitro effect of zinc and cadmium on acetylcholinesterase and 

ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain 2006 In vitro

Serafim and Bebianno Kinetic model of cadmium accumulation and elimination and 

metallothionein response in Ruditapes decussatus 2007 Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle content; not North American species 

Serafim and Bebianno Effect of a polymetallic mixture on metal accumulation and 

metallothionein response in the clam Ruditapes decussatus 2010 Mixture

Serafim et al. Effect of temperature and size on metallothionein synthesis in the gill of 

Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium 2002 Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Serfozo Necrotic effects of the xenobiotics' accumulation in the central nervous 

system of a crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschz.) 1993 Lack of exposure details

Servizi and Martens Effects of selected heavy metals on early life of sockeye and pink salmon 1978 Questionable treatment of test organisms or 

inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Seth et al. Toxic effect of arsenate and cadmium alone and in combination on giant 

duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza L.) in response to its accumulation 2007 Excessive EDTA in medium (2,628 ug/L)
J-132

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Shanmukhappa and 

Neelakantan

Influence of humic acid on the toxicity of copper, cadmium and lead to 

the unicellular alga, Synechosystis aquatilis 1990 Not North American species

Sharma and Patino

Effects of cadmium, estradiol-17beta and their interaction on gonadal 

condition and metamorphosis of male and female african clawed frog, 

Xenopus laevis

2010 Only one exposure concentration

Sharma and Selvaraj Zinc, lead and cadmium toxicity to selected freshwater zooplankters 1994 Organisms only acclimated 5 days, lake water 

(dilution water) not completely characterized

Sharma et al. Diurnal variation of Texas "brown tide" (Aureoumbra lagunensis) in 

relation to metals 2000 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shaw et al. Gene response profiles for Daphnia pulex exposed to the environmental 

stressor cadmium reveals novel crustacean metallothioneins 2007 Lack of detail

Shazili Effects of salinity and pre-exposure on acute cadmium toxicity to seabass, 

Lates calcarifer 1995 Not North American species

Shcherban Toxicity of some heavy metals for Daphnia magna Strauss, as a function 

of temperature 1977 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Sheela et al. Impact of cadmium on food utilization, growth and body composition in 

the fish Oreochromis mossambicus 1995 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Sheir and Handy

Tissue injury and cellular immune responses to cadmium chloride 

exposure in the common mussel Mytilus edulis: Modulation by 

lipopolysaccharide

2010 In vitro

Shi and Wang Understanding the differences in Cd and Zn bioaccumulation and 

subcellular storage among different populations of marine clams 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shiber and Shatila Lead cadmium copper nickel and iron in limpets mussels and snails from 

the coast of Ras Beirut Lebanon 1978 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shilla et al. Distribution of heavy metals in dissolved, particulate and biota in the 

Scheldt Estuary, Belgium 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shirakashi and ElMatbouliEffect of cadmium on the susceptibility of Tubifex tubifex to Myxobolus 

cerebralis (Myxozoa), the causative agent of whirling disease 2010 Mixture

Shirvani and Jamili Assessing Cd, Pb accumulation in the tissues of Chalcalbumus chalcoides

in Anzali Port 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shivaraj and Patil Toxicity of cadmium and copper to a freshwater fish Puntius arulius 1988 Not North American species

Shuhaimi-Othman and 

Pascoe

Bioconcentration and depuration of copper, cadmium, and zinc mixtures 

by the freshwater amphipod Hyallela azteca

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 5 day exposure)

Shuhaimi-Othman et al. Toxicity of eight metals to Malaysian freshwater midge larva Chironomus 

javanus (Diptera, Chironomidae) 2011 Not North American species

Shuhaimi-Othman et al. Toxicity of metals to tadpoles of the common Sunda toad, Duttaphrynus 

melanostictus 2012a Not North American species
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Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Shukla et al. Effect of cadmium individually and in combination with other metals on 

the nutritive value of fresh water fish, Channa punctatus 2002 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

Shukla et al. Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd in Channa punctatus 2007b

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North 

American species

Shukla et al. Preferential accumulation of cadmium and chromium: Toxicity in Bacopa 

monnieri L. under mixed metal treatments 2007a Mixture

Shulkin and Presley

Metal concentrations in mussel Crenomytilus grayanus and oyster 

Crassostrea gigas in relation to contamination of ambient sediment 

exposures

2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Shulkin et al. The influence of metal concentration in bottom sediments on metal 

accumulation by Mytilids crenomytilus grayanus and Modiolus kurilensis 2002 Sediment exposure

Siboni et al. Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory 

gastropod Hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sick and Baptist Cadmium incorporation by the marine copepod Pseudodiaptomous 

coronatus

1979

Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes 

and were not used because of the possibility of 

isotope discrimination

Sidoumou et al. Cadmium and calcium uptake in the mollusc Donax rugosus and effect of 

a calcium channel blocker 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Sidoumou et al. Heavy metal concentrations in molluscs from the Senegal coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sieratowicz et al.

Effects of test media on reproduction in Potamopyrgus antipodarum and 

of pre-exposure population densities on sensitivity to cadmium in a 

reproduction test

2013 Only one exposure concentration

Sikorska and Wolnicki Cadmium toxicity to rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.) larvae after 

short-term exposure 2006 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, not North American species

Silva et al.

Utilization of Odontesthes regia (Atherinidae) from the south eastern 

Pacific as a test organism for bioassays: Study of its sensitivity to six 

chemicals

2001 Duration too short, not North American species

Silva et al. Effects of phenanthrene- and metal-contaminated sediment on the feeding 

activity of the harpacticoid copepod, Schizopera knabeni 2009 Sediment exposure

Silvestre et al. Uptake of cadmium through isolated perfused gills of the chinese mitten 

crab, Eriocheir sinensis 2004 Non-applicable

Silvestre et al. Hyper-osmoregulatory capacity of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir 

sinensis) exposed to cadmium; Acclimation during chronic exposure 2005 High control mortality (26%), not North American species

Simas et al. Shrimp - a dynamic model of heavy-metal uptake in aquatic macrofauna 2001 Modeling
J-134

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Simoes Goncalves et al. Effect of nutrients, temperature and light on uptake of cadmium by 

Selenastrum capricornutum Printz 1988

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Simoes Goncalves et al. Effect of speciation on uptake and toxicity of cadmium to shrimp 

Crangon crangon (L.) 1989 Not North American species

Simon et al. In situ evaluation of cadmium biomarkers in green algae 2011 Effluent

Simonetti et al. Heavy-metal concentrations in soft tissues of the burrowing crab 

Neohelice granulata in Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Simonova et al. Comparison of tolerance of Brassica juncea and Vigna radiata to 

cadmium 2007 Non-aquatic plants

Sindhe et al. Ovarian changes in response to heavy metal exposure to the fish, 

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) 2002 Dilution water not characterized, lack of exposure details, not North American species

Singh Toxic effects of cadmium chloride n growth and oogonium formation in 

Oedogonium hatei 2005 Lack of details, no statistical analysis

Singh and Ferns Accumulation of heavy metals in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

(Richardson) maintained on a diet containing activated sewage sludge 1978 Effluent

Singh et al. Changes in haematocrit values of Labeo rohita (Ham.) under the toxicity 

of cadmium chloride 2003 Lack of details, not North American species

Singh et al. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and body tissues of red 

worm (Tubifex spp.) collected from natural habitats in Mumbai, India 2007b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Singh et al. Cadmium induced changes on the secretion of branchial mucous cells of 

peppered loach, Lepdocephalichthys guntea 2007a

Dilution water not characterized, only one 

exposure concentration, not North American 

species, duration too long

Singh et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium in tissues of Cirrihna mrigala and Catla 

catla 2008 Lack of details; not North American species

Sinha et al. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu and Cd in Vallisneria spiralis (L.). 1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Sinha et al. Calorific changes in liver, ovary and muscle of hill stream fish Garra 

mullya (sykes) due to cadmium toxicity 2001

Unmeasured chronic exposure, only one 

exposure concentration, not North American 

species

Siva Kiran et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium in blue green alga Spirulina (Arthrospira) 

indica 2012 Excessive EDTA in medium (80,000 ug/L)

Skinner et al. Heavy metal concentrations in wild and cultured blacklip abalone 

(Haliotis rubra Leach) from southern Australian waters 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-135

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Skorkowski et al. Effect of cadmium and glutathione on malic enzyme activity in brown 

shrimps (Crangon crangon) from the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea, Poland) 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Skowronski and 

Przytocka-Jusiak

Effect of cadmium on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and Stichococcus 

baccillaris 1981 Cannot determine effect concentration, no statistical analysis

Skowronski and 

Przytocka-Jusiak Cadmium removal by green alga Stichococcus bacillaris 1986

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Skowronski et al. Reduction of cadmium toxicity to green microalga Stichococcus bacillaris

by manganese 1988 Review of previously published data

Skowronski et al. The influence of pH on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Stichococcus 

bacillaris and on the cadmium forms present in the culture medium 1991

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Slobodskova et al. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cadmium in gill cells of the clam 

Corbicula japonica using the Comet Assay 2010 In vitro

Sloman et al. The effects of trace metal exposure on agonistic encounters in juvenile 

rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 2003a Only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Sloman et al. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus 

mykiss 2003b Only one exposure concentration, duration too short

Sloof et al. Kinetics of cadmium uptake by green algae 1995 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Smith et al. Distribution and significance of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in the 

Corio Bay ecosystem 1981

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Smith et al. Chemical contaminants, lymphocystis, and dermal sarcoma in walleyes 

spawning in the Thames River, Ontario 1992 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Smith et al. Inhibited cytotoxic leukocyte activity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 

following exposure to immunotoxic chemicals 1999a Injected toxicant

Smith et al.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and rodents exhibit similar patterns of 

inhibited antibody production following exposure to immunotoxic 

chemicals

1999b Injected toxicant

Smokorowski et al.

Quantifying the uptake and release of cadmium and copper by the 

opossum shrimp Mysis relicta preying upon the cladoceran Daphnia 

magna using stable isotope tracers

1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Snodgrass et al. Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to 

embryonic and larval amphibians: Variation in sensitivity among species 2008 Sediment exposure

Soares et al. Vanadium and cadmium in vivo effects in teleost cardiac muscle: Metal 

accumulation and oxidative stress markers 2008 Mixture
J-136

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sobhan and Sternberg Cadmium removal using cladophora 1999 No useable data on cadmium toxicity or 

bioconcentration

Sobral et al. In vitro development of parthenogenetic eggs: a fast ecotoxicity test with 

Daphnia magna?

2001 In vitro

Sobrino-Figueroa and 

Caceres-Martinez

Alterations of valve closing behavior in juvenile catarina scallops 

(Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby, 1842) exposed to toxic metals 2009 Mixture

Softeland et al. Toxicological application of primary hepatocyte cell cultures of Atlantic 

cod (Gadus morhua)--effects of BNF, PCDD and Cd 2010 In vitro

Sokolova et al.

Effects of temperature and cadmium exposure on the mitochondria of 

oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to hypoxia and subsequent 

reoxygenation

2012 Abstract only

Sokolova et al.

Cadmium exposure affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and gene 

expression of key mitochondrial proteins in the eastern oyster Crassostrea 

virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)

2005b Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured 

chronic exposure

Sokolova et al. Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of 

eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) 2005a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; unmeasured exposure

Sokolowski et al.

The relationship between metal concentrations and phenotypes in the 

Baltic clam Macoma balthica (L.) from the Gulf of Gdansk, southern 

Baltic

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Sola et al.

Heavy metal bioaccumulation and macroinvertebrate community changes 

in a Mediterranean stream affected by acid mine drainage and an 

accidental spill (Guadiamar River, SW Spain)

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Solanke et al. Toxicity of cadmium in fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio 2012 Dilution water not characterized; only one 

exposure concentration

Sole Rovira et al. Effects on metallothionein levels and other stress defenses in Senegal sole 

larvae exposed to cadmium 2005

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

unmeasured exposure; not North American 

species

Soltan and Rashed Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth under several 

conditions of heavy metal concentrations 2003 Distilled water without the proper salts, only one exposure concentration

Sommer and Winkler The effect of heavy metals on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration 

of Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. 1982 Text in foreign language

Song et al.

Single and joint toxic effects of benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium on 

development of three-setiger juvenile of ploychaete Pernereis aibuhitensis 

Grube

2011 Text in foreign language

Sooksawat et al. Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: Bioaccumulation and toxicity 

studies of cadmium, lead and zinc 2013 Only two exposure concentration; Bioaccumalation: steady state not documented

Sorgeloos et al. The use of Artemia nauplii for toxicity tests - a critical analysis 1978 Artemia
J-137

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sornom et al. Effects of sublethal cadmium exposure on antipredator behavioural and 

antitoxic responses in the invasive amphipod, Dikerogammarus villosus 2012 Only one exposure concentration, not North American species

Soto-Jimenez et al.

Nonessential metals in striped marlin and Indo-Pacific sailfish in the 

southeast Gulf of California, Mexico: concentration and assessment of 

human health risk

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Souid et al. Effect of acute cadmium exposure on metal accumulation and oxidative 

stress biomarkers of Sparus aurata 2013 Only one exposure concentration

Soukupova et al. Effect of cadmium(II) ions on level of biologically active compounds in 

carps and invertebrates 2011 Abstract only

Sovenyi and Szakolczai Studies on the toxic and immunosuppressive effects of cadmium on the 

common carp

1993 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Spann et al. Size-dependent effects of low level cadmium and zinc exposure on the 

metabolome of the asian clam, Corbicula fluminea 2011 Mixture

Specht et al. Structural, functional, and recovery responses of stream invertebrates to 

fly ash effluent 1984 Effluent

Sprague Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish i. bioassay methods for acute 

toxicity 1969 Review

Sprenger et al. Concentrations of trace elements in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from 

six acidic lakes 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Spry and Wiener Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: A critical 

review 1991 Review of previously published data

Srivastav et al. Ultimobranchial gland of a freshwater teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis, in 

response to cadmium treatment 2009 In vitro

Srivastava and Appenroth Interaction of EDTA and iron on the accumulation of Cd2+ in duckweeds 

(Lemnaceae) 1995

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Srivastava et al. Physiological changes in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis

following exposure to cadmium 2001 Dilution water not characterized, not North American species

St. Louis Element concentrations in chironomids and their abundance in the littoral 

zone of acidified lakes in Northwestern Ontario 1993 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stanley et al.

A comparison of chronic cadmium effects on Hyalella azteca in effluentdominated stream mesocosms to similar laboratory exposures in effluent 

and reconstituted hard water

2005 High (55%) control mortality

Stary and Kratzer The cumulation of toxic metals on alga 1982 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies
J-138

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Stary et al. The cumulation of zinc and cadmium in fish (Poecilia reticulata) 1982

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Stary et al. Cumulation of zinc, cadmium and mercury on the alga Scenedesmus 

obliquus 1983 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Staub et al. Respiratory and reproductive characteristics of eastern mosquitofish 

(Gambusia holbrooki) inhabiting a coal ash settling basin 2004 Effluent

Stawarz et al. Heavy-metal concentration in the toad Bufo bufo from a region of 

Mochovce, Slovakia 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stefano et al. Cholinesterase activities in the scallop Pecten jacobaeus: Characterization 

and effects of exposure to aquatic contaminants 2008 Non-applicable

Stepanyan et al.

Effect of molybdenum, chrome and cadmium ions on metamorphosis and 

erythrocytes morphology of the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus

(Amphibia: Anura)

2011 Not North American species, only one exposure 

concentration

Stephenson and Macki Net cadmium flux in Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda) populations 

from five central Ontario lakes 1989 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Stern and Stern Effects of fly ash heavy metals on Daphnia magna 1980 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Stoiber Analysis of toxicity biomarkers for understanding copper and cadmium 

stress in freshwater algae 2011 EDTA in exposure media not defined

Stoiber et al. Relationships between surface-bound and internalized copper and 

cadmium and toxicity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stokes and Dreier Copper requirement of a copper-tolerant isolate of Scenedesmus and the 

effect of copper depletion on tolerance 1981 Not applicable

Stolyar et al. Comparison of metal bioavailability in frogs from urban and rural sites of 

western Ukraine 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stom and Zubareva Comparative resistance of Daphnia and Epischura to toxic substances in 

acute exposure 1994 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Storelli and Marcotrigiano Heavy metal monitoring in fish, bivalve molluscs, water, and sediments 

from Varano Lagoon, Italy 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli and Marcotrigiano

Content of mercury and cadmium in fish (Thunnus alalunga) and 

cephalopods (Eledone moschata) from the southeastern Mediterranean 

Sea

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli et al. Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in swordfish and 

bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: A comparative study 2005b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli et al. Trace elements in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the eastern 

Mediterranean Sea: overview and evaluation 2005a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-139

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Storelli et al. Metals and organochlorine compounds in eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the 

Lesina lagoon, Adriatic Sea (Italy) 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Storelli et al.

Total and subcellular distribution of trace elements (Cd, Cu and Zn) in the 

liver and kidney of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the 

Mediterranean Sea

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stout et al. Phytoprotective influence of bacteria on growth and cadmium 

accumulation in the aquatic plant Lemna minor 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Strady et al. Roles of regional hydrodynamic and trophic contamination in cadmium 

bioaccumulation by Pacific oysters in the Marennes-Oleron Bay (France) 2011a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stripp et al. Trace element accumulation in the tissues of fish from lakes with different 

pH values 1990 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Stromgren et al. Acute toxic effects of produced water in relation to chemical composition 

and dispersion 1995 Effluent

Stubblefield et al. Acclimation-induced changes in the toxicity of zinc and cadmium to 

rainbow trout 1999 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Stuhlbacher and Maltby Cadmium resistance in Gammarus pulex (L.) 1992 Not North American species

Sullivan Effects of salinity and temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the 

estuarine crab Paragrapsus gaimardii (Milne Edwards) 1977 Not North American species

Sun and Zhou Oxidative stress biomarkers of the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor exposed 

to cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbons 2008 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, unmeasured chronic exposure

Sun et al. Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the 

polychaete Nereis diversicolor 2006 Mixture

Sun et al.

Joint effects of arsenic and cadmium on plant growth and metal 

bioaccumulation: A potential Cd-hyperaccumulator and As-excluder 

Bidens pilosa L

2009 Mixture

Sunda and Huntsman Antagonisms between cadmium and zinc toxicity and manganese 

limitation in a coastal diatom 1996 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Sunda et al. Effect of chemical speciation on toxicity of cadmium to grass shrimp, 

Palaemonetes pugio: Importance of free cadmium ion 1978 Questionable treatment of test organisms or inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Sunil et al. A method for partitioning cadmium bioaccumulated in small aquatic 

organisms 1995

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Sunila and Lindstrom Survival, growth and shell deformities of copper- and cadmium-exposed 

mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in brackish water 1985

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Sunlu Trace metal levels in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis L. 1758) from 

Turkish Aegean Sea coast 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-140

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Sura et al. Cadmium toxicity related to cysteine metabolism and glutathione levels in 

frog Rana ridibunda tissues 2006 Only two exposure concentrations, not North American species

Suresh Effect of cadmium chloride on liver, spleen and kidney melano 

macrophage centres in Tilapia mossambica 2009 Duration too long, lack of exposure details

Suryawanshi Accumulation and depuration of cadmium in oyster Crassostrea 

cattuckensis from Bhatye Estuary in Ratnagiri coast 2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Suryawanshi Zinc and cadmium content in the estuarine oyster from Ratnagiri coast of 

Maharashtra 2006b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Suryawanshi and 

Langekar

Zinc and cadmium toxicity to estuarine rock oyster Crassostrea 

cattuckensis on Ratnagiri coast 2006 Mixture

Suzuki et al.

Environmental and injected cadmium are sequestered by two major 

isoforms of basal copper, zinc-metallothionein in gibel (Carassius auratus 

langsdorfi) liver

1987

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Svecevicius The use of fish avoidance response in identifying sublethal toxicity of 

heavy metals and their mixtures 2007 Mixture

Swansburg et al. Mouthpart deformities and community composition of chironomidae 

(Diptera) larvae downstream of metal mines in New Brunswick, Canada 2002 Mixture

Swartz et al. Sediment toxicity, contamination, and macrobenthic communities near a 

large sewage outfall 1985 Sediment

Swinehart Final Technical Report for U.S.G.S. Grant: The effects of humic 

substances on the interactions of metal ions with organisms and liposo 1990

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Szarek-Gwiazda and 

Amirowicz

Bioaccumulation of trace elements in roach, silver bream, rudd, and perch 

living in an inundated opencast sulphur mine 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Szarek-Gwiazda et al. Trace element concentrations in fish and bottom sediments of an eutrophic 

dam reservoir 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Szczerbik et al.

Influence of long-term exposure to dietary cadmium on growth, 

maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp 

Carassius auratus gibelio B.)

2006 Dietary exposure

Szebedinszky et al.

Effects of chronic Cd exposure via the diet or water on internal organspecific distribution and subsequent gill Cd uptake kinetics in juvenile 

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2001 Only one exposure concentration

Szefer et al.

A comparative assessment of heavy metal accumulation in soft parts and 

byssus of mussels from subarctic, temperate, subtropical and tropical 

marine environments

2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-141

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Szivak et al. Metal-induced reactive oxygen species production in Chlamydomonas 

reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae) 2009 Lack of details

Tabari et al. Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr) in fish, water and sediments sampled 

form Southern Caspian Sea, Iran 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Takamura et al. Effects of Cu, Cd and Zn on photosynthesis of freshwater benthic algae 1989 Not North American species

Talas et al.

Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals 

(Cd+2, Cr+3) on liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 

1792)

2008 Mixture

Talbot Relationship between cadmium concentrations in seawater and those in 

the mussel Mytilus edulis 1985 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Talbot Relationship between lead concentrations in seawater and in the mussel 

Mytilus edulis: A water-quality criterion 1987 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Tan et al. Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxicity sensitivity of six fish cell lines 

to four heavy metals in vitro 2008 In vitro

Tan et al.

Effect of dietary cadmium level on the growth, body composition and 

several hepatic enzymatic activities of juvenile yellow catfish, 

Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

2010b Fed toxicant

Tan et al. Validation of an in vitro cytotoxicity test for four heavy metals using cell 

lines derived from a green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)

2010 In vitro

Tan et al. Phytoaccumulation of cadmium through Azolla from aqueous solution 2011 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through; 

excessive EDTA in media

Tan et al. Role of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the elevated uptake and retention 

of cadmium and zinc in Daphnia magna 2012 Mixture

Tanhan et al. Histopathological alterations in the edible snail, Babylonia areolata

(spotted Babylon), in acute and subchronic cadmium poisoning 2005 Not North American species

Tao et al. Toxicity of Cd2+ on the photosynthetic and respiratory rate and atpase 

activity of Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O’Ktze 2002 Text in foreign language

Tapia et al. Study of the content of cadmium, chromium and lead in bivalve molluscs 

of the Pacific Ocean (Maule Region, Chile) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tarasov et al. Efficiency of batteries of tests for estimating potential mutagenicity of 

chemicals 2003 Review

Taravati et al.

Determination of lead, mercury and cadmium in wild and farmed Barbus 

sharpeyi from Shadegan Wetland and Azadegan aquaculture site, South of 

Iran

2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tarzwell and Henderson Toxicity of less common metals to fishes 1960 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Tawari-Fufeyin et al. Toxicity of cadmium to Parachanna obscura: As evidenced by alterations 

in hematology, histology, and behavior 2007 Not North American species
J-142

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Taylor

Impacts of cadmium contamination and fish presence on wetland 

invertebrate communities: An application of population measures and 

multi-metric tests

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Taylor and Maher Exposure-dose-response of Anadara trapezia to metal contaminated 

estuarine sediments. 1. Cadmium spiked sediments 2012 Sediment

Taylor et al. Surface binding of contaminants by algae: Consequences for lethal 

toxicity and feeding to Daphnia magna Straus 1998

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Tehseen et al. A scientific basis for proposed quality assurance of a new screening 

method for tumor-like growths in the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala 1992 Mixture (Cd and PCBs; Cd and Aroclor)

Tekin-Ozan and Kir Seasonal variations of heavy metals in some organs of carp (Cyprinus 

carpio L., 1758) from Beysehir Lake (Turkey) 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Temara et al. Experimental cadmium contamination of Asterias rubens

(Echinodermata) 1996a Not North American species

Temara et al. Allometric variations in heavy metal bioconcentration in the asteroid 

Asterias rubens (Echinodermata) 1996b Not North American species

Temara et al. Factors influencing the concentrations of heavy metals in the asteroid 

Asterias rubens L. (Echinodermata) 1997 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Templeman and 

Kingsford

Trace element accumulation in Cassiopea sp. (Scyphozoa) from urban 

marine environments in Australia Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Ten Hoopen et al. Effects of temperature on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Scenedesmus 

acutus. I. Development of cadmium tolerance in batch cultures 1985 Not North American species

Tepe Metal concentrations in eight fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean 

Seas 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tepe et al. Assessment of heavy metals in two commercial fish species of four 

Turkish seas

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Terra et al. Chronic assays with Daphnia magna, 1820, Straus in sediment samples 

from Cai River, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil 2007 Sediment exposure

Tessier et al. Modeling Cd partitioning in oxic lake sediments and Cd concentrations in 

the freshwater bivalve Anodonta grandis 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Tessier et al. Laboratory study of Cd and Hg uptake by two freshwater molluscs in 

relation to concentration, age and exposure time 1996

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Tevlin An improved experimental medium for freshwater toxicity studies using 

Daphnia magna 1978 Complexing chelators used in test media
J-143

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Thaker and Haritos Cadmium bioaccumulation and effects on soluble peptides, proteins and 

enzymes in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Callianassa tyrrhena 1989 Not North American species

Thebault et al. Short term cadmium intoxication of the shrimp Palaemon serratus: Effect 

on adenylate metabolism 1996 Not North American species

Theede et al. Temperature and salinity effects on the acute toxicity of cadmium to 

Laomedea loveni (Hydrozoa) 1979 Not North American species

Thilaga and Sivakumar Accumulation of heavy metals in the gastropod Bullia vittata at Gulf of 

Mannar 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Thirumathal et al. Effect of heavy metal (cadmium borate) on the biochemical composition 

of chironomus larvae (Diptera: chironomidae) 2002 Lack of details, inappropriate form of chemical, cadmium borate

Thomann et al. A pharmacokinetic model of cadmium in rainbow trout 1997 Review of previously published data

Thomas et al.

A comparison of the accumulation and protein binding of environmental 

cadmium in the gills, kidney and liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri

Richardson)

1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Thomas et al.

A comparison of the sequestration of cadmium and zinc in the tissues of 

rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) following exposure to the metals singly 

or in combination

1985 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated 

for increased resistance to cadmium

Thompson et al. Concentration factors of the chemical elements in edible aquatic 

organisms 1972 Review of previously published data

Thongra-Ar Toxicity of cadmium, zinc and copper on sperm cell fertilization of sea 

urchin, Diadema setosum 1997 In vitro

Thongra-Ar and Matsuda Effects of cadmium and zinc on growth of Thalassiosira weissflogii and 

Heterosigma akiashiwo 1995 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Thophon et al. Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer, in acute 

and subchronic cadmium exposure 2003 Not North American species

Thophon et al. Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and kidney of white sea bass, Lates 

calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure 2004 Not North American species, only two exposure concentrations

Thorpe A toxicological assessment of cadmium toxicity to the larvae of two 

estuarine crustaceans, Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Palaemonetes pugio 1988 Inappropriate test medium

Thorpe and Costlow

The relation of the acute (96-h) uptake and subcellular distribution of 

cadmium and zinc to cadmium toxicity in larvae of Rhithropanopeus 

harrisii and a Palaemonetes pugio

1989 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Thorsson et al. Effects of settling organic matter on the bioaccumulation of cadmium and 

BDE-99 by Baltic Sea benthic invertebrates 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Thwala et al. Influence of salinity and cadmium on the survival and osmoregulation of 

Callianassa kraussi and Chiromantes eulimene (Crustacea: Decapoda) 2011 Not North American species
J-144

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Tiam et al. Development of Q-PCR approaches to assess water quality: Effects of 

cadmium on gene expression of the diatom Eolimna minima 2012 In vitro

Tichy et al. The Tubifex tubifex assay for the determination of acute toxicity 2007 Dilution water not characterized, duration too 

short

Tilton et al. Effects of cadmium on the reproductive axis of Japanese medaka (Oryzias 

latipes)

2003 Not North American species

Timmermans Ecotoxicity of trace metals for chironomids 1992 Review

Titus and Pfister Bacteria and cadmium interactions in natural and laboratory model 

aquatic systems 1984 Bacteria

Tiwari et al. Time kinetic study of metallothionein mRNA expression due to cadmium 

exposure in freshwater murrel, Channa punctata (Bloch) 2010 In vitro

Tkalec et al. Cadmium-induced responses in duckweed Lemna minor L. 2008 Only one exposure concentration

Todd et al. Effects of acid rock drainage on stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss): An in-situ, caged fish experiment 2007 Mixture

Tokunaga and Kishikawa Acute visible and invisible injuries to submerged plants by water 

pollutants 1982 Text in foreign language

Tomasik et al. Metal-metal interaction in biological systems. Part IV. Freshwater snail 

Bulinus globosus 1995b Not North American species

Topcuoglu et al. Heavy metal concentrations in marine algae from the Turkish Coast of the 

Black Sea, during 1979-2001 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Topperwien et al. Cadmium accumulation in Scenedesmus vacuolatus under freshwater 

conditions 2007a Mixture

Topperwien et al. Competition among zinc, manganese, and cadmium uptake in the 

freshwater alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus 2007b Mixture

Tortell and Price Cadmium toxicity and zinc limitation in centric diatoms of the genus 

Thalassiosira 1996 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Toussaint et al. A comparison of standard acute toxicity test with rapid-screening toxicity 

test 1995 Review of previously published data

Tran et al. How water oxygenation levels influences cadmium accumulation pattern 

in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea: A laboratory and field study 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 14 day exposure)

Tran et al.

Relationship between feeding-induced ventilatory activity and 

bioaccumulation of dissolved and algal-bound cadmium in the Asiatic 

clam Corbicula fluminea

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

dilution water not characterized

Trannum et al. Effects of copper, cadmium and contaminated harbour sediment 

exposures on recolonisation of soft-bottom communities 2004 Sediment exposure

Trehan and Maneesha Cadmium mediated control of nitrogenase activity and other enzymes in a 

nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium 1994

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration
J-145

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Trevors et al. Cadmium transport, resistance, and toxicity in bacteria, algae, and fungi 1986 Review of previously published data

Trieff et al. Effluent from bauxite factory induces developmental and reproductive 

damage in sea urchins 1995 Effluent

Trinchella et al. Differential gene expression profiles in embryos of the lizard Podarcis 

sicula under in ovo exposure to cadmium 2010 In vitro

Tryfonas et al. Metal accumulation in eggs of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta 

elegans) in the lower Illinois River 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tsui and Wang Biokinetics and tolerance development of toxic metals in Daphnia magna 2007 Review

Tucker and Matte In vitro effects of cadmium and lead on ATPases in the gill of the rock 

crab, Cancer irroratus 1980 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Tuerkmen et al. Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean 

Seas 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tueros et al. Integrating long-term water and sediment pollution data, in assessing 

chemical status within the European water framework directive 2009 Review

Tuezen et al. Investigation of trace metal levels in fish species from the Black Sea and 

the River Yesilirmak, Turkey by atomic absorption spectrometry 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turan et al. Levels of heavy metals in some commercial fish species captured from the 

Black Sea and Mediterranean coast of Turkey 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turk Culha et al. Heavy metals levels in some fishes and molluscs from Inop Peninsula of 

the Southern Black Sea, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turkmen et al. Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from 

Iskenderun Bay, Northern East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turkmen et al.

Metal levels in tissues of the European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus 

L., 1758, and picarel, Spicara smaris L., 1758, from Black, Marmara and 

Aegean Seas

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turkmen et al. Heavy metal contaminants in tissues of the garfish, Belone belone L., 

1761, and the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., 1766, from Turkey waters 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Turner et al.

Influence of salinity and humic substances on the uptake of trace metals 

by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca: Experimental observations and 

modeling using WHAM

2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure

Turoczy et al. Cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc concentrations in tissues of the king 

crab (Pseudocarcinus gigas) from southeast Australian waters 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tuzen Toxic and essential trace elemental contents in fish species from the Black 

Sea, Turkey 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tuzen et al. Trace element content in marine algae species from the Black Sea, Turkey 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Tyurin and Khristoforova Effect of toxicants on the development of the chiton Ischnochiton 

hakodadensis 1993 Not North American species
J-146

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Udoidiong and Akpan Toxicity of cadmium, lead and lindane to Egeria radiata Lamarck 

(Lamellibranchia, Donacidae) 1991 Not North American species

Ugolini et al. Behavioural responses of the supralittoral amphipod Talitrus saltator

(Montagu) to trace metals contamination 2012 Mixture

Uluozlu et al. Trace metal content in nine species of fish from the Black and Aegean 

Seas, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Uluturhan and 

Kucuksezgin

Heavy metal contaminants in red pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) tissues 

from the eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Urech Melimex, an experimental heavy metal pollution study: effects of 

increased heavy metal load on crustacea plankton 1979 Mixture

Urek and Tarhan Response of the antioxidant systems of the cyanobacterium Spirulina 

maxima to cadmium 2011 Abstract only

Usero et al. Heavy metals in fish (Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata) 

from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic coast of Spain 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Uthe et al. Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of a 

lead smelter 1982

Bioaccumulation field study not used because an 

insufficient number of measurements of the 

concentration of cadmium in the water

Uysal and Taner Determination of growth rate change and accumulation efficiency of 

Lemna minor exposed to cadmium and lead ions 2012 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Valencia et al. The effect of estrogen on cadmium distribution in rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1998 Not North American species

Valova et al. Spatiotemporal trends of heavy metal concentrations in fish of the River 

Morava (Danube basin) 2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

van Aardt and Booysen Water hardness and the effects of Cd on oxygen consumption, plasma 

chlorides and bioaccumulation in Tilapia sparrmanii 2004

Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; 

not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North 

American species

van Aardt and Erdmann Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in mudfish and sediment exposures from 

three hard-water dams of the Mooi River catchment, South Africa 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Van Campenhout et al.

Cytosolic distribution of Cd, Cu and Zn, and metallothionein levels in 

relation to physiological changes in Gibel carp (Carassius auratus 

gibelio) from metal-impacted habitats

2010 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Van den Hurk et al. Interaction of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in mummichog (Fundulus 

heteroclitus): Effects on acute mortality 1998 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Van Gemert et al. Effects of temperature on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Scenedesmus 

acutus. II. Light-limited growth in continuous culture 1985 Not North American species
J-147

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Van Ginneken et al.

Bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to the common carp, Cyprinus 

carpio, in complexing environments: A test for the validity of the free ion 

activity model

1999

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Van Ginneken et al. Bioavailability of Cd to the common carp, Cyprinus carpio in the 

presence of humic acid 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Van Hattum et al. Trace metals in populations of freshwater isopods: Influence of biotic and 

abiotic variables 1996 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Van Leeuwen et al. The use of cohorts and populations in chronic toxicity studies with 

Daphnia magna: A cadmium example 1985b

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Van Leeuwen et al. Effects of chemical stress on the population dynamics of Daphnia magna: 

A comparison of two test procedures 1987 Review of previously published data

Van Steveninck et al. Heavy-metal (Zn, Cd) tolerance in selected clones of duck weed (Lemna 

minor)

1992 Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated 

for increased resistance to cadmium

Vardanyan and Ingole Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Sevan 

(Armenia) and Carambolim (India) lake systems 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vashchenko and Zhadan Ecological assessment of marine environment using two sea urchin tests: 

Disturbance of reproduction and sediment embryotoxicity 1993 Not North American species

Vasseur and Pandard Influence of some experimental factors on metals toxicity to Selenastrum 

capricornutum 1988 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Vassiliev et al. Heavy metal concentrations in lobster (Homarus americanus) 2005 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vazquez-Sauceda et al. Cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations in water, sediment and oyster 

(Crassostrea virginica) of San Andres Lagoon, Mexico 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vecchia et al. Morphogenetic, ultrastructural and physiological damages suffered by 

submerged leaves of Elodea canadensis exposed to cadmium 2005 Dilution water not characterized, only one exposure concentration

Vellinger et al. Antagonistic toxicity of arsenate and cadmium in a freshwater amphipod 

(Gammarus pulex)

2012a Not North American species

Vellinger et al. Comparison of arsenate and cadmium toxicity in a freshwater amphipod 

(Gammarus pulex)

2012b Not North American species; duration too long

Vellinger et al.

Behavioural and physiological responses of Gammarus pulex exposed to 

cadmium and arsenate at three temperatures: Individual and combined 

effects

2012c Not North American species, only two exposure 

concentrations

Vellinger et al.

Single and combined effects of cadmium and arsenate in Gammarus pulex

(Crustacea, Amphipoda): Understanding the links between physiological 

and behavioural responses

2013 Not North American species, only two exposure 

concentrations
J-148

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Venanzi et al. Effects of heavy metals on some photosynthetic characteristics in Lemna 

trisulca L. 1989 Text in foreign language

Venkateswara Rao et al. The use of marine sponge, Haliclona tenuiramosa as bioindicator to 

monitor heavy metal pollution in the coasts of Gulf of Mannar, India 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Venkatrayulu et al. Hepatogonadal changes in the female fresh water field crab, Oziotelphusa 

senex senex (Fabricius) in response to cadmium toxicity 2005 Duration too short, unmeasured chronic exposure, not North American species

Verbost et al. Cadmium inhibition of Ca2+ uptake in rainbow trout gills 1987

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Vergauwen et al. Effect of temperature on cadmium toxicity in zebrafish: From 

transcriptome to physiology 2012 Abstract only

Verma Effect of cadmium on fin regeneration in the freshwater fish, Oreochromis 

mossambicus 2005 Inappropriate form of toxicant, Cd acetate

Verma et al. Short term toxicity tests with heavy metals for predicting safe 

concentrations 1980 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Verriopoulos and 

Moraitou-Apostolopoulou

Effects of some environmental factors on the toxicity of cadmium to the 

copepod Tisbe holothuriae 1981 Not North American species

Verriopoulos and 

Moraitou-Apostolopoulou

Differentiation of the sensitivity to copper and cadmium in different life 

stages of a copepod 1982 Not North American species

Viarengo et al. Effects of heavy metals on the Ca2+-ATPase activity present in gill cell 

plasma-membrane of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) 1993 In vitro

Vieira et al.

Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species 

from the Aatlantic Ocean: Intra- and inter-specific variability and human 

health risks for consumption

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vigneault and Campbell Uptake of cadmium by freshwater green algae: effects of pH and aquatic 

humic substances 2005 Mixture

Villar et al. Metals contents in two fishes of different feeding behaviour in the lower 

Parana River and Rio de la Plata Estuary 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vinagre et al. Accumulation of heavy metals by flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus 

1758), in a heterogeneously contaminated nursery area 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vincent et al. Susceptibility of Catla catla (Ham.) to the toxic effects of the heavy 

metals, cadmium and chromium 1994 Not North American species

Vincent et al. Accumulation of Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb by the bryophyte 

Scapania undulata in three upland waters of different pH 2001 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, exposure concentration unknown

Vincent et al. Impact of cadmium on food utilization of the Indian major carp, Catla 

catla (Ham) 2002 Not North American species, unmeasured chronic exposure
J-149

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Vincent-Hubert et al.

Early genotoxic effects in gill cells and haemocytes of Dreissena 

polymorpha exposed to cadmium, B[a]P and a combination of B[a]P and 

Cd

2011 In vitro

Vincent-Hubert et al. DNA strand breaks detected in embryos of the adult snails, Potamopyrgus 

antipodarum, and in neonates exposed to genotoxic chemicals 2012 In vitro

Viparelli et al. Inhibition of the R1 fragment of the cadmium-containing zeta-class 

carbonic anhydrase from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii with anions 2010 In vitro

Visviki and Rachlin The toxic action and interactions of copper and cadmium to the marine 

alga Dunaliella minuta, in both acute and chronic exposure 1991 Not North American species

Visviki and Rachlin Acute and chronic exposure of Dunaliella salina and Chlamydomonas 

bullosa to copper and cadmium: Effects on growth 1994

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Voets et al. Differences in metal sequestration between zebra mussels from clean and 

polluted field locations 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vogiatzis and 

Loumbourdis

Cadmium accumulation in liver and kidneys and hepatic metallothionein 

and glutathione levels in Rana ridibunda, after exposure to CdCl2 1998 Not North American species

Vogt et al.

Effects of cadmium and tributyltin on development and reproduction of 

the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera)-baseline experiments 

for future multi-generation studies

2007 Sediment exposure

Vogt et al.

Effects of cadmium on life-cycle parameters in a multi-generation study 

with Chironomus riparius following a pre-exposure of populations to two 

different tributyltin concentrations for several generations

2010 Sediment exposure

Voigt Concentrations of mercury and cadmium in some coastal fishes from the 

Finnish and Estonian parts of the Gulf of Finland 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Voigt

Heavy metal concentrations in four-horn sculpin Triglopsis quadricornis

(L.) (Pisces), its main food organism Saduria entomon L. (Crustacea), and 

in bottom sediments in the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Finland 

(Baltic Sea)

2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Vranken et al. Toxicity of cadmium to free-living marine and brackish water nematodes 

(Monhystera microphthalma, Monhystera disjuncta, Pellioditis marina)

1985 Not North American species

Vuori Influence of water quality and feeding habits on the whole-body metal 

concentrations in lotic trichopteran larvae 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Vuori Rapid behavioral and morphological responses of hydropsychid larvae 

(Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) to sublethal cadmium exposure 1994 Not North American species

Vykusova and Svobodova Comparison of the sensitivity of male and female guppies (Poecilia 

reticulata Peters) to toxic substances 1987 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Vymazal Short-term uptake of heavy metals by periphyton algae 1984 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-150

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Vymazal Uptake of lead, chromium, cadmium and cobalt by Cladophora glomerata 1990b Not North American species

Vymazal Toxicity and accumulation of lead with respect to algae and 

cyanobacteria: A review 1990a Review of previously published data

Vymazal Influence of pH on heavy metals uptake by Cladophora glomerata 1995 Not North American species

Wachs Concentration of heavy metals in fishes from the River Danube 1982 Text in foreign language

Walker et al. Influence of culture conditions on metal-induced responses in a cultured 

rainbow trout gill epithelium 2007 In vitro

Wall Sublethal effects of cadmium and diazinon on reproduction and larval 

behavior in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

1999 Only one exposure concentration

Wall et al. Fish bioturbation of cadmium-contaminated sediments: Factors affecting 

Cd availability to Daphnia magna 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Wallace and Lopez Bioavailability of biologically sequestered cadmium and the implications 

of metal detoxification 1997 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Walsh and Hunter Influence of phosphorus storage on the uptake of cadmium by the marine 

alga Macrocystis pyrifera 1992 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Walsh et al. Differential bioaccumulation of heavy metals and organopollutants in the 

soft tissue and shell of the marine gastropod, Austrocochlea constricta 1995 Not North American species

Wang Investigation of heavy metal content in fish at Chongqing section of the 

Yangtze River before water storage in the three Gorges Reservoir 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang

A study of the New York/New Jersey coastal water: Bio-optical 

characteristics of the harbor estuary and the effects of heavy metals on 

brown tide alga of the Bight

2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang and Dei Metal uptake in a coastal diatom influenced by major nutrients (N, P, and 

Si) 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang and Fisher Assimilation of trace elements and carbon by the mussel Mytilus edulis: 

Effects of food composition 1996 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Wang and Fisher Accumulation of trace elements in a marine copepod 1998

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Wang and Ke Dominance of dietary intake of cadmium and zinc by two marine 

predatory gastropods 2002 Dietary exposure

Wang and Wang Cadmium in three marine phytoplankton: accumulation, subcellular fate 

and thiol induction 2009a Mixture

Wang and Wang Biochemical response of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus Mori 

experimentally exposed to cadmium 2009b Not North American species

Wang and Wong Combined effects of food quantity and quality on Cd, Cr, and Zn 

assimilation to the green mussel, Perna viridis 2003 Mixture
J-151

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wang and Yin Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Arca Granosa. 1987 Text in foreign language

Wang and Zauke

Size-dependent bioaccumulation of metals in the amphipod Gammarus 

zaddachi (Sexton 1912) from the River Hunte (Germany) and its 

relationship to the permeable body surface area

2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang et al. Reciprocal effect of Cu, Cd, Zn on a kind of marine alga 1995

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Wang et al. Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel 

Mytilus edulis 1996 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Wang et al. Metal and oxygen uptake in the green mussel Perna viridis under different 

metabolic conditions 2005a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Wang et al. Seasonal study on the Cd, Se, and Zn uptake by natural coastal 

phytoplankton assemblages 2005b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang et al. Safety assessment and acute toxicity of copper, cadmium and zinc to 

white clound mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes 2006 Non-applicable

Wang et al. Ecotoxicological effect of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd on Prorocentrum 

donghaiense Lu. 2008a Non-applicable

Wang et al. Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the 

polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube. 2008b Not North American species

Wang et al. Assessment of mixture toxicity of copper, cadmium, and 

phenanthrenequinone to the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri 2009a Mixture

Wang et al. Alteration of metallothionein mRNA in bay scallop Argopecten irradians

under cadmium exposure and bacteria challenge 2009b Mixture

Wang et al. Acute and chronic cadmium toxicity to a saltwater cladoceran Moina 

monogolica Daday and its relative importance 2009d Not North American species, test species fed

Wang et al. Toxicity of lead, cadmium and mercury on embryogenesis, survival, 

growth and metamorphosis of Meretrix meretrix larvae 2009c Not North American species

Wang et al. Formation of a combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan of nematode 

Caenorhabditis elegans 2010a Only one exposure concentration; dilution water is deionized water

Wang et al. Single and joint toxicity of mercury, cadmium and benzo(a) pyrene, 

polychlorinated biphenyls1254 for juvenile Chlamys farreri 2010c Text in foreign language

Wang et al. Analysis of metallotionein expression and antioxidant enzyme activities in 

Meretrix meretrix larvae under sublethal cadmium exposure 2010e In vitro

Wang et al. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of elongation factors 

1A and 2 from the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 2011a In vitro

Wang et al. Biomarkers and bioaccumulation of clam Ruditapes philippinarum in 

response to combined cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene exposure 2011b Mixture
J-152

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wang et al. The content variation characteristics and risk analysis for cadmium, 

copper, lead and zinc in some species of shellfish 2011c Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wang et al. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic changes in the testis of 

freshwater crab, Sinopotamon henanense 2011d Not North American species

Wang et al.

Characterization of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione metabolizing 

peroxidase (gpx4) isoforms in Coho salmon olfactory and liver tissues and 

their modulation by cadmium

2012a In vitro

Wang et al. Effects of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on brown tide alga Aureococcus 

anophagefferens growth and metal accumulation 2012b Only two exposure concentrations, excessive EDTA in growth media

Wang et al.

Cadmium induces hydrogen peroxide production and initiates hydrogen 

peroxide-dependent apoptosis in the gill of freshwater crab, Sinopotamon 

henanense

2012c Not North American species

Wang et al. Cadmium bioaccumulation and bioelimination in Patinopecten yessoensis 2012d Not North American species

Wang et al. Effects of cadmium stress on antioxidant defense system of Patinopecten 

yessoensis 2012e Not North American species

Wani Toxicity of heavy metals to embryonic stages of Cyprinus carpio

Communis 1986 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Ward and Mendonca Chronic exposure to coal fly ash causes minimal changes in corticosterone 

and testosterone concentrations in male southern toads Bufo terrestris 2006 Fly Ash

Waring et al. Trace metal bioaccumulation in eight common coastal Australian 

polychaeta 2006 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not documented, exposure concentration unknown

Warnau et al. Allometry of heavy metal bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus 

lividus 1995a Not North American species

Warnau et al.

Experimental cadmium contamination of the echinoid Paracentrotus 

lividus: Influence of exposure mode and distribution of the metal in the 

organism

1995b Not North American species

Warnau et al. Effect of feeding on cadmium bioaccumulation in the echinoid 

Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata) 1995c Not North American species

Warnau et al.

Biokinetics of selected heavy metals and radionuclides in two marine 

macrophytes: The seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the alga Caulerpa 

taxifolia

1996a Not North American species

Warnau et al. Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the echinoid 

Paracentrotus lividus 1996b Not North American species

Warnau et al. Cadmium bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus: 

Influence of the cadmium concentration in seawater 1997 Not North American species

Warren et al.

Modelling cadmium accumulation by benthic invertebrates in situ: The 

relative contributions of sediment and overlying water reservoirs to 

organism cadmium concentrations

1998 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-153

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Watling Effects of metals on the development of oyster embryos 1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Watling Comparative study on the effects of zinc, cadmium, and copper on the 

larval growth of three oyster species 1982 Not North American species

Watling Accumulation of seven metals by Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea 

margaritacea, Perna perna, and Choromytilus meridionalis 1983a

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Wayland and Crosley Selenium and other trace elements in aquatic insects in coal mine-affected 

streams in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Weber Concentration of metals in fish from the River Rednitz 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Weber et al. Effects of multiple effluents on resident fish from Junction Creek, 

Sudbury, Ontario 2008 Effluent

Webster et al. Cadmium exposure and phosphorus limitation increases metal content in 

the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 2011 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wehr and Whitton Aquatic cryptogams of natural acid springs enriched with heavy metals: 

The Kootenay Paint Pots, British Columbia 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wei et al.

Interactions between Cd, Cu, and Zn influence particulate phytochelatin 

concentrations in marine phytoplankton: Laboratory results and 

preliminary field data

2003 Mixture

Weimin et al. Metal bioavailability to the soldier crab Mictyris longicarpus 1994 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, 

effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Weir and Salice High tolerance to abiotic stressors and invasion success of the slow 

growing freshwater snail, Melanoides tuberculatus 2012 Only two exposure concentrations

Weis et al. Effects of cadmium, zinc, salinity, and temperature on the teratogenicity 

of methylmercury to the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)

1981 No pertinent adverse effects reported

Wentsel et al. Avoidance response of midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) to sediments 

containing heavy metals 1977 Sediment

Werner

Development of methods to assess metallothionein expression in lake 

trout (Salvelinus namaycush) during a reproductive cycle and the effects 

of cadmium and ethynyestradiol

2007 Field bioaccumulation: steady state not 

documented, exposure concentration unknown

Werner et al. Biomarker responses in Macoma nasuta (Bivalvia) exposed to sediment 

exposures from northern San Francisco Bay 2004 Sediment exposure

Westernhagen and 

Dethlefsen

Combined effects of cadmium and salinity on development and survival 

of flounder eggs 1975 Not North American species

Westernhagen et al. Combined effects of cadmium and salinity on development and survival 

of garpike eggs 1975 Not North American species

Westernhagen et al. Fate and effects of cadmium in an experimental marine ecosystem 1978 Not North American species

Westernhagen et al. Combined effects of Cd, Cu and Pb on developing herring eggs and larvae 1979 Mixture
J-154

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

White and Rainbow Regulation and accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium by the shrimp 

Palaemon elegans 1982

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

White and Rainbow Accumulation of cadmium by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea: Decapoda) 1986 Not North American species

White et al. Metal concentrations in loggerhead sea turtle eggs from the Florida Gulf 

and Atlantic Coasts 2008 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Whyte et al. Ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of 

chemical exposure 2000 Review

Wicklund and Runn

Calcium effects on cadmium uptake, redistribution, and elimination in 

minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus, acclimated to different calcium 

concentrations

1988 Not North American species

Wicklund et al. Cadmium and zinc interactions in fish: effects of zinc on the uptake, organ 

distribution, and elimination of 109Cd in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio 1988 Not North American species

Widmeyer and BendellYoungInfluence of food quality and salinity on dietary cadmium availability in 

Mytilus trossulus 2007 Dietary exposure

Wiesner et al.

Temporal and spatial variability in the heavy-metal content of Dreissena 

polymorpha (Pallas) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Kleines Haff 

(northeastern Germany)

2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wikfors and Ukeles

Growth and adaptation of estuarine unicellular algae in media with excess 

copper, cadmium or zinc, and effects of metal-contaminated algal food on 

Crassostrea virginica larvae

1982 Questionable treatment of test organisms or 

inappropriate test conditions or methodology

Wildgust and Jones Salinity change and the toxicity of the free cadmium ion [Cd2+(aq)] to 

Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea) 1998 Not North American species

Williams and Gallagher Effects of cadmium on olfactory mediated behaviors and moleculat 

biomarkers in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

2013 Only two exposure concentrations

Williams et al. Accumulation of Hsp70 in Juvenile and Adult Rainbow Trout Gill 

Exposed to Metal-Contaminated Water and/or Diet. 1996 Mixture

Williams et al. Comparison between biosorbents for the removal of metal ions from 

aqueous solutions 1998

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Williams et al. Trends in trace metal burdens in sediment, fish species and filtered water 

of Igbede River, Lagos, Nigeria 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Williams et al. Transcriptomic responses of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to 

model toxicants 2008 Injected toxicant; not North American species

Williams et al. Metal (as, Cd, Hg, and Ch3Hg) bioaccumulation from water and food by 

the benthic amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus 2010 Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
J-155

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Williamson and Nelson Bacterial bioassay for level I toxicity assessment 1983 Bacteria

Windom et al. Metal accumulation by the polychaete Capitella capitata: Influences of 

metal content and nutritional quality of detritus 1982

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

WindWard 

Environmental Results of 2000 toxicity testing 2001 Dilution water not characterized

Winger and Andreasen Contaminant residues in fish and sediments from lakes in the Atchafalaya 

River Basin (Louisiana) 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Winger et al. Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and 

heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Winner and Gauss Relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper, 

cadmium and zinc as affected by water hardness and humic acid 1986

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Winter Cadmium uptake kinetics by freshwater mollusc soft body under hard and 

soft water conditions 1996

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Witeska Changes in the common carp blood cell picture after acute exposure to 

cadmium 2001 No scientific name given, only one exposure concentration, atypical endpoint

Witeska and Baka The effect of long-term cadmium exposure on common carp blood 2002 No scientific name given, only one exposure, 

duration too short

Witeska and Wakulska The effects of heavy metals on common carp white blood cells in vitro 2007 In vitro

Witeska et al. The influence of cadmium on common carp embryos and larvae 1995 The materials, methods or results were 

insufficiently described

Witeska et al.

Changes in oxygen consumption rate and red blood parameters in 

common carp Cyprinus carpio L. after acute copper and cadmium 

exposures

2010 Mixture

Wo et al. A comparison of growth biomarkers for assessing sublethal effects of 

cadmium on a marine gastropod, Nassarius festivus 1999 Not North American species

Wolfe et al. Sediment toxicity in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary: Distribution and 

correlations with chemical contamination 1996 Mixture

Wolff et al. The use of Salvinia auriculata as a bioindicator in aquatic ecosystems: 

biomass and structure dependent on the cadmium concentration 2012 Only four plants per exposure concentration

Won et al. Response of glutathione S-gransferase (GST) genes to cadmium exposure 

in the marine pollution indicator worm, Perinereis nuntia 2011 In vitro
J-156

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wong Toxicity of cadmium to freshwater microorganisms, phytoplankton, and 

invertebrates 1987 Review of previously published data

Wong Effects of cadmium on the feeding behavior of the freshwater cladoceran 

Moina macrocopa 1989 Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or by injection or gavage

Wong and Au

Contents of cadmium iron manganese and zinc in the tissue of Katelysiahiantina collected from Tolo Harbor Hong-Kong an almost land-locked 

sea

1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wong and Beaver Algal bioassays to determine toxicity of metal mixtures 1980 Mixture

Wong and Chan A study of cadmium, copper and lead uptake by the unicellular green alga 

Chlorella salina Cu-1

1979 Excessive EDTA

Wong and Chau Toxicity of metal mixtures to phytoplankton 1988 Mixture

Wong and Li An ecological survey of the heavy metal contamination of the edible clam 

Paphia sp. on the iron-ore tailings of Tolo Harbour, Hong Ko 1977 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Wong et al. Toxicity of a mixture of metals on freshwater algae 1978 Mixture

Wong et al. Physiological and biochemical responses of several freshwater algae to a 

mixture of metals 1982 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Wood Trace metal uptake by Cladophora Chlorophyta 1974 Non-applicable

Wood et al. Environmental toxicology of metals 1997 Modeling

Wood et al. The protective role of dietary calcium against cadmium uptake and 

toxicity in freshwater fish: an important role for the stomach 2006 Review

Woodall et al. Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to 

cadmium and zinc 1988

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Woodling Survival and mortality of brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to in situ 

acute toxic concentrations of cadmium and zinc 1993 Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Woodling et al. Nonuniform accumulation of cadmium and copper in kidneys of wild 

brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations 2001 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Woodward et al. Brown trout avoidance of metals in water characteristic of the Clark Fork 

River, Montana 1995a Mixture

Woodward et al. Metals-contaminated benthic invertebrates in the Clark Fork River, 

Montana: Effects on age-0 brown trout and rainbow trout 1995b Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge

Woodworth and Pascoe Cadmium uptake and distribution in sticklebacks related to the 

concentration and method of exposure 1983

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Wright Dose-related toxicity of copper and cadmium in striped bass larvae from 

the Chespeake Bay: Field considerations 1988 High control mortality reported
J-157

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wright and Welbourn Cadmium in the aquatic environment: A review of ecological, 

physiological, and toxicological effects on biota 1994 Review of previously published data

Wright et al. Effect of calcium on cadmium uptake and toxicity in larvae and juveniles 

of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

1985 Inappropriate medium of medium contained too 

much of a complexing agent for algal studies

Wu and Chen Metallothionein induction and heavy metal accumulation in white shrimp 

Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to cadmium and zinc 2005b Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Wu and Deng Effect of cadmium on hematological functions in tilapia (Oreochromis 

mossambicus)

2006 Injected toxicant

Wu and Wang NMR-based metabolomic studies on the toxicological effects of cadmium 

and copper on green mussels Perna viridis 2010 Only one exposure concentration

Wu and Yang A new view explaining how cadmium-treated parents have higher Cdresistant offspring: the case of tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus)2008 Injected toxicant; lack of details

Wu et al. A settlement inhibition assay with cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus 

amphitrite 1997 Not North American species

Wu et al. Toxic effects of several heavy metal on amphioxus and living activity of 

Branchiostoma belcheri Tsingtaoensis Tchang Et Koo 1999 Text in foreign language

Wu et al. The joint-biotoxicity effect of different forms of nitrogen on heavy metals 

in water by the phototacti behavior of Daphnia 2006a Text in foreign language

Wu et al. Changes of cortisol and metallothionein upon cadmium exposure and 

handling stressed in tilapia (Oreochromis mosssambicus)

2006b Injected toxicant

Wu et al. Relationships among metallothionein, cadmium accumulation, and 

cadmium tolerance in three species of fish 2006c Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure

Wu et al. Toxicological stress response and cadmium distribution in hybrid tilapia 

(Oreochromis sp.) upon cadmium exposure

2007 Only one exposure concentration, duration too 

short, unmeasured exposure

Wu et al. The effects of maternal Cd on the metallothionein expression in tilapia 

(Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae 2008a Injected toxicant

Wu et al. Phototaxis index of Daphnia carinata as an indicator of joint toxicity of 

copper, cadmium, zinc, nitrogen and phosphorus in aqueous solutions 2008b Non-applicable

Wu et al. Histopathological and biochemical evidence of hepatopancreatic toxicity 

caused by cadmium and zinc in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 2008c Lack of exposure details, dilution water not characterized, only two exposure concentrations

Wu et al. Histopathological alterations in gills of white shrimp, Litopenaeus 

vannamei (Boone) after acute exposure to cadmium and zinc 2009 Dilution water not characterized, duration too short, only one exposure concentration

Wu et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to humic acid by the bivalve 

Meretrix meretirx Linnaeus from solute and particulate pathways 2010 Sediment

Wu et al.

NMR-based metabolomic investigations on the differential responses in 

adductor muscles from two pedigrees of Manila clam Ruditapes 

philippinarum to cadmium and zinc

2011a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-158

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Wu et al. The preferential accumulation of cadmium in the head portion of the 

freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) 2011b Not North American species, duration too short

Wu et al. Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to ferric hydroxide and particulate 

organic matter by the bivalve M. meretrix 2012a Sediment

Wu et al. Maternal cadmium exposure induces mt2 and smtB mRna expression in 

zebrafish (Danio rerio) females and their offspring 2012b Duration too short

Wundram et al.

The Chlamydomonas test: A new phytotoxicity test based on the 

inhibition of algal photosynthesis enables the assessment of hazardous 

leachates from waste disposals in salt mines

1996

Not North American species; no interpretable 

concentration, time, response data or examined 

only a single exposure concentration

Xiaorong et al. Effects of chelation on the bioconcentration of cadmium and copper by 

carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) 1997

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Xie and Klerks Changes in cadmium accumulation as a mechanism for cadmium 

resistance in the least killifish Heterandria formosa 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Xie et al. Trophic transfer of Cd from natural periphyton to the grazing mayfly 

Centroptilum triangulifer in a life cycle test 2010 Dietary exposure

Xie et al. Cadmium accumulation in the rootless macrophyte Wolffia globosa and 

its potential for phytoremediation 2013 Excessive EDTA (848 ug/L)

Xin et al. Responses of different water spinach cultivars and their hybrid to Cd, Pb 

and Cd-Pb exposures 2010 Soil exposure

Xu et al. Heavy metal distribution in tissues and eggs of Chinese alligator 

(Alligator sinensis)

2006a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Xu et al. Generation of active oxygen and change of antioxidant enzyme activity in 

Hydrilla verticillata under Cd, Cu and Zn stress 2006b Text in foreign language

Xu et al. Acute toxicity and synergism of binary mixtures of antifouling biocides 

with heavy metals to embryos of sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis 2010 Not North American species

Xu et al. Study on single and joint toxic effects of cadmium and lead on Ruditapes 

phillippinarum 2013 Text in foreign language

Xuan et al. Oxygen consumption and metabolic responses of freshwater crab 

Sinopotamon henanense to acute and sub-chronic cadmium exposure 2013 Not North American species, only three exposure concentrations

Xue and Sigg Cadmium speciation and complexation by natural organic ligands in 

freshwater 1998

No interpretable concentration, time, response 

data or examined only a single exposure 

concentration

Yager and Harry The uptake of radioactive zinc, cadmium and copper by the freshwater 

snail, Taphius glabratu 1964

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured
J-159

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Yamamoto and Inque Lethal tolerance of acute cadmium toxicity in rainbow trout previously 

exposed to cadmium 1985 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Yamamura and Suzuki Metallothionein induced in the frog Xenopus laevis 1983 Injected toxicant

Yamamura et al. Cadmium uptake and induction of cadmium-binding protein in the 

waterflea (Moina macrocopa)

1983b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented 

(only 72 hour exposure)

Yan and Wang Metal exposure and bioavailability to a marine deposit-feeding sipuncula, 

Sipunculus nudus 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented (only 24 hour exposure)

Yan et al.

Demographic and genetic evidence of the long-term recovery of Daphnia 

galeata Mendotae (Crustacea: Daphniidae) in Sudbury Lakes following 

additions of base: The role of metal toxicity

1996 Mixture

Yang and Kong Bioavailability of copper and cadmium speciation in sediment exposure 

for aquatic organism under varying temperature 1997 Sediment exposure

Yang et al. Involvement of polyamines in adaptation of Potamogeton crispus L. to 

cadmium stress 2010 Mixture

Yang et al. Acute temperature and cadmium stress response characterization of small 

heat shock protein 27 in large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea 2012a In vitro

Yang et al. Cd2+ toxicity to a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as influenced 

by its adsorption on TiO2 engineered nanoparticles 2012b Mixture

Yap et al.

Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment 

exposure and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped 

mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yap et al. Accumulation, depuration and distribution of cadmium and zinc in the 

green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) under laboratory conditions 2003a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Yap et al. Background concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the green-lipped 

mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) from Peninsular Malaysia 2003b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yap et al.

Heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in the green-lipped 

mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from some wild and 

aquaculture sites in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

2004a Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yap et al.

Allozyme polymorphisms and heavy metal levels in the green-lipped 

mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from contaminated and 

uncontaminated sites in Malaysia

2004b Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yap et al.

Distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the different soft tissues of 

the freshwater snail Pomacea insularum (D'orbigny, 1839; Gastropoda), 

and sediments collected from polluted and unpolluted sites from Malaysia

2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yarsan et al. Copper, lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in the mussel Elliptio 2007 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yasuno et al. Characteristic distribution of chironomids in the rivers polluted with 

heavy metals 1985 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-160

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Yeh et al. Heavy metal concentrations of the soldier crab (Mictyris brevidactylus) 

along the inshore area of Changhua, Taiwan 2009 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yigit and Altindag Accumulation of heavy metals in the food web components of Burdur 

Lake, Turkey 2002 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yilmaz Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, aquatic plants and 

tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Kizilirmak, Turkey 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yin et al. Induction of phytochelatins in Lemna aequinoctialis in response to 

cadmium exposure 2002 Lack of exposure details, no statistical analysis

Yipmantin et al. Pb(II) and Cd(II) Biosorption on Chondracanthus chamissoi (a red alga) 2011 Mixture

You et al.

Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to 

Hyalella azteca: Application to field sediment with unexpectedly low 

toxicity

2008 Sediment exposure

Young and Harvey Metals in chironomidae larvae and adults in relation to lake pH and lake 

oxygen deficiency 1988 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Youssef and Tayel Metal accumulation by three Tilapia spp. from some Egyptian waters 2004 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Yu and Wang Kinetic uptake of bioavailable cadmium, selenium, and zinc by Daphnia 

magna

2002 Mixture

Yu et al. New method for evaluating toxicity of heavy metals on marine 

macroalgae 1999 Text in foreign language

Zabotkina et al.

Influence of cadmium ions on some morphofunctional and immunephysiological parameters of perch (Perca fluviatilis, Perciformes, 

Percidae) underyearlings

2009

Unmeasured chronic exposure, duration too 

short, not North American species, only one 

exposure

Zadory Monitoring heavy metal pollution and genetic consequences in aquatic 

invertebrates 1983 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zadory Freshwater molluscs as accumulation indicators for monitoring heavy 

metal pollution 1984 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zaki and Osman Clinicopathological and pathological studies on Tilapia nilotica exposed 

to cadmium chloride (0.25 ppm) 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented; not renewal or flow-through exposure

Zanders and Rojas Cadmium accumulation, LC50 and oxygen consumption in the tropical 

marine amphipod Elasmopus rapax 1992 Not North American species

Zanders and Rojas Salinity effects on cadmium accumulation in various tissues of the 

tropical fiddler crab Uca rapax 1996 Not North American species

Zanella Shifts in caddisfly species composition in Sacramento River invertebrate 

communities in the presence of heavy metal contamination 1982 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zaosheng et al.

Effects of dietary cadmium exposure on reproduction of saltwater 

cladoceran Moina monogolica Daday: Implications in water quality 

criteria

2010 Fed toxicant
J-161

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Zauke and Schmalenbach Heavy metals in zooplankton and decapod crustaceans from the Barents 

Sea 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zauke et al.

Validation of estuarine gammarid collectives (Amphipoda: Crustacea) as 

biomonitors for cadmium in semi-controlled toxicokinetic flow-through 

experiments

1995

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Zauke et al. Heavy metals of inshore benthic invertebrates from the Barents Sea 2003 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zbigniew and Wojciech Individual and combined effect of anthracene, cadmium, and chloridazone 

on growth and activity of SOD izoformes in three Scenedesmus species 2006 Mixture

Zbikowski et al. Distribution and relationships between selected chemical elements in 

green alga Enteromorpha sp. from the southern Baltic 2006 Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented

Zeng and Wang Temperature and irradiance influences on cadmium and zinc uptake and 

toxicity in a freshwater cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa 2011 Mixture

Zeng et al. Toxicity effects of Cd and Cu on the respiration and excretion metabolism 

of asian clam 2007 Non-applicable

Zhang and Wang Waterborne cadmium and zinc uptake in a euryhaline teleost 

Acanthopagrus schlegeli acclimated to different salinities 2007a Mixture; not North American species

Zhang and Wang Gastrointestinal uptake of cadmium and zinc by a marine teleost 

Acanthopagrus schlegeli 2007b Mixture; not North American species

Zhang and Wang Size-dependence of the potential for metal biomagnification in early life 

stages of marine fish 2007c Mixture; not North American species

Zhang et al. Study on the relationship between speciation of heavy metals and their 

ecotoxicity 1992 The materials, methods or results were insufficiently described

Zhang et al. Influence of toxicity of heavy metal ions to growth of Phaeodactylum 

tricornutum 1995 Text in foreign language

Zhang et al. Heavy metal accumulation and tissue damage in goldfish Carassius 

auratus

2005 Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure,; not 

whole-body or muscle content

Zhang et al. Enhanced bioaccumulation of cadmium in carp in the presence of titanium 

dioxide nanoparticles

2007a Inappropriate form of toxicant, nanoparticles

Zhang et al. Effects of cadmium stress on photosynthetic function of leaves of Lemna 

minor L. 2007b Text in foreign language

Zhang et al. Long-term toxicity effects of cadmium and lead on Ibufo raddei tadpoles 2007c Unmeasured chronic exposure, not North 

American species

Zhang et al. A review; research on cadmium in aquatic animals 2007d Review

Zhang et al. Toxicity and behavioral effects of cadmium in planarian (Dugesia 

japonica Ichikawa Et Kawakatsu) 2010a Not North American species

Zhang et al. Cadmium accumulation and translocation in four emergent wetland 

species 2010b Excessive EDTA
J-162

Authors Title Year Reason Unused

Zhang et al. Concentrations of cadmium and zinc in seawater of Bohai Bay and their 

effects on biomarker responses in the bivalve Chlamys farreri 2010c Mixture

Zhang et al. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the testes of frog 

Rana limnocharis 2012a Not North American species, duration too long

Zhang et al. The toxicity of cadmium (Cd2+) towards embryos and pro-larva of 

Soldatov's catfish (Silurus soldatovi)

2012b Not North American species

Zhang et al.

Identification and expression profile of a new cytochrome P50 isoform 

(CYP414A1) in the hepatopancreas of Venerupis (Ruditapes) 

philippinarum exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium and copper

2012c Mixture

Zhang et al. Expression profiles of seven glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from 

Venerupis philippinarum exposed to heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene 2012d Mixture

Zhang et al. Biological effect of cadmium in Daphnia magna: Influence of nitrogen 

and phosphorus 2012e Mixture

Zheng et al. Reproductive toxic effects of sublethal cadmium on the marine polychaete 

Perinereis nuntia 2010 Not North American species

Zhou et al. Growth response of Isochrysis galbana 3011 to seven kinds of heavy 

metals 1990 Lack of details; abstract only

Zhu et al. Gonad differential proteins revealed with proteomics in oyster (Saccostrea 

cucullata) using alga as food contaminated with cadmium 2012 Fed toxicant

Zhuang and Lin The effects of nutrients and heavy metals on the plankton in marine 

enclosed ecosystem 1991 Mixture

Zia and McDonald Role of the gills and gill chloride cells in metal uptake in the freshwateradapted rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 1994

Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled 

water, not conducted long enough, not flowthrough or water concentrations not adequately 

measured

Zolotukhina et al. Effect of some heavy metal ions on cholorophyll photostability in marine 

green macroalgae 1993 Text in foreign language

Zou and Bu Acute toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to the water flea, Moina 

irrasa (Cladocera) 1994 Not North American species
K-1

Appendix K Issue Summary Regarding Test Conditions and 

Methods for Water Only Toxicity Testing with 

Hyalella azteca
K-2

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

NATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

RESEARCH LABORATORY

MID-CONTINENT ECOLOGY DIVISION

6201 CONGDON BOULEVARD · DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804-2595

OFFICE OF

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

August 6, 2015

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Issue summary regarding test conditions and methods for water only toxicity 

testing with Hyalella azteca

FROM: David R. Mount and J. Russell Hockett

TO: Kathryn Gallagher

Health and Ecological Criteria Division/OST/OW

We are writing at the request of your staff to summarize current understanding regarding 

appropriate procedures and conditions for water only toxicity testing with the amphipod, 

Hyalella azteca, with an emphasis on how this understanding intersects with the selection of 

toxicity data for deriving ambient water quality criteria. Recommendations are provided based 

on our experience and interpretation of published and unpublished data. A draft of this 

document was provided to two outside experts, Drs. Chris Ingersoll (USGS Columbia, MO) and 

David Soucek (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL), for their comment and input.

A complicating factor is that recent research has found that organisms taxonomically described 

as Hyalella azteca comprise a complex of numerous genetically distinct, but thus far undescribed 

species; for the purposes of this memo, we refer to them as “strains.” Major et al. (2013) 

determined that most North American laboratories that cultured and tested Hyalella azteca had 

the same strain (called the “US Lab” strain). A single laboratory, in Burlington, ON, had a 

different strain or species in culture; they called this the “Burlington” strain. These two strains 

show some differences that may require different evaluation criteria to be applied. As much of 

the available toxicological data published are known or presumed to have been generated using 

the US Lab strain, the bulk of the discussion that follows pertains to the US Lab strain, though 

notes are included where differences with the Burlington strain may be important.

1) Bromide

Bromide was originally proposed as an essential micronutrient by Borgmann (1996) in work 

conducted using the Burlington strain. Subsequent studies using the US Lab strain indicate 

bromide is also an essential micronutrient for that strain, though the apparent levels of 
K-3

sufficiency appear to differ from the original suggestion by Borgmann (0.8 mg/L). Research 

conducted by USGS in Columbia, MO indicates that a much lower bromide concentration of 

around 0.02 mg/L is sufficient to support long-term survival, growth, and reproduction of the US 

Lab strain (Ivey et al. SETAC 2011 poster; see Figure 1). Here in our laboratory, we have found 

that the ambient Br concentration in Lake Superior water (about 0.01 to 0.015 mg/L) will support 

cultures of the US Lab strain). While these concentrations are much lower than the 0.8 mg/L, 

they are not necessarily in conflict with Borgmann’s findings, as Borgmann’s original 

experimental design was not structured to determine minimum concentrations with a high level 

of resolution (he was also using a different strain). In addition, experiments conducted by USGS 

in Columbia, MO (CD Ivey and CG Ingersoll, personal communication) have shown that 

bromide concentrations as high as 80 mg/L are not detrimental to the US Lab strain. It is 

uncertain whether the overall composition (e.g., hardness, specific ion content) of the water 

influences the Br requirement. Limited survey work done by USGS-Columbia suggests that 

natural waters (ground or surface waters) typically have sufficient Br to support the US Lab 

strain (C.G. Ingersoll, personal communication). The 0.8 mg Br/L contained in Borgmann 

“SAM-5” water is much higher than is found in typical fresh waters, but as noted above, we have 

no evidence that this would be problematic unless the toxicant of concern interacts with Br.

Recommendation: Reconstituted waters used for testing with Hyalella azteca should have at 

least 0.02 mg Br/L. For tests conducted with natural waters (ground or surface) with 

accompanying Br measurements, it is reasonable to presume that sufficient Br was present, as 

long as control performance appears adequate.

2) Chloride

Chloride also appears to be important to supporting long term survival, growth, and reproduction 

of the US Lab strain. A survey of waters used successfully by various laboratories for culture of 

Hyalella azteca (known or presumed to be the US Lab strain) indicates that most have Cl 

concentrations at or above those typical of natural surface waters (Figure 2). And, notably, the 

concentrations in reconstituted waters often recommended by ASTM and EPA for aquatic 

toxicity studies have very low concentrations of Cl, relative to natural waters. Studies in our 

laboratory found that the roughly 2 mg Cl/L found in Lake Superior water limited performance 

of the US Lab Strain. Performance was improved by the addition of sodium chloride up to a 

concentration of about 15 mg/L, above which there was no additional improvement (Figure 3; 

Soucek et al. 2015). Longer-term studies conducted at the Illinois Natural History Survey 

demonstrated a similar response to chloride for long-term growth and reproduction (Figure 4; 

Soucek et al., 2015). It is unclear whether the minimum Cl concentrations apply equally across 

all water types or if the Cl requirement is dependent on other aspects of water chemistry. Natural 

waters with hardness less than 80 mg/L commonly have <10 mg Cl/L (about 0.3 mM; see Figure 

2).

An additional finding by Soucek et al. (2015) is that the acute sensitivity of the US Lab strain to 

sodium sulfate and sodium nitrate varied with chloride in a manner similar to that observed for 

control performance (Figure 5). However, when the Burlington strain was tested, both control 

growth and toxicant sensitivity were independent of chloride concentrations. This suggests, 

though does not prove, that the Cl-dependence of toxicity shown for the US Lab strain may be 
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related more to its innate Cl requirement rather than a broader toxicological interaction of Cl and 

those toxicants. It’s also worth noting that the change in toxicant sensitivity was observed even 

though control survival was good across all Cl concentrations; this means that meeting control 

survival requirements is not by itself a good indication that chloride concentrations were 

sufficient.

Recommendation: For toxicity data generated using the US Lab strain, it is preferred that 

control/dilution waters have Cl concentrations at or above about 15 mg/L. Where 

control/dilution waters have lower Cl concentrations, toxicity data should be used with great 

caution unless there are ancillary data demonstrating that organism health was not impaired 

despite lower Cl.

3) Reconstituted Waters

As noted above, reconstituted waters based on the formula proposed by Marking and Dawson 

(1973; this includes reconstituted waters recommended by EPA for effluent testing, and by some 

ASTM standards) have low Cl concentrations and have been directly shown to be insufficient to 

support long-term health of the US Lab strain. In addition to low Cl, they do not include added 

Br. A modification of these waters proposed by Smith et al. (1997) has sufficient chloride, but 

does not have added Br. Results obtained with this water have been inconsistent and it is not 

recommended unless it is supplemented with Br. The Borgmann (1996) “SAM-5” water has an 

unnaturally high Br concentration, but there is no reason to believe this concentration is harmful, 

unless it would interact with the toxicant being tested.

Recommendation: Data generated using Marking and Dawson-based waters should not be 

used. Data generated using “Smith” water should not be used unless Br was supplemented. Data 

generated using “Borgmann SAM-5” water should be acceptable unless there is reason to think 

the excess Br would compromise the test. Other reconstituted water formulations should be 

evaluated in light of the Br and Cl recommendations above.

4) Substrate

There is general consensus that a substrate should be provided when conducting water-only 

testing with Hyalella azteca. Common substrates include stainless steel screen, nylon (e.g., 

Nitex®) screen, quartz sand, cotton gauze, and maple leaves. In general, more inert substrates, 

such as screen or sand, are preferred over plant material, which may break down during testing 

and/or encourage microbial growth. Consideration should be given to whether one would expect 

interactions between the toxicant and the substrate; hydrophobic organic compounds in particular 

can bind strongly to Nitex® screen, which might reduce exposure concentrations, especially for 

studies using static or intermittent renewal exposure methods.

Recommendation: A fine layer of clean quartz sand is a preferred substrate. Nylon screen may 

be used if known to be compatible with the test chemical. Analytical confirmation of exposure 

concentrations in “old” solutions (prior to renewal) is very important, particularly where there 

could be interactions between the substrate and the test chemical.
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5) Control Survival in Long-Term Tests

Experience with 42-d exposures (beginning with 7-8 d old organisms) is that 42-d survival is 

frequently well above 80% (e.g., 85%-95%) and 80% seems a reasonable minimum for control 

survival. For tests longer than 42 days, some decline in control survival might be expected, 

though experience is limited for these longer exposures. In general, survival should not decline 

by more than 2-3% per week beyond 6 weeks, unless exposures continue so long that organisms 

are becoming senescent. 

Recommendation: Control survival should not be below 80% in 42-d tests; slightly lower 

control survival may be acceptable in tests substantially longer than 42 d.

6) Control Growth/Weight and Reproduction

The bulk of the available data on control growth comes from the context of 42-d exposures, 

which generally begin with 7-8-d old organisms (starting size typically 0.02-0.03 mg dwt). In 

experiments with the US Lab strain (including a 24-laboratory round robin evaluation), improved 

diets have been shown to produce average weights of ≥0.35 mg dwt (about 1.75 mg wwt 

assuming 80% water) at d 28 of a 42-d tests (35-36 d of overall age) and ≥0.50 mg dwt (about 

2.5 mg wwt assuming 80% water) at d 42. Information on growth rates for tests longer than 42 d

is limited, though growth rates are thought to decrease markedly as organisms reach reproductive 

stages. Data generated at EPA-Duluth show that the standard diet recommended in EPA and 

ASTM test methods for 42-d testing with Hyalella azteca (1 ml/beaker-d of YCT) limits growth 

relative to higher rations (either more YCT or other foods such as Tetramin® + YCT; see Figure 

6). However, this limited growth does not seem to be so stressful as to reduce long-term 

survival, and reproduction still occurs though at lower rates than higher rations. Where 28-d and 

42-d growth is comparable to that described above, reproduction is typically ≥6 young per 

female.

David Soucek of the Illinois Natural History Survey has conducted some laboratory culture and 

control growth experiments using the Burlington strain. From those experiments, it appears that 

the Burlington strain grows at about the same rate (provided similar rations) as the US Lab 

strain, but appears to reproduce at a lower rate (one-third to one-half the rate of the US Lab 

strain; D.J. Soucek, personal communication).

Recommendation: For 42-d exposures with the US Lab strain (beginning with 7-8-d old 

organisms), control organism average dry weight should be ≥0.35 mg after 28 days and ≥0.50 

mg after 42 days. At the end of a 42-day test, control reproduction should average ≥6 young per 

female. Lower performance may indicate diet/ration may have been limiting. For tests with the 

Burlington strain, similar growth would be expected, but reproductive rate may be somewhat 

lower.
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7) Applicability of Data from Different Strains of Hyalella azteca

The organisms of the US Lab strain are generally thought to trace to an original collection by 

Alan Nebeker of EPA-Corvallis in 1982. Hyalella azteca identified as the same US Lab strain

have been found in the wild in several states, including FL, KS, OK, TX, CA, and their original 

collection location in OR (D.J. Soucek, personal communication). It is less clear whether the 

chloride requirement found for the US Lab strain is present in all wild populations, or whether 

the US Lab strain occurs naturally in waters with chloride below 15 mg/L. David Soucek 

(Illinois Natural History Survey) conducted a study examining response to chloride in a culture 

started from a wild population of the US Lab strain collected in Kansas, and found indication of 

reduced performance at low Cl concentrations, though the magnitude of the effect may be 

somewhat smaller.

It is noteworthy that in strain comparisons of sensitivity to sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate, the 

sensitivity of the US Lab strain at Cl ≥15 mg/L was generally similar to the sensitivity of the 

Burlington strain. Absent data to the contrary, we know of no compelling reason to think that

the toxicant sensitivity of the US Lab strain in waters with adequate Cl and Br should not be 

appropriate for inclusion in species sensitivity distributions as is intended for deriving water 

quality criteria.

References:

Borgmann, U. 1996. Systematic analysis of aqueous ion requirements of Hyalella azteca: A 

standard artificial medium including the essential bromide ion. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 

30:356-363.

Ivey CD , Brumbaugh WG, Ingersoll CG, Kemble NE, Kunz JK, Mount DR, and Hockett JR. 

2011. Evaluation of the influence of Bromide on the performance of the amphipod Hyalella 

azteca in reconstituted waters. Presented at the SETAC North America 32nd Annual Meeting, 

Boston, MA, November 2011.

Major KM, Soucek DJ, Giordano R, Wetzel MJ, Soto-Adames F. 2013. The common 

ecotoxicology laboratory strain of Hyalella azteca is genetically distinct from most wild strains 

sampled in eastern North America. Environ Toxicol Chem 32:2637-2647.

Marking, LL and Dawson VK. 1973. Toxicity of quinaldine sulfate to fish. Investigative Fish 

Control, No. 48, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

Smith, ME, Lazorchak JM, Herrin LE, Brewer-Swartz S, and Thoney WT. 1997. A 

reformulated, reconstituted water for testing the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Environ 

Toxicol Chem 16:1229-1233.

Soucek DJ, Mount DR, Dickinson A, Hockett JR, McEwen AR. In press. Contrasting effects of 

chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains of 

Hyalella azteca. Environ Toxicol Chem
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Figure 1. Long-term performance of Hyalella as a function of Br concentration in water (from 

Ivey et al. 2011). Different symbols represent different trials and/or different water compositions 

(other than Br).

Bromide (mg/L)

0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000

Weight (mg/ind)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2
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Figure 2. Concentrations of Cl in natural surface waters, waters used successfully to culture 

Hyalella, and in reconstituted waters based on Marking and Dawson (EPA/ASTM).

Figure 3. 10-d weights of Hyalella reared in Lake Superior water with varying Cl concentrations 

(from Soucek et al. 2015).

Hardness (mg/L)

2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000

Chloride (mM)

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

Pruned field data

Unused field data

ASTM Recon Water

Culture Waters in Use

Lake Superior
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Figure 4. Influence of chloride on growth and reproduction of the US Lab strain in a 42-d test 

(from Soucek et al. 2015).
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Figure 5. Comparison of control growth (a), and acute toxicity of sodium nitrate (b) and sodium 

sulfate (c) between the US Lab and Burlington strains of Hyalella azteca (from Soucek et al. 

2015).
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Figure 6. Growth rates of Hyalella reared on standard (EPA or ASTM 2000) ration of 1 ml 

YCT/d or on alternate rations (D.R. Mount unpublished data).

Test Day

0 10 28 42

Dry Weight (mg/ind)

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.05

0.07

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

0.7

1

Standard 1 ml YCT

Ramped 1-4 ml YCT

1 ml YCT + 2 mg Tetramin