Reference

NBSIR 84-2972

Multi-Year Plan for Experimental

Systems Research- Passive and

Hybrid Solar Energy Program

J. Greenberg

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

November 1984

Prepared for Me

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34-2972

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U.S. Department of Energy

e of Solar Heat Technologies

ve and Hybrid Solar Energy Division

lington, DC 20585

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OF STANDARDS

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NBSIR 84-2972

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MULTI-YEAR PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL

SYSTEMS RESEARCH-PASSIVE AND

HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY PROGRAM

I S

' i . , . lQ<xd

J. Greenberg

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

November 1984

Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Solar Heat Technologies

Passive and Hybrid Solar Energy Division

Washington, DC 20585

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
-V

.

.

••

‘

.
ACKNOWLEIDGEtlENrS

The author gratefully acknowledges the cooperation and contribution of

the individuals who participated in this planning exercise and those

associated in reviewing the various drafts of this document. The efforts

of Dianna Mills in preparing this document for review and publication is

especially appreciated.
'
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. Activity Description 1

A. Background 1

B. Goals and Objectives 4

C. Significance 5

II. Status of Current Research (FY1984) 6

III. Proposed Research 11

IV. Budget 20

V. Participants 20

Appendix A - The Determination of High Priority

Areas for Experimental Systems

Research

MULTI-YEAR PLAN

FOR

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH - PASSIVE AND HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY PROGRAM

I. ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

A. BACKGROUND

At a number of planning meetings, including the Workshop on Building

Energy Research held in Carmel, California in 1983, and at various Topical

Review Meetings, it was concluded that accurate measurement of the various

mechanisms that affect building performance is required to gain the

necessary knowledge to advance the understanding of passive solar energy

technology. This understanding includes the ability to acquire data under

controlled conditions to measure the thermal behavior of buildings so that

the fundamental mechanism of the driving forces that affect change along

with the resulting changes can be studied. This information is essential

in the development of algorithms which define the relationships between the

various physical elements which interact within a building and for

determining the accuracy of the various simulation models developed for use

in predicting passive heating and cooling performance.

To assure that the data collection effort meets the diversified needs

of the passive solar program, three distinct levels of data collection have

been established. The first includes the detailed data needed by

researchers to determine heat transfer processes and for the development of

new algorithms to characterize the behavior of innovative systems and

components in buildings and for validation of predictive methods. The

second includes medium level of detail needed by developers and builders

for determining performance of passive and hybrid systems in occupied

buildings. And finally, the third consists of a simplified level of data

needed by consumer oriented groups to determine occupant reactions to

1
innovative building designs. These levels are categorized in the passive

solar program as follows:

Class A - involving a high degree of instrumentation and a thorough

evaluation of operational performance, producing detailed data in

support of specific systems analyses, system studies, and design tool

development tasks.

Class B - involving a low-cost, "easy to install" instrumentation

package - usually applied to residential or similar structures where

energy flows are governed by the interaction between the exterior

walls of the building and outside environment.

Class C - a non-instrument survey approach.*

It should be noted that Class A data are collected under the Experimental

Systems Research Program and are the focus of the material contained in

this plan.

In the past few years, six Class A sites were identified with data

collected for either heating or cooling, flie sites and facilities are as

follows:

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS; GAITHERSBURG, MD

Passive Test Facility

SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE; GOLDEN, CO

Two-Zone Passive Test Cell

Retrofit Test House

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY; FT. COLLINS, CO

REPEAT Test Facility

TRINITY UNIVERSITY; SAN ANTONIO, TX

Cooling Test Facility

NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY; LAS CRUCES, NM

Roof Pond Test House

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA; TUCSON, AZ

Cooling Test Facility

* The Class C program has been completed. Final reports are under

preparation by the SERI Solar Technical Information Program.

2
n edition, other test facilities exist which have the capability to

lect Class A data among them being the Lo-Cal House, Small Homes

ecil. University of Illinois, Champaign, IL; the Florida Solar Energy

i eter Cooling Test Facility, Cape Canaveral, FL; the Solar Energy Analysis

oratory (SEAL), San Diego, CA; and the Tennessee Ehergy Conservation in

,-^sing (TECH) Units, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Because of

:,he reduced DOE budget levels, only some of the Class A facilities were

airectly funded during FY 84 while research is being conducted at other

facilities through separate funding sources.

At the inception of the program, the Class A data gathering effort was

integral with the task of validating building energy analysis simulations

and development of new algorithms. This overall task included model

validation using analytical and comparative techniques in addition to

empirical studies. In FY 84, the empirical component was separated,

renamed Experimental Systems Research, and the scope broadened to include

all Class A data requirements for passive solar energy research. This

reorientation was developed to permit the various facilities that have the

capability to collect Class A data to support all such detailed data

requirements for the passive solar program. This approach has the

advantage of allowing these heavily instrumented test facilities to be

operated more efficiently in addition to promoting a closer coordination

between users of Class A type information.

With the establishment of the Experimental Systems Research program, a comprehensive planning effort was undertaken to achieve a consensus

regarding the research to be performed, the most appropriate facility to

perform the research, and the funding requirements. Through a series of

working meetings and exchange of correspondence, a list of candidate

research areas covering both heating and cooling technologies was

3
identified. These candidate areas were defined and ranked and a resulting

list of priorities established (see Appendix A). The Multi-Year Research

Plan contained herein articulates the results of this effort and details

the recommended activities for Experimental Systems Research for FY 85 and

beyond.

B. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of this program is:

TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE

DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVE AND HYBRID HEATING, COOLING, AND DAYLIGHTING

TECHNOLOGIES AND TO ARCHIVE AND DISSEMINATE COLLECTED DATA AND RESULTS

TO THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY.

The specific objectives of the program are stated as follows:

o To identify, collect, and evaluate, the detailed empirical data

needed to support appropriate elements of the passive solar

energy research program (i.e. algorithm development and

validation, heat transfer, etc.).

o To continually review experimental systems research requirements

to assure that the research is in consonance with the goals and

objectives of each subprogram element supported and that it is

performed in an effective, consolidated manner at the most

appropriate facility.

o To promote a flow of technical information among experimental

systems researchers including information on standardized

measurement, accuracy requirements, data acquisition techniques,

and innovative instrumentation.

o To collect, archive, and disseminate the experimental data in a

format and manner to effectively serve the research community and

others involved in passive solar technologies.

4
o To Quantify the thermal performance of systems (as opposed to

components) where such research is needed and not planned to be

done in the other subprograms,

rhe goals and objectives listed above are general statements relating

_ Experimental Systems Research and are intended to form the framework for

; specific research tasks conducted. To focus on the details, a goal has

included for each specific task preposed in this plan and is included

' other task material in Section III, PROPOSED RESEARCH.

I. SIGNIFICANCE

Only through the understanding of the fundamental heat transfer

lechanisms involved can the development of passive solar energy techniques

be advanced to the degree required to make a serious inpact. Although much

can be learned through the collection of general data, fundamental research

must be conducted in highly sophisticated facilities so that parameters can

be controlled and carefully varied so that accurate algorithms, constants,

and coefficients can be determined. Although Experimental Systons Research

has an immediate application to algorithm development and model validation,

the ultimate impact will be felt by the building community through the

development of more meaningful, reliable, and accurate design tools.

For exanple, fundamental research performed in the past with regard to

heat transfer through the building envelope has given the building

community the necessary body of understanding to effectively design

conventional buildings. The design of passive solar buildings, however,

requires very advanced information on other factors such as radiation,

convection, stratification, etc. Through analysis and carefully designed

experimentation conducted under the Experimental Systems Research activity,

the body of understanding of these phenomena may also be upgraded with the

subsequent impact on how passive solar residential and non-residential

buildings are designed.

5
II. STATUS OF CURRENT RESEARCH (FY1984)

Current activities related to Experimental Systems Research are being

conducted at several facilities. The information being developed generally

is in support of the Systems Simulation and Analysis activity and is

presented below by organization. The information included under Section

III, PROPOSED RESEARCH builds upon the research base developed at

Experimental Systems Research facilities over the past few years.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY; FORT COLLINS, CO

REPEAT Test Facility

The current research projects at the REPEAT passive solar test

building are: 1) natural and forced convection in a three zone geometry,

2) natural and forced convection in a single zone, and 3) determination

of heat transfer coefficients using parameter estimation. This effort is a

preliminary characterization of the parameters associated with indoor air

movement so that later work can more definitively study temperature and

velocity profiles within the building.

The three-zone configuration, comprised of a two story sunspace, an

upper north zone, and a lower north zone is a very caranon configuration in

passive solar design. The zones are connected by doorways and the velocity

of the air stream in the doorways is measured at 11 locations by a hot wire

anemometer. Each doorway has its own support mounted in place, so that the

hot wire can be moved easily from doorway to doorway during testing. The

temperature profile of the air in each doorway is measured using

thermocouples. Also measured are the interior surface temperatures of the

three zones, and the air temperature profiles in each zone, using existing

instrumentation. During an experiment, the data are collected by the data

acquisition system, reduced in real time, and plotted.

6
The natural and forced convection research is aimed at determining the

temperature profiles and flow patterns in a single room, and how they are

influenced by the thermal boundary conditions. Direct gain rooms can have

!: normal storage in the floor and in a side wall, so the thermal boundary

conditions include both heating from below and heating from the side.

. ever, the former case generally is thermally unstable. Measurements of

: ne interior surface temperatures and air temperature profiles are being

ade using thermocouples and recorded by a data logger. Preliminary

esults indicate that if the storage wall and floor are (1) at the same

emperature and (2) warmer than the air and interior glazing, then the air

will be well mixed and isothermal. Also, the average air temperature will

oe within a degree C of the average of the six interior wall temperatures.

Parameter estimation routines have been developed for three thermal

models of increasing complexity. The simplest model entails a lumping of

the building into isothermal zones and includes about 10 parameters for the

total building. No attempt is made to define modes of heat transfer.

Coefficients representing overall zonal UA values and effective zonal

thermal capacitances have been determined and the model applied to the

single-zone test roam and the three-zone main building systems tests. The

intermediate level of parameter estimation includes about 30 parameters

modelling the physical elements of the building with constant heat transfer

coefficients. Surface coefficients are combined coefficients in that they

include both radiation and conduction. The advanced level of parameter

estimation includes all modes of heat transfer separately, and involves

about 60 separate parameters.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS; GAITHERSBURG, MD

Passive Test Facility

The NBS Passive Test Facility is a full-scale reconf igurable, single

story four-cell passive solar test building containing such generic passive

7
solar features as a direct gain system, a collector storage wall (Trombe

wall) and clerestory windows. Each cell has the flexibility for multiple

instrumentation configurations, and the ability to operate in a freefloating or fixed temperature mode. The entire facility contains a 500

channel data acquisition system along with a multi-channel continuous air

infiltration monitoring capability. A handbook (NBSIR 84-2911? National

Bureau of Standards Passive Solar Test Facility - Instrumentation and Site

Handbook - June 1984) has been published describing the NBS facility,

thermophysical properties of the materials and building components and

sensor locations.

Sane initial experimentation was conducted to monitor the performance

of the direct gain and Trombe wall cells with the air temperature floating

in each cell and to measure the thermocirculation characteristics of the

Trombe wall. Additional experiments were conducted during the

Winter/Spring months of 1984 and data collected in the test cells including

ambient and cell temperature fluctuations? solar radiation? air

infiltration? and auxiliary energy supplied. Information collected has

been distributed to a number of experimentors and data requested from a

number of research organizations in Canada and France.

Although the primary purpose for conducting this experiment was to

acquire detailed performance data for model validation, characterization of

passive subsystems were also developed especially with regard to the

performance of the Trombe wall. A parametric analysis of the data

collected during January-February and February-Masrch 1984, indicated that

the Trombe wall cell performed best of the three cells in terms of its

solar saving fraction and the direct gain cell consumed the largest amount

of energy of the three cells while experiencing the largest upward

temperature fluctuations (the lower temperatures in the cells were fixed).

In addition, because of the good agreement between the data and the

8
predicted values of the ratios of various solar radiation quantities and

energy requirements, the methods to predict these quantities outlined in

the Passive Solar Design Handbook - Volume Three are adequate for the

parameters studied.

Work also proceeded on the validation of Slab/Ground Coupling Heat

Transfer algorithms. The algorithm developed by the National Research

Council of Canada was added to the NBS's Thermal Analysis Research Program

(TARP) to simulate the interaction of the rest of the building with floor

slab and ground on an hourly basis. Some specific data for the purpose of

preliminary validation of this algorithm have been collected and the

preliminary validation of this algorithm is underway. Additional

experimental data are needed to complete the validation of the slab/ground

heat transfer algorithm.

SOLAR RESEARCH ENERGY INSTITUTE; GOLDEN, CO

Retrofit Test House

A multizone infiltration monitoring system was developed and installed

in the SERI retrofit test house as part of the Class A monitoring and

validation program. This equipment is very similar to that required to

implement a two-gas, two-zone air flow monitoring scheme. The required

changes include the addition of a second infrared analyzer in series with

the existing one, changes in the plumbing, the addition of a second gas

cylinder, and changes in the control and data acquisition hardware and

software. The second infrared analyzer is on order and is designed to

monitor carbon dioxide (C02

). This gas was chosen because it is readily

available, inexpensive, and can be used in the unoccupied test house

without concern for sinks or sources within the building. The original

system used sulfur hexafluoride (SFg), and its use will continue. The

system will operate in the decay mode, as mass flow controllers have not

9
presently been ordered. However, the system hardware and software is

easily adaptable to conversion to a constant omission mode if this hardware

is procured in the future.

The infrared analyzer unit is being designed to be transportable,

easily reproduced, upwardly compatible with up to 6 gases and zones, and

controlled by a microcomputer. The transportability feature will allow it

to be easily moved to other sites. The design will be based, as much as

possible, on commercially available hardware and software so that the

design can be copied by others in the airflow monitoring field. The

hardware and software are being designed so that the system can easily be

expanded to 6 gases and zones and will be flexible enough to monitor more

complicated buildings as required. The system is being designed to perform

all data logging as well as data analysis and display tasks.

The SERI test house will be configured as two connected zones for the

infiltration tests. The doors between the zones will be closed, and all

other potential airflow paths will be sealed. One-time tracer gas tests

will be performed to ensure that the two zones are sealed off from one

another. Thai, calibrated blower/diffusers will be installed and operated

to produce known airflows between the zones and between each zone and the

outside. These assemblies will be designed to simulate both the volume

flow rates and the flow areas and velocities expected for a naturally

convection driven airflow situation in the test house. The airflow

monitoring system will then be operated and the data analyzed to estimate

these airflows. The results of this analysis will be compared to the known

airflow rates.

Adjustments to the experimental setup, such as placement of the

sampling tubes, or the experimental procedure, such as the sampling

frequency, will be performed until satisfactory agreement between the real

10
and predicted values are reached. The doors will then be opened between

the zones, and the natural convection driven airflows will be monitored.

It is anticipated that pressure transducers will also be installed in the

building to monitor the pressure forces driving the airflows. Complete

temperature and meteorologic instrumentation is already installed in the

building, so that correlations to wind vectors and appropriate temperature

differences can be made.

III. PROPOSED RESEARCH

In order to determine a long range thrust for the Experimental Systems

Research effort and to assure that the proposed experiments have a positive

impact on the solar passive and hybrid program, a planning exercise was

initiated in December 1983. The focus of this exercise was to develop a

consensus among the various participants and other interested parties with

regard to the research to be conducted, the facilities involved, and the

funding levels required. This preliminary planning process phase

culminated with a working session on June 11, 1984 and the working material

synthesized into a draft report in July 1984, The initial material and

perspectives generally were developed by researchers from the passive solar

community with their expert knowledge focused on advancing solar

technology. To broaden participation by others in the passive solar

community and obtain a balanced perspective, the draft report was

subsequently circulated for comment to interested building industry

associations and professional societies. Although none of these comments

affected the ranking of the high priority areas, additional areas for

subsequent consideration were identified. The expanded list of program

areas will be useful in identifying follow-on project areas when the high

priority areas presented below are completed. (A description of the

planning process used, the research areas initially and subsequently

11
identified, their rankings, and the conclusions reached are presented in

Appendix A.)

Although during the planning process forty-nine research areas were

identified which embrace both heating and cooling technologies, the

following research technologies surfaced as having the highest priority and

being the most appropriate for Experimental Systems Research using Class A

facilities. (These are not listed necessarily in priority order):

NATURAL CONVECTION

INFILTRATION

RADIATION/CONVECTION/STRATIFICATION INTERACTION

HVAC INTERACTIONS

EARTH CONTACT

GLAZING

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE DATA

The research activities described below fall within the context of

this high priority listing. Research activities are not recommended for

all areas on the list and some activities encompass more than one high

priority area. For each activity described a specific goal is presented

that complements the general goals and objectives stated under Section IB.

In the material that follows, only three priority activities are

documented since it would be unproductive to devote time and effort to

develop additional activites that realistically are well beyond the

funding possibilities in the immediate time-frame. As progress is made on

the higher priority areas, subsequent reviews and assessments will reveal

other research areas for consideration.

The high priority research activities selected as a result of this

planning exercise may be summarized below:

PRIORITY I: AIR MOVEMENT IN BUILDINGS?

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE DATA

PRIORITY II: SOLAR RADIATION INSIDE BUILDINGS

PRIORITY III: INVESTIGATION OF SLAB/GROUND COUPLING HEAT TRANSFER

These research activities generally encompass the listing shown above and

impact broadly the various passive and hybrid solar energy subprogram

12
elements. A summary showing the relationships between the high priority

research technologies, the subprogram elements, and the research areas

selected are shown in Figure 1. It must be emphasized that the material

presented herein were developed in an Experimental Systems Research

overlay. These areas represent the highest priority activities to be

conducted in the highly specialized Class A facilities. This plan does not

suggest that analytical or comparative studies, model and algorithm

development, or Class B data collection activities may be of lower

priority than the collection of highly detailed empirical data. In this

regard, the scope of this plan encompasses only the Experimental System

Research component for the Passive and Hybrid Solar Energy activity. The

details for activities such as algorithm development and validation which

are analytical or comparative in nature are reflected in the individual

planning documents for those solar passive and hybrid subprograms and

integrated, as a total entity, in the overall Passive and Hybrid Solar

Energy Multi-year Plan new under development. In this context, a detailed

description of the Experimental Systems Research priority items, along with

the individual goal for each, is addressed below.

PRIORITY I - AIR MOVEMENT IN BUILDINGS;

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE DATA

Two areas were identified as Priority I activities - Air Movement in

Buildings and Systems Performance Data. The Air Movement in Buildings

Project is a composite Experimental Systems Research activity that

addresses several high priority areas in an integrated approach with

complementary work to be conducted at three Class A facilities. The

activity covers fundamental research in the high priority areas of

convection; infiltration; rad iat ion/convectiorv/stratification; and HVAG

interactions. The goal of the activity is stated as follows:

13
SUB-PROGRAM

ELEMENTS

Figure 1

PRIORITY, SUB-ELEMENT, TECHNOLOGY

INTERFACE SUMMARY

Aperture Materials and Components

Thermal Storage Materials Research

Thermal Transport Subsystems Research

Systems Simulation and Analysis

Experimental Systems Research

Daylighting and Resource Characterization

Heat Transfer Research

Passive Cooling Research

Performance Monitoring and Evaluation

Design Tools

Technology Transfer

P = Primary Impact

S = Secondary Impact

PRIORITY

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RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES

14
AIR MOVEMENT IN BUIIDINGS: GOAL - To study the fundamental mechanisms

relative to air movement in buildings and* once understood, to support

the development of algorithms and design guidelines for use by the

building community.

This activity is a collaborative effort to be conducted using the

SERI Class A Test House, the CSU REPEAT Test Facility, and the NBS Passive

Test Facility. In general, data will be collected to determine temperature

and velocity profiles for vertical and horizontal multi-zone

configurations. Because of the low velocities involved, this effort will be

supplemented by a multi-gas injection system to determine the effects of

infiltration on air movement. The CSU REPEAT Test Facility will generally

focus on vertical multi-zone experimentation; the NBS Passive Test Facility

on horizontal multi-zone studies; and the SERI Class A Test House oriented

to actual house measurements and multi-gas infiltration effects. In

addition, climate variables can also be assessed since the SERI Class A

Test House and the CSU REPEAT facility are located in cold

temperature/dry/high solar radiation locations while the NBS Passive Test

Facility is in a moderate temperature/humid/moderate solar radiation

environment. It is planned that: instrumentation techniques and methods

will be standardized, the location of sensors and other measurement devices

coordinated, and the multi-gas infiltration system shared to the extent

possible. In addition, later experiments will be conducted to determine

the interaction of the HVAC and the effects of radiation and stratification

on the basic convective air movement. Parameter estimations will be

developed to determine heat transfer coefficients which correlate such

items as building geometry and thermal storage placement. Also* on a time

available basis, preliminary work will be conducted at SERI to collect

correlating data on natural ventilation because of the building's "real"

house configuration. The above information is summarized in Figure 2.

15
Figure 2. Air Movement in Buildigns - Summary Information

FACILITY AREA APPROACH CONFIGURATION CLIMATE

REPEAT TEST

FACILITY

Colorado

State

University;

Ft. Collins,

CO

Convection; HVAC

interaction;

radiation/

convection/

stratification

Temp/vel

profiles;

Parameter

estimation

2 Story

multi-zone

reconfigurable

Cold

temp/dry/

high

solar

radiation

SERI CLASS A

TEST HOUSE

Solar Energy

Research

Institute;

Golden, CO

Infiltration;

natural

ventilation

Multiple

tracer gas

1 Story ranch

(real house)

Cold

temp/dry/

high

solar

radiation

NBS PASSIVE

TEST FACILITY

National

Bureau of

Standards;

Gaithersburg,

MD

Convection; HVAC

interaction;

radiation/

convection/

stratification/

infiltration

Tenp/vel

profiles;

tracer

gas

1 Story

multi-zone

reconf igurable

Moderate

temp/

humid/

moderate

solar

radiation

It is anticipated that the basic thrust of this experimentation during

the first two years will lead to a fundamental understanding of heat and

mass transport correlations useful to the development of algorithms and

simulations characterizing the air movement in buildings and perhaps

setting the stage for experimentation addressing other areas such as indoor

air quality. The research material developed should be of a nature

allowing both the heating and cooling technology relating to air movement

to be better understood. Later efforts, years 3 through 5, will be focused

on supporting the development of design guidelines for use by the building

community.

The associated project identified as a Priority I activity is Systems

Performance Data. This project addresses a single area identified under

the Experimental Systems Research high priority exercise. The specific

goal for this project is:

16
SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE DATA: GOAL - To generate temperature and load

data in passive solar buildings for model validation.

This effort will be conducted at the Solar Energy Analysis Laboratory

at their Pala facility near San Diego, CA. Information will be collected

relative to four test buildings: the Conventional, High Mass, Trombe Wall,

and Direct Gain buildings. Data will be gathered focusing on such areas as

solar radiation intensities (horizontal and east, west, and south vertical

surfaces plus direct normal); weather parameters including outdoor ambient

temperature and wind speed; building temperatures including shielded room

air temperatures and temperatures at the surface of and within thermal

storage mass; and heat extracted by chilled water loop to maintain cooling

thermostat settings. In addition, data will be collected with the test

buildings in the "auxiliary cooling" mode (chilled water loop operating);

the "free-running" mode (chilled water loop not operating); and the "loadcoefficient determination" mode (chilled water loop operating and all

windows shaded).

This effort for FY 85 will be a continuation of the data collection

project currently underway at the Solar Energy Analysis Laboratory. In FY

86, experimentation integrating the effects of natural ventilation are

planned.

PRIORITY II - SOLAR RADIATION INSIDE BUILDINGS

The activity identified as Priority II relates to the

Radiation/Convection/Stratification Interaction and interfaces with the air

movement in building research described above. Specifically, the goal of

this activity may be stated as follows:

SOLAR RADIATION INSIDE BUILDINGS: GOAL - To determine the magnitude

and distribution of solar energy radiation inside buildings and the

effects of this distribution upon the resulting heating and cooling

loads.

17
This activity will focus on determining the distribution of solar

energy radiation inside buildings in order to develop those algorithms

necessary to quantify and correlate this distribution with the outside

solar radiation source. This work is necessary to refine the parameters

developed under the air movement in buildings activity so that the

radiation component, which constitutes an element contributing to the air

movement driving force, can be fully characterized. It is anticipated that

preliminary research will be conducted at the National Bureau of Standards

during FY 85/86 and during the FY 87/88 time frame expanded as a

coordinated effort between Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Solar Energy

Research Institute, Colorado State university, and the National Bureau of

Standards. The results of this research will also be instrumental in

developing design guidelines for use by the building community.

PRIORITY III - INVESTIGATION OF SLAB/GROUND COUPLING HEAT TRANSFER

The activity identified as Priority III addresses the Earth Contact

area identified as high priority under Experimental Systems Research. This

effort is a continuation of the work started at National Bureau of

Standards and has the following goal:

INVESTIGATION OF SLAB/GROUND COUPLING HEAT TRANSFER: GOAL - To

validate slab/ground coupling algorithms for predicting conduction

heat transfer through slab floors in passive solar buildings.

Earth contact heat transfer for slab-on-grade floors and basement

walls and floors is a major component of the heat balance in many

buildings, particularly residences, and therefore significantly affects the

heating and cooling energy computation. This earth contact heat transfer

is particularly important in mild southern climates zones. Existing

building energy analysis simulation (BEAS) programs estimate this heat

transfer in a very crude manner. A new algorithm for predicting earth

18
contact heat transfer has been developed by the National Research Council

(NRC) of Canada. This algorithm uses a small number of coefficients which

are generated from a three dimensional finite element simulation for

various building/ground configurations.

Although much ground heat transfer work has been and is being done at

the University of Minnesota, this work is oriented toward earth sheltered

buildings and ignores slab-on-grade configurations. The inportance of this

research has been reinforced by the Passive and Hybrid Solar Energy Multiyear Program Plan (Draft, September 10, 1984) in that earth contact

research has been identified as an important passive solar technology area

that is only moderately understood.

For this two year research activity, work will continue at the

National Bureau of Standards through the installation of additional sensors

for measuring the slab floor surface temperature and slab/ground coupling

flux. Necessary data will be collected, and analysis for validating the

slab/ground coupling algorithm will be completed. The data and findings

wil 1 also be made available to other researchers.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

Although the priority activities described above are primary to

understanding passive and hybrid solar technology, coordinating efforts

will continue to assure that information is collected in a generally

consistent mode and the resulting data archived properly. Investigations

will continue toward developing a suitable archiving infrastructure so that

maximum access is provided to researchers and computer code developers to

applicable data collected at Class A type facilities. Such efforts will

enhance the Experimental Systems Research program and provide a strong

interface to the technology transfer activities for passive and hybrid

solar energy.

19
IV. BUDGET

The funding levels required for the high priority research activities

described in Section III, PROPOSED RESEARCH are shown in Figure 3. If

available funding cannot fully support the levels shown, adjustments may be

needed to consolidate activities, along with an appropriate stretch-out in

schedule, in order to achieve the planned research objectives.

Figure 3. Experimental Systems Research - Funding Levels

EY

PRIORITY PROJECT FACILITY 55. M 51 55 55

I Air Movement in SERI 150 150 50 50 50

Buildings NBS 150 150 50 50 50

CSU 150 150 50 50 50

System Performance

Data

SEAL 50 50 - - -

II Solar Radiation LBL a_ 100 100 100

Inside Buildings SERI - - 100 100 100

CSU - - 100 100 100

NBS 50 50 100 100 100

III Investigation of

Slab/Ground Coupling

Heat Transfer

NBS 50 50 50 50 50

TOTAL 600 600 600 600 600

The research activity scheduling and funding levels have been phased

to present an effort over the next five years that is constant with

reasonable funding levels and provides the needed continuity to

effectively achieve the desired technical thrust. Additional activities

chosen from the high priority listing could also be conducted and provide

further understanding of passive solar technology through enhanced funding

levels.

V. PARTICIPANTS

The following individuals received complete information regarding the

planning process and material described herein. All were invited to

20
actively participate and many responded directly by providing input,

comments, suggestions, and/or meeting attendance.

Fred Bauman

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

1 Cyclotron Road

Building 90, Room 2056

Berkeley, CA 94720

Phone: (415) 486-4253

William Birch

National Fenistration Council

3310 Harrison

Topeka, Kansas 66611

Phone: (913) 226-7013

Kostas Burba

DOE/Chicago Office

9800 S. Cass Avenue

Argonne, IL 60539

Phone: (FTS) 972-2514

(312) 972-2514

Pat Bums

Colorado State University

Dept, of Mechanical Engineering

Fort Collins, CO 80523

Phone: (303) 491-5543

Eugene Clark

Trinity University

Box 387

San Antonio, TX 78284

Phone: (512) 736-7504

Robert D. Dikkers

National Bureau of Standards

BR, Roan B320

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Phone: (301) 921-3285

Philip Fairey

Florida Solar Energy Center

300 State Road 401

Cape Canaveral, FL 32920

Phone: (305) 783-0300

Larry Flowers

Solar Energy Research Institute

Building 15, Floor 3

1617 Cole Boulevard

Golden, CO 80401

Phone: (303) 327-7640

21
Joseph Greenberg

National Bureau of Standards

BR, Room B320

Washington, DC 20234

Phone: (301) 921-3286

Blair Hamilton

The MEMPHREMAGOG Group

P.O. Box 456

Newport, VT 05855

Phone: (802) 658-6060

Bion Howard

National Concrete Masonry Association

2302 Horse Pen Road

Herndon, VA 22070

Phone: (703) 435-4900

Bruce D. Hunn

The Center for Energy Studies

Engineering Science Building

university of Texas - Austin

Austin, IX 78712

Phone: (512) 471-4946

Walter Ingle

Energy Technology Engineering Center

P.O. Box 1449

Canoga Park, CA 91304

Phone: (ETS) 983-5525

(213) 700-5525

Martin Jaffee

American Planning Association

1313 E. 60th Street

Chicago, IL 60637

Phone: (312) 955-9100

Mary-Margaret Jenior

Department of Energy

Forrestal Building

Room 5H047

Washington, DC 20585

Phone: (ETS) 252-2998

(202) 252-2998

Robert Jones

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Mail Stop J577

Los Alamos, NM 87545

Phone: (FTS) 843-6441

(505) 667-6441

22
Ron Judkoff

Solar Energy Research Institute

Building 15, Floor 3

1617 Cole Boulevard

Golden, CO 80401

Phone: (FTS) 327-1090

(303) 231-1090

Ron Rammerud

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

1 Cyclotron Road

Building 90, Room 2056

Berkeley, CA 94720

Phone: (FTS) 451-6620

Earle Rennet

American Institute of Architects Foundation

1735 New York Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202) 785-7800

Joe Rlems

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

1 Cyclotron Road

Berkeley, CA 94720

Phone: (FTS) 451-5564

(415) 486-5564

Bal M. Mahajan

National Bureau of Standards

BR, B306

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Phone: (301) 921-3294

Joe Perry

Solar Energy Analysis Laboratory

4730 Leathers Street

San Diego, CA 97117

Phone: (619) 483-3550

Robert L. Reid

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

101 Engineering Science Complex

University of Texas

El Paso, Texas 79968

Phone: (915) 747-5450

William Seaton

ASHRAE

1791 Tullie Circle, NE

Atlanta, GA 30329

Phone: (404) 636-8400

23
Richard Vincent

Lighting Research Institute

345 E. 47th Street

New York, NY 10017

Phone: (212) 705-7611

Frank Walter

Manufactured Housing Institute

1745 S. Jefferson Davis Highway

Arlington, VA 22202

Phone: (703) 979-6620

Alexander J. Wiliman

American Consulting Engineers Council

1015 15th Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20005

Phone: (202) 347-7474

Byron Winn

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Colorado State Univesity

Fort Collins, CO 80523

Phone: (303) 491-6558

David Wortman

Solar Energy Research Institute

Building 15, Floor 3

1617 Cole Boulevard

Golden, CO 80401

Phone: (FTS) 327-1095

(303) 231-1095

24
APPENDIX A

THE DETERMII&TION OF

HIGH PRIORITY AREAS

FOR

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
THE DETERMINATION OF

HIGH PRIORITY AREAS

FOR

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH

1. INTRODUCTION

Experimental Systems Research (also called Class A data acquisition)

is characterized by the collection of a large amount of integrated data

involving a high degree of instrumentation, collected in a highly

controlled environment using test cells and other special buildings. As

such, the design of each experiment along with the data collection

activities involve an extensive effort that is both time consuming and

costly. In addition, these activities are highly sensitive to seasonal

conditions and every opportunity must be used for the timely collection of

heating and cooling data to avoid long delays necessitated by the missing

of a seasonal cycle.

To assure that the effort expended on the Experimental Systems

Research activity will produce the data required to understand the

technology most needed to advance the passive solar program, a series of

planning exercises were conducted to identify candidate research areas and

to develop a consensus by those involved. The following describes the

organizations involved, the methodology used to identify and prioritize

research areas, and the conclusions reached.

2. CHRONOLOGY

This planning activity was initiated at a working session conducted at

Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas on December 14 and 15, 1983. ftie

meeting was attended by approximately twenty of the thirty individuals

invited. The main purpose of this working session was to identify (without

overall ranking or other such considerations) those project areas that

would benefit by the collection of empirical data in the degree of detail

and sophistication that would contribute to the advanced understanding of

Apassive solar energy systems and included both heating and cooling

technologies. Although the thrust of the projects identified were

primarily aimed at collecting data for model validation and algorithm

development, the scope of the Experimental Systems Research effort

encompassed other areas as well. In effect. Experimental Systems Research

was defined as a task to collect "Class A" data in support of the overall

passive solar effort and in this scope, it was anticipated that economies

could be achieved through integrated planning and data collection.

The major part of the December meeting consisted of a working session

focused on defining those research areas requiring the use of specialized

facilities to collect detailed data in support of the overall activities

conducted for the solar passive program. The research areas which were

identified were subdivided into heating and cooling technologies with the

cooling technologies additionally subdivided into ventilative cooling,

radiative cooling, dehumidification, earth contact, load avoidance and

thermal storage. (These are summarized in Table 1.) These needs were

further characterized as data required to broadly support the understanding

of the fundamental mechansim of the technology or whether the data

requirements were more bounded in scope and generally applicable only to a

particular system. During the meeting, a brief description was developed

for many of the requirements identified.

Because of the expense and time involved in travel, at the conclusion

of the meeting it was decided to continue the planning process by mail. On

January 11, 1984, a memorandum was sent to all participants documenting the

information developed during the December San. Antonio meeting. The

participants were requested to review the material carefully since the

research areas identified would form the basis for the subsequent efforts

of evaluating and prioritizing the Experimental Systems Research

A-3
activities. In addition, a number of resource documents were transmitted

in order to aid and expedite the review.

Comments received from the participants were generally in agreement

with the notes transmitted in the January 11, 1984 package. A few changes

were suggested for combining some of the identified program areas and

several changes were suggested to modify, expand, or clarify the project

descriptive material. Even after the changes were made, it was recognized

that the overall material was not uniform in content, some definitions were

incomplete or not developed, and some redundancy existed between

definitions. Nevertheless, despite the problems noted the material was in

reasonable form to be used as the basis for the exercises conducted

subsequently.

A memorandum was transmitted to all participants on March 6, 1984

which included a summary of all comments received and an updated list of

research areas along with a set of refined definitions. In total, fortynine areas were identified. (This information is shown in Table 2.) In

addition, a format was developed along with instructions for ranking the

identified projects. The instructions requested each recipient to apply

the prioritization criteria which reflected his own integrated view of the

Experimental Systems Research needed to advance the understanding of

passive solar technology and to indicate which passive program element(s)

would be directly affected or impacted by this research. This approach was

necessary because the geographical dispersion of the respondents and the

time constraints imposed prevented the development of a formal list of

ranking criteria that would be concurred with and understood by all.

Completed ranking information subsequently received were tabulated and

analyzed and are presented in Section 4, RESULTS.

3. EAmCIFMTS

A number of organizations were invited to participate in this
exercise, and individuals from the following institutions were actively

engaged in the development of the Experimental Systems Research project

areas, subsequent refinement, and initial prioritization.

Department of Energy - Headquarters

Department of Energy - Chicago Office

National Bureau of Standards

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Colorado State University

Trinity University

University of Texas

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Solar Energy Research Institute

Solar Energy Analysis Laboratory

Florida Solar Energy Center

Energy Technology Engineering Center (Rockwell International)

The MEMPHREMAGOG Group

In addition, in an effort to expand participation, other organizations

were invited to share in this process and information was sent to them for

review and comment. They are:

American Institute of Architects Foundation

American Consulting Engineers Council

American Planning Association

Architectual Energy Corporation

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Building Energy Design Tool Development Council

Lighting Research Institute

Manufactured Housing Institute

Masonry Research Foundation

A-5
National Concrete Masonry Association

National Fenestration Council

The review process by these other organizations surfaced sane project

areas not considered in the initial ranking. (These areas are shown below

under ADDITIONAL PROJECT AREAS). It was generally concluded, however,

that these project areas should be considered as follow-on candidates to be

conducted after the completion of the high priority projects described in

this plan.

4. RESULTS

After receipt of individual comments and ranking lists, a summary of

research area rankings representing all information received is shown in

Table 3. Research areas are listed by reference number (1 to 49) and

individual rankings indicated for each project. (The reference number

directly key to the List of Research Areas shown in Table 2.) All

respondents generally used a 1 through 49 ranking index with 1 being the

highest rated area. One set of rankings, however, were coded 10 through

1, where 10 represents the highest priority area. A distinctive marking is

used on Table 3 to distinguish this different scaling. In addition, those

areas in the upper 20% of the scale have been highlighted for emphasis.

Also indicated on Table 3 is the project technology (heating, coolingventilative, evaporative, etc.). It should be noted that in preparing

Table 3, no attempt was made to combine, consolidate or eliminate any area.

After analysis and review of comments received. Table 4 was prepared

using the same data and format as Table 3. Consideration this time was

given to problems encountered with the original List of Research Areas

shown in Table 2 since many areas could be consolidated; sane were sub-sets

of other areas; some areas overlapped other areas, etc. In effect, this

new grouping has reflected these changes and has also by consensus,

surfaced those areas that could be considered high priority candidates for

A-6
Experimental Systems Research. As a by-product, the review process also

identified those research areas that, if required for passive solar

understanding, perhaps should be conducted in non-Class A data acquisition

facilities.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Based on a review of Table 4, the highest priority activities for

Experimental Systems Research activities lie in the following areas (not

necessarily listed in priority order):

Natural Convection

Infiltration

Radiation/Convectioiy'St rati fication Interaction

HVAC Interaction

Earth Contact

Glazing

Systems Performance

These areas generally encompass the study of fundamental mechanisms as

opposed to component and systems studies and include both heating and

cooling.

6. ADDITIONAL PROJECT AREAS

During the review process, several of the industry and professional

organizations suggested additional project areas not included in the

initial project area listing. Since they were submitted in a later time

frame during the planning process, they were not formally ranked, however,

it was concluded that these areas were generally of a lower priority than

those areas selected for immediate implementation. They are, of course,

candidates for follow-on activities to be conducted after the completion of

the high priority projects described in this plan. The areas are

documented below, for the record, to be included in any subsequent planning

exercises for Experimental Systems Research.

Effects of Trees and Shrubs on the Building Heating/Cooling Load

Evaluation of Skylight Performance

Inddor Air Quality/Natural Convection

Innovative Glazing

Innovtive Roofs and Walls

A-7
Several of the other areas suggested were already Included in the

initial project area listings and are not repeated above.

A-8
Table 1

LIST OF HIGH PRIORITY RESEARCH AREAS

(UNPRIORITIZED)

HEATING TECHNOLOGIES

INTERZONE COUPLING (VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL)

STRATIFICATION

INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION OF RADIATION

SURFACE CONVECTION COEFFICIENTS

GROUND COUPLING

INNOVATIVE GLAZING

INNOVATIVE ROQFS/WALLS

STRUCTURAL CAVITY STORAGE

PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

INTEGRATION^INTERACTION WIIH MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (CONTROLS; LOAD MANAGEMENT)

MIXED PASSIVE SYSTEMS

ZONE HEATERS

RADIATION WITHIN ENCLOSURES (INFRARED)

GUARDED HOT BOX

THERMOSYPHON AIR PANEL SYSTEMS (TAPS)

RADIANT HEATING PANELS

AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS

A-9
Table 1 (continued)

COOLING TECHNOLOGIES

YENTILATIVE COOLING

CONNECTIVE TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS INSIDE BUILDINGS

FLOW RATES AND FLOW DISTRIBUTIONS

INTERZONE HEAT TRANSFER

INFILTRATION EFFECTS

STRATIFICATION

FIELD TESTING OF INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS

FIELD TESTING OF AIR CORE/VENTIITH) MASS COOLING

HVAC SYSTEMS INTERACTIONS

EVAPORATIVE CQQLINS

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE

PERFORMANCE OF OPEN EVAPORATIVE SYSTEMS

DISSIPATOR/STORAGE COUPLING TO INTERIOR SPACE

INNOVATIVE DISSIPATOR PERFORMANCE

ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT

DIFFUSION/OSMOSIS/ABSORPTION

MATERIALS DEGRADATION

EAPJASIV^-CQOIJLNG

EXTERIOR COUPLING ELEMENTS

RADIATION/CONVECTION INTERACTION

SOLAR RADIATION AND SURFACE ORIENTATION

RADIANT DISSAPATORS

ArlO
Table 1 (continued)

DEHUMIDIFICATION

MODELING OF SOLID AND LIQUID DESICCANT SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE AND CONTROL OF DEHUMIDIFICATION SYSTEMS

*MOI STORE BALANCE ALGORITHMS FOR MATERIALS

*COMFORT STANDARDS

INTERFACE WITH MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF PLANTS

EARTH CONTACT

EARTH COOLING TUBES

*THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

*SLAB/EARTH CONTACT MODELS

*EARTH HEAT TRANSFER MODEL

SURFACE TREATMENTS

load avoidance;

GLAZING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

THERMAL MASS/SOLAR GAIN/HVAC SYSTEM INTEGRATION

RADIANT BARRIERS

MOVEABLE INSULATION/SHADING

THERMAL STORAGE

*COUPLING COEFFICIENTS TO STORAGE ELEMENTS

PRESSURE DROP THROUGH STORAGE ELEMENTS

*PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

SELECTIVE SURFACES

*FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS FOR COOLING TECHNOLOGIES

A-ll
Table 2

List of Research Areas

1. IMTERZPSffi CONVECTION.. (VMIQ^HQRIZQWr^L)-

Air flow from zone to zone will be considered. Smoke, hydrogen bubble

or other flow visualization techniques should be used to define the

energy transfer coefficients from zone-to-zone. Both vertical zoning

(floors) and horizontal zoning (rooms) should be investigated. In

addition, heat transfer coefficients must be measured or estimated in

order to define the heat transfers to the air as it circulates through

the zones. These should be used to establish design guidelines for

location and sizes of openings.

2. MULTIZONE INFILTRATION

The measurement of the air flow rates, including interzonal,

infiltration and exfiltration will be performed in a multizone

building. Measurements of pressure differences and driving functions,

temperature and wind, will also be included. These measurements can

be used to validate air flow models, and to provide inputs needed to

validate general building energy analysis simulations.

3. INTERACTION BETWEEN RADIATION. CONVECTION AtP SIGNIFICATION -

SINGLE-ZONE

The different modes of heat transfer should be examined in a "systems"

sense (i.e. the interactions between the modes will be studied). For

example, stratification will cause the ceiling to gain heat which will

increase the temperature of the ceiling. The increased temperature of

the ceiling will result in increasesd radiative heat transfer to the

walls and floor which in turn may increase the convective heat

transfer to the ceiling. The overall effect would lead to the

understanding of the complicated interaction between all modes of heat

transfer. This is preparatory work in studying these effects in a

multizone investigation (see 4. below).

4. INTERACTION BETWEEN RADIATION.

WLSimW

Same as "Interaction Between Radiation, Convection, and

Stratification - Single Zone" (See 3. above) - existing in multizone

situations.

5 . SOLAR RADIATION ( INTERACTION BEIWEEN SPLIT. SHADING DISTRIBlWWil

To better calculate the following solar radiation quantities:

a. Incident on surfaces of varying orientation

b. Incident on windows and shaded surfaces of varying

orientation

Arl2
Table 2 (continued)

c. and transmitted through glazings and distributed on Internal

surfaces.

it is necessary to statistically understand the distribution of

diffuse solar radiation in the sky dome under varying conditions of

clearness. These data will lead to the validation of or development

of more accurate sky models, and consequently better calculation of

the solar radiation incident on and within buildings.

6. HEAT LOSS THROUGH THE GLAZING PORTION OF THE ENVELOPE

This is defined as the total heat loss/gain through the glazing

envelope of a building by radiation, conduction and convection. There

is a need to measure: convective heat transfer coefficients both

external and internal, and the optical and thermophysical properties

of glazings. Other investigations include: number of glazing layers

and spacing (air gap) between the layers. Investigation could include

side-by-side testing of components in a calorimeter while measuring

the systems performance of identical components coupled to a room.

7. ACTIVE CHARGE/PASSIVE DISCHARGE THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEMS

Measure system performance of thermal storage systems that are charged

actively by forced convective heat transfer and discharged passively

by conduction, convection, and radiation to the occupied space.

Included are: rock beds, air-core floors, and air-core walls.

Temperature and pressure drop data are required to calculate critical

heat transfer coefficients and to validate analytical algorithms.

8. INTERACTION OF SOLAR DRIVEN NATURAL CONVECTION WITH FORCED-AIR

HVAC SYSTEMS

The impact of forced air heating systems with the free convection

between zones needs investigation. In effect, the heating registers

create local pressure differences which interact with the single-zone

recirculating boundary layers and with the free convection air

movement from zone-to-zone. The impact upon comfort will also be

calculated (i.e. setting the heating register to discharge upon the

window will increase the comfort but will also increase the energy

loss). Included in this investigation is the balance between canfort

and energy usage through the application of appropriate control

strategies.

9. RADIANT SOLAR FLUX DISTRIBUTIONS IN SUNSPACES

Detailed measurements will be made of the radiant solar flux

distributions on the interior surfaces of sunspaces to support the

validation of models that have been recently developed. These models,

which are particularly powerful in analyzing sunspaces and atruims,

provide for detailed treatment of the beam and diffuses radiant energy

with regard to internal shading, reflection, and possible

retransmission but have not been verified experimentally.

A-13
Table 2 (continued)

10 . FLOOR SLftB/Gifiwjsa mmjm

Detailed measurements will be made of earth contact heat transfer for

slab-on-grade floors with special attention paid to the asymetric

solar heating of floors in direct gain spaces. These data are needed

to verify state-of-the art predictive techniques such as the method

developed at the National Research Council of Canada.

11. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CQEFFICIEm:S INSJI)E ^OIlJ)INGS.

Determine the rate of heat removal from warm building structural

surfaces to cool ventilation air. The air movement mechanism can be

representative of 1) mechanically driven (fans), 2) wind-driven, or 3)

buoyancy-driven ventilation. The geometry can be representative of a

wide range of building configurations, including: exposed massive

walls, plenumed mass, and hollow-core concrete.

12. FLOW RATES AND FLOW DISTRIBUTIONS

Determine the air velocity distribution within the building occupied

space under ventilation air flow conditions. Air movement can be due

to forced or natural convection. Air velocities will be dependent on

building geometry and the nature, strength, and direction of the

driving force.

13. INTERZONE HEAT TRANSFER

Determine the rate of convective heat transfer between building zones and its effect on the performance of the building ventilative cooling

system. Interzone air flow can be due to forced or natural

convection.

14. INFILTRATION EFFECTS

Infiltration as a function of change in temperature and velocity

should be studied. This includes infiltration from the outside

environment as driven by the wind and other forces as well as interior

infiltration between building rooms and zones.

15. jgnjATIFIgATIQN

The effects of stratification on air movement and heat transfer should

be investigated to determine the effects of temperature gradiants in

passive solar design. If stratification is a sensitive parameter,

then strategies to investigate its effects should be developed.

16. FIELD TESTING OF INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS

Field test innovative ventilators, such as cowls or cupolas.

Performance should be characterized in terms of induced air flow rates

and flow distribution in the space as functions of wind speed and

direction and control strategies.

Arl4
Table 2 (continued)

17. FIELD TESTING OF AIR CORE/VENTILATED MASS COOLING

Determine the performance of air core, ventilated mass cooling systems

such as hollow core concrete floors or concrete block walls.

Characterize in terms of: climate, control strategies, return or

supply side storage, parasitic power, and system COP; and measure

performance in terms of: each component of parasitic power, overall

system COP, and cooling effect.

18. HVAC SYSTEMS INTERACTIONS

Determine and characterize the interactions between HVAC systems and

ventilative cooling systems. Control fan systems using outside air,

and wind or stack driven natural ventilation systans (or combinations

thereof) are to be considered. Parameters of interest include

humidity control, control systems, control of operable sash, and

climate optimization.

19. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE

Determine the performance of direct and indirect evaporative systems

(and combination thereof). This task includes the determination of

part load and design condition performance in terms of system COP,

heat exchanger effectiveness, water consumption, fan energy, etc.

Integration with auxiliary cooling provided by the conventional HVAC

system is included, as are multi-stage processes. Investigation of

control strategies is also included.

20. PERFORMANCE OF OPEN EVAPORATIVE SYSTEMS

Determine the performance of spray pond, trickle roof or sprayed roof

cooling systems. Performance is to be characterized by system COP and

water consumption. Parameters of interest are control strategies,

climate effects, and coupling with the space air.

21. PISSIPATOR/STORAGE COUPLING TO INTERIOR SPACE .

Determine the coupling relationships among evaporative dissipators

(e.g. sprayed roofs, roof ponds), thermal storage, and the space air.

Coupling mechanisms such as fan coil units, radiative panels, etc.

will be considesred. Measurements of heat fluxes, air or water flow

rates, and temperatures are required.

22. INNOVATIVE DISSIPATOR PERFORMANCE

Roof pond system performance is well characterized. Other premising

radiant dissipators are not well characterized. Some of these have

the advantage of compatibility with conventional architecture.

Examples are the convectively coupled plenum roof (no movable

insulation required) and the nocturnal trickle roof (retrofittable).

(Note that in all but arid climates the trickle roof actually

dissipates most of its heat through radiation, not evaporation). This

work would:

A-15
Table 2 (continued)

a. Measure performance of air plenum radiant dissipator roof(s) in

sufficient detail and in wide enough range of conditions to serve

as validation data for algorithm/subrout ine

„

b. Same as above for trickle roof.

23. ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT

Algorithms which describe the performance of evaporative cooling

processes are not well defined for some phenomenon. Of particular

interest is the performance of droplet versus film evaporative systems

in heat exchangers and mass and heat transfer rates in falling water

systems. Spray ponds and cooling towers in which the water is used as both the dissipator and thermal storage medium are examples of the

phenomenon. This work would:

a. Survey existing (rich) literature on heat/mass transfer data

applicable to (1) wet surface compact air to air heat exchanger

(e.g. indirect evaporation coolers) and (2) spray ponds.

b. Identify state of the art in existing data. If sufficient

applicable data exists, develop generalized algorithms for

indirect evaporation and spray cooling sytems. If sufficiently

advanced or applicable data are not yet vailable in spite of long

history of such measurements, make the measurements.

24.

Moisture migration in and through building envelopes is not well

modelled or understood in many cases. Certain membranes may have the

potential to function as moisture valves moving moisture in only one

direction. This potential should be explored. In addition, building

moisture balance algorithms as they currently exist are crude at best.

Only a limited amount of information exists on the absorption and

desorption rates of building materials and furnishings. Under

conditions imposed by passive cooling systems moisture condensation

can become significant. For example, a night-only ventilated building

in a humid environment will store some amount of moisture which must

be removed later. The adsorption and desorption rates under such

conditions become critical analytical parameters. This work would:

a. Review existing literature and determine material characteristic

data base which is available.

b. Perform experimental validation studies in full scale (room

sized) enclosures with sufficient detail to provide model

validation data.

c. Incorporate moisture diffusion algorithms in thermal model lilng

routines and perform parametric sensitivity studies for various

climates.

Ac-16
Table 2 (continued)

25. MATERIALS DEGRADATION

Includes the studies of molds, mildew, and corrosion and establishes

limiting conditions and thresholds to prevent these adverse effects in a passive solar environment. This scope excludes human comfort

covered under dehumidification.

26. EXTERIOR COUPLING ELEMENTS

Includes the effects of ground temperature and diffuse sky radiation

on the exterior building envelope and the resulting forces

contributing to interior temperature changes and air movement

parameters.

27. RADIATION/CONVECTION INTERACTION

Includes the study of radiation barriers and addresses the effects of

such elements as attics, cavity walls, and radiation panels on indoor

temperatures and air velocities.

28. SOLAR RADIATION AND SURFACE ORIENTATION

The effects of solar radiation and surface orientation should be

studied in depth to determine the effects of the beam/diffuse split

and diffuse distribution as driving forces in a passive solar

structure.

29.

RADIANT DISSIPATORS

The performance of radiant dissipators will be studied under different

configurations and conditions. Included are such dissipators as roof

systems, panels, and walls that have potential for use in passive

solar buildings.

30.

MODELING OF SOLID AND LIQUID DESICANT SYSTEMS AND T£

Modeling of solid and liquid desicant systems and components will be

studied to advance the heat/mass transfer understanding. In addition,

the effects of contaminants on system performance will be reviewed as applicable to passive solar systems.

31. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE AND ftfisiMEiL OF DEHUMIDIFICATION SYSTEMS

Included in the study of systems performance and control of

dehumidification systems is the operation of these systems under full

and part load conditions leading to the development of effective

dehumidification control strategies and techniques.

32. MOISTURE BALANCE ALGORITHMS ON MATERIALS

A study of the effects of moisture on the various materials used in

passive solar construction and application will be made including the

impacts of mold and mildew. Moisture balance algorithms will be

A-17
Table 2 (continued)

developed, as appropriate, to characterize the performance of these

materials under a variety of conditions.

33. COMFORT STANDARDS

Studies are needed to develop a framework for comfort standards

applicable to passive solar designs. Included is the determination of

dew point versus relative humidity limits, air movements, and

pathogenic limits.

34. i waai

Passive solar systems generally depends on natural convection to

provide air movement within the enclosed spaces. These systems are

supplonented by mechanical systems to provide the necessary auxiliary

energy required to maintain human comfort. This project area studies

the interface between the natural and mechanical systems to determine

applicable design concepts and control strategies.

35. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF PLANTS

Includes the characteristics and effects of plants on energy balance.

This is an issue that also pertains to passive heating by an attached

sunspace. The moisture itself is not necessarily a problem in the

winter but the effect of the latent heat of evaporation probably is

important.

36.

Earth contact cooling tube systems have been tried over the years

using various materials (Plastic tubes, red clay pipe, concrete pipes,

etc.). These systems have had varying degrees of success and some

have been documented to a degree. A complete literature search is

definitely in order to accumulate and quantify what is known versus

just assumed. (Some design guidelines may be available also.) The

problem seems to be basically associated with the thermophysical

properties of the various soils. The resource is fairly well known

i.e. soil temperature, density, BTU's available on a gross basis.

It seems like what isn't known is how to quantify systems to utilize

the resource. Design guidelines and algorithms need to be developed

and tested out to aid in optimizing system designs. Earth contact

systems testing must consider:

a. Various soil types in accordance with standard civil engineering

categories.

b. Soil moisture measuring techniques (ones that don't in and of

themselves cause moisture migration).

c. Air flow rates through pipes.

A-18
Table 2 (continued)

d. Pipe lengths, diameters and arrangements to keep pumping power

down and heat exchange rates up.

e. Moisture/mold problems (dehumidification of the air)

f. Soil surface treatments in various climates to enhance the

syston's operation.

g. Integration of earth pipe systems with conventional systems

(controls, etc.)

37. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The thermophysical properties of soil should be determined as

applicable to passive solar building design. Soil property

measurement should be conducted and characterized as a guide to

designers and engineers.

38. SLAB/EARTH CONTACT MODELS

Slab/earth contact models are needed to define the physical attributes

at that interface. Included are vertical and horizontal slabs and two

and three dimensional models. In addition, simplified comer effects

should be studied to develop the necessary algorithms for a more

representative model.

39. EARTH HEAT TRANSFER MODEL

Includes the synthesis of an earth heat transfer model operating in a solar passive context and based on appropriate algorithm development

and validation. The earth heat transfer model should interface and

complement other models developed for passive solar energy.

40. SURFACE TREATMENTS

Surface treatments to enhance the overall performance of passive solar

systems should be studied. Included in the studies are such elements

as the effectiveness of the Givoni Concepts and the desirability of

long term seasonal storage.

41. ADVANCE GLAZING SYSTEMS

New materials should make it possible to admit visible light, reject

infrared and prevent conduction. Example: "Aerogel" with heat mirror

coating on the exterior. An approach would be to measure the

daylighting and thermal transfer performance of new glazing systems.

42. THERMAL MASS/SOLAR GAIN/HVAC INTERACTION

The flywheel effects of building mass (particularly in non-residential

buildings) can have both positive and negative effects on total

cooling energy. Result depends on climate, whether night flush is

used and magnitude of internal load. The approach would:

A-19
Table 2 (continued)

a. Simulate effect in various climates, building types, operating

modes and identify most sensitive types.

b. Measure effects in non-residential building program.

43. RADIATIVE BARRIERS

Collect, evaluate, and consolidate laboratory and field data (Class A

Level) on temperature and heat fluxes in attic spaces and wall

cavities that include radiative barriers. Determine cooling load

reduction effect of radiative barriers for both sloped and flat roofs

and for walls.

44. MOVART.E INSULATION/SHADING

Collect field data showing the cooling load reduction for several

types of external and internal shading devices and for movable

insulation.

45.

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE DATA

System performance data are required to validate systems models and

design guidelines. The data should include cooling energy

requirements for full-scale passive buildings with various

combinations of window areas and orientations, interim mass, and

passive solar heating components.

46.

COUPLING COEFFICIENTS TO STORAGE ETJEMENTS

Thermal storage systems are viable methods for application in passive

solar energy systems. To fully understand the performance of these

systems in passive solar buildings, the coupling coefficients between

the surrounding air and the storage system must be understood and

determined for both thermal storage and thermal retrieval.

47.

PRESi

^,PEftP.. V

FT-FMENTTS

Since natural convection is a prime mechanism of heat transfer and

heat transport in solar energy systems, thermal storage elements by

nature of their configuration and placement form resistance paths

impeding air flow. This study should determine the pressure drops

associated with these thermal storge elements and include such items as structural cavities, rock beds, and interior surfaces.

48.

PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

Phase change materials have the potential for saving storage space and

have the advantage of operating in an isothermal mode. As such, the

operational potential of these devices should be studied to determine

the internal heat transfer and conductivity and to characterize these

devices with regard to applicability for use in passive solar

structures.

A-20
Table 2 (continued)

49. £] 7F. STTRFATRS

Selective surfaces will be studied in conjunction with thermal devices

as they can be applied to passive solar buildings.

A-21
TABLE 3

COOLING n

" r ' 1 1 1,1

(therm

storage

[load

avoioance

(earth

contact

zO

P

<0

d5

5

1

UJQ

Iradiative

Ievaporative

UJ>P

<

jJi

UJ>

Iheating (ref.

no. TITLE

INDIVIDUAL

RATINGS REMARKS

X 1 Interzone Convection (Vert/Horlz) IEE 2J 24 a E

6 X

2 Multizone tnflltretlon 17II a 39 37 38j > o 11 y 3 Interaction Between Radiation, Convection end Stratification - Single Zone E9E3E1H 23 18 i T

x

4 Interaction Between Radiation, Convection and Stratification - Multizone 22 21 5 38 36 7

k • i X 6 Solar Radiation (Interaction Between SpUt, Shading, Distribution) 37 T 2 19 35 11

i r 7 X 6 Heat Loae Through Glazing Portion ot the Envelope 35 16 6 37 15 40 7 5 X 7 Active Charge/Passive Diacharge Thermal Storage Syatema 7 20 25 36 45 7 k s 13 x 8 Interaction ol Solar Driven Natural Convection with Forced Ak Hvac System 13 13 7 34 22 26 •M IQ

x 9 Radiant Solar Flux Distributions in Sunspacea 36 22 8 35 34 48 3 x 10 Floor Slab/Ground Coupling 7 T 9 23 OB! 9 4 y 1

1

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients Inside Buildings 6 10 7 33 14 • L® x 12 Flow Rates and Flow Distributions 19 7 11 4 16 24 ' 0 12 x 13 Interzone Heat Transfer J_

- 12 40 25 25

k 6 1 x 14 Infiltration Effects 34 - 13 27 1 13 E

8 x 15 Stratification 32 12 27 30 26 19 >2 1 x 16 Field Testing of Innovative Systems 27 37 28 26 41 47 ' t 17 x 17 Field Testing of Air Core/Vented Mass Cooling 4 26 7 43 7 18 x 18 HVAC Systems Interactions 5 11 14 33 27 27 :>o — y 19 Direct and Indirect Evaporative Systems Performance 10 io 38 7 12 16 4 22 X

20 Performance of Open Evaporative Systems 26 26 39 ii 42 29 | a 23 X 21 Dissipator/Storage Coaling to Interior Space 25 27 37 29 44 30 24 x 22 Innovative Dlssipator Performance 11 29 40 10 13 31 ‘ 4 25 X 23 Evaporative Cooling Algorithm Dev 20 28 16 21 21 17 ‘ 0 26 x 24 Dltfusion/Osmosls/ Absorption 14 14 45 22 14 37 ;« 27 x 25 Materials Degradation 31 34 46 14 38 45 k i 28 y 26 Radiative Cooling-Exterior Coupling Elements - 30 33 15 28 49 k t

: 20 X 27 Radiation/Convection Interaction 23 7 16 20 32 22 » T

x

28 Solar Radiation and Surface Orient 38 ~ 17 18 30 12 7 7 x 29 Radianl Dissipatora 12 - 41 12 11 33 4 29 y 30 Modeling of Solid and Liquid Desicant Systems and Components 31 31 42 16 17 36 L _

2 30 X 31 Systems Performance and Control of Dehumidlflcatlon Syatema 30 - 43 17 29 35 2 31 X 32 Moisture Balance Algorlthma on Materials - 44 13 20 46 1 32 x 33 Comfort Standards 24 17 47 28 18 20

k 7 33 x 34 Interface with Mechanical Systems - 32 18 47 7 28 *

‘ 7 1°

35 Evapotranspiratlon of Plants 18 42 48 77 40 34

k « 34 y 36 Earth Cooling Tubes 40 33 19 32 7 32 ‘ 6 35 y 37 Thermophysical Properties 39 18 20 46 5 io ‘ 7 16 y 38 Slab/Earth Contact Models 7

- 21 24 7 8

1 S 14 X 39 Earth Heat Transfer Model 6 24 22 25 6

1 s IS y 40 Surface Treatments 16 36 35 3

39 43 1 t 40 y 41 Advance Glazing Syatema 15 23 29 41 7 39

;

r 39 y 42 Thermal Mass/Solar Galn/HVAC Interaction 29 26 23 42 42 ' 7 IE y 43 Radiative Barriers 30 15 43 10 23 ' 1 38 X 44 Movable Insulatlon/Shadlng 33 36 30 44 46 41 |. 77

x 45 Systems Performance Data d

19 31 3

31 T __ I

y 46 Coupling Coelficients to Storage Ele. 38 32 46 47 ^0 19 X 47 Pressure Drop Through Storage Elements EDEJoEDn 1 36 x 48 Phase Change Materials 41 40 49 49 19 21 ¥

77

X 49 Selected Surfaces 42 41 36 48 49 44 £

37

A-22
TABLE 4

COOLING nn

1

•

b<

(01

CL¥

LOAD

AVOtOAHCE

EARTH

CONTACT i

<

!

s

UJ>

1-<6

<

CL

EVAPORATIVE

UJ-

<K

Z

UJ>

HEATING

REF.

NO. TITLE

INDIVIDUAL

RATINGS REMARKS

HIGH PRIORITY

X i Interzone Convection (Vert/KorzJ 2 BBSIBISB combme

13 Interzone Heat Transfer 1 - 12 4Q 25 25 i 0 1 XI

2 Multizone Infiltration 17 [E [~3| 39 37 38 ’ 0 1

1

combine X 14 Infiltration Effects 34 - 13 27 I

13 t o —

8 x 3 Interaction Between Radiation. Convection, and Strut- Single Zone BOOB 23 18

it

- 1 x 4 Interaction Between Radiation, Convection, and StraL- Multi-zone 22 21 E 38 36 [I

e

1 closely related X 27 Radiation/Convection Interaction 23 T 16 20 32 r!2

8 1 y 5 Solar Radiation (Interaction Between Split. Shading. Distribution) 37 5 T 19 35 1

1

tr

r_

7 x 6 Heat Loaa Through Glaring Portion ol the Envelope 35 16 6 37 15 40

rr 5 X 41 Advance Glazing Systems 15 23 29 41 I 39

7 L. 39 £ 7 Active Charge/Passive Discharge Thermal Storage Systems T 20 25 36 7T 3

- 3 13 y 1

1

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients Inside Buildings 3 6 10 5 33 14 :* I

y 12 Flow Rates and Flow Distributions 19 7 11 4 16

J* 12 related x 17 Field Testing of Air Core/Vented Mass Cooling T 9 26 6 43 ;* 18 X 47 Pressure Drop Through Storage Elements 9 39 24 9 45 36 H

8 Interaction of Solar Driven Natural Convection with Forced Air Hvac System 13 13 T 34 22 26 E

x° 3°

18 HVAC Systems Interactions T 11 14 33 27 27 EBB cloaety related E 34 Interlace with Mechanical Syeteme - 32 18 47 T 28 ;

? 10 E 42 Thermal Mass/Solar Gain/HVAC Interaction 29 25 23 42 e 42 : 10 x

9 Radiant Solar Flux Distributions In Sunspaces 36 22 8 35 34 48 3 x 10 Floor Slab/Ground Coupling T T 9 23 4 o ; 4 y

" 37 Thermophysical Properties 39 18 20 46 5 03 i 16

related V 38 Siab/Earth Contact Models T - 21 24 7

3

2 14 X 39 Earth Heat Transfer Model 6 24 22 25 6

i 15 X 19 Direct and Indirect Evaporative Systems Performance 10 10 38 T 12 ED 22

45 Systems Performance Data

- 19 31 i 31 n

J

4 I

LOW PRIORITY

x 15 Stratification 32 12 27 30 26 19 10 3 included In *3-no defrvtion x 16 Field Testing of Innovative Systems 27 37 28 26 41 47

j

3 \1L

X 20 Performance of Open Evaporative Systems 26 26 39 1

1

42 29

3 23 X 21 Dissipator/Storage Coupling to Interior Space 25 27 37 29 44 30 24 x 22 Innovative Dissipator Performance 11 29 40 13 31

4 25

combme X

29 Radiant Dissipators ir - 41 12 1

1

33 J

4 29 x

23 Evaporative Cooling Algorithm Dev 20 28 15 21 21 17 j

0 26 x 24 Diftusion/Oamosis/ Absorption 14 14 45 22 14 37 n • 27 y 30 Modeling ol Solid and Liquid Deslcant Syatema and Componenta 31 31 42 16 17 36

1 30 combine X 32 Moisture Balance Algorithms on Materials 28 _r1 44 13 20 46

j

1 32 X 25 Materials Degradation 31 34 46 14 38 45

1 1 2e y 26 Radiative Cooling-Exterior Coupling Elements - 30 33 15 28 49

» 20 X 28 Solar Radiation and Surface Orient 38 - 17 18 30 12

' I

included m #5 y 31 Systems Performance and Control of Dehumidification Systems 30 - 43 17 29 35

i 31 y 33 Comfort Slandarda 24 17 47 28 18 20 33

35 Evapotranspiratlon of Plants 18 42 48 31 40 34

« 34 y 36 Earth Cooling Tubes 40 33 18 32 I

32

l 35 X 40 Surface Treatments 16 36 35 I

39 43 » 40 y 43 Radiant Barrlert 30 15 34 43 5 23

• 38 deluded n +27 X 44 Movable InsuJation/Shading 33 35 30 44 46 4 1 • IS 46 Coupling Coefficients to Storage Ele. - 38 32 45 47 15

• 10 meAided m #11 -no n>r> <eji 48 Phase Change Materials 4 1 40 49 49 19 21

* 21 LX 49 Selected Surfaces 42 4 1 38 48 49 44 * [37 no deftrsmn

1 A-23
NBS-114A (REV. 2 - 80 ) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

MULTI-YEAR PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH - PASSIVE AND HYBRID SOLAR

ENERGY PROGRAM.

5. AUTHOR(S)

Joseph Greenberg

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. national bureau of standards DE-A101-76-PR06010

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State, ZIP)

PASSIVE AND HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY DIVISION

OFFICE OF SOLAR HEAT TECHNOLOGIES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20585

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 2 00-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here) This report addresses the development of a multi-year plan for Experimental Systems Research focused at gaining the necessary knowledge to advance the understanding of passive and hybrid solar energy technology. This understanding includes the ability to

acquire building performance data under controlled conditions so that the fundamental

mechanism of the driving forces that effect change, along with the resulting change, can be studied. This information is basic for algorithm development defining relationships between the various physical elements which interact within a building and also

in determining the accuracy of the various models and simulations developed for use in

heating and cooling applications. Specifically, the report covers the comprehensive

planning effort undertaken to achieve a consensus regarding the research to be performed,

the most appropriate facility to perform the research, and the funding requirements.

It includes the process whereby through a series of working meetings and exchange of

correspondence, a list of candidate research areas were identified for both heating and

cooling technologies. These research areas are defined and ranked and a resulting list

of priorities established. This report articulates the results of this effort and

details the recommended Experimental Systems Research Activities for solar passive and

hybrid technologies for FY85 and beyond.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and seporate key words by semicolon s) Building Performance; Class A Data; Experimental Systems Research; Heating & Cooling

Technology; Passive Solar Energy; Project Prioritization; Research Plan; Test Cell.

13. AVAILABILITY

fOCl; Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

r~] Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. - 20402.

QXj Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

50

15. Price

$8.50

USCOMM-DC 6043-P 80