CONSERVATION

CHOICES

United States Department of Agriculture

Natural Resources 

Conservation Service

Your Guide to 32 Conservation and 

Environmental Farming Practices 

www.ia.nrcs.usda.gov
About This Guide

This guide features 32 conservation 

and environmental farming practices. The guide:

» shows how each practice works 

and how it helps improve a farm.

» lists items to think about when 

considering each practice.

» gives information about NRCS 

technical standards.

» talks about maintenance needs.

Conservation Planning

A USDA-Natural Resources 

Conservation Service (NRCS) 

comprehensive conservation plan 

is the first step to managing all the 

natural resources on your farm. The 

planning process combines your 

existing production methods with 

recommended conservation practices to best manage your farm’s 

unique natural resources, while 

allowing you to improve sustainability and productivity.

Your conservation plan is the end 

product of the NRCS conservation planning process. As your 

conservation decision partner, 

NRCS provides free assistance to 

landowners to reach land use and 

natural resource goals. Our local 

offices, staffed with conservation 

professionals with local knowledge, 

can help you make well-informed 

conservation decisions.

During the planning process, we 

will:

» discuss your objectives,

» examine your natural resource 

concerns,

» point out areas for possible protection and improvement,

» discuss your economic goals for 

the farm, your current farming operations and your future 

plans,

» review your conservation practice options, and

» help you weigh your alternatives.

We will help you balance the needs 

for profit, protection and productivity. Each of these factors is 

considered when NRCS writes a 

plan for your approval and implementation.

A conservation plan provides you a 

step-by-step road map for meeting 

your natural resource conservation 

goals. It includes helpful information on each of the practices included in your plan: how they benefit 

your farm, how to maintain them, 

and how they help the soil, water 

and wildlife.
“Before any work is done, each farm 

or ranch is carefully analyzed, 

both as a piece of land and as 

a business enterprise.”

– Hugh Hammond Bennett,

 Father of Soil Conservation
Conservation Choices

The practices numbered below are among the most popular and widely 

used conservation practices by Iowa farmers.

1 Brush Management

2 Conservation Cover

3 Contour Buffer Strip

4 Contour Farming

5 Cover Crop

6 Crop Rotation

7 Denitrifying Bioreactor

8 Farmstead Energy

9 Fence

10 Field Border

11 Filter Strip

12 Forage and Biomass Planting

13 Grade Stabilization Structure

14 Grassed Waterway

15 High Tunnel System

16 Manure Storage

2

3

4

8

10

11

13 14

16

17

18

19

26

29

32
Illustration by Doug Adamson, RDG Planning & Design

Use this booklet to identify the practices you might add to your farm. 

Then, review each practice to see whether it could work with other 

practices to better protect your soil and water.

1 7 No-Till/Strip-Till

18 Nutrient Management

19 Pest Management

20 Pond

21 Prescribed Burning

22 Prescribed Grazing

23 Riparian Forest Buffer

24 Stream Crossing

25 Stream Bank Protection

26 Terrace

27 Tree/Shrub Establishment

28 Upland Wildlife Habitat Management

29 Water and Sediment Control Basin

30 Watering Facility

31 Wetland

32 Windbreak/Shelterbelt

1 5

6

7

9

12

15

20

21

22

23

24

25

27

28

30

31

Short videos about each of these practices are 

available on the Iowa NRCS YouTube channel at: 

www.youtube.com/user/IowaNRCS.
Benefit Symbols

The practice helps reduce soil erosion and sediment 

runoff.

The practice helps improve soil health by adding 

organic matter, biological activity, or by helping 

water infiltrate.

The practice helps protect or improve water quality.

The practice helps increase profits by reducing farm 

expenses, improving yields or both.

The practice helps provide wildlife habitat or food 

sources.

The practice helps improve energy efficiency on the 

farm.

The practice helps improve air quality by reducing 

odor and other problems.

Each practice in the guide will work most effectively in combination with 

others, as part of a total resource management system.

Seven symbols are used throughout the book to show the benefits of each 

practice featured in the guide. The symbols and the explanation of each 

are listed below.

Land Use Symbols

Most of the conservation practices in this brochure can be used to protect 

resources on various types of agricultural land. The following symbols 

indicate all potential land uses where the practice could be applied:

Cropland

Grassland/Pasture

Wildlife

Farmstead

CROP

GRASS

WILD

FARM
32 conservation and environmental practices

1 Brush Management

2 Conservation Cover

3 Contour Buffer Strip

4 Contour Farming

5 Cover Crop

6 Crop Rotation

7 Denitrifying Bioreactor

8 Farmstead Energy

9 Fence

10 Field Border

11 Filter Strip

12 Forage and Biomass Planting

14 Grassed Waterway

15 High Tunnel System

16 Manure Storage

17 No-Till/Strip-Till

18 Nutrient Management

19 Pest Management

20 Pond

21 Prescribed Burning

22 Prescribed Grazing

24 Stream Crossing

25 Stream Bank Protection

26 Terrace

27 Tree/Shrub Establishment

28 Upland Wildlife Habit Management

29 Water and Sediment Control Basin

30 Watering Facility

31 Wetland

32 Windbreak/Shelterbelt

13 Grade Stabilization Structure

23 Riparian Forest Buffer
1 Brush Management

What it is

Brush management is the removal, 

reduction or manipulation of woody 

trees and shrubs.

How it helps

Managing unwanted trees and brush 

may help to restore desired vegetative 

cover to protect soil from erosion, 

reduce sediment, improve water quality, and enhance wildlife habitat and 

species diversity.

It may also be used to improve grazing 

conditions (picture above) so grazing 

animals can easily access forage of 

better quantity and quality. Brush management can also be used to protect 

property from wildfires.

Planning ahead

» Do you need this land for livestock 

or crops?

» Are unwanted trees or brush a fire 

hazard?

» Is thickness of trees or brush keeping vegetation from growing below?

» Do you have the time, equipment 

and manpower to remove the brush?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

Without continued management activities small shrubs and trees become 

large and overgrown. Maintenance activities need to be continued on a regular schedule to suppress the growth of 

woody vegetation.

Brush management can be accomplished by using one or a combination 

of the following alternatives:

1. Mechanical: This includes tree 

shearing, using a dozer, use of mechanical devices, mowing, or hand 

cutting.

» Shearing is best accomplished 

when the ground is frozen or dry.

» Maximum regrowth (suckering) is 

achieved when cut during the dormant season (October - March).

2. Prescribed Burning: Burning should 

be completed using an approved 

burn plan that meets the NRCS 

Prescribed Burn (338) conservation 

practice standard.

3. Chemical/Herbicides: This includes 

broadcast, spot, cut stem or basal 

treatments. Due to cost and environmental considerations, herbicide 

treatments should be restricted to 

small manageable areas.

4. Biological: Goats are the species of 

choice for controlling brush in pastures and abandoned farmland.

LAND USES: GRASS WILD FARM
2 Conservation Cover

What it is

Establishing and maintaining permanent vegetative cover of either introduced or native grasses, legumes and 

forbs for nesting cover, winter cover, 

brood cover, pollinator habitat, and 

food for wildlife.

How it helps

» Reduces soil erosion and sedimentation.

» Improves water and air quality.

» Enhances plant diversity.

» Increases soil organic matter.

» Improves soil health.

» Manages plant pests.

Planning ahead

» What type of wildlife or pollinators 

do you want to attract?

» Are you prepared to take the land 

out of agricultural production to 

allow for cover to establish?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Mow, burn, clip or use approved 

chemicals to maintain planned vegetative community.

» Any mowing after seeding establishment, except for noxious weeds, 

will be done after Aug. 1 to protect 

nesting wildlife.

» Do not mow an entire field annually.

» Maintain levels of plant nutrients as 

necessary.

» Select plant species and cultivars 

based upon adaptation to site conditions, including moisture regime 

and landscape preference.

» Plant a diverse species mix to 

promote biodiversity and meet 

the needs of the targeted wildlife 

species.

» Tall fescue should not compose 

more than 10 percent of the mixture 

if the primary or secondary purpose 

is wildlife.

» Control weeds during the establishment year to ensure the new permanent seeding survives.

» A temporary cover may be needed 

to reduce potential weed and erosion problems.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD
3 Contour Buffer Strip

What it is

Contour buffer strips are strips of grass 

or a mixture of grasses and legumes 

that run along the contour of a farmed 

field. They alternate down the slope of a 

field with wider cropped strips.

How it helps

Established contour buffer strips can 

significantly reduce sheet and rill erosion. Strips slow runoff and trap sediment. Contaminants such as sediment, 

nutrients, and pesticides are removed 

from the runoff as they pass through a 

buffer strip. Buffer strips may also provide food and nesting cover for wildlife 

and pollinators.

Planning ahead

» Have you decided whether to have 

parallel crop strips or parallel buffer 

strips?

» Are other conservation measures, 

such as crop residue management, 

installed or planned to help reduce 

grass strip siltation?

» Will planned acres in row crops 

meet your production objectives?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Control weeds and brush in grass 

filter strips.

» Delay mowing until July 15 to help 

ground-nesting birds.

» Keep vegetation tall in spring and 

early summer to help slow runoff 

flow.

» Fertilize as needed.

» Buffer strips may be moved up or 

down the slope to help re-establish 

vegetation or for other maintenance 

needs.

» Buffer strips must be at least 15 feet 

wide. Width depends on slope, soil 

type, field conditions, climate, and 

erosion potential.

» Either crop strips or grass strips 

may be parallel. When parallel, crop 

strips are easier to farm with no 

point rows, but that results in less of 

the slope in row crops.

» Grass buffers commonly make up 

20-30 percent of the slope.

» Species to use for contour buffer 

strips depends on soil type, climate, 

and planned use.

LAND USES: CROP
4 Contour Farming

What it is

Contouring means farming with row 

patterns nearly level around a hill – 

not up and down hill. The rows form 

hundreds of small dams that slow water 

flow and increase infiltration to reduce 

erosion.

How it helps

» Contour farming can reduce soil 

erosion by as much as 50 percent 

compared to up and down hill 

farming.

» By reducing sediment and runoff 

and increasing water infiltration, 

contouring promotes better water 

quality.

Planning ahead

» Will more than one key contour 

line be needed because of steep or 

irregular slopes?

» Are terraces or stripcropping needed for steeper slopes?

» Are field borders needed to replace 

end rows in the contouring system 

to control sheet and rill erosion?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Use grassed waterways in areas 

where runoff is concentrated to 

prevent gully erosion.

» Contoured rows should enter the 

grassed area of waterways on the 

level, but should direct water into 

the grass.

» To avoid laying out new key contour 

lines every year, establish a permanent narrow strip of grass along 

each key contour line.

» Establish a key line around the hill 

by using a hand level or contour 

gauge.

» Contour key line grade should not 

exceed 2 percent, except within 100 

feet of an outlet. In that case, the 

grade can be a 3 percent slope.

» Perform planting and other activities parallel to the key contour line.

» Replace end rows with field borders 

to reduce erosion.

LAND USES: CROP
5 Cover Crop

What it is

Crops such as cereal rye, oats and 

winter wheat are planted to temporarily protect the ground from wind and 

water erosion and supply living roots to 

the soil during times when cropland is 

often not adequately protected.

How it helps

» Keeps ground covered to protect it 

from soil erosion.

» Improves soil health by adding organic matter and biological activity.

» Cover crops, such as tillage radishes, 

have a taproot that can help improve 

water infiltration.

» Traps nutrients.

» Can reduce weed competition.

» Provides livestock grazing.

Planning ahead

» What benefit would you like to get 

out of the cover crop?

» What seeding method do you plan 

to use?

» How will you plan to terminate a 

cover crop that over winters?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Cover crops should be terminated 

as late as possible to maximize plant 

growth and residual nutrient accumulation, while allowing sufficient 

time for the cover crop to decompose, release nutrients, and recharge 

soil moisture.

» Do not allow livestock to graze the 

cover crop below two inches.

» Cover crops are especially beneficial 

when low residue producing crops, 

such as soybeans or corn silage, are 

grown on erodible land.

» Most cover crops will need at least 

a month of growth before the first 

hard frost to allow vegetative growth 

large enough to survive the winter.

» Establish cover crops according to 

the recommended seeding rates, 

dates, and methods provided.

» If seeding the cover crop prior to 

harvest, use a broadcast method that 

allows for good coverage and prevents damaging the standing crop.

» If seeding the cover crop after 

harvest, the seed may be no-tilled 

or broadcast seeded into existing 

residue cover.

» Cover crops can be terminated by 

harvest, crimpers, frost, mowing, 

tillage and herbicides. 

LAND USES: CROP
6 Crop Rotation

What it is

A conservation crop rotation is growing different crops on the same piece 

of land year after year in a planned, 

recurring sequence.

This may include alternating row crop 

production with a high residue producing crop, such as corn, to a low 

residue producing crop like soybeans. 

It also may involve a rotation to a small 

grain or a grass legume meadow, and 

may include crops planted for cover or 

nutrient enhancements.

How it helps

» On sloping lands, crop rotations can 

help reduce soil erosion.

» Rotations with alfalfa and other 

legumes reduce fertilizer needs 

because these plants replace some of 

the nitrogen removed by corn and 

other grain crops.

» Pesticide costs may be reduced by 

naturally breaking the cycles of 

weeds, insects and diseases.

» Rotations help improve soil health 

by adding diverse biological activity.

» Grass and legumes in a rotation 

protect water quality by preventing 

excess nutrients or chemicals from 

entering water supplies.

Planning ahead

» Do you have a use for other crops?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Switch crops to maintain perennials 

in the rotation, if necessary.

» Consider herbicide carryover to 

avoid crop failures.

» Crops must be suited to your soils.

» Design crop rotations to meet the 

residue needs of your crop residue 

management plan. High residue 

crops include: corn (grain), sorghum (grain), small grains, forages 

and winter cover crops.

» Small grains and corn (grain) can be 

used to replace any low residue crop 

to gain better erosion control.

» For crop rotations which include 

hay, the rotation can be lengthened 

by maintaining the existing hay 

stand for additional years.

LAND USES: CROP
7 Denitrifying Bioreactor

What it is

An edge of field structure containing 

a carbon source, such as wood chips, 

installed to reduce the concentration of 

nitrate-nitrogen in subsurface agricultural drainage flow via enhanced 

denitrification.

How it helps

» Bioreactors help improve water 

quality by reducing the nitrate-nitrogen content of subsurface agricultural drainage flow.

Planning ahead

» Do water samples show there is 

a need to reduce nitrate-nitrogen 

concentration in subsurface drainage flow?

» Do you have a good location at the 

edge of a field near an outlet pipe for 

a bioreactor?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» NRCS will provide an operation and 

management plan to the landowner.

A bioreactor should be designed to:

» treat peak flow from a 10-year, 24-

hour drain flow event.

» treat at least 15% of the peak flow 

from the drainage system.

» treat at least 10% of the peak flow 

from the drainage system if systematic monitoring will be taking place 

through NRCS.

» use locally proven criteria that will 

result in the treatment of at least 

60% of the long-term average annual flow from the drainage system.

» achieve at least a 30% annual reduction in the nitrate-nitrogen concentration of water flowing through the 

bioreactor.

Media Chamber:

» Use a medium for a carbon source 

that is reasonably free from dirt, 

fines, and other contaminants. Distribute the media within the bioreactor for a uniform flow path.

» Use geotextile or plastic lining for 

the bottom, sides, and top of the 

bioreactor to prevent migration of 

soil particles into the bioreactor.

» Design the bioreactor for an expected life of at least 10 years.

Water Control Structures:

» Design water control structures to 

provide the required capacity and 

hydraulic retention time.

» Evenly distribute and collect water 

in the upstream and downstream 

ends of the media chamber.

» Allows for completely draining the 

media chamber to facilitate management and maintenance.

LAND USES: CROP
8 Farmstead Energy

What it is

Finding ways to conserve energy on 

farmsteads. Practices could include 

improving lighting systems, planting 

windbreaks, reducing tillage or implementing any number of dairy system 

improvements.

How it helps

» Energy conservation allows farmers 

to save money through reduced fuel 

consumption and energy use, and 

lowered operation costs.

» Replacing florescent lights with LED 

lamps in farm buildings can reduce 

energy consumption by 50 percent, 

and they last much longer.

» Windbreaks can block farmstead 

buildings from winds, which reduces energy consumption during 

colder months.

» Reducing tillage passes or fertilizer 

application in crop fields reduces 

fuel costs.

» Energy improvements to high-tech 

dairy systems can improve the 

efficiency of an operation and help 

produce better producing cows.

» Energy efficient pumps that supply 

water to livestock or for irrigation 

can save farmers money.

Planning ahead

» Have you considered greenhouse 

gas emissions and ambient air 

pollutants? Methods may be implemented to account for greenhouse 

gas emission credits.

» Have you considered the use of 

renewable energy resources?

» Have you considered implementing 

energy measures with ranking metrics such as life cycle energy savings, 

payback period, and cost-effectiveness?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Maintain records to document the 

implementation of energy improvements. Retain and update records 

for a minimum of five years. This 

could include utility bills, fuel 

purchases, and yield of agricultural 

commodities.

» To implement energy conservation 

and efficiency measures, plans and 

specifications should be in accordance with NRCS standards and 

describe requirements for proper 

installation to achieve their intended 

purposes.

» Replacement and retrofitted plans 

should be consistent with the purposes of the practice, its intended 

life, and safety requirements.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD FARM
9 Fence

What it is

A permanent, portable or temporary 

constructed barrier to animals or 

people.

How it helps

» Fencing can help reduce erosion and 

control access by grazing animals to 

permit recovery or establishment of 

vegetation.

» Improved forage production will 

help increase livestock production.

Planning ahead

» Do the type and design of the fences 

meet your management and site 

objectives?

» Do you need permanent, portable, 

or temporary fencing?

» Do you need gates or cattle guards?

» What height, size, spacing and fence 

material do you need?

» What type of posts will best meet 

the needs for the style of fence?

» Do you need fencing for watering 

facilities?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Routine inspection should be part of 

an ongoing management program.

» Inspect fences in the spring after 

snow melt to determine if weakness, 

breaks or malfunctions have affected 

the intended use of the fence.

» Check voltage regularly on electric 

fence. Correct any voltage issues.

» Clear brush and fallen limbs from 

fence lines.

» Temporary fencing materials, types 

and designs are recommended for 

interior fencing situations such as 

interior paddocks or protecting 

riparian or forest buffers.

» Design, locate and install fences to 

meet appropriate local wildlife and 

management needs/requirements.

» Other considerations for fence design and location:

» topography

» soil properties

» livestock management

» animal safety

» livestock trailing

» access to water facilities

» development of grazing systems

» human access and safety

» landscape aesthetics

» erosion problems

» soil moisture conditions

» flood potential

» stream crossings

» Mark fences to enhance visibility for 

human and animal safety.

» Fences across gullies or streams may 

require special bracing or designs.

» Ease of access for construction, 

repair and maintenance should be 

considered.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD FARM
10 Field Border

What it is

A strip of perennial vegetation, primarily introduced or native grasses, 

established at the edge or around the 

perimeter of a field. 

How it helps

» Field borders control sheet, rill, 

gully and wind erosion at the edges 

of a field where end rows would run 

up and down hill. 

» They provide wildlife and pollinators food and cover.

» They provide a turning point for 

farm equipment.

» Vegetation filters runoff to improve 

water quality.

» Grass and legume strips may be 

harvested in some cases.

Planning ahead

» Will the width be wide enough to 

turn your equipment?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Delay mowing until Aug. 1 to protect nesting birds.

» Maintain desired vegetation and 

plant vigor by liming, fertilizing, 

mowing, disking, burning, and 

controlling noxious weeds to ensure 

effectiveness of the border.

» Shut off farm chemical sprayers 

when turning on field borders.

» Shape and reseed border areas damaged by storms, animals, chemicals, 

tillage or equipment traffic.

» Field borders must be a minimum 

of 30 feet wide, and wide enough 

to turn farm equipment – normally 

this is twice the width of equipment 

used.

» To provide wildlife benefits, field 

borders should be 30-40 feet wide.

» Seed with perennial grasses, legumes or a mixture of the two.

» Seeding may be completed during 

the spring period, March 1 to May 

15, or during the late summer seeding period, Aug. 1 to Sept. 15.

» Seeding period for warm season 

grasses is April 1 to July 1. 

» Borders need to be seeded or left 

in place when a meadow field is 

plowed.

» Drill seed across the slope, not up 

and down, if possible to help control 

erosion.

» Drill grass and legume seed uniformly over the strip 1/4” to 1/2” 

deep or broadcast uniformly over 

the field border. Harrow and cultpack to establish good seed to soil 

contact.

LAND USES: CROP
11 Filter Strip

What it is

A strip of dense herbaceous vegetation 

such as grass, trees or shrubs that filters 

runoff and removes contaminants 

before they reach water bodies or water 

sources, such as wells. Filter strips are 

most effective when used in combination with other agronomic or structural 

conservation practices.

How it helps

» The vegetation slows water flow and 

allow contaminants like sediment, 

chemicals and nutrients to collect in 

grass, trees and shrubs.

» Filter strips improve water quality 

for fish and other aquatic life.

» Grass, trees and shrubs provide 

cover for small birds, animals and 

pollinators.

» Ground cover reduces soil erosion.

» The vegetative strips move row crop 

operations further from a stream.

Planning ahead

» Are adequate soil conservation measures installed above the filter strip?

» Are plants adapted to your soil type?

» Have you selected the correct plant 

species for the control you need?

» Consider including species beneficial for pollinators and butterflies 

such as milkweed.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Repair rills and small channels that 

may have developed.

» Control grazing if livestock have 

access to filter strips.

» Mow (and harvest if possible) 

grasses several times per year to 

encourage dense vegetative growth. 

For ground nesting wildlife, avoid 

mowing during nesting periods.

» Restoration may be needed if sediment accumulates.

» Filter strips are most effective on 

slopes of 5% or less.

» Filter strips for cropland must be 

at least 15 feed wide. Steeper slopes 

require wider strips.

% Slope

0-10

10-20

20-30

Minimum Width

15 feet

20 feet

25 feet

» A minimum of 50 feet width is required for filter strips on forestland.

» Do not use a filter strip as a roadway.

» Filter strips will be less effective 

under snow or during frozen conditions.

» Avoid drift when applying herbicides on surround cropland.

» Controlled grazing may be allowed 

if filter strips are dry and firm.

LAND USES: CROP
12 Forage and Biomass Planting

What it is

Planting grass and legumes – suitable 

for pasture, hay, or biomass production 

– to reduce soil erosion and improve 

production.

This practice does not apply to the 

establishment of annually planted and 

harvested food, fiber, or oilseed crops.

How it helps

» Improves or maintains livestock 

nutrition and health.

» Provides forage supplies during 

periods of low forage production.

» Reduces soil erosion.

» Improves soil health and water 

quality.

» Lush pastures give cover and habitat 

for wildlife.

» As plants recycle and roots die, organic matter in the soil is improved.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Inspect and calibrate equipment 

prior to use, and continue to monitor during planting to ensure proper 

rate, distribution, and depth of the 

planting material is maintained.

» Control undesirable weeds/plants.

» For perennial species, ensure 

enough plant tissue remains after 

harvest for the plant to regenerate 

through photosynthesis.

» Follow NRCS recommendations for 

planting rates, methods and dates.

» Plant at a depth appropriate for the 

seed size or plant material, while 

assuring uniform contact with soil.

» Plant when soil moisture is adequate 

for germination and establishment.

» All seed and planting materials will 

meet state quality standards. Do not 

plant federal, state, or local noxious 

weeds.

» When planting legumes, use preinoculated seed or inoculate with 

the proper viable strain of Rhizobia 

immediately before planting.

» Exclude livestock until plants are 

well established.

» Select forage species based on the 

intended use, level of management, 

realistic yield estimates, maturity 

stage, and compatibility with other 

species. 

Planning ahead

» Are selected species suitable to your 

soil types?

» Have you chosen species that will 

help to reduce the use of pesticides 

and herbicides?

» Have you selected species that meet 

the needs of your livestock?

LAND USES: GRASS WILD
13 Grade Stabilization Structure

What it is

An earthen embankment built across a 

watercourse with a drop spillway made 

of metal pipe, wood, concrete, or other 

materials.

These structures provide controlled 

passage of storm flow through a sudden 

drop in elevation from one stable grade 

to another.

There are several different types of 

grade stabilization structures:

» Closed conduit structures

» Full-flow open structures

» Box inlets on existing road culverts

» Side-inlet drainage structures

How it helps

» Grade stabilization structures are 

often used at the outlet of a grassed 

waterway to stabilize the waterway 

outlet, preventing gully erosion.

» Grassed, non-eroding waterways 

made possible with a grade control 

structure give better water quality, 

can be crossed with equipment, 

and look better than non-stabilized 

gullies.

» If it is planned to store water, a grade 

stabilization structure may provide a 

water source and habitat for wildlife.

» Improves water quality by reducing 

the amount of sediment delivered 

downstream.

Planning ahead

» Are adequate conservation practices installed above the structure to 

prevent sedimentation?

» Is the planned location in the proper 

place to achieve the level of control 

you want?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Keep burrowing animals off of earthen structures.

» Periodically, inspect the structure. 

Repair or replace any damaged or 

displaced rock, concrete, wood or 

other structural components.

» Keep outlets free of debris.

» NRCS can provide assistance with 

design and construction specifications.

» Obtain any necessary easements 

and/or permits.

» At a minimum, remove all trees and 

shrubs within 30 feet of the structure.

» If livestock will have access to the 

site, fence the embankment.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS

» Stops gullies from advancing upstream through cropped fields and 

pastures.
14 Grassed Waterway

What it is

Grassed waterways are shaped constructed channels that are seeded to 

grass or other suitable vegetation to 

convey water to a stable outlet at a 

non-erosive velocity.

A structure is often installed at the 

base of the waterway to stabilize the 

waterway and prevent a new gully from 

forming.

How it helps

» Grass cover protects the waterway 

from gully erosion and traps sediment in runoff water.

» Vegetation can filter and absorb 

some of the chemicals and nutrients 

in runoff water.

» Vegetation provides cover for small 

birds and animals.

Planning ahead

» Is major land re-shaping needed?

» Is there a proper outlet for surface 

runoff at the bottom of the waterway?

» Are soil conservation measures 

installed to minimize siltation?

» Will tile drainage be necessary to establish vegetation in the waterway?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Lift implements out of the ground 

and shut off spray equipment when 

crossing the waterway.

» Inspect after heavy rains. Fill, compact, and reseed areas damaged by 

the rain.

» Don’t use the waterway as a roadway.

» Avoid planting along the waterway. 

This prevents a new gully forming on 

the outside edges of the waterway.

» Fertilize as needed.

» Mow periodically, but wait until after 

Aug. 1 to benefit wildlife nesting.

» Shape a waterway so the depth halfway to the center is 3/4 of the depth 

at the center. For example, if the 

center depth is 1 ft., depth halfway to 

center is .75 ft.

» The final graded waterway surface 

to be seeded should be reasonably 

smooth, free of rills and gullies, and 

has the designed cross section.

» Silt fence fabric checks may be 

needed after grading and smoothing 

to reduce potential for gully erosion 

until seeding is established.

» A firm seedbed increases the chance 

of a good grass stand. A roller or 

cultipacker may be needed to get a 

firm seedbed.

» Apply fertilizer and seeding at rates 

recommended by NRCS.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS
15 High Tunnel System

What it is

An enclosed polyethylene, polycarbonate, plastic, or fabric covered structure 

that is used to cover and protect crops 

from sun, wind, excessive rainfall, or 

cold, to extend the growing season in 

an environmentally friendly manner.

This practice only applies to crops 

grown naturally in the soil profile.

How it helps

High tunnel systems help improve 

plant health and vigor.

Planning ahead

» Plan supportive conservation practices to address all environmental 

concerns such as erosion, irrigation 

and runoff.

» Locate the structure near a viable 

water source for irrigation.

» Select a covering material thick 

enough to withstand temperature 

changes for a 4-year lifespan.

» Consider a minimum clearance of 

10 to 20 feet between side by side 

high tunnel installations for snow 

removal and cover installation.

» Plan for proper disposal of the cover 

at the end of its useful life.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» The cover may need to be removed 

during the snow season.

» Inspect the cover regularly for wear 

and tear.

» Periodically remove accumulated 

snow to avoid structural weakening 

or collapse.

» Repair or replace the cover if 

damaged from wind, snow or other 

weather-related occurrence.

» Raised beds may be installed to 

improve soil condition, fertility, and 

access. Raised beds are a maximum 

of 12 inches in depth.

» Do not use high tunnels for sheltering or housing livestock, or to store 

supplies or equipment.

» The frame must be constructed of 

metal, wood, or durable plastic; and 

be at least 6 feet at the peak.

» Direct runoff away from high 

tunnels to avoid ponding. Provide 

a detention basin, storage reservoir, 

or stable outlet when runoff empties 

onto the ground surface with potential to cause erosion.

» Manage the high tunnel to improve 

soil health by following a soil management system.

» Remove or roll up side covers to 

control internal temperatures and 

humidity.

LAND USES: FARM
16 Manure Storage

What it is

A waste storage facility that protects 

downstream water courses from manure runoff by storing manure until 

conditions are appropriate for field 

application.

The type of manure storage structure 

depends upon the livestock operation, 

animal waste management system and 

planned field application. Options 

include earthen storage ponds, above 

or below ground tanks, pits underneath 

a confinement facility, or a sheltered 

concrete slab area.

How it helps

» Protects water quality by preventing 

runoff from livestock operations.

» Cuts fertilizer costs and reduces 

nutrient losses.

» Allows for field application when 

conditions are right.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Watch for any leaks or seepage and 

make repairs.

» Repair any damaged fences immediately.

» Refer to Iowa Conservation Practice 

Standard 313 Waste Storage Facility 

for additional Operation and Maintenance information.

» Storage period should be determined by the manure use schedule. 

Plan to empty at least twice a year.

» If manure is stored as a solid, protect 

it from precipitation.

» Divert runoff from land surrounding livestock facilities from storage 

structures.

» Fence off structures for livestock 

and human safety.

» Ramps built for handling equipment 

must meet safety standards.

Planning ahead

» Is the structure planned for the 

proper location considering the 

landscape, potential odor problems, visibility, aesthetic value, and 

compatibility with existing farm 

buildings?

» Will the structure store manure in a 

form which you have the equipment 

to handle?

» Are there buffer zones of vegetation 

around the structure to filter any 

runoff and to improve appearance?

» Is the structure the right size to 

handle the amount of manure produced by your livestock during the 

planned storage period?

LAND USES: FARM
17 No-Till/Strip-Till

What it is

Performing no full-width tillage from 

the time of harvest or termination of 

one cash crop to the time of the harvest 

or termination of the next cash crop in 

the rotation, regardless of the depth of 

the tillage operation.

How it helps

» Crop residue prevents soil erosion, 

protects water quality, improves soil 

tilth, and adds organic matter to the 

soil as it decomposes.

» When soil is left undisturbed microbial activity increases, helping to 

build soil structure and improve soil 

health.

» No-till helps form root channels 

and other near-surface voids that 

increase water infiltration.

» No-till helps sequester additional 

carbon in the soil.

» No-till reduces particulate emissions, which improves air quality.

» Fewer trips with no-till reduces soil 

compaction, requires less energy 

use, and saves money through fewer 

inputs.

» No-till increases plant-available 

moisture.

» No-till provides food and escape 

cover for wildlife.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» In areas of heavy residue accumulation due to movement from water 

or wind, spread the residue prior to 

planting to reduce plant operation 

interference.

» Leave stubble taller than the 10-inch 

minimum to trap more snow and 

provide better protection to plants 

from freezing or dryness.

» Perform all field operations on the 

contour to slow overland flow and to 

improve water infiltration.

» Leave crop residue undisturbed after 

harvest to maximize the cover and 

food source benefits for wildlife and 

pollinators.

» Control weeds with herbicide.

» The annual STIR (Soil Tillage Intensity Rating) value for all soil disturbing activities should not be greater 

than 15 for no-till.

Planning ahead

» Will your crop produce enough 

residue?

» Do you have the needed equipment?

» Is no-till part of your planned system of conservation measures?

LAND USES: CROP
18 Nutrient Management

What it is

Nutrient management means managing 

the amount (rate), source, placement 

(method of application), and timing of 

plant nutrients and soil amendments. 

These steps reduce the potential for 

nutrients to go unused and wash or 

infiltrate into water supplies. Nutrient 

sources include animal manure, sludge, 

and commercial fertilizers.

How it helps

» Improves crop production by budgeting, supplying, and conserving 

nutrients.

» Reduces input costs.

» Protects water quality by preventing over-application of commercial 

fertilizers and animal manure.

» Properly utilizes manure, municipal 

and industrial biosolids, and other 

organic byproducts as plant nutrient 

sources.

» Protects air quality by reducing 

odors, nitrogen emissions, and the 

formation of atmospheric particulates.

» Maintains or improves the physical, 

chemical, and biological condition 

of soil.

Planning ahead

» Have you tested nutrient levels of 

your soil and livestock manure?

» Are organic wastes or sludge available for you to use?

» Have you determined realistic yield 

goals?

» Are proper soil conservation measures installed?

» Have you accounted for nitrogen 

credits produced by legume crops?

Tech Notes

Follow the 4Rs of nutrient management:

» Select the Right nutrient source, 

considering what the crop needs, 

costs, availability, method of delivery, and environmental risk.

» Select the Right rate by using the 

Corn Nitrogen Rate Calculator to 

determine the recommended Maximum Return to Nitrogen Rate.

» Select the Right time by synchronizing nutrient availability with crop 

demand and reduced environmental 

risk.

» Select the Right place by keeping 

nutrients where the crop can get to 

them, where nutrients are least likely 

to leave the field, and efficiency is 

maximized.

Review the NRCS 590 Nutrient Management Standard for more information.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS
19 Pest Management

What it is

Pest management means evaluating 

and using a tailored system to reduce 

crop and environmental damages from 

insects, weeds and diseases.

Scouting helps determine the type of 

pests, stage of development, and damage to species targeted for protection. 

The potential damage is then weighed 

against the cost of control. If pest 

control is economical, then alternatives 

are evaluated based on cost, results and 

environmental impact. 

How it helps

» Scouting and spot treatment for 

only threatening pests can save 

money.

» Water quality is improved when precautions are taken to keep chemicals 

from leaving the field due to leaching, runoff or drift.

» Good pest management reduces 

over-application of chemicals used 

for control.

Planning ahead

» Which soils on your farm are likely 

to leach pesticides or lose pesticides 

from surface runoff?

» Did you consider all pest control 

alternatives, including mechanical, 

biological and chemical?

» Did you use crop and pest control 

records for reference?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Continue scouting to best identify 

pests and control methods.

» Keep records to track costs and 

chemical application.

» Calibrate spray equipment.

Following are guidelines for applying 

and mixing pesticides:

» Complete a pesticide risk assessment of potential environmental 

damage from leaching or runoff. 

Consider this information when 

selecting a pesticide.

» Wear protective clothing.

» Mix and load pesticides in an area 

that won’t contaminate waste supplies; prevent back siphoning.

» Triple rinse containers before disposal. Burn paper bags.

» Apply pesticides during periods of 

minimal potential for drift or runoff.

» Use the lowest application rate practical and rotate pesticides.

» Use spot treatment or banding, 

when possible, in areas of concentrated pest populations.

» Use proper erosion control.

» Did you rotate crops and herbicides 

to reduce the potential for pest resistance to develop?

» How will your Pest Management 

Plan effect pollinators and beneficial 

insects?

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD
20 Pond

What it is

A farm pond is a pool of water formed 

by a dam or pit. There are two types of 

ponds - embankment ponds, which are 

water impoundments made by constructing an embankment, and excavated ponds, which are formed by excavating a pit or dugout.

How it helps

» Prevents soil erosion by eliminating 

gullies.

» Protects water quality by collecting 

and storing runoff water.

» Provides water for livestock, fish and 

wildlife, recreational opportunities, 

fire control, and to develop renewable energy systems.

» Adds value and beauty to a farm or 

farmstead.

» Provides a water supply for emergencies.

Planning ahead

» Are adequate soil conservation measures installed above or upstream 

from the proposed pond site to protect it from filling with sediment?

» Is there a dependable source of clean 

water to fill the pond?

» Is the soil at the proposed site capable of holding water?

» Will the pond store enough water 

for the proposed uses—i.e. livestock, 

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Keep outlet free of debris.

» Keep burrowing animals, trees and 

shrubs off the dam.

» Maintain grass cover on the dam.

» Provide for principal and emergency 

spillways.

» If the pond will be stocked for fishing, the pool should have at least 1/2 

acre of surface area and be at least 8 

feet deep.

» If livestock are present, fence the 

embankment.

» The landowner should secure necessary permits and/or easements.

» Divert runoff from feedlots, barnyards and septic tanks if the pond is 

used for drinking water, livestock, 

wildlife or recreation.

» Clear all trees and shrubs within at 

least 30 feet of the dam’s spillway and 

embankment.

» Generally, for every surface acre of 

pond, there should be at least 10 

acres of drainage area.

wildlife, emergency water supply?

» Can you incorporate vegetative species that benefit pollinators?

Refer to Iowa NRCS Conservation 

Practice Standard 378 for more information about ponds.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD FARM
21 Prescribed Burning

What it is

Fire applied to manage grassland, 

forestland, pasture land, wildlife areas, 

or hayland within a prescribed set of 

conditions, dates, and with appropriate 

safety precautions to achieve a specific 

purpose.

How it helps

Prescribed burning helps:

» control undesirable vegetation

» prepare sites for harvesting, planting 

or seeding

» control plant disease

» reduce wildlife hazards

» improve wildlife habitat

» improve plant production quantity 

and/or quality

» remove debris

» enhance seed production

» facilitate the distribution of grazing 

and browsing animals

» restore and maintain ecological sites

» manage native plant diversity/composition

Planning ahead

» What time of year are you planning 

to burn? Burning should be managed with regard for wildlife needs, 

such as nesting, feeding and cover.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Monitor the burned site and adjacent areas until ash, debris, and other consumed material is at pre-burn 

temperatures.

» Burn only to meet a specific management objective, generally once 

every 3-7 years.

» It may be necessary to burn woody 

vegetation two or more consecutive 

years to control undesirable sprouting woody vegetation.

» Use existing barriers, such as lakes, 

streams, wetlands, roads and constructed firebreaks in the burn.

» Consider any known cultural 

resources and threatened or endangered plants and animals.

» Smoke could have an impact on the 

surrounding area during and after 

the burn.

» Weather conditions are generally 

more favorable for burning following the passage of a weather 

front. Good burning conditions are 

frequently most favorable 1-3 days 

following a rain.

» Notify adjoining landowners, local 

fire departments, and public safety 

officials as appropriate within the 

airshed prior to burning.

LAND USES: GRASS WILD
22 Prescribed Grazing

What it is

Managing the harvest of vegetation 

with grazing and/or browsing animals.

This is often attained through a rotational or mob grazing system where 

pastures are divided into four or more 

pastures or paddocks with fencing. 

Cattle are moved from paddock to paddock on a prearranged schedule based 

on forage availability and livestock 

nutrition needs.

How it helps

Improves or maintains:

» species composition and vigor of 

plant communities;

» quantity and quality of forage for 

grazing and browsing animal health 

and productivity;

» surface and subsurface water quality 

and quantity;

» riparian and watershed functions;

» quantity and quality of food and 

cover available for wildlife.

Prescribed grazing also helps to reduce 

erosion and improve profits.

Planning ahead

» Have you developed a grazing plan 

that includes your goals and objectives?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Monitor data and grazing records 

regularly to ensure objectives are 

met, or to make necessary changes.

» Take a resource inventory that 

identifies:

» existing plant health and quantity;

» opportunities to enhance plant 

conditions;

» paddocks, acres, and the location 

of structural improvements such 

as fences, water developments, etc. 

using a plan map; and

» ecological sites or forage suitability groups when available.

» Take a forage inventory of the expected forage quality, quantity and 

species in each management unit.

» Take a forage-animal balance (carrying capacity) for the grazing plan 

that identifies forage surpluses and 

deficiencies for the kind and class 

of grazing livestock, and browsing 

wildlife of concern.

» Develop a contingency plan that adjusts the grazing prescription in case 

of flood, drought, insects, etc.

LAND USES: GRASS
23 Riparian Forest Buffer

What it is

A planned area of trees, shrubs, and 

grasses and forbs planted along a 

stream or river.

A common design includes three 

zones: an unmanaged woody zone 

nearest to the stream, a middle woody 

zone, and an outside zone of grasses 

that may include forbs.

How it helps

» Reduces excess amounts of sediment, organic material, nutrients 

and pesticides in surface runoff, and 

reduces excess nutrients and other 

chemicals in shallow ground water 

flow.

» Creates shade to lower water temperatures to improve habitat for 

aquatic organisms.

» Improves riparian habitat and provides a source of large woody debris.

» Reduces pesticide drift entering the 

water body.

» Restores riparian plant communities.

» Increases carbon storage in plant 

biomass and soils.

» Provides habitat for upland wildlife 

and pollinators.

Planning ahead

» Does the potential site have the sufficient width, length, vertical density 

and connectivity to accomplish the 

intended purposes?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Control harmful plant and animal 

pests as necessary.

» Protect from adverse impacts such 

as excessive vehicular and pedestrian traffic, pest infestations, concentrated flows, pesticides, livestock, or 

wildlife damage and fire.

» Until the buffer is fully functional, 

replace dead trees or shrubs and 

control undesirable vegetation.

» The buffer must be wide enough to 

achieve the purpose and at least 40 

feet measured horizontally on a line 

perpendicular to the water body 

beginning at the normal water line.

» Use locally grown native species.

» Four or more plant species will be 

used suited to the seasonal variation of the site’s moisture status. No 

single species will make up more 

than 25 percent of the total number 

of species planted.

» Livestock need to be controlled or 

excluded to achieve the intended 

purpose.

» For more detailed technical notes, 

refer to the Iowa NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 391.

» Can you incorporate species that 

benefit wildlife and pollinators?

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD FARM
24 Stream Crossing

What it is

A stabilized area or structure constructed across a stream to provide a travel 

way for people, livestock, equipment, or 

vehicles.

How it helps

» Provides access to another land unit.

» Improves water quality by reducing 

sediment, nutrient, organic, and 

inorganic loading to the stream.

» Reduces stream bank and stream 

bed erosion.

Planning ahead

» Is there a safe, stable location along 

the stream bed for a crossing?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

Develop an operation and maintenance 

plan for the life of the practice that 

includes:

» inspecting the crossing after each 

major storm event and make repairs 

as needed;

» removing accumulations of organic 

material, woody material, or excess 

sediment; and

» replacing surfacing stone used for 

livestock crossings as needed.

» Locate the stream crossing in an 

area where the stream bed is stable 

or where it can be stabilized.

» Discourage livestock loafing in the 

stream by locating crossings out of 

shady riparian areas, or by including 

gates in the design.

» Install stream crossings perpendicular to the direction of stream flow.

» Provide a way for normal passage of 

water, fish and other aquatic animals within the channel during all 

seasons of the year.

» Provide an adequate travel-way 

width for the intended use. 

» Livestock-only crossings should 

be no less than 6 feet wide and no 

more than 30 feet wide.

» A multi-use stream crossing 

should be no less than 10 feet 

wide.

» Make all side slope cuts and fills 

stable for the channel materials 

involved.

» Blend approaches to the crossing 

with existing site conditions, where 

possible. 

» All rock must be able to withstand 

exposure to air, water, freezing, and 

thawing. Use rock of sufficient size 

and density to resist mobilization by 

design flood flows.

» Plant all areas to be vegetated as 

soon as practical after construction.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS
25 Stream Bank Protection

What it is

Grass, rip rap, or other treatment used 

to stabilize and protect stream banks 

from erosion.

How it helps

» Prevents the loss or damage to land 

uses or facilities adjacent to stream 

banks.

» Helps maintain stream flow capacity.

» Reduces off site and downstream 

effects of sediment resulting from 

bank erosion.

» Improves and enhances the stream 

corridor for fish and wildlife habitat, 

aesthetics, and recreation.

Planning ahead

» Are proper soil conservation measures installed in the watershed to 

prevent siltation of buffer zones and 

stream bed?

» Will a stream crossing be needed for 

livestock?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Avoid damaging the buffer zone 

with herbicides from surrounding 

cropland.

» Remove off-stream watering systems 

in the winter, and reinstall in the 

spring.

» Periodically inspect and promptly 

repair or replace damaged components or erosion.

» Fence livestock out of the stream.

» Smooth stream banks to provide an 

adequate seedbed for vegetation.

» The vegetation area along stream 

banks should be between 15 and 25 

feet wide.

» Remove fallen trees, stumps and 

debris that might cause turbulence 

in the stream.

» Remove trees and brush that adversely affect the growth of desirable 

bank vegetation.

» Avoid adversely impacting threatened and endangered species and 

their habitats.

» Select vegetation best suited for site 

conditions and achieves the intended purpose.

» Allow stream flow to access the 

floodplain.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD FARM
26 Terrace

What it is

A terrace is an earthen embankment 

constructed across a field slope. They 

break long slopes into shorter ones – 

usually following the contour.

There are two basic types of terraces—

storage terraces and gradient terraces. 

Storage terraces collect water and store 

it until it can infiltrate into the ground 

or release through a stable outlet.

Gradient terraces are designed as a 

channel to slow runoff water and carry 

it to a stable outlet.

How it helps

» Help reduce erosion by reducing 

slope length.

» Retain runoff for moisture conservation.

» Provide nesting habitat.

Planning ahead

» Will other conservation practices be 

used in conjunction with terraces to 

prevent sedimentation in the terrace 

channel?

» Are soils and topography such that 

terraces can be constructed and 

reasonably farmed?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Periodically inspect the terrace, 

especially following significant rain 

events.

» Promptly repair or replace damaged 

terrace components.

» Maintain terrace ridge height, channel profile, cross-section and outlet.

» Remove accumulated sediment in 

the terrace channel to maintain 

grade and capacity.

» Regularly clean inlets for underground outlets. Repair or replace 

inlets damaged by farm equipment. 

Remove sediment around inlets to 

ensure they remain the lowest spot 

in the terrace channel.

» Control rodents, trees and brush.

» Grassed backslope terraces have 

a farmable frontslope with a 2:1 

LAND USES: CROP

backslope (2 feet horizontal to every 

1 foot of vertical drop).

» Narrow base terraces have 2:1 slopes 

on both the frontslope and backslope.

» Broadbase terraces should not be 

built on slopes greater than 6%. 

Farmable slopes should not be steeper than 5:1.

» Steep front, farmable backslope 

terraces should not be built on slopes 

greater than 6%. The front slope 

should be built with a 2:1 slope and 

the backslope should not be steeper 

than 5:1.

» Terraces are designed to control 

runoff from a 10-year storm. 
27 Tree/Shrub Establishment

What it is

Establishing woody plants in non-forested areas by planting seedlings, 

container/potted plants, cuttings or by 

direct seeding.

How it helps

» Woody plants can be established for 

forest products.

» Provide erosion control.

» Produce woody biomass for energy.

» Improve energy conservation and 

beautification.

» Improve water quality through uptake of soil and water borne chemicals and nutrients.

» Beautify an area (aesthetics).

» Protect a watershed.

» Improve air quality.

» Provide wildlife habitat.

» Control snow drifting.

» Store carbon in biomass.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Control competing vegetation until 

the wood plants are established.

» Check for insect and disease damage 

regularly.

» Maintain firebreaks around all 

plantings, as needed.

» Replant as needed.

» The use of irrigation, mulching, 

geo-textile mats, tree shelters, and 

tree shades may be needed.

» Follow state and local regulations 

for locating plants adjacent to roadways; avoid creating blind corners 

and intersections.

» Choose species adapted to soil-site 

conditions.

» Planting date and care in handling 

should ensure an acceptable rate of 

survival.

» Only use viable, high quality and 

adapted planting stock or seed.

» Prepare planting site to establish and 

grow selected species.

» Choose the planting method appropriate for existing site conditions 

and species capabilities.

» Timing and equipment should be 

appropriate for the site and soil 

conditions.

» Keep the planting protected from 

adverse impacts such as livestock 

and wildlife damage and fire.

Planning ahead

» What is the goal of your tree/shrub 

planting? 

» Will plantings be protected from 

wildlife damage?

» Will you need access lanes?

» Will pesticide drift from cropland 

adversely affect plants?

LAND USES: GRASS WILD FARM
28 Upland Wildlife Habitat Mgmt.

What it is

Planting and managing trees, shrubs 

and other vegetation that provide cover 

and food to attract wildlife to an area.

How it helps

» Planned wildlife habitat provides 

food and cover for wildlife.

» Ground cover helps reduce soil 

erosion, adds organic matter to the 

soil, filters runoff and increases 

infiltration.

» It can add value to your farmstead.

Planning ahead

» Will your planned habitat attract the 

type of wildlife you want?

» Is a particular piece of land better 

suited for upland habitat than for 

livestock or crops?

» Do you plan to allow hunting?

» Are there threatened or endangered 

species in your area you could help 

protect?

» How close do you want the habitat 

area to be to your farmstead?

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Annually inspect and repair structural or vegetative components.

» Prescribed burning may be necessary to regenerate growth and 

eliminate undesirable species.

» Use weed management to maintain 

desirable plant and animal species.

» Re-plant vegetation and trees if 

habitat area is damaged by disease or 

poor weather.

» Plant the wildlife area with a vegetative cover of grass, trees or shrubs.

» Use native plants wherever possible.

» To attract a specific wildlife species, 

choose cover and habitat for that 

species.

» Create a diverse habitat to attract a 

wider variety of wildlife.

» Consult the local DNR wildlife biologist for the recommended wildlife 

populations for the upland habitat 

area planned for your farm.

» Encourage shrub growth between 

woodlands and grasslands.

» Include bird houses and feeding 

stations in habitat areas.

» Include milkweed for pollinator 

habitat.

LAND USES: WILD
29 Water/Sediment Control Basin

What it is

An earth embankment or a combination ridge and channel constructed 

across the slope of minor watercourses 

to form a sediment trap and water detention basin with a stable outlet.

How it helps

» Basins help improve water quality 

by trapping sediment on uplands, 

preventing it from reaching downstream water bodies.

» Structures reduce gully erosion 

by controlling water flow within a 

drainage area.

» Basins reduce and manage on-site 

and downstream runoff.

» Grass cover may provide habitat for 

wildlife.

Tech Notes

Maintenance

» Reseed and fertilize as needed to 

maintain vegetative cover.

» Check the basin after each large 

storm and make any needed repairs.

» Inspect the outlet to ensure it is not 

damaged or plugged. Repair any 

damaged parts and remove trash 

buildup around the inlet.

» The uncontrolled area draining into 

the basin must not exceed 50 acres.

» Build the basin large enough to 

control runoff from a 10-year storm 

without overtopping.

» Install an outlet that will convey water to a point where it will not cause 

damage.

» Use fill material free of sod, roots, 

frozen materials, and stone larger than six inches in diameter. It 

should also have correct moisture 

content for adequate compaction.

» Spacing for water and sediment 

control basins depends on the land 

slope, tillage and management 

system.

Planning ahead

» Is the site too steep for the basin to 

work properly or be economically 

feasible?

» Will the basin be part of an existing 

terrace system?

» Is sheet and rill erosion controlled 

by another conservation practice?

» Can adequate outlets be provided?

LAND USES: CROP GRASS
30 Watering Facility

What it is

A permanent or portable tank or 

trough to provide an adequate amount 

and quality of drinking water for livestock and or wildlife.

How it helps

» Provide access to drinking water for 

livestock and wildlife to meet daily 

water requirements.

» Access to water helps improve livestock distribution to pastures.

» Providing easily accessible water 

to meet daily livestock needs keeps 

livestock healthier.

» Portable tanks prevent livestock 

from creating trails to watering 

facilities. This helps reduce compaction and soil erosion, and keeps 

pastures in better shape.

Planning ahead

» Is there access to a water source, 

such as a well or pond?

» How many animals do you plan to 

have access to the water?

Tech Notes

» Design the watering facility to meet 

the daily livestock water requirements.

» Locate water facilities to promote 

even grazing distribution and reduce grazing pressure on sensitive 

areas.

» Install permanent watering facilities 

on a firm, level foundation that will 

not settle, such as bedrock or compacted gravel or soil.

» Design to prevent overturning by 

wind or animals.

» Design to withstand damage by 

livestock, wildlife, freezing, and ice 

damage.

» Use durable materials with a life 

expectancy to meet or exceed the 

planned useful life of the installation.

Maintenance

» Keep the watering tank or trough 

clear of debris, algae and sludge.

» Check for leaks.

» Check for erosion in area adjacent 

to the tank or trough.

LAND USES: GRASS
31 Wetland

What it is

A marshy area with saturated soils and 

water-loving plants. Natural wetlands—swamps, bogs, sloughs, potholes 

and marshes—vary in size, shape and 

type. Sloughs, potholes and marshes in 

low-lying areas are most common in 

Iowa. 

A wetland may have standing water 

year-round or may hold surface water 

for only part of the year.

Through NRCS assistance, wetlands 

can be created, enhanced or restored. In 

most cases the land must be suitable for 

wetland and wildlife benefits.

How it helps

» Provide habitat for pollinators, fish 

and wildlife, including threatened 

and endangered species.

» Improve water quality by filtering 

sediments and chemicals.

» Reduce soil erosion and downstream 

flooding.

» Recharge groundwater supplies.

» Protect biological diversity.

» Provide opportunities for educational, scientific and recreational opportunities.

» Generate farm income through programs that offer financial incentives 

for restoring wetlands.

Tech Notes

Four categories of wetlands are found 

in Iowa:

» Fens - perched wetlands that form in 

upland areas. They are fed by cool, 

mineral rich, oxygen poor groundwater. This promotes the formation 

of a peat soil that may be many feet 

thick, often floating on a bed of 

water.

» Forested Wetlands - dominated by 

trees and shrubs, such as cottonwood, willow, ash, elm and sycamore 

that tolerate wet soils.

» Emergent Wetlands - dominated by 

plants adapted to grow in water, such 

as cattail, arrowhead and bulrushes.

» Wet Meadows - created and maintained by periodic inundation of 

low-lying areas and by soils that are 

temporarily to seasonally saturated.

Planning ahead

» Are the soils, hydrology, vegetative 

conditions, and adjacent landscape 

conducive to wetlands?

» Will there be any adverse affects on 

adjacent landowners?

» What type of vegetation do you want 

in your wetland?

» What wildlife do you want to attract 

to your wetland?

» Consider providing vegetation, such 

as milkweed, to encourage pollinators.

LAND USES: WILD FARM
32 Windbreak/Shelterbelt

What it is

Single or multiple rows of trees and 

shrubs in linear configurations that 

protect areas from wind.

How it helps

» A windbreak reduces wind erosion, 

conserves energy, reduces heating 

bills, and beautifies a farmstead.

» Trees serve as a sound barrier and 

muffle road noise.

» Trees and shrubs provide food and 

shelter for wildlife and pollinators.

» Improved livestock weight gains can 

be expected when livestock are protected from winter winds and snow.

» Windbreaks can protect crops and 

plants from wind-related damage.

» Windbreaks can serve as a natural 

snow fence.

» They provide air quality improvement by reducing and intercepting 

air borne particulate matter, chemicals and odor.

» Windbreaks help delineate property 

and field boundaries.

» Improved irrigation efficiency.

» Trees can increase carbon storage in 

biomass and soils.

Planning ahead

» Have you planned enough space for 

summer air circulation, travel lanes 

or gardens?

» Will a mature windbreak cast a 

shadow over the driveway or nearby 

road, prolonging icy conditions?

» Will trees in the windbreak attract 

the desired wildlife species?

» Will the position of a mature windbreak cause a visibility hazard for 

drivers or dump snow where it’s not 

wanted?

Tech Notes

» Plant trees according to spacing 

recommendations for the species, 

and protect from livestock grazing 

and fire.

» Species must be suitable and adapted to the soils, climate, and purpose.

» The location, layout, and density 

of the planting should accomplish 

the purpose and function intended 

within a 20-year period.

» The planting should be done when 

survival and growth are ensured.

Maintenance

» Control competing vegetation.

» Replace dead trees and shrubs as 

necessary to maintain function.

» Provide water as needed.

LAND USES: CROP GRASS WILD FARM
CHALLENGES AHEAD

USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. To file a complaint of discrimination, 

write: USDA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Office of Adjudication, 1400 

Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (866) 632-9992 (Toll-free Customer Service), (800) 877-8339 (Local or Federal relay), (866) 377-8642 (Relay voice users).

The world’s population will grow to 

an estimated 9 billion people by the 

year 2050. This means more food 

will need to be grown in the next 

40 years as has been been grown in 

the previous 500.

This population increase places 

tremendous pressure on farmers 

to produce enough food to feed 

the world. At the same time, we 

face the impacts of climate change, 

weather extremes, the continual 

loss of prime farmland, and the 

need to reduce use of finite resources.

The daunting challenge for farmers 

to produce more crops, however, 

does not have to come at the expense of our natural resources. 

Through conservation planning 

and financial assistance, local, state 

and federal agencies are available 

to help farmers protect their natual 

resources. 

Consider this book as another tool 

to help you meet the conservation 

and environmental challenges 

ahead. Select practices that will 

help balance the needs of the environment with your own economic 

needs and the needs of the hundreds of people you help feed every 

year.

Use the human resources available 

to you as well. Technical staff from 

federal and state agencies, as well as 

agribusiness specialists and private 

consultants, will help you protect 

your land and water.