### METHOD 218.7: DETERMINATION OF HEXAVALENT

CHROMIUM IN DRINKING WATER BY ION

CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PO ST

- COLUMN

DERIVATIZATION AND UV

– VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPIC

DETECTION

Office of Water (MLK 140) EPA Document No. EPA 815

- R

- 11

- 005 November 20 11 http://water.epa.gov/drink218.7

- 1 METHOD 218.7 : DETERMINATION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN DRINKING

WATER BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PO ST

- COLUMN

DERIVATIZATION AND UV

– VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION

Version 1.0

November 2011

A

. Zaffiro and M

. Zimmerman (Shaw Environmental, Inc.)

S. Wendelken , G. Smith and D

. Munch (U.S. EPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water)

TECHNICAL SUPPORT CENTER

STANDARDS AND RISK MANAGEMENT DIVISION

OFFICE OF GROUND WATER AND DRINKING WATER

U. S. ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268218.7

- 2 METHOD 218.7

DETERMINATION O F HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN DRINKING WATER BY ION

CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH POST

- COLUMN DERIVATIZATION AND UV

– VISIBLE

SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION

1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION

1.1 METHOD

– Method 218.7 provides procedures for the determination of hexavalent

chromium Cr(VI) as the chromate anion CrO 4 2

- in finished drink ing water using ion chromatography. Samples are analyzed by direct injection

. This method is intended for use by analysts skilled in the operation of ion chromatographic instru mentation and in the interpretation of the associated data.

Analyte Chemical Abstracts Services Registry Number (CASRN)

Hexavalent chromium (as CrO 4 2

- ) 13907

- 45

- 4

1.2 SUPPORTING DATA

1.2.1 Single

- laboratory m ethod performance data

, presented in Section 17

, were collected using 4

- mm i.d. anion exchange chromatographic columns designed for use with ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent systems and 4

- mm i.d. columns designed for use with carbonate/bicarbonate eluent systems

.

1.2.2 Precision and accuracy data have been generated for the analysis of Cr(VI) in reagent

water and finished drinking water from both ground water and surface water sources (Sect. 17, Tables 4, 5 and 6 ).

1.2.3 Single laboratory Lowest Concentration Minimum Reporting Levels ( LCMRLs ) for Cr(VI) ranged from 0.01 2 to 0.03 6 microgram per liter ( **μ** g/L) (Section 17, Table 3 ). The LCMRL is the lowest spiking concentration such that the probability of spike recovery in the 50% to 150% range is at least 99%. The procedure used to determine the LCMRL is

described elsewhere. 1 Laboratories using this method are not required to determine LCMRLs, but they must demonstrate that the Minimum Reporting Level (MRL) for Cr(VI) meets the requirements described in Section 9.2.4

.

1.2.4 Determining a detection lim it (DL) for Cr(VI) is optional (Sect. 9.2.6). The DL is defined as the statistically calculated minimum concentration that can be measured with 99% confidence that the reported value is greater than zero. 2 DLs for Cr(VI) fortified into reagent water ranged from 0.00 44 to 0.015 μg/L (Table 3 ).

1.3 METHOD FLEXIBILITY

– The laboratory is permitted to modify chromatographic conditions including I C columns and eluent compositions different from those utilized in the

method. Changes may n ot be made to sample collection and preserv ation (Sect. 8) or to the quality control (QC) requirements (Sect. 9). Method modifications should be considered218.7

- 3 only to improve method performance. Modifications that are introduced in the interest of reducing cost or sample processing time, but result in poorer method performance, may not be used. In all cases where method modifications are proposed, the analyst must perform the procedures outlined in the Initial Demonstration of Capability (IDC, Sect. 9.2), and verify

that all on

- going QC acceptance c riteria in this method ( Section 9.3 ) are met , especially precision and accuracy in real sample matrixes

.

2. SUMMARY O F METHOD 3

- 6

Samples are preserved with a combined buffer/ dechlorinating reagent which complexes free

chlorine and increases the pH to a value greater than eight. A measured volume (usually 1 mL) of the sample is introduced into an ion chromatograph. CrO 4 2

- is separated from other matrix components on an anion exchange column. CrO 4 2

- is derivatized with 1,5

- diphenylc arbazide in a

post

- column reactor a nd is detected spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 530 nm. Cr(VI) is qualitatively identified via retention time, and the concentration of CrO 4 2

- in the sample is calculated using the integrated peak area and the e xternal standard technique

. Results are reported in units of μg/L of Cr(VI)

.

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1 A NALYSIS BATCH

– A set of samples that is analyzed on the same instrument during a

24

- hour period that begins and ends with the analysis of the appropriate Continuing Calibra

tion Check (CCC) standards. Additional CCCs may be required depending on the length of the Analysis Batch and the number of field samples

.

3.2 CALIBRATION STANDARD

– A solution of Cr(VI) , which includes the method preservative, prepared fr om the Primary Dilution Standards . The calibration standard s are used to calibrate the instrument response with respect to analyte concentration.

3.3 CONTINUING CALIBRATION CHECK (CCC)

– A calibration standard that is analyzed periodically to verify the accu racy of the existing calibration.

3.4 DETECTION LIMIT (DL)

– The minimum concentration of Cr(VI) that can be identified,

measured

, and re ported with 99% confidence that the concentration is greater than zero. This is a statistical determination (Sect. 9.2. 6 ), and accurate quantitation is not expected at this

level.

3.5 FIELD REAGENT BLANK (FRB)

– An aliquot of reagent water that is placed in a sample container in the laboratory and treated as a sample in all respects, including shipment to the sampling site, ex posure to sampling site conditions, storage, preservation, and all analytical procedures. The purpose of the FRB is to determine if Cr(VI) or other interferences are introduced into the samples during sampling, transport

, and storage

.

3.6 LABORATORY DUPLICATES (LDs)

– Two sample aliquots (LD 1 and LD 2 ) taken in the laboratory from a single sample bottle, and analyzed separately with identical procedures. By cancelling variation contributed from sample collection, preservation

, and storage218.7

- 4 procedures, L aboratory Duplicate s provide an estimate of precision associated specifically

with the analytical determination

.

3.7 LABORATORY FORTIFIED BLANK (LFB)

– An aliqu ot of reagent water, containing the method preservative , to which a known quant ity of Cr(VI) is added

. The LFB is used during the IDC to verify method performance for precision and accuracy.

3.8 LABORATORY FORTIFIED SAMPLE MATRIX (LFSM)

– An aliquot of a field sample to

which a known quantity of Cr(VI) is added. The LFSM is processed and analyzed as a sample, and its purpose is to de termine whether the sample matrix contributes b ias to the analytical results.

3.9 LABORATORY FORTIFIED SAMPLE MATRIX DUPLICATE (LFSMD)

– A second ali

quot of the field sample used to prepare the LFSM which is fortified and analyzed identi cally

to the LFSM. The LFSMD is used instead of the Laboratory Duplicate to assess method precision if Cr(VI) is absent from the sample matrix

.

3.10 LABORATORY REAGENT BLANK (LRB)

– An aliquot of reagent wate r that contains the

m ethod preservative . The LRB is used to determine if Cr(VI) or other interferences are introduced from the laboratory environment, the reagents or glassware, and to test for cross

contamination.

3.11 LOWEST CONCENTRATION MINIMUM REPORTING LEVEL (LCMRL)

– The s ingle laboratory LCMRL is the lowest spiking concentration such that the probability of spike recovery in the 50% to 150% range is at least 99%

. 1 LCMRL determinations from multiple laboratories can be used to develop a statistically derived MRL (Sect. 3.1 3 ).

3.12 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

– W ritten information provided by vendors concerning a chemical’s toxicity, health haz ards, physical properties, fire and reactivity data

, storage instructions , spill response procedures , and handling precautions.

3.13 MINIMUM REPORTING LEVEL (MRL)

– The minimum concentration that can be reported by a laboratory as a quantified value for Cr(VI) . This concentration must meet the

criteria defined in Section 9.2.4 and must be no lower than the concentration of the lowest

c alibration standard

. A laboratory may be required to demonstrate a specific MRL by a regulatory body if this method is being performed for compliance purposes.

3.14 POST

- COLUMN REACTOR

– For this method, the post

- column reactor consists of a reagent delivery pump, a mixing tee, and a reaction coil.

3.15 PR IMARY DILUTION STANDARD (PDS)

– An aqueous solution containing Cr(VI)

, which is prepared from a Stock Standard Solution . The PDS solution is diluted to prepare calibration standards and sample fortification sol utions

.218.7

- 5 3.16 PROCEDURAL CALIBRATION

– A calibration technique in which calibration standards are processed through the entire method, including sample pr eparation and addition of preservative.

3.17 QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLE (QCS)

– A solutio n containing Cr(VI) at a known

concentration that is obtained from a source external to the laboratory and different from the source of calibration standards. The purpose of the QCS is to verify the accuracy of the primary calibration standards.

3.18 REAGENT WATER

– Purified water that does not contain any measurable quantity of Cr(VI) or interfering compounds at or above one

- third the MRL.

3.19 STOCK STANDARD SOLUTION

– A concentrated standard solution that is prepared in the laboratory u sing assayed reference materials

, or that is purchased from a commercial source with a certificate of analysis

.

4. INTERFERENCES

4.1 LAB WARE

– The stabilit y of Cr(VI) was demonstrated for this method using high

- density polyethylene (HDPE) sample bottles

. Polypropylene copolymer bottles are also acceptable. Aliquots of the PDS and sample fortification solutions were transferred using polypropylene pipette tips. Other types of sample bottles may be used; however, the laboratory must

confirm the stability o f Cr(VI) in these materials over 14 days by formal experiment.

4.2 REAGENTS AND EQUIPMENT

– Method interferences may be caused by contami nants in reagents (including the method preservative ) and in the ion chromatographic system

. All

l aboratory reagents a nd instruments must be routinely demonstrat ed to be free from interferences, and to contribute less than one

- third the MRL for Cr(VI )

, under the conditions of the analysis. This may be accomplished by analyzing LRBs

, as described in Section 9.3.1

.

4.3 MATRIX INTERFERENCES

– Matrix interferences are caused by contaminants that are present in the sample. The extent of matrix interferences will vary considerably from source

to source

, depending upon the nature of the water. Matrix components may directly interfere by producing a signal at or near the retention time of the Cr(VI) peak; however, the method is extremely selective due to the chromatographic separation of the analyte from matrix

components

, coupled with the discrimination of the post

- column re agent for the chromate

anion . Sample ionic strength may enhance or suppress Cr(VI) response; however, the 4

- mm column systems used during method development tolerate typical concentrations of common anions in drinking water in combination with method pres ervative. Acceptable method performance h as been demonstrated for samples with hardness up to 350 mg/L as CaCO 3 and total organic carbon content of 3 mg/L. The analysis of Laboratory Fortified Sample Matrix (Sect. 9.3.4 ) provides the user of the method w ith evidence for the presence (or absence) of

matrix effects

.

4.4 OXIDATION

- REDUCTION (REDOX ) CONCERNS

– To ensure sample integrity, Cr(VI) must be protected from reduction, and Cr(III), if present, must not oxidize to Cr(VI) during218.7

- 6 sample storage. Within th e normal pH range in drinking water, Cr(VI), present as a result of pollution or oxidation of Cr(III) in source water during treatment , forms oxyanions, which are typically represented as HCrO 4 - and CrO 4 2

- . The very stable CrO 4 2

- anion dominates above pH 7 8 ; therefore, the method preservative is designed to buffer samples to at least pH

8

. Chromate compounds are quite soluble, mobile and stable, particularly in an oxidizing

environment. 8 In contrast, soluble Cr(III) species oxidize to Cr(VI) in the prese nce of free

ch l orine 9 , although n atural organic matter in surface water sources may complex Cr(III), slowing its oxidation even in a highly oxidizing environment

. 7 The rate of Cr(III) oxidation increases with chlorine concentration and is pH

- dependent. 7 For these reason s , both preservation options prescribed in this method include ammonium ions to com plex free chlorine. The resulting formation of chloramines minimizes, but does not completely prevent, the oxidation of Cr(III). 7 During method development , experiments were conducted that demonstrated the ability of the method preservative to minimize the oxidation of Cr(III) and to prevent the reduction of Cr(VI) for at least 14 days in drinking water from ground and surface water sources. Representative study results for a surface water source are presented in Section 17, Table 7

.

5. SAFETY

5.1 Each chemical should be treated as a potential health hazard and exposure to these chemicals should be minimized. Each laboratory is responsible for maintaining an awareness of OSHA regulations regarding safe handling of chemicals used in this method. A reference file of

MSDSs should be made available to all personnel involved in the chemical ana lysis.

Hexavalent chromium in solid form presents an inhalation hazard, is toxic and a suspected carcinogen. All forms of hexavalent chromium should be handled with appropriate precautions

. A fact sheet on the health effects of hexavalent chromium in the workplace is

available on the OSHA website @ www.osha.gov

.

5.2 Preparation of the post

- column reagent and the ammonium hydroxide preservative require

the use o f concentrated acid and concentrated base. These reagents should be prepared in a hood, adding acid to water, and wearing splash goggles with chemical resistant gloves. Gloves and splash goggles should be worn when transferring the post

- column reagent to the

instrument reservoir.

6. EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

References to specific brands or catalog numbers are included as examples only and do not imply endorsement of the product. Such reference does not preclude the use of other vendors or supplie r s.

6.1 SAMPLE CONTAINERS

– 125

- ml, wide

- mouth, high

- density polyethylene (HDPE) (Fisher

Scientific Cat. No. 02

- 911

- 958 or equivalent); 125

- mL polypropylene copolymer (Fisher

Scientific Cat. No. 02

- 893

- A or equivalent).

6.2 AUTOSAMPLER VIALS

– S ize and materi al meeting vendor specification for the ion chromatograph . Polypropylene and polystyrene are commonly used for ion chromatography.218.7

- 7 6.3 AUTOMATIC PIPETTE

– (Eppendorf Research Pro or equivalent) . An automatic pipette with polypropylene tips is recommended for preparing all standard solutions and for fortifying QC samples

.

6.4 ANALYTICAL BALANCE

– Capable of weighing to the nearest 0.0001 gram ( g )

.

6.5 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY SYSTEM WITH POST

- COLUMN REACTOR

6.5.1 IC SYSTEM

– An analytical system consisting of an autosa mpler, pump module with vacuum degassing option

, sample loop

, guard column, anion separator column

, post

column reagent addition capability , post

- column reaction coil

, UV

– V is absorbance

detector set to monitor a wavelength of 530 nm

, and a data acqu isition and management

system. The system must not contain any metal parts in the sample, eluent and reagent flow paths.

6.5.2 SAMPLE LOOP

– P olyetheretherketone (PEEK) construction and sized for the column

system

. One

- and 1.25

- m L sample loop s were used to generate the performance data presented in this method. Smaller or larger injection volumes may be use d as long as the Initial Demonstration of Capability ( Sect. 9.2), calibration , and sample analyses are performed using the same injection volume. Th e laboratory must be able to meet the MRL verification criteria (Section 9.2.4 ) using the selected injection volume.

6.5.3 GUARD COLUMN

– Size and resin per vendor specification; capable of removing strongly adsorbing organic compounds and particles that could damage the analytical

column

.

6.5.4 ANALYTICAL COLUMN

– Anion exchange column capable of resolving the chromate

anion from matrix components

. Any column that provides adequate res olution, peak shape, capacity , accuracy and precision (Sect. 9), and does not result in suppression or enhancement of analyte response ( Sect. 4. 3 ) may be used.

6.5.5 COLUMN COMPARTMENT

– Temperatur e controlled recommended.

6.5.6 POST

- COLUMN REACTOR

– Pneumatic or mechanical reagent pump capable of pulse

free operation, mixing tee, and reaction coil (sized and configured per vendor specifica tions).

6.5.7 DATA SYSTEM

– An interfaced data system is required to acquire, store, and output data. The computer software must have the capability of processing stored data by recognizing and integrating a chro matographic peak within a given retention time window. The software must be able to construct a linear regres sion or quadratic regression calibration curve and calculate the Cr(VI) concentration using the external standard technique.218.7

- 8 7. REAGENTS AND STANDARDS

7.1 REAGENTS AND SOLVENTS

– Reagent grade or better chemicals must be used. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents will conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents o f the American Chemical Society (ACS), where such specifications are available. Other grades may be used if the reagent is demonstrated to be

free of Cr(VI) and other interferences

, and all requirements of the IDC are met when using these reagents

.

7.1.1 AMMON IUM HYDROXIDE ( NH 4 OH, CASRN 1336

- 21

- 6 )

– 28

- 30 % NH 3 w/w ( Fisher

Cat. No. AC42330 or equivalent). For preparing NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative and IC eluent.

7.1.2 AMMONIUM SULFATE [ (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , CASRN 7783

- 20

- 2 ] (Sigma

- Aldrich Cat. No. A4915 or equivalent)

. For preparing NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative

, CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (solid) preservative

, and IC eluent.

7.1.3 METHANOL ( CH 3 OH, CASRN 67

- 56

- 1)

– (Fisher Optima® LC/MS grade or equivalent). For preparing the post

- column reagent.

7.1.4 SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO 3 , CASRN 144

- 55

- 8)

– for preparing CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ( solid ) preservative and IC eluent.

7.1.5 SODIUM CARBONATE (Na 2 CO 3 , CASRN 497

- 19

- 8)

– Anhydrous. For pre paring

CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ( solid) preservative and IC eluent.

7.1.6 REAGENT WATER

– Distilled or deionized water . For preparing calibration standards and reagents

.

7.1.7 1,5

- DIPHENYLCARBAZIDE ( C 13 H 14 N 4 O , CASRN 140

- 22

- 7)

– for preparing the post

column reagent

.

7.1.8 SULFURIC ACID ( H 2 SO 4 , CASRN 7664

- 93

- 9)

– 93 to 98 percent, trace metal grade (Fisher Cat. No . A510 or equivalent). For preparing the post

- column reagent.

7.1.9 PREPARATION OF POST

- COLUMN REAGENT

– 2

- mM 1,5

- diphenylcarbazide, 10% methanol and 0.5 M (1 N) sulfuric acid. Add 28 mL of sulfuric acid to approximately 500 mL of reagent water in a 1

- liter volumetric flask or suitably sized bottle. Mix and cool to room temperature in a water bath. While this solution is cooling, weigh 0.50 gram of 1,5

- diphenylcarbazide into a 100

- mL beaker, add 75 mL of methanol, and

sonicate for five minutes to dissolve the solid. Transfer this solution to a 100

- mL volumetric flask; bring to volume with methanol and mix. Add the entire contents of the volumetric flask to the sulfuric acid solution and dilute to 1.0 L with reagent water. Mix

and transfer th e solution to the post

- column reagent reservoir. Method 218.7 was developed adhering to a schedule for replacing post

- column reagent five days after the218.7

- 9 original date of preparation. Users of this method must determine when this reagent should be replace d based on the recommendations of the instrument manufacturer, and on the ability to meet the QC requirements in Section 9

.

7.1.10 PREPARATION OF CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ( SOLID) PRESERVATIVE

– Nominally 13.3 mg Na 2 CO 3 , 10.5 mg NaHCO 3 and 33 mg (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . These are the appropriate

amounts for a 100

- mL sample. Weigh 1

– 1.25 times these values and transfer to a dry,

125

- mL sample bottle.

7.1.11 PREPARATION OF NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ( LIQUID ) PRESERVATIVE

– Dis solve 3.3 g (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in 75 ml of reagent water. Add 6.5 mL ammon ium hydroxide and dilute to

100

- mL final volume. During method development, the stability of the concentrated preservative was verified for one month when stored at ambient temperature. Laboratories using this method are required to determine when this reagent should be replaced.

7.1.12 PREPARATION OF COLUMN ELUENTS

– Representative column eluent systems are

listed in Section 17, Table s 1 and 2. Eluent solutions of these types should be prepared on a weekly basis or at intervals recommended by the instrument manufacturer

.

7.2 STANDARD SOLUTIONS

– Solution concentrations listed in this section were used to develop this method and are included only as examples. Guidance on the storage stability of Primary Dilution Sta ndards and calibration standards is provided in the applicable sections below. Although estimated stability times for standard solutions are given, laboratories should use standard QC practices to determine appropriate storage conditions and when

standard s need to be replaced

.

7.2.1 ANALYTE STOCK STANDARD SOLUTION ( 1000 μg/mL)

– Prepare from neat

material (ACS reagent grade, >99% purity) in reagent water or o btain Cr(VI) as a

cer tified solution in water (e.g., Ultra Cat. No. ICP

- 024A, AccuStandard Cat. No. WC

H EX

- 10X

- 1 or equivalent). For K 2 Cr 2 O 7 starting material, dry the salt at 100 °C to a constant weight; weigh 0.283 g

, dissolve in reagent water

, and dilute to 100 mL

. Store stock standards at room temperature.

7.2.1.1 ANALYTE PRIMARY DILUTION STANDARD (Analyte PDS) ( 1000 μg/ L)

– Prepare the Analyte PDS by diluting the Analyte Stock Standard solution (1:1000)

into reagent water

. Include the same preservative used for field samples. An example preparation of Analyte PDS solutions (those used to collect data pres ented in

Section 17 ) is provided in the table below

. Store the PDS in a 125

- mL HDPE or polypropylene bottle . The Analyte PDS is used to prepare calibration standards and to fortify QC samples with Cr(VI)

.218.7

- 10 Stock

Concentration Aliquot of Stock

Standard Solution (7.2.1,

1000 μg/ m L) Preservative

Amounts Volume Reagent

Water PDS

Concentration

1000 μg/mL with

NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative 0.10 mL 1 mL preservative (Sect. 7.1.11 ) 0.10 L 1000 μg/L

1000 μg/mL with solid preservative 0.10 mL 13.3 mg Na 2 CO 3 , 10.5 mg NaHCO 3 33 mg (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 0.10 L 1000 μg/L

Storage stability of the Analyte PDS was verified during method develop ment. The Analyte PDS was stable fo r at least 14 days when stored at room temperature

.

7.2.2 CALIBRATION STANDARDS (CALs)

– Prepare a series of calibration standards (at

least six levels) b y diluting the Analyte PDS into reagent water. Include the same preservative used for field samples. The lowest calibration standard must be at or below

the concentration of the MRL (Sect. 9.2.4) . The calibration standards may also be used as CCCs. An example preparation of calibration standa rds (starting with the Analyte PDS) used to collect method performance data is provide d in the table below

.

Dilution Aliquot Starting Co ncentration
( **μ** g/ L) Final Volume ( L) Final Concentration
( **μ** g/ L)

0.50 mL Analyte PDS 1000 0.10 5.0 0.10 mL Analyte PDS 1000 0.10 1.0

10 mL 5.0 μg/L CAL 5.0 0.10 0.50

5.0 mL 5.0 μg/L CAL 5.0 0.10 0.25

2.0 mL 5.0 μg/L CAL 5.0 0.10 0.10

1.0 mL 5.0 μg/L CAL 5.0 0.10 0.050

0.4 mL 5.0 μg/L CAL 5.0 0.10 0.020

Storage stability of the calibration standards was evaluated during method development

at concentration s between 0.020 μ g/L and 1 .0 μg/L

. The calibration solutions were stable

for at least 14 days when stored at 4 °C

.

8. S AMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE

8.1 ADDITION OF PRESERVATIVE

– The samples are preserved with a combined buffer/dechlorinating reagent. Either the liquid formulation or the solid formulation of the preservative described in the following sections may be used. Only one preservative formulation should be used (liquid or solid) to prepare the sample bottles.

8.1.1. LIQUID FORMULATION

- NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

– The liquid preservative may be added to sample bottles prior to ship ment. Apply the concentrated preservative (Sect. 7.1.11) at the rate of 1 mL per 100 mL of sample. Sample bottles prepared in advance may be stored for one month prior to use.218.7

- 11 8.1.2. SOLID FORMULATION

- CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

– The solid preservative may be

added to sample bottles prior to shipment . Add 13.3 mg Na 2 CO 3 , 10.5 mg NaHCO 3 and 33 mg (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 to each bottle following the instructions in Section 7.1.10

.

8.2 SAMPLE COLLECTIO N

– Open the tap and allow the system to flush for approximately 5

minutes. Fi ll sample bottles with 100

- mL of sample, taking care not to flush out the preservative. Invert the bottle several times to mix the sample with the preservati ve

.

8.3 SAMPLE SHIPMENT AND STORAGE

– Storage stability studies have demonstrated that samples are stable for at least 14 days at both ambient temperature (25 °C ) and chilled temperature (6 °C ) . If the anticipated shipping conditions would expose the samples to

temperature extremes

, samples may be chilled during shipm ent. Standard quality control practices should be put in place to confirm that the shipping conditions do not adversely affect sample stability. A laboratory fortified sample that is shipped with the sample kit can aid in making this determination. Upo n sample receipt , measure the free chlorine and sample pH . The free chlorine concentration must be less than 0.1 mg/L and the pH must be >8 for the sample to be valid. In the laboratory, it is recommended that the samples are stored at or
below 6 °C unti l analysis

.

8.4 SAMPLE HOLDING TIMES

– Results of the sample storage stability study (Table 7) indicate that Cr(VI) is stable for at least 14 days when collected, preserved, shipped and

stored as described in Sections 8.1 to 8.3. S amples should be analyzed as soon as possible, but must be analyzed within 14 days

.

9. QUALITY CONTROL

9.1 QC requirements include the IDC and ongoing QC requirements. This section describes each QC parameter, its required frequency, and the performance crit eria that must be met. The QC criteria discussed in the following sections are summarized in Section 17, Ta bles 8 and 9

. These QC requirements are considered the minimum acceptable QC program . Laboratories are encouraged to institute additional QC prac tices to meet their specific needs.

9.2 INITIAL DEMONSTRATION OF CAPABILITY (IDC)

– The IDC must be successfully performed prior t o analyzing any field samples. The IDC must be repeated if changes are made to analytical parameters not previously validate d during the IDC, for example, changing from NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 preservative to the CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 preservative or translating the method to a 2

- mm column system

. Prior to conducting the IDC, the analyst

must meet the calibration requirements outlined in Section 10. 2

.

9.2.1 DEMONSTRATION OF LOW SYSTEM BACKGROUND

– Analyze a n LRB after the analysis of the highest concentration calibration standard

. Confirm that the blank is free

of contamination as defined in Section 9.3.1.

9.2.2 DEMONSTRATION OF PRECISION

– Prepare and analyze seven replicate LFBs

. Fortify these samples near the midrange of the initial calibration curve. The method218.7

- 12 preservative must be added to the LFB s as described in Sectio n 8 . The percen t relative

standard deviatio n ( % RSD) of the concentra tions of the replicate analyses must be **≤** 1 5 %.



### 100 ion Concentrat Average ions Concentrat Measured of Deviation Standard RSD % **× =** 

9.2.3 DEMONSTRATION OF ACCURACY

– Using the same set of replicate data generated

for S ection 9.2.2, calculate the average percent recovery. The average percent recovery

for Cr(VI) must be within + 1 5 % of the true value.

100 ion Concentrat Fortified ion Concentrat Measured Average Recovery % **× =** 

9.2.4 MINIMUM REPORTING LEVEL (MRL) CONFIRMATION

– Establish a target

concen tration for the MRL based on the intended use of the method. Analyze an initial

calibration followi ng the procedures in Section 10 . The lowest calibration standard used to establish the initial calibration (as well as the low

- level CCC) must be at or below the

concentration of the MRL. Establishing the MRL concentration too low may cause repeated failure of ongoing QC req uirements. Confirm the MRL following the pr ocedure

outlined below.

9.2.4.1 Fortify and analyze seven replicate LFBs at or below the proposed MRL

concentration. The LFBs must conta in the method preservative as specified in

Section 8

. Calculate the mean ( Mean ) and standard deviation for these replicates. Determine the Half Range for the Prediction Interval of Results ( HR PIR ) using the equation

HR PIR = 3.963 S

where S is the standard deviation and 3.963 is a constant value for seven replicates. 1

9.2.4.2 Confirm that the U pper and L ower limits for the Prediction Interval of Result s ( PIR =

Mean + HR PIR ) meet the upper and lower recovery limits as shown below

.

The Upper PIR Limit must be **≤** 150 percent recovery.



### Mean HR

Fortified Concentrat ion PIR 

### +

**× ≤**  100 150%

The Lower PIR Limit must be **≥** 50 percent recovery.



### Mean HR

Fortified Concentrat ion PIR 

### − **× ≥**  100 50%218.7

- 13 9.2.4.3 The MRL is valid if both the Upper and Lower PIR Limits meet the criteria described above. If these criteria are not met, the MRL has been set too low and must be

confirme d again at a higher concentration.

NOTE : T hese equations are only valid for seven replicate samples.

9.2.5 QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLE (QCS)

– Analyze a mid

- level Quality Control Sample (Sect. 9.3. 6 ) to confirm the accuracy of the primary calibration standards.

9.2.6 DETECTION LIMIT DETERMINATION (optional)

– While DL determination is not a specific requirement of this method, it may be required by various regulatory bodies associated with compliance monitoring. It is the responsibility of the laboratory to

ascertain whether DL determination is required based upon the intended use of the data.

The DL, as defined for this method, is an MDL 2 with the additional requirement that the analyses for the procedure must be performed over at l east three days. Prepare at least

seven r eplicate LFBs at a concentration estimated to be near the DL

. This concentration may be estimated by selecting a concen tration at two to five times the noise level. The

m ethod preservative must be added to the samples as described in Section 8

. Process the seven replicates through all steps of Section 11. Do not subtract blank values when performing DL calculations.

NOTE : If an MRL confirmation data set meets these requirements, a DL may be

calculated from the MRL confirmation data, and no additional analyses are

necessary.

Calculate the DL using the following equation:

DL = s x t (n

- 1,1

- **α** = 0.99)

where

t (n

- 1,1

- **α** = 0.99) = Student's t value for the 99% confidence level with n

- 1 degrees of

freedom (for seven replicate determinations, the Student’s t value is 3.143 at a 99% confidence level)

, n = number of replicates , and

s = standard deviation of replicate analyses

.

9.3 ONGOING QC REQUIREMENTS

– This section describes the ongoing QC elements that

must be included when processing and analyzing field samp les.

9.3.1 LABORATORY REAGENT BLANK (LRB)

– Analyze an LRB during the IDC and with each Analysis Batch. Prepare the LRB by ad ding reagent water to a sample bottle representative of those used to collect the samples, preferably from the same sample kit.

The LRB must contain the sample preserva tive. Cr(VI), or contaminants that produce a signal overlapping with the Cr(VI) peak, must be less than one

- third the MRL . If Cr(VI)

is detected in the LRB at concentrations equal to or greater than this level, then all218.7

- 14 samples analyzed in the corresponding Analysis Batch are invalid . Subtracting blank

values from s ample results is not permitted

.

9.3.2 CONTINUING CALIBRATION CHECK (CCC)

– Analyze CCC standards at the beginning of each Analysis Batch, after every ten field samples

, and at the end of the Analysis Batch. See Section 10. 3 for concentration requirements and acceptance criteria

for CCCs

. Additional guidance on sequencing proper Analysis Batches is provided in

Section 11

. 2

.

9.3.3 LABORATORY FORTIFIED BLANK (LFB)

– Because this method utilizes procedural

calibration standard s, wh ich are fortified reagent water s, there is no difference between

the LFB and the Continuing Calibration Check standard. Consequently, the analysis of a

separate LFB is not required as part of the ongoing QC ; however, the ter m “ LFB ” is used for clarity in the IDC.

9.3.4 LABORATORY FORTIFIED SAMPLE MATRIX (LF SM)

– Within each Analysis Batch, analyze a minimum of one LFSM. The ba ckground concentration of Cr(VI) in the

sam ple matrix must be determined in a separate aliquot and subtracted from the measured

value in the LFSM . If various sample matrixes are analyzed regularly, for example

, drinking water processed from ground water and surface water sources, performance data

should be collected for each source.

9.3.4.1 Prepare the L FSM by fortifying a sample with an ap propriate amount of the A nalyte

PDS (Sect. 7. 2 .1.1 ). Generally, s elect a spiking concentration that is greater than or equal to the native concentration of Cr(VI)

. If the native c oncentration do es not allow

this criterion to be met without exceeding the calibration range, dilution with reagent

water containing the method preservative is permitted. Select ing a duplicate aliquot of a sample that has already been analyzed aids in the selection of an appropriate spiking level. If thi s is not possible, use historical data when selecting a fortifying

concentration.

9.3.4.2 Calculate the per cent recovery (%R ) using the equation :


## ( **)** 100 C B

- A %R **× =** 

where A = measured concentration in the fortified sample

, B = measured concentration in the unfortified sample , and

C = fortification concentration

.

9.3.4.3 Cr(VI) recovery for samples fortified at concentrations near or at the MRL (within a factor of two times the MRL concentration) must be within + 50% of the true value

. Recovery for samples fortified at all other concentrations must be within + 15 % of the

true value . If the accuracy falls outside the designated range, and the laboratory performance is shown to be in control in the CCCs, the recovery is judged matrix

bi ased. Report the result in the unfortified sample as “ suspect/matri x .”218.7

- 15 NOTE: In order to obtain meaningful percent recovery results

, c orrect the measured

value in the LFSM and LFSMD for th e native level in the unfortified sa mples, even if

the native value is less than the MRL

. This is the only time that values below the MRL may be used for calculations.

9.3.5 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OR LABORATORY FORTIFIED SAMPLE MATRIX DUPLICATE (LD or LFSMD)

– Within each Analysis Batch, a nalyze a minimum of one

Labo rat ory Duplicate or one Laboratory Fortified Sample Matrix Duplicate. If Cr (VI) is not routinely observed in field samples, analyze a n LFSMD rather than a n LD

.

9.3.5.1 Calculate the relative percent difference (RPD) for duplicate measurements (LD1 and LD2) using th e equation :



## ( **)** 100 2 / LD LD LD

LD RPD

2 1 2

1 

### × **+ −** 

**=**

9.3.5.2 RPDs for Laboratory Duplicates must be **≤** 1 5 %. Greater variability may be observed when Laboratory Duplicates have Cr(VI) concentration s that are near or at the MRL (within a factor of two times the MRL concentration) . At these concentrations, Laboratory Duplicates must have RPDs that are **≤** 50%. If the RPD falls outside the designated range, and the laboratory performance is shown to be in control in the CCC, the precision is judged matrix influenced. Report the resu lt in the unfortified sample as “suspect/matrix.”

9.3.5.3 If a n LFSMD is analyzed instead of a Laboratory Dupli cate, calculate the RPD for the

LFSM and LFSMD using the equation :

9.3.5.4 RPDs for duplicate LFSMs must be **≤** 1 5 %. Greater variability may be observed when

the matrix is fortified near or at the MRL (within a factor of two times the MRL
concentration) . LFSMs at these concentrations must have RPDs that are **≤** 50%. If

the RPD falls outside the designated range, and the laboratory performance is shown to be in control in the CCC, the precision is judged matrix influenced. Report the result in the unfortified sample as “suspect/matrix.”

9.3.6 QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLE (QCS)

– A QCS must be a nalyzed during the IDC , and

then each time new calibration standards are prepared

. Prepare the QCS near the

mi dpoint of the calibration range

. T he acceptance criterion for the QCS is 85 to 11 5 % of

the true value

. If the accuracy for Cr(VI) fails the recovery cr iterion, prepare fresh

standard dilutions and repeat t he QCS evaluation. 

## ( **)** 100 /2 LFSMD LFSM LFSMD

LFSM RPD **× +** 

**−**

**=**218.7

- 16 10

. CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION

Demonstration an d documentation of initial analyte calibration are required befor e performing the

IDC and pri or to analyzing field samples. T he i nitial cali bra tion must be repeated each time a major instrument modification or maintenance is performed.

10.1 OPTIMIZATION

10.1.1 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY INSTRUMENT CONDITIONS

– I C operating conditions

and columns used to collect method performance data are given in Section 17, Table s 1

and 2

. Conditions different from these (e.g., I C columns and eluent systems ) may be

used if t he QC criteria in Sections 9.2 and 9.3 are met

, and chromatographic precision

and accura cy is demonstrated within each Analysis Batch and for representative sample

matrixes.

10.1.2 POST

- COLUMN REAGENT DELIVERY CONDITIONS

– Representative conditions

for reaction coil volume and post

- column reagent flow rates are provided in Section 17,

Table s 1 and 2

. Select conditions that provide the best signal

- to

- noise values for Cr(VI)

at concentrations near the MRL.

10.1.3 UV

– V is DETECTOR

– Monitor wavelength 530 nm.

10.2 INITIAL CALIBRATION

10.2.1 CALIBRATION STANDARDS

– Prepare a set of calibration standard s (at least six levels) as described in Section 7 .2.2

. The Cr(VI) concentration in the lowest calibration

standard must be a t or below the MRL. Field samples must be quantified using a calibration curve that spans the same concentration range used to colle ct the IDC data (Se ct. 9.2); i.e., analysts are not permitted to use a restricted calibration range to meet the IDC criteria and then use a larger dynamic range during analysis of field samples.

10.2.2 CALIBRATION

– Calibrate t he IC system using the Cr(VI) peak area and the external standard technique. Fit the calibration points with either a linear regres sion or quadratic regression (response vs. concentration). Weighting may be used. Forcing the calibration curve through the origin is not recommended. The IC instrument s use d during method development were calibrated using inverse concentration

- weighted linear curves

.

10.2.3 CALIBRATION ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

– Validate the initial calibration by calculating the concentration of Cr(VI) using the regression equations for each of the

standard runs used to generate the calibration curve. For c alibration level s that are

**≤** MRL, the result should be within + 50% of the true value. C r(VI) concentrations in

other calibration levels should calculate to be within + 15 % of the true value. If these criteria cannot be met, the analyst may have difficulty meeting ongoi ng QC criteria.

C orrective action is recommended

, such as reanalyzing the calibration standards, restricting the range of calibration, or performing instrument mai ntenance

.218.7

- 17 10.3 CONTINUING CALIBRATION CHECKS (CCCs)

– Analyze a CCC to verify the initial calibration at the beginning of each Analysis Batch, after every tenth field sample, and at the end of each Analysis Batch. The beginning CCC for each Analysis Batch mus t be at or below the MRL. This CCC verifies instrument sensitivity prior to the analysis of samples. Alternate subsequent CCCs between the remaining calibration levels

.

10.3.1 Calculate the concentration of Cr(VI) in the CCC. Calibration standards fortified a t a
level **≤** MRL must calculate to be within + 50 % of the true value. The calculated

concentration in CCCs fortified at all other levels must be within + 15 %. If these limits

are exceeded , then all samples analyzed since the last acceptable CCC are invalid

. Re

analyze these samples

, providing they are still within holding time, after an acceptable

calibration has been restored.

10.4 REMEDIAL ACTION

– Failure to meet CCC QC performance criteria requires remedial action. Acceptable method performance may be resto red simply by preparing fresh post

column reagent and eluent followed by flushing the column and reaction coil for an extended period . Following this and other minor remedial action, check the calibration with a mid

level CCC and a CCC at the MRL, or alte rnatively recalibrate according to Section 10. 2

. If calibration failures persist, maintenance may be required such as replacing the guard column, analytical column or reaction coil . These la t ter measures constitute major maintenance, and the analyst must return to the initial calibration step (Sect. 10. 2 ) and verify sensitivity by analyzing a CCC at or below the MRL.

11. PROCEDURE

This section describes the procedures for sample preparation and analysis. Important aspects of this analytical procedure include proper sample collection and storage (Sect. 8), ensuring that the instrument is properly calibrated (Sect. 10), and that all required QC elements are included (Sect. 9). All field, QC, and calibration samples including the LRB must be preserved a s described in

Section 8

.

11.1 SAMPLE ANALYSIS

11.1.1 Establish IC operating and post

- column reagent delivery conditions per the guidance in

Section 10. 1

.

11.1.2 F lush the column, start the post

- column reagent delivery pump, warm up the UV

– V is detector, and take other steps necessary to stabilize the IC system prior to beginning each analysis sequence. This step is especially important if the system has been idle for an extended period

.

11.1.3 Establish a valid initial calibration following the procedures in S ection 10. 2 or confirm that the existing calibration is still valid by analyzing a low

- level CCC (Sect. 10. 3 ). Analyze field and QC samples in a properly sequenced Analysis Batch as described in

Section 11.2

.218.7

- 18 11.2 THE ANALYSIS BATCH

– An Analysis Batch is a sequence of samples, analyzed within a

24

- hour period of no more than 20 field samples that includes all re quired QC sample s (LRB, CCCs, LFSMs and LFSMDs or LDs ). The required QC samples are not included in counting the maximum field sample total of 20. Dilutions are counted as samples. The purpose of the

20

- sample limit is to ensure that a low

- level CCC and an LRB are repeated on a regular and frequent basis. Analytical conditions for the Analysis Batch must be the same as those applied during calibra tion

.

11.2.1 After a valid calibrati on curve is established

, begin every Analysis Batch by analyzing an

initial low

- level CCC at or below the MRL. T his initial CCC must be within **±** 50% of the

true value. Continue the Analysis Batch by analyzing an LRB, followed by field and QC samples at appropriate frequencies (Section 9.3). Analyze and rotate between a mid

- and

a high

- level CCC after every ten field samples and at the end each Analysis Batch. Do not count QC samples (LRBs , LDs, LFSMs, LFSMDs) when calculating the required frequency of CCCs. After 20 field sample s or 24 hours, the low

- level C CC and LRB must be repeated to begin a new Analysis Batch.

11.2.2 The close

- out CCC completes the Analysis Batch. The acquisition start ti me of the

closeout CCC must be within 24 hours of the acquisition start time of the low

- level CCC at the beginning of the Analysis Batch. More than one Analysis Batch within a 24

- hour period is permitted.

12. DATA ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS

12.1 For each Analysis Batch, e stablish an appropriate retention time window to identify Cr(VI )

. Base t his assignment on measurements of actual retention time variation for Cr(VI) in standard solutions over the course of time. The suggested variation is plus or minus three

times the stan dard deviation of the retention time for a series of injections. The in jections from the initial calibration and from the IDC (Sect. 9.2) may be used to calculate the retention time window. However, the experience of the analyst sho uld weigh heavily on the determination of an appropriate range.

12.2 At the conclusion of data acquisition, use the same software settings established during the calibration procedure to identify Cr(VI) in the pred etermined retention time window

. Confirm the identity by comparison of the retention time with that of the corresponding Cr(VI) peak in an initial calibration standard or CCC.

12.3 Calculate the Cr(VI) concentration using the multipoint calibration established in Section

10. 2 . Report only those values that fall between the MRL and the highest calibration

standard

.

12.4 Calculations must use all available digits of precision, but final reported concentrations should be rounded to an appropriate number of significant figures (one digit of uncertainty), typically two, and not more than three significant figures.218.7

- 19 12.5 Prior to reporting the data, the chromatograms must be reviewed for incorr ect peak

identification or improper integration

. T he laboratory is responsib le for ensuring that QC requirements have been met and that any appropriate qualifier is assigned

.

12.6 The analyst must not extrapolate beyond the established calibration range. If the Cr(VI) result exceeds the range of the initial calibra tion curve, the sa mple may be diluted using

reagent water containing the method preservative . Re

- inject the diluted sample. Incorporate

the dilution factor into final concentra tion calculations. The resulting data must be annotated

as a dilution, and the reported MRL mu st reflect the dilution factor.

13. METHOD PERFORMANCE

13.1 PRECISION, ACCURACY AND DETECTION LIMITS

– Single laboratory method performance data are presented in Section 17

. LCMRLs and DLs for both

NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 preservative and the CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 preservative are presented

in Table 3

. Precision and accuracy data are presented for Cr(VI) fortified into reagent water and preserved with NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (Table 4). These data were collected using columns designed for use with an ammonium hydroxide/amm onium sulfate eluent system and columns designed for use with a carbonate/bicarbonate eluent system. Precision and accuracy data are presented for Cr(VI) fortified into two sources of chlorinated ground water,

a chlo rinated surface water finished with gr anular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, and a chlorinated surface water finished without GAC filtration. These data were collected using columns designed for an ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent system (Table 5) and columns designed for a carbo nate/ bicarbonate eluent system (Table 6). All precision and accuracy data were collected for samples preserved with NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

. Figure s 1 through 4 are chroma tograms of Cr(VI) in reagent water and drinking water obtained under

the condi tions employed during method development

.

13.2 SECOND LABORATORY EVALUATION

– Four independent laboratories demonstrated acceptable method performance using 2

- and 4

- mm column systems with ammonium hydroxide /ammonium sulfate el uent, and one inde pendent laboratory demonstrated acceptable method performance using a 4

- m m column system with carbonate/bicarbonate

eluent. The authors wish to acknowledge the Utah Water Research Laboratory (Logan, UT)

, Aqua Pennsylvania, Inc. ( Bryn Mawr, PA )

, Metrohm USA, Inc. (Riverview , FL)

, Thermo

Fisher Scientific/Dionex (Sunnyvale, CA), and MWH Laboratories ( Monrovia, CA ) for their contribution to the method development effort.

13.3 STORAGE STABILITY STUDY

- Chlorinated surface water samples were preserved as require d in Section 8 and stored over a 21

- day period. Experimental conditions included samples fortified at 1.0 μg/L Cr(VI) , samples fortified with 1.0 μg/L Cr(III), and unfortifi ed samples (~ 0.060 μg/L Cr(VI)). Unfortified samples ( to study the storage stabil ity of low

level Cr(VI) concentrations ) were held under refrigerated and ambient storage temperatures.

Both preservative systems were studied for each of the preceding conditions. Samples fortified with Cr(III)

, and samples fortified with Cr(III) plus an additional 3

- mg/L chlorine were studied to confirm the ability of the method preservative to prevent o xidation of dissolved Cr(III). The percent recover y (based on the mean concentration at day zero) and precision of two replicate analyses for each condition conducted after 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 21218.7

- 20 days of storage are presented in Section 17, Table 7

. For samples fortified with Cr(III), results are expressed as the percent conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) using the mean concentration of Cr(VI ) at day zero as the baseline.

14. POLLUTION PREVENTION

14.1 For informa tion about pollution prevention applicable to laboratory op erations described in this method, consult : Less is Better, Guide to Minimizing Waste in Laboratories

, a web

- based

resource avai lable from the American Chemical Society at http://www.acs.org

.

15. WASTE MANAGEMENT

15.1 T he Agency requires that laboratory waste management practices be consistent with all applicable rules and regula tions, and that laboratories protect the air, water, and land by minimizing and controlling all releases from fume hoods and bench operations. In addition

, compliance is required with any sew age discharge permits and regulations, particularly the hazardous waste identification rules and land disposal restrictions.

16. REFERENCES

1. Winslow , S

. D.; Pepich, B

. V.; Martin, J. J.; Hallberg, G

. R. ; Munch D

. J.; Frebis, C

. P.; Hedrick,

E

. J.; Krop, R

. A. Statistical Procedures for Determination and Verification of Minimum Reporting Levels for Drinking Water Methods. Environ. Sci. Technol . 2006; 40, 281

- 288.

2. Glaser, J.A.; Foerst, D.L.; McKee, G.D.; Quave, S.A.; Budde, W.L. Trace Analyses for

Wastewaters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1981 ; 15, 1426

- 1435.

3. Arar

, Elizabeth J.; Praff

, John D. Determination of Dissolved H exavalent Chromium in Industrial Wastewater Effluents by Ion Chromatography and Post

- col umn Deriva tization with Diphenylcarbazide

. Journal of Chromatography , 1991 ; 546

, 335

- 340

.

4. Technical Note 26, Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, CA , 1998

.

5. Application Update 144, Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, CA, 2003.

6. IC Application Work AW US6

- 0152

- 012011 , Metroh m USA, Inc., 2011.

7. Clifford, D.; Man Chau, J. The Fate of Chromium (III) in Chlorinated Water ; EPA/600/S2

- 87/100; U.S. EPA, Water Engineering Research Laboratory: Cincinnati, OH, January 1988.

8. Kotas, J.; Stasicka, Z. Chromium Occurrence in the Environment and Methods of i ts Speciation

. Environmental Pollution . 2000 ; 107, 263

- 283.

9. Ulmer, Nancy S. ; Effect of Chlorine on Chromium Speciation in Tap Water ; EPA/600/M

- 86/015 ; U.S. EPA Environmental Research Brief : Cincinnati, OH June 1986.218.7

- 21 17. REFERENCES

, TABLES, DIAGRAMS, FLOWCHARTS, AND VALIDATION DATA

TABLE 1. ION CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS USED TO COLLECT METHOD

PERFORMANCE DATA : AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE/AMMONIUM SULFATE

ELUENT

Parameter Conditions

Ion chromatograph Dionex ICS 5000 with AS Autosampler and PC10 Post

- column Pneumatic Delivery Package

Guard Column Dionex NG1 (4 x 35 mm)

Anion Separator Column Dionex IonPac ® AS7 ( 4 x 250 mm)

Column compartment

temperature 30 oC Autosampler tray

temperature Ambient

Eluent Isocratic: 250 mM ammonium sulfate, 100 mM ammonium hydroxide

Eluent flow rate 1.0 mL/min

Post

- co lumn flow rate 0.3 3 mL/min

Sample volume 1000 μL

Post

- column reagent 2 mM 1,5

- diphenylcarbazide, 10% methanol, 1 N sulfuric acid

Reaction coil , temperature 750

- μL knitted polytetrafluoroethylene reaction coil , 30 o C

Detector, wavelength UV

– Vis absorbance, 530 nm

TABLE 2. ION CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS USED TO COLLECT METHOD

PERFORMANCE DATA: CARBONATE/BICARBONATE EL UENT

Parameter Conditions

Ion chromatograph Metrohm IC Professional 850, Model 887 UV

– Vis Detector, Model 858 Autosample r , Model 800 Dosino post

- column reagent delivery system

Guard Column Metrohm RP2 Guard/3.5

Anion Separator Column Metrohm Metrosep A SUPP 5

- 150/4

Column compartment

temperature 45 oC Autosampler tray

temperature Ambient

Eluent Isocratic: 12.8 mM sodium carbonate, 4.0 mM sodium bicarbonate

Eluent flow rate 0.70 mL/min

Post

- column flow rate 0. 22 mL/min

Sample volume 1 250 μL

Post

- column reagent 2 mM 1,5

- diphenylcarbazide, 10% methanol, 1 N sulfuric acid

Reaction coil, temperature 375

- μL knitted polytetrafluoroethylene reaction coil, ambient

Detector, wavelength UV

– Vis absorbance, 530 nm218.7

- 22 TABLE 3

. LOWEST CONCENTRATION MINIMUM REPORTING LEVEL S (LCMRL) and DETECTION LIMITS (DL) for Cr(VI)

Conditions Preservative C alculated LCMRL, μg/L DL Fortification Level , μg/L DL

Ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent system Liquid a 0.012 0.0125 0.0054

Solid b 0.012 0.0125 0.00 44

Carbonate/bicarbonate eluent

system Liquid a 0.036 0.050 0.010

Solid b 0.023 0.020 0.015

a NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative

. b CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (solid) preservative.

TABLE 4. SINGLE LABORATORY PRECISION AND ACCURACY RESULTS FOR Cr(VI) IN

REAGENT WATER (n=7) ; NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (LIQUID) PRESERVATIVE

Mean % Recovery % Relative
Standard
Deviation Mean % Recovery % Relative
Standard
Deviation Mean % Recovery % Relative
Standard
Deviation

Fortification: 0.0 20 μg/L 0.20 μg/L 1.0 μg/L

Ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent system 90.9 4.2 93.5 1.5 94.4 1.8

Fortification: 0.0625 μg/L 0.20 μg/L 1.0 μg/L

Carbonate/bicarbonate eluent

system 98.5 8.0 96.9 4.9 96.2 0.93

TABLE 5

. SINGLE LABORATORY PRECISION AND ACCURACY RESULTS FOR Cr(VI) IN

DRINKING WATER MATRIXES USING AMMONIUM SULFATE/AMMONIUM

HYDROXIDE ELUENT SYSTEM AND NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (LIQUID) PRESERVATIVE (n=7 unless noted )

Native matrix μg/L Mean % Recovery e % Relative
Standard
Deviation Mean % Recovery e % Relative
Standard
Deviation

Fortification:

- 0.060 μg/L 1.0 μg/L

W ell water treated only by

chlorination a None

detected 87.1 3.5 96.6 0.82

Fortification:

- 0.050 μg/L 1.0 μg/L

Finished groundwater b 0.023 96.2 1.3 100 1.0

Finished surface water c 0.060 (n=3) 95.5 2.9 99.8 1.2

Finished surface water

with GAC filtration d 0.048 (n=3) 94.4 2.4 98.3 0.75

a Well water parameters: pH = 7.94 ; total h ardness = 252 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlorine = 0

. 03 mg/L ; total chlorine = 0.64

mg/L.

b Ground water parameters: pH = 7.66 ; total h ardness = 322 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlorine = 0.84 mg/L ; total chlorine =

0.84 mg/L

.

c Surface water parameters: TOC = 3.1 mg/L C; pH = 6.77; total hardness = 120 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlor ine = 1.2 mg/L;

total chlorine = 1.52 mg/L

. d Surface water parameters: total h ardness = 96 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free ch lorine = 1.12 mg/L; total chlorine = 1.22 mg/L.

GAC = granular activated carbon.

e Recoveries corrected for native levels in the unfortified matrix.218.7

- 23 TABLE 6. SINGLE LABORATORY PRECISION AND ACCURACY RESULTS FOR Cr(VI) IN

DRINKING WATER MATRIXES USING CARBONATE/BICARBONATE ELUENT

SYSTEM AND NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (LIQUID) PRESERVATIVE (n=7 unless noted )

Native matrix, μg/L Mean % Recovery e % Relative
Standard
Deviation Mean % Recovery e % Relative
Standard
Deviation

Fortification:

- 0.060 μg/L 1.0 μg/L

Well water treated only by

chlorination a None

detected 103 16 93.5 0.46

Fortification:

- 0.050 μg/L 1.0 μg/L

Finished groundwater b 0.031 76.3 35 97.5 1.2

Finished surface water c 0.053 (n=3) 92.7 9.4 97.5 1.1

Finished surface water

with GAC filtration d 0.033 98.6 4.4 96.1 1.6

a Well water parameters: pH = 7.94; total hardness = 252 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlorine = 0.03 mg/L ; total chlorine = 0.64

mg/L.

b Ground water parameters: pH = 7.66; total hardness = 322 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlorine = 0.84 mg/L; total chlorine =

0.84 mg/L.

c Surface water parameters: TOC = 3.1 mg/L C; pH = 6.77; total hardness = 120 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlorine = 1.2 mg/L;

total chlorine = 1.52 mg/L.

d Surface water parameters: total hardness = 96 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlorine = 1.12 mg/L; total chlorine = 1.22 mg/L.

GAC = granular activated carbon.

e Recoveries corrected for native levels i n the unfortified matrix.218.7

- 24 TABLE 7

. SAMPLE HOLDING TIME DATA FOR Cr(VI) IN CHLORINATED SURFACE WATER a PRESERVED AND STORED ACCORDING TO METHOD SECTION 8 (n = 2 for each experimental condition )

Experimental Condition Fortification

, μg/L Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21

Mean Cr(VI) μg/L RPD Result.

% RPD Result,

% RPD Result,

% RPD Result,

% RPD Result,

% RPD

NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative , 6 o C b Native 0.059 1.5 103 1.2 98.5 2.6 106 2.9 110 5.3 113 4.7

CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (solid) preservative

, 6 o C b Native 0.055 6.5 97.8 0.0 99.8 3.3 99.2 0.18 101 3.4 101 1.3

NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative , 6 o C b 1.0 Cr(VI) 1.04 0.33 100 1.8 100 0.46 104 1.4 102 0.12 102 1.1

CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (solid) preservative

, 6 o C b 1.0 Cr(VI) 1.03 1.2 100 1.0 100 0.70 103 1.5 100 2.1 102 0.24

NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative , 6 o C c 1.0 Cr(III) 0.072 3.2 0.43 7.7 0.67 4.8 1.6 6.0 2.7 8.2 3.2 5.0

CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (solid) preservative

, 6 o C c 1.0 Cr(III) 0.068 0.74 0.45 5.1 0.24 2.1 0.60 5.1 0.73 6.6 0.93 10

NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative

, 6 o C (fortified w/additional 3 mg/L Cl 2 ) c 1.0 Cr(III) 0.077 4.7

- 0.025 4.5

- 0.16 8.6 2.4 7.5 3.4 4.2 4.7 0.88

CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (solid) preservative,

6 o C (fortified w/additional 3 mg/L Cl 2 ) c 1.0 Cr(III) 0.064 7.8

- 0.53 10

- 0.76 2.3 0.17 15

- 0.12 3.5 0.53 0.57

NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative

, ambient storage b Native 0.060 1.7 100 8.7 100 6.7 110 3.4 117 15 118 2.0

CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (solid) preservative

, ambient storage b Native 0.056 2.5 99.0 4.2 94.9 3.6 98.7 3.6 105 4.1 101 2.3

a Surface water parameters: TOC = 3.1 mg/L C; pH = 6.77; total hardness = 120 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; free chlorine = 1.2 mg/L; total chlorine = 1.52 mg/ L

. b Result expressed as the percent recovery of Cr (VI) relative to the mean concentration at Day 0, e.g. at Day 1:

(Mean [ Cr(VI) ] / Mean [ Cr(VI) ] Day 0) * 100.

c Result expressed as the perc ent conversion of Cr(III) to Cr (VI) using the mean concentrations at Day 0 as the baseline , e.g. at Day 1:

(Mean [ Cr(VI) ]

- Mean [ Cr(VI) ] Day 0) / 1.0 μg/L Cr(III) * 100

.218.7

- 25 TABLE 8. INITIAL DEMONSTRATION OF CAPABILITY (IDC) QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS

Method

Reference Requirement Specification and Frequency Acceptance Criteria

Section 9.2.1 Demonstration of low system background Analyze an LRB after the high calibration standard during the IDC calibration. Cr(VI) concentration is

<1/3 of the MRL.

Section 9.2.2 Demonstration of precision Analyze seven replicate Laboratory Fortified Blanks (LFBs) fortified near the midrange of the calibration curve. Percent relative standard

deviation must be **≤** 1 5 %.

Section 9.2.3 Demonstration of

accuracy Calculate average recovery for replicates used in Section 9.2.2. Mean recovery within

+ 1 5 % of the true value.

Section 9.2.4 MRL confirmation Fortify and analyze seven replicate LFBs at the chosen MRL concentration. Confirm that the Upper Prediction Interval of Results (PIR) and Lower PIR (Sect. 9.2.4.2) meet the recovery criteria. Upper PIR **≤** 150%

Lower PIR **≥** 50%

Section 9.2.5 Quality Control Sample (QCS) Analyze mid

- level QCS. Cr(VI) must be within

+ 1 5 % of the true value.218.7

- 26 TABLE 9

. ONGOING QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS

Method

Reference Requirement Specification and Frequency Acceptance Criteria

Section

10.2 Initial calibration Use the external standard cali bration technique to generate a linear or quadratic calibration curve.

Use at least six standard concen trations. Validate

the cali bration curve as described in Section 10.2.3. When each calibration standard is calculated as an unknown using the regression equations, the lowest

level standard should be within + 50% of the true value. All other points should be within + 15 % of the

true value.

Section

9.3.1 Laboratory Reagent Blank (LRB) Analyze one LRB with each Analysis Batch. Demonstrate that Cr(VI) is below 1⁄3 the Minimum Reporting Level (MRL), and that other sources of

interference do not prevent identi fication and quantitation

.

Section

10.3 Continuing Cali bra tion Check (CCC) Verify initial calibration by ana lyzing a low

- level CCC at the beginning of each Analysis Batch. Subsequent CCCs are requir ed after every 10 field samples and after the last field sample in a batch. Th e lowest level CCC must be within + 50% of the true value. All other points must be within + 15 % of

the true value.

Results for field samples that are not bracketed by acceptable CCCs are invalid.

Section

9.3.4 Laboratory Fortified Sample Matrix (LFSM) Analyze one LFSM per Analy sis Batch. Fortify the

LFSM with C r (VI) at a con centration greater than

the native concentrations. Calculate LFSM

recovery

. For LFSMs fortified at concen trations < 2 x MRL, the

result must be within + 50% of the true value. At concentrations greater than the 2 x MRL, the result

must be within + 15 % of the true value.

Section

9.3. 5 Laboratory Fortified Sample Matrix Dup licate (LFSMD)

or Laboratory Duplicate ( L D) Analyze at least one LFSMD or L D with each Analysis Batch. For LFSMDs or L Ds, relative percent differences

must be ≤ 1 5 %. ( ≤50% if concentration < 2 x MRL.)

Section

9.3. 6 Quality Control Sample (QCS) Analyze mid

- level QCS with each new calibration

curve

. Cr(VI) must be + 1 5 % of the true value.218.7

- 27 Figure 1. Calibration standards, NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative : 0.020 μg/L analyzed using ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent system (top) and 0.050 μg/L analyzed using carbonate/bicarbonate eluent system (bottom)

.218.7

- 28 Figure 2. Field sample, tap wate r from surface water source analyzed using ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent system : NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative (top) and CO 3 - 2 /HCO 3 - /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ( solid) preservative (bottom); native concentration is ~0.060 μg/L.218.7

- 29 Figure 3. Field sample, tap water from a ground water source, NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative : analyzed using ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent system (top) and using carbonate/bicarbonate eluent system (bottom) ; native concentration is

~ 0.020 μg/L.218.7

- 30 Figure 4 . Field sample, tap water from a surface water source

, NH 4 OH/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (liquid) preservative : analyzed using ammonium hydroxide/ammonium sulfate eluent system (top) and using carbonate/bicarbonate eluent system (bottom); LFSM at 1.0 μg/L.