# Patent

## Title
Large effective area high SBS threshold optical fiber

## Abstract

An optical waveguide fiber having a high threshold for stimulated Brillouin scattering. The optical fiber preferably has large optical effective area, and further preferably has a low zero dispersion wavelength.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/818,054, which was filed on Apr. 5, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,952,519.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to high SBS threshold optical fibers. More preferably, the present invention relates to high SBS threshold optical fibers having large effective area.
2. Technical Background
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is a dominant nonlinear penalty in many optical transmission systems. In many systems, the launching of large power to optical fiber while maintaining high signal to noise ratio (SNR) is desirable. However, as the launch power or signal power of an incident signal launched into an optical fiber increases, the launch power may exceed a certain threshold power and part of the signal power gets reflected due to SBS as a reflected signal. An undesirably large amount of the signal power can thus be reflected back toward the transmitter due to SBS. In addition, the scattering process increases the noise level at the signal wavelength. The combination of decrease in signal power and increase in the noise both lower the SNR and lead to performance degradation.
At finite temperatures, thermal excitations occur in glasses similar to phonons in crystals, and the interaction of these vibrational modes with low intensity signal light produces spontaneous Brillouin scattering. An intense optical field generates pressure or sound waves through electrostriction due to the beating of intense incident and spontaneous reflected light giving rise to pressure or acoustic waves. The change in pressure causes material density to change, thereby resulting in refractive index fluctuations. The net result is that an intense electrical field component of the optical wave generates pressure or sound waves which cause density fluctuations. The acoustic wave changes the refractive index and enhances the reflected light amplitude through Bragg diffraction. Above the SBS threshold of an optical fiber, the number of stimulated photons is very high, resulting in a strong reflected field which limits the optical power that is transmitted and which reduces the SNR.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Disclosed herein is an optical waveguide fiber having a high threshold for stimulated Brillouin scattering. The optical fiber preferably has large optical effective area. The optical fiber guides at least one optical mode and a plurality of acoustical modes, including an L01 acoustical mode and an L02 acoustical mode. The optical fiber comprises a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core.
In one group of embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising: a length; a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline, the core comprising a central region having a maximum relative refractive index Δ1MAX, an intermediate region surrounding and directly adjacent the central region, the intermediate region having a minimum relative refractive index Δ2MIN, and an outer region surrounding and directly adjacent the intermediate region, the outer region having a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX, wherein Δ1MAX>Δ2MIN and Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the optical fiber has an attenuation at 1550 nm; wherein the refractive index of the core is selected to provide an absolute SBS threshold in dBm greater than about 9.3+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and α is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm. Preferably, the refractive index of the core is selected to provide an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2. Preferably, the refractive index of the core is selected to provide a zero dispersion wavelength below 1400 nm. Preferably, the refractive index of the core is selected to provide a dispersion of greater than 15 ps/nm-km at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Preferably, the refractive index of the core is selected to provide a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km. In preferred embodiments, Δ1MAX>0.4%. Preferably, the absolute SBS threshold in dBm greater than about 9.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)]. Preferably, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.23 dB/km, more preferably less than 0.22 dB/km, even more preferably less than 0.21 dB/km, still more preferably less than 0.2 dB/km.
Preferably, Δ1MAX>0, Δ3MAX>0, and Δ2MIN>0. Preferably, the refractive index of the entire core relative to the cladding is greater than 0.
In one subset of embodiments, Δ1MAX is greater than Δ3MAX. In another subset, Δ1MAX is substantially equal to Δ3MAX. In yet another subset, Δ1MAX is less than Δ3MAX.
Preferably, |Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN|>0.25%, more preferably Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN>0.25%. Preferably, Δ2MIN<0.4%, more preferably Δ2MIN is between 0.1 and 0.4%. In some preferred embodiments, Δ2MIN is between 0.1 and 0.3%. In other preferred embodiments, Δ2MIN is between 0.2 and 0.3%.
Preferably, |Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN|>0.10%, more preferably Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN>0.10%. In preferred embodiments, Δ1MAX>0.4%, Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN>0.25%, Δ2MIN is between 0.1 and 0.4%, and Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN>0.10%.
In preferred embodiments, the absolute SBS threshold in dBm is greater than about 9.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)].
In some preferred embodiments, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 90 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 100 μm2.
In some preferred embodiments, the zero dispersion wavelength is between 1230 and 1400 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the zero dispersion wavelength is between 1230 and 1340 nm. In still other preferred embodiments, the zero dispersion wavelength is between 1280 and 1340 nm.
Preferably, the optical fiber guides at least one optical mode and a plurality of acoustical modes, including an L01 acoustical mode and an L02 acoustical mode, wherein the L01 acoustical mode has a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber, and wherein the L02 acoustical mode has a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber. Preferably, 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5.
In preferred embodiments, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2 and less than 120 μm2.
An optical communication system is disclosed herein comprising a transmitter, a receiver, and an optical transmission line optically connecting the transmitter and receiver, the optical transmission line comprising optical fiber disclosed herein optically connected to a second optical fiber, the second optical fiber having a dispersion at 1550 nm of between −70 and −150 ps/nm-km.
In another group of embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising a length; a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline, the core having a maximum relative refractive, ΔMAX, wherein ΔMAX>0.4%, and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core, wherein the optical fiber has an attenuation at 1550 nm, wherein the refractive index of the core is selected to provide an absolute SBS threshold in dBm greater than about 9.8+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and a is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm. In preferred embodiments, ΔMAX is located at a radius between 0 and 1 μm. Preferably, the refractive index of the core is selected to provide an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2. In preferred embodiments, the absolute SBS threshold in dBm is greater than about 10.0+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)]. Preferably, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.23 dB/km, more preferably less than 0.22 dB/km, even more preferably less than 0.21 dB/km, still more preferably less than 0.2 dB/km. In some preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.19 dB/km.
In some preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has an attenuation at 1380 μm not more than 0.3 dB greater than an attenuation at 1310 μm.
Preferably, the refractive index of the entire core relative to the cladding is greater than 0%.
In some preferred embodiments, substantially all, preferably all, of the core has a relative refractive index having an alpha profile with an alpha <1.
In other preferred embodiments, the core comprises a central region and an outer region surrounding and directly adjacent the central region, wherein the central region comprises ΔMAX.
In still other preferred embodiments, the core comprises a central region having a maximum relative refractive index, Δ1MAX, an intermediate region surrounding and directly adjacent the central region, the intermediate region having a minimum relative refractive index, Δ2MIN, and an outer region surrounding and directly adjacent the intermediate region, the outer region having a maximum relative refractive index, Δ3MAX, wherein Δ1MAX>Δ2MIN and Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN. Preferably, Δ1MAX>0, Δ3MAX>0, and Δ2MIN>0.
In one subset of embodiments, Δ1MAX is greater than Δ3MAX. In another subset, Δ1MAX is substantially equal to Δ3MAX. In yet another subset, Δ1MAX is less than Δ3MAX.
Preferably, |Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN|>0.25%, more preferably Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN>0.25%. Preferably, Δ2MIN<0.4%, more preferably Δ2MIN is between 0.1 and 0.4%. In some preferred embodiments, Δ2MIN is between 0.1 and 0.3%. In other preferred embodiments, Δ2MIN is between 0.2 and 0.3%.
Preferably, |Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN|>0.10% more preferably Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN>0.10%.
An optical communication system is disclosed herein comprising a transmitter, a receiver, and an optical transmission line optically connecting the transmitter and receiver, the optical transmission line comprising the optical fiber described herein optically connected to a second optical fiber, the second optical fiber having a dispersion at 1550 nm of between −70 and −150 ps/nm-km.
Preferably, the optical fiber guides at least one optical mode and a plurality of acoustical modes, including an L01 acoustical mode and an L02 acoustical mode, wherein the L01 acoustical mode has a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber, and wherein the L02 acoustical mode has a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber. Preferably, 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5.
In preferred embodiments, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2 and less than 120 μm2.
The optical fiber preferably has a zero dispersion wavelength (or dispersion zero or λ0) less than 1400 nm, more preferably less than 1340 nm. Preferably, the optical fiber has a dispersion of between 15 and 21 ps/nm-km at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
In preferred embodiments, the effective area of the optical mode at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2; the L01 acoustical mode has a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber; the L02 acoustical mode has a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber; and 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5. Preferably, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are not less than 180 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber. More preferably, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are not less than 190 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber. Preferably, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.23 dB/km, more preferably less than 0.22 dB/km, even more preferably less than 0.21 dB/km, still more preferably less than 0.2 dB/km. In some preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.19 dB/km.
In preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has a zero dispersion at a wavelength in the range between 1310 and 1340 nm, more preferably between 1320 and 1340 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has a zero dispersion at a wavelength below 1320 nm, more preferably in the range between 1290 and 1320 nm.
In some preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has a dispersion of between 15 and 17 ps/nm-km at a wavelength of 1550 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has a dispersion of between 17 and 20 ps/nm-km at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
In some preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has an optical effective area of greater than 85 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has an optical effective area of greater than 95 m2. In still other preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has an optical effective area greater than 100 μm2.
Preferably the optical fiber has pin array bending loss at 1550 nm of less than 15 dB, more preferably less than 10 dB.
Preferably the optical fiber has a lateral load attenuation less than 1 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.7 dB/m.
In preferred embodiments, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm, the first portion having a relative refractive index greater than 0.25% and less than 0.5%.
Preferably the optical fiber described and disclosed herein allows suitable performance at a plurality of operating wavelength windows between about 1260 nm and about 1650 nm. More preferably, the optical fiber described and disclosed herein allows suitable performance at a plurality of wavelengths from about 1260 nm to about 1650 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the optical fiber described and disclosed herein is a dual window fiber which can accommodate operation in at least the 1310 nm window and the 1550 nm window.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows refractive index profiles corresponding to a first set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIG. 2 shows refractive index profiles corresponding to a second set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIGS. 2A–2C shows another refractive index profile corresponding to the second set of preferred embodiments of FIG. 2;
FIG. 3 shows the change in refractive index with respect to radius for the preferred embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a fiber optic communication system employing an optical fiber as disclosed herein.
FIGS. 6–11 and FIGS. 11A–11D show respective refractive index profiles corresponding to a third set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIGS. 12–15 and 15A–15F show respective refractive index profiles corresponding to a fourth set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIG. 16 shows respective refractive index profiles corresponding to a fifth set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIG. 17 shows respective refractive index profiles corresponding to a sixth set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIG. 18 shows respective refractive index profiles corresponding to a seventh set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIG. 19 shows respective refractive index profiles corresponding to a eighth set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein;
FIG. 20 is a schematic of a representative measurement system for measuring SBS threshold; and
FIG. 21 is a plot of backscattered power versus input power, and its first and second derivatives for a representative optical fiber SBS threshold measurement.
FIG. 22 schematically illustrates an optical communication system employing an optical fiber as disclosed herein.
FIGS. 23–27 show respective refractive index profiles corresponding to a ninth set of preferred embodiments of an optical waveguide fiber as disclosed herein.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows and will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the invention as described in the following description together with the claims and appended drawings.
The “refractive index profile” is the relationship between refractive index or relative refractive index and waveguide fiber radius.
The “relative refractive index percent” is defined as Δ%=100×(ni2−nc2)/2i2, where ni is the maximum refractive index in region i, unless otherwise specified, and nc is the average refractive index of the cladding region. As used herein, the relative refractive index is represented by Δ and its values are given in units of “%”, unless otherwise specified. In cases where the refractive index of a region is less than the average refractive index of the cladding region, the relative index percent is negative and is referred to as having a depressed region or depressed index, and is calculated at the point at which the relative index is most negative unless otherwise specified. In cases where the refractive index of a region is greater than the average refractive index of the cladding region, the relative index percent is positive and the region can be said to be raised or to have a positive index. An “updopant” is herein considered to be a dopant which has a propensity to raise the refractive index relative to pure undoped SiO2. A “downdopant” is herein considered to be a dopant which has a propensity to lower the refractive index relative to pure undoped SiO2. An updopant may be present in a region of an optical fiber having a negative relative refractive index when accompanied by one or more other dopants which are not updopants. Likewise, one or more other dopants which are not updopants may be present in a region of an optical fiber having a positive relative refractive index. A downdopant may be present in a region of an optical fiber having a positive relative refractive index when accompanied by one or more other dopants which are not downdopants. Likewise, one or more other dopants which are not downdopants may be present in a region of an optical fiber having a negative relative refractive index.
“Chromatic dispersion”, herein referred to as “dispersion” unless otherwise noted, of a waveguide fiber is the sum of the material dispersion, the waveguide dispersion, and the inter-modal dispersion. In the case of single mode waveguide fibers the inter-modal dispersion is zero. Zero dispersion wavelength is a wavelength at which the dispersion has a value of zero. Dispersion slope is the rate of change of dispersion with respect to wavelength.
“Effective area” is defined as:

Aeff=2π(∫f2rdr)2/(∫f4rdr),

where the integration limits are 0 to ∞, and f is the transverse component of the electric field associated with light propagated in the waveguide. As used herein, “effective area” or “Aeff” refers to optical effective area at a wavelength of 1550 nm unless otherwise noted.

The term “α-profile” refers to a relative refractive index profile, expressed in terms of Δ(r) which is in units of “%”, where r is radius, which follows the equation,

Δ(r)=Δ(ro)(1−[|r−ro|/(r1−ro)]α),

where ro is the point at which Δ(r) is maximum, r1 is the point at which Δ(r)% is zero, and r is in the range ri≦r≦rf, where Δ is defined above, ri is the initial point of the α-profile, rf is the final point of the α-profile, and α is an exponent which is a real number.

The mode field diameter (MFD) is measured using the Peterman II method wherein, 2w=MFD, and w2=(2∫f2rdr/∫[df/dr]2rdr), the integral limits being 0 to ∞.
The bend resistance of a waveguide fiber can be gauged by induced attenuation under prescribed test conditions.
One type of bend test is the lateral load microbend test. In this so-called “lateral load” test, a prescribed length of waveguide fiber is placed between two flat plates. A #70 wire mesh is attached to one of the plates. A known length of waveguide fiber is sandwiched between the plates and a reference attenuation is measured while the plates are pressed together with a force of 30 newtons. A 70 newton force is then applied to the plates and the increase in attenuation in dB/m is measured. The increase in attenuation is the lateral load attenuation of the waveguide.
The “pin array” bend test is used to compare relative resistance of waveguide fiber to bending. To perform this test, attenuation loss is measured for a waveguide fiber with essentially no induced bending loss. The waveguide fiber is then woven about the pin array and attenuation again measured. The loss induced by bending is the difference between the two measured attenuations. The pin array is a set of ten cylindrical pins arranged in a single row and held in a fixed vertical position on a flat surface. The pin spacing is 5 mm, center to center. The pin diameter is 0.67 mm. During testing, sufficient tension is applied to make the waveguide fiber conform to a portion of the pin surface.
The theoretical fiber cutoff wavelength, or “theoretical fiber cutoff”, or “theoretical cutoff”, for a given mode, is the wavelength above which guided light cannot propagate in that mode. A mathematical definition can be found in Single Mode Fiber Optics, Jeunhomme, pp. 39–44, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990 wherein the theoretical fiber cutoff is described as the wavelength at which the mode propagation constant becomes equal to the plane wave propagation constant in the outer cladding. This theoretical wavelength is appropriate for an infinitely long, perfectly straight fiber that has no diameter variations.
The effective fiber cutoff is lower than the theoretical cutoff due to losses that are induced by bending and/or mechanical pressure. In this context, the cutoff refers to the higher of the LP11 and LP02 modes. LP11 and LP02 are generally not distinguished in measurements, but both are evident as steps in the spectral measurement, i.e. no power is observed in the mode at wavelengths longer than the measured cutoff. The actual fiber cutoff can be measured by the standard 2 m fiber cutoff test, FOTP-80 (EIA-TIA-455-80), to yield the “fiber cutoff wavelength”, also known as the “2 m fiber cutoff” or “measured cutoff”. The FOTP-80 standard test is performed to either strip out the higher order modes using a controlled amount of bending, or to normalize the spectral response of the fiber to that of a multimode fiber.
The cabled cutoff wavelength, or “cabled cutoff” is even lower than the measured fiber cutoff due to higher levels of bending and mechanical pressure in the cable environment. The actual cabled condition can be approximated by the cabled cutoff test described in the EIA-445 Fiber Optic Test Procedures, which are part of the EIA-TIA Fiber Optics Standards, that is, the Electronics Industry Alliance—Telecommunications Industry Association Fiber Optics Standards, more commonly known as FOTP's. Cabled cutoff measurement is described in EIA-455-170 Cable Cutoff Wavelength of Single-mode Fiber by Transmitted Power, or “FOTP-170”.
Kappa is the ratio of dispersion divided by dispersion slope at a particular wavelength. Unless otherwise noted herein, kappa is reported at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
Unless otherwise noted herein, optical properties (such as dispersion, dispersion slope, etc.) are reported for the LP01 mode.
A waveguide fiber telecommunications link, or simply a link, is made up of a transmitter of light signals, a receiver of light signals, and a length of waveguide fiber or fibers having respective ends optically coupled to the transmitter and receiver to propagate light signals therebetween. The length of waveguide fiber can be made up of a plurality of shorter lengths that are spliced or connected together in end to end series arrangement. A link can include additional optical components such as optical amplifiers, optical attenuators, optical isolators, optical switches, optical filters, or multiplexing or demultiplexing devices. One may denote a group of inter-connected links as a telecommunications system.
A span of optical fiber as used herein includes a length of optical fiber, or a plurality of optical fibers fused together serially, extending between optical devices, for example between two optical amplifiers, or between a multiplexing device and an optical amplifier. A span may comprise one or more sections of optical fiber as disclosed herein, and may further comprise one or more sections of other optical fiber, for example as selected to achieve a desired system performance or parameter such as residual dispersion at the end of a span.
Various wavelength bands, or operating wavelength ranges, or wavelength windows, can be defined as follows: “1310 nm band” is 1260 to 1360 nm; “E-band” is 1360 to 1460 nm; “S-band” is 1460 to 1530 nm; “C-band” is 1530 to 1565 nm; “L-band” is 1565 to 1625 nm; and “U-band” is 1625 to 1675 nm.
When an optical wave propagates in an optical waveguide in which acoustic modes are present, the frequency of the scattered light is determined by phase and wave-vector matching conditions:




where E1 and E2 are electrical fields of the incident and reflected optical waves, respectively, ω1 and ω2 are the respective frequencies, κ1 and κ2 are the respective optic wave vectors, ρ is material density, Ω is acoustic frequency, and q is acoustic wave vector.

The phase matching conditions are:

ω1=ω2+Ω

q=κ1−κ2 

|q|=κ1κ2≅2κ1 

The Brillouin frequency is:

Ω=|q|v 

Ω=2nvω1/c 

The Brillouin frequency for bulk silica is around 11 GHz and v is velocity of sound.
The electric fields that describe 3-dimensional Brillouin scattering are:

    
    
        Incident field: {tilde over (E)}1(z,t)=f(r)A1(z,t)exp[i(k1z−ω1t)]+c.c.
        Reflected field: {tilde over (E)}2(z,t)=f(r)A2(z,t)exp[i(k2z−ω2t)]+c.c.

where f(r) is the transverse component of the electric field corresponding to the fundamental mode field and A1(z,t) is the envelope of the electric field. The term “c.c.” denotes the complex conjugate of the first term. The material density change can be represented by:

    
    






  
    
      ρ
      ~
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        r
        ,
        θ
        ,
        t
        ,
        z
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      ρ
      0
    
    +
    
      
        ∑
        n
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          a
          n
        
        ⁢
        
          
            f
            a
            n
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              r
              ,
              θ
            
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          exp
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              i
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  
                    
                      q
                      n
                    
                    ⁢
                    z
                  
                  -
                  
                    
                      Ω
                      n
                    
                    ⁢
                    t
                  
                
                )
              
            
            ]
          
        
      
    
    +
    
      c
      .
      c
      .
    
  




where qn is the wave number, ρ0 is the mean material density, and Ωn is the acoustic frequency of the acoustic mode L0n and where c.c. is the complex conjugate. For the material density change, the sum is over “n” weakly guided acoustic modes, and fna(r) is the acoustic envelope function, and an is the modal coefficient for mode “n”. The material density obeys the acoustic wave equation represented by:





  
    
      
        
          ∂
          2
        
        ⁢
        
          ρ
          ~
        
      
      
        ∂
        
          t
          2
        
      
    
    -
    
      
        Γ
        ′
      
      ⁢
      
        
          ∇
          2
        
        ⁢
        
          
            ∂
            
              ρ
              ~
            
          
          
            ∂
            t
          
        
      
    
    -
    
      
        
          v
          2
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          r
          )
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          ∇
          2
        
        ⁢
        
          ρ
          ~
        
      
    
  
  =
  
    -
    
      
        
          
            γ
            e
          
          ⁢
          
            ∇
            2
          
        
        <
        
          E
          2
        
        >
      
      
        8
        ⁢
        π
      
    
  




where Γ′ is the damping parameter, γe is the electrostrictive constant and ν is the velocity of sound.

The acoustic field is then given by




  
    
      
        
          
            ρ
            ~
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              r
              ,
              t
              ,
              z
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            k
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                
                  ∑
                  n
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    b
                    n
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      f
                      n
                      a
                    
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      r
                      )
                    
                  
                
              
              )
            
          
          ⁢
          
            A
            1
          
          ⁢
          
            A
            2
            *
          
          ⁢
          
            exp
            ⁢
            
              
            
            [
            
              i
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  
                    q
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    z
                  
                  -
                  
                    Ω
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    t
                  
                
                )
              
            
            ]
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        =
        
          k
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            
              ρ
              a
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              r
              )
            
          
          ⁢
          
            A
            1
          
          ⁢
          
            A
            2
            *
          
          ⁢
          
            exp
            ⁢
            
              
            
            [
            
              i
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  
                    q
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    z
                  
                  -
                  
                    Ω
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    t
                  
                
                )
              
            
            ]
          
        
      
    
  




where





  
    b
    n
  
  =
  
    ∫
    
      ∫
      
        
          
            f
            2
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            r
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            f
            n
            a
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            r
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        r
        ⁢
        
          d
          r
        
        ⁢
        
          d
          φ
        
      
    
  




and





  k
  =
  
    
      
        -
        
          iγ
          e
        
      
      
        8
        ⁢
        π
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        q
        2
      
      
        
          (
          
            iΓ
            -
            Ω
          
          )
        
        ⁢
        Γ
      
    
  




where





  
    f
    n
    a
  
  ⁡
  
    (
    r
    )
  




is the transverse component of the acoustic mode L0n, k is a constant proportional to electrostriction coefficient of the fiber, and ρa(r) is the total tranverse component of the acoustic field.

The refractive index change caused by the acoustic field is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the acoustic field: Δn∝{tilde over (ρ)}, and using standard perturbation theory, the change in the propagation constant is




  
    
      
        
          Δ
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          β
        
        =
        
          
            
              k
              0
            
            ⁢
            
              
                ∫
                0
                ∞
              
              ⁢
              
                Δ
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                n
                ⁢
                
                  
                    
                    
                      f
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        r
                        )
                      
                    
                    
                  
                  2
                
                ⁢
                r
                ⁢
                
                  d
                  r
                
              
            
          
          
            
              ∫
              0
              ∞
            
            ⁢
            
              
                
                  
                  
                    f
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      r
                      )
                    
                  
                  
                
                2
              
              ⁢
              r
              ⁢
              
                d
                r
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  -
                  
                    k
                    0
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  n
                  
                    2
                    ⁢
                    eff
                  
                
              
              
                A
                eff
                acoust
              
            
            ⁢
            
              A
              1
            
            ⁢
            
              A
              2
              *
            
            ⁢
            
              exp
              ⁢
              
                
              
              [
              
                i
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      q
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      z
                    
                    -
                    
                      Ω
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      t
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
              ]
            
          
          +
          
            c
            ·
            c
          
        
      
    
  




The nonlinear and effective Kerr coefficients for this process are:




  γ
  =
  
    
      
        
          2
          ⁢
          π
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            n
            
              2
              ⁢
              eff
            
          
        
        
          λ
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            A
            eff
            acoust
          
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        n
        
          2
          ⁢
          eff
        
      
    
    =
    
      
        
          -
          i
        
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          γ
          e
          2
        
        ⁢
        
          q
          2
        
      
      
        4
        ⁢
        
          
            (
            
              4
              ⁢
              π
            
            )
          
          3
        
        ⁢
        
          ρ
          0
        
        ⁢
        
          n
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              
                i
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                Γ
              
              -
              Ω
            
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        Γ
      
    
  




where the acousto-optic effective area of L0n mode is defined as:





  
    A
    eff
    
      a
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      c
    
  
  =
  
    
      2
      ⁢
      
        
          π
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              
                ∫
                0
                ∞
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                    [
                    
                      f
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        r
                        )
                      
                    
                    ]
                  
                  2
                
                ⁢
                r
                ⁢
                
                  d
                  r
                
              
            
            ]
          
        
        2
      
    
    
      
        ∫
        0
        ∞
      
      ⁢
      
        
          
            [
            
              f
              ⁡
              
                (
                r
                )
              
            
            ]
          
          2
        
        ⁢
        
          b
          n
        
        ⁢
        
          
            f
            n
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            r
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        r
        ⁢
        
          d
          r
        
      
    
  




Values for the acousto-optic effective area are calculated at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber.
The optical effective area is:




  
    A
    eff
    optical
  
  =
  
    
      2
      ⁢
      
        
          π
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              
                ∫
                0
                ∞
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                    f
                    2
                  
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    r
                    )
                  
                
                ⁢
                r
                ⁢
                
                  d
                  r
                
              
            
            ]
          
        
        2
      
    
    
      
        ∫
        0
        ∞
      
      ⁢
      
        
          
            f
            4
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            r
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        r
        ⁢
        
          d
          r
        
      
    
  




These two effective areas have the same numerator, but the denominator of the acousto-optic effective area is a measure of the overlap between the acoustic and optical fields. Since this overlap term is in the denominator, a small overlap leads to a large acousto-optic effective area.
The SBS gain factor is determined by equations similar to those in Raman amplification:




  
    
      ∂
      
        A
        1
      
    
    
      ∂
      z
    
  
  =
  
    i
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    γ
    ⁢
    
      
        
        
          A
          2
        
        
      
      2
    
    ⁢
    
      A
      1
    
  








  
    
      ∂
      
        A
        2
      
    
    
      ∂
      z
    
  
  =
  
    
      -
      i
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      γ
      *
    
    ⁢
    
      
        
        
          A
          1
        
        
      
      2
    
    ⁢
    
      A
      2
    
  




Pj=|Aj|2 





  
    
      d
      
        P
        1
      
    
    
      d
      Z
    
  
  =
  
    
      -
      g
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      P
      1
    
    ⁢
    
      P
      2
    
  








  
    
      d
      
        P
        2
      
    
    
      d
      Z
    
  
  =
  
    
      -
      g
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      P
      1
    
    ⁢
    
      P
      2
    
  








  g
  =
  
    
      2
      ⁢
      I
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        m
        ⁡
        
          (
          γ
          )
        
      
    
    =
    
      
        
          k
          0
        
        ⁢
        
          γ
          e
          2
        
        ⁢
        
          q
          2
        
      
      
        2
        ⁢
        
          
            
              A
              eff
              acoust
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                4
                ⁢
                π
              
              )
            
          
          3
        
        ⁢
        
          ρ
          0
        
        ⁢
        n
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        Ω
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        Γ
      
    
  




where k0 is the optical wave number, γ2e is the electrostrictive coefficient, ρ0 is the density, n is the refractive index, Ω is the Brillouin frequency, and Γ is the Brillouin linewidth. The SBS threshold is inversely proportional to the product of the SBS gain factor and the linewidth Γ, so the SBS gain factor and the linewidth should be as large as possible.

We have designed waveguides with robust optical properties and large acousto-optic effective areas. Measurements of a large number of fabricated optical fibers have verified the connection between acousto-optic effective area and the SBS gain factor given above.
An optical waveguide fiber which is optically single-moded at a particular wavelength may be multi-moded acoustically at the same optical wavelength because the acoustic wavelength corresponding to Brillouin frequency is of the order of 0.55 microns, which is quite small compared to typical optical waveguide fiber dimensions. In the case of spontaneous Brillouin scattering at relatively low launch powers, the incident optical field is Brillouin scattered by each of the acoustic modes and Brillouin gain spectrum shows peaks corresponding to optical field interaction with each of the acoustic modes. At relatively high launch powers, the SBS threshold is exceeded, and one of the acoustic modes typically becomes dominant while the other acoustic modes do not survive the mode competition, leading to the onset of stimulated Brillouin scattering.
As coupling between the optical mode field and the acoustic mode field(s) increases, more optical power is undesirably reflected opposite to the direction of optical signal transmission.
As disclosed herein, the coupling between the optical and acoustical modes is preferably reduced via the refractive index profiles of the optical fiber disclosed herein. Preferably, the optical mode field remains extended while acoustical fields become more tightly confined to reduce overlap between the optical mode field and the acoustical fields.
The optical fiber disclosed herein tends to pull the mode field of the dominant acoustic mode field (typically L01) in toward the centerline of the optical fiber, resulting in reduced coupling between the acoustic and optical fields. The optical fiber disclosed herein also preferably tends to pull the mode field of the next dominant acoustic mode field (typically L02) in toward the centerline of the optical fiber, resulting in reduced coupling between this next dominant acoustic mode field and the optical field.
Generally, the acoustic field in an optical fiber is more localized (typically much more localized) near the centerline of the fiber compared to the optical field. Accordingly, the behavior of the acoustic field is greatly affected in the central portion of the core of the optical fiber, for example by density variations in the central 2 micron radial region of the optical fiber and consequently within the refractive index profile of the core of the fiber.
We have found that, in order to achieve high SBS threshold optical fiber, the minimum acousto-optic area of the optical fiber should be as large as possible. However, we have also found that the acousto-optic area of the dominant acoustic mode (typically L01) and the acousto-optic area of the second most dominant acoustic mode (typically L02) generally should be as close to one another in magnitude as possible. Without being limited by any particular theory, the relative closeness in value of the acousto-optic areas of these two modes appears to allow division of the optical-acoustic coupling between the two acoustic modes, thereby reducing coupling overall synergistically in a manner not possible by simply having one acousto-optic area which is very large in magnitude while the other acousto-optic area is much smaller than the very large acousto-optic area. Also, the optical field may couple to more than two acoustic modes, thereby providing additional paths for the dissipation of the reflected signal.
The Brillouin frequency for optical fiber as disclosed herein is preferably between about 10 to 12 GHz.
The optical fiber disclosed herein comprises a core and a cladding layer (or cladding) surrounding and directly adjacent the core. The cladding has a refractive index profile, ΔCLAD(r). Preferably, ΔCLAD(r)=0 throughout the cladding. The core comprises a refractive index profile, ΔCORE(r). The core has a maximum relative refractive index, ΔMAX, in %, occurring at a radius rΔMAX. In preferred embodiments, the core is comprised of a plurality of core portions, each having respective refractive index profiles, for example ΔCORE1(r), ΔCORE2(r), and so on. Each core portion may have a maximum relative refractive index for that core portion, i.e. a local maximum, reported in %, for example Δ1MAX for a first core portion, Δ2MAX for a second portion, and so on. Likewise, a core portion may have a minimum relative refractive index, such as Δ2MIN, etc. A maximum or minimum relative refractive index may occur at a particular radius, such as rΔ1MAX or rΔ2MIN and so on. For the embodiments disclosed herein, the core is defined herein to end at a radius rCORE.
We have found that a higher dopant concentration at or near the optical fiber centerline, and in particular in a central portion of the core of the optical fiber, forces the acoustic modes to be more tightly confined.
Preferably, the core is comprised of silica doped with germanium, i.e. germania doped silica. Doping of the core, and in particular the central portion of the core, advantageously reduces sound velocity in the optical fiber core relative to its cladding, resulting in total internal reflection of the acoustic field. Dopants other than germanium, singly or in combination, may be employed within the core, and particularly at or near the centerline, of the optical fiber disclosed herein to obtain the desired refractive index and density. Although high refractive index values (or high levels of updopant) tend to bring the acoustical mode field toward the centerline, such values also tend to decrease the optical effective area. In preferred embodiments, the core of the optical fiber disclosed herein has a non-negative refractive index profile, more preferably a positive refractive index profile, wherein the core is surrounded by and directly adjacent to a cladding layer.
Preferably, the refractive index profile of the optical fiber disclosed herein is non-negative from the centerline to the outer radius of the core, rCORE. In preferred embodiments, the optical fiber contains no index-decreasing dopants in the core.
In some preferred embodiments, the relative refractive index of the core has values, ΔCORE(r), which lie between an upper boundary curve and a lower boundary curve. For example, the upper boundary curve (denoted by “U1” in FIGS. 1 and 2) is a straight line defined by at least two points, including a first upper point having a Δ of 0.6% at a radius of 0 and a second upper point having a Δ of 0% at a radius of 14.25 μm, and the lower boundary curve (denoted by “L” in FIGS. 1 and 2) is a straight line defined by at least two points, including a first lower point having a Δ of 0.25% at a radius of 0 and a second lower point having a Δ of 0% at a radius of 6 μm.
The core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of about 1 μm.
In preferred embodiments, Δ1MAX>0.4%, and preferably, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2, more preferably between 80 and 120 μm2, even more preferably between 80 and 110 μm2. Without being limited by any particular theory, such values of Δ1MAX appear to enhance localization or “pulling in” of the acoustic modes toward the centerline of the fiber. Additionally, we have found that such values of Δ1MAX help to reduce microbending losses in the fiber.
1st Set of Preferred Embodiments
Table 1 lists an illustrative first set of preferred embodiments, Examples 1 and 2. FIG. 1 shows the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 1–2 in curves 1–2, respectively.










TABLE 1





Example:

Ex 1
Ex 2


















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−1.81
−2.17


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.094
0.094


1310 nm


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
16.56
16.16


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.064
0.064


1550 nm


Kappa
nm
259
252


Zero Dispersion
nm
1329
1333


Wavelength


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.1858
0.1854


Pin Array Bending at
dB
9.55
26.16


1550 nm


Aeff at 1310 nm
μm2
67.6
70.2


MFD at 1310 nm
μm
9.53
9.72


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
90
95.2


MFD at 1550 nm
μm
11.0
10.36


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1431
1331


AOEAL01
μm2
197
218


AOEAL02
μm2
233
235


Ratio: AOEAL01/AOEAL02

1.18
1.08


SBS Threshold
dBm
10.3
10.7


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dB
3.5
3.9


Improvement over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


α

0.67
0.57


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.53
0.52


Δ(r = 1)
%
0.41
0.39


Δ(0) − Δ(1)
%
0.12
0.13


ΔMAX
%
0.53
0.52


rΔMAX
μm
0
0


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.12
0.13


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.33
0.30


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.29
0.26


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.26
0.23


Δ(r = .3.5 m)
%
0.23
0.20


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.20
0.17


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.17
0.14


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.14
0.12


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.11
0.09


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0.08
0.07


rCORE
μm
7.6
7.4









Optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 1–2 disclosed herein have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than 90 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the fiber; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the fiber, wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 1–2 disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 21 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 15 and 17 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm2-km; kappa between 230 and 290 nm; dispersion zero wavelength less than 1400 nm, more preferably less than 1340 nm, even more preferably between 1310 and 1340 nm, still more preferably between 1320 and 1340 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 90 μm2, more preferably between 90 μm and 100 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, preferably between 10 and 11 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km. Preferably, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.2 dB/km, more preferably less than 0.195 dB/km, even more preferably less than 0.190 dB/km, and still more preferably less than 0.188 dB/km. Preferably, the core has an alpha-profile with an α<1, more preferably with an α between 0.5 and 1.
2nd Set of Preferred Embodiments
Tables 2A & 2B list an illustrative second set of preferred embodiments, Examples 3 through 7 and 7A through 7E. FIG. 2 shows the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 3 through 7 in curves 3–7, respectively. FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 7A, 7B–7C, and 7D–7E, respectively.












TABLE 2A





Example:
Ex 3
Ex 4
Ex 5
Ex 6
Ex 7





















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
0.18
−0.066
0.01
0.085
1.41


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
17.7
17.6
18.3
18.4
19.1


Dispersion Slope
ps/nm2-km
0.061
0.061
0.063
0.063
0.061


at 1550 nm


Kappa
nm
290
289
290
292
313


MFD1550
μm
10.96
10.96
10.19
11.6
11.76


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.1869
0.1866
0.1855
0.1856
0.1858


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
8.9
8.7
7.7
8.3
9.3


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1406
1410
1532
1528
1524


Zero Dispersion
nm
1308
1311
1310
1294
1294


Wavelength


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
90.6
90.4
100.8
101.8
105.7


AOEAL01
μm2
190
204
224
243
218


AOEAL02
μm2
190
181
271
243
214


AOEAMIN
μm2
190
181
224
243
214


SBS Threshold
dB
10.2
9.9
10.9
11.1
10.7


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dB
3.3
3.1
4.1
4.3
3.9


Improvement over


SMF-28 ®


optical fiber


Ratio:

1.00
1.13
1.21
1.00
1.019


AOEAL01/AOEAL02


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.45
0.47
0.44
0.45
0.40


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.36


|Δ(0) − Δ(1)|
%
0.06
0.07
0.03
0.04
0.04


ΔMAX (=Δ1MAX)
%
0.45
0.47
0.45
0.46
0.40


rΔMAX (=rΔ1MAX)
μm
0
0
0.5
0.4
0


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.06
0.07
0.04
0.05
0.04


ΔMAX − Δ(3.5)
%
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.13


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.34
0.34
0.36
0.35
0.32


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.29


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.29
0.29
0.26
0.26
0.28


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.29
0.28
0.24
0.23
0.27


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.28
0.27
0.23
0.23
0.27


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.26
0.26
0.23
0.23
0.26


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.21
0.21
0.23
0.23
0.25


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.13
0.14
0.23
0.23
0.20


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.06
0.07
0.21
0.21
0.13


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.09
0.06


rCORE
μm
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.9





















TABLE 2B





Example:
Ex 7A
Ex 7B
Ex 7C
Ex 7D
Ex 7E





















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−0.21
1.12
1.88
0.12
−0.70


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
18.2
19.6
20.0
18.6
17.6


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.063
0.064
0.063
0.064
0.064


1550 nm


Kappa
nm
289
306
317
291
275


MFD1550
μm
11.56
12.30
12.35
11.82
12.00


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.185
0.184
0.185
0.185
0.185


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
9.2
4.2
4.1
6.8
21.0


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1515
1746
1739
1602
1468


Zero Dispersion
nm
1312
1244
1232
1260
1274


Wavelength


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
101.1
115.6
117.6
105.2
106.8


AOEAL01
μm2
264
289
267
379
228


AOEAL02
μm2
221
264
243
163
290


AOEAMIN
μm2
221
264
243
163
228


SBS Threshold
dBm
10.2
11.8
11.5
9.7
11.2


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dBm
3.4
5
4.7
2.9
4.4


Improvement over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


Ratio: AOEAL01/AOEAL02

1.2
1.09
1.10
2.3
0.79


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.49
0.44
0.40
0.52
0.43


Δ(r = 0.5)
%
0.465
0.43
0.39
0.52
0.39


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.41
0.39
0.36
0.38
0.36


|Δ(0) − Δ(1)|
%
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.15
0.08


ΔMAX
%
0.49
0.44
0.40
0.52
0.43


rΔMAX
μm
0
0
0
0
0


Δ2MIN
%
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.27


rΔ2MIN
μm
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.15
0.08


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.29
0.32


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.29


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.27


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.24


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.21


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.24
0.19


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.19
0.17


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.15
0.14


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.16
0.23
0.23
0.15
0.12


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.10


Δ(r = 6.5 μm)
%
0.04
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.08


Δ(r = 7 μm)
%
0.01
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.06


Δ(r = 7.5 μm)
%
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.04


Δ(r = 8 μm)
%
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02


rCORE
μm
7.3
8.1
7.9
7.2
8.3









Optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 3–7 and 7A–7E disclosed herein have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than 90 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 170 μm2, wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5. In preferred embodiments, 0.5<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2, more preferably 0.6<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<1.5. Preferably, ΔCORE(r) lies between an upper boundary curve (denoted by “U2” in FIGS. 1 and 2) which is a straight line defined by at least two points, including a first upper point having ΔCORE(r=0)=0.6% and a second upper point having a ΔCORE(r=14.25 μm)=0%, more preferably including a first upper point having ΔCORE(r=0)=0.5% and a second upper point having a ΔCORE(r=11.25 μm)=0% at a radius of 11.25 μm, and a lower boundary curve (denoted by “L” in FIGS. 1 and 2) which is a straight line defined by at least two points, including a first lower point having a ΔCORE(r=0)=0.25% and a second lower point having a ΔCORE(r=6 μm)=0%. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm, wherein the relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.25% and less than 0.5% (but less than the upper boundary) throughout the first portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.5% (but less than the upper boundary) throughout the first portion. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.20% and 0.45% (but less than the upper boundary) throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.45% (but less than the upper boundary) from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.2% and less than 0.35% for all radii from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE3(r) is between 0.15% and 0.35% (but less than the upper boundary) throughout the third portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0.20% and 0.30% throughout the third portion. In preferred embodiments, the absolute magnitude of the difference in ΔCORE3(r) between any radii in the third portion is less than 0.1%. In preferred embodiments, the average dΔ/dR has an absolute magnitude <0.1%/μm, more preferably <0.5%/nm, between r=2 and r=4 μm. In preferred embodiments, the average dΔ/dR has an absolute magnitude less than 0.1%, more preferably <0.05%/μm between r=2.5 and r=3.5 μm. Preferably (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5))>0.1%, more preferably >0.15%, and even more preferably >0.2%. In preferred embodiments, (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5)) is between about 0.1% and 0.3%. In other preferred embodiments, (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5)) is between about 0.15% and 0.25%. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of 6 μm, wherein ΔCORE4(r) is between 0.10% and 0.30%, more preferably between 0.2% and 0.3%, (but less than the upper boundary) throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) is between 0.15% and 0.30% (but less than the upper boundary) from r=4.5 to r=5. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) is between 0.15% and 0.30% more preferably between 0.2% and 0.3% (but less than the upper boundary) from r=5 to r=6. Preferably, especially for larger optical effective areas, ΔCORE(r=5.5)>0.1%, more preferably >0.15%, even more preferably >0.2%. Preferably, ΔCORE(r=6)>0.0%, more preferably ΔCORE(r=6)>0.05%, especially for larger optical effective area embodiments. Preferably, the core further comprises a fifth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the fourth portion, the fifth portion extending to a radius of 9 μm and having ΔCORE5(r) between 0.0% and 0.2% (but less than the upper boundary), wherein at least part of the fifth portion has ΔCORE 5(r)>0%. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE5(r) is between 0.0% and 0.15% in the fifth portion. In preferred embodiments, Δ(r=5.5 μm)>0.1%. Preferably, Δ(r=6 μm)>0%. Preferably, the outermost radius of the core, rCORE, is greater than 6 μm, more preferably greater than 6 μm and less than 15 μm, even more preferably greater than 6 μm and less than 12 μm. In preferred embodiments, rCORE is between 6 μm and 10 μm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 3–7 and 7A–7E disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 22 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 16 and 21 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm2-km; kappa between 270 and 330 nm; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1220 and 1320 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 90 m2, more preferably greater than 95 μm2, even more preferably between 90 μm2 and 120 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, more preferably between 10 and 13 μm, even more preferably between 10 and 12.5 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than about 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km. Preferably, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.20 dB/km, more preferably less than 0.19 dB/km, even more preferably less than 0.187 dB/km.
FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the change in refractive index with respect to fiber radius, dΔ/dr for the optical fibers represented by Examples 1–7.
Preferably, the relative refractive index in the first portion of the optical fibers disclosed herein is slowly varying in order to reduce density variations that may adversely affect attenuation and polarization mode dispersion (PMD). Thus, the slope of the relative refractive index profile, dΔ/dr, is preferably greater than −0.20%/μm for all radii in the first portion, even more preferably greater than −0.15%/μm for all radii in the first portion (r=0 to r=1 μm). In some embodiments, the absolute magnitude of the difference between ΔMAX and ΔCORE(r=1 μm) is preferably less than 0.2%, more preferably less than 0.15%, and even more preferably less than 0.1%. Preferably, the relative refractive index in the third portion of the core of the optical fibers disclosed herein is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value, in order to improve bending and to minimize the shift of the zero dispersion wavelength away from a wavelength of around 1310 nm. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ(r) between any radii between r=2.5 and r=4.5 is less than 0.1%. Preferably, the average dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.1%/μm between r=2 and r=4 μm. Preferably, the average dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm between r=2.5 and r=3.5 μm.
AOEAL01 may be greater than AOEAL02, or AOEAL02 may be greater than AOEAL01, or AOEAL01 may be substantially equal to AOEAL02.
In preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 400 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 300 μm2.
In preferred embodiments, 0.5<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2. In other preferred embodiments, 0.6<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<1.5.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core.
Examples 3 through 7 and 7A–7E can thus be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region) and an outer region surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region. The outer region of the core preferably has a positive refractive index throughout. In preferred embodiments, the presence of the outer region surrounding and directly adjacent the inner region assists in providing desired dispersion values at a desired wavelength or within a desired wavelength range. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm, the first portion having a relative refractive index greater than 0.25% and less than 0.6%, more preferably greater than 0.25% and less than about 0.5%. In the first portion, the refractive index preferably smoothly decreases after reaching a maximum value ΔMAX=Δ1MAX. In some preferred embodiments, the first portion comprises the maximum ΔCORE for the entire fiber and the relative refractive index profile in the first portion comprises a substantially flat part, and the third portion comprises Δ3MAX which is less than ΔMAX and the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part. In some preferred embodiments, a substantial part of the third portion has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
Table 3 lists the characteristics of two sample optical fibers as disclosed herein, Examples 8 & 9, made via an outside vapor deposition (OVD) process.










TABLE 3





Example:

Ex 8
Ex 9


















Length
km
24.0
24.0


Attenuation at 1310 nm
dB/km
0.326
0.328


Attenuation at 1380 nm
dB/km
0.319
0.320


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.190
0.191


2 m Fiber Cutoff
nm
1412
1379


Wavelength


Cabled Cutoff
nm
1273
1246


Wavelength


AOEAL01
μm2
235
235


AOEAL02
μm2
266
266


Ratio: AOEAL01/

0.88
0.88


AOEAL02


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
103
101


MFD at 1550 nm
μm
11.52
11.4


Zero Dispersion
nm
1310
1308


Wavelength


Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−0.014
0.062


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
18.0
18.1


Dispersion at 1625 nm
ps/nm-km
22.5
22.6


Dispersion Slope at 1550
ps/nm2-km
0.062
0.063


nm


Kappa
nm
290
287


PMD
ps/sqrt(km)
0.019
0.016


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
2.1
3.4


Pin Array at 1620 nm
dB
3.1
5.2


20 mm dia Macrobend
dB/turn
0.73
0.58









The relative refractive index profiles of Examples 8–9 were substantially similar to the profile described in Example 5 above and as represented by curve 5 in FIG. 2. An absolute SBS threshold of about 11.9 dBm was obtained for Examples 8 and 9 which were spliced together and measured together as a 48 km length of fiber, which is an SBS threshold improvement of about 5.1 dB over a similar length of SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber.
3rd Set of Preferred Embodiments
Tables 4A and 4B list an illustrative third set of preferred embodiments, Examples 10 through 15 and Examples 15A through 15D. FIGS. 6–11 show the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 10 through 15 in curves 10–15, respectively, and FIGS. 11A–11D show the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 15A through 15D in curves 15A–15D, respectively.













TABLE 4A





Example:
Ex 10
Ex 11
Ex 12
Ex 13
Ex 14
Ex 15






















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−0.74
−0.54
−0.38
−0.39
−0.25
−0.049


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
17.2
16.9
17.3
17.3
17.5
17.4


Dispersion at 1625 nm
ps/nm-km
21.7
21.2
21.7
21.7
21.9
21.7


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.093
0.090
0.091
0.091
0.092
0.090


1310 nm


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.062
0.060
0.061
0.061
0.061
0.060


1550 nm


Kappa
nm
277
282
284
284
287
290


MFD1310
μm
9.72
9.31
9.48
9.47
9.93
9.4


MFD1550
μm
11.15
10.63
10.81
10.79
11.35
10.68


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.1870
0.1884
0.1886
0.1876
0.1863
0.1875


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
15.1
9.5
9.2
7.95
19.2
7.1


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1368
1348
1381
1396
1362
1390


Cabled Cutoff
nm
1218
1198
1231
1246
1212
1240


Zero Dispersion
nm
1318
1316
1314
1314
1313
1311


Wavelength


Aeff at 1310 nm
μm2
71.5
66.0
68.6
68.2
74.9
67.7


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
93.1
84.8
88.0
87.5
96.7
86.0


AOEAL01
μm2
228
174
191
183
273
181


AOEAL02
μm2
201
189
181
194
186
180


AOEAMIN
μm2
201
174
181
183
186
180


Ratio:

1.13
0.92
1.05
0.95
1.47
1.00


AOEAL01/AOEAL02


SBS Threshold
dB
9.9
9.3
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.5


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dBm
3.1
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.7


Improvement over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.58
0.47


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.40
0.43
0.44
0.43
0.37
0.40


|Δ(0) − Δ(1)|
%
0.24
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.21
0.07


ΔMAX(=Δ1MAX)
%
0.53
0.51
0.50
0.51
0.58
0.47


rΔMAX (=rΔ1MAX)
μm
0.45
0.33
0.55
0.33
0
0


Δ2MIN
%
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.31


rΔ2MIN
μm
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5


ΔMAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.27
0.22
0.24
0.22
0.32
0.16


ΔMAX − Δ(3.5)
%
0.30
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.35
0.18


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.21
0.07


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.34
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.32
0.35


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.32


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.31


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.23
0.28
0.26
0.28
0.23
0.30


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.23
0.27
0.26
0.27
0.23
0.29


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.25
0.23
0.26


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.23
0.20
0.26
0.20
0.23
0.19


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.22
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.22
0.11


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.01
0
0
0.06
0.01
0.04


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0
0
0
0.02
0
0.01


rCORE
μm
5.6
5.4
5.4
6.8
5.6
6.6




















TABLE 4B





Example:
Ex 15A
Ex 15B
Ex 15C
Ex 15D




















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−0.4
−0.6
−0.3
−1.0


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
17.1
16.8
17.2
17.0


Dispersion at 1625 nm
ps/nm-km
21.5
21.1
21.6
21.5


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.091
0.090
0.090
0.093


1310 nm


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.061
0.060
0.061
0.062


1550 nm


MFD1310
μm
9.36
9.52
9.59
9.23


MFD1550
μm
10.67
10.92
10.96
10.55


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.1843
0.1841
0.1839
0.1837


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
7.5
17.4
13.2
4.6


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1384
1313
1355
1425


Cabled Cutoff
nm
1234
1163
1205
1275


Zero Dispersion
nm
1315
1317
1314
1321


Wavelength


Aeff at 1310 nm
μm2
66.8
68.8
70.1
64.4


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
85.6
89.2
90.1
83.3


AOEAL01
μm2
239
223
234
232


AOEAL02
μm2
146
167
162
172


AOEAMIN
μm2
146
167
162
172


Ratio: AOEAL01/AOEAL02

1.63
1.33
1.44
1.35


SBS Threshold
dBm
10.9
10.6
10.8
10.8


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dB
4.1
3.8
4.0
4.0


Improvement over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.55
0.49
0.50
0.67


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.41
0.38
0.38
0.43


|Δ(0) − Δ(1)|
%
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.24


ΔMAX (= Δ1MAX)
%
0.55
0.49
0.50
0.67


rΔMAX (= rΔ1MAX)
μm
0
0
0
0


Δ2MIN
%
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.34


rΔ2MIN
μm
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5


ΔMAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.24
0.20
0.21
0.33


ΔMAX − Δ(3.5)
%
0.26
0.22
0.23
0.42


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.24


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.34
0.32
0.32
0.38


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.34


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.30
0.28
0.29
0.31


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.30
0.28
0.28
0.28


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.29
0.27
0.27
0.25


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.26
0.23
0.24
0.23


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.19
0.16
0.18
0.22


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.11
0.09
0.11
0.22


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.03


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0.01
0.01
0.01
0


rCORE
μm
6.3
6.2
6.3
5.7









Optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 10–15 and 15A–15D disclosed herein have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than about 80 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 170 μm2, wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5. Preferably, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is greater than about 85 μm2, even more preferably between about 85 and 110 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 85 and 100 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, such as in FIGS. 10–13, the core may comprise a refractive index profile having a so-called centerline dip. The centerline dip may occur as a result of one or more methods of manufacturing optical fiber. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm and preferably having a maximum relative refractive index ΔMAX=Δ1MAX (in percent) less than 0.7%, more preferably less than 0.6%, occurring at a radius rΔMAX, which may be at the centerline or spaced therefrom. The relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is preferably greater than 0.25% and less than 0.7% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.6% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.15% and 0.45%, throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.45% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.2% and less than 0.35% from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE3(r) is between 0.15% and 0.35% throughout the third portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0.20% and 0.30% throughout the third portion. At r=4 μm, preferably ΔCORE3>0.2%. Preferably, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0.15% and 0.35%, more preferably between 0.15% and 0.3%, throughout the third portion. In preferred embodiments, the absolute magnitude of the difference in ΔCORE3(r) between any radii in the third portion is less than 0.1%. In other preferred embodiments, the absolute magnitude of the difference in ΔCORE3(r) between any radii in the third portion is less than 0.05%. In preferred embodiments, the average dΔ/dR has an absolute magnitude <0.1%/μm between r=2 and r=4 μm. In preferred embodiments, the average dΔ/dR has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm between r=2.5 and r=3.5 μm. Preferably (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5))>0.1%, more preferably >0.15%, even more preferably >0.2%. In preferred embodiments, (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5)) is between 0.10%–0.5%. In other preferred embodiments, (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5)) is between 0.15%–0.4%. In other preferred embodiments, (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5)) is between 0.2%–0.4%. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of between 5 and 12 μm, more preferably between 5 and 10 μm, wherein ΔCORE4(r) is between 0 and 0.30% throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) for increasing radii in the fourth portion decreases from a maximum positive relative refractive index of less than or equal to 0.30% to a minimum of between 0 and 0.03%. Preferably, the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion. Preferably, the core ends and the cladding layer begins at rCORE>5 μm, more preferably between 5 and 12 μm, and even more preferably between 5 and 10 μm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 10–15 and 15A–15D disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 22 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 16 and 21 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm 2-km; kappa between 250 and 300 nm; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1290 and 1320 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2, more preferably greater than 85 μm2, even more preferably between 85 μm2 and 110 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, more preferably between 10 and 13 μm, even more preferably between 10 and 12 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km. Preferably, the attenuation at 1550 nm is less than 0.2 dB/km, more preferably less than 0.195 dB/km, even more preferably less than 0.190 dB/km, and still more preferably less than 0.185 dB/km.
Preferably, the relative refractive index in the third portion of the core of the optical fibers disclosed herein is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value, in order to improve bending and to minimize the shift of the zero dispersion wavelength away from a wavelength of around 1310 nm. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ(r) between any radii between r=2.5 and r=4.5 is less than 0.1%. Preferably, the average dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.1%/μm for a radial distance of at least 0.5 μm and located between r=2 and r=4 μm. Preferably, dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm occurring between r=2.5 and r=3.5 μm.
AOEAL01 may be greater than AOEAL02, or AOEAL02 may be greater than AOEAL01, or AOEAL01 may be substantially equal to AOEAL02.
In preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 400 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 300 μm2.
In preferred embodiments, 0.5<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2. In other preferred embodiments, 0.6<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<1.5.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIGS. 6–11 where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core at rCORE.
Examples 10 through 15 and 15A through 15D can thus be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region) and an outer region surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region. The outer region of the core preferably has a positive refractive index. In preferred embodiments, the presence of the outer region surrounding and directly adjacent the inner region assists in providing desired dispersion values at a desired wavelength or within a desired wavelength range. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm, the first portion having a maximum relative refractive index greater than 0.25% and less than 0.7%. Curves 10–13 illustrated in FIGS. 10–13 show a so-called “centerline dip” that may occur as a result of one or more optical fiber manufacturing techniques. The centerline dip is shown as having a minimum relative refractive index between 0.1% and 0.3%, although the centerline dip may assume other values which are less than the maximum relative refractive index. In the first portion, the refractive index preferably smoothly decreases after reaching a maximum value ΔMAX. Preferably, the first portion comprises the maximum ΔCORE for the entire fiber. Preferably, the third portion comprises Δ3MAX which is less than ΔMAX (and less than Δ1MAX) and the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part. More preferably, a substantial part of the third portion (e.g. a radial width of greater than 1 μm) has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
4th Set of Preferred Embodiments
Tables 5A and 5B lists an illustrative fourth set of preferred embodiments, Examples 16 through 20 and 20C through 20F. FIGS. 12–15 show the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 16–20 in curves 16–20, respectively. FIGS. 15A–15F show the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 20A–20F in curves 20A–20F, respectively.












TABLE 5A





Example:
Ex 16
Ex 17
Ex 18
Ex 19
Ex 20





















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
0.04
−0.32
−0.44
0.14
−0.28


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
17.4
16.9
17.2
17.5
17.3


Dispersion at 1625 nm
ps/nm-km
21.7
21.2
21.5
21.8
21.6


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.090
0.089
0.091
0.090
0.091


1310 nm


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.060
0.059
0.0605
0.060
0.060


1550 nm


Kappa
nm
290
286
284
292
288


MFD1310
μm
9.49
9.34
9.415
9.57
9.52


MFD1550
μm
10.77
10.66
10.73
10.86
10.85


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.193
0.194
0.194
0.1925
0.193


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
10.4
12.4
10.2
11.9
12.1


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1369
1330
1369
1367
1366


Cabled cutoff
nm
1219
1200
1219
1217
1216


Zero Dispersion
nm
1310
1316
1314
1308
1313


Wavelength


Aeff at 1310 nm
μm2
70.9
68.4
69.7
72.4
71.7


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
89.2
86.8
88.5
90.9
90.7


AOEAL01
μm2
232
225
239
298
315


AOEAL02
μm2
236
219
254
224
243


AOEAMIN
μm2
232
219
239
224
243


Ratio: AOEAL01/AOEAL02

0.98
1.03
0.94
1.33
1.30


SBS Threshold
dBm
10.6
10.3
10.7
10.4
10.8


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dB
3.8
3.51
3.9
3.6
4.0


Improvement over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.58
0.62


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.44
0.44
0.47
0.41
0.43


Δ(0) − Δ(1)
%
−0.31
−0.30
−0.33
0.17
0.19


ΔMAX (=Δ1MAX)
%
0.53
0.54
0.57
0.58
0.62


rΔMAX (=rΔ1MAX)
μm
0.53
0.55
0.53
0.00
0.00


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.17
0.19


Δ2MIN
%
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.20


rΔ2MIN
μm
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5


Δ3MAX
%
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.37


Δ1MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.31
0.32
0.37
0.36
0.42


Δ3MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.14
0.17


|Δ1MAX − Δ3MAX|
%
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.25


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.34
0.33
0.34
0.32
0.32


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.22


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.20


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.25
0.31
0.23
0.25
0.23


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.37


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.37


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.24
0.10
0.25
0.24
0.25


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0
0
0
0
0


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0
0
0
0
0


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0
0
0
0
0


rCORE
μm
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9




















TABLE 5B





Example:
Ex 20C
Ex 20D
Ex 20E
Ex 20F




















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−0.51
−0.33
−0.48
−0.20


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
16.6
16.7
16.5
16.7


Dispersion at 1625 nm
ps/nm-km
20.9
20.9
20.7
20.9


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.089
0.088
0.088
0.088


1310 nm


Dispersion Slope at


1550 nm
ps/nm2-km
0.059
0.059
0.059
0.058


Kappa
nm
281
283
280
288


MFD1310
μm
9.06
9.04
9.03
9.07


MFD1550
μm
10.33
10.29
10.30
10.32


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.198


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
8.5
7.9
9.3
8.8


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1330
1330
1320
1327


Cabled cutoff
nm
1210
1210
1199
1207


Zero Dispersion
nm
1319
1317
1318
1315


Wavelength


Aeff at 1310 nm
μm2
64.7
64.4
65.0
65.7


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
81.9
81.2
81.9
82.3


AOEAL01
μm2
242
203
271
260


AOEAL02
μm2
245
259
232
235


AOEAMIN
μm2
242
203
232
235


Ratio: AOEAL01/AOEAL02

0.99
0.78
1.17
1.10


SBS Threshold
dBm
11.0
10.0
11.4
11.2


(absolute)


SBS Threshold


Improvement over SMF-
dB
4.2
3.2
4.6
4.4


28 ® optical fiber


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.44
0.16
0.59
0.56


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.43
0.43
0.41
0.40


Δ(0) − Δ(1)
%
0.02
−0.28
0.18
0.16


ΔMAX = Δ1MAX
%
0.57
0.56
0.60
0.57


rΔMAX = rΔ1MAX
μm
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.2


Δ2MIN
%
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.24


rΔ2MIN
μm
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.14
0.13
0.19
0.17


Δ3MAX
%
0.48
0.50
0.50
0.50


rΔ3MAX
μm
3.65
3.7
3.45
3.55


Δ1MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.33
0.30
0.37
0.33


Δ3MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.24
0.24
0.27
0.26


|Δ1MAX − Δ3MAX|
%
0.09
0.06
0.10
0.07


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.33
0.34
0.32
0.32


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.26
0.27
0.25
0.26


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.24


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.27
0.26
0.33
0.33


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.50


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.38
0.39
0.29
0.29


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00


rCORE
μm
4.55
4.45
4.45
4.45









Another preferred embodiment in the fourth set of preferred embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 15A which shows the refractive index profile of Example 20A in curve 20A, the optical fiber having the following characteristics: dispersion at 1310 nm of 2.06 ps/nm-km, dispersion at 1550 nm of 19.7 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1550 nm of 0.061 ps/nm2-km, kappa of 323 nm, mode field diameter at 1550 nm (MFD1550) of μm, attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.193 dB/km, pin array at 1550 nm of 7.2 dB, LP11 cutoff (theoretical) of 1578 nm, zero dispersion wavelength of 1287 μm, Aeff at 1550 nm of 111.9 μm2, AOEAL01 of 3.75 μm2, AOEAL02 of 349 μm2, AOEAMIN of 349 μm2, ratio AOEAL01/AOEAL02 of 1.07, relative refractive index difference Δ of 0.50, 0.43, 0.36, 0.30, 0.25, 0.22, 0.22, 0.22, 0.35, 0.37, 0.37, 0.04, 0, and 0% at radii of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, and 6.5, respectively, ΔMAX−Δ(r=1) of 0.14%, ΔMAX of 0.50%, rΔMAX of 0 μm, and rCORE of 5.7 μm.
Another preferred embodiment in the fourth set of preferred embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 15B which shows the refractive index profile of Example 20B in curve 20B, the optical fiber having the following characteristics: dispersion at 1310 nm of −0.64 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1310 nm of 0.0889 ps/nm2-km, dispersion at 1550 nm of 16.6 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1550 nm of 0.0596 ps/nm2-km, kappa of 279 nm, dispersion at 1625 nm of 20.9 ps/nm-km, mode field diameter at 1550 nm (MFD1550) of 10.65 μm, cabled cutoff of 1196 μm, attenuation at 1380 nm of 0.293 dB/km, attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.191 dB/km, pin array at 1550 nm of 11.4 dB, lateral load attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.73 dB, LP 11 cutoff (theoretical) of 1333 nm, zero dispersion wavelength of 1317 nm, Aeff at 1550 nm of 86.8 μm2, AOEAL01 of 216 μm2, AOEAL02 of 200 μm2, AOEAMIN of 200 μm2, ratio AOEAL01/AOEAL02 of 1.08, relative refractive index difference Δ of 0.40, 0.54, 0.45, 0.32, 0.23, 0.23, 0.36, 0.38, 0.30, 0.06, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01% at radii of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, and 8 μm, respectively, ΔMAX−Δ(r=1) of 0.09%, ΔMAX of 0.54%, rΔMAX of 0.43 μm, and rCORE of 8.2 μm. Example 20B was fabricated using an OVD process. The measured absolute SBS threshold on a 50 km fiber length was 10.45 dBm, or about a 3.65 dB improvement over a similar length of SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber manufactured by Corning Incorporated.
Another preferred embodiment in the fourth set of preferred embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 15E which shows the refractive index profile of Example 20G in curve 20G, which was fabricated using an OVD method. Example 20 G exhibited optical characteristics similar to Example 20C. Measured values of the optical fiber of Example 20G included: an attenuation at 1310 nm of 0.334 dB/km; an attenuation at 1380 nm of 0.310 dB/km; an attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.192 dB/km; MFD at 1310 nm of 9.14 μm2; cabled cutoff of 1180 nm; zero dispersion at 1317 nm dispersion slope at zero dispersion of 0.0884 ps/nm2-km; macrobend loss of 1.27 dB/m for 5 turns around a 20 mm diameter mandrel for a 5 m sample; lateral load microbend loss of 0.55 dB/m for a 5 m sample; an absolute SBS threshold of 11.0 dBm and an SBS threshold improvement of about 4.2 dB over a similar length of SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber manufactured by Corning Incorporated. Example 20G has a ΔMAX (=Δ1MAX) of 0.64% at r=0, and Δ3MAX of 0.49% at about r=3.6.
Another preferred embodiment in the fourth set of preferred embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 15F which shows the refractive index profile of Example 20H in curve 20H, which was fabricated using an OVD method. Example 20 H exhibited optical characteristics similar to Example 20D. Measurements of the optical fiber of Example 20H included: an attenuation at 1310 nm of 0.335 dB/km; an attenuation at 1380 nm of 0.320 dB/km; an attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.195 dB/km; MFD at 1310 nm of 9.10 μm2; cabled cutoff of 1185 nm; zero dispersion at 1314 nm dispersion slope at zero dispersion of 0.0878 ps/nm2-km; macrobend loss of 3.24 dB/m for 5 turns around a 20 mm diameter mandrel for a 5 m sample; lateral load microbend loss of 0.53 dB/m for a 5 m sample; an absolute SBS threshold of 11.0 dBm and an SBS threshold improvement of about 4.2 dB over a similar length of SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber. Example 20H has a ΔMAX (=Δ1MAX) of 0.56% at about r=0.4 μm, and Δ3MAX of about 0.51% at about r=3.6.
The optical fibers illustrated by Examples 16–20 and 20A–20H have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than about 80 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 170 μm2, wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5. Preferably, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is greater than about 80 μm2, even more preferably between about 80 and 110 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 100 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 95 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, such as in FIGS. 12, 13, 15B, 15C, 15E and 15F the core may comprise a relative refractive index profile having a so-called centerline dip which may occur as a result of one or more optical fiber manufacturing techniques. However, the centerline dip in any of the refractive index profiles disclosed herein is optional. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm and preferably having a maximum relative refractive index ΔMAX=ΔMAX (in percent) less than 0.7%, more preferably less than 0.6%, occurring at a radius rΔMAX. The relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is preferably greater than about 0.25% and less than about 0.7% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.6% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.15% and 0.45%, throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.45% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.1% and less than about 0.35% from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm. The second portion comprises a minimum relative refractive index, Δ2MIN (in percent), preferably less than 0.3%, more preferably less than 0.25%. Preferably, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.25%. In preferred embodiments, the difference between Δ1MAX and Δ2MIN (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is greater than 0.3%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.35%. In some preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.3% and about 0.5%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.3% and 0.4%. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm. In preferred embodiments, at r=4 μm, ΔCORE3> about 0.2%. The third portion comprises a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX (in percent) which is greater than Δ2MIN and less than Δ1MAX. Preferably, the difference between Δ3MAX and Δ2MIN (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is greater than 0.10%. In some preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.1% and 0.3%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.1% and 0.2%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.2% and 0.3%. In one subset of preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.3% and 0.4% and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.1% and 0.2%. In another subset of preferred embodiments (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.3% and 0.4% and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.2% and 0.3%. Preferably, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0% and about 0.6%, more preferably between 0% and 0.55%, and even more preferably between 0% and 0.5%. In some preferred embodiments, ΔCORE3(r) is between about 0.1% and about 0.5% in the third portion. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of between 4.5 and 12 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 10 μm. ΔCORE4(r) is between 0% and 0.4% throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) for increasing radius decreases from a maximum positive relative refractive index of less than or equal to 0.4% to a minimum between 0 and 0.03%. Preferably, the relative refractive index is less than 0.03% for all radii between 6 μm and 25 μm. Preferably, the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion. Preferably, the core ends and the cladding begins at rCORE>4.5 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 12 μm, and even more preferably between 5 and 10 μm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 16–20 and 20A–20H disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 22 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 16 and 21 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm2-km; kappa of 270 to 330 nm; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1270 and 1320 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2, and in some preferred embodiments greater than 85 μm2, and in other preferred embodiments between 85 μm2 and 110 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, more preferably between 10 and 13 μm, even more preferably between 10 and 12 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km. Preferably, the lateral load loss is less than 1 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.7 dB/m. Preferably the 20 mm macrobend loss is less than 5 dB/m, more preferably less than 2 dB/m.
In preferred embodiments, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ3MAX in the third portion of the core is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ(r) between any radii between r=3.5 μm and r=4 μm is less than 0.1%, more preferably less than 0.05%. Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ2MIN is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm occurring between r=2 and r=3 μm.
AOEAL01 may be greater than AOEAL02, or AOEAL02 may be greater than AOEAL01, or AOEAL01 may be substantially equal to AOEAL02.
In preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 400 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 300 μm.
In preferred embodiments, 0.5<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2. In other preferred embodiments, 0.6<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<1.5.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIGS. 12–15 and FIGS. 15A–15F where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core at rCORE.
Examples 16 through 20 and 20A–20H can thus be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region), an intermediate region (or moat region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region, and an outer region (or ring region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the intermediate region. The core preferably has a positive refractive index throughout. Preferably, the inner region comprises the maximum ΔCORE (i.e. Δ1MAX) for the entire fiber, the intermediate region comprises Δ2MIN, and the outer region comprises Δ3MAX, where Δ1MAX>Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN>0. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the first portion comprises a substantially flat part. The third portion comprises Δ3MAX which is less than Δ1MAX. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part, and more preferably, a substantial part of the third portion has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
In one subset of preferred embodiments, the optical fiber disclosed herein comprises: an inner region, or central core region; an intermediate region, or moat region, surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region; and an outer region, or ring region, surrounding and directly adjacent to the intermediate region; wherein the optical effective area at 1550 nm is preferably greater than 80 μm2, more preferably between 80 μm2 and 90 μm2; the dispersion at 1550 nm is preferably greater than 16 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 16 and 19 ps/nm-km; the zero dispersion wavelength is preferably less than 1320 nm, more preferably between 1270 and 1320 nm; and the dispersion slope at 1550 nm is preferably less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km. Preferably, cladding (Δ=0%) surrounds and is directly adjacent to the outer periphery of the outer region, or ring region.
Table 6 lists the measured characteristics of two sample optical fibers as disclosed herein, Examples 21–23, made via an outside vapor deposition (OVD) process.










TABLE 6





Example:
Ex 21
Ex 22
Ex 23



















Length
Km
50
50
50


Attenuation at 1380 nm
dB/km
0.295
0.295
0.295


Attenuation at 1420 nm
dB/km
0.251
0.251
0.251


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.191
0.191
0.191


2 m Fiber Cutoff
Nm
1377
1349
1368


Wavelength


Cabled Cutoff
Nm
1259
1243
1237


Wavelength


MFD at 1310 nm
μm
9.56
9.60
9.63


32 mm dia Macrobend @
dB/turn
0.006
0.006
0.006


1550 μm


32 mm dia Macrobend @
dB/turn
0.024
0.019
0.013


1625 μm


SBS Threshold
dB
4.1
3.8
4.1


Improvement over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


SBS Threshold (absolute)
dBm
10.9
10.6
10.9









The relative refractive index profiles of Examples 21–23 were similar to the profiles described in Example 16 & 17 above and as represented by curves 16 & 17 in FIG. 12.
5th Set of Preferred Embodiments
FIG. 16 schematically represents an illustrative fifth set of preferred embodiments with a corresponding refractive index profile of Example 24 in curve 24. The optical fiber of Example 24 has the following characteristics: dispersion at 1310 nm of 0.07 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1310 nm of 0.0877 ps/nm2-km, dispersion at 1550 nm of 17.0 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1550 nm of 0.058 ps/nm2-km, kappa of 293 nm, dispersion at 1625 nm of 21.2 ps/nm-km, mode field diameter at 1550 nm (MFD1550) of 10.40 μm, attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.198 dB/km, pin array at 1550 nm of 8.2 dB, lateral load loss at 1550 nm of 0.5 dB, LP11 cutoff (theoretical) of 1344 nm, zero dispersion wavelength of 1312 nm, Aeff at 1550 nm of 83.5 μm2, AOEAL01 of 202 μm2, AOEAL02 of 283 μm2, AOEAMIN of 202 μm2, ratio AOEAL01/AOEAL020.71, absolute SBS threshold of 10.3 dBm, an SBS threshold improvement of about 3.5 dB over a similar length of SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber, relative refractive index difference Δ of 0.24, 0.50, 0.41, 0.34, 0.28, 0.26, 0.26, 0.48, 0.43, and 0.00% at radii of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5, respectively, ΔMAX−Δ(r=1) of 0.10%, ΔMAX of 0.51%, rΔMAX of 3.725 μm, and rCORE of 4.5 μm. Example 24 has a Δ1MAX of 0.51% at about r=0.45 μm, Δ2MIN of about 0.26%, and ΔMAX=Δ3MAX of about 0.51% at about r3MAX=3.7 μm, Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN of 0.25%, Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN of 0.25% and |Δ1MAX−Δ3MAX| of 0%.
The optical fibers illustrated by Example 24 have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than about 80 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 170 μm2, wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5. Preferably, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is greater than about 80 μm2, even more preferably between about 80 and 100 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 90 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 85 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, such as in FIG. 16, the core may comprise a relative refractive index profile having a so-called centerline dip which may occur as a result of one or more optical fiber manufacturing techniques. However, the centerline dip in any of the refractive index profiles disclosed herein is optional. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm and preferably having a maximum relative refractive index in the first portion A1MAX (in percent) less than 0.7%, more preferably less than 0.6%, occurring at a radius rΔ1MAX between 0 and 1 μm. The relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is preferably greater than 0.15% and less than 0.7% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.6% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.15% and 0.45%, throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.45% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.1% and less than 0.35% from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm. The second portion comprises a minimum relative refractive index, Δ2MIN (in percent), preferably less than 0.3%, more preferably less than 0.25%. In preferred embodiments, the difference between Δ1MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN), is greater than 0.1%, more preferably >0.2%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.35%. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm. At r=4 μm, ΔCORE3>0.2%, more preferably ΔCORE3>0.3%. The third portion comprises a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX (in percent) which is greater than Δ2MIN and about equal to Δ1MAX. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference between ΔMAX nd Δ3MAX is less than 0.1%, more preferably less than 0.05%. Preferably, the difference between Δ3MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN), is greater than 0.10%, more preferably >0.2%. In preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.2% and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.2%. In a subset of preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.2% and 0.3% and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.2% and 0.3%. Preferably, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0% and 0.6%. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of between 4.5 and 12 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 10 μm. The fourth portion may comprise a so-called diffusion tail of decreasing relative refractive index. The Example in FIG. 16 is depicted as having a negligible diffusion tail. ΔCORE4(r) is between 0% and 0.4% throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) for increasing radius decreases from a maximum positive relative refractive index of less than or equal to 0.1% to a minimum between 0 and 0.03%. Preferably, the relative refractive index is less than 0.03% for all radii between 6 μm and 25 μm. Preferably, the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion. Preferably, the core ends and the cladding begins at rCORE>4 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 12 μm, and even more preferably between 5 and 10 μm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Example 24 disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 22 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 16 and 21 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm2-km; kappa of 270 to 330 nm; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1270 and 1320 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2, more preferably between 80 μm2 and 100 μm2, even more preferably between 80 μm2 and 90 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, more preferably between 10 and 13 μm, even more preferably between 10 and 12 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km. Preferably, the lateral load loss is less than 1 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.7 dB/m.
Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ3MAX in the third portion of the core is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ(r) between any radii between r=3.5 μm and r=4 μm is less than 0.1%, more preferably less than 0.05%. Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ2MIN is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm occurring between r=2 and r=3 μm.
AOEAL01 may be greater than AOEAL02, or AOEAL02 may be greater than AOEAL01, or AOEAL01 may be substantially equal to AOEAL02.
In preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 400 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 300 μm.
In preferred embodiments, 0.5<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2. In other preferred embodiments, 0.6<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<1.5.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIG. 16 where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core at rCORE.
Example 24 can thus be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region), an intermediate region (or moat region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region, and an outer region (or ring region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the intermediate region. The core preferably has a positive refractive index throughout. Preferably, either the inner region or the outer region comprises the maximum ΔCORE (i.e. ΔMAX=Δ1MAX or ΔMAX=Δ3MAX) for the entire fiber, and the intermediate region comprises Δ2MIN. In some preferred embodiments, Δ1MAX>Δ3MAX. In other preferred embodiments Δ3MAX>Δ1MAX. In other preferred embodiments Δ1MAX≈Δ3MAX. In still other preferred embodiments, In other preferred embodiments Δ1MAX=Δ3MAX. Preferably, Δ1MAX>0, Δ3MAX>0, Δ2MIN>0, Δ1MAX>Δ2MIN, Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN, and |Δ1MAX−Δ3MAX|<0.10%, more preferably <0.05%, that is, Δ1MAX is about equal to Δ3MAX. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the first portion comprises a substantially flat part. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part, and more preferably, a substantial part of the third portion has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
6th Set of Preferred Embodiments
Table 7 lists an illustrative sixth set of preferred embodiments, Examples 25 through 27. FIG. 17 shows the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 25–27 in curves 25–27, respectively.










TABLE 7





Example:
Ex 25
Ex 26
Ex 27



















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−0.06
0.54
0.59


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
16.9
17.4
17.5


Dispersion at 1625 nm
ps/nm-km
21.1
21.6
21.7


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.0881
0.0872
0.0878


1310 nm


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.0584
0.0581
0.0584


1550 nm


Kappa
nm
289
299
300


MFD1310
μm
9.19
9.16
9.31


MFD1550
μm
10.44
10.34
10.51


Attenuation at
dB/km
0.213
0.203
0.204


1550 nm


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
9.9
5.95
7.6


LP11 cutoff
nm
1355
1380
1390


(theoretical)


Cabled cutoff
nm
1235
1265
1277


Zero Dispersion
nm
1311
1304
1306


Wavelength


Aeff at 1310 nm
μm2
71.6
69.0
73.7


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
87.3
84.2
88.6


AOEAL01
μm2
268
237
215


AOEAL02
μm2
220
219
220


AOEAMIN
μm2
220
219
215


Ratio: AOEAL01/

1.22
1.08
0.98


AOEAL02


SBS Threshold
dBm
11.4
10.9
10.5


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dB
4.6
4.1
3.7


Improvement


over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.12
0.14
0.12


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.38
0.38
0.33


Δ(0) − Δ(1)
%
−0.27
−0.24
−0.21


Δ1MAX
%
0.41
0.47
0.39


rΔ1MAX
μm
0.6
0.5
0.5


Δ2MIN
%
0.17
0.25
0.24


rΔ2MIN
μm
2.5
2.5
2.5


Δ3MAX = ΔMAX
%
0.66
0.56
0.52


rΔ3MAX
μm
3.45
3.6
3.5


rΔMAX
μm
3.45
3.6
3.5


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.28
0.18
0.19


Δ1MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.24
0.22
0.15


Δ3MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.49
0.31
0.28


|Δ1MAX − Δ2MIN|
%
0.25
0.09
0.11


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.32
0.33
0.29


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.24
0.29
0.27


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.17
0.26
0.24


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.37
0.28
0.41


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.66
0.56
0.52


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.14
0.37
0.38


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.00
0.00
0.00


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.00
0.00
0.00


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.00
0.00
0.00


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0.00
0.00
0.00


rCORE
μm
4.35
4.4
4.4









The optical fibers illustrated by Examples 25–27 have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than about 80 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 170 μm2, wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5. Preferably, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is greater than about 80 μm2, even more preferably between about 80 and 110 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 100 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 95 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, such as in FIG. 17, the core may comprise a relative refractive index profile having a so-called centerline dip which may occur as a result of one or more optical fiber manufacturing techniques. However, the centerline dip in any of the refractive index profiles disclosed herein is optional. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm and preferably having a maximum relative refractive index Δ1MAX (in percent) less than 0.7%, more preferably less than 0.6%, occurring at a radius rΔ1MAX. The relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is preferably greater than 0.25% and less than 0.7% for all radii between rΔ1MAX and r=1 μm. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.6% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.15% and 0.45%, throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.25% and less than 0.45% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.1% and less than 0.4% from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm. The second portion preferably comprises a minimum relative refractive index, Δ2MIN (in percent), preferably less than 0.3%, more preferably less than 0.30% and greater than 0.1%. Preferably, the difference between Δ1MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN), is greater than 0.1%, more preferably >0.15%. In some preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.2%. In one subset of preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.1% and 0.3%. In another subset of preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.15% and 0.25%. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm. At r=3.5 μm, ΔCORE3>0.3%, preferably >0.4%, more preferably >0.5%. At r=4 μm, preferably ΔCORE3>0.1%. The third portion comprises a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX (in percent) which is greater than Δ2MIN and greater than Δ1MAX. Δ3MAX is the maximum relative refractive index for the entire core (ΔMAX=Δ3MAX). Preferably, the difference between Δ3MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN), is greater than 0.20%, more preferably >0.25%. In preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.2% and 0.6%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.25% and 0.5%. In a subset of preferred embodiments (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.15% and 0.25% and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.25% and 0.5%. Preferably, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0% and 0.7% in the third portion. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of between 4.5 and 12 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 10 μm. The fourth portion may comprise a diffusion tail of decreasing relative refractive index. The Examples in FIG. 17 are depicted with a negligible diffusion tail. ΔCORE4(r) is between 0% and 0.4% throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) for increasing radius decreases from a maximum positive relative refractive index of less than or equal to 0.4% to a minimum between 0 and 0.03%. Preferably, the relative refractive index is less than 0.03% for all radii between 6 μm and 25 μm. Preferably, the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion. Preferably, the core ends and the cladding begins at rCORE>4 μm, more preferably >4.5 μm, even more preferably between 4.5 and 12 μm, and still more preferably between 5 and 10 μm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 25–27 disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 22 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 16 and 21 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm2-km; kappa of 270 to 330 nm; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1270 and 1320 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2, more preferably between 80 and 100 μm 2, even more preferably between 80 μm2 and 90 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, more preferably between 10 and 13 μm, even more preferably between 10 and 12 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km.
Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ3MAX in the third portion of the core is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ(r) between any radii within 0.25 μm of rΔ3MAX is less than 0.1%, more preferably less than 0.05%. Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ2MIN is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm occurring between r=2.5 and r=3 μm.
AOEAL01, may be greater than AOEAL02, or AOEAL02 may be greater than AOEAL01, or AOEAL01, may be substantially equal to AOEAL02.
In preferred embodiments, AOEAL01, and AOEAL02 are both less than 400 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 300 μm2.
In preferred embodiments, 0.5<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2. In other preferred embodiments, 0.6<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<1.5.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIG. 17 where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core.
Examples 25–27 can thus be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region), an intermediate region (or moat region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region, and an outer region (or ring region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the intermediate region. The core preferably has a positive refractive index throughout. Preferably, the outer region comprises the maximum ΔCORE(i.e. ΔMAX=Δ3MAX) for the entire fiber, the intermediate region comprises Δ2MIN, and the inner region comprises Δ1MAX, where Δ3MAX>Δ1MAX, Δ1MAX>0, Δ3MAX>0, Δ2MIN>0, Δ1MAX>Δ2MIN, and Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the first portion comprises a substantially flat part. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part, and more preferably, a substantial part of the third portion has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
7th Set of Preferred Embodiments
FIG. 18 schematically represents an illustrative seventh set of preferred embodiments with a corresponding refractive index profile of Example 28 in curve 28. The optical fiber of Example 28 has the following characteristics: dispersion at 1310 nm of −0.004 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1310 nm of 0.0868 ps/nm2-km, dispersion at 1550 nm of 16.8 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1550 nm of 0.058 ps/nm2-km, kappa at 1550 nm of 290 nm, dispersion at 1625 nm of 20.9 ps/nm-km, mode field diameter at 1550 nm (MFD1550) of 10.29 μm, attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.193 dB/km, pin array at 1550 nm of 8.3 dB, lateral load loss at 1550 nm of 0.49 dB, LP11 cutoff (theoretical) of 1327 nm, zero dispersion wavelength of 1313 nm, Aeff at 1550 nm of 81.6 μm2, AOEAL01 of 324 μm2, AOEAL02 of 143 μm2, AOEAMIN of 143 μm2, ratio AOEAL01/AOEAL02 of 2.26, absolute SBS threshold of 12.1 dBm, an SBS threshold improvement of about 5.3 dB over a similar length of SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber, relative refractive index difference Δ of 0.63, 0.53, 0.34, 0.25, 0.29, 0.37, 0.39, 0.38, 0.24, 0.05, and 0.00% at radii of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5, respectively, ΔMAX−Δ(r=1) of 0.29%, ΔMAX=Δ1MAX of 0.63%, rΔMAX=rΔ1MAX of 0.0 μm, Δ2MIN of about 0.25% at rΔ2MIN of about 1.6 μm, Δ3MAX of about 0.395% at about r3MAX=3.1 μm, Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN of 0.38%, Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN of 0.145%, |Δ1MAX−Δ3MAX| of 0.235%, and rCORE of 4.9 μm.
The optical fibers illustrated by Example 24 have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than about 80 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 200 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 100 μm2, wherein 0.25<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<3.5. Preferably, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is greater than about 80 μm2, even more preferably between about 80 and 110 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 100 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 90 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the core may comprise a relative refractive index profile having a so-called centerline dip which may occur as a result of one or more optical fiber manufacturing techniques. However, the centerline dip in any of the refractive index profiles disclosed herein is optional. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm and preferably having a maximum relative refractive index Δ1MAX (in percent) less than 0.8%, more preferably less than 0.7%, occurring at a radius rΔMAX. The relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is preferably greater than 0.2% and less than 0.7% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.6% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.15% and 0.4%, throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.2% and less than 0.4% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.2% and less than 0.4% from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm. The second portion comprises a minimum relative refractive index, Δ2MIN (in percent), preferably less than 0.35%, more preferably less than 0.3%. Preferably, the difference between Δ1MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN), is greater than 0.2%, more preferably >0.3%. In preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) between 0.3% and 0.4%. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm. At r=3 μm, ΔCORE3>0.3%. The third portion comprises a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX (in percent) which is greater than Δ2MIN and less than Δ1MAX. Preferably, the difference between Δ3MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN), is greater than 0.10%. In preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.1% and 0.2%. Preferably, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0.1% and 0.5%. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of between 4.5 and 12 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 10 μm. ΔCORE4(r) is between 0% and 0.4% throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) for increasing radius decreases from a maximum positive relative refractive index of less than or equal to 0.4% to a minimum between 0 and 0.03%. Preferably, the relative refractive index is less than 0.03% for all radii between 6 μm and 25 μm. Preferably, the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion. Preferably, the core ends and the cladding begins at rCORE>4.5 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 12 μm, and even more preferably between 5 and 10 μm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Example 28 disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 22 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 16 and 21 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm2-km; kappa of 270 to 330 nm; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1270 and 1320 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2, more preferably between 80 μm2 and 100 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, more preferably between 10 and 13 μm, even more preferably between 10 and 12 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km. Preferably, the lateral load loss is less than 1 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.7 dB/m.
Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ3MAX in the third portion of the core is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ(r) between any radii within 0.5 μm of rΔ3MAX is less than 0.1%, more preferably less than 0.05%. Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ2MIN is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm occurring between r=1 and r=2 μm.
AOEAL01 may be greater than AOEAL02, or AOEAL02 may be greater than AOEAL01, or AOEAL01 may be substantially equal to AOEAL02.
In preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 400 μm2.
In preferred embodiments, 0.25<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<3.5. In other preferred embodiments, 0.3<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIG. 18 where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core at rCORE.
Example 28 can thus be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region), an intermediate region (or moat region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region, and an outer region (or ring region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the intermediate region. The core preferably has a positive refractive index throughout. Preferably, the inner region comprises the maximum ΔCORE (i.e. Δ1MAX) for the entire fiber, the intermediate region comprises Δ2MIN, and the outer region comprises Δ3MAX, where Δ1MAX>0, Δ3MAX>0, Δ2MIN>0, Δ1MAX>Δ2MIN, Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN, and Δ1MAX>Δ3MAX>Δ2MAX>0. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the first portion comprises a substantially flat part. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part, and more preferably, a substantial part of the third portion has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
8th Set of Preferred Embodiments
FIG. 19 schematically represents an illustrative eighth set of preferred embodiments with a corresponding refractive index profile of Example 29 in curve 29. The optical fiber of Example 29 has the following characteristics: dispersion at 1310 nm of −0.47 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1310 nm of 0.0895 ps/nm2-km, dispersion at 1550 nm of 16.8 ps/nm-km, dispersion slope at 1310 nm of 0.095 ps/nm2-km, dispersion at 1625 nm of 21.1 ps/nm-km, mode field diameter at 1550 nm (MFD1550) of 10.8 μm, attenuation at 1550 nm of 0.191 dB/km, pin array at 1550 nm of 8.2 dB, lateral load loss at 1550 nm of 0.57 dB, LP11 cutoff (theoretical) of 1335 nm, zero dispersion wavelength of 1318 nm, Aeff at 1550 nm of 83.4 μm2, AOEAL01 of 359 μm2, AOEAL02 of 118 μm2, AOEAMIN of 118 μm2, ratio AOEAL01/AOEAL02 of 3.04, absolute SBS threshold of 12.5 dBm, an SBS threshold improvement of about 5.7 dB over a similar length of SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber by Corning Incorporated, relative refractive index difference Δ of 0.19, 0.77, 0.30, 0.29, 0.31, 0.31, 0.31, 0.31, 0.31, 0.18, and 0.00% at radii of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5, ΔMAX=Δ1MAX of 0.80%, ΔMAX−Δ(r=1) of 0.50%, ΔMAX−Δ(r=3.5) of 0.50%, rΔMAX=rΔ1MAX of 0.45 μm, Δ2MIN of about 0.28% at rΔ2MIN of about 1.2 μm, Δ3MAX of about 0.31%, Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN of 0.52%, Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN of 0.03%, |Δ1MAX−Δ3MAX| of 0.49%, and rCORE of 4.85 μm.
The optical fibers illustrated by Example 29 have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than about 80 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 100 μm2, wherein 0.25<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<3.5. Preferably, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is greater than about 80 μm2, even more preferably between about 80 and 110 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 100 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 95 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, such as in FIG. 19, the core may comprise a relative refractive index profile having a so-called centerline dip which may occur as a result of one or more optical fiber manufacturing techniques. However, the centerline dip in any of the refractive index profiles disclosed herein is optional. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm and preferably having a maximum relative refractive index Δ1MAX (in percent) less than 1.0%, more preferably less than 0.9%, even more preferably between 0.6% and 0.9%, still more preferably between 0.7% and 0.85%, occurring at a radius rΔMAX. The relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is preferably greater than 0.15% and less than 0.9% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.2% and less than 0.85% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.2% and 0.4%, throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.25% and less than 0.35% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.25% and less than 0.3% from r=1.5 to r=2 μm. The second portion comprises a minimum relative refractive index, Δ2MIN (in percent), preferably less than 0.4%, more preferably less than 0.3%. In preferred embodiments, the difference between Δ1MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN), is greater than 0.4%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.45%. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm. At r=3 μm, ΔCORE3>0.2%. The third portion comprises a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX (in percent) which is greater than Δ2MIN and less than Δ1MAX. Preferably, the difference between Δ3MAX and Δ2MIN, i.e. (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN), is less than 0.10%. Preferably (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5))>0.4%, more preferably >0.45%. Preferably, (ΔMAX−Δ3MAX)>0.4%, more preferably >0.45%. In preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between 0.4% and 0.6%, (Δ1MAX−Δ3MAX) is between 0.4% and 0.6%, (ΔMAX−Δ(3.5)) is between 0.4% and 0.6%, and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN)<0.10%. Preferably, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0.1% and 0.4%. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of between 4.5 and 12 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 10 μm. ΔCORE4(r) is between 0% and 0.4% throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) for increasing radius decreases from a maximum positive relative refractive index of less than or equal to 0.4% to a minimum between 0 and 0.03%. Preferably, the relative refractive index is less than 0.03% for all radii between 6 μm and 25 μm. Preferably, the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion. Preferably, the core ends and the cladding begins at rCORE>4.5 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 12 μm, and even more preferably between 5 and 10 μm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Example 29 disclosed herein preferably have: a dispersion at 1550 nm of greater than 15 ps/nm-km, more preferably between 15 and 22 ps/nm-km, even more preferably between 16 and 21 ps/nm-km; a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km, more preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 ps/nm2-km; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1270 and 1320 nm; an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2, more preferably between 80 μm2 and 90 μm2; an optical mode field diameter at 1550 nm of greater than 10 μm, more preferably between 10 and 13 μm, even more preferably between 10 and 12 μm; pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB, more preferably less than 15 dB, even more preferably less than 10 dB; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km. Preferably the lateral load loss is less than 1 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.7 dB/m.
Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ3MAX in the third portion of the core is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ(r) between any radii between r=2 μm and r=4 μm is less than 0.1%, more preferably less than 0.05%. Preferably, the part of the relative refractive index that includes Δ2MIN is relatively flat, i.e. of relatively constant value. Preferably, dΔ/dr has an absolute magnitude <0.05%/μm occurring between r=1 and r=2 μm.
AOEAL01 may be greater than AOEAL02, or AOEAL02 may be greater than AOEAL01 or AOEAL02 may be substantially equal to AOEAL02. Preferably AOEAL01 is substantially greater than AOEAL02.
In preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are both less than 400 μm2.
In preferred embodiments, 0.25<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<3.5. In other preferred embodiments, 0.3<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<3.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIG. 19 where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core at rCORE.
Example 29 can thus be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region), an intermediate region (or moat region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region, and an outer region (or ring region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the intermediate region. The core preferably has a positive refractive index throughout. Preferably, the inner region comprises the maximum ΔCORE (i.e. Δ1MAX) for the entire fiber, the intermediate region comprises Δ2MIN, and the outer region comprises Δ3MAX, where Δ1MAX>Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN>0, Δ1MAX>Δ2MIN, Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the first portion comprises a substantially flat part. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part, and more preferably, a substantial part of the third portion has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
9th Set of Preferred Embodiments
Table 8 lists an illustrative ninth set of preferred embodiments, Examples 30 through 34. FIGS. 23–27 show the corresponding refractive index profiles of Examples 30–34 in curves 30–34, respectively.












TABLE 8





Example:
Ex 30
Ex 31
Ex 32
Ex 33
Ex 34





















Dispersion at 1310 nm
ps/nm-km
−0.03
−0.16
−0.20
−0.02
0.00


Dispersion at 1550 nm
ps/nm-km
17.2
16.8
17.0
17.2
17.4


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.089
0.088
0.089
0.089
0.090


1310 nm


Dispersion Slope at
ps/nm2-km
0.0596
0.0587
0.0593
0.0591
0.0598


1550 nm


Kappa
nm
289
286
287
291
291


MFD1310
μm
9.26
8.98
8.98
8.98
9.05


MFD1550
μm
10.50
10.18
10.18
10.18
10.22


Attenuation at 1550 nm
dB/km
0.1929
0.1956
0.1966
0.1966
0.1951


Pin Array at 1550 nm
dB
4.64
3.53
3.81
3.54
2.92


Lateral Load at 1550 nm
dB/m
0.41
0.28
0.287
0.26
0.24


LP11 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1445
1425
1392
1397
1425


LP02 cutoff (theoretical)
nm
1060
1042
943
941
973


Cabled cutoff
nm
1193
1193
1188
1195
1214


Zero Dispersion
nm
1310
1312
1312
1310
1310


Wavelength


Aeff at 1550 nm
μm2
84.8
80.2
79.99
80.06
80.9


AOEAL01
μm2
243
238
200
203
205


AOEAL02
μm2
212
193
226
224
239


AOEAMIN
μm2
212
193
200
203
205


Ratio: AOEAL01/

1.15
1.23
0.88
0.91
0.86


AOEAL02


SBS Threshold
dBm
10.6
10.2
10.4
10.4
10.5


(absolute)


SBS Threshold
dB
3.8
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.7


Improvement over SMF-


28 ® optical fiber


Δ(r = 0)
%
0.55
0.58
0.21
0.21
0.39


Δ1(r = 1)
%
0.44
0.44
0.48
0.48
0.49


Δ(0) − Δ(1)
%
0.11
0.14
0.27
0.27
0.10


ΔMAX (=Δ1MAX)
%
0.55
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.56


rΔMAX (=rΔ1MAX)
μm
0
0
0.6
0.6
0.6


ΔMAX − Δ(1)
%
0.11
0.14
0.09
0.09
0.07


Δ2MIN
%
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.23


rΔ2MIN
μm
2.45
2.2
2.35
2.35
2.5


Δ3MAX
%
0.44
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.45


R3MAX
μm
3.65
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.7


Δ1MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.31
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.33


Δ3MAX − Δ2MIN
%
0.20
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.22


W3MID
μm
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1


R3MID
μm
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.7


|Δ1MAX − Δ3MAX|
%
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.11


Δ(r = 1.5 μm)
%
0.35
0.33
0.36
0.36
0.38


Δ(r = 2 μm)
%
0.27
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.27


Δ(r = 2.5 μm)
%
0.24
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.23


Δ(r = 3 μm)
%
0.31
0.44
0.38
0.38
0.30


Δ(r = 3.5 μm)
%
0.43
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.45


Δ(r = 4 μm)
%
0.37
0.28
0.34
0.35
0.42


Δ(r = 4.5 μm)
%
0.13
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.13


Δ(r = 5 μm)
%
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02


Δ(r = 5.5 μm)
%
0.01
0.01
0.02
0
0


Δ(r = 6 μm)
%
0.01
0.01
0
0
0


Δ(r = 8 μm)
%
0.01
0.01
0
0
0


Δ(r = 12 μm)
%
0.01
0.01
0
0
0


Δ(r = 14 μm)
%
0
0
0
0
0


rCORE
μm
12.1
12.1
5.9
5.1
5.2









Table 9 lists measured macrobend mandrel wrap losses for four fibers (Examples 3538) made in accordance with the 9th set of preferred embodiments and tested at various wavelengths.










TABLE 9









Macrobend: Mandrel Wrap (dB/m)










Mandrel Diameter:
20 mm
25 mm
32 mm













Wavelength:
1550 nm
1625 nm
1550 nm
1625 nm
1550 nm
1625 nm





Example 35
7.4
17.4
1.08
2.97
0.073
0.25


Example 36
6.5
15.1
0.85
2.40
0.049
0.18


Example 37
1.4
3.8 
0.12
0.42
0.004
0.02


Example 38
2.4
6.6 
0.22
0.85
0.008
0.05









Examples 35 and 36 had refractive index profiles similar to Example 30, as illustrated in FIG. 23. Examples 37 and 38 had refractive index profiles similar to Example 31, as illustrated in FIG. 24. For such fibers, the 20 mm macrobend loss at 1550 nm is preferably less than 5 dB/m, more preferably less than 2 dB/m. The 20 mm macrobend loss at 1625 nm is preferably less than 20 dB/m, more preferably less than 15 dB/m, even more preferably less than 10 dB/m, and still more preferably less than 5 dB/m. The 25 mm macrobend loss at 1550 nm is preferably less than 5 dB/m, more preferably less than 2 dB/m, even more preferably less than 1.0 dB/m, still more preferably less than 0.5 dB/m. The 25 mm macrobend loss at 1625 nm is preferably less than 5 dB/m, more preferably less than 2 dB/m, even more preferably less than 1.0 dB/m, still more preferably less than 0.5 dB/m. The 32 mm macrobend loss at 1550 nm is preferably less than 0.20 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.10 dB/m, even more preferably less than 0.05 dB/m, still more preferably less than 0.005 dB/m, and yet more preferably less than 0.001 dB/m. The 32 mm macrobend loss at 1550 nm is preferably less than 0.5 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.10 dB/m, even more preferably less than 0.05 dB/m.

The optical fibers illustrated by Examples 30–38 have an optical mode effective area at 1550 nm which is greater than about 80 μm2, a first acoustical mode L01 having a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, which is not less than 170 μm2; and a second acoustical mode L02 having a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, which is not less than 170 μm2, wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5. Preferably, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is greater than about 70 μm2, even more preferably between about 70 and 90 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 75 and 85 μm2. In other preferred embodiments, the optical mode effective area at 1550 nm is between about 80 and 90 m2.
In some preferred embodiments, such as in FIGS. 33 and 34 the core may comprise a relative refractive index profile having a so-called centerline dip which may occur as a result of one or more optical fiber manufacturing techniques. However, the centerline dip in any of the refractive index profiles disclosed herein is optional. Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm and preferably having a maximum relative refractive index ΔMAX−Δ1MAX (in percent) occurring at a radius rΔMAX. The relative refractive index ΔCORE1(r) is preferably greater than about 0.20% and less than about 0.7% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm. In some preferred embodiments, ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.6% for all radii between r and r=1 μm. Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.15% and 0.45%, throughout the second portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.30% and less than 0.50% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm, and in preferred embodiments, ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.1% and less than about 0.45% from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm. The second portion preferably comprises a minimum relative refractive index, Δ2MIN (in percent), preferably less than 0.30%, more preferably less than 0.26%. Preferably, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.25%. In preferred embodiments, the difference between Δ1MAX and Δ2MIN (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is greater than 0.30%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.33%. In some preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.30% and about 0.40%. Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm. In preferred embodiments, at r=4 μm, ΔCORE3> about 0.2%. The third portion comprises a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX (in percent) which is greater than Δ2MIN and less than Δ1MAX. Preferably, the difference between Δ3MAX and Δ2MIN (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is greater than 0.10%. In some preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.10% and 0.30%. In other preferred embodiments, (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.20% and 0.30%. In one subset of preferred embodiments, (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.30% and 0.40% and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.20% and 0.30%. Preferably, ΔCORE3(r) is between 0% and about 0.6%, more preferably between 0% and 0.55%, and even more preferably between 0% and 0.5%. In some preferred embodiments, ΔCORE3(r) is between about 0.1% and about 0.5% in the third portion. Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of between 4.5 and 20 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 15 μm. ΔCORE4(r) is between 0% and 0.4% throughout the fourth portion. In preferred embodiments, ΔCORE4(r) for increasing radius decreases from a maximum positive relative refractive index of less than or equal to 0.4% to a minimum between 0 and 0.03%. Preferably, the relative refractive index is less than 0.03% for all radii between 6 μm and 25 μm. Preferably, the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion. Preferably, the core ends and the cladding begins at rCORE>4.5 μm, more preferably between 4.5 and 20 μm, and even more preferably between 4.5 and 15 μm. In some preferred embodiments, 4.5 μm<rCORE<8 μm.
Cladding, or a cladding layer, shown in FIGS. 23–27 where ΔCLAD=0, surrounds and is directly adjacent the outer region of the core at rCORE.
Examples 30–36 can be described as having a core comprising an inner region (or central region), an intermediate region (or moat region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the inner region, and an outer region (or ring region) surrounding and directly adjacent to the intermediate region. The core preferably has a positive refractive index throughout. Preferably, the inner region comprises the maximum ΔCORE (i.e. Δ1MAX) for the entire fiber, the intermediate region comprises Δ2MIN, and the outer region comprises Δ3MAX, where Δ1MAX>Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN>0. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the first portion comprises a substantially flat part. The third portion comprises Δ3MAX which is less than Δ1MAX. Preferably, the relative refractive index profile in the third portion comprises a substantially flat part, and more preferably, a substantial part of the third portion has a substantially flat relative refractive index profile ΔCORE3(r).
For optical fibers disclosed herein such as described in the 9th set of preferred embodiments, a first peak (Δ1MAX, in %) in the relative refractive index occurs in the central region of the core, a second peak (Δ3MAX, in %) occurs in the outer region of the core at RC, and an intermediate minimum (Δ2MIN, in %) in the relative refractive index is disposed radially between the first and second peaks at rΔ2MIN, wherein Δ1MAX>Δ3MAX>Δ2MIN>0. Δ3MAX is greater than 0.40%, and preferably less than Δ1MAX. Δ1MAX is greater than 0.50%, preferably between 0.50 and 0.70%, even more preferably between 0.50 and 0.60%. A second peak width (W3MID) is defined herein as the radial width of the second peak at half the height of the difference between Δ3MAX and Δ2MIN, and the midpoint of the second peak R3MID is defined to occur midway between the inner and outer sides of the second peak of the refractive index. Preferably, W3MID is greater than 0.5, more preferably greater than 0.7, even more preferably greater than 0.8. In some preferred embodiments, W3MID>1.0. R3MID is preferably between 3.0 and 4.0 μm. In some preferred embodiments R3MID is between 3.2 and 3.8 μm. The profile volume of the relative refractive index profile, defined as ∫Δ% (r)rdr, from r=2.5 to 4.5 μm is greater than 2.5, preferably greater than 3.25, more preferably greater than 3.30, in units of %-μm2, and Δ3MAX >0.4%, in order to achieve exceptionally good bend performance. Additionally, providing a small raised “pedestal” in the profile at radii greater than 4.5 μm, as illustrated by Examples 30–32, is also beneficial for improving bend performance while maintaining cable cutoff below 1200 nm.
In preferred embodiments, optical fibers such as those illustrated by Examples 30–38 disclosed herein preferably have: kappa of 270 to 330 nm; dispersion zero less than 1340 nm, more preferably less than 1320 nm, even more preferably between 1270 and 1320 nm; a dispersion at 1310 nm having a magnitude less than 5 ps/nm-km, more preferably less than 3 ps/nm-km; and a dispersion slope at 1310 nm of less than 0.10 ps/nm2-km.
Thus, the optical fibers of the present invention provide good bending performance while providing an increased SBS threshold, and additionally provide cutoff wavelengths suitable for single mode operation at wavelengths greater than about 1260 nm. In particular, optical fibers of the present invention such as in the 9th set of preferred embodiments provide surprisingly low bend losses in a variety of fiber deployments or conditions, as reflected by the bend performance corresponding to a variety of bend tests, such as macrobending (pin array, mandrel wrap, parallel plate) and microbending (lateral load). For such fibers, the pin array bend loss at 1550 nm is preferably less than 5 dB, more preferably less than 3 dB; the lateral load bend loss at 1550 nm is preferably less than 0.50 dB/m, more preferably less than 0.30 dB/m; the cabled cutoff wavelength is less than 1260 nm, preferably less than 1200 nm; the absolute SBS threshold is preferably greater than 9.8+log [(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and α is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm, more preferably greater than 10.0+log [(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)]. Attenuation (spectral) at 1550 nm is preferably less than 0.24 dB/km, more preferably less than 0.23 dB/km, even more preferably less than 0.21 dB/km. In some preferred embodiments, the effective area at 1550 nm is between 70 and 90 μm2, the mode field at 1310 nm is less than 9.5 μm, preferably less than 9.2, the dispersion at 1550 nm is between 15 and 20 ps/nm-km, and the dispersion slope at 1550 nm is less than 0.07 ps/nm2-km.
Preferably, the optical fiber disclosed herein has an absolute threshold of greater than 9.5 dBm, more preferably greater than 10.0 dBm, even more preferably greater than 10.5 dBm, for fiber lengths greater than or equal to about 50 km.
Preferably, the optical fiber disclosed herein has an attenuation at 1380 μm which is not more than 0.3 dB/km greater than an attenuation at 1310 μm, more preferably not more than 0.1 dB/km greater, even more preferably not more than 0.05 dB/km greater. In preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1380 nm is not more than the attenuation at 1310 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1380 nm is less than 0.3 dB/km. In a preferred set of embodiments, the absolute SBS threshold is greater than 8.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)] dBm, preferably greater than 9+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)] dBm, even more preferably greater than 9.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)] dBm (where L is the length of the fiber in km and α is the attenuation of the fiber at 1550 nm) and the attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than 0.3 dB/km greater than an attenuation at 1310 μm, more preferably not more than 0.1 dB/km greater, even more preferably not more than 0.05 dB greater, and in preferred embodiments the attenuation at 1380 nm is not more than the attenuation at 1310 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1380 nm is less than 0.3 dB/km. In some preferred embodiments, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is preferably greater than 80 μm2, and in other preferred embodiments, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm and less than 110 μm.
The optical fiber disclosed herein preferably exhibits a PMD of less than 0.1 ps/sqrt(km), more preferably 0.05 ps/sqrt(km), and even more preferably less than 0.02 ps/sqrt(km). In preferred embodiments, the pin array bend loss at 1550 nm is less than 5 dB, more preferably less than 3 dB. In preferred embodiments, the pin array bend loss at 1620 nm is less than 10 dB, more preferably less than 7 dB, more preferably less than 5 dB.
Preferably, the optical fiber disclosed herein has a cabled cutoff of less than 1300 nm, more preferably between 1200 and 1300 nm.
Preferably, the optical fiber disclosed herein is adapted to transmit optical signals in the 1260 nm to 1625 nm wavelength range.
Preferably, the fibers disclosed herein are made by a vapor deposition process. Even more preferably, the fibers disclosed herein are made by an outside vapor deposition (OVD) process. Thus, for example, known OVD laydown, consolidation, and draw techniques may be advantageously used to produce the optical waveguide fiber disclosed herein. Other processes, such as modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) or vapor axial deposition (VAD) or plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) may be used. Thus, the refractive indices and the cross sectional profile of the optical waveguide fibers disclosed herein can be accomplished using manufacturing techniques known to those skilled in the art including, but in no way limited to, OVD, VAD and MCVD processes.
In a first subgroup of preferred embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein for guiding at least one optical mode and a plurality of acoustical modes, including an L01 acoustical mode and an L02 acoustical mode, the optical fiber comprising: a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the effective area of said optical mode at 1550 nm is greater than 90 μm2; wherein the L01 acoustical mode has a first acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL01, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber; wherein the L02 acoustical mode has a second acousto-optic effective area, AOEAL02, not less than 170 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber; and wherein 0.4<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2.5.
In some preferred embodiments, the relative refractive index of the core has values between an upper boundary curve and a lower boundary curve; wherein the upper boundary curve is a straight line defined by at least two points, including a first upper point having a Δ of 0.6% at a radius of 0 and a second upper point having a Δ of 0% at a radius of 14.25 μm; and wherein the lower boundary curve is a straight line defined by at least two points, including a first lower point having a Δ of 0.25% at a radius of 0 and a second lower point having a Δ of 0% at a radius of 6 μm.
In some preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are not less than 180 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber. In other preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are not less than 190 μm2 at the Brillouin frequency of the optical fiber.
In some preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has a zero dispersion at a wavelength below 1340 nm, more preferably in the range between 1320 and 1340 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the optical fiber has a zero dispersion at a wavelength below 1320 nm, more preferably in the range between 1290 and 1320 nm.
Preferably, the optical fiber has a dispersion of between 15 and 21 ps/nm-km at a wavelength of 1550 nm. In some preferred embodiments, dispersion is between 15 and 17 ps/nm-km at a wavelength of 1550 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the dispersion is between 17 and 20 ps/nm-km at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
Preferably, the optical fiber has an optical effective area of greater than 95 μm2. In some preferred embodiments, the optical effective area is greater than 100 μm2.
Preferably, the optical fiber has pin array bending loss at 1550 nm of less than 15 dB, more preferably less than 10 dB.
In some preferred embodiments, the upper boundary curve is a straight line defined by at least two points, including a first upper point having a Δ of 0.5% at a radius of 0 and a second upper point having a Δ of 0% at a radius of 11.25 μm.
Preferably, the core comprises a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm, the first portion having a relative refractive index greater than 0.25% and less than 0.5%. Preferably, dΔ/dR>−0.15%/μm for all radii from r=0 to r=1 μm. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference between Δ(r=0 μm) and Δ(r=1 μm) is less than 0.1%.
Preferably, the core further comprises a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion extending to a radius of 2.5 μm and having Δ between 0.20% and 0.45%. Preferably, the second portion has a Δ between 0.3% and 0.45% for all radii between 1 and 1.5 μm. In some preferred embodiments, the second portion has a Δ between 0.2% and 0.35% for all radii between 1.5 and 2.5 μm.
Preferably, the core further comprises a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion extending to a radius of 4.5 μm and having Δ between 0.15% and 0.35%. Preferably, the third portion has a Δ between 0.2% and 0.3% for all radii between 2.5 and 4.5 μm. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ between any radii in the third portion is less than 0.1%. Preferably, the absolute magnitude of the difference in Δ between any radii between r=2.5 μm and r=4.5 μm is less than 0.1%.
Preferably, the core further comprises a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion extending to a radius of 6 μm and having Δ between 0.1% and 0.3%. In some preferred embodiments, the fourth portion has a Δ between 0.2% and 0.3% for all radii between 4.5 and 5 μm. Preferably, the fourth portion has a Δ between 0.15% and 0.3% for all radii between 5 and 6 μm.
Preferably, the core further comprises a fifth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the fourth portion, the fifth portion extending to a radius of 9 μm and having Δ between 0.0% and 0.15%. Preferably, Δ(r=5.5 μm)>0.1%. Preferably, Δ(r=6 μm)>0%.
In some preferred embodiments, AOEAL01 and AOEAL02 are less than 400 μm2.
In some embodiments, 0.5<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<2. In other embodiments, 0.6<AOEAL01/AOEAL02<1.5.
In a second subgroup of preferred embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising: a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2; wherein the absolute SBS threshold is greater than 9.5 dBm for a fiber length greater than about 50 km. Preferably, the optical effective area is between 80 and 110 μm2. Preferably, the attenuation at 1380 nm is not more than 0.3 dB higher than an attenuation at 1310 nm. Preferably, the fiber exhibits a 32 mm-diameter bend loss at 1550 nm of not more than 0.03 dB/turn. Preferably, the fiber has a cabled cutoff of less than 1300 nm.
In a third subgroup of preferred embodiments, an n optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising: a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the refractive index of the core is selected to provide an optical effective area at 1550 nm of greater than 80 μm2; an absolute SBS threshold greater than 9.5 dBm for a fiber length greater than about 50 km; a cabled cutoff of less than 1300 nm; and a 32 mm-diameter bend loss at 1550 nm of not more than 0.03 dB/turn.
In a fourth subgroup of preferred embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising: a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the absolute SBS threshold is greater than 8.5 dBm for a fiber length greater than about 50 km; and wherein an attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than 0.3 dB greater than an attenuation at 1310 μm. Preferably, the attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than 0.1 dB greater than the attenuation at 1310 μm. More preferably, the attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than 0.05 dB greater than the attenuation at 1310 μm. In preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than the attenuation at 1310 μm. In some preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1380 μm is less than 0.3 dB. Preferably, the absolute SBS threshold greater than 9.0 dBm, more preferably greater than 9.5 dBm. Preferably, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2, more preferably greater than 80 μm2 and less than 120 μm2.
In a fifth subgroup of preferred embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising: a length; a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the optical fiber has an attenuation at 1550 nm; wherein the refractive index of the core is selected to provide: an optical effective area at 1550 nm greater than 80 μm2; and an absolute SBS threshold in dBm greater than about 9.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and α is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm. Preferably, the optical effective area is between 80 and 110 μm2. Preferably, the attenuation at 1380 nm is not more than 0.3 dB higher than an attenuation at 1310 nm. Preferably, the fiber exhibits a 32 mm-diameter bend loss at 1550 nm of not more than 0.03 dB/turn. Preferably, the fiber has a cabled cutoff of less than 1300 nm.
In a sixth subgroup of preferred embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising: a length; a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the optical fiber has an attenuation at 1550 nm; wherein the refractive index of the core is selected to provide: an optical effective area at 1550 nm of greater than 80 μm2; an absolute SBS threshold in dBm greater than about 9.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and α is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm; a cabled cutoff of less than 1300 nm; and a 32 mm-diameter bend loss at 1550 nm of not more than 0.03 dB/turn.
In a seventh subgroup of preferred embodiments, an optical fiber is disclosed herein comprising: a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core; wherein the absolute SBS threshold in dBm is greater than about 8.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and α is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm; and wherein an attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than 0.3 dB greater than an attenuation at 1310 μm. Preferably, the attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than 0.1 dB greater than the attenuation at 1310 μm, more preferably not more than 0.05 dB greater than the attenuation at 1310 μm. In some preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1380 μm is not more than the attenuation at 1310 μm. In preferred embodiments, the attenuation at 1380 μm is less than 0.3 dB. In some preferred embodiments, the absolute SBS threshold in dBm is greater than about 9.0+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and α is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm. In other preferred embodiments, the absolute SBS threshold in dBm is greater than about 9.5+10 log[(1−e−(0.19)(50)/4.343)/(1−e−(α)(L)/4.343)], wherein L is the length in km and α is the attenuation in dB/km at 1550 nm.
Preferably, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2. In preferred embodiments, the optical effective area at 1550 nm is greater than 80 μm2 and less than 120 μm2.
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation (not to scale) of an optical waveguide fiber 300 as disclosed herein having core 100 and an outer annular cladding or outer cladding layer or clad layer 200 directly adjacent and surrounding the core 100.
Preferably, the cladding contains no germania or fluorine dopants therein. More preferably, the cladding 200 of the optical fiber disclosed herein is pure or substantially pure silica. The clad layer 200 may be comprised of a cladding material which was deposited, for example during a laydown process, or which was provided in the form of a jacketing, such as a tube in a rod-in-tube optical preform arrangement, or a combination of deposited material and a jacket. The clad layer 200 may include one or more dopants. The clad layer 200 is surrounded by a primary coating P and a secondary coating S. The refractive index of the cladding 200 is used to calculate the relative refractive index percentage as discussed elsewhere herein.
Referring to the Figures, the clad layer 200 has a refractive index of nc surrounding the core which is defined to have a Δ(r)=0%, which is used to calculate the refractive index percentage of the various portions or regions of an optical fiber or optical fiber preform.
As shown in FIG. 5, an optical fiber 300 as disclosed herein may be implemented in an optical fiber communication system 30. System 30 includes a transmitter 34 and a receiver 36, wherein optical fiber 300 allows transmission of an optical signal between transmitter 34 and receiver 36. System 30 is preferably capable of 2-way communication, and transmitter 34 and receiver 36 are shown for illustration only. The system 30 preferably includes a link which has a section or a span of optical fiber as disclosed herein. The system 30 may also include one or more optical devices optically connected to one or more sections or spans of optical fiber as disclosed herein, such as one or more regenerators, amplifiers, or dispersion compensating modules. In at least one preferred embodiment, an optical fiber communication system according to the present invention comprises a transmitter and receiver connected by an optical fiber without the presence of a regenerator therebetween. In another preferred embodiment, an optical fiber communication system according to the present invention comprises a transmitter and receiver connected by an optical fiber without the presence of an amplifier therebetween. In yet another preferred embodiment, an optical fiber communication system according to the present invention comprises a transmitter and receiver connected by an optical fiber having neither an amplifier nor a regenerator nor a repeater therebetween.
FIG. 22 schematically illustrates another embodiment of an optical fiber communication system 400 disclosed herein. System 400 includes a transmitter 434 and a receiver 436 which are optically connected by optical transmission line 440. Optical transmission line 440 comprises a first fiber 442 which is a large effective area high SBS threshold optical fiber as disclosed herein, and a second optical fiber 444 having a dispersion at 1550 nm of between −70 and −150 ps/nm-km. In preferred embodiments, the second fiber has a relative refractive index profile having a central core segment with a positive relative refractive index, a moat segment surrounding and in contact with the central segment and having a negative relative refractive index, and a ring segment surrounding and in contact with the moat segment and having a positive relative refractive index. Preferably, the central segment of the second fiber has a maximum relative refractive index between 1.6% and 2%, the moat segment has a minimum relative refractive index between −0.25% and −0.44%, and the ring segment has a maximum relative refractive index between 0.2% and 0.5%. Preferably, the central segment of the second fiber has an outer radius of between 1.5 and 2 μm, the moat segment has an outer radius of between 4 and 5 μm, and the ring segment has a midpoint between 6 and 7 μm. An example of a second fiber is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0053780, Ser. No. 10/184,377 published on Mar. 20, 2003, such as depicted in FIG. 4 or FIG. 6 therein. The first fiber 442 and second fiber 444 may be optically connected by a fusion splice, an optical connector or the like, as depicted by the symbol “X” in FIG. 22. Preferably, the kappa of the first fiber, k1, is matched to the kappa of the second fiber, k2, wherein k1/k2 is preferably between 0.8 and 1.2, more preferably between 0.9 and 1.1, and even more preferably between 0.95 and 1.05. The optical transmission line 440 may also comprise one or more components and/or other optical fiber(s) (for example one or more “pigtail fibers” 445 at junctions between fibers and/or components). In preferred embodiments, at least a portion of the second optical fiber 444 is optionally disposed within a dispersion compensating module 446. Optical transmission line 440 allows transmission of an optical signal between transmitter 434 and receiver 436. Preferably, the residual dispersion in the optical transmission line is less than about 5 ps/nm per 100 km of fiber.
Preferably, the optical fibers disclosed herein have a low water content, and preferably are low water peak optical fibers, i.e. having an attenuation curve which exhibits a relatively low, or no, water peak in a particular wavelength region, especially in the E-band.
Methods of producing low water peak optical fiber can be found in PCT Application Publication Numbers WO00/64825, WO01/47822, and WO02/051761, the contents of each being hereby incorporated by reference.
A soot preform or soot body is preferably formed by chemically reacting at least some of the constituents of a moving fluid mixture including at least one glass-forming precursor compound in an oxidizing medium to form a silica-based reaction product. At least a portion of this reaction product is directed toward a substrate, to form a porous silica body, at least a portion of which typically includes hydrogen bonded to oxygen. The soot body may be formed, for example, by depositing layers of soot onto a bait rod via an OVD process.
A substrate or bait rod or mandrel is inserted through a glass body such as a hollow or tubular handle and mounted on a lathe. The lathe is designed to rotate and translate the mandrel in close proximity with a soot-generating burner. As the mandrel is rotated and translated, silica-based reaction product, known generally as soot, is directed toward the mandrel. At least a portion of silica-based reaction product is deposited on the mandrel and on a portion of the handle to form a body thereon.
Once the desired quantity of soot has been deposited on the mandrel, soot deposition is terminated and the mandrel is removed from the soot body.
Upon removal of the mandrel, the soot body defines a centerline hole passing axially therethrough. Preferably, the soot body is suspended by a handle on a downfeed device and positioned within a consolidation furnace. The end of the centerline hole remote from the handle is preferably fitted with a bottom plug prior to positioning the soot body within the consolidation furnace. Preferably, the bottom plug is positioned and held in place with respect to the soot body by friction fit. The plug is further preferably tapered to facilitate entry and to allow at least temporary affixing, and at least loosely, within the soot body.
The soot body is preferably chemically dried, for example, by exposing soot body to a chlorine-containing atmosphere at elevated temperature within consolidation furnace. A chlorine-containing atmosphere effectively removes water and other impurities from soot body, which otherwise would have an undesirable effect on the properties of the optical waveguide fiber manufactured from the soot body. In an OVD formed soot body, the chlorine flows sufficiently through the soot to effectively dry the entire preform, including the centerline region surrounding centerline hole.
Following the chemical drying step, the temperature of the furnace is elevated to a temperature sufficient to consolidate the soot blank into a sintered glass preform, preferably about 1500° C. The centerline hole is then closed during the consolidation step so that the centerline hole does not have an opportunity to be rewetted by a hydrogen compound prior to centerline hole closure. Preferably, the centerline region has a weighted average OH content of less than about 1 ppb.
Exposure of the centerline hole to an atmosphere containing a hydrogen compound can thus be significantly reduced or prevented by closing the centerline hole during consolidation.
As described above and elsewhere herein, the plugs are preferably glass bodies having a water content of less than about 31 ppm by weight, such as fused quartz plugs, and preferably less than 5 ppb by weight, such as chemically dried silica plugs. Typically, such plugs are dried in a chlorine-containing atmosphere, but an atmosphere containing other chemical drying agents are equally applicable. Ideally, the glass plugs will have a water content of less than 1 ppb by weight. In addition, the glass plugs are preferably thin walled plugs ranging in thickness from about 200 μm to about 2 mm. Even more preferably, at least a portion of a top plug has a wall thickness of about 0.2 to about 0.5 mm. More preferably still, elongated portion 66 has a wall thickness of about 0.3 mm to about 0.4 mm. Thinner walls promote diffusion, but are more susceptible to breakage during handling.
Thus, inert gas is preferably diffused from the centerline hole after the centerline hole has been sealed to create a passive vacuum within the centerline hole, and thin walled glass plugs can facilitate rapid diffusion of the inert gas from the centerline hole. The thinner the plug, the greater the rate of diffusion. A consolidated glass preform is preferably heated to an elevated temperature which is sufficient to stretch the glass preform, preferably about 1950° C. to about 2100° C., and thereby reduce the diameter of the preform to form a cylindrical glass body, such as a core cane or an optical fiber, wherein the centerline hole collapses to form a solid centerline region. The reduced pressure maintained within the sealed centerline hole created passively during consolidation is generally sufficient to facilitate complete centerline hole closure during the draw (or redraw) process. Consequently, overall lower O—H overtone optical attenuation can be achieved. For example, the water peak at 1383 nm, as well as at other OH induced water peaks, such as at 950 nm or 1240 nm, can be lowered, and even virtually eliminated.
A low water peak generally provides lower attenuation losses, particularly for transmission signals between about 1340 nm and about 1470 nm. Furthermore, a low water peak also affords improved pump efficiency of a pump light emitting device which is optically coupled to the optical fiber, such as a Raman pump or Raman amplifier which may operate at one or more pump wavelengths. Preferably, a Raman amplifier pumps at one or more wavelengths which are about 100 nm lower than any desired operating wavelength or wavelength region. For example, an optical fiber carrying an operating signal at wavelength of around 1550 nm may be pumped with a Raman amplifier at a pump wavelength of around 1450 nm. Thus, the lower fiber attenuation in the wavelength region from about 1400 nm to about 1500 nmn would tend to decrease the pump attenuation and increase the pump efficiency, e.g. gain per mW of pump power, especially for pump wavelengths around 1400 nm. Generally, for greater OH impurities in a fiber, the water peak grows in width as well as in height. Therefore, a wider choice of more efficient operation, whether for operating signal wavelengths or amplification with pump wavelengths, is afforded by the smaller water peak. Thus, reducing OH impurities can reduce losses between, for example, for wavelengths between about 1260 nm to about 1650 nm, and in particular reduced losses can be obtained in the 1383 nm water peak region thereby resulting in more efficient system operation.
The fibers disclosed herein exhibit low PMD values particularly when fabricated with OVD processes. Spinning of the optical fiber may also lower PMD values for the fiber disclosed herein.
Brillouin scattering loss of the optical fiber disclosed herein, and in particular of Ge-doped optical fiber, may be further reduced by modulating the tension applied to the fiber during draw. At least a portion, preferably an end portion, of an optical fiber preform is heated to a high temperature so that an optical fiber can be drawn, such as by lowering the preform into an RF induction furnace and heating it to a melting temperature, the preform comprising a high purity, low loss germanium silicate glass core surrounded by an outer layer of glass cladding with a lower index of refraction than the core. Fiber is then drawn from the heated preform at an appropriately modulated tension. Upon sufficient heating, a melted end portion of the preform bearing a glass strand drops, and the strand is inserted into a fiber drawing station. The parameters are then adjusted to produce a fiber of desired diameter and uniformity. The fiber drawing speed and tension can be under control of a computer the draw tension on the fiber is modulated with respect to fiber length in a sinusoidal, triangular or, preferably, a trapezoidal waveform essentially between a minimum in the range 10 to 50 g and a maximum in the range 150 to 250 g. The sinusoidal waveform is actually the positive half of a true sinusoid, and its wavelength as referred to herein is the length from the minimum tension range to the maximum back to the minimum. The preferred wavelength of a sinusoidal is in the range 3 to 30 km. The preferred triangular waveform is characterized by a base along the length in the range 3 to 30 km; and the preferred trapezoidal waveform has a pair of bases along the fiber length: a major base in the range 3 km to 15 km and a minor base in the range 1 km to 13 km. The resulting product is drawn optical fiber having a Ge-doped core and a cladding surrounding the core. The core is characterized by a repeated pattern of modulated strain. The strain is modulated with length between a low produced by 10–50 g of stress in the draw to a high produced by 150–250 g stress in the draw. The modulation pattern is characterized by a repetition length in the range 3 to 30 km. The pattern waveform is preferably sinusoidal, triangular or trapezoidal. Also see U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,259, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
All of the optical fibers disclosed herein can be employed in an optical signal transmission system, which preferably comprises a transmitter, a receiver, and an optical transmission line. The optical transmission line is optically coupled to the transmitter and receiver. The optical transmission line preferably comprises at least one optical fiber span, which preferably comprises at least one section of optical fiber.
The system preferably further comprises at least one amplifier, such as a Raman amplifier, optically coupled to the optical fiber section.
The system further preferably comprises a multiplexer for interconnecting a plurality of channels capable of carrying optical signals onto the optical transmission line, wherein at least one, more preferably at least three, and most preferably at least ten optical signals propagate at a wavelength between about 1260 nm and 1625 nm. Preferably, at least one signal propagates in one or more of the following wavelength regions: the 1310 nm band, the E-band, the S-band, the C-band, and the L-band.
In some preferred embodiments, the system is capable of operating in a coarse wavelength division multiplex mode wherein one or more signals propagate in at least one, more preferably at least two of the following wavelength regions: the 1310 nm band, the E-band, the S-band, the C-band, and the L-band.
In one preferred embodiment, the system comprises a section of optical fiber as disclosed herein having a length of not more than 20 km. In another preferred embodiment, the system comprises a section of optical fiber as disclosed herein having a length of greater than 20 km. In yet another preferred embodiment, the system comprises a section of optical fiber as disclosed herein having a length of greater than 70 km.
In one preferred embodiment, the system operates at less than or equal to about 1 Gbit/s. In another preferred embodiment, the system operates at less than or equal to about 2 Gbit/s. In yet another preferred embodiment, the system operates at less than or equal to about 10 Gbit/s. In still another preferred embodiment, the system operates at less than or equal to about 40 Gbit/s. In yet another preferred embodiment, the system operates at greater than or equal to about 40 Gbit/s.
In a preferred embodiment, a system disclosed herein comprises an optical source, an optical fiber as disclosed herein optically coupled to the optical source, and a receiver optically coupled to the optical fiber for receiving the optical signals transmitted through the optical fiber, the optical source having the capability of dithering, and/or phase modulating, and/or amplitude modulating, the optical signal generated by the optical source, and the optical signal is received by the receiver.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can be measured by a measurement system that records input power (Pin) and backscattered power (Pbs) as input power is varied over a defined range of input powers. Various systems and/or methods of determining the SBS threshold of an optical fiber could be used to characterize the fiber. One preferred method and system are disclosed herein.
The measurement system disclosed herein comprises a light source, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), a variable optical attenuator (VOA), a polarization controller, an optical power routing device such as a two-by-two coupler or an optical circulator, and several optical power detectors and power meters. Single-mode patchcords with FC/APC connectors join these components. A representative measurement system is shown in FIG. 20.
The light source, which may be a tunable or single-wavelength continuous wave laser, has a very narrow spectral width, about 150 kHz or less. The wavelength is preferably centered around 1550 nm, but can vary within the gain band of the EDFA. An EDFA is used to amplify the optical signal to power levels that can induce SBS in the fiber under test. A variable optical attenuator (VOA) is used to vary the optical power that is launched into the fiber under test. The VOA is selected to allow sufficiently fine step sizes and sufficient range to allow the measurement of input power and backscattered power across a broad range of input powers. A polarization control device is preferably used to establish 100% degree of polarization and a stable state of polarization. A two-by-two directional coupler or optical circulator directs power to the fiber under test and supports the monitoring of backscattered power (Port B) and/or input power (Port A). The fiber under test (FUT) is connected to the coupler or circulator with a fusion splice or other reflectionless connection device or method. A third detector may be used to monitor output power at Port C. Unless otherwise noted herein, SBS threshold values reported herein correspond to subjecting the optical fiber to the output of a continuous wave laser having a very narrow spectral width, about 150 kHz or less. Higher threshold values may be obtained for the same fiber when subjected to the output of sources having dithered or wider spectral widths. SBS threshold values reported herein correspond to optical fibers having a length of about 50 km, unless otherwise noted. It should be understood that the SBS threshold measurements could be performed on different lengths of fiber.
To conduct a measurement, a fiber is spliced into the system and the coupler taps are connected to the optical power detectors. The laser is activated and the EDFA yields a fixed output power. The VOA attenuation is stepped across a selected range in small increments, from a high inserted loss value to zero. For example, in one embodiment the step size is 0.1 dB and the scan range is 20 dB.
Reference measurement is conducted to obtain the actual input power. Although the input power is monitored during this process, the reference measurement allows a determination of actual input power without having to account for polarization dependent loss (PDL) and splice loss. This measurement is conducted on a two-meter sample of the fiber under test. The fiber is cutback and connected to Port C. The VOA scan is repeated over the same range, and the reference input power is recorded at Port C. These power values are used as the input powers of record. The input power and backscattered power level are recorded at each step (see curve P in FIG. 21).
When the scans are completed, first and second derivatives of the curve are calculated. The data set are preferably smoothed prior to calculating the first and second derivatives. The absolute SBS threshold is herein defined at the point at which the second derivative is maximum, which represents the point at which the rate of change of backscattered power in mW with respect to the change in input power (in mW) has reached a maximum. An illustrative plot of measured data (curve P) and the first and second derivatives (curve P′ and P′′, respectively) are presented in FIG. 21. Curve P′ is then the first derivative of backscattered power in mW with respect to input power in mW. Curve P′′ is the second derivative of backscattered power in mW with respect to input power in mW. In FIG. 21, the abscissa of the peak P′′PEAK of curve P′′ is the absolute SBS threshold, SBSt, in dBm (e.g. 8.22 dBm in FIG. 21). That is, the input power at which the second derivative is a maximum is defined as the absolute SBS threshold for the fiber.
As reported herein, SBS threshold values were obtained with a polarization control device that establishes a fixed polarization state. However, in an alternate embodiment of the system and/or method for measuring SBS threshold, the SBS threshold could also be measured with a polarization randomizer or scrambler. The use of a polarization randomizer would increase the measured SBSt values for a given optical fiber by approximately 3 dB when compared to the SBSt value obtained with a fixed polarization state (100% degree of polarization and constant state of polarization).
Comparative SBS threshold values reported herein, such as SBS threshold improvement over a representative SMF-28® or SMF-28e® optical fiber manufactured by Corning Incorporated which has an attenuation similar to the attenuation of the optical fibers disclosed herein, compare the SBS threshold of different fibers measured in the same way (i.e. by the same method, and measurement system if measurement data is used). Thus, even though various SBS threshold measurement methods (and systems) may exist, the comparative values obtained from two different fibers according to the same method should be substantially similar to comparative values obtained from those fibers utilizing a different method.
The SBS threshold varies with the length and attenuation of the fiber under test. Generally, a very short length of an optical fiber will tend to have a higher SBS threshold value than a very long length of the same fiber. Also, generally, a length of one optical fiber having a higher attenuation will tend to have a higher SBS threshold value than the same length of another similar optical fiber having a lower attenuation. An approximate analytical expression is given in “Raman and Brillouin Non-Linearities in Broadband WDM-Overlay Single Fiber PONs,” G. H. BuAbbud et al., ECOC 2003:




  
    
      
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          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          B
        
        )
      
    
    +
    
      10
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          log
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              
                1
                -
                
                  exp
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        -
                        α
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        L
                        1
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
              
                1
                -
                
                  exp
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        -
                        α
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        L
                        2
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
            
            ]
          
        
        .
      
    
  




Of course, the value for a should be divided by a factor of 4.343 if α is in dB.

For example, the values of SBS threshold reported herein correspond to fibers having a length (L1) of about 50 km and an attenuation at 1550 nm of about 0.19 dB/km. Thus, the SBS threshold P2 for an optical fiber of the type disclosed herein having a length L2 and attenuation α2 can be determined from:




  
    
      P
      2
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        d
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        B
      
      )
    
  
  ≅
  
    
      
        P
        1
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        
          d
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          B
        
        )
      
    
    +
    
      10
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          log
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              
                1
                -
                
                  exp
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        -
                        
                          (
                          
                            
                              0.19
                              *
                            
                            ⁢
                            50
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        /
                      
                      ⁢
                      4.343
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
              
                1
                -
                
                  exp
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        -
                        α
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        L
                        2
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
            
            ]
          
        
        .
      
    
  




Preferably, the optical fiber disclosed herein has a silica-based core and cladding. In preferred embodiments, the cladding has an outer diameter of about 125 μm. Preferably, the outer diameter of the cladding has a constant diameter along the length of the optical fiber. In preferred embodiments, the refractive index of the optical fiber has radial symmetry.
It is to be understood that the foregoing description is exemplary of the invention only and is intended to provide an overview for the understanding of the nature and character of the invention as it is defined by the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated and constitute part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various features and embodiments of the invention which, together with their description, serve to explain the principals and operation of the invention. It will become apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to the preferred embodiment of the invention as described herein can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An optical fiber comprising:
a core having a refractive index profile and a centerline; and
a cladding layer surrounding and directly adjacent the core;
wherein the core comprises:
a first portion extending from the centerline to a radius of 1 μm, the first portion comprising a relative refractive index profile, ΔCORE1(r), having a maximum relative refractive index Δ1MAX less than 0.7% and occurring at a radius rΔMAX, wherein Δ1MAX is the maximum relative refractive index ΔMAX for the entire core, wherein ΔCORE1(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.6% for all radii between rΔMAX and r=1 μm;
a second portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the first portion, the second portion comprising a relative refractive index profile ΔCORE2(r) having a minimum relative refractive index Δ2MIN<0.3%, and extending from a radius of 1 μm to a radius of 2.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.5%, wherein (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.25%;
a third portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the second portion, the third portion comprising a relative refractive index ΔCORE3(r) extending from a radius of 2.5 μm to a radius of 4.5 μm, wherein ΔCORE3(r) is between 0% and about 0.6% and has a maximum relative refractive index Δ3MAX, wherein ΔCORE3(r=4 μm)>0.2%, wherein Δ2MIN<Δ3MAX<Δ1MAX, and wherein (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.10%; and
a fourth portion surrounding and directly adjacent to the third portion, the fourth portion having a relative refractive index ΔCORE4(r) extending to a radius of between 4.5 and 12 μm;
wherein the cladding surrounds and is directly adjacent to the fourth portion, and wherein the core ends and the cladding begins at rCORE>4.5 μm.

2. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein optical fiber exhibits a pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 20 dB.

3. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein optical fiber exhibits a pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 15 dB.

4. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein optical fiber exhibits a pin array bend loss at 1550 nm less than 10 dB.

5. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the optical fiber exhibits a lateral load loss at 1550 mm less than 0.5 dB/m.

6. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the optical fiber exhibits a lateral load loss at 1550 nm less than 0.3 dB/m.

7. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the optical fiber exhibits a 20 mm macrobend loss at 1550 nm less than 5 dB/m.

8. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the optical fiber exhibits a 20 nm macrobend loss at 1550 nm less than 2 dB/m.

9. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein Δ1MAX is less than 0.6.

10. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein ΔCORE2(r) is between 0.15% and 0.45%, throughout the second portion.

11. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein ΔCORE2(r) is greater than 0.3% and less than 0.45% from r=1 to r=1.5 μm.

12. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein ΔCORE2(r) is greater than about 0.1% and less than about 0.35% from r=1.5 to r=2.5 μm.

13. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein Δ2MIN is less than 0.25%.

14. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN)>0.35%.

15. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.3% and about 0.5%.

16. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.3% and 0.4%.

17. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.1% and 0.3%.

18. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.1% and 0.2%.

19. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.2% and 0.3%.

20. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein (Δ1MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.3% and 0.4% and (Δ3MAX−Δ2MIN) is between about 0.1% and 0.2%.