Opinion issued August 30, 2016

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-14-00450-CR

———————————

DANIEL LYNN EASTER, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 506th District Court

Waller County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 13-02-14323

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury found appellant, Daniel Lynn Easter, guilty of the felony offense of 

attempted theft by deception from a non-profit organization.

1

 The trial court 

 

1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 15.01(a), (d) (Vernon 2011) (criminal attempt), 

31.03(a) (Vernon Supp. 2015) (theft); see also id. § 31.03(f)(3) (offense of theft 
2

assessed his punishment at confinement for six months, suspended the sentence, and 

placed him on community supervision for two years. In four issues,2appellant 

contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction and the 

trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial and overruling his objections to 

portions of the State’s closing argument.

We affirm.

Background

Archie Glenn Hashaw, Jr., executive director of Waller County Emergency 

Medical Service (“Waller County EMS”), a non-profit organization and the 

complainant in this case, testified that Waller County EMS provides “9-1-1 

ambulance service” for the county. It shares “a building in downtown Monaville,”

designated as Fire Station Number 2, with the Monaville Volunteer Fire Department 

(the “Monaville VFD”). And appellant serves as fire chief for the Monaville VFD.

 

“increased to next higher category of offense” if owner of appropriated property 

was non-profit organization).

2

In his first issue, appellant contends that this Court “lacks jurisdiction on appeal 

because [his] motion for arrest of judgment was GRANTED and the State did not 

appeal the trial court’s ruling.” Prior to the submission of appellant’s case, we 

granted the State’s “Motion to Abate Appeal and Remand Case to Trial Court for 

Clarification of Order and For Correction of Record Nunc Pro Tunc.” We noted 

that the trial court’s order on appellant’s “Motion in Arrest of Judgment” did not 

make clear whether it “intended to arrest the judgment or merely intended to 

suspend imposition of the sentence until the resolution of any appeals.” The trial 

court subsequently clarified its order and denied appellant’s “Motion in Arrest of 

Judgment.” Thus, we need not address appellant’s first issue and will limit our 

review to his remaining four issues. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
3

Hashaw explained that Waller County EMS, pursuant to a “joint venture 

agreement,” built Fire State Number 2 “jointly” with the Monaville VFD, with the 

intention that the two entities would jointly “share the building for the common good 

of the community.” Fire Station Number 2 is a “metal building” with “living 

quarters,” “a couple of bedrooms,” “common living area,” “bathrooms,” “some 

bays” for the fire trucks, and “a spot” for Waller County EMS to use. 

Although Waller County EMS and Monaville VFD originally intended to 

“share the expenses” related to the building “50/50,” not all expenses, in reality, are

shared equally between the two. In regard to the electric bill, for example, Hashaw 

noted that Waller County EMS pays one-hundred percent of the bill and then sends 

an invoice to the Monaville VFD for approximately twenty-five percent of the 

electricity cost. The Monaville VFD in turn “send[s] EMS the money” that it owes

for its portion of the bill.

Hashaw further testified that the relationship between Waller County EMS

and the Monaville VFD has not been “smooth[]” during the time that they have 

shared Fire Station Number 2. They have had “disagreements” and “issues” “getting 

along.” Specifically, the Monaville VFD “wants the building for [its] own. [It] 

wants [Waller County EMS] out. [It] ha[s] threatened to evict [Waller County 

EMS].” And the Monaville VFD has sent Waller County EMS “demand letters” 

“asking [it] to leave the premises” and “threatening” to hire an attorney “to evict [it] 
4

out of the building.” Waller County EMS has also “endured actual person to person 

harassment [of its] EMS crews at the station.”

In regard to Fire Station Number 2’s parking lot, Hashaw, “[a]t some point,” 

“learn[ed] that [it] . . . had been improved or had new pavement put on it.” On 

January 5, 2012, Rhonda Becvar, Waller County EMS’s office manager, received an 

invoice, the “first” “formal[]” request for payment, from the Monaville VFD related 

to the parking lot improvement. The invoice, dated December 22, 2011 and admitted 

into evidence as State’s Exhibit 1, requests payment of $2,500 “[d]ue upon receipt.”

And the “Description” portion of the invoice states: “Pro-Line Materials Invoice 

#4264 redo parking lot station 2 required payment in full upon completion your half 

to be reimbursed to” the Monaville VFD. Hashaw explained that the invoice 

essentially “ask[ed] for [Waller County EMS] to pay 50 percent of what [the 

Monaville VFD] s[aid] [it] paid for some work done” on Fire Station Number 2’s

parking lot. According to Hashaw, 

the first time [he] knew about [any] parking lot improvement[,] or as 

the invoice says [“]Pro-Line Materials, Invoice 4264, redo parking lot 

at Station 2, required payment in full upon completion; your half to be 

reimbursed to [the] Monaville [VFD”] . . . was when [Waller County 

EMS] w[as] asked to pay for it[.]

A second invoice, dated December 22, 2011 and admitted into evidence as 

State’s Exhibit 2, is from ProLine Materials, Inc. (“ProLine”) to the Monaville VFD, 

requesting payment of $5,000. The “Description” portion of the invoice states: 
5

“Completely re-do parking lot at Station 2.” At the top of the invoice is the notation, 

“PAID By Check.” And included with the invoice, in State’s Exhibit 2, is a 

photograph of the front portion of a check written by the Monaville VFD to ProLine 

for $5,000.

After receiving State’s Exhibit 1, Waller County EMS asked the Monaville 

VFD “for a copy of the cancelled check” because it did not have “any previous 

knowledge” of “ow[ing] anybody [the] money” for the parking lot improvement. In 

response, the Monaville VFD provided Waller County EMS with State’s Exhibit 2. 

Hashaw explained, however, that the Monaville VFD never “produce[d] a cancelled 

check” to evidence its payment to ProLine. Instead, the Monaville VFD only 

“produced” a check “written” to ProLine but which “never went to the bank.”

On November 7, 2012, the Monaville VFD sent to Waller County EMS 

another copy, admitted into evidence as State’s Exhibit 3, of the ProLine invoice to 

the Monaville VFD for $5,000. Hashaw explained that this constituted “another 

request” by the Monaville VFD for reimbursement from Waller County EMS for the

parking lot improvement.

Hashaw noted that he did not personally have any direct dealings with 

appellant about the parking lot improvement or the Monaville VFD’s repeated 

requests for payment of $2,500. However, he explained that neither he, nor “any 

representative of Waller County EMS,” was ever “told don’t worry about th[e]
6

$2,500, it was not paid for, it was a donation.” And, “as far as [he] knows,” “to this 

day” Monaville VFD is “still requesting the $2,500” from Waller County EMS. 

Appellant also never told Hashaw that the Monaville VFD’s invoice, in which it 

requested payment of $2,500 from Waller County EMS, was a “mistake” or Waller 

County EMS should not “worry about [paying] it.”

Becvar testified that, as the office manager of Waller County EMS, she

handles “all of the bookkeeping, secretarial [responsibilities], reception, janitorial 

[duties], . . . payroll, accounts payable, [and] accounts receivable.” And she is “the 

person responsible for paying the bills of Waller County EMS.”

Becvar explained that on December 5, 2011, the Monaville VFD made a 

“reimbursement request[]” for $2,500 for “Pro-Line Asphalt, parking lot” at a 

“Building Committee” meeting between it and Waller County EMS. At the 

meeting,

3

the Monaville VFD provided Waller County EMS with a “list of items”

for which it requested reimbursement. The “list,” admitted into evidence as State’s 

Exhibit 5, is titled, “Reimbursement Request to EMS from MVFD 12-5-11.” In it, 

 

3 According to Becvar, the “Building Committee” meeting occurred after appellant 

had told her that Waller County EMS “owed” the Monaville VFD $20,000 and 

advised her that each entity’s respective representatives were “having a problem 

getting” together “to sit down and iron out some expenses that needed to be 

handled.” Appellant spoke to Becvar about this matter in a “demanding” tone, and 

he took “an active part in the financial affairs” of the Monaville VFD. “About a 

month later,” a Waller County EMS representative “met with the [B]uilding 

[C]ommittee” for the Monaville VFD as a result of Becvar’s conversation with 

appellant.
7

the Monaville VFD represents that it “[p]aid” $5,000 to “Pro[L]ine” for “[p]arking 

[l]ot” “[m]aintenance.” And it requests “[r]eimbursement” in the amount of $2,500

from Waller County EMS, stating that “[p]ayment [is] due within 30 days.”

Becvar also testified about certain email communications, admitted into 

evidence as State’s Exhibit 6, between Waller County EMS and the Monaville VFD. 

Specifically, on December 27, 2011, the Monaville VFD, in an email from Joanne 

Gregory, a Monaville VFD board member, to Deena Elliot, a Waller County EMS 

board member and representative that attended the “Building Committee” meeting, 

again requested $2,500 from Waller County EMS for the parking lot improvement. 

In the email, Gregory asks, “Can you please advise when/if [the Monaville VFD] 

can expect a check for the $3,340[] ($2500[] for Driveway and $840[] for EMS bay 

door).” And appellant was included on this email communication. Moreover, 

Gregory, on January 5, 2012, sent an email to Becvar, requesting “a status update”

about the Monaville VFD’s previously requested payment of $3,340—$2,500 of 

which was related to the parking lot improvement. Appellant was also included on 

this email communication.

Following Gregory’s emails, Waller County EMS “requested . . . a copy of 

proof of payment for the [ProLine] invoice” so that it could verify that the Monaville 

VFD “actually paid for [ProLine’s] services.” Becvar specifically requested “a copy 

of a cancelled check” from the Monaville VFD “to prove that [it] did pay for [the 
8

parking lot improvement].” As she testified: “I e-mailed . . . Gregory and asked her 

if either she or [the Monaville VFD] accountant could provide [Waller County EMS 

with] a copy of [the] cancelled check that paid for the driveway repairs.” Becvar 

explained that although she had, on January 5, 2012, received “a copy of a check”

from the Monaville VFD “for $5,000” with a copy of a “paid [ProLine] invoice,”

she needed “[a] copy of the cancelled check,” “[m]eaning [a copy of] the front and 

[the] back” of the check to verify “[p]roof of payment.” In other words, Becvar

needed “[p]roof” that the $5,000 check written by the Monaville VFD to ProLine 

had been actually “[c]ashed” or “[d]eposited.” However, the Monaville VFD never 

provided such proof.

Becvar further testified that in November 2012, the Monaville VFD “again 

asked” Waller County EMS “to pay $2,500 for the parking lot” improvement. And 

the Monaville VFD sent, by certified mail, another copy of ProLine’s invoice to 

Waller County EMS with the “PAID By Check” notation at the top.

According to Becvar, no one from the Monaville VFD had “ever represented 

to Waller County EMS” that the parking lot improvement constituted a “donation”

from ProLine. And no one from the Monaville VFD, “since th[e] . . . request for 

payment was made[] [in] November of 2012,” ever informed Waller County EMS 

that it did not “owe the money” and it should “ignore the . . . request for payment.” 
9

And, as far as she was aware, the Monaville VFD’s request for payment of $2,500 

was “a pending invoice” at the time of her testimony.

Davis Reid Dawson, the owner of ProLine, testified that it “suppl[ies] and 

manufacture[s] different types of asphalt materials to the State, [the] County, 

[and] . . . municipalities.” He “know[s]” appellant, and ProLine has had, with the 

Monaville VFD, “business dealings,” which he described as providing “donations

throughout the years.”

In 2010, appellant “approached” Dawson, while he was at appellant’s 

restaurant, “want[ing] to know if [ProLine] wanted to make a donation” to the 

Monaville VFD. Dawson agreed, and ProLine made its “first donation” to the 

Monaville VFD by creating “an asphalt apron in front” of its water storage tank so 

that its fire trucks could be “suppl[ied]” with water.

In 2011, appellant “asked” Dawson to make another donation to the Monaville 

VFD by “install[ing] recycled millings . . . to extend the parking lot or the truck 

parking at the . . . main headquarters for th[e] fire department in Monaville.” As he 

did in 2010, appellant approached Dawson while he was at appellant’s restaurant. 

Appellant stated, “Hey, would you like to, you know, donate -- need some help with 

extending the parking lot,” to which Dawson replied, “Certainly.”

Dawson noted that ProLine followed-through and made, to the Monaville 

VFD, a donation, consisting of “suppl[ying] the goods and labor to extend the 
10

parking lot . . . at the Monaville [VFD] to the west[,] . . . where [the fire] trucks 

come in because it was just bare dirt.” ProLine provided “probably 10 loads or so 

of recycled asphalt” and “made a nice driveway so [that the Monaville VFD’s fire] 

trucks and people could park there.” The area where “[t]he donation was made” 

originally consisted of “just grass and mud.” ProLine “came in with a recycled 

product [it] make[s] at [its] shop and did th[e] whole area, installed it, rolled and 

compact[ed] it, and then went around the red tank to kind of the back of the 

building . . . where [the fire] trucks pull in from the back so it would be nice, 

recycled asphalt around there.”

Dawson explained that State’s Exhibit 10 is “an actual invoice” from ProLine 

that corresponds with its 2011 donation to the Monaville VFD. Appellant came to 

ProLine’s office and “instructed” Dawson to “create” the invoice. According to 

Dawson,

[appellant] stopped by the shop and [they] visited. And [appellant] just 

said he needed an invoice so that – [Dawson] guess[ed] for his records. 

[Dawson] didn’t really ask [appellant] a bunch of questions. [He]

assumed [that appellant] was using it for value purposes for the 

donation or his bookkeeping. And [Dawson’s] secretary printed [the 

invoice] out.

. . . .

As far as [Dawson] c[ould] remember, [appellant] just -- he showed 

up. . . . And so, this was -- this was after the work was done . . . . And 

[appellant] sat down with [Dawson’s secretary] and [Dawson], and 

[they] discussed what document he needed for his purposes. And this 

[was] how [the invoice] was generated.
11

. . . .

[Appellant] told [ProLine] to create th[e] [invoice].

Appellant told Dawson to “generate an invoice” for a certain amount and said 

“[n]othing” about indicating on the invoice that the Monaville VFD had requested a 

donation from ProLine. Appellant simply “wanted [Dawson] to create th[e] 

invoice,” and he “instructed” Dawson to put “$5,000 on th[e] invoice.”

After appellant obtained “a hard copy” of the invoice, he then told Dawson 

that he “could toss” any other copies of the invoice, i.e., “throw it away,” which 

Dawson did. In other words, Dawson’s secretary “deleted” the electronic version of 

the invoice after it had been “printed and given to” appellant. The deletion occurred 

while appellant was “still” at ProLine’s office. And appellant was the only person 

to ever receive a copy of the invoice.4

Dawson further testified that no one, other than appellant, ever “solicit[ed] 

donations” from ProLine on the behalf of Monaville VFD. And no one, other than 

appellant, ever “ha[d] any discussions” with him about creating the ProLine invoice, 

 

4 Dawson further noted that although State’s Exhibit 10 is in the form of an “actual” 

invoice that ProLine’s “computer bookkeeping system” would generate, the “PAID 

By Check” notation at the top of the invoice is “in a different spot” from where 

ProLine’s system would usually make such a notation. And he explained that “the 

notation of ‘Paid by check’ was not a part of the actual invoice that [he] and [his] 

company created, assembled, and provided to [appellant].”
12

State’s Exhibit 10. “All of [Dawson’s] interactions . . . regarding [ProLine’s] 

donations” to the Monaville VFD were “solely with” appellant.

Further, ProLine “never actually d[id] financial business” with the Monaville 

VFD, which had never “pa[id] [ProLine] for services.” And ProLine has never 

“received any money from” the Monaville VFD “for anything,” nor “expected that 

[it] would receive money from” the Monaville VFD “for anything,” because all of 

its work for the Monaville VFD had been “a donation.” Finally, Dawson explained 

that appellant “asked for th[e] donations” from ProLine and “told [Dawson] how to 

make the[] invoice[].” ProLine “[n]ever received a check” from the Monaville VFD,

and it specifically did not receive the check included in State’s Exhibit 2.

Amy Williams, the owner of Williams Business Solutions, a bookkeeping and 

payroll company, testified that she “do[es] the[] books” for the Monaville VFD. 

Since she began working with the Monaville VFD, she “ha[s] kept all [its] books,” 

“paid [its] bills,” “mail[ed] out [its] bills,” gotten its “CPA for tax preparation,” and 

“handl[ed] [its] audits.”

On December 22, 2011, Williams received an invoice, State’s Exhibit 3, from 

ProLine to the Monaville VFD. The invoice was “placed” in her office, and she was 

“told to pay th[e] document” by a member of the Monaville VFD’s Board of 

Directors. However, Williams could not recall who specifically instructed her to 

pay the invoice or how it had arrived in her office. And she noted that the “PAID 
13

By Check” notation on the invoice was not “put . . . there” by her. She assumed that 

“it was like that when [she] got [the invoice].”

After being instructed to pay the ProLine invoice, Williams “created an 

invoice for [Waller County] EMS” from the Monaville VFD, State’s Exhibit 1,

which she mailed on December 22, 2011. The invoice requested reimbursement 

from Waller County EMS in the amount of $2,500 for ProLine’s work improving 

the parking lot. She also sent to Waller County EMS a copy of ProLine’s invoice to 

the Monaville VFD, along with a copy of the front portion of the check for $5,000 

that she had written to ProLine. Williams explained that she sent Waller County 

EMS these items “[t]o show” it that the Monaville VFD was “paying [the ProLine 

invoice] in full.” Williams noted, however, that although she had written a check to

ProLine for the parking lot improvement from the Monaville VFD’s “personal 

[checking] account,” she “did not mail th[e] check” to ProLine. And she explained 

that she had “never” actually paid the ProLine invoice. Instead, she subsequently 

“voided” the check because appellant “told” her that the parking lot improvement 

had actually been “donated” by ProLine.

Further, Williams testified that she asked appellant “why” the Monaville VFD

was asking Waller County EMS “to pay [it] this money” when the parking lot 

improvement had been “donated.” In response, appellant said that “he would take 

care of it,” and she assumed that he would “handle” the situation. Further, after
14

appellant and Williams both knew that the parking lot improvement had been 

donated, they agreed that if Waller County EMS “were to write [a] check” for the 

parking lot improvement, the Monaville VFD “could refund it or . . . apply [the 

money] to what” Waller County EMS owed. And Williams, on “at least . . . two 

occasions,” spoke with appellant about “the specific invoice from Pro-Line.” She 

believed that appellant would talk with Gregory, the Monaville VFD board member 

in contact with Waller County EMS, about resolving the matter. Williams, however,

admitted that she took no action to “squash” the Monaville VFD invoice that she had 

sent to Waller County EMS, requesting reimbursement for the parking lot 

improvement.

On January 6, 2012, Williams became aware that the Monaville VFD was 

“still attempting to collect” $2,500 from Waller County EMS and “EMS was still 

under the impression that . . . [it] owed $2,500.” However, by January 6, 2012, she

knew that the parking lot improvement had been donated, and she “didn’t want any 

money from . . . Waller County EMS.” On January 30, 2012, Williams became 

aware that Waller County EMS had “made” a request for “a copy of the front and 

back of the check” that she had written from the Monaville VFD’s “personal 

[checking] account” to ProLine for $5,000. And she “called” appellant about this 

request.
15

Williams also testified about two letters, admitted into evidence as Defense 

Exhibit 6, sent by the Monaville VFD to Waller County EMS in October and 

November 2012. Attached to the October 19, 2012 letter is a spreadsheet titled 

“Monaville Volunteer Fire Department Expenses to split with EMS.” Included in 

the spreadsheet is the $2,500 reimbursement that the Monaville VFD had requested 

from Waller County EMS for the parking lot improvement. Williams explained that 

she had mistakenly included the ProLine invoice in the list of “Monaville Volunteer 

Fire Department Expenses to split with EMS.” In regard to the November 6, 2012 

letter, which also includes the spreadsheet, Williams explained that although she had 

removed the parking lot improvement reimbursement request from the spreadsheet, 

she still erroneously included the ProLine invoice in the “stack” of invoices sent to 

Waller County EMS with the letter and spreadsheet.

Gregory testified that she was previously a member of the Monaville VFD

and “when [she] ceased [being] involved” with it, she was a captain and “sitting on 

the Board of Directors.” In regard to Fire Station Number 2, she explained that 

Waller County EMS “stay[s] in the living quarters and run[s] [its] ambulances out 

of th[e] . . . building whenever [it] s[ees] fit to use it” and the Monaville VFD uses

the building “to house . . . the fire trucks at all times.” According to Gregory, Waller 

County EMS and the Monaville VFD do not “get along” “very well.”
16

Gregory noted that in the fall and winter of 2011, appellant was a member of 

the Monaville VFD’s Board of Directors and served as fire chief. As a member of 

the board, appellant’s “duties and responsibilities” included being “concerned about 

the finances of the fire department.” And during this time, Waller County EMS and 

the Monaville VFD were “having issues” about who had the “responsibilit[y] of 

paying certain bills” related to Fire Station Number 2.

On December 5, 2011, Gregory, having been assigned to work on these issues, 

met with two Waller County EMS representatives to “discuss[] the [relevant] bills.” 

During the meeting, “there was [a] little discussion regarding the parking lot

[improvement],” although the Monaville VFD did not yet have an invoice from 

ProLine. Gregory, however, included the parking lot improvement on the Monaville 

VFD’s written “Reimbursement Request to EMS from MVFD 12-5-11,” State’s 

Exhibit 5, because appellant had told her, prior to the meeting, that the “Pro-Line 

asphalt bill was going to be $5,000.”

Following the meeting, Gregory and Becvar exchanged email 

communications “regarding the payment of th[e] invoice to Pro-Line.” The 

substance of these communications was that Gregory had “finally” been “told” by 

the Monaville VFD that “the invoice had been submitted to [Waller County] EMS 

for the driveway.”
17

Gregory explained that she continued to pursue the Monaville VFD’s 

reimbursement request to Waller County EMS because appellant had “told [her] that 

[an] invoice had been turned into EMS” and ProLine had given the Monaville VFD

an invoice for the parking lot improvement. Gregory did note that appellant had 

previously, “early on,” possibly “before the driveway was put down,” told her that 

the parking lot improvement was a donation. However, because “there was an 

invoice just like an invoice for [any of] the other items” for which the Monaville 

VFD was requesting reimbursement from Waller County EMS, Gregory came to 

believe that the parking lot improvement was an “expense” rather than a donation. 

Williams never contacted Gregory to inform her that there was no need to collect 

any money from Waller County EMS or that the Monaville VFD’s invoice to Waller 

County EMS should be “squash[ed].”

 Gregory further testified about an email communication, admitted into 

evidence as State’s Exhibit 9, that Becvar sent to her on January 30, 2012. In the 

email, Becvar requested “a copy of the cancelled check” from the Monaville VFD

to ProLine for the parking lot improvement. When Gregory “forwarded” Becvar’s 

request to appellant, he responded, “No, that [is] asking too much. Tell them not to

park on it.” And appellant never said anything to Gregory to correct her belief that 

Waller County EMS owed the Monaville VFD $2,500 for the parking lot 

improvement.
18

The trial court admitted into evidence portions of appellant’s grand jury 

testimony in which he conceded that although the parking lot improvement by 

ProLine was a “donation,” he, in January 2012, “realized [that Williams] ha[d] billed 

Waller County EMS for $2,500.” Nevertheless, he “never sent” Waller County EMS 

“anything” and “never said a word to” Waller County EMS about the Monaville 

VFD’s reimbursement request for the parking lot improvement.

After the jury found appellant guilty and the trial court entered its judgment, 

appellant filed his “Initial Motion for New Trial,” asserting that the “trial court ha[d] 

the discretion to grant [him] a new trial in the interest of justice.” Subsequently, 

appellant filed his “First Amended Motion for New Trial” to which the State 

objected as “untimely.” The trial court, concluding that it was “precluded from 

ruling on any matters not raised in [appellant’s] Original Motion for New Trial,” 

denied appellant’s new-trial motion.

Sufficiency of Evidence

In his fourth issue, appellant argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to 

support his conviction because the “only direct evidence came from” a single witness 

and the State did not prove “the requisite ‘deception’ element,” that he had an intent 

to deprive, and that his “acts amounted to more than mere preparation.”

We review the legal sufficiency of the evidence by considering all of the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine whether any 
19

“rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788–

89 (1979); Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Our role 

is that of a due process safeguard, ensuring only the rationality of the trier of fact’s 

finding of the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See 

Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). We give deference 

to the responsibility of the fact finder to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, weigh 

evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the facts. Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 

750. However, our duty requires us to “ensure that the evidence presented actually 

supports a conclusion that the defendant committed” the criminal offense of which 

he is accused. Id.

A person commits theft if he “unlawfully appropriates property with intent to 

deprive the owner of property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (Vernon Supp. 

2015). Appropriation of property is “unlawful” if it is “without the owner’s effective 

consent.” Id. § 31.03(b)(1). Consent is not effective if it is “induced by deception.”

Id. § 31.01(3)(A) (Vernon Supp. 2015). Relevant to this case, deception means

either (1) “creating or confirming by words or conduct a false impression of law or 

fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction, and that the 

actor does not believe to be true” or (2) “failing to correct a false impression of law 

or fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction, that the actor 
20

previously created or confirmed by words or conduct, and that the actor does not 

now believe to be true.” Id. § 31.01(1)(A)–(B).

A person commits the criminal offense of attempt if, “with specific intent to 

commit an offense, he does an act amounting to more than mere preparation that 

tends[,] but fails[,] to effect the commission of the offense intended.” Id. § 15.01(a) 

(Vernon 2011); see also Herrin v. State, 125 S.W.3d 436, 440 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2002) (elements of criminal attempt). Thus, a person attempts to commit theft if he, 

with specific intent to commit theft, does an act amounting to more than mere 

preparation that tends but fails to effect the commission of the theft. See TEX. PENAL 

CODE ANN. § 15.01(a).

As an initial matter, we note that appellant complains of the lack, and quality,

of “direct evidence” presented by the State at trial. Specifically, he asserts that “[t]he

only direct evidence came from” a single witness, Dawson, whose testimony is 

“extremely weak,” “severely impeached,” and constituted “little evidence of 

[a]ppellant’s guilt.”

However, we, in conducting our review of the sufficiency of the evidence, 

treat direct and circumstantial evidence equally because circumstantial evidence is 

as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of a defendant. Clayton v. 

State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Circumstantial evidence is 

“direct proof of a secondary fact which, by logical inference, demonstrates the 
21

ultimate fact to be proven.” Taylor v. State, 684 S.W.2d 682, 684 (Tex. Crim. App.

1984). And it alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. 

Further, the “cumulative force” of all the circumstantial evidence in a case can be 

sufficient to support a jury finding of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.5 See Powell 

v. State, 194 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

Thus, even were we to assume that appellant is correct that “[t]he only direct 

evidence came from” a single witness and that evidence is “extremely weak,” 

“severely impeached,” and constitutes “little evidence of [his] guilt,” our review of 

the sufficiency of the evidence does not end there. Instead, we must consider all of 

the evidence, including both direct and circumstantial, in the light most favorable to 

the jury’s verdict, to determine whether any “rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. 

at 318–19, 99 S. Ct. at 2788–89.

Appellant asserts that there is “no evidence showing how [he] did anything 

that likely caused EMS to pay the ProLine . . . invoice” and “[t]he State failed to 

prove” that he “knew” that the Monaville VFD was “‘due no reimbursement’ . . . or 

that he knew” that the Monaville VFD was “‘not owed $2,500.’” (Emphasis 

omitted). In other words, appellant asserts that the evidence is “not sufficient to 

 

5 We note that every fact and piece of evidence need not point directly and 

independently to a defendant’s guilt. Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2001).
22

prove beyond a reasonable of doubt” “the requisite ‘deception’ element.” We note 

that when the State accuses a defendant of theft by way of deception, it must prove 

deception. Fernandez v. State, 479 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).

Appellant next asserts that there is “insufficient evidence to prove [he] 

intended to deprive” Waller County EMS “of property.” To prove an attempted 

theft, the State must show that a defendant had an intent to steal, i.e., an intent to 

unlawfully appropriate property with the intent to deprive the owner of the property. 

Wolfe v. State, 917 S.W.2d 270, 275 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see also Hicks v. State, 

No. 12-13-00158-CR, 2014 WL 1922619, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler May 14, 2014, 

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (distinguishing between “theft” 

and “attempted theft,” noting “a person commits attempted theft if, with the specific 

intent to commit theft, []he does an act amounting to more than mere preparation” 

(emphasis added)); Sorce v. State, 736 S.W.2d 851, 856 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1987, pet. ref’d) (“The culpable mental state of the offense of attempt is that 

the [defendant] had the specific intent to commit an offense, in this case, theft by 

deception.”). “A verbal demand is not the talisman of an intent to steal.” See 

Johnson v. State, 541 S.W.2d 185, 187 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976).

A person acts with intent “when it is his conscious objective or desire to 

engage in the conduct or cause the result.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(a) 

(Vernon 2011). Intent may be inferred from circumstantial evidence, including the 
23

words, acts, and conduct of the defendant. Wolfe, 917 S.W.2d at 275; Roberson v. 

State, 821 S.W.2d 446, 448 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1991, pet. ref’d).

Finally, appellant asserts that the evidence is “not sufficient to prove beyond 

a reasonable doubt” that his “acts amounted to more than mere preparation to deprive 

[Waller County EMS] of property.” According to appellant, his “conduct never 

reached a point that amounted to more than mere preparation.”

The statute establishing the criminal offense of attempt draws an “imaginary 

line” between mere preparatory conduct, which is usually non-criminal, and an act 

which tends to effect the commission of the offense, which is always criminal 

conduct. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 15.01(a); Adekeye v. State, 437 S.W.3d 62, 

68–69 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (internal quotations 

omitted); Jones v. State, 229 S.W.3d 489, 497–98 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no 

pet.) (internal quotations omitted); see also McCravy v. State, 642 S.W.2d 450, 460 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1980). Where the imaginary line falls must be determined on a 

case-by-case basis. See Gibbons v. State, 634 S.W.2d 700, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 

[Panel Op.] 1982); Adekeye, 437 S.W.3d at 68–69. A person may commit an attempt 

even if he could have taken further actions without actually committing the intended 

offense. See Hackbarth v. State, 617 S.W.2d 944, 946 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 

1981); Adekeye, 437 S.W.3d at 69. In other words, “[t]he fact that a[] [defendant] 

could have taken further actions without actually committing the offense does not 
24

act so as to render his . . . actions nothing more than mere preparation.” Jones, 229 

S.W.3d at 497; see also Hackbarth, 617 S.W.2d at 946.

Here, we conclude that the State presented ample evidence to establish that 

appellant, in attempting to obtain $2,500 from Waller County EMS, acted 

deceptively and with the intent to deprive Waller County EMS of $2,500. We further 

conclude that the State presented ample evidence that appellant’s actions in doing so 

amounted to more than mere preparation.

The evidence establishes that in 2011, appellant “asked” ProLine to make a 

“donation” to the Monaville VFD by “install[ing] recycled millings . . . to extend the 

parking lot or the truck parking at the . . . main headquarters for th[e] fire department 

in Monaville.” ProLine agreed to make the donation and “supplied the goods and 

labor to extend the parking lot” at Fire Station Number 2. ProLine provided 

“probably 10 loads or so of recycled asphalt” and “made a nice driveway so [that the 

Monaville VFD’s fire] trucks and people could park there.”

After ProLine completed the work, appellant “stopped by” its office and 

“instructed” Dawson to “create” an “invoice,” State’s Exhibit 10, for the parking lot 

improvement. Although appellant “told” Dawson “to create” or “generate an

invoice” for a certain amount, he said “[n]othing” about indicating on the invoice 

that it represented a donation from ProLine. Appellant also “instructed” Dawson to 
25

put “$5,000 on th[e] invoice.” When ProLine “created, assembled, and provided to” 

appellant the invoice, it did not include a “PAID By Check” notation.

After appellant obtained “a hard copy” of the invoice, he told Dawson that he 

“could toss” any other copies of the invoice, i.e., “throw it away,” which Dawson 

did. In fact, Dawson’s secretary, while appellant was at ProLine’s office, “deleted” 

the electronic version of the invoice after it had been “printed and given to” 

appellant. Thus, appellant was the only person to ever receive a copy of the invoice. 

Further, Dawson testified that no one, other than appellant, ever “solicit[ed] 

donations” from ProLine on behalf of the Monaville VFD. And no one, other than 

appellant, ever “ha[d] any discussions” with Dawson about creating the ProLine 

invoice, State’s Exhibit 10. Dawson only “interact[ed]” with appellant regarding the 

donation that ProLine had made to the Monaville VFD.

Williams, the Monaville VFD’s bookkeeper, received the ProLine invoice in 

her office on December 22, 2011, but she could not recall how it had arrived in her 

office. She noted that the “PAID By Check” notation on the invoice was not 

“put . . . there” by her, and she assumed that it was on the invoice when she received 

it.

After receiving the ProLine invoice, Williams “created an invoice for [Waller 

County] EMS” from the Monaville VFD, which she mailed. The Monaville VFD 

invoice, State’s Exhibit 1, requested reimbursement from Waller County EMS in the 
26

amount of $2,500 for ProLine’s work “re-do[ing] [the] parking lot at [Fire] Station 

[Number] 2.” Subsequently, appellant “told” Williams that the parking lot

improvement had actually been “donated” by ProLine.

When Williams asked “why” the Monaville VFD was asking Waller County 

EMS “to pay [it] this money” when the parking lot improvement had been

“donated,” appellant replied that “he would take care of it.” In another conversation, 

they agreed that if Waller County EMS “were to write [a] check” for the parking lot 

improvement, the Monaville VFD “could refund it or . . . apply [the money] to what” 

Waller County EMS owed. According to Williams, she, on “at least . . . two 

occasions,” spoke to appellant about “the specific invoice from Pro-Line.”

On December 5, 2011, Gregory met with two Waller County EMS 

representatives regarding the payment of “certain bills” related to Fire Station 

Number 2. In the meeting, Gregory discussed the Monaville VFD’s need for 

reimbursement from Waller County EMS for the parking lot improvement. 

According to Gregory, she included the parking lot improvement on the Monaville 

VFD’s written “Reimbursement Request to EMS from MVFD 12-5-11,” State’s 

Exhibit 5, because appellant had told her that the “Pro-Line asphalt bill was going 

to be $5,000.”

Gregory continued to pursue the Monaville VFD’s reimbursement request for 

the parking lot improvement in email communications with Waller County EMS 
27

because appellant had “told [her] that [an] invoice had been turned into EMS” and 

ProLine had given the Monaville VFD an invoice for the parking lot improvement. 

And after Gregory received a request from Waller County EMS for “a copy of the 

cancelled check” evidencing payment from the Monaville VFD to ProLine for the 

parking lot improvement, she “forwarded” it to appellant. Appellant then told 

Gregory that the Monaville VFD would not provide Waller County EMS with “a 

copy of the cancelled check.”

In his grand jury testimony, appellant admitted that, although the parking lot 

improvement by ProLine was a “donation,” he, in January 2012, “realized” that the 

Monaville VFD had “billed” Waller County EMS for $2,500 for the parking lot 

improvement. Nevertheless, he “never sent” Waller County EMS “anything” and 

“never said a word to” Waller County EMS about the Monaville VFD’s 

reimbursement request.

According to Hashaw and Becvar, Waller County EMS, in December 2011, 

January 2012, and November 2012, received requests from the Monaville VFD for 

payment of $2,500 for ProLine’s improvement of the parking lot. Neither Hashaw 

nor Becvar nor “any representative of Waller County EMS” was ever told that it did

not owe the Monaville VFD $2,500. And, at the time of their testimony, they 

believed that the Monaville VFD was “still requesting the $2,500” for the parking 

lot improvement.
28

Viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, a 

rational juror could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant either 

(1) created or confirmed by words or conduct the false impression that Waller 

County EMS owed the Monaville VFD $2,500 for ProLine’s improvement of the 

parking lot that was likely to affect the judgment of Waller County EMS in the 

transaction, and that appellant did not believe to be true, or (2) failed to correct the

false impression that Waller County EMS owed the Monaville VFD $2,500 for 

ProLine’s improvement to the parking lot that was likely to affect the judgment of 

Waller County EMS in the transaction, that appellant previously created or 

confirmed by words or conduct, and that he “does not now believe to be true.” See

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.01(1)(A)–(B). And a rational juror could have also

concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant had the intent to steal, i.e., an

intent to unlawfully appropriate property with the intent to deprive the owner of the 

property. See Wolfe, 917 S.W.2d at 275; Hicks, 2014 WL 1922619, at *2. Finally, 

a rational juror could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant’s 

actions amounted to more than mere preparation to appropriate $2,500 from Waller 

County EMS. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 15.01(a); cf. Sorce, 736 S.W.2d at 857–

58; see also Adekeye, 437 S.W.3d at 68–70 (holding evidence sufficient where

defendant took “overt acts . . . in furtherance of an aggravated robbery”).
29

We note that although appellant argues that he lacked the requisite mental 

state for attempted theft because Waller County EMS never actually paid to the 

Monaville VFD the requested $2,500 and, “even if [Waller County EMS had] paid,” 

the Monaville VFD “would have refunded the money or applied it to the balance 

($11,291.63) that [it] was owed by” Waller County EMS, the State need not prove 

actual deprivation of property to establish a defendant’s intent to commit theft. A 

person commits the offense of theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with 

intent to deprive the owner of property. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a). Actual 

deprivation is not required for a person to have an intent to deprive; the element 

which must be proved is not actual deprivation of property, but rather a person’s 

intent to deprive at the time of the taking. Rowland v. State, 744 S.W.2d 610, 612 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Griffin v. State, 614 S.W.2d 155, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1981). While evidence of actual deprivation may constitute evidence of an intent to 

deprive, other evidence may also indicate the existence of an intent to deprive. 

Rowland, 744 S.W.2d at 612. Therefore, the fact that Waller County EMS did not 

actually pay the Monaville VFD $2,500, or that the Monaville VFD purportedly

“would have refunded the money or applied to the balance ($11,291.63) that [it] was 

owed by” Waller County EMS, has no bearing on whether appellant acted with the 

intent required to commit attempted theft.
30

Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support 

appellant’s conviction.

We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

Exculpatory Evidence and Jury Misconduct

In his second issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his 

motion for new trial because he “learned for the first time [at] trial that the State was 

in possession of exculpatory and impeaching evidence that severely went to the 

credibility of [its] principal and virtually only witness” and the State’s “failure to 

produce and disclose that evidence” constituted a violation of Brady v. Maryland, 

373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194 (1963). In his third issue, appellant argues that the trial 

court erred in denying his motion for new trial because a “juror failed to disclose 

important information during jury selection.” In response, the State argues that 

appellant “forfeited” his complaints because he untimely filed his amended motion 

for new trial.

We review a trial court’s denial of a new-trial motion for an abuse of 

discretion. Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 148 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). We view 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s rulings and uphold them 

if they are within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 

109, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2004). We do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court; rather we 
31

decide whether the trial court’s decisions were arbitrary or unreasonable. Webb, 232 

S.W.3d at 112; Biagas v. State, 177 S.W.3d 161, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). If there are two permissible views of the evidence, the trial 

court’s choice between them cannot be held to be clearly erroneous. Riley v. State, 

378 S.W.3d 453, 457 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). A trial court abuses its discretion in 

denying a motion for new trial only when no reasonable view of the record could 

support the trial court’s ruling. Webb, 232 S.W.3d at 112.

A defendant may file a motion for new trial “before, but no later than 30 days 

after, the date when the trial court imposes or suspends [a] sentence in open court.” 

TEX. R. APP. P. 21.4(a). And “[w]ithin 30 days after the date when the trial court 

imposes or suspends [the] sentence in open court but before the court overrules any 

preceding motion for new trial, a defendant may, without leave of court, file one or 

more amended motions for new trial.” TEX. R. APP. P. 21.4(b); see also Shamim v. 

State, 443 S.W.3d 316, 325–26 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) 

(“A defendant has the right to amend his motion within th[e] same 30-day period, 

without leave of court, as long as the trial court has not ruled on his pending 

motion.”). However, a defendant may not amend his motion for new trial “outside 

of the thirty-day time limit, even with leave of the [trial] court,” if the State properly 

objects. State v. Zalman, 400 S.W.3d 590, 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see also 

Shamim, 443 S.W.3d at 325–26 (“Once the 30-day period expires, a defendant may 
32

not amend or enlarge his original motion to include additional claims, unless the 

State fails to make a timely objection to the amendment.”).

On March 6, 2014, the trial court sentenced appellant to confinement for six 

months, suspended the sentence, and placed him on community supervision for two 

years. On March 18, 2014, appellant timely filed his “Initial Motion for New Trial,” 

asserting that the “trial court ha[d] the discretion to grant [him] a new trial in the 

interest of justice.” See TEX. R. APP. P. 21.4(a) (deadline to file new-trial motion). 

Subsequently, on April 11, 2014, appellant filed his “First Amended Motion for New 

Trial,” asserting, for the first time, that the State had failed to disclose certain 

“impeachment and exculpatory evidence” in violation of Brady and a juror 

“withheld information that she ha[d] personal knowledge about [the] circumstances 

of [his] trial, that she was acquainted with the complainant and [him], and [that] by 

reason of past personal relationships and experiences, had the potential to be biased

or prejudiced against [him].”

Prior to the hearing on appellant’s amended motion for new trial, the State 

filed its “Objection to Defendant’s First Amended Motion for New Trial,” arguing 

that the trial court could not have a “hearing” on appellant’s amended motion 

because he “untimely” filed it.

6

 See State v. Moore, 225 S.W.3d 556, 570 (Tex. 

 

6 The State also raised its objection to appellant’s amended motion at the 

motion-for-new-trial hearing, stating:
33

Crim. App. 2007) (“Rule 21.4(b) does permit the State to insist . . . that the trial court 

rule only upon the timely motion for new trial as originally filed or timely amended, 

but not as untimely amended.” (emphasis omitted)); Shamim, 443 S.W.3d at 325–

26.

Because appellant filed his amended motion thirty-six days after the trial court 

sentenced appellant and the State properly objected to the amendment, we may not 

consider any complaints raised in its amended motion. Instead, our review is 

confined to the arguments raised by appellant in his timely filed “Initial Motion for 

New Trial.” See Moore, 225 S.W.3d at 570 (if State objects to untimely amended 

motion for new trial, trial court and appellate court should consider only original 

motion and any timely amendment and should not consider any matters raised for 

first time in untimely amendment); see also Rangel v. State, 972 S.W.2d 827, 838 

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1998, pet. ref’d) (“Even where the original motion for 

 

[T]he State does object to the Court entertaining Defendant’s First 

Amended Motion for New Trial. [The State’s] objection was filed 

this morning, May 13th, 2014 at 8:24 a.m. with the Clerk. We hereby 

make that objection in open court. The Court in this matter imposed 

sentence on March the 6th, 2014; Motion for New Trial was filed on 

March 18th, 2014; Defendant’s Amended Motion for New Trial was 

untimely filed on April the 11th of 2014.

. . . The State of Texas does hereby object to this Honorable Court 

hearing Defendant’s First Amended Motion for New Trial as the same 

is untimely filed.
34

new trial is timely, an untimely amended motion for new trial is a nullity and cannot 

form the basis for points of error on appeal.”).

Notably, in his “Initial Motion for New Trial,” appellant did not raise either 

his Brady complaint or his jury misconduct complaint. Rather, he, in his motion 

generally asserted only that the trial court “ha[d] the discretion to grant [him] a new 

trial in the interest of justice.” However, “in the interest of justice” is simply “not 

an independent basis for a trial court to grant a criminal defendant a new trial.” 

Quintero v. State, 467 S.W.3d 671, 673–680 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2015, pet. ref’d); see also State v. Gomez, No. 13-14-00585-CR, 2016 WL 744598, 

at *4–6 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Feb. 25, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication) (defendant’s “in-the-interest-of-justice allegation, 

standing alone, is not an independent legal claim or basis for granting a new trial”).

To obtain a new trial “in the interest of justice,” a defendant must articulate a 

valid legal claim in his motion. In other words, “even where a defendant urges a 

new trial on interest of justice grounds, ‘[a] motion for new trial, whether for guilt 

or punishment, [still] requires a valid legal claim.’” State v. Vigil, No. 

08-13-00273-CR, 2015 WL 2353507, at *3 (Tex. App.—El Paso May 15, 2015, pet. 

ref’d) (not designated for publication) (first alteration in original) (quoting State v.

Thomas, 428 S.W.3d 99, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)); see also Smith v. State, Nos. 

01-12-00661-CR, 01-12-00662-CR, 01-12-00663-CR, 2013 WL 6729666, at *7–8 
35

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 19, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated 

for publication) (defendant “did not specify in her motion for new trial the reason 

why the trial court should [have] grant[ed] her a new trial in the interest of justice”).

A defendant must allege sufficient grounds as to why he is entitled to a new 

trial; asserting “in the interest of justice” is not enough. See State v. Gonzalez, 855 

S.W.2d 692, 694–95 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); State v. Provost, 205 S.W.3d 561, 566 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (defendant’s argument “trial court 

can grant a motion for new trial in the interest of justice does not advance his 

case . . . because a defendant must allege sufficient grounds . . . to apprise the trial 

judge and the State as to why he believes himself entitled to a new trial” (emphasis 

omitted)); see also State v. Dominguez, No. 08-14-00011-CR, 2015 WL 4134562, at 

*6 (Tex. App.—El Paso July 8, 2015, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (trial 

court could not grant new trial on interest-of-justice grounds where defendant “made 

no specific allegations as to why she should receive a new trial in the interest of 

justice”). Appellant asserted no grounds in his “Initial Motion for New Trial” to 

support his assertion that he was entitled to a new trial “in the interest of justice.” 

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s 

motion for new trial.

We overrule appellant’s second and third issues.
36

Improper Argument

In his fifth issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in overruling his 

objections to the State’s closing argument because the State “argued facts . . . that 

[it] knew were not supported by the record.” In response, the State asserts that 

appellant has not preserved his complaint for our review.

Proper jury argument is generally limited to: (1) summation of the evidence 

presented at trial; (2) reasonable deductions drawn from that evidence; (3) answers 

to opposing counsel’s argument; and (4) pleas for law enforcement. Wesbrook v. 

State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Acosta v. State, 411 S.W.3d 76, 

93 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.). A trial court has broad discretion 

in controlling the scope of closing argument. Lemos v. State, 130 S.W.3d 888, 892 

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.). And the State is afforded wide latitude in its 

jury arguments, and it may draw all reasonable, fair, and legitimate inferences from 

the evidence. Allridge v. State, 762 S.W.2d 146, 156 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).

Appellant specifically asserts that the State improperly “suggest[ed]” during 

its closing argument that he “must have come to ProLine[’s] . . . office on different 

dates” when it argued: “We don’t have to prove the exact day. We have to prove 

on or about that day. Okay. There is no issue there. . . . I don’t recall Mr. Dawson 

ever committing to the fact that [appellant] was back in the office on the 28th.” 

Appellant also asserts that the State “falsely argued” that “Dawson perceived 
37

[a]ppellant to be physically impaired and in pain,” by stating: “What did Mr. 

Dawson say? Said when [appellant] came in he was having some trouble, he needed 

to sit down really fast.” And he asserts that the State improperly “[b]olster[ed]” the 

credibility of Dawson, “the only witness that could prove the [S]tate’s theory of 

deception,” by stating that he “is not currently under any trouble with [the State].” 

And, by doing so, the State “injected matters not in evidence.”

To preserve error regarding allegedly improper jury argument, a party must 

object and pursue that objection to an adverse ruling by requesting an instruction for 

the jury to disregard, and if the instruction is given, moving for a mistrial. See Archie 

v. State, 221 S.W.3d 695, 698–99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Cook v. State, 858 S.W.2d 

467, 473 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Brooks v. State, 642 S.W.2d 791, 798 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1982); Washington v. State, 127 S.W.3d 111, 115–16 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). Here, appellant either did not object to the above portions 

of the State’s closing argument, withdrew the objection he did make, or did not

pursue his objection to an adverse ruling. See Archie, 221 S.W.3d at 698–99; Cook, 

858 S.W.2d at 473; Washington, 127 S.W.3d at 115–16; see also TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1(a).

Accordingly, we hold that appellant has failed to preserve for our review his 

complaint regarding the State’s closing argument.
38

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Terry Jennings

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Huddle.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).