J\'ATUHP,L G p p p p p p p p p P lJ ;) P p P p 

# Grl® 

# &EPA UlHteu**SWlC~** EnvtrOlll11Cn1Bl f;flutcelion Agency 

## ----_._.-------- 

# --_._-- 

# Research aIle) If::;§\\If

# 0.'..

# 0 

# p'-m·.'..r Cix

# Fi41·~<L**~~y ~it** **-~tr.;-~** -
_ - 

### y -9!1l:
iVlt:TlIANE 1:'1\111,:',.)1',.,1'\,,:: 1110lVl TTTl< lNDUSTH't' GRI-94 I 0?573C, EPA 600lR9G OIlOm June 1996

Volurne 13: Cllcnlical 

# Prep.alred for
Energy Informalion Adminiolr'alio1i (U, ;.;, DOE) 

# Prep.aredby National Risl< Manag€.ment Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

REPRODUCf:08Y N..OO lJ,S,Dllpar1rnen!ol CO:nurlO.fi:f>**r~l.!~oiiiil-rttetll't!ciat_!t'lfQ"l1dl!O;nS.,rvICIl** Spritlgfiel'd Vi:rginia?1W1Effect Natural Gas Gas IVlethane 1ll. DISTRIBUTION STATFMl;:NT

### The is ,,1'<>1'opr1 

### water resources. 

### Agenc:y slcri,res to and imple:mlml aot10[18 com(>atibJ.e balance between and natural SUIPp()rt and 

### nurture meet this mandate, research prOViding data and technical for solving en-viI'oflmental problems building 

### a schmce base necessary to our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our and prevent or reduce environmental rislts in the future. The National 

### Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agencyls center for investigation oftechnological and management approaches for reducing 

### risks from threats to human health and the environ.t:l:J.ent. The focus the Laboratory's research program is on methods the prevention and control of pollution to air. land, subsurface resources; protection ofwater in public**SYiat~~mif:i;** 

### retrlecliatio,n of groundwater; control pollution. The research development implementattol) technologies; scientific and en,gule{'ri,ng information needed by to support and policy and information transfer to enSure effective imlplenae'ot::l.tion of**enViJt'olatrUultla~** 

### regulations This 

### of Laboratoryls longterm research It is 

### pUblished available py EPA's ofResearch De;ve,lopllleflt to assist the UScI'community and to researchers with their clients. 

### E. Timothy Oppelt, Di.rectOJ: National Risk 

### lVIanagementResearch**l~,aboratory** 

### EPA ReVIEW NOTICE Thisrepol1 has

### beenpeerand 

### administrativelyreviewedby

### the Environmental Protection and approved for pUblication. Mention ()f 

### trade names or OOlllrrler<;ial

### p(lductsdoes notoonstituteendorsementorrecommendationloruse. availabletothepublicthroughtheNationalT

### echnical·lnforrnation Splingifield, Virginia22161.
PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONALCOPYRIGHT ALL RiGHTS RESERVED. NATIONALTECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENTOF COMMERCE

p

### EPA-600/H-96-080m June 

### 1996 

### METHANE EMISSIONS FROM THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY, VOI"UME 13: ClillMICAL INJECTION PUMPS FINAL REPORT

Prepared by: 

### Theresa M. Shires Radian International LLC

8501 N. Mopac Blvd.

P.O. Box 201088 Austin, TX 78720-1088

DCN: 95-263-081-08 For GRl Project Manager: RobertA. Lott 

### GAS RESEARC' INSTITUTE

ContractNo. 50_'1-251-2171 8600 West Bryn Mawr Ave. Chicago, IL 60631 and EPA T 

### :>jectManager: David A. Kirchgessner U.S.**EN\~RONMENTAL** 

### PROTECTION AGENCY ContractNo. 68-D1-0031 National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 p

p(l


### DISCLAIMER LEGAL NOTICE: This r;:port was prepancd Radian Inlem,l!ioll,t! I Ie (I" (IfI ,1l"l'Olllll ofwork spollsored (las Research Institute ( iRI) and the 1'11\'il"Onl11enlal Protection Agency (EPA). Neither EPA. ORl, members of URI, lI11r allY !,CI.'Ol1 n':llllg Oil twl1nlf of either:


### a.

b. Makes warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy', completenes'>. or usefulness of the information Clllllaim:d ill thi, report. or that the use 

### .:my apparatus. method, or process disclosed in this repoli may 110t infringe priv,Jtely o,vned rights: or Assumes any liability with respect to the use oL or ror damagl:s resulting from the use any int<ml1ation. apparatus, method, or process disclosed ll1 this repOli. NOTE: EPA's Office ofResearch and Development quality assurance/1ualifY control (QA/QC) requiremenb arc applicable to some ofth\;' count data generated by this project. Emission data and additional count data are from industry or literature sources. and are not subject to EPAiORD's 

### QA/QC policies. In all cases, data and results were 

### by the panel ofexperts listed in Appendix D of Volume 2.

iin 

## RESEARCH SUMMARY Title 

### Industry,

Principal Investigator RepOlt Period Objective Technical Perspective

Results Contract Number 5091-251-2171 Contract Number 68-DI-0031 

### Theresa M, 

### Shires March 1991
- June 1996 Report report a**qU~l'ntiJly** 

### the anllual mclthalle clnis.siOllS natural gas-driven**cl1(~ml.cal** 

### injlection pumps.**strllte~:y** 

### for cornb\lstion, natural produced than or

globill w8.l'mhlg or oiL**gn~enho:Llse** 

### gas, losses gas during production, p[()CeSsiiug, transmission, and distribution 'Jould reduce the illhercnt advantage ofits lower COtemission&. investigate this, Gas Institute (ORY) 

### fhe Environmental Protection Agency's Office ofResearch and Development (EPA/- ORO) cofunded a major study to quantify methane from 

## u.s. natural gas operations the 1992 base year. 

### The results ofthis study can be used to construct global methane budgets and to determine the relative impact on global ofnatural gas versus and oil. national methane emissions for chemical injection pumps used in the production segment are 1.5 

### ± 203% Bscf.

p 

### on data from the operations are estiimll.ted This is about program shClwed natural base methalle**ernitt(~d** 

### for anp p



### than ll1Cll'cm,ental 1I1lCrease II1 

### baselirle case, be slglutlC:antly

pumps Approach gas innudlrv 

### has two primary IllJ,ectlon pumps that disl:::harge natural gas: piston pumps and diaphragm pumps. Gas-driven fOl' 

### glycol circulation are presented in

## a sep,atate An 

### emission rate for chemical pumps was determined 

### by developing an annual emission for typical practices and extrapolating this value based on the total 

### number ofchemical injection pumps (activity factor) to develop a national estimate, where the national emission rate is the product ofthe factor and activity factor, Chemical inj1cction bio'Cldles, delnulsiJler's, clarifiers, corrosion 

### lly<lralle irlhilt'litt)ts, 

### dewaxers} and operation, metllane compOsition. The tfequency 

### operator iuf)orl1t1atiioll MiU1l1faicturer data provided gas consumption rates per eql,ultion tellatillig these parameters War. developed and used to tltlnual methane emissions from a typical chemical injection pump in natural as production. The activity factor development (i.e., the number ofchemical injection pumps nationally) is presented in a separate report. 

### In general though, the activity factor is based on the number ofchemical injection per well that markets The national methane em:1SSlon for chemical injection pUmps was then based on the product emission factor and activity year, the emissions the industry is (± 

### eqlliVialell'lt to 

### ± 0.5% production. from this program were used to compare gre!erihOllse gas emissions from iv

p pfuel cycle for natural gas, oil, and cQal using the global warming potentials (GWPs) recently published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chunge (IPCC). The analysis showed that natural gas contributes less to potential global warming than coal or oil, which supports the fuel switching strategy suggested 

### by IPCC and others. In addition, results from this study are being used by the natural gas industry to reduce operating costs while reducing emissions. Some companies are also participating in the Natural Gas-Star program, a voluntary program sponsored by EPA's Office ofAir and Radiation in cooperation with the American Gas Association to implement CGsteffective emission reduction.:; and to report reductions to EPA. Since this program was begun after the 1992 baseline year, any reductions in ulethane emissions from this program are not reflected in this study's total emissions. Robert A. Lott Senior Project Manager, Environment and Safety



### v p

pp



## LO TABLE OF CONTENTS 

### Page SUMMARy . 

### 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2 3.0 GAS-DRlVEN PUMP TYPES 3 Operation Overview . .. . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.2**El11ission~Affectit1g** Characteristics. . . .. "". 11 

### 4.0 EMISSION FACTOR DATA , , . 

### 12

p 

### 4.1 Canadian Petroleum Association (CPA) Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .. 

### 12 4.2 Metha;}:" Composition .... ... .. .. ... . . . . .. 12 4.3 Site Data ,.. . . .. . . .. 13 4.4 Industry Boundaries . .. ..,.. 16 

### 4.5 Manufacturers' Data. . . .. 

### 18 4.5.] Diaphragm Pumps . '. . . .. 

### 18 4.5.2 Piston Pumps . . . . . . . . . .. . ..". 

### 21 

### 5.0 EMISSION 

### RATE CALCULATIONS 

### 23 5.1 Diaphragm 

### Pl1l11PS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .' . . . " 23 5.2 Piston Pumps .. .. 24 

### 5.3 National Emission Rate , . .. . 

### 25 6.0 REFERENCES . 26 APPENDIX A - Production Source Sheet. . 

### A-I APPENDIX 

### B - Conversion Table . . . . . .. 

### B-1

vip



### LIST OF FIGURES

3-2
3-4 3-5 Piston Pump 

### Schematic . . Pistoll Pump Cut-away Schematic 

### TexsteamPiston 

### Pump \..uIHl\VaV Scllelllatiic 

### Diaphra.gm Pump Schematic Dia:phnlgm 

### Pump LUI··aw,av 

### Siohelrnatic Page 5 6 

### 7 8 9



### LIST OF TABLES
4-1 CPA 

### Me,flsUl'eml;:nts 4-2 

### Summal'y ofSite Data 15**I\.\?;:SlIl~i$.** •.•••••.•••• • •••••.•• •••.•••• ••.. 

### 17
Data Data Pump Manufacturers' Data 

### Pump**Mal'1ut~lctUl'ers'** 

### 4-4 4-5 

### 4-6

p

### 1.0 SUMMARY

p 

### This report is oue ofseveral volumes that provide background information supporting the Gas Research Institute and 

### U.S. Envin:mrncIltal**Pr()te(~tion** rl,I!.U11CY 

### Research 

### and Developw,::ut emissions 

### The ohi,llclive this cOl11ptehcnsiveprogram is to qUlll'ltify methat'lc emissiotlS from 

### the gas industry 

### for the 1992 base to within 

### ± 0.5% natural gas production 

### startillgat the wellhead 

### and 

### customer meter. This**repor~** 

### describes astudy 

### to quantify the 

### mumal 

### emissions from chemical pumps and diaphragm pumps are the most common in An emission fot· these pumps was on data, l1'lrll'llJlia,;turer's data,andresults from a Canadian study. The resulting annual methane emissions from chemical pumps are 1.5 Bscf

### ± 203%.

1

### 2.0 Clwlllinil

[0 drive olher he:;: rump:; chCilllcab inlo proee:;:: contl'ClI which usc to

an: The characteristics that arieet emissions from chl:mica! 

# or '-'1-" """,'",
plll1lps, 

### of volmm: 

### diam(:ter and stroke a manufacturer':; gas CDWiUlllpllion based lin t!I(: mlon11uljo,n on OP('fi'ltlOI1 was 

### use rates from 

### slie visit:; and 

### operalt\r

mJ,ecllOD pumps**nal~j(111allv)** The 

### I1tlmber of pmnps 

### thl: prnd1wt1o!l cstabhslling a ratio ofpumps 

### to that 

### from chemical pumps were calculated based 011 the !>n"I'I"wl 

### a typical 

### pump and the factor (count ofchemical pn::se:nts an e:::tllllalt> amount of methane that is rdcasi:d from chemical A desl'riplio!J l)fdwwiul pwnp:; u:;(:d In in Sectinn.1. Section 4 describes the of The 

### sections injection pumps nationwide.**1l,(im~tI** ..v is m'/wic!pfl to det,errriine methanc emission faetor::; for arc Calcllll'ttect 1li :-,ectton :\.

n

### GAS-DRlVENPUMP TV]J)l;'Q 

### This section describel'l chemical injection 

### pumps found in 

### the natural gas**ditlerem~es** In 

### in of 

### Operation Overview 

### AU industrial two major 

### a a pHIVt,des 

### the energy motive side delivers 

### the 

### energy tothe fhlid being

### moved. For a

### typical industrial centrifugal PUIl1P, 

### the drivel' the 

### motive is an and 

### case arr'llUjgcrnel1t.
pressure to In fhe natural industry, pumps 

### are small pumps used 

### in the 

### productionfield el¢ctricity available. 

### These pumps use 

### gas can be in 

### taken 

### stream. vast ma.jOrily field have one of

### two pul'poses: glycol circulation (see Volume 15 

### orchemical**inji~ction.** 

### on**ga~;-a~lsisted** 

### it (J'tl<::-f'II'n,rpl1'pumps 

### in


### Chemiical**i~ection** 

### is control 

### prc1ce1;silJlg pmblenls and 

## an oil or 

### gas the to add small amounts the 

### equipment. chemicals injected 

### in inhibitors, lly<ltale 

### hlhili>it<>rs, paraffiln**di~WiJIXer's>** slu'factaillts, oxygen scavengers, and hy(lrolgen 

### scavengers. These chemicals are normally**i~ected** 

### at the weHhead 

### and into gathering bfat the rates are the 

### They are 

### often attached to barrelS the chemical



### are Dmlithre**displlaclmll~nt)** 

### reclprociltIlllg units**desigl1(~.** 

### to amounts of**chl~mjlcal** a**pr()Cei~S** stream. 

### 3p**inc.ludl~S** 

### two 

### AcomlpJete l'ecl!)J'O¢ltting alll)wilng a fluid to flow into an enclosed cavity from a low-pressure it 

### by

or suction 

### and a motion or During 

### the suction stroke, the 

### chemical is 

### lifted tlU'ough the suction check valve 

### into the fluid cylinder. The suction check valve is forced 

### open by the suction**plung(~r** 

### and the 

### the 

### thus the chemical to 

### remain in the the plunger is forced dO'NmlVards, 

### iImlleqiately shutting offthe suction check valve. Simultaneously, the Chemical is displaced, 

### forcing open the discharge check valve 

### and allowing 

### the fluid to discharged. 

### cOln])l.cto movement One 

### full

uses a ph.mger.4• 5 diaphragm 

### industry The two types pumps commonly used 

### the natural 

### gas the piston pump and 

### the diaphragm pump. pumps operate 

### in the 

### same The pump, 

### COIISis'ts ofa cylindrical piston-plunger assembly 2- 

### nrovidles the force to 

### move the plunge:r. ()f

### piston pUlnp

### observed sites California (Figures 3-3 

### and hOlciz<mtliI plun.ger to 

### operate a gear mechanism that drives the phmger.3 and uses a to



### 4

pp

p 

### Figure PistonPumpSchematiC 5

pGAS 

### OUT 

### IN

FLUID 

# t SUCTION •••**---~<** 

### FLU!D DISCHARGE

Figure 

### 6

### Texstealm 

### Piston Pump Schematic

### Figure 3·5. Diaphragm Pump Schematic D

### JASINLET 

### t::AR SIDE)

GAS EXHAUST FLUID
1· 

### DISCHARGE



# t FLUID 

# I SUCTION 

# I

3-6. DiaphragtrlPUmp Cut-away Schematicp 

### 3,2 

### Emission-Affecting Chal'actcl'istics 

### Characteristics that chemical injection service include: methane ell1llssiorlS the all<'.fl"'Vf'n 

### pumps in



# •**Frf~quefl(:Y** 

### ofoperation (pumping density); and 

### the (volume disJPla(:em:ent Supply gas prCSSUire (which 

# • •

• Illlet methal1ccomposition.

following section. For this the was dellennirled stroke intervals and information about pump operating schedules. Determination ofthe unit size was based on manufacturers' data for the types ofpumps observed during site Supply gas pressure, which affects the density ofthe gas, was noted during site ESlimi!ltkm ofan methane eoncentration was on literatll.ltc data. These ChiEll'8cterisltics are more in to effect on the emiss:ion calculations in



### 11

pp 

### 4.0 EMISSION FACTOR

### DA_TA


### sources ofinfonnationwere used to detlemline meltharlc etniSisi0I1S chemical injectionpumps: results a study performed by the Canadian Petroleum Association, literature data for methane composition. data collected from visits, and pump manufacturers' data. 

### Canadian Petroleum Assodation(CPA) Report The Canadian Petroleum Association(CPA) conducted a study to quantify methane emissions from gas production**opi~raltiotlS diaplti~aglm**  

### cll1el1nic;:l1 injectionpumps were determined tests The measurements were very consistent, ranging 

### from254 to 499 

### sefd/pump (see Table 4-1). 

### The average natural gas emissionfactor from the Canadian study was 334 

### 30% 

## 4.2 Methane Composition

p 

### Emission factors for methane arc calculated from the rate ofnatural gas the Thepercentage ofmelthatle natural was determined be 

### ± .5 Details about value arc available in Volume 6 on and combustion sources.'

12

# .. Imml'\PI' ot

4-3 smnmarizes**tl1l~** 4-2 lists 

### the sile InlOnnl'lJonand pnmp type, infnrl1l1ation was to nrnftm'f' an estimate ofeqlliplrne'nl pcDplllalimls ami

Ull T'he number shown in Tahle For sites with no rale 

### sampleor (Hasite visits 42 this 

### parameter 

### was me'ustirel], mea"uremt:nIS, ell**aVI~ra,i!\;':** 

### pllrag;m) was based on measurements from other

on with 50, The fraction ofeach pump type, T"unOI:r ofeach of are for diaphragul pumps), versus dl;lpllrJ:gcl1, \\'ns cnknlnted ohserved. Table 4,2 slmws that and

Some ofthe 

### infc)rmatjeln and**oh<,pr~r"ti,cm"** 

### are opcnue,1 

### ona seasonal In det,cnnillc pump Table the year, while**dI!1:pl1ra!~m** pumps are 

### thal 

### use 01'
At four the sites visited, hoth and diaphragm pumps were observed, no ofthe numher ofeach ofpump was the lotal was these the fraction verslis**di~lphral~m** pumps were so Ihal the collected at the sites could used.

p

### TABLE 4-2. SUl"'fMARY OF SITE DATA n

0 8 16,8 0 0 2 12 30 0 0 0.5 2 15 :3 9.2 0 0 0 0

o Site
2 Pistoll 3 Piston 4 5 6 Diaphragm 7 Piston 8 Pistoll 9 10 II 12 Diaphragm Piston 13 14 Piston 15 Piston 16 Piston 17 Pistoll !8 Piston 19 Piston Powel' Mcdill Nat Gas Nat Gas Nat Gas Nat. Gas Nat Gas Nat Gas Nat Gas Nat Gas Nat. Gas Nat. Gas Nat. Gas Nat Gas Nat Gas Nat. Gas Nat. Gas Nat. Gas Nat. Gas Electric Electric Nat. Air Air Nat. Gas Total**Nllimh,~r** of CIPs at the Site
5 203 666

5 28 273

36 4 1'2 8 25 115 24

4 5 CIPs Within GllS Industry nO.llu)"r'!!!" at till.' Site 10 5 

## o

5 28 273



## o
36 

## o 12 8 25 

## o o o 

## o o

IS Nllmbcl' ofRllte

4 3 Strokesl

0.33 55 65 40 9:1 61.9
27.3
25 50

3.8 3.8 100 100 81.3 100 50 100 100 NIlmbeI'

4.6 125.7
9U

4.5 6.'" 136.4

1.2 1.2 17.9 18.1 3.3 12.0 4.0 12.5 12.5

pp 

### TABLE Total Number of

### Gas Operated CIPs 

### Observed from Site Visits 

### 327 329 %by 49,8 

## ± 

## ± ± t'!.Vt:HIlH:: 

### Strokes/min 

### 4.4 

### Industry Boundaries equipITlentbut**excludl~s** 

### pumps are number The 

### industry n 

### bOlJIldariles include all eqlliplnellt**afisoc;iatl~d** 

### with oil This bOllodary def'tnition is sigIlifi(;anl 

### for chemical pumps since a**cbf~mical** 

### additionto During visits, 

## datawel'e collected all pneumatic chemical injl::ct:ion pumps regardless ofthe associated eqUipment. As shoWnin Tables and data collected 

### purpose this characterization actuationmeasurements and pump for chemical pumps, pumps compressed and pumps to the industry. decision was made to indude all 

### datafor the factor calculatious but loaceount for the ind:uslly b'OUfldal'1'**definitio~** 

### in tbe activity factor. the activity factor only includes natural powered

## cnemicalinjectionpumps associated with

### the natural

## gasindustly.) examine the effect**ae~:':.,tl[}n.** 

### emissiion estim,ltes were deterntine:d tWo data sets: one**COlltainil1~g** 

### all ofthe available 

### and data for**gas"opf~rate:d** 

### dtemical**inj(:~tk)n** 

### within gas industlry The 

### cOllnparis<)ll are**pre!,entl~d** 

### 16

pp


### TABLE 

### <4-4. DATA COMPARISON FOR CHEMICAL INJECTION PUJVIPS All DIIIl! Natural Gas ImlllshT nil1:1 "151011 Pistoll Percent ofTotal Pumps, % 49.8 :t JS'};' 50.2 38% 4.5 ± 678% 955 31% Pump Actuation sirok<:'s/min

Number ofmeasuremenls Number ofsiles 26.32 ± 29';"0 32 1 13.64 49%, 8 5 3.57 t 42% 15 2 14.75 i 61%

5 

# " 44.6 ± 62% 7 '10.0 52% 10 77.5 

### ± 148'1!0 4 58.0 39% 6 Melhllne Emissions Factor,' 248 ± 83% 668 ± 88%

on the emlSS:lon calculatil)ll are presenled in 5.


### ro**t~** 

### significantly reduces the database from which the emission factors are calculated and results in a much larger emission factoL A**foUow~upconversatioll** 

### with a manufacturer ofboth are sized based on the "nli"....,..**reqllirf~d** 

### and is 

### not a



### natural 

### for pump pump can aCC:QmimC)Oa'te Clofi(lltIions associated with eithernatural gas 

### production 

### orcrude 

### production. 

### ntis was confirmed

### by industry contacts 

### as well, 

### because a reason one pump for natural gas production could not be the 

### data ail ofthe 

### per The actual mltnbl?r 

### industry boundaries is accounted for the activity operating on gas within factor.



### 17

pp


### 4.5 lVlanufacturers' Data**miJ:tUl\~)** was 

### det,cflllin(:(1 

### manufacturers rehlte gas to the ofchemical plLlmlJed To convert to 

### the volume of per stroke was calcUlated baSed on manufacturers" 

### c!lua for stroke length 

### ilndplunger

### diameter (for 

### dlaphl'agll11 P''''UP'') 

### or (for 

### pumps) as (1) --"'--- x Gas 

### and summarize the informationprovided pump**call~uli'lted** 

### gas is pump 

### 4.5.1 DiapbragmPulUlls
cubic feet ofgas for each pump**dt~tplllfal~m** 

### pump mallufacturers gas usages in terms 

### standard 1 afffi 

### and 60°F) required to pump one gaBon oflIquid, where gas usage 

### slightly withdischarge Despite the wide ofpump 

### rates were 

### to an rale

to 0.1660 

### stroke 

### a 

### ± pump 

### data

## were over range to 1000 psig (discharge

### pressure ranged from 20 to 1060 

### psigfor sites visited), for whichthe gas usage varied by 

### 20%. For example, the gas usage for the 318,·inchWestern Chemical pump was 105 to 118 over the pressure range of0 to 1000 

### disl[,la(;emlent per 

### stroke was 

### based on

### theplunger**diamf~ter** 

### Combining the calculated 

### usage values, in a matrixca1culated

values which from 

### stroke as shown 

### by Equation each plunger 

### size over the of**scf'!stro1~e** 

### values. 

### Table 4-5 shows

pTABLE 4-5. PlIl\lP MANU}<'ACTURERS' DATA FOJ{ IlIAPHRAGM PU!\ff'S



### Model \hf.'cI.",·" 

### Chemit'<11 Inc. <) 

### l)hmgcl' 

### in. 3/8 5/8 

### Natural

20.6 13.6 

### O. 0.0860 0.1360 0.0866
- 0.1660 

### 1/4 

### 1/2 I 1/4


### I 

### I 114 118 3/8 

### 1

diaphl:agi[Jl 

### pump actuation rale detl(:nllln{:d cOIliver'led 

### to ,,,·f,'c'n,l.·i-' da.ta**~lId** shown ill 

### ofmel.han.e, UlunllJIY 

### ofnatural gas to 

### CaJrlud.lan**~miissi{ltlS,** 

### report,::u 

### in 4 I as ",.fclirm,n,n b

j9

o

### TABLE**4~6.** 

### PUJ\1P lVlANUFACTURERS' nATA FOR PISTON PUMPS 

### Piston Calculated



### 2
j 1 2 1/4 

### 2 1/4**1/~** 1 

### 0.0086
I 

### 0.0009

pp
and 

### the Cainadian**C~llclLllallirlg** the average ofthe range ofmanufacturer measurements resulrsin the 

### average gas errlis:5io,n diaphragm pumps. 

### ± the


### 4.5.2 Piston }>umps to were ga:; recluil'ed 10 pump one Manufaclllrer data for diaplll'agllu pumps: standard In addlllolll, the manufacturer DfilWllded ranges for rhe volume ofchemical pum!)cd ""41111"'!> corresponding to dilTerellt actuation rates (stroke/min), Actuation measurements the two where the Texstean, 

### pllmpS were observed Were used to convert the gas discharge rate per volume ofchemical to the**di~;charE\e** nue per stroke as shown 

### in the folh1\'1I11l11



### For tile barrel type ma'nuf:aculrer spe,cifilc:iliollS for the usage was 

### calcullatc:d 011 the

Gas
are not as**Ul''l~;l,;5C** as**(!i~iplllraJsm** have 

### a on the usc these in the industry, to piston diameters be 

### typicaL adJUSHlhle for at these pumps due to the effect ofpressure on gas 

### mJ'luufa(;llllren,' values affect the gas usage 

### to were used. addition. the gas pressure can Based on 21p

p 

### manufacturers' piston pumps are designed fOl' supply 

### gas pressures ranging from 15 to 

### 85 A gas pressure of 30 was used the on an average ofsite data and reference material. 12 

### the data from the four manll1'<ICIUrtTS, the was to 

### ± (TableEMISSION Site information 

### was used to determine the average actuation rate (strokes/min), the fraction type ofpump (piston versus diaphragm), and the**pef'celltaf~e** ofopf:ral.mg time for each 

### ofpump. The manufacturers' data were used to


### An Radian 

### cornbined ofgasJ1stn)ke)

this .:>\.-\.-UV,.l, to 

### calculate stroke 

### ofpump site 

### inf(}rnlaticm and 

### manufacUlret'S' 

### each detemline the 

### volume of


### average pump emission factor was calculated 

### by cornbinirlg 

### diaphragm and pistonpumps: emission factors for

PUlJIP 

### (4)

= pump**methanl~/pump)l"i,mn** 

## + x EFavg. pump 

# = 248 scfe! methane/pump 

### the frai:tioil1 ofeach 

### is from COIIcelCpttlg the data emission factor callculatilons, and 

### the resulting national emission rates are 

### discussed in this 

### Diaphragm**Pum~** Calculation ofthe emission for 

### diaphragm pumps was based 'lIl the



### == Gas th'1e x**(scjtJsllrokl~)** x FfeQiuenl::Y (strok:eslt:lay) X 

### Operatillg

p

### where:
Operating time 

### % Methane portion ofthe year that the pump 

### is operating (0.40 

## ± 78.8 mol 

### % 

## ± 5

### % for the production segment. 

### total mellhal1e elnisl;ion 

### diaplu'aglm pumps 

### SCf(jjpLlmp 

### ± PistQn Pumps

was on the followin[!



### where: 

## = (acf/stroke) x Density x Frequency**{stl'okl~s/(jay** 

### X Operating 

### x % methane hqUlltlon 

### 3 sef/aefat supply pressure (average psig) (combined 

### average value ofvolume a'1d densiIy is 0,0037 

### ± 65% 

### seE/stroke:). strokes per average pump 

### ± (6)**Opl~ratjng** 

### time methane of

### the year that the pump 

### is**opt~rating** 78.8 mol 

### % for the proo.uctiOfi !':epme'n! 

### ± resulting methane emission factor piston pumps 

### is scfd/pump 

### ± 106%


### are 

### on (0.498 

## ± piston pumps 

## ± 38

### %diaphragm pumps 

### from Table to 

### produce an 

### emission factor for a 

### typical chemical injectionpump of 

### ± 83% sd'dhJurnn.

p 0

### 5.3 National 

### Emission Rate

by lICtivity 

### The rate is the em,ission pump from 

### by the number ofpumps used in**prodt'~tion** 

### field;:s nationwide. The number of pumps 

### inthe gas industry production segment was 

### determined establishing 

### the 

### ratio ofthe number 

### pumps to that 

### are 5 on <;lNI\llitu 

### The is 

### a pumps 

### the producti0n sector MUltiplying pump 

### emiiSsi(}Jl yields 

### the total annual 

### emissions for gas,opierated chemical injc'cti()O pumps: 

### 248 pump days

--- x 

### jear 

### (7) res\lltiIlg methallle 

### ernissions for**prc~dw:::tl(m** 

### segmentare 

## ±

### 6.0

2. 3, 

### REFERENCES



### 5. 5100. 

### Texsteam Pump " .."..**,~.-** and Parts List Series



### 6. 

### Canadian Petroleum Association. 

### A Detailedlnvenfwy of

### CH 4 

### and VOC En/issiorlsfrom Upstream Oil and Gas in March 1992,



### 9. Westem Cbem:ical KS, April 1994. Personal**COllTe:5:JC~ndem;c** with Tom Specialty Co. Personal**CI[)lTI~sponclence** with 

### James WiHb:ank,s,



### 12. Petroleum Extension 

### Handling of

### Natural Gas, 4th Ed. J, LCI;1,;1l1H, Di'vision ofContinuing EdlLlcatiolLl, University at £>U'''j]·', 

### 26

### Production Source Sheei

A-ISOURCES: COl\n·oJ'..'El'.'TS: OI'ERATING MOI)E: EMISS[ON TYPE: ANI\1{L\T, EMISSIONS: RACKGROlJNIi: pnOJ)l!CTION ,sOURCE SHEET Wdb.**I~<lcililit:c,** CIl<:mical Injection Pumps Normal Operillion Vented 

### ±
prcssure aelillt' nil a iOThe almn;;pnerc, The milllliiIflr!l, !leak bi"t:idc, dt:lllulsi!1er, clarifier pumps were observed- II di:lpllril.lctll**ill"cliv<~** al I he I ime had El\iISSION FACTOR: 2.JS scfdfavN'llge pump :f 83 % WlIS ad.just<:d the prodncljo," mt'tham' Cllllt(ll1l in lIallln!l ga;; al 71L8 HIllI':'''.) llPOI1 Ihe follovvin;; c1lualiOll:
where: fraction ofthepllmp popUlatiOn tbM is the tYfll' = 4<iS'i{, -I:**'\~%** emis,'on factor ofan average pump**~c** 48.<)**sclah~ml1n fr~iCh()l1**  ofIhe ihal is Ihe 1. emission faClor ofar pump t The averagt1 emission faclor was delermined U,S. sires, For pumps, the emission

where: Gas usage (ac:fi,.tHJkL:) x Operating lime melham: x
usa12E calculated gm: usage**diaillel!~!** and**a~lud** Dellsi,y 0f1Lr;lIillg lime melhane scf/acfat supply gas (average 30 psig) (comhm('d average v;th'c nl volume and densil)' is 

### ± 65% scf!:,ffokt), slrokes per oflhe average pump (:17,90I time thai the I and

± So/" I'm Bas"" on "ile ami manuf'lclllrer daLl', the 106%

1\-2p

Fol' diapbiragm Clhcf:l1ic,al lt11,,(,II<1,n pumps, the emission faelor Wllil dClcl'lnillcd by the follovvinl1 CllualiOin: (gal/slfiJke) x**f'rC1luenl~v** (slmk:cshlay) x xmClhane wh!. e: Gas usage Volume Op,eraiing thlle % melhane volume ofgas (In standard f1 3) required 10pump one gallon ofliquidchemical (provided by the manufaclurer); liquid displaced per stroke based ou theplunger diameler and stroke lenglh value ofgas is 0.0119 

### ± 10% lind and measured datato calculate the emission factor CmJSSIOn factor was determined to 

### ± 77%. terms, thc tOI,,1 Stroke

### volumewas calculated frompump manufacturers' dam ami siteobservatiol1sofmanufacmrer and mQoel number. was calculated basedupon observed sitesupply pressure, and frequem:y was based upon timed strokeintervals observed While Oil site. ivas estimated by site personnel (ifseasonal), or was based percent atthe site were the visit The emission 

### faclOrs shown above (in heencorrected for the nalural gas the productionsegment of 18.8 mol % Itlethane. EF DATA .:>\.IV"".......,... Volume 13:**maJI1Uf:~ctllrers'** data Namral**~dablishes** Ihe importanI emlssllon··alleclmg The Chemical lnjeaioll characteristics. Site visitdata and reference material established the density from supply gas pressure 

### at30 For

measurements taken at The determined from data at 13 sites. Measurements of5 diapllragmehemical U\J'''''''"uupumps were proVided from an emissions eslitl1ale program by Ihe Petroleum Association. L

4. 

### 2.

5. 3.



### 6.
EF ACCURACY: Basis: L 2. 3. Op,erlltirlg Lime confidencebounds (at 90% calclllated of Ihe of'7 sites for pumps and 10 sites for pumps. Actuation confidence bounds (al90% confidenee) wcre based 011 measurements from 7 sites for and 5 sites for Ihe pumps. 

### n was tllatthe manufacturers' data are aCCUrate. Data for the pUmps were,based on informationfcom 4 manufacturers. pump dataWerc provided by 2 manufaclurers. A-3p

4. for each vahle Wllre carried Ihmugh errOr pl'clpagation W result in Ille t.nal 90% confidence bound, ACTIVITy}i'ACTOR: 16,971 pumps in the pmtluction**sCl~mcllt** 

### ± 143 % dW:rmined by establisltling The number ofgas actuated used in the**proidlil~lioin** the ntlll1ber well" (oUorgas) that values were determined. The ralioswere thell**mlliltil~lil:d** tbat market gas in that to total count ofchemical wete added togetherto determine the national number. n AF E**(Rel~ion,al** AF) i",1 wltere n '" 100ai number of Regional AF 

### x R J where W wells ill Regionj
AF DATA SOURCES: l.
2. J. The active oil and gas wells are from A.G.A. Gas Facts (2), Tlte active wells that market the lolal national active oilwells times lhe fraction market fraction is determined fnull a Texas Railroad Commission lease tbatshows the percent ofoilleases Ihal market the associaled gas inTexas The pump counts were obtained lhe site visils. air driven pumps Were not counted. Regional extrapolation by gas well count was used.
cng:ineeringjUd,gern,ent, based known The accuracy for the active gas wells is assigned upon the fact that thenumber ofactive wells r•• 'U.,n..iU\Jr" etc. ""':1lI

### ,."v for the national AF is based upon error pf<lpagatioll from the pfl)dttction 2. AF ACCURACY: Basis: L

AI\"NUAL El\-fiSSJONS: 1.5 Bscf

### ± 203 % The natiOlMl aIUlUal emissions were detennirllld mUlltilJlying an emission faelor for a typical pump by the pop. Jation ofchemical injection pumps inthe pflJdtlClion ''''l!;mt;m. REFERENCES Mt'lfllme**Enlisj~i0l1S** Jfrom the Nmural Gas Volume 13: Chemica,' Injection GRl-94/0257.30and EPA·600/R·96·080m, Gas Rescarcll Inslitute aIld U.S. June 1996. A-4p

Radian American Gas AssocialiOll. Gas Facis: 1993 Data,**ArJlin~tIOl].** VA, 1994, TX,1989. Texlls Railroad COllll1rtis:dOlrt. 2. 3.

A-5o



### APPENDIXB 

### Conversion Table

B-1 pp


### Unit Conversiflll 

### Table English to Metric COll1versil}nS g meUlane 

### 0.01923 methane 19,230 

### metric tOlllles methane 28.32 million standard cubic meters 

### kg 28.32 liters 

### 3.785 liters 0.3048 m 1.609 kIn 

### kW 0,7457 kW-hr 

### 1055 joules kW-hr 

### g/GJ 

## T + 5\.71 mm I 

### 1 methane 1 Bscfmethane } Bscf 

### J ton 

### 1 1 1 

### 1 gallon 

### 1 burrel 

### ebb!) 1 

### 1ft 1 mile 

### 1 1 hp-hr 1 Btu 

### 1 MMBtu 11bIMMBtu 

### T 1


### Global Wanning ConvCI'sions 

### Ca1culatingcarbon equivalents ofany gas:


### MMTCE (MMT of X 1--:""'--- x (GWP)

B-2Calculating**f'm'liv",l,~nl",** for methane:
of
where MW (molecular wei!!hO of = 44, MW and MW**Not~s** 

### scf

Mscf Standard cubic feet. Standard conditions are at 14,73

Thousand standard cubic feet. and 60"F.

Metric tOUlles as 1000 kg, psig psia 

### GWP MMT MMTCE MMT 

### eq, = pressure. rlU':SUIU,'" 

### Pl'csSurc W(lloning Potential time period.

tonnes,


### B-3 

### + atl110lspheric Iln;:ssUl"C). parlicular greenhou:se gas 

### ap p 

# ReproducedbyNTIS

im for

### gOilemment-sponsored information-U.S. andwor/dw;<Je For more information about NTIS 

### products and services, 

### call NTIS l;i"I'-4t)t'U an:.l the free NTIS CatalogofProducts or -I;::;itthe NTiS Web 

### site The 

### Nationa: Techmcal Information Service 

### Springfield, VA 22161 TIli![report,vasprilltedspecificallyforYOllrorder from IJ.::ar1)1

### 3 mil/lOlltitles IJl'ailabie 

### ill ollrcollectlOl,.

business information; U.S. military publications; audiovisual products; computer software and electronic databases developed 

### by federal 

### agencies; training and technital reports prepared by research organizations worldwide. Approximately 

### 100,000 new titles 

### are added and 

### indexed into the NTIS 

### cohaction annually. 

### For economy and effieienc)', 

### NTIS does not maintain stock of its vast collection of technical reports. Rather, most documents are printed for each ordeL Documents th..:lt are 

### not in electronic format are reproduced 

### from archival copies and are the reproductions If have this or any plaCed NTIS, please our CUl:itorner Selrvic;e n"'t'.",rI.."",,,f

### at (703) 

## AboutNTIS NTIS coneds scientific, techr.Jcal, engineering, and business related information -then**org,anii~es.** maintains. and disseminates that**infclrmatic~n** 

### in a to