RENDERED: MAY 28, 2021; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2020-CA-0353-MR

SHARON COOPER APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM DAVIESS CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE JOHN M. MCCARTY, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 18-CI-00994 

MICHAEL ALAN IVEY, ALICIA 

IVEY PAYNE, JASON AARON 

HARRINGTON, AND LINDA 

DARLENE IVEY APPELLEES 

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: ACREE, DIXON, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

DIXON, JUDGE: Sharon Cooper appeals the order of the Daviess Circuit Court

granting the petition of Michael Alan Ivey and Linda Darlene Ivey for grandparent 

visitation with R.H. (“Child”) entered on January 14, 2020. After careful review of 

the briefs, record, and law, we affirm.
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FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The Iveys are Child’s maternal grandparents who, on October 2, 2018, 

filed a petition seeking grandparent visitation rights. At the time of the petition, 

Cooper, Child’s paternal grandmother, had temporary custody as a result of ongoing dependency, neglect, and abuse (DNA) proceedings. On November 28, 

2018, the court held a hearing on the Iveys’ motion for visitation pendente lite and

ultimately granted visitation every other weekend.

On April 16, 2019, the DNA court entered orders finding that Cooper 

qualified as a de facto custodian1and granting her permanent custody of Child. 

Cooper then moved the Daviess Circuit Court to modify the Iveys’ visitation,

arguing that her status as a de facto custodian required heightened deference to her 

wishes on the matter. The Iveys objected, and Child’s parents, Jason Aaron 

Harrington and Alicia Ivey Payne, both of whom are incarcerated, filed responses 

in support of the Iveys having visitation. A hearing on the petition and motion was 

held on January 6, 2020.

Thereafter, the court entered the order currently on appeal granting the 

Iveys’ petition and continuing the pendente lite visitation schedule of every other 

 

1

“‘[D]e facto custodian’ means a person who has been shown by clear and convincing evidence 

to have been the primary caregiver for, and financial supporter of, a child who has resided with 

the person for a [set period of time] or has been placed by the Department for Community Based 

Services.” Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 403.270(1)(a). This statute has since been 

amended by 2021 Ky. Laws ch. 132 (SB 32) (eff. Apr. 12, 2021). The current version of the 

statute is not applicable herein. 
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weekend. Cooper timely moved, pursuant to CR2 59.05, to alter, amend, or vacate 

the order arguing that the court utilized the incorrect evidentiary standard and 

failed to fully review the applicable factors. The motion was denied, and this 

appeal timely followed. We will introduce additional facts as they become 

relevant. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a court’s findings of fact under the clearly erroneous 

standard and will only reverse if the findings are not supported by substantial 

evidence. CR 52.01; Black Motor Co. v. Greene, 385 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Ky. 1964). 

We review the court’s legal conclusions de novo. Nash v. Campbell County Fiscal 

Court, 345 S.W.3d 811, 816 (Ky. 2011).

ANALYSIS

“The Circuit Court may grant reasonable visitation rights to [] the . . . 

grandparents of a child . . . if it determines that it is in the best interest of the child 

to do so.” KRS 405.021(1)(a). In Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 

2054, 147 L. Ed. 2d. 49 (2000), the United States Supreme Court held due process 

requires that courts give appropriate weight in non-parent visitation proceedings to 

protect the parents’ fundamental rights to manage their child’s care, custody, and 

 

2 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

 
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control. Consequently, the Kentucky Supreme Court held in Walker v. Blair, 382 

S.W.3d 862, 869 (Ky. 2012), that a heightened standard of evidence—clear and 

convincing versus the customary preponderance of the evidence standard—shall be 

utilized in grandparent visitation actions against custodial parents. The Walker

court also adopted eight factors3 which it identified as being potentially relevant to 

the resolution of grandparent visitation actions. Id. at 871.

Recently, in Morton v. Tipton, 569 S.W.3d 388 (Ky. 2019), the 

Kentucky Supreme Court addressed whether the heightened evidentiary standard 

 

3

 The factors, which are not exhaustive, are:

1) the nature and stability of the relationship between the child 

and the grandparent seeking visitation;

2) the amount of time the grandparent and child spent together;

3) the potential detriments and benefits to the child from granting 

visitation;

4) the effect granting visitation would have on the child’s 

relationship with the parents;

5) the physical and emotional health of all the adults involved, 

parents and grandparents alike;

6) the stability of the child’s living and schooling arrangements; 

[...]

7) the wishes and preferences of the child[; and]

8) the motivation of the adults participating in the grandparent 

visitation proceedings.

Walker, 382 S.W.3d at 871.
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articulated in Walker applied when the child was in the permanent custody of 

grandparents. The Court answered in the negative and expressly held that “trial 

courts must use the preponderance of the evidence standard when considering 

grandparent visitation if someone other than a parent, including another 

grandparent, is the grandchild’s custodian.” Id. at 399.

Cooper’s first argument, which was preserved, is that the court erred 

as a matter of law by applying the preponderance of the evidence standard. Cooper 

acknowledges the apparent relevance of Morton but asserts that this action is 

distinguishable. In furtherance of this claim, Cooper contends that Morton

involved a custody and visitation order pursuant to KRS Chapter 620,

4 whereas her 

custody right derives from KRS Chapter 4035 because she was determined to be a 

de facto custodian. Additionally, drawing a parallel from KRS 403.270(1)(b),

which states that de facto custodians have the same standing as parents in custody 

matters. Cooper argues that her status requires that she be treated as a parent for 

the purposes of the visitation action—a deviation from Morton.

The history of Morton is similar to the case at hand. The Mortons 

received permanent custody of their grandchild as a result of separate DNA 

 

4 Titled: Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse. 

5 Titled: Dissolution of Marriage; Child Custody. 
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proceedings, and a petition for visitation was subsequently filed by Tipton, who 

was also the child’s grandparent. While Cooper notes that the DNA court in 

Morton entered a grandparent visitation order simultaneously with the permanent 

custody order, we find this to be a distinction without a difference where the appeal 

arose from the grandparent visitation petition, not the DNA orders, and was 

resolved under KRS 405.021. Morton, 569 S.W.3d. at 391, 394. Further, any 

attempt by Cooper to claim that the custody order in Morton did not satisfy KRS 

Chapter 403 is pure conjecture. This is especially true given that KRS 620.027 

dictates that permanent placement and custody orders made during DNA 

proceedings “shall utilize the provisions of KRS Chapter 403.” Consequently, we 

reject Cooper’s attempt to distinguish Morton.

Cooper further argues that her status as a de facto custodian imbues in

her the same rights and standing as a parent in all matters and the court erred in not 

applying the heightened evidentiary standard. Cooper has provided no authority in 

support of her proposition, beyond citing KRS 403.270(1)(b) and cases thereon. 

We disagree with Cooper’s contention. 

It is a long-held rule of statutory construction that courts are 

constrained by the language of a statute where, as in KRS 403.270, it is clear and 

unambiguous on its face. Whittaker v. McClure, 891 S.W.2d 80, 83 (Ky. 1995). 

The dictate of KRS 403.270(1)(b) to afford de facto custodians the same standing 
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as parents is expressly limited to custody proceedings under certain enumerated 

statutory provisions. As such, the statute has no application to the visitation action 

at issue. Moreover, Morton expressly rejected the contention that a de facto 

custodian can be bestowed a parent’s superior rights. 569 S.W.3d at 397. 

Accordingly, we find that the court did not err in applying the preponderance of the 

evidence standard. 

Cooper next argues that the court erred as a matter of law and 

rendered a clearly erroneous finding when it determined that the fourth Walker

factor, the effect granting visitation would have on the child’s relationship with the 

parents, was inapplicable. In Morton, the Court reaffirmed the utility of the 

Walker factors in non-parent custodian cases and advised courts to replace the 

references to “parents” therein with “non-parent custodian.” Id. at 399. Therefore, 

we agree with Cooper that the court erred in stating the factor was not relevant 

instead of modifying it to suit the facts at hand.

However, while it is best practice to list and consider all the 

enumerated Walker factors, what is pivotal is that the court’s order reflects actual 

consideration of the factors, not the format of the order. Indeed, in Morton the 

Kentucky Supreme Court deemed the trial court’s findings sufficient despite their 

failure to even cite the Walker factors where the order nevertheless demonstrated 

consideration consistent therewith. Id. at 399. Herein, Cooper did not identify in 
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her brief what evidence the court failed to consider. Further, the evidence Cooper

identified in her CR 59.05 motion as relevant to the omitted Walker factor, i.e.,

alleged behavioral problems and the general desire to raise Child as she sees fit, 

was identified and weighed by the court in its order. As the order on appeal

demonstrates a thorough consideration of the relevant factors and evidence, we 

find no reversible error, and Cooper’s claim fails.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, and for the foregoing reasons, the order of the Daviess 

Circuit Court is hereby AFFIRMED.

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

William D. Tingley

Louisville, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEES MICHAEL 

ALAN IVEY AND LINDA 

DARLENE IVEY:

Angela L. Thompson

Owensboro, Kentucky