# Patent

## Title
Method of resisting corrosion in metal reinforcing elements contained in concrete and related compounds and structures

## Abstract

A method of resisting corrosion of metal elements in concrete is provided. It includes introducing into concrete containing metal elements, at least one combination compound capable of sequestering chloride ions having the formula 3Me(II)O.(R,R′)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O, where R and R′ are different and are independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr; anion is selected from the group consisting of NO2, NO3 and OH, n is 0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation and is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof. In one embodiment of the invention, concrete structures may be rehabilitated by providing an overlay containing the combination compound, with the overlay being provided in situ or as a preformed member and with possible use of a slurry in combination with an overlay segment.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/047,226, filed on Jan. 14, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,925, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/044,660, filed Jan. 9, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,810,634, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/010,581, filed Nov. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,138, issued Aug. 26, 2003.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of introducing into fresh concrete, as herein defined, compounds capable of sequestering chloride ions to establish resistance to corrosion of metal reinforcing elements contained within or contacting the concrete and provide a corrosion resistant oxide layer on the metal reinforcing elements, as well as related compositions and structures. The invention is also directed toward corrosion protection of concrete articles wherein the concrete has already set and hardened.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The advantageous use of metal reinforcing members, such as steel reinforcing members, in concrete for structural uses has been known for many years. Concrete is known to provide desired compressive strength, but tends to lack tensile strength. The reinforcing bars co-act with the concrete to provide enhanced tensile strength for the combination of materials. It has also been known to employ corrugated metal deck in combination with concrete to create a composite with similar benefits. Numerous other metal members have been embedded in concrete or provided in contact therewith to achieve enhanced benefits in the structural environment as a result of such materials. Among these additional materials are grids, beams, bolts, hold-downs and wire mesh.
One problem with such construction has arisen as a result of exposure of concrete to salts, such as calcium chloride and sodium chloride, on external structural members to resist the undesired accumulation of snow and ice on bridges and other concrete paved areas such as roadways, parking lots, sidewalks and the like. While these chloride salts do provide benefits in terms of de-icing of concrete surfaces, they frequently result in the chloride solutions migrating into the concrete decks and adjacent vertical concrete surfaces, such as walls and columns, also subjecting these to chloride intrusion. Also, saline seawater may migrate into the pores of concrete exposed to seawater as in sea walls, With respect to bridge decks, in particular, an enhanced problem results from air movement under the deck creating an environment wherein the salts are aspirated into the concrete and salt laden solutions flow into the pores.
Regardless of the manner in which chloride enters such concrete, the chloride, upon reaching the steel reinforcing members, tends to accelerate corrosion of the same because the oxidation of the metal metallic iron to Fe2+ is catalyzed by the chloride. Also, oxides and hydroxides of Fe2+ frequently form and occupy porosity in the vicinity of the interface of the steel and concrete. In addition, oxides and hydroxides of Fe3+ may also be produced. As these iron oxides and hydroxides are of greater volume than the iron metal from which they were produced, they tend to cause internal stresses which may become high enough to crack the concrete, and also degrade the desired bond between the metal reinforcing elements and the concrete.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,412 discloses a method of re-alkalizing concrete in which carbonation has occurred. An outer layer of the concrete structure containing reinforcement which layer through exposure to air has been carbonated has an adjacent layer that remains relatively less carbonated. The patent discloses applying to the outer surface a water type adherent coating followed by introducing between the outer adjacent layers, water from a source external to the concrete structure and maintaining the concrete structure in this condition for a period of time sufficient to effect diffusion of the alkaline materials from the relatively less carbonated adjacent layer into the relatively carbonated outer layer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,082 discloses a process for rehabilitation of internally reinforced concrete, which includes temporary application of an adhered coating of an electrode material to surface areas of the concrete. Distributed electrodes such as a wire grid is embedded in the coating. A voltage is applied to the reinforcement and distributed to the electrode to cause migration of chloride ions from the chloride into the electrolytic coding. Among the shortcomings of this approach is the need to provide, at the local source, a source of electrical power. This electrical equipment might have to be maintained at the site for extended periods of time. This further complicates matters by establishing a risk of injury to children and others that might find the equipment at an attractive nuisance, as well as the risk of theft and vandalism. Also, such chloride extraction processes may alter the concrete microstructure by making it more porous and permeable, thereby, facilitating enhanced re-entry of chloride when de-icing salts are again applied to the exterior.
It has been known to employ nitrites, such as calcium nitrite, in resisting corrosion of steel parts in concrete. It is believed that the nitrites oxidize the Fe2+ to Fe3+ which, in turn, precipitates as Fe2O3. The Fe2O3 thus formed tends to act as a barrier to further contact between the chloride and the steel. See, generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,092,109 and 4,285,733. Neither calcium nitrate nor Fe2O3, however, function to sequester chloride. The latter provides merely a barrier.
There remains, therefore, a very real and substantial need for a method and related composition and structure which will resist undesired corrosion of metal structural elements contained within, or in contact with, concrete structural members.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has met the above-described need.
The method, in one embodiment, includes resisting corrosion in concrete containing metal reinforcing elements composed of steel, copper, galvanized steel, tin plated steel or other structurally suitable metals by introducing into fresh concrete containing metal reinforcing elements at least one compound capable of sequestering chloride ions in a low solubility compound.
In connection with steel reinforcing elements, a low solubility compound within which the chloride ions are sequestered preferably also is created in a reaction that releases nitrite, which serves to oxidize Fe2+ to thereby provide a corrosion-resisting oxide layer on the steel reinforcing elements. This, therefore, in connection with steel achieves two levels of corrosion resistance, one of which is the actual capturing or sequestering of the potentially damaging chloride ions, and the second of which provides a protective layer on the metal reinforcing elements.
Among the preferred compounds for use in the method of the present invention are one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of (1) 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O; (2) 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O; (3) 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O; and (4) 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O, wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 10 to 18, depending upon the relative humidity to which a compound is equilibrated. If desired, lower values of “n” may be obtained by drying at low relative humidity as by evacuation or by heating, for example.
A further compound employed in another embodiment of the invention is, 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O wherein Me(II) is one or more divalent cations, such as Ca, for example, R2 is Al2, Fe2 or Cr2 anion is NO2, NO3, CO3, BO4 or OH and n is 0 to 24, and preferably 10 to 18. For some formulations, the anion may be divalent. In this case the formula would be Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion).nH2O wherein n is 0 to 24 and preferably 10 to 18.
The invention also contemplates a concrete structure which has hydrated fresh concrete and a plurality of metal structural elements in contact with the hydrated fresh concrete with a compound which sequesters chloride ions dispersed within the concrete.
The invention in another embodiment contemplates rehabilitation of existing concrete structures by providing a chloride sequestering compound in a member adjacent to the concrete structure and having a composition such that migration of chlorine ions away from metal structural elements in the concrete structure and into the adjacent overlay may be effected. In addition, if desired, release of nitrite to migrate into the concrete structure and afford corrosion protection to embedded steel.
In one version, the overlay, which may be formed in situ or as a preformed panel, contains the chloride-sequestering compound. In another, a slurry may be applied to the concrete structure with or without an overlay secured thereover.
The invention also contemplates in situ formations of the desired compounds which are suitable for chloride ion sequestration and nitrite release in order to establish an oxide protective layer over the metal elements.
The compound may be formed by adding certain materials to fresh concrete with a reaction product of cement hydration yielding a further component or separately adding the component. The in situ concept may also be employed in remediation of existing concrete structures.
Alternate sources of aluminum for use in creating the compound may be provided.
In another approach, sources of calcium and aluminum may be provided separately or as an admixture introducing the desired compound.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and related compounds and structures for inhibiting corrosion of metal elements positioned within or in contact with concrete in a structural environment.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system wherein undesired chloride ions will, as a result of a reaction, be sequestered, thereby reducing their ability to corrode the metal elements.
It is yet another object of the invention to, through a reaction effecting such sequestration of ions, to provide free nitrites which will oxidize the Fe2+ ions produced during the corrosion process to Fe3+ ions which, in turn, precipitate as Fe2O3 which coats the metal element and, thereby, resists corrosion.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system which employs unique compounds.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a system which will effectively and rapidly provide corrosion resistance to steel and other metals.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide such a system which may be employed by merely adding one or more compounds of choice to fresh concrete without requiring substantial changes in conventional practices employed in producing and placing the concrete structure.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system where an existing concrete structure may be rehabilitated by sequestering the chloride and providing a means to accumulate nitrite ions in the vicinity of the embedded steel. It is appreciated that the nitrite ions oxidize presently corroding steel to produce a protective layer. In some formulations nitrite ions may not be available and in these instances rehabilitation is the result of chloride sequestration only.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system wherein an overlay, which contains a composition which may be of the type employed in other embodiments of the invention and facilitates sequestering of chloride and corrosion protection of metal structural elements. In another version, a slurry containing the compound of interest may be applied to the concrete structure with an overlay material either formed in situ or as a preformed panel secured thereover.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system for rehabilitation of existing concrete structures without requiring a source of electrical energy to be present on an ongoing basis during the performance of the method.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide for creation of the desired compound in situ in fresh concrete, or as a component, or with it, employed with one or more components employed in creating the fresh concrete.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide in situ creation of the desired compound in the course of creating a slurry or preformed panel employed in remediation existing concrete structures.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide for such in situ creation of the compound by adding certain materials either in solution or in the mixing water employed to prepare the concrete.
It is yet another object of the present invention to employ sources of aluminum other than calcium aluminate cement in creating the desired compound.
It is further an object of the present invention to provide alternate sources of calcium and aluminum in creating the desired compound.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a compound capable of sequestering chloride ions while controlling the amount of alumina which is added to the concrete.
These and other objects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following description of the invention with reference to the drawings appended hereto.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limited drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a concrete bridge deck containing metal reinforcing elements.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration similar to FIG. 1, but showing a construction having an overlay containing the chloride sequestering composition.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration similar to FIG. 2 except that the overlay consists of a slurry adjacent to the concrete structure and an overlaying material.
FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional illustration looking downward on a concrete piling which is to be rehabilitated through the system of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As employed herein the term “concrete structure” refers to an existing structure which is composed in at least significant part of concrete which has set and hardened, as contrasted with “fresh concrete” as defined herein and shall expressly include, but not be limited to, bridges, roadways, parking lots, sidewalks, parking garages, floors, support columns, piers, marine structures, piling, conduits and other concrete structures whether located inside or outside, and whether subject to vehicular or foot traffic thereover or not.
As employed herein, the term “fresh concrete” means concrete which is in a plastic state.
As employed herein reference to “introducing” a compound into fresh concrete shall be deemed to include introducing the compound in solid form and in slurry form with or without other ingredients such as minerals and additives into fresh concrete and shall also embrace admixing or blending the composition in dry form with dry cement and/or other ingredients prior to water being added.
As employed herein, the term “metal elements” means metal elements placed within or in contact with concrete for various purposes including, but not limited to, structural purposes and shall expressly include, but not be limited to, reinforcing bars, grills, beams, metal deck hold downs and wire mesh.
As shown schematically in FIG. 1, a layer of concrete 2, overlies and is supported by a deck member 4. The concrete in the form shown has a plurality of elongated, generally parallel, reinforcing bars 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18. This assembly may be created in a conventional manner to provide the desired structure which, in the form shown, may be a bridge deck having an undersurface 22, exposed to air 24 and an upper surface 26, which may have undesired snow deposited thereon or ice formed thereon. Application of calcium chloride, sodium chloride or other chloride containing salts to the upper surface 26, or the overlying ice and snow (not shown) results in chloride penetration into the concrete interior and, if not inhibited, contact with the metal reinforcing bar 6–18 (even numbers only) which will generally be composed of steel to create the undesired corrosion.
For convenience of reference herein, the use of metal elements such as steel reinforcing bars 6–18 (even numbers only) will be discussed. It will be appreciated that corrosion inhibition of other types of metal elements such as those made of or coated with copper, tin or zinc, for example, may benefit from the present invention.
In one embodiment of the invention, there is not only provided free nitrite, which oxidizes ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) ion to thereby effect precipitation of Fe2O3 to form an iron oxide barrier, but also provides means to sequester chloride which enters the concrete porosity by capturing the same in low solubility compounds.
As employed herein the term “low-solubility compounds” means, chloride-containing compounds exhibiting solubilities substantially below those of sodium chloride or calcium chloride, and shall include, but not be limited to, chloride-containing compounds, which at saturation in aqueous solutions permit less than about 1 kg of soluble chloride per cubic meter of concrete. A chloride level of about 1 kg/m3 of concrete is considered the threshold level for corrosion.
In general, the invention contemplates the addition of any compound into which chloride ions would enter to produce a low solubility compound that sequesters the chloride.
An example of a preferred reaction of the present invention, which accomplishes both the objective of creating an iron oxide barrier and the sequestering of chloride, is shown in reaction (1).

3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O+2Cl−3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.nH2O+2NO2.  (1)

In this example 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O wherein n=10 is added to fresh concrete as a particulate solid. The reaction that occurs is the chloride from the de-icing salts used on the hardened concrete reacts to produce Friedel's salt, which sequesters the chloride and, in addition, serves to release nitrite in order to oxidize any Fe2+. In adding the particulate compound, 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O, is added to the fresh concrete, it is preferred that in general about 3 to 88 pounds of the particulate solid will be added per cubic yard of hydrated fresh concrete, and preferably about 22 to 66 pounds of concrete per cubic yard. The exact amount will be influenced by the anticipated rates of chloride ingress into the concrete having the usual range of water-to-cement ratios, e.g., 0.35 to 0.50. The admixture may, if desired, be employed in concrete having lower water-to-cement ratios such as 0.25 to 0.35, for example, or higher ratios such as 0.5 to 0.9, for example. In general, the higher the anticipated rate of chloride ingress, the larger the amount of particulate composition employed. The compound is admixed with the hydrated fresh concrete to achieve substantially uniform distribution thereof. When the concrete sets, this constituent will be present in the concrete to receive and interact with chlorine from the icing salts that penetrates the pores of the concrete. This compound (3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O) is generally stable over the range of pH values normally encountered in concrete. The resultant compound 3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O is a low solubility compound within which the chloride is sequestered. This compound, is more stable than the nitrite. Chloride will exchange for the nitrite thereby freeing the nitrite and sequestering the chloride. As a result, the concentration of chloride in the concrete at the surface of the steel, such as re-bars 6–18 (even numbers only) will be reduced as compared with concrete not containing the compound. This same reaction may be employed with the same result substituting Fe2O3 for Al2O3 in the starting material. This would result in the reaction 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O+2Cl−3CaO.Fe2O3.CaCl2.nH2O+2NO2−
In lieu of providing the compound such as 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O in dry particulate form, it may be presented as a slurry with a pH of about 10 or greater with the particulate being present in the slurry in the range of about 5 to 60 weight percent and preferably about 10 to 35 weight percent. The slurry then would be admixed with the hydrated fresh concrete.
In lieu of introducing the particulate solid or slurry into hydrated fresh concrete, if desired, one may admix the particulate solid or slurry with one or more of the dry components of the concrete such as the cement, for example.
In lieu of the compound employed in reaction (1), other compounds may be used to create essentially the same reaction with the following differences. Among these compounds are, 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24; 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24; and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24.
Also, 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O wherein Me(II) is one or more cations, R2 is Al2, Fe2 or Cr2, anion is NO2, NO3 or OH and n=0 to 24 may be employed. These approaches, in many instances, involve a substitution in the compound employed in equation (1) for the aluminum, for the calcium or the nitrite. As to the substitution for the nitrite, this would be replaced by nitrate in equation (1) 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O or 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O. As stated hereinbefore, the anion may be divalent in which case the formula would be 3Me(II)O.R2O.Me(II)(anion).nH2O wherein n is 0 to 18 and preferably 10 to 18. In other compositions, nitrite could be replaced by carbonate, borate or other anions.
The nitrites have the advantage of sequestering chloride in addition to liberating a species capable of rapidly oxidizing ferrous (Fe2+) ions near the surface of corroding seal to ferric (Fe3+) ions to facilitate the formation of a protective layer of ferric oxide or hydroxide on the steel.
It is understood that the value of “n”, meaning the number of waters of hydration, may vary, depending on the relative humidity to which the compounds are exposed.
Among the preferred compounds for use in the invention are, 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O in terms of effectiveness for both chloride sequestration in concrete and protective oxide layer formation of metal embedded or in contact with concrete. It is preferred that n=0 to 24.
In an additional embodiment, the present invention provides methods of resisting corrosion of metals in concrete comprising introducing into concrete having metal elements at least one compound capable of sequestering chloride ions, the compound being a combination compound having the formula

3Me(II)O.(R,R′)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O,

where R and R′ are different and are independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr; anion is selected from the group consisting of NO2, NO3 and OH, n is 0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation and is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof. When, for example, Al and Fe are selected, the above formula can also be written as 3Me(II)O.(Al,Fe)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O. Another example of the chemical formula would be Ca2(Al,Fe)(OH)6(anion).nH2O (see, e.g., Taylor, HFW, “Cement Chemistry”, p. 173–176.).

As used herein, the term “combination compound” is used to refer to compounds which exist as a solid solution, a partial solid solution, and/or as a material having areas rich in one element (such as Al, Fe or Cr) and other areas rich in another, different element in this group. The combination compound of the present invention can exist in any one or combination of these states. A solid solution in the context of the combination compound of the present invention refers to a compound in which the oxygen ions arrange themselves to occupy a periodic three-dimensional array. Al, Fe or Cr atoms then randomly occupy locations within the array.
Preferably, R is Al and R′ is Fe in the above formula. Al and Fe (or Cr) can be combined in any ratio desired, for example, up to 99% Al and 1% Fe, or 99% Fe and 1% Al, or any desired combination between these ranges.
The amount of Al, Fe, and/or Cr to be used will depend on the properties of the cement to which they are added and the end use environment. For example, the preferred upper limit on Al in cement to be used in a “severe sulfate” environment, is a cement containing no more than 5 wt % of 3CaO.Al2O3. Thus, the Al content of the corrosion inhibiting admixture in combination with Al already present in the cement (which varies depending on the type of cement and ingredients used to make it) should not exceed 5% of the weight of the cement. Cement to be used in a moderate sulfate environment should contain no more than 8 wt % of 3CaO.Al2O3. Thus, the Al content of corrosion inhibiting admixture in combination with that in the cement should not exceed 8% of the weight of the cement (American Concrete Institute. Committee 201 report: Guide to Durable Concrete).
Preferably, the source of Al2O3, Fe2O3 or Cr2O3 is a solid such as red mud (which contains alumina and iron oxide), bauxite, any calcium aluminate, for example mono- or tricalcium aluminate, calcium ferrite, calcium alumino ferrite, reactive sources of alumina such as Al2O3 or Al(OH)3. This list is meant to be non-limiting, and any suitable solid source of Al2O3, Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 can be used.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the combination compound comprises (Al,Fe)2O3, anion is NO2 or NO3, and Me(II) is Ca.
The combination compound can be formed as a particulate by mixing the selected ingredients in suitable proportions to produce
3Me(II).(R,R′)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O. In a preferred embodiment, appropriate combinations of Al2O3, Fe2O3 or a solid such as red mud (which contains alumina and iron oxide), bauxite, any calcium aluminate, for example mono- or tricalcium aluminate, calcium ferrite, calcium alumino ferrite, reactive sources of alumina such as Al2O3 or Al(OH)3 and supplementary sources of Ca, such as CaO or Ca(OH)2 and a source of nitrate or nitrite, such as NaNO2, NaNO3, Ca(NO2)2 or Ca(NO3)2 are used to make the combination compound. Such formation may occur at room temperature or elevated temperature. In the event that a Na-containing salt is used, it may be desirable to remove the majority of any dissolved sodium salt by filtration followed by washing the combination compound with water.
The combination compound can be introduced into fresh concrete, or can be mixed with the ingredients used to make concrete, prior to or after the addition of water. Alternatively, the compound can be introduced in to fresh or dry concrete as a slurry, or can be introduced into any of the components used in creating concrete, prior to or after the addition to other ingredients. Any of the methods of mixing previously described herein are suitable for use with the combination compound of this embodiment, provided that, as described below, the combination compound is made prior to mixing it with concrete or components used to make concrete. The combination compound cannot be efficiently created in situ by mixing the precursor compounds with the concrete or concrete components.
The following reaction creates the chloride sequestering compound:

3Me(II)O.(R,R′)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O+2Cl−3Me(II)O.(R, R′)2O3.Me(II)Cl2.nH2O+2(anion)−.

When anion is NO231, this reaction will further establish a corrosion resistant oxide layer on the metal elements embedded within the concrete. When the anion is NO3−, the corrosion-inhibiting effect is limited to chloride sequestration.
The use of a combination compound permits the sequestration of chloride ions while controlling the amount of alumina which is added to the concrete. For applications where concrete is exposed to combinations of sulfate and chlorides, it is undesirable to increase the reactive alumina content of the cement. This is because sources of reactive alumina can contribute to sulfate attack. Seawater, for example, contains both sulfates and chlorides. If chloride is able to enter the pore structure of the concrete, sulfate will also be able to enter. It is desirable to be able to sequester the chloride without causing sulfate attack. Some reactive alumina is tolerable. For example sulfate resisting cement is permitted to contain small amounts of reactive alumina, as describe above.
The alumina compounds 3Me(II)O.Al2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O are readily formed under a variety of circumstances. The iron compounds 3Me(II)O.Fe2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O form more slowly. The combination compound, 3Me(II)O.(Fe,Al)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O exhibits intermediate behavior. Thus, the presence of reactive alumina facilitates the formation of the compounds of interest while the presence of iron oxide avoids the problem of promoting sulfate attack. The compounds are formed separately as follows: The nitrate-based chloride sequestering compound 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O can be produced in the manner described above using tricalcium aluminate, or monocalcium aluminate and calcium hydroxide:




The compounds 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O are produced using 2CaO.Fe2O3 in the presence supplementary Ca from Ca(OH)2 and nitrite or nitrate from their calcium and/or sodium salts. 2CaO.Fe2O3 is produced by blending Fe2O3 and CaCO3 in a molar ratio of 2:1 followed by sintering this mixture at 1150° C. for approximately 1.5 hours. The mixture of CaO and 2CaO.Fe2O3 is produced by calcining 1 mole of CaCO3 with 3 moles of Fe2O3 at 1100° C. for  ̃1.5 hour. A variety of reaction times and temperatures can be used in the synthesis of this compound or this mixture. After cooling the 2CaO.Fe2O3 or the mixture of 2CaO.Fe2O3 and CaO are ground to an average particle size of approximately 10 microns using ordinary comminution techniques.
The combination compound is made by forming a physical mixture of 3CaO.Al2O3 or CaO.Al2O3 and 2CaO.Fe2O3 and with suitable proportions of additional CaO or Ca(OH)2 and nitrate or nitrite compounds. Thus to make 3 CaO.(Fe1.0 Al1.0)O3.CaNOy.nH2O, equimolar proportions of 2CaO.Fe2O3 and 3CaO.Al2O3 or CaO.Al2O3 will be added to the appropriate proporations of nitrate, or nitrite and CaO or Ca(OH)2. The Al and Fe reactants are particulate solids, ground to high fineness (typically 3500 cm2/g) or to a average particle size of 5–10 microns. Reaction may be carried out at any temperature above freezing. This includes reaction under steam pressure at hydrothermal conditions, provided the container is sealed. Upon mixing, the components further react to form a solid solution, and do not remain as a simple physical mixture.
Thus, in additional aspect, the present invention provides a method of making a compound which sequesters chloride ions and provides resistance to corrosion of metals in concrete. The method comprises mixing a solid source of aluminum, iron, or chromium oxide or hydroxide, or combinations thereof, with a cation and an anion under suitable conditions as described above, to provide a compound having the formula

3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O

where R is selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe or Cr and combinations thereof, anion is NO2, NO3 or OH, n=0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof. In this embodiment, R can be a single element selected from the group Al, Fe or Cr, or can be at least two different elements selected from this group. When more than one of these elements is used, the combination compound described above will result. The above compound can be added to concrete, or to overlays provided on top of the concrete, or to both structures.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a concrete structure comprising concrete, a plurality of metal elements in contact with said concrete, and a compound capable of sequestering chloride ions having the formula

3Me(II)O.(R,R′)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O,

where R and R′ are different and are independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr; anion is selected from the group consisting of NO2, NO3 and OH, n is 0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation and is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof, disposed within said concrete. The concrete structure can be a bridge, a pier, a portion of a highway, a portion of a parking garage or parking lot, or any concrete structure having reinforcing metal elements. An overlay can be formed on the concrete structure, and can be secured to the concrete structure by any means, including, for example, adhesive. The overlay can be preformed if desired, or can be applied as a slurry and allowed to set. An additional second layer, over the overlay, can also be used, to provide additional protection to the concrete structure. In yet a further embodiment a concrete assembly is provided, comprising a concrete structure having a plurality of metal elements and an overlay disposed in close adjacency to the concrete structure. The concrete structure and/or the overlay contain the combination compound as described above.

EXAMPLES
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
In order to provide more detailed information regarding the manner of synthesizing the compounds, examples will be provided.
In the synthesis of 3 CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24, the following procedure may be followed.
In employing 3 CaO.Al2O3 the following process of synthesis may be employed:




The presence NaOH does not appear to interfere with sequestration of chloride or with the action of nitrite on steel and, as a result, it is not necessary to remove the NaOH by washing the product compounds. Alternatively, the solid 3CaO.Al2O3 and Ca(NO2)2.nH2O can be separated from the NaOH solution by washing and/or filtration.
In each of these two examples, the Ca(OH)2 and calcium aluminate were employed as fine powders. Ca(NO2)2 and NaNO2 are commercially available and highly soluble in water. While there are no critical particle size distributions, in general, it is preferred to have a particle size such that 99% of the powder passes through a 325 mesh sieve. Commercially available Ca(OH)2 was employed as was commercially available CaO.Al2O3 with the latter being employed as a refractory cement. The synthesis in each case was carried out at room temperature by mixing the reactives with approximately 10 times their weight of water in suitable sealed containers. Their reaction occurred more rapidly if the contents of the containers were stirred or agitated. Optionally, if desired, grinding media such as Zirconia media, for example, may be placed in the containers.
The nitrate-based chloride sequestering compound 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24 can be produced in the manner described in the foregoing two examples employing tri-calcium aluminate or mono-calcium aluminate and calcium hydroxide.
In using 3CaO.Al2O3 as a starting material, the following process can be employed:




wherein n=0 to 24.

Employing CaO.Al2O3 as the starting material, the following process can be employed.




wherein n=0 to 24.

The presence NaOH does not appear to interfere with sequestration of chloride or with the action of nitrite on steel and, as a result, it is not necessary to remove the NaOH by washing the product compounds. Alternatively, the 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O and Ca(NO3)2 can be separated from the NaOH solution by washing and/or filtration.
EXAMPLE 2
The phase 3CaO.Fe2O3.CaCl2.nH2O wherein n=10 has been created by reacting the precursors 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O with chloride. This indicates that chloride ions can be sequestered in the Fe analog of Friedel's salt (3 CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O). The compounds 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO. Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2nH2O have also been produced employing 2CaO.Fe2O3. in the presence of supplementary Ca from Ca(OH)2 and nitrite or nitrate from their calcium and/or sodium salts. 2CaO.Fe2O3 may be produced by blending Fe2O3 and CaCO3 in a molar ratio of about 2:1 followed by sintering this mixture at 1150° C. for approximately 1.5 hours. The mixture of CaO and 2CaO.Fe2O3 is produced by calcining 3 moles of CaCO3 with 1 mole of Fe2O3 at 1100° C. for approximately 1.5 hours. A variety of reaction times and temperatures can be used in the synthesis of this compound or this mixture. After cooling the 2CaO.Fe2O3 or the mixture of 2CaO.Fe2O3 and CaO were ground to an average particle size of approximately 10 microns using known comminution techniques.
EXAMPLE 3
The compounds 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O may be produced by calcining 1 mole of CaCO3 with 3 moles of Fe2O3 at 1100° C. for about 1.5 hours. This produces a mixture of CaO and 2CaO.Fe2O3. This mixture is then ground and reacted with either NaNO3 or Ca(NO3)2 under basic conditions. In the event that NaNO3 is used, it is necessary to add supplemental calcium for the reaction to go to completion. This may be added as CaO or Ca(OH)2 for example.
With respect to compound 3Me(II)O.(R1,R2)2O3(Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O wherein R1 and R2 are Al, Fe or Cr, anion is NO2, NO3 or OH and n is 0 to 24 where Me(II) is a cation such as Ca, anion may be partially substituted by other divalent cations or may be completely substituted by other divalent cations such as Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn, for example. For some compositions divalent anions such as carbonate or borate may be used.
Referring to FIG. 2, wherein an existing concrete structure 2 having reinforcing metal elements 6–18 (even numbers only) is shown with an underlying deck member 4, which may or may not be present in connection with the rehabilitation of existing concrete structures as provided in this embodiment of the invention. An overlay 30, which in the form illustrated, it is concrete containing a compound usable in the present invention to sequester chloride ions with or without the capability of releasing nitrites to establish an oxide coating on the metal reinforcing member 6–18 is shown. This overlay 30 preferably has a porosity similar, or in excess of, to that of the concrete in the structure so as to permit free movement of chloride ions and nitrites therebetween. The thickness T of the overlay 30 may be in the order of 0.5 to 10 inches with a preferred thickness being about 1–4 inches.
The overlay 30 may be established in situ and self-bonded to the upper surface 32 of the concrete structure. In the alternative, the overlay 30 may be a preformed panel containing the compound which may be secured to the concrete structure 2 by any desired means such as an adhesive material preferably provide a continuously between the overlay 30 and the concrete layer 2 without interfering meaningfully with porosity in the interchange between the two structural elements or may be provided in certain locations leaving other areas for surface-to-surface contact between the overlay 30 and the concrete member 2. A suitable adhesive for this purpose is latex.
In lieu of the concrete material employed in overlay 30, other suitable materials having the desired strength, porosity and other characteristics needed for the present invention, may be employed. Among these are asphaltic materials, clay and clay-like materials and other cement materials including but not limited to Portland cements, blends of Portland cement with other materials such as fly-ash, slag or silica fume, calcium aluminate cements and mortars.
The overlay 30 provides a number of beneficial actions, which facilitate rehabilitation of the existing concrete structure 2. First of all, chloride will migrate out of the concrete 2 in response to the concentration gradient produced in the pore structure of the concrete 2, the pore structure across the interface with the overlay 30 and with the pore structure of the overlay 30 itself The admixture in the overlay 30 sequestered chloride ions that enter the overlay 30. Nitrite will migrate from the overlay 30 into the concrete 2 and toward the reinforcing steel 6–18 (even numbers only) in response to the concentration ingredient produced in the pore structure of the concrete itself, in the pore structure across the interface at surface 32 between the concrete 2 and overlay 30 and within the pore structure of the overlay 30 itself. The nitrite facilitates formation of a protective coating on the metal reinforcing elements 6–18, which may be composed of steel. All of this is accomplished without requiring prior art external electric current application. The system, therefore, results in passive chloride extraction.
If desired, in order to enhance the efficiency of maintaining the desired continuous moisture path, through which the chloride ions and nitrite can move, additional wetting may be applied and a low porosity overlay (not shown) overlying the upper surface 33 of the overlay 30 may be provided in order to seal the moisture in the structure. Also, rain may enhance such moisture paths. The low porosity overlay may be applied as a self-bonding coating established in situ or as a preformed element secured to surface 33.
In employing the process in connection with FIG. 2 and the embodiment describing in connection with FIG. 3, the compounds previously disclosed herein may be employed. It will be understood that those compounds which both sequester chloride ions and release nitrite will result in both the sequestration of chloride ion and releasing of nitrite serving to create the protective oxide layer around the metal reinforcing members 6–18 in the manner described herein.
Referred to FIG. 3, there is shown an embodiment similar to that of FIG. 2 except that the overlay 30 has a lower portion which is a separately formed slurry 34 disposed between the upper surface 32 of existing concrete structure 2 and the upper portion of overlay 30 with the overall thickness of the overlay 30 remaining within the range of thickness T. The slurry will be porous to facilitate migration of chloride ions and nitrite between it and the underlying concrete structure 2. The porosity of the slurry 34 will be such as to maintain communication with the underlying concrete 2. The slurry 34, which may be employed alone (not shown) or in combination with another portion of overlay 30 as shown in FIG. 3, will contain the compound employed to effect the objectives of the invention and may also include cements and sand as desired. In cases where slurry 34 is employed preferably alone it has a thickness of about 1⁄8 inch to 4 inches. In general, the water to solids ratio of the slurry will facilitate its being pumpable or spreadable with the capability of hardening with the consumption of free water during formation of 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O, wherein n=0 to 24. The water to solids ratios may be about 0.25–5 and preferably about 0.4 to 1.0. The slurry is pumped, sprayed, troweled or otherwise placed on the surface 32 to create slurry layer 34. The thickness of the slurry preferably will be in the range of about 0.125 to 4 inches and if sand is not present in the composition, will preferably be in the range of about 0.25 to 0.5 inch. With sand, the range is preferably about 0.5 to 1.0 inch. It will be appreciated that if in lieu of the composition previously recited in this paragraph, the composition 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O, wherein n=0 to 24 were employed as nitrate is not regarded as a corrosion inhibitor in the sense of creating an oxide protective coating on the metal elements, this compound would provide solely a means for removing chloride ions from the concrete, but not inhibition of corrosion of embedded steel or other metal. The amount of the compound employed in a specific installation can be determined by the amount of chloride that has entered the concrete structure and can be determined readily by those skilled in the art.
Referring to an embodiment wherein the vertical concrete structural be remediated, FIG. 4 shows a piling 40 which is generally vertically oriented and may be located under water. It has a plurality of elongated steel reinforcing members 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 embedded therein. A continuous clamshell 60 has been placed around the piling 40 to create an annular region 64 within which a slurry of the present invention may be introduced. The clamshell 60 may be in segments which are longitudinally adjacent to each other and secured to each other. They may be joined by bolts or other suitable mechanical means such as cables, or clamps. The annular region 64 has the slurry introduced after the clamshell 60 is placed in the space with the slurry being pumped in to displace water within an annular region 64. In other respects, the system of the invention performs in the identical manner as previously described herein.
It will be appreciated that depending upon the specific nature of the concrete structure to be remediated and the location and nature of the environment in which it is being employed, certain preferred refinements of this embodiment of the invention may be employed. For example, in situations where vehicular or foot traffic may be imposed on the concrete structure and an overlay with high strength should to be provided. Also, for example, in situations were the concrete structure will be subjected to a freeze-thaw cycles certain preferred approaches may serve to minimize the effects of the same. For example, an air-entrained admixture may be provided in slurry 34 of FIG. 3 to counteract the effects of the freeze-thaw cycles. Such an approach might involve adding a chemical in a small amount, such as about 0.1% of the weight of the concrete, for example, to produce small bubbles when the concrete freezes the water in the porosity migrates into the bubbles and freezes harmlessly.
An alternate way of minimizing the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle would be maintain a high ionic strength liquid in the porosity of the slurry. The more ions dissolved in water the lower the freezing temperature. For example, soluble nitrite salts such as calcium nitrite, calcium nitrite, sodium nitrate, or sodium nitrite may be employed for this purpose and function to increase the concentration ingredient in nitrite and thereby facilitate movement of nitrite into the concrete.
Another compound suitable for use in the present invention would involve the use of the source of aluminum not coming from cement. This would result from the use of sodium aluminate NaAlO4. This may be accomplished by the following approaches.

2NaAlO4+3Ca(OH)2+Ca(NO2)2→3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O +2NaOH  (A)

wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 0 to 12
or

2NaAlO4+4Ca(OH)2+2NaNO2→3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O+4NaOH  (B)

wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 0 to 12.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the aluminum constituent was provided in alumina form from calcium aluminate cement (CaO.Al2O3), or tricalcium aluminate cement (3CaO.Al2O3). Other sources may be employed. The alternate materials could be a source of alumina, aluminate or aluminum hydroxide having sufficient reactivity to form the desired admixture. For example, an alumina selected from the group consisting of alpha alumina, flash calcined alumina, and transition aluminas may be employed. Transition aluminas include gamma alumina, theta alumina, and kappa alumina, for example. Other calcium aluminates such as CaO.2Al2O3 or CaO.6Al2O3 for example, could be employed. Suitable aluminates would include a source containing the AlO2− ion and other alumina salts. Among the suitable aluminates are sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate.
Among other sources are organo-aluminates, such as sec-butoxide for example. Other suitable sources are aluminum hydroxides such as non-crystalline gels, forms of Al(OH)3 such as gibbsite or bayerite, forms of AlOOH such as boehmite or diaspore and other hydrated aluminas such as tohdite (5Al2O3.H2O).
In another embodiment of the invention, a slurry or preformed panel containing a source of calcium such as Ca(OH)2 and a source of alumina such as CaO.Al2O3 or 3CaO.Al2O3 which is either premixed with the calcium source or applied separately, is applied over a concrete structure to sequester chloride ions from the concrete structure. An example of such a method of producing such an overlay is the following reaction.

CaO.Al2O3+3Ca(OH)2+nH2O→3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(OH)2−nH2O

wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 12 to 18.
The reaction product will convert to 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(Cl)2.nH2O
wherein n=0 to 24 when it sequesters the chloride ion from the concrete structure.
It will be appreciated, therefore, that the present invention has provided an effective method and related compounds and structure for incorporating into concrete containing metal elements a class of compounds which will effectively resist undesired corrosion of the metallic compounds by both sequestration of chloride ions and provide a coating on the metallic elements, in some instances such as reactions that release nitrite. Other reactions, such as those which release nitrate alone, occur without providing such a coating.
It will be appreciated that the compositions of the present invention may be combined with fresh concrete as defined herein in many ways. For example, the composition may be combined in solid form (a) with concrete in a plastic state (b) with ready mix concrete at a job site (c) at the time of batching or (d) inter-blended with mineral admixtures of materials such as slag, fly ash, or silica fume, or (e) may be interblended with cement, for example. It may also be combined in slurry form in a suitable liquid such as Ca(OH)2 solution at the time of batching, for example. These approaches are all within the scope of the present invention.
In another embodiment of the invention, the chloride ion sequestering component or chloride ion sequestering and nitrite releasing compound may be created in situ. The compound 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and similar compounds having the desired chloride ion sequestering or chloride ion sequestering and nitrite releasing capability may be created in this manner.
One manner of effecting creation of the desired compound in situ would be to add a solution containing NaAlO4, Ca(NO2)2 and/or NaNO2 to mixing water to be employed to prepare fresh concrete. Alternatively, the added materials could be mixed directly with the water. During cement hydration, Ca(OH)2 would be produced and would react with the added materials such as in reactions A and B. This results in in situ creation of a compound that both sequester chloride ion and releases nitrite.
As another approach, in lieu of relying on the concrete hydration to provide the Ca(OH)2, it may be admixed with one or more of NaAlO4, Ca(NO2)2 and NaNO2 and, be added to fresh concrete or to the mixing water employed to prepare the fresh concrete.
Another approach to in situ creation would be to add calcium aluminate cement along with NaNO2 or Ca(NO)2 with or without Ca(OH)2 to the concrete making materials to create 3 CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2nH2O in situ wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 12 to 18.
These general approaches may be employed in creating a slurry for remediation of concrete structures by mixing Ca(OH)2 with NAlO4, Ca(NO2)2 and/or NaNO2 and providing the same on existing concrete. This same approach can be employed in creating pre-formed overlay panels for use in remediation.
The hereinbefore described alternate sources of aluminum may be employed in this in situ embodiment along with NaNO2 and/or Ca(NO2)2.
An alternate approach to the in situ embodiment would be to employ nitrate salts such as NaNO3 or Ca(NO3)2 which would produce a compound that sequestered chloride ions, but would not yield nitrites which would result in an oxide protective layer on the metal elements.
In another embodiment of the invention employed to remediate a concrete structure, a solution containing a soluble source of alumina, such as NaAlO4, for example, is combined within a solution, which may be an aqueous solution, with at least one material selected from the group consisting of Ca(NO2)2 and NaNO2. This solution is introduced into the pores of the concrete structure to effect chlorine ion sequestration within the concrete structure. The components would react with each other and the Ca(OH)2 contained within the concrete in order to produce the corrosion inhibiting compound. The nitrite which results from the reaction will serve to effect the creation of oxide protective layer on the metal elements in the manner described hereinbefore. The solution may be introduced under pressure or by capillary suction after placing the solution on the concrete surface, for example, thereby creating a pressurized introduction into the pores. In the alternative, while not preferred the solution may be allowed to infiltrate the pores under the influence of gravity.
It will further be appreciated that the present invention provides a system for rehabilitation of an existing concrete structure through an overlay which contains compounds which serve to sequester chloride ions. It may also establish an oxide barrier layer on metal structural members associated with the concrete structure.
Certain preferred compounds have been disclosed herein, along with their method of use and resultant structure.
EXAMPLE 4
The compounds 3CaO.(Fe,Al)2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O may be produced using a solid source calcium ferro aluminate compound containing of Al and Fe of the composition Ca2(AlxFe1-x)O5 where x is between 0 and 0.7. (Taylor, Cement Chemistry (1990) p. 28). The above-named range of compositions Ca2(AlxFe1-x)O5 can be produced by calcining appropriate proportions of CaCO3 Fe2O3 and Al2O3 at about 1250° C. for about 2 hours. Optionally, if sufficient CaCO3 is used, a mixture of CaO and Ca2(AlxFe1-x)O5 will be produced and it will not be necessary to add supplemental CaO or Ca(OH)2 during the reaction which forms 3CaO.(Fe,Al)2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O. This mixture is then ground and reacted with either NaNO3 or Ca(NO3)2 under basic conditions. In the event that NaNO3 is used, it is preferred to add supplemental calcium. This may be added as CaO or Ca(OH)2 for example.
Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appending claims.

## Claims

1. A method of resisting corrosion of metals in concrete comprising:
introducing into concrete having metal elements at least one compound capable of sequestering chloride ions, the compound being a combination compound having the formula


3Me(II)O.(R, R′)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O,



where R and R′ are different and are independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr; anion is selected from the group consisting of NO2, NO3 and OH, n is 0 to 24, and Me(lI) is a cation and is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said chloride sequestration results in a chloride-containing compound having low solubility in said concrete.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said anion is NO2 cation is Ca, R is Al and R′ is Fe.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said concrete is fresh concrete and said compound is introduced in an amount of about 3 to 88 pounds of particulate solid per cubic yard of hydrated fresh concrete.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein R and R′ are derived from solid sources.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of R to R′ is about 1:1.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction creates the chloride-sequestering compound and establishes said corrosion resistant oxide layer:


3Me(II)O.(R, R′)2O3.Me(II)(NO2)2.nH2O+2Cl→3Me(II)O.(R, R′)2O3.Me(II)Cl2.nH2O+2NO2−.

8. A method of resisting corrosion of metals in a concrete structure comprising: creating an overlay containing at least one combination compound capable of sequestering chloride ions having the formula


3Me(II)O.(R, R′)2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O,


where R and R′ are different and are independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr; anion is selected from the group consisting of NO2, NO3 and OH, n is 0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation and is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof;
securing said overlay adjacent to said concrete structure, and sequestering chloride ions in said overlay.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein said overlay is created on said concrete structure.

10. The method of claim 8 wherein said overlay is preformed and then secured to said concrete structure.

11. The method of claim 8 wherein said preformed overlay is secured to said concrete structure by adhesive.

12. The method of claim 8 including applying said overlay to said concrete structure as a slurry.

13. The method of claim 8 including applying a second layer over said slurry overlay.

14. The method of claim 8 including providing said second layer with lower porosity than said slurry overlay.

15. The method of claim 8 including employing a material selected from the group consisting of concrete, asphalt, Portland cement, clay, calcium aluminate cement, and mortar in said overlay.

16. The method of claim 8 including introducing high ionic strength liquid into said overlay.

17. The method of claim 8 including employing said method in a concrete structure disposed at least partially under water.

18. The method of claim 8 including performing said method without requiring ongoing input of electrical energy.

19. The method of claim 8 including establishing said overlay with a thickness of about 0.5 to 10 inches.

20. The method of claim 8 including establishing said overlay with a thickness of about 1 to 4 inches.