FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

August 29, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 05-11523

Non-Argument Calendar

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D. C. Docket No. 01-02633-CV-JOF-1

GREATER ATLANTA HOME BUILDERS 

ASSOCIATION, INC., 

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL

AND OFFICE PROPERTIES, INC.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus

CITY OF ATLANTA, GEORGIA,

Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

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(August 29, 2005)

Before BIRCH, BARKETT and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
 GAHBA’s members must pay impact fees as a condition to development of single- 1

family residences within the City. NAIOP’s members must pay impact fees as a condition to

development of commercial properties within the City.

 The Plaintiffs also asserted claims based on equal protection and substantive due 2

process. The district court’s dismissal of those claims is not at issue in this appeal.

2

The Greater Atlanta Homebuilders Association, Inc. (“GAHBA”) and the

National Association of Industrial and Office Properties, Inc. (“NAIOP”) appeal the

district court’s entry of summary judgment, based on lack of standing, in their action

against the City of Atlanta, Georgia, concerning the City’s alleged unlawful

expenditure of development impact fees imposed by the City on new development

projects. In their complaint, Plaintiffs asserted, inter alia, that the City’s application 1

of the impact fee program violated the Takings Clause. More specifically, Plaintiffs 2

asserted that the City’s expenditure of the collected fees amounted to an

unconstitutional taking because the fees were used to encourage construction in

undeveloped areas rather than to expand infrastructure to serve the fee-paying

development projects. The district court entered summary judgment after concluding

that the Plaintiffs, neither of which has ever paid an impact fee, did not have standing

to bring claims on behalf of their members and, alternatively, that the claims were not

ripe because Plaintiffs had not pursued available state law remedies. 

On appeal, Plaintiffs argue the district court erred on both grounds. First,

Plaintiffs assert they established associational standing to bring this suit on behalf of
 Based on our conclusion that the district court properly entered summary judgment based 3

on a lack of standing, we do not reach the court’s alternative basis for summary judgment, that the

claims were not ripe.

3

their members, and that the district court’s conclusion that the claim would require

a review with respect to each individual member’s circumstances was erroneous.

Second, Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in its ripeness analysis because

their claims fall within an exception to the exhaustion requirement, given the

inadequacy of the administrative remedy. We review the district court’s standing

3

analysis de novo. See Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964, 975 (11th Cir.

2005). 

After thorough review of the record and careful consideration of the parties’

briefs, we affirm.

To have standing, and therefore a justiciable “case or controversy,” Plaintiffs

must establish that: (1) they have suffered a particularized, concrete injury to a legally

protected interest (injury-in-fact); (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged

action (causation); and (3) it is likely that the injury may be redressed by judicial

action (redressability). See Fla. Public Interest Research Group Citizen Lobby, Inc.

v. E.P.A., 386 F.3d 1070, 1083 (11th Cir. 2004) (citing Region 8 Forest Serv. Timber

Purchasers Council v. Alcock, 993 F.2d 800, 805 (11th Cir. 1993)). W h e n t h e

plaintiff is an association, as here, the plaintiff-association also must show: (1) its
4

members otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (2) the interests the

plaintiff-association seeks to protect are germane to the association’s purpose; and

(3) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested must require the participation

of the association’s members. See Region 8 Forest, 993 F.2d at 805 n. 3.

The district court held that because not all of Plaintiffs’ members had paid the

impact fees and thus were affected differently, Plaintiffs could not establish the

injury-in-fact component of the standing analysis, nor could they satisfy the third

component for associational standing -- that is, the relief requested must not require

the participation of the individual association members. The district court found the

instant case indistinguishable from Georgia Cemetery Ass’n, Inc. v. Cox, 353 F.3d

1319 (11th Cir. 2003), in which we held that the named plaintiff did not have

associational standing to bring an as-applied takings claimbecause such a claim “will

vary depending upon the economic circumstances of each of its members” and, thus,

required the participation of those members. Id. at 1322-23. 

In this appeal, Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish this case from Georgia Cemetery

on the same grounds they asserted in the district court. They primarily assert that

because they challenge the City’s expenditure of the funds after collection, as

opposed to the collection itself, no individualized inquiry into each member’s

circumstances is necessary. They also claim that because they seek only injunctive
5

relief, they can bring their claims. We, too, find Georgia Cemetery dispositive of the

associational standing inquiry. Like in that case, here, “the economic impact of [the

Atlanta ordinance] will vary depending upon the economic circumstances of each of

[the associations’ members].” 353 F.3d at 1323. In making this determination at the

summary judgment stage, a court considers the allegations of the complaint, as well

as the Plaintiffs’ proof on each element ofstanding. See Bischoff v. Osceola County,

Fla., 222 F.3d 874, 878 (11th Cir. 2000) (observing “each element of standing must

be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the

burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at the

successive stages of litigation”). We recently held that “it is not enough that the

plaintiff’s complaint sets forth facts from which we could imagine an injury sufficient

to satisfy Article III’s standing requirements, since we should not speculate

concerning the existence of standing, nor should we imagine or piece together an

injury sufficient to give plaintiff standing when it has demonstrated none.” Bochese,

405 F.3d at 976 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis in original).

By the very terms of the complaint, Plaintiffs’ claims require the individualized

inquiries discussed by the district court. Plaintiffs alleged that the City “unlawfully

burden[ed] developers in the allocation of civic costs, thereby violating Plaintiffs’

members’ property rights.” Because the alleged “unlawful burden” may, and likely
6

will, be different for each member depending on, among other things, whether that

member has paid the impact fee or is exempt, the district court correctly denied

associational standing. We, too, find deficient the Plaintiffs’ proof on the

associational-standing issue, which consisted of, inter alia, Plaintiffs’ assertion that

they had compiled lists of their members, including those that had paid or would pay

the fee in the future. Just because individual members of the Plaintiff-associations

may have standing to assert the claims here does not, in and of itself, establish that

the associations themselves have standing. Cf. Nat’l Parks Conservation Ass’n v.

Norton, 324 F.3d 1229, 1243 (11th Cir. 2003) (noting fact that “appellants’ members

possess Article III standing . . . does not confirm that appellants themselves may

sue”). On this record, we affirmthe district court’s conclusion that Plaintiffs have not

met their burden to establish associational standing to assert their takings claims. 

AFFIRMED.