Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not 

be regarded as precedent or cited 

before any court except for the purpose 

of establishing the defense of res 

judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law 

of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS:

RICHARD J. THONERT

Fort Wayne, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN RE: THE PATERNITY OF B.L.E. )

)

M.T.R. and M.J.R., Grandparents, )

)

Appellants, )

)

vs. ) No. 92A03-1210-JP-419

)

A.E., Mother, )

)

Appellee. )

APPEAL FROM THE WHITLEY CIRCUIT COURT

The Honorable James R. Heuer, Judge

Cause No. 92C01-1106-JP-306

April 4, 2013

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BROWN, Judge
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The paternal grandparents of B.L.E., M.T.R. (“Grandfather”) and M.J.R. 

(“Grandmother” and collectively “Grandparents”), appeal the trial court’s order denying 

their petition for visitation. The Grandparents raise two issues, one of which we find 

dispositive and revise and restate as whether the trial court issued sufficient findings and 

conclusions along with its order. We remand.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A.E. (“Mother”) and R.R. (“Father”) are the parents of B.L.E. who was born on 

March 31, 2010. At some point Father was convicted of molesting one of Mother’s other 

children. 

On June 7, 2011, Father filed a verified petition to establish paternity, support, and 

visitation. On February 1, 2012, the court entered an order which established Father’s 

paternity of B.L.E. The order also found that it was in the best interest of B.L.E. that 

Mother have sole custody and that Father have no parenting time until he is released from 

prison and petitions the court for parenting time. 

After paternity was established, Grandparents tried to arrange with Mother for 

visitation, but Mother declined. On March 26, 2012, Grandparents filed a petition for 

grandparent visitation. On May 22, 2012, Grandparents filed a motion for findings of 

fact and conclusions of law. 

That same day, the court held a hearing on Grandparents’ petition for visitation. 

Mother described Grandfather’s “whole demeanor and behavior” and Grandmother’s 

attitude as “off the wall.” Transcript at 7. When asked why Mother did not want 

Grandparents to have visitation with B.L.E., Mother stated: “They don’t know her, so 
3

there’s no reason for her to be known by them. She’s fine right now where she’s at and 

[Father] never made an attempt to have visitation, so I don’t see why his parents need to 

have visitation.” Id. at 2. Mother also testified that Grandfather does not see his other 

grandchildren and that Grandmother does not see her other grandchildren on a daily 

basis. 

Grandmother testified that she is a director of health care at a college and works 

full-time and Grandfather is self-employed. Grandmother testified that she contacted 

Mother through her son’s best friend regarding her interest in visiting and supporting

B.L.E. and in assisting in her care. Grandmother stated that she texted only once because 

Father’s trial was occurring and she did not want “in some how to look like [they] were 

trying to influence during the trial,” and that she later contacted Mother through her 

attorney. Id. at 16. Grandmother indicated that B.L.E. has an extended family and that 

she and Grandfather love their grandchildren very much. Grandmother testified that she 

sees her grandchildren anytime that she can and that she does not see her grandchildren 

every day because she does not arrive home from work until 6:00 and her grandchildren 

go to bed between 6:00 and 7:00. 

Grandfather testified that he believed it was in B.L.E.’s best interest to see her

grandparents and the other side of the family. Grandfather also testified that his answers 

were the same as Grandmother’s answers. When asked on cross-examination whether he 

was even allowed on his son G.R.’s property, Grandfather stated: “[T]hat’s not correct.” 

Id. at 23. 
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After Grandparents rested, Mother’s counsel moved for a judgment on the 

evidence, and the court denied the motion. Mother then testified that B.L.E. knew 

Grandparents’ son, G.R., and his wife, T.R., and the Grandparents’ other grandchildren. 

When asked how she would respond if B.L.E. asks why she cannot see Grandparents, 

Mother testified:

If [B.L.E.] would ever know that she has grandparents . . . then I would just 

tell her, you know they have a lot anger [sic] towards me for what 

happened to their son. Neither one of them have apologized or taken 

accountability for what happened. You know, if they would even say, “I 

understand what happened.” There’s a lot of feelings. Why would I let 

another daughter go into the care of them knowing that they blame me for 

what happened to their son? I’m sorry, the son thing may not have any 

thing to do with it, but it does. They still blame me. I hear it in the public. 

I hear them talking about it all the time. People come and tell me.

Id. at 29. Mother clarified that her statement was what she was going to tell 

Grandparents and that if B.L.E. ever wanted to see Father that that would be B.L.E.’s 

decision when she was older. Mother testified that she works for G.R. and that T.R. 

watches B.L.E. during the day. 

T.R. testified that she did not allow Grandparents to have her children alone 

anymore and that Grandfather is not allowed on her property. On cross-examination, 

T.R. testified that Grandmother has visited with her children and that Grandfather visits 

with her children when they go to the Grandparents’ home. Grandmother testified that 

she was not angry with Mother or her daughter, that she understood, that she had no 

animosity, and that she had not bad-mouthed Mother. 

On September 6, 2012, the court entered an order denying Grandparents’ petition 

for visitation. Specifically, as to the denial of visitation, the court’s order states:
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The Court, having taken under advisement the issue of grandparent 

visitation, now finds:

1. B.L.E., the minor child in these proceedings, was born on March 31, 

2010.

2. She resides with [Mother].

3. [Father] is incarcerated at the Department of Correction as a result of 

being convicted and sentenced for the offense of child molesting. 

The victim of that offense is an older child of [Mother] and, 

therefore, B.L.E.’s half sister.

4. The paternal [Grandparents] are seeking grandparent visitation 

herein. They have never visited or had contact with B.L.E. to date.

5. [Mother] is a fit parent. She has denied [Grandparents’] request for 

grandparent visitation.

6. [Mother] is employed by [G.R.] who is a son of [Grandparents].

7. [G.R.’s] wife, [T.R.], provides child care for B.L.E. during 

[Mother’s] hours of employment.

8. [G.R.] and [T.R.] have three children.

9. [T.R.] testified that her children are not allowed to be alone with 

[Grandparents] and that [Grandfather] is not allowed on their 

property.

10. The requested visitation rights are not in the child’s best interests.

11. The grandparents have failed to meet their burden of proof and their 

request for grandparent visitation is denied.

Appellant’s Appendix at 23-24.

ANALYSIS

We observe that Mother has not filed an appellee’s brief. When an appellee fails 

to submit a brief, we do not undertake the burden of developing appellee’s arguments, 

and we apply a less stringent standard of review, that is, we may reverse if the appellant 
6

establishes prima facie error. Zoller v. Zoller, 858 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). 

This rule was established so that we might be relieved of the burden of controverting the 

arguments advanced in favor of reversal where that burden properly rests with the 

appellee. Wright v. Wright, 782 N.E.2d 363, 366 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Questions of law 

are still reviewed de novo, however. McClure v. Cooper, 893 N.E.2d 337, 339 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2008).

Grandparents argue that the trial court’s order is contrary to the principles of the 

Grandparent Visitation Act and case law. Specifically, Grandparents assert that the order 

fails to set forth specific findings as to what factors the trial court considered under the 

best interest analysis of the child, and how that decision provides the most supportive 

environment for the child. Grandparents contend that there are no findings “as to the 

attempted visitation efforts made by [G]randparents from August 2011 through May 22, 

2012; [Mother’s] refusal, and how the trial court determined such attempts or refusal 

were considered and if so what weight was given to those attempts as well as the denial.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 15. Grandparents also argue that “there are no specific findings 

relating to any facts as to how the trial court came to the conclusion that a fit parent

would deny grandparent visitation under the totality of the circumstances of this out of 

wedlock situation.” Id. 

The United States Supreme Court has broadly agreed that natural parents have a 

fundamental constitutional right to direct their children’s upbringing without undue 

governmental interference, and that a child’s best interests do not necessarily override 

that parental right. In re Visitation of M.L.B., (filed March 7, 2013), Ind. No. 41S01-
7

1209-MI-556, slip op. at 4 (citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054 

(2000)). The Indiana legislature has enacted the Grandparent Visitation Act “recognizing 

that ‘a child’s best interest is often served by developing and maintaining contact with his 

or her grandparents.’” Ramsey v. Ramsey, 863 N.E.2d 1232, 1237 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) 

(quoting Swartz v. Swartz, 720 N.E.2d 1219, 1221 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)). Ind. Code § 

31-17-5-6 governs the decree on a petition for grandparent visitation and provides: “Upon 

hearing evidence in support of and opposition to a petition filed under this chapter, the 

court shall enter a decree setting forth the court’s findings and conclusions.” This court 

has previously held:

The ultimate question is whether visitation in the face of family discord is 

in the child’s best interest. That question can only be answered by looking 

at the totality of the circumstances presented. While the relationship may, 

in any given case, be sufficient to make grandparent visitation in the child’s 

best interest, notwithstanding the dissension between the parent and 

grandparent, it may not be sufficient to overcome the effects of the discord 

on the child in another. That difficult determination is left to the wisdom 

and the discretion of the trial court.

Daugherty v. Ritter, 646 N.E.2d 66, 68 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), adopted by 652 N.E.2d 502 

(Ind. 1995).

“Because the Grandparent Visitation Act requires specific findings of fact and 

conclusions of law, Ind. Code § 31-17-5-6, we apply the two-tiered Indiana Trial Rule 52 

standard of review.” In re M.L.B., slip op. at 3. We first determine whether the evidence 

supports the findings, and then whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We set 

aside findings of fact only if they are clearly erroneous, deferring to the trial court’s 

superior opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Id. A judgment is clearly 
8

erroneous when the findings fail to support the judgment or when the trial court applies 

the wrong legal standard to properly found facts. Id.

In striking a balance between parental rights and children’s interests, a plurality of 

the United States Supreme Court discussed several key principles in Troxel, which 

Indiana courts have distilled into four factors that a grandparent-visitation order should 

address:

(1) a presumption that a fit parent’s decision about grandparent 

visitation is in the child’s best interests (thus placing the burden of 

proof on the petitioning grandparents);

(2) the “special weight” that must therefore be given to a fit parent’s 

decision regarding nonparental visitation (thus establishing a 

heightened standard of proof by which a grandparent must rebut the 

presumption);

(3) “some weight” given to whether a parent has agreed to some 

visitation or denied it entirely (since a denial means the very 

existence of a child-grandparent relationship is at stake, while the 

question otherwise is merely how much visitation is appropriate); 

and

(4) whether the petitioning grandparent has established that visitation is 

in the child’s best interests.

Id. at 4-5 (citing McCune v. Frey, 783 N.E.2d 752, 757-759 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)). In In 

re K.I., 903 N.E.2d 453, 462 (Ind. 2009), the Indiana Supreme Court approved of the four 

factors stated in McCune and took the additional step of declaring that a grandparentvisitation order “must address” those factors in its findings and conclusions. Id. at 5

(quoting K.I., 903 N.E.2d at 462). “[T]rial courts must consider all four Troxel

principles, as distilled by McCune and made mandatory by K.I.” Id. The court in 

McCune stated:
9

It is important for parties and the reviewing court to have a clear 

understanding of how and why the trial court made its decision. It is 

particularly imperative in a grandparent visitation case because of the 

tension between a parent’s fundamental right to control the upbringing of 

his or her child, and the fact that a child’s best interests are “often served by 

developing and maintaining contact with his or her grandparents.”

783 N.E.2d at 757.

While the court’s order mentions B.L.E.’s best interest and that Grandparents 

failed to meet their burden of proof, we find it lacking in addressing the above-cited 

factors and we cannot say that the findings are sufficient. See In re M.L.B., slip op. at 8

(“In ordering new findings on the old evidence, it is not our goal to impose a rigid 

formalism, under which any order that recites enough of Troxel’s ‘magic words’ will be 

affirmed. Obviously, it will not be enough to merely recite those factors, unless there is 

also analysis of how the evidence as weighed by the trial court fits within that 

framework.”). As described earlier, the parties’ testimony conflicts in part, and the trial 

court did not find that Mother’s testimony was more credible or discuss the testimony or 

make specific findings related to the testimony within the context of the four McCune

factors. While the trial court made some findings based upon the record, we cannot say 

that the findings are sufficient particularly in light of the fact that Mother has denied 

Grandparents any visitation and the very existence of a child-grandparent relationship is 

at stake. 

When a trial court fails to issue specific findings in accordance with McCune, the 

order is voidable, and the remedy on appeal is a remand to the trial court instructing it to 

enter a proper order containing the required findings. In re M.L.B., slip op. at 8. 
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Accordingly, we remand to the trial court for entry of new findings and conclusions 

revealing its consideration of all four McCune / K.I. factors.1

For the foregoing reasons, we remand to the trial court to enter an order containing

findings and conclusions as required by K.I. and McCune.

Remanded.

BAILEY, J., and VAIDIK, J., concur.

 

1 Grandparents argue that the trial court abused its discretion because the evidence leads 

unerringly to the conclusion that it would be in B.L.E.’s best interest to visit with Grandparents. Given 

the presumption that a fit parent’s decision about grandparent visitation is in the child’s best interests, that 

special weight must be given to a fit parent’s decision regarding nonparental visitation, and that the 

burden of proof is on the petitioning grandparents, we cannot say that this record precludes a denial of 

grandparent visitation. Rather, we conclude that the trial court did not enter sufficient findings.