ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS 

GREG ABBOTT 

September 24,2003 

The Honorable Phil King 

Chair, Regulated Industry Committee 

Texas House of Representatives 

P.O. Box 2910 

Austin, Texas 78768-2910 

Opinion No. GA-01 06 

Re: Reporting and investigating child sexual 

abuse (RQ-0032-GA) 

Dear Representative King: 

You note that numerous reports of suspected child sexual abuse are made daily throughout 

the state from many locations and under varied circumstances.’ In order that law enforcement 

officers may properly apply the statutes on reporting child sexual abuse, you ask the following 

questions: 

1) Are law enforcement officers, on or off duty, required to make a 

report of suspected child sexual abuse when they observe facts that 

suggest child sexual abuse has occurred or is occurring? 

2) Are reporters* . . . required to conduct any investigation regarding 

the circumstances of the child prior to making the report of suspected 

abuse? 

3) Are law enforcement agencies required to respond to the report 

and investigate the circumstances to determine if the child is being 

abused? 

4) After the initial investigation, are law enforcement agencies 

required to refer these investigations to specialized state agencies for 

further consideration and review of the circumstances? 

‘Letter from Representative Phil King, Chair, Regulated Industry Committee, Texas House of Representatives, 

to Honorable Greg Abbott, Texas Attorney General, at 1 (Mar. 2 1,2003) (on file with Opinion Committee) [hereinafter 

Request Letter]. 

*This question refers to “either mandatory or permissive” reporters, but we omit these terms because the relevant 

statutes do not include them. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. 
The Honorable Phil King - Page 2 (GA-0106) 

5) Are there any circumstances or locations under which these 

observations may take place that change any of the above 

interpretations? 

Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. Your request relates to reports of suspected child sexual abuse, 

and we limit our discussion accordingly. 

I. Texas Law DefininP: Child Sexual Abuse 

Family Code chapter 261 provides for reporting and investigating child abuse or neglect. 

Section 261 .001(l) defines “abuse” to include numerous acts and omissions by a person. Among 

these is “sexual conduct harmful to a child’s mental, emotional, or physical welfare, including 

conduct that constitutes the offense of indecency with a child under Section 21.11, Penal Code, 

sexual assault under Section 22.011, Penal Code, or aggravated sexual assault under Section 22.021, 

Penal Code.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 8 261 .OOl( l)(E) (V emon 2002). Section 26 1 .OOl (l)(E) thus 

defines child sexual abuse in general terms and expressly provides that conduct under Penal Code 

sections 2 1.11, 22.011, or 22.02 1 constitutes such sexual abuse. See A4ontello Salt Co. v. State of 

Utah, 221 U.S. 452, 463 (1911) (the word “including” is sometimes used to specify particularly 

something that belongs to a general class); see also TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 5 3 11 .Ol 1 (a) (Vernon 

1998) (words and phrases are read in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and 

common usage). A person reporting child sexual abuse need not personally determine whether 

conduct under Penal Code section 2 1.11,22.0 11, or 22.02 1 harms “a child’s mental, emotional, or 

physical welfare,” because the legislature has determined in section 26 1 .OOl (l)(E) that this conduct 

causes the described harm. 

The Penal Code provisions incorporated into section 26 1.001 (l)(E) generally provide that 

a person commits an offense by engaging in specific kinds of sexual conduct with a child under 17 

years who is not the actor’s spouse. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. 4 4 2 1.11 (a), 22.011 (c)(l), 22.02 l(b) 

(Vernon 2003). It is an affirmative defense to prosecution for indecency with a child under section 

21.11 that (1) the actor was not more than three years older than the victim and of the opposite sex, 

(2) the actor did not use duress, force, or a threat against the victim, and (3) the actor was not subject 

to certain provisions of the sex offender registration program. See id. 8 2 1.11 (b); id. ch. 62 (Vernon 

Supp. 2003). A similar affirmative defense applies to prosecution for sexual assault of a child under 

section 22.01 l(a)(2): that the actor was not more than three years older than the victim and at the 

time of the offense (1) the victim was a child of 14 years or older, and (2) the actor was not subject 

to certain provisions of the sex offender registration program. See id. 0 22.01 l(e). No such 

affirmative defense applies to prosecution under Penal Code section 22.021 for aggravated sexual 

assault, defined to include specific sexual contact under the following circumstances: (1) the victim 

is younger than 14 years, or (2) the actor engages in specific acts, such as causing serious bodily 

harm to the victim or another person, engaging in certain threatening behaviors, or administering a 

specific drug to the victim. See id. 5 22.02 1 (a)( l)(B), (2)(A)(B). 
The Honorable Phil King - Page 3 (GA-0106) 

II. Child Sexual Abuse Reporting Laws 

Family Code section 26 1.101 (a) provides that “[a] person having cause to believe that a 

child’s physical or mental health or welfare has been adversely affected by abuse or neglect by 

any person shall immediately make a report as provided by this subchapter.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 

8 261.101(a) (Vernon 2002); see White v. State, 50 S.W.3d 31, 47 (Tex. App.-Waco 2001, pet. 

ref d) (“cause” means “sufficient reason”). This provision imposes a mandatory requirement upon 

any person, not merely law enforcement officers, to report child abuse, whether it is physical abuse, 

sexual abuse, or other conduct included in the definition of “abuse.” See State v. Harrod, 8 1 S. W.3d 

904, 908 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2002, pet. ref d) (p rosecution for failure to immediately report child 

sexual abuse), Rodriguez v. State, 47 S.W.3d 86 (Tex. App.-Houston [ 14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref d) 

(conviction for failure to immediately report child abuse); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-458 (1997) 

at 3 (section 26 1.101 (a) does not allow sex offender treatment providers to decide whether or not 

to report “incomplete or dated” information received from client). 

Section 26 1.10 1 (b) establishes a specific reporting requirement for “a professional,” defined 

as “an individual who is licensed or certified by the state or who is an employee of a facility licensed, 

certified, or operated by the state and who, in the normal course of official duties or duties for which 

a license or certification is required, has direct contact with children,” including “teachers, nurses, 

doctors, day-care employees, employees of a clinic or health care facility that provides reproductive 

services, juvenile probation officers, and juvenile detention or correctional officers.“3 TEX. FAM. 

CODE ANN. 8 261.101 (b) (Vernon 2002). If a professional 

has cause to believe that a child has been abused or neglected or may 

be abused or neglected, or that a child is a victim of an offense under 

Section 21.11, Penal Code, and the professional has cause to believe 

that the child has been abused as defined by Section 261 .OOl, the 

professional shall make a report not later than the 48th hour after the 

hour the professional first suspects that the child has been or may be 

abused or neglected or is a victim of an offense under Section 2 1.11, 

Penal Code. 

Id.; see also id. 9 33.008(a) (physician reporting requirement in Parental Notification Act). 

The requirement to report child sexual abuse under section 261.101 applies “without 

exception to an individual whose personal communications may otherwise be privileged, including 

an attorney, a member of the clergy, a medical practitioner, a social worker, a mental health 

professional, and an employee of a clinic or health care facility that provides reproductive services.” 

3The Federal Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information promulgated under the 

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-19 1,110 Stat. 2024 (codified as amended 

in scattered sections of 42 U.S.C.) (HIPAA) restrict the dissemination of health information. However, health care 

providers and other covered entities may disclose confidential health information about an individual whom the covered 

entity reasonably believes to be a victim of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence, subject to procedures and limits set out 

in the regulations. See 45 C.F.R. $0 160.203, 164.502(g), 164.512 (2002). 
The Honorable Phil King - Page 4 (GA-0106) 

Id. 6 261.101(c); see Bordman v. State, 56 S.W.3d 63,67-68 (Tex. App.-Houston [ 14th Dist.] 2001, 

pet. refd) (child abuse reporting requirement prevails over clergy communication privilege); Tex. 

Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0070 (1999) at 5 (child abuse reporting requirement prevails over 

confidentiality provision applicable to polygraph exams). The identity of the person making a 

report is confidential and may be disclosed only as provided by Family Code section 261.201 or 

to a law enforcement officer for purposes of investigating the report. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 

9 261.101(d) (V emon 2002); see also id. 5 261.201 (disclosure of report of suspected child abuse 

by court order; disclosure to adoptive parents, and to parent, managing conservator, or other legal 

representative of child). 

Reports are to be made to (1) any local or state law enforcement agency, (2) the Department 

of Family and Protective Services (DFPS), formerly called the Department of Protective and 

Regulatory Services,4 if the alleged sexual abuse involves a person responsible for the care, custody, 

or welfare of the child, (3) the state agency that operates, licenses, certifies, or registers the facility 

in which the alleged sexual abuse occurred, or (4) the agency designated by the court to be 

responsible for protecting children (the “designated agency”). See id. lj 261.103(a); see also 

Vineyard v. Kraft, 828 S.W.2d 248,254 (Tex. App.-Houston [ 14th Dist.] 1992, writ denied) (courtappointed healthcare professionals evaluating child’s best interest in connection with parents’ 

divorce qualified as “agency designated by the court to be responsible for the protection of 

children”). If a state or local law enforcement agency receives a report alleging sexual abuse or 

neglect by a person responsible for a child’s care, custody, or welfare, the law enforcement agency 

must immediately refer the report to DFPS or the designated agency. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 

$261.105(a) (Vemon2002);seealsoT~~.H~~.REs.C0~~AN~. 5 40.002(a) (Vemon2001) (DFPS 

is the state agency with primary responsibility for providing protective services for children and 

elderly and disabled persons). 

A person acting in good faith who reports or assists in investigating a report of alleged child 

sexual abuse or who participates in a judicial proceeding arising from a report or investigation of 

alleged child sexual abuse is immune from civil or criminal liability that might otherwise be incurred 

or imposed. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 5 261.106(a) (Vernon 2002); see also Alvarez v. 

Anesthesiology Assocs., 967 S.W.2d 871 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) (in suit against 

physicians for malicious prosecution relating to treatment of child and filing report of child abuse, 

immunity was granted physician where the evidence showed that she reasonably believed that child 

had been abused). A person who reports sexual abuse that he or she committed or who acts in bad 

faith or with malicious purpose in reporting alleged child sexual abuse is not immune from civil or 

criminal liability. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. $ 261.106(c) (Vernon 2002); see also 5 261.107 

(person who knowingly or intentionally makes a false report commits an offense). A person 

commits a Class B misdemeanor offense “if the person has cause to believe that a child’s physical 

or mental health or welfare has been or may be adversely affected by abuse or neglect and knowingly 

4The Department of Protective and Regulatory Services has been renamed the Department of Family and 

Protective Services. See Act of June 1,2003,78th Leg., R.S., ch. 198, 6 1.27,2003 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 611,641 (a 

reference in law to the Department ofprotective and Regulatory Services means the Department of Family and Protective 

Services). 
The Honorable Phil King - Page 5 (GA-0106) 

fails to report” as required by Family Code chapter 26 1. Id. 8 261.109; see generally FVzite, 50 

S.W.3d 31 (conviction for failure to report child abuse), Morris v. State, 833 S.W.2d 624 (Tex. 

App.-Houston [ 14th Dist.] 1992, pet. ref d) (same). Whether an individual must report child sexual 

abuse under Family Code section 261.101 (a) depends upon whether the facts show that the person 

has sufficient reason to believe that a child had been sexually abused. 

III. Questions Presented 

You inquire about the reporting responsibilities of law enforcement officers,’ such as sheriffs 

and their deputies, constables and deputy constables, and city marshals or police officers. See 

Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1; TEX. CODE GRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.12 (Vernon Supp. 2003) 

(listing peace officers). A person appointed to serve as a peace officer must be licensed by the 

Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education. See TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. 

89 1701.001(l),(3), 1701.301 (Vernon 2003). As a condition of licensing, a peace officer must 

complete training in investigating and documenting child abuse and sexual assault cases. See id. 

$9 1701.253,1701.307(a)(2); see also id. 88 1701.35 l-.352 (agency that appoints or employs peace 

officers must provide them a continuing education program that includes cases involving child abuse 

and sexual assault unless agency head determines this to be inconsistent with the officer’s assigned 

duties). 

You ask whether law enforcement officers, on- or off-duty, are required to make a report of 

suspected child sexual abuse when they observe facts that suggest child sexual abuse has occurred 

or is occurring. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. Like any other person, a peace officer who 

has “cause to believe that a child’s physical or mental health or welfare has been adversely affected 

by abuse” is required by Family Code section 26 1.10 1 (a) to report the child abuse as required by the 

Family Code. See White, 50 S.W.3d at 36, 47 (conviction of certified peace officer for failure to 

report abuse of her stepchild). The peace officer’s on- or off-duty status does not affect the officer’s 

responsibility under section 26 1.101 (a). 

Peace officers also have a statutory duty “to preserve the peace within the officer’s 

jurisdiction.” TEX. CODE GRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.13(a)-(b)(l), (4) (Vernon Supp. 2003). Whenever, 

in the presence or within the view of a peace officer, “one person is about to commit an offense 

against the person or property of another,” it is the officer’s duty to prevent it. Id. art. 6.06. “[A] 

police officer’s ‘off-duty’ status is not a limitation upon the discharge of police authority in the 

presence of criminal activity.” Wood v. State, 486 S.W.2d 771, 774 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). A 

peace officer possesses the full powers of a peace officer in the presence of criminal activity and may 

take action despite being off-duty. See, e.g., Hafdahl v. State, 805 S.W.2d 396, 401 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1990) (en bane) (police officer, driving home after shift ended, was in lawful discharge of his 

official dutywhen he stopped to investigate scene oftraffic accident), Wood, 486 S.W.2d at 773 (offduty uniformed police officers directing traffic from private parking lot to street were authorized to 

make arrest for breach of the peace). _ 

‘The terms “law enforcement officer” and “peace officer” are sometimes used interchangeably. For instance, 

the Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education establishes standards for licensing as a peace 

officer, reserve law enforcement offker, county jailer, or public security officer. See TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. $5 

1701.001(3), 1701.151(2) (V emon 2003); see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0466 (2002) at 2. 
The Honorable Phil King - Page 6 (GA-0106) 

You next ask whether persons, not just law enforcement officers, who report child sexual 

abuse under Family Code section 26 1.101 (a) are required to conduct any investigation regarding the 

circumstances of the child before making the report. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. Chapter 

261 requires DFPS, certain other agencies, and law enforcement agencies to investigate reports of 

child abuse, see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 5 261.301 (Vernon 2002), but its provisions are completely 

silent as to whether persons reporting child sexual abuse must first conduct an investigation. 

Although a court might find such a duty under particular circumstances, we cannot do so in an 

attorney general opinion. 

We will answer your next two questions together because the same statutes address them. 

You ask whether law enforcement agencies are required to respond to the report and investigate the 

circumstances to determine if the child is being abused, and whether, after the initial investigation, 

law enforcement agencies are required to refer the investigations to specialized state agencies for 

further consideration. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. For purposes of this question, law 

enforcement agencies include a city police department, a county sheriffs department and the Texas 

Department of Public Safety. See, e.g., TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts. 59.01(5), 63.001(8) 

(Vernon Supp. 2003) (definitions of “law enforcement agency”). 

The Family Code provides for cooperation between DFPS and law enforcement agencies in 

investigating reports of child abuse. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 261.301 (Vernon 2002);6 see also 

id. 9 261.401 (investigation of child abuse in facilities operated, licensed, certified, or registered by 

a state agency). DFPS is required to investigate a report of child abuse “allegedly committed by a 

person responsible for a child’s care, custody, or welfare,” with assistance provided by the 

appropriate state or local law enforcement agency. Id. fj 261.301(a); see also id. $5 261.105(a) 

(reports received by law enforcement agency alleging child abuse by person responsible for a child’s 

care, custody, or welfare “shall be referred immediately to DFPS or the designated agency”), 

261.105(b) (DFPS shall immediately notify appropriate law enforcement agency of any report it 

receives concerning suspected abuse or neglect of a child or a child’s death from abuse or neglect); 

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.277 (Vernon Supp. 2003) (investigator of appropriate law 

enforcement agency shall investigate report jointly with DFPS). If a report alleges child sexual abuse 

by a person other than a person responsible for a child’s care, custody, or welfare, DFPS is not 

required to investigate it. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 8 261.301 (c) (Vernon 2002). The appropriate 

state or local law enforcement agency “shall investigate that report if the agency determines an 

investigation should be conducted.” Id. Thus, in such cases, the state or local law enforcement 

agency may decide whether to conduct an investigation of the child sexual abuse report. 

%enate Bill 669 of the 78th Legislature adopts Family Code subsections 261.301(f) and (h), which assign 

highest priority to reports alleging an immediate risk of child abuse that could result in death or serious harm to the child 

and requires a peace officer to investigate the report jointly with the DFPS investigator. See Act of May 29,2003,78th 

Leg., R.S., S.B. 669, 9 1 (to be codified at TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 5 261.301(f), (h)) (effective Sept. 1,2003). The bill 

makes conforming changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure article 2.27. See k-Z.9 2 (to be codified as an amendment 

to TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.27) [hereinafter S.B. 6691. 

7See S.B. 669, supra note 6. 
The Honorable Phil King - Page 7 (GA-0106) 

You finally ask whether there are any circumstances or locations under which these 

observations may take place that change any of the above interpretations. Our answers to your first 

four questions are based on statutes that establish a duty to report child sexual abuse and the judicial 

decisions interpreting them. Whether a specific person has cause to believe that a child has been 

a victim of sexual abuse depends upon the facts within that person’s knowledge. See White, 50 

S.W.3d at 47-48, Morris, 833 S.W.2d at 626-28. Questions about whether a person has a duty to 

report child sexual abuse under specific circumstances must be answered on a case-by-case basis by 

applying the law to the facts. This office cannot find facts or resolve fact questions in an attorney 

general opinion. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0003 (2002) at 1 (stating that opinion process 

does not determine facts). While we acknowledge that some circumstances and locations may 

be more conducive to observing evidence of child sexual abuse than others, we cannot give a 

comprehensive answer to your final question. 
The Honorable Phil King - Page 8 (GA-0106) 

SUMMARY 

Family Code chapter 261 provides for reporting and 

investigating child sexual abuse, including specific kinds of 

sexual conduct. Law enforcement officers, whether on or off 

duty, are required to report suspected child sexual abuse when 

they have cause to believe that such sexual abuse has occurred or 

is occurring. 

The Department of Family and Protective Services is 

required to investigate a report of child sexual abuse “allegedly 

committed by a person responsible for a child’s care, custody, or 

welfare,” with assistance provided by the appropriate state or 

local law enforcement agency. The department is not required to 

investigate a report that alleges child sexual abuse by a person 

other than a person responsible for a child’s care, custody, or 

welfare. The appropriate state or local law enforcement agency 

shall investigate the report if the agency determines an 

investigation should be conducted. Whether a specific person has 

cause to believe that a child has been a victim of sexual abuse 

depends upon the facts within that person’s knowledge. 

Very t$y yours, 

Atto 

BARRY R. MCBEE 

First Assistant Attorney General 

DON R. WILLETT 

Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel 

NANCY S. FULLER 

Chair, Opinion Committee 

Susan L. Garrison 

Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee