NBSIR 77-1227 (NBS)

Thermometry in the Control of

Water Quality

Sharrill D. Wood

Temperature Section

Heat Division

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

February 1 977

Issued; May 1977

Final Report

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 77-1227 (NBS)

THERMOMETRY IN THE CONTROL OF

WATER QUALITY

Sharrill D. Wood

Temperature Section

Heat Division

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

February 1 977

Issued; May 1977

Final Report

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretery

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Emeat Ambler. Acting Director
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February 1977 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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THERMOMETRY IN THE CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY

CONTENTS

Page No.

Introduction 1

Temperature Measurements for Water Analysis 2

Temperature Measurement of Thermal Pollution 3

Steam Electric Generating Utilities 3

Thermal Plume Monitoring 5

Reservoir Management 5

Biological Research 6

Standards Committees 6

Conclusions and Recommendations 7

References 9

Additional References 10

Contacts Not Cited in the Study 11

Table I 12
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February 1977 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20234

THERMOMETRY IN THE CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY

! Introduction

Despite the immensity of the water resources of the earth, it is

obvious that the present level of human activity can significantly modify the

quality of the water. Because most of the changes are detrimental, either

directly to health, or indirectly to food supply, e.g., fisheries, recreation,

etc., the uses of water must be regulated. The need for societal response is

greatest in the industrialized nations, where the effect of large scale manu- facturing and the unusually lethal quality of some of the output are the most

threatening. Most typically, the quality of water is adversely affected, i.e.,

"polluted", by the introduction of undesirable chemicals and bacteria, but

because of the effect on biological processes, it may also be adversely

affected by the introduction of heat. It should be recognized, on the other

! hand, that some chemical or temperature modifications of water resources might

be beneficial.

The scope of this document is limited to assessing national needs for

thermometry in the testing and control of water quality, and the means by

I which the National Bureau of Standards could contribute more effectively in

that area by research, calibration, voluntary standards participation and

educational activities. Practically, this reduces to a consideration of the

needed accuracies of temperature measurements for chemical analysis and thermal

monitoring of water quality, and the NBS role to assure measurement reliability

Water pollution is addressed by over 200 different regulations at the

state level as well as by many federal laws. Many of these laws require some level of monitoring^. The most sweeping of these laws is PL 92-500, the

Federal Water, Pollution Control Act, which established water quality criteria

and limits for pollutants in effluents. It requires that all industries,

governmental agencies, and individuals that discharge effluents

into navigable waters must monitor their own effluents for chemical and

bacterial contaminants. In addition, the steam electric generating^, cement^,

and sugar processing‘s industries are required to monitor (and control) their

effluent temperatures^. State and local regulatory agencies also monitor

water effluents to see that discharges conform to permitted limits.

One approximately complete record of the number of temperature measurements made each year as part of the monitoring effort is contained in STORE!

,

the EPA file of water pollution data. From 1968 to 1973, there was an average

of 167,000 temperature entries per year - 7% of the total 2.5 x 10^ entries.

Agencies of the Federal Government generated 70% of the data in STORE!

(EPA-25%, USGS-36%, others-9%) . Furthermore, because of incomplete reporting,

these 117,000 entries represent less than the actual

number of Federal Government temperature measurements^. Some idea of the
number of new private (industrial) temperature measurements expected in the near future can be developed from the fact that there are at least 65,000

discharge permits either approved or under consideration by EPA^. If 10% of

these permits require measuring one temperature each week, some 340,000

temperature measurements per year will have to be made. Actually, power plants

often measure temperature at several points, either daily or by averaging

continuous readings periodically, so it is possible that many more than

340,000 new temperature readings will be made by industry each year.

An estimate of the large number of temperature measurements involved in

water quality control can be attempted by considering the relative levels of

instrumentation for pollution monitoring and the growth in monitoring

activities. As shown in Fig, 1, the relative numbers of analytical instruments

required in the "non-government" sectors dwarfs the government needs by 30-fold,

and waste water analysis constitutes about half the total effort. In a dollar

sense, the growth taking place can be inferred from the fact that the states

alone had committed $14,000,000 for surveillance in 1972 and these costs are predicted to reach $60,000,000 by 1980. All of these data indicate that the

number of temperature measurements for pollution monitoring can be expected

to surpass an annual rate of 10,000,000 by 1980^.

Temperature Measurements for Water Analysis

The commitment of national resources to water analysis is large and will

grow and become more sophisticated as new technology is developed. The volume

of tests that are temperature sensitive can be expected to increase in step

with the growth in the level of water quality monitoring but with an additional

(but unpredictable) increment as better reliability is sought.

At present 5 there are many water analysis tests that are sensitive to

temperature. Tests utilizing or measuring reaction rates depend upon the

temperature as do tests of several physical properties, and tests for bacteria

require temperature control. Table 1 is a partial listing of temperature

sensitive tests which appear in Standard Methods - ^ater and Wastewater, a collection of recommended analytical procedures, which is published jointly

by the American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association,

and the Water Pollution Control Federation^,

In many tests, no standard temperature is required and temperature

sensitivity is taken into account by running standard samples concurrently

with the sample under study. There are many tests in which the compound of

Interest is either precipitated (for which temperature is essentially un- important) or analyzed spectrophotometrlcally (in which case the temperature

need only be controlled within a few degrees for accuracies of a few percent).

In fact, the presently attained accuracy does not limit the accuracy of most

analytical tests, where temperature control within 0.2 to 0.5 °C is usually

considered adequate.

- 2-
The greatest need for accuracy occurs in analytical tests Involving live

organisms. The most rigid specifications in analytical tests are for fecal

conforms (44.5 ±0.2 °C) and they require that the thermometers be checked

: against thermometers calibrated by NBS.

Ordinarily there is less need for accuracy in the analytical laboratory

than for stability during testing. Good temperature control over long periods

of time for biological tests and over shorter periods of time for chemical

1 tests produces better precision with more meaningful inter-laboratory compariI sons. When standards and blanks are run and calibration and testing are done

I all at the same temperature, inter-laboratory comparisons are possible and

thereby much of the need for accurate temperature measurements is eliminated.

VThile the existing analytical thermometers and the general state of

thermometry appear to be adequate, two problems are apparent. Accuracy and

precision are often not differentiated in the literature or by the people

contacted during this study. More importantly, too many researchers apparently

do not question the accuracy of their thermometers. While the temperature

and fecal coliform sections of Standard Methods - Water and Wastewater discuss

thermometer calibrations, there was no mention of such a necessity an5rwhere

else in the book. The general feeling seems to be that thermometry is so well

under control for the needed level of precision and accuracy that no special

I precautions are necessary for adequately accurate temperature measurements.

i1 Temperature Measurement of Thermal Pollution

I For the thermal pollution aspect of the study we tried to determine the

,i types of temperature measurements that are made and the accuracies that are required. As mentioned earlier, the steam electric generating, cement, and

sugar industries are required to monitor the temperature of their effluents.

; Other temperature measurements needed to monitor potential thermal pollution

' Include thermal plume tracing, and those for reservoir management, and marine

^ biological research.

i

I Steam Electric Generating Utilities

Of the three industries cited above, this study deals only with the

,, steam electric generating industry because it is the major producer of waste

I hot water and is growing rapidly. EPA estimates that the steam electric

t. power generating capacity of the U. S. will quadruple between 1970 and 1990.

I However, this estimate could be reduced somewhat by the long-term effects of

> the "energy crisis". The growth in the use of water is shown in Fig. 2. In

!] 1960, 37% of the 3.7 x 10^^ liters of water withdrawn from waterways in the

' United States and Puerto Rico was used by the power industry (1.38 x 10^*^ i.)

,

i By 1970, the power industry was using 3.35 x 10^^ I of water, 46% of the total^.
What happens to this water as it passes through a power plant? A typical,

conventional steam electric plant must discharge approximately 5400 J h“^ per j watt of generating capacity^. There are more than 1100 steam electric plants j in existence today® generating more than 4 x 10^® W. It is estimated that in

1970, steam electric generating plants in the U. S. discharged more than i 1 r » T 1.2 x 10^^ J h ‘ of waste heat . Although not all of this heat was discharged

directly into our waterways, in 1970 approximately 75% of the plants used once- | through cooling so that nearly 10^® J h~^ of waste heat was dissipated in our |' streams, rivers, and lakes®. This much heat necessarily will have some long- | term, currently unknown, effect on the environment.

I Power plants monitor not only the temperature of their effluents but of

their intake water and the temperature gradients across their condensers. ' Thermocouples and resistance thermometers are used, as are liquld-in-glass |i thermometers. The thermometer and its Instrumentation are chosen according i to the required frequency and convenience of reading, the desired accuracy and the

need to minimize costs. The indications of thermocouples and resistance thermometers jj can be continuously recorded and so these are convenient to use in an effluent i stream or at a pump. Liquid-in-glass and resistance thermometers are used i| where periodic reading is permissible (input lines for example). The reliability

of the results is also limited by the choice of sensor location, but these |i thermometers, if used with reasonable care, are capable of measuring temper- " atures with inaccuracies not exceeding ±h or ±h °C.

It. is difficult to assess the role of operator technique as a source of i measurement error in power plant thermometry. There appears to be wide understanding about how heat flow affects thermometer readings, so that care is | generally taken to place thermometers so as to obtain the temperature at the ! point of interest (inlet, outlet, condenser, etc.). The picture is not so bright concerning accuracy, however. It is true that a number of people who

were contacted during this study have some means of checking the accuracy, at i least to the extent of seeing that two thermometers in the same location agree,

and some people have relatively sophisticated internal calibration routines.

On the other hand, while EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory

in Cincinnati recommends that field thermometers be checked against either NBS

calibrated thermometers or secondary fixed points^®, personnel in the NBS

llquid-ln-glass and thermocouple calibration laboratories report that in spite

j of the expanding requirements to measure the temperature of their effluents,

thermometers are not sent for calibration from power plants in appreciable

numbers. Clearly, thermometers used in the field are not always checked directly

or indirectly against NBS calibrated thermometers.

In general, the potentially attainable accuracies of available thermometers

do not impose severe limitations on the accuracy of field work. In their paper

on "Continuous Water Quality Measurement; Present Status and Future Trends",

Suffet and Radzuil remark that "Temperature is the most reliable sensor, con- ductivity second"^ The limitations in the reliability of thermometry result

not from limitations in the sensors pe?* Sft but in their choice and applications

and from the unreliability of recording instruments. For example, prior to

1968, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration lost 16% of its temper-

’ 7 ature data for 629 consecutive days for the following reasons:

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Cause of Loss Sensor Recorder Other Total

% of Data 0 7 9 16

There is definitely a need to Improve the design of thermometer instrumentation

and the quality of recorders to make them more rugged and more reliable.

Opinions vary as to whether the most severe limitations on thermometry

are due to operator error or equipment. Dr. Marvin Skougstad, a hydrologist

in the Water Resources Division of the USGS, stated in correspondence with

him that failure to attain an Inaccuracy of less than +0.5 °C was usually the

result of poor technique or error by the operator^^. On the other hand.

Dr. Dwight Ballinger, Director of the Environmental Monitoring and Support

Laboratories (EPA) in Cincinnati expressed the opinion that the limitations

were generally due to the available equipment^®. However, Dr, Ballinger wrote

about errors of several degrees, which implies Inaccuracy since most field

thermometers are capable of higher precision. Both of these opinions imply

that quality control, operator training, and probe design are important areas

for consideration by NBS.

Thermal Plume Monitoring

A second method of obseirving theirmal pollution, thermal plume monitoring,

was briefly reviewed. This is an area in which the inaccuracy of the

thermometers may limit the usefulness of the results. Precision watermonitoring thermometry equipment is available; oceanographers have been tracking

ocean currents for many years using very precise temperature measurements. In

order to track a current well, the inaccuracy of the measurements should not

exceed ±0.01 °C. Oceanographers have developed sophisticated, expensive probes

which are accurate but power plant personnel and researchers have expressed a need for small inexpensive probes that are accurate to float down rivers or in

lakes and transmit position and temperature to a receiver on shore. The probes

now used in monitoring power plant effluents (thermocouples, liquid-in-glass,

and resistance thermometers) will not do this, either because of their inherent

nature (liquld-ln-glass) or because sophisticated auxiliary equipment is needed.

Reservoir Management

In a large reservoir there is usually a vertical thermal gradient so that

the temperature of water released downstream will vary considerably depending

upon the depth from which the water is taken. The Army Corps of Engineers

continuously measure the temperature of its reservoir outfalls in order to

regulate discharge temperatures. The allowable error in their temperature

measurements is ±h to ±1 °C and their sensors are reliable within that imprecision.

The major thermometric problem which they have identified is system reliability^ .

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Biological Research

Biological research is growing rapidly; its results are used by public

officials, and voluntary standards groups to set water quality standards. The ' accuracy of temperature measurements is very important to this work because

water temperature has far-reaching effects on water dwelling organisms. Raising 1 or lowering the temperature of a body of water changes both the metabolism of S the resident organisms and the amount of oxygen available to them. In addition,

| many species of fish need seasonal temperature changes to trigger their spawning

or hatching cycles, which may be disrupted by the addition of heated water. Ij A change in the water temperature may change the diseases with which organisms ,, must cope or it may alter species distributions, to the extent of permitting j toxic algae or trash fish to flourish. On the other hand, raising the mean I water temperature of a particular lake or stream may encourage a commercially | valuable organism. For these reasons, it was felt important to look at the

| research data which lead to an evaluation of water quality. None of the biological literature reviewed for this study cited temperature measurements with i an imprecision of less than 0.1 . This is considered adequate at i present, because fish do not respond significantly to change of less than 0.1 °C.

Often more Important than how much the temperature changes is how fast it changes,

but in real systems time constants are large, and rapid fluctuations are not

generally a problem over large areas. If the temperature varies beyond a certain range, marine and fresh water organisms will die; however, these limits are often many degrees wide so neither the accuracy nor the precision of biological

research thermometry presently appears to be a problem here.

Standards Committees

The last area covered by this study is the work of standards committees

dealing with thermometry in water analysis. The following is a list of

committees whose work encompasses water pollution and the names of members who were contacted during the course of this study.

ASTM D-19 (Water)

Marvin Skougstad, Chairman \ Dwight Ballinger

ASTM D19.03 (Sampling of Water and Water Formed Deposits, and Surveillance

of Water)

Robert Booth

ASTM D19.01.04.02 (Native Aquatic Bacteria Subsection of the Section on Microbiology)

Rita Colwell, Co-Chairperson

ASTM D19.07 (Methods of Testing Water-Formed Deposits and the Properties of

Water)

Jay Carver

- 6 -
*Water Pollution Control Federation Committee on Standard Methods of Sewage

and Industrial Waste Analysis

Marvin Skougstad

Dwight Ballinger

*American Water Works Committee on Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water, Sewage, and Industrial Wastes

Marvin Skougstad

Dwight Ballinger

*American Public Health Association Subcommittee on Standard Methods for the

Examination of Water and Sewage of the Co-ordinating Committee on Laboratory

Methods

ANSI Committee on Calibration of Measurement Systems (Pressure, Temperature,

and Flow)

Paul Lederer, Technical Advisor

Those committees which are starred contribute to Standard Methods - l^ater

and Wastewater. ASTM Committee D19.07, Methods of Testing Water-Formed Deposits

and Properties of Water, has written "Proposed Methods for Determining the

Temperature of Water"^®, Jay Carver, its principal author, remarked that

although there has not been a vacuum in the usage and appreciation of thermometers,

there has been one in the attention to thermometry problems . This document is

to be a "how-to" report and is comprehensive and well written. This, and the

uses publication (see below), appear to be two important "standards" publications

which discuss thermometry in terms of water pollution measurements. Otherwise,

there is little attention to thermometry in the standards committees whose work

bears on water pollution at this time. Many are aware that there are thermometry

problems to be addressed but other tasks have taken a higher priority.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The major deficiencies in thermal pollution thermometry appear to lie in

the areas of system reliability and of operator training. Because of the harsh

nature of field conditions and the need for systems which do not require frequent

maintenance, the amount of data obtained and the reliability of the system

depend on the system engineering. Good quality control when combined with sound

engineering and careful training of personnel in the proper use of equipment will

do much to Improve the state of thermometry in thermal pollution monitoring.

With the noticeable exception of thermal plume monitoring, existing sensors can meet many of the present requirements. More rugged and specialized sensors will

be needed for some of the field work. There are already many specialized sensor designs with no one design in demand above all others. The U. S. Public Health

Service formerly maintained the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center in

Ohio which served as a design shop. While this service is no longer offered,

there is still a substantial need for it^®. The National Bureau of Standards

can offer valuable technical advice but cannot, with its limited resources,

undertake to do the work. It might be accomplished effectively by EPA working

with Industry.

- 7 -
Improving quality control is a major problem and should be attacked.

The NBS might make four contributions here. First, it could Increase the

variety of thermometers calibrated and issue more publications concerned with

the philosophical and technical aspects of calibration and reliability assessment. One means of attaining wider distribution is for these publications to

appear in trade journals as well as the regular NBS formats. The ASTM has

taken a step by establishing its Proposed Methods for Determining the Temperature

of Water. The USGS has also been active in educating the public about

thermometry with its publication of "Water Temperature—Influential Factors,

Field Measurements, and Data Presentation"^^. This is an excellent comprehensive publication for personnel engaged in field work.

The second and third possible contributions are perhaps the most useful

approaches to improving quality control. The Precision Measurement Seminars

currently offered in thermometry by NBS could be expanded in two directions.

They could be tailored to specific industries or groups of related industries

and they might be offered at various locations throughout the country, either

by travelling instructors or by film or videotape. This would enable us to

reach a large audience with information directed to its needs. In addition,

a Measurement Assurance Program (MAP) could be initiated with EPA for either

analytical laboratory or power plant personnel in an effort to more completely

assess the state of thermometry. If interest and needs warrant, NBS could then

maintain a continuing large-scale MAP. Each of these activities could demonstrate large improvements in measurement reliability for the industries involved

in water temperature monitoring.

Lastly, the NBS staff might become more active in water pollution standards

committees. While the Temperature Section staff are active on many standards

committees, they are not very active in those committees with interest outside

of thermometry per se. More committee work would involve an additional

commitment of staff resources but it would create a channel through which we

can "advertise" our services and monitor the state of water pollution thermometry.

Some of the recommendations contained herein could be generalized to

include other Industries with related problems for a greater impact. Involvement

with standards committees and with the EPA would appear to require the least

commitment of NBS resources and would be perhaps the most productive channel

until firmer needs are felt by the NBS in water pollution thermometry.

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References

1. Kirchhoff, W. H. ,* and Greifer, B. , Impact Assessment Study, Water Pollution

Measurement System, National Bureau of Standards (U. S,), (Dec. 1975).

2. EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Steam Electric Power Generating,

40 CFR 423; 39 FR 36186, Oct. 8, 1974, effective Nov. 7, 1974; 40 FR 7095,

Feb. 19, 1975; 40 FR 23987, June 4, 1975.

3. EPA Cement Manufacturing Effluent Guidelines and Standards, 40 CFR 411;

39 FR 6590, Feb. 20, 1974; amended by 40 FR 6432, Feb. 11, 1975.

4. EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Sugar Processing, 40 CFR 409;

39 FR 4034, Jan. 31, 1974; amended by 39 FR 10522, March 20, 1974;

39 FR 17841, May 21, 1974; 40 FR 6432, Feb. 11, 1975; 40 FR 8498,

Feb. 21, 1975; 40 FR 36337, Aug, 20, 1975.

5. Standard Methods - Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association,

American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation

(APHA Inc., New York, 1971).

6. Luce, C. F. , et al , Water Policies for the Future - Final Report to the

President and to the Congress of the United States by the National

Water Commission, USGPO (June 1973), Stock No. 5248-00006.

7. Water and Water Pollution Handbook, Vol. 1, Ciaccio, L. L. , ed.

(Mareel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1971.

8. Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and

New Source Performance Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating

Point Source Category, EPA (March, 1974), EPA 440/1-73/029.

9. The Economics of Clean Water - 1973, EPA (1973).

10. Dr. Dwight Ballinger, Director, EPA Environmental Support and Monitoring

Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, private communication.

11. Water Quality Instrumentation, Selected Papers from International Symposia

presented by the Instrument Society of America, Vol. 1, Scales, J. W. , ed.

(IDA, Pittsburgh, 1972).

12. Dr. Marvin Skougstad, Hydrologist, VJater Resources Division, USGS, private

communication.

13. Mr. Earl Elker, Army Corps of Engineers, private communication.

14. Biological Aspects of Thermal Pollution - Proceedings of the National

Symposium on Thermal Pollution sponsored by the Federal Water Pollution

Control Administration and Vanderbilt University, Portland, Oregon,

June 3-5, 1968, Krenkel, P. A., and Parker, F. L. , ed.

(Vanderbilt University Press, 1969).

- 9 -
15. Review of Surface Water Temperatures and Associated Biological Data as

' Related to the Temperature Standards in Texas, Radian Corp. (Austin, Texas).

i

16. Proposed Methods for Determining the Temperature of Water, ASTM D19.07,

Jay R. Carver, principal author (In Press).

17. Jay R. Carver, member ASTM D19.07, private communication. i

18. William T. Mason, Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin,

private communication,

19. Stevens, H. H. , Ficke, J. F. , and Smooth, G. F. , Techniques of WaterResources Investigations of the USGS; Book 1, Collection of VJater Data by

Direct Measurement; Chapter Dl, Water Temperature - Influential Factors,

Field Measurement, and Data Presentation, USGS (USGPO, 1975), Stock

No. 024-001-02711-9.

Additional References

1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 31, Water, American Society for Testing

and Materials (ASTM, Philadelphia, 1975) 01-031075-16.

2. Ch'K'al Leung, K. , and Klein, J. A., The Environmental Control Industry, j An Analysis of Conditions and Prospects for the Pollution Control

Equipment Industry, submitted to the Council on Environmental Quality

(Dec. 1975).

3. Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement - Two Years of Progress,

EPA (1975). ;

4. Engineering Aspects of Thermal Pollution - Proceedings of the National

j Symposium on Thermal Pollution sponsored by the Federal Water Pollution ! Control Administration and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, ; August 14-16, 1968 (Vanderbilt University Press, 1969).

5. Federal Assistance Programs of the Environmental Protection Agency, |i EPA (Sept. 1975). j;

6. Instrumental Analysis for Water Pollution Control, prepared for the World

j Health Organization, Mancy, E. H. , ed. (Ann Arbor Science Publishers,

j 1971). |:

7. Mason, W. T., Palmer, R. N. , Sheer, D. P., and Combs, B. J., Potomac River

Basin Water Quality Status and Trend Assessment 1962 - 1973 (Interstate j| Commission on the Potomac River Basin, Bethesda, Maryland, 1975).

j 8. Maze, R. W. , Practical Tips on Cooling Tower Sizing, Hydrocarbon Processing

No. 2 (Feb. 1967).

9. Texas Water Quality Standards to be Considered at Public Hearings in I Austin, Texas (Texas Water Quality Board, Austin, Texas, 1975). ^

- 10-
Contacts Not Cited In the Study

R. Booth, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, EPA: ASTM D19.03,

F. Brinckman, Inorganic Chemistry Section, NBS

,

S. Brooks, Superintendent, PEPCO Buzzards Point Plant.

J. Goldgraben, NUS.

D. V, Hansen, Director, Physical Oceanography Laboratory, NOAA.

G. Helz, Chemistry Department, University of Maryland.

J. Hoffman, Superintendent, PEPCO Morgantown Power Plant,

P. Lederer, Technical Advisor.

L, Perez, NUS.

R. Sells, Chemist, Penniman and Browne Laboratory.

F. Stansbury, PEPCO Morgantown Power Plant.

M. Sylvia, PEPCO.

J. Taylor, Chief, Air and Water Pollution Analysis Section, NBS.

R. Thomas, Blue Plains Sewage Treatment Plant.

S. Wasik, Thermochemical Measurements and Standards Section, NBS.

- 11-
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FIGITRE CAPTIONS

Figure 1

Figure 2

Estimated needs for water quality instrumentation for the period

1973 to 1985^

Water usage by selected groups for the period 1900 to 1970^.
160

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80

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0

MAXIMUM ESTIMATE

MINIMUM ESTIMATE

B

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iri USER GROUP
TOTAL

WITHDRAWN

AVQ H3d SHdin dO SNOmm 'UdlVM
N8S-1 1 4A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OE COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PIIBI.K A TION OR RF POR T NO. NBSIR 77-1227

2. ( u) V A( ( (• s s I on Nu.

3. Ri'C ipienl ’s Aiic.ssiiin No.

4. Tl 1 LE AND SUBTH I F THERMOMETRY IN THE CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY5. Publ It at ion Date May 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AU THOR(S)

Sharrill D. Wood

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMINC. ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

10. Pro jeet 4Task ; Work Unit No.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

1 1. C ontract '"Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and C omplete Addres.s (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Same as 9

13. Type of Report & Period

C overed

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPl.HMHNTARY NOTHS

16. ABSTRAC T (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

A limited study of thermometry in water pollution was made which focused on

water analysis, thermal pollution, and the work of standards committees. It was

concluded that the current needs in this field can be addressed most efficiently

by the National Bureau of Standards with educational and calibration activities.

Suggestions are made concerning possible contributions by NBS with an emphasis on those activities having large impacts for small investments of NBS resources.

17. KHY WORDS fs/x to twelve entries; alphabetical order, capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons ) Pollution; standards committees; temperature measurements; thermal pollution;

thermometry; water analysis; water pollution.

18. AVAILABILITY rx IJnl imited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to N'TIS

Orcder From Sup. of Doc., U.S. (lovernment Printing Office Washington, D.( . 20402, SD ( at. No. (.13 [X ' Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIEIED

20. SECURITY ( LASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OE PAGES

20

22. Price

3'. 50

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