Optimum Fly Ash Content for Lower Cost and Sup<rior Durability by R. P. Khatri and V . Siriviva tnanon ................................ 

### 205 Sulfa t e Resistance ofMortara Containing High-Calcium Fly Ashes and Combinations of High ly Reactive Pozzolans and Fly Ash by S. G. Shuhiprakasb and M. D. A. Thomas .................... ... .. 

### 221 Development ofa Fly Ash and Epexy Based High-Perf'onnanoe Grout for the Repair ofOffshore Platfonns 

### byT. S. Thandavamoor!hY. 

### A. G.

**~bdbava** Rao, and A. 

### R. Santbakumar .••. 

### 239 Fly Ash in Self.COmpoc:ting Concrete by 

### R. Khurana and 

### R . Saccone • . .. . . .. ............................. 

### 259 Resistance of fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Blended Cement Mortars and Concrete to Carbonat ion, Sulfate Attack and Chloride Ion Penet r ation by K. K. Sideris and A. E. Savva ........ ................. .. . ........ 27S Valorization of Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Via Hydrothennal Treatment by A. Guerrero, S. Golli, E. Feminde>, and A. Moclas ...........••... . .. 29S Optimizanon ofCLSM Mixture Proportion with Comb1nonon ofClinker Ash and Fly 

### Ash byTakashi Hongucho, Hodeyuki Okumura, and Noboru Saela ............. 

### 307 Three New Ash Beneficiation Processes for the 21" Cenrury by Bruce W. Ramme, Bryan C. F i sher, and Tarun R. Naik . . ...... .•• ... .. 

### 325 Advances in Malaysian Fly Ash Concrete Technology by E . U. Kidav, T. P. Soo, Y. Siriviva t nano n, and R. Khatri ........ .. ... .. 

### 343 Properties ofArtificial Pozzolan Blended Cernenu as a Function ofClay 

### Precursor Moneraloar and Cement Chemical Parame!en 

### by E. Moulin and P . Blanc .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .............. .... ... 

### 361 Concrtte MixturtS Made: with Tenwy Blended Cernenu Containing Fly Ash and Rioe-Husk Ash by N. Bhanumathidas and P. Kumar Mehta .................... ... .... . 379 Time ofSetting Influenced by Inclusion of Fly A.1h and C hemical Admi.,tures byTarun R. Noik, Sbiw S. Singh, and Bruce W. Rammc ... ..... ..•.. ... . 

### 393 The Resis1ance of Mortar with Supplementary Ctmcntit i o

us Materials t o Caustic AnRek by H. T . Cao, L Buoe11, R. P. Khatri, andY. Sorivivatnanon . ............. 

### 41 S Effects ofCo-Combustion ofSecondary Fuds on Fly Ash Quality by F. J. M. Lamen, J . L J . Yissers, and J. W. ,..., den 

### Berg ••... .......• •. 433 

### VIII 

## SP 199-1 

# Leachability of Trace Metal Elements

from Fly Ashes, and from Concrete Incorporating Fly Ashes by M . H . Zhang, 

## M . 

# C. Blanchette, and 

# V. M. Malhotra
Smopsis: .. This pnper presents infonmtion on the

**~achability** of rrace metal elements from a number of Hy ashes from Canadian lllld the U.S. sourees, and from the concrete mcorpontlng the Hy ashes.

**Tbeco~tnhODSofaDregulatedelement£Ag,** As, 

### 0, Ba,Cd,Cr.Cu. Hg. Pb, and Se in the lcachatcs from the nine Hy :uhes testod were wullin the limits o'· the Unitod St.otes Enviroruncnt Protr:<:tion Agency and the TransJxmation of 

### Dangerous Goods Act Regulaoious of Canada. Tilt 

### k:achong of As, B. Ni, and Se from t he fly ashes appeared to increase with an iocreRSC 

### in their ooment in dtc Ry ll$h; 1to\\ 1 ever, th ere were some exceptions. J u genc:rol, lhe concentrati o n o f As l eached from t he fly liSbcs derived from the bituminous .ooools was much higher tluw that from the li&nite or sul>-bitwninous coals. .I 

# .. Regoudle., of the type and pcroc:nt"l:e of the 

### Oy ash used. wfcm of obe concrete, and curing coodotioo, none oftbe traee metals 

### on tl.e leachates from obe fly ash concrete

**~les** oxoeedod the regulated concentration bmots by the Uruted States Envirom:no:nt Protecuon Agency and the Tnmsponauon of Dangerous Goods Act R:fUIIIions of Canada. The «>nc:rete incorporating the Hy aslles is, therefore, considered envirownentaDy stable. 

## Keywords: concrete; fly ash; leachabi li ty; tra ce meta l s

1' •' 

## 2 

## Zhang et al.
Min- Hong Zhong is Associate Professor at the Department ofCivil Engineering, tbe National University ofSingapore. Prior to 

### joining the university, she walla Research Scientist with CANMET, Natural Resources Canada. She is 

### a member of ACI Committees 213, Lightweight Aggregate Cooct•ete; 232. Fly Asb ond Nnturol Pozzolans in Concrete; and 234, Silica Fume in Concrete. Marcia Blond>ette =ages the Tailings and Waste Rock program in CANMET, Natural Resources Cauada. She has over 10 yeats experience with envitomnental issues facing the mining industry in Canada, through her involvement with the**Min~** EuvirotUnent Neutral Drainage**(~ND)** program, and activ ities within the Eoviromnent Laboratory of CANMET. ACI Hooorary Member V. Mohan Malhotra i.s Scientist Emeritus. lutenunional Centre for Sustainable Development of Cement nod Concrete (ICON), CANMET. Ottawa. Canada. He is a t"otmer member of t he ACI Board of Ditection and has 

### served on numerous ACl cotiUnittees. He is a prolific author, editOJ', ood researcher, nod has received lllllllY awards aod honors from ACI and other**institutiotL~** t hroughout the world.


### INTRODUCTION Portland 

### cemeut conc..Tete is 11nd will 

### r ema in :;. majo 1 · co n structio n muteriul of choice. Unfortunately, the productkm of port laud cemem. the roost importum component ofconcrete, is very energy intensive. Furthennore. the**mauufa~turing** of portlnud cement is enviroruneut.aUy wtfriendly because fOr each tonne of cen:,ent produced, approximately one tonne of 

## co, is released into the attoospbere . Thus, replacing port of portland cement by minerlll by-product s such os fly ash or ground, granulated blast-furoace slag in concre t e can coot.l'ib ute signiticum l y t

o the r eduction of 

## col emissions, 

### lllld snvings 

### in energy . Tilete is a growing 

### C01)Cel1\ that the ClniSSiOUS O[CQl and O th

er g r eeohO\I Se gases are affecting adversely tbe global climme . It is. therefore. imperative that policits and programs be d evel oped to t· ed uce the l evel of CO, emissions . TI 1 e Canadian GOvenlJI)ent has OJJJlOUDCed that Canada, iu accordance with th e Kyoto Protocol, 

### will reduce CO, emissions to abom 6% below 1990 level by the year 20 l0. 

### By r epl nci.ng portland cem!nt in concrete with 

### t1y ash. a by-product from**th~** bt1nling of

### coal in electric utililies . 

### C02 emissions can be reduced considerably that con**h~lp** to meet the above objective. Typical replacetnent levels of 

### fly ash in portland cement concret e are about 20% by mas:; o f the total cemenlitiou:.**mat~r ul~.**  With**inc~asing** use 

### of fly ash in concn::te, questions have been raised 

### i.lS to the pCHeutiaJ contaminatio n of the s ur face and ground water by the trace**element~** iu fly ush**<~S** n result of the leaching. 

# 1 r 

# I

I 

# t I 

## I 

# ' Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag 3
Tills pElptr presents iufonnation Oil the Jeacbability Of trace eJetnCUIS f i'OJn u uumbet' of tly ashes from Canadian aud the 

### U.S. sources, aod fi-om the concrete in<:orpo ruting the fly ushes detcnnined according 

### t o the Un.ited States Envi.roJUncnt P t

-otection Agency (EPA) re¥ulatorymethod I31 I
- ToxicityCitarocteristic Lcachitll[ Procedure (TCLP) . The et\'ects of 

### fly ash sout·ce and comeut, wll:m, aud cw· i.ng '-'Ondition .s of the coucrett on the leachability of l!'ace ll'letal eletl)(nts were also evaluated. 11\is study p r ovides. data that 

### are not available 

### in publislM!d literatt•r e .**Th~;** effects or Jeadililg condilious that simulate weuing and d.l'yi.ng aod tbe typc:: s of leach.am.s 

### ou tl1e Jc::achability 

### of trace 

### metal elements have been discussed elsew 

### hete (1 ,2]. 

### LITERAT U R

E REVIEW Pt1blished data have shown that the l ellchability of trace elemeu1s from a tly osh is c.ltpcndeut on the chemical compos ition of 1 be fly ash. n t'uuction of the 

### opetatiog couditious 

### of thc.:nnal power plants [3). 

### and lhe exposure 

### cooditioos. 111e combu,•aion ttmperotures of th e bo iler and the operating lemperatures o f the emission control devices are significant com r oU.ing paramet ers aftfet.iug the distribution of the trac.e ek:ments in 

### a coal ash. 

### J.n most cases, tOr 

### ditferem coals**bu~1tt:d** in th e same combust i on uu.it under s imilar opel'ating cond it ions. lhe disltibutiou of most eheanicfll species are similar [3]; however, for diffetent conls,. bumed undet · tlitft!re.ot combustion conditions, no defm.ite distribution pauen1 of u·ace elements**c.t~o** be detennined . luoomplcte combustio n can result in h1gher**conc~ntl'ation** of Leachllble trace eltments in a coal ash; and a coal with a lower heat co ntent yields more leachable trace elen::tcuts. probably because of the lower combustion tempeJ'.atures in.sitle the 

### fumnce [3). De Groot ct 

### al (4) investigated the leaching

## c~tel'istics ofselected trace elements s u ch as orseo.ic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), antitnouy (Sb), se l etliwn (Se),molybdenum(Mo), l ead (Pb), tungsten (W), vauadium(V),aud zinc (Zo)from coa.l fly ashes as a function of tbe acidity of the l eacbant • a.ud tlte liquid/solid . '111e t est consisted o l't hree 

### parts: a 

### COh ll UU·Ieachi.ug test. a serial batch-leaching test. and a test 

### fordeleJ1l\.i.nin.g the maximum Leachability . 

### Fifty tly ashes from a wide variety ofsources were analysed. and only five fly**o.~hes** were cested using all the three tests. The authors round thol with tespect to leach.in..g. 

### diJ'ferences in e l emental composition of the fly ashes are far less imponant than the differences in the pH of thelenclulnt. The pH level of a Jeachaut is the controlling factor in the leachability of t race e l ements from a tly ash, and at a high pH (> 1 1) the so lub i lity of u-ace elements is limited. All the ashes test ed showed common le11ching characteristics for severn] groups of elements . The t race e l ements present in the fonn of species, e.g. As, Sb, Se, Mo, W, and V, behove sitnilnrly, and showed a characteristi c
• Leaclulnt is defmed as a solution or liq u id used for leaching .A 

## • 

## 4 

## Zhang et al . mu.imwn leaching at neutral pH. and d<cruse m l<achina rowanls loW<r and higl><r pH values. De Groot et •l (4] aiJo foWld that the l<:ogth nf the batcb-leaching t"t of24-bourdur.moo is sufficient for 1110$t elements ro rencb equilibrium, and can be • sigruficant factor only for a few elements such as arsenic. Sb. ond V nt higbly alkaline conditions and lo" liquid/solid for which the reaction kinetics are slow The lea ch

i ng cbaracter isrrcs of

**•** fly !L<bes from the thennal power plane< operated by Omario Hydro, TOI 'OntO, Canada h ave been Uocm ne nted i n a r evi ew repo n (5). Fl y ashes der ived f r om b i t

u

mi oo u .s conls gen eral l y ha ve higher c ont em of tl1e trnce met al e l e ments (As, Se, Cr, V, nnd Ti) tlm n the fl y ashes from lignite coals. The concentration oftrace e l ements e x tracted from leacba t es · ofthe fly ash es we'7 l ess tbon 10 t imes the criteria outlined in Schedule 4 of Ont ario M inistry o t Envtronment Regulanon 309 (drinking-wa"'r standard). The leaching of rrace elen><nu from concrete and mortars incorporating o fly ash as panill cement repl..,.mcnt was

**inv.,hga~** by Vao der

**Sloo~** de

**Groo~** and Hoede 

### I 6). Ay ashes from con•·ennonal I1ISI&IIaoons and installatioru 

### oper•tina with low !\Ox bum<rS were includ<d m the IIUdy, nod cement replacement le•cls in ooocrete ranged from 20 ro 40'll>. Both poruand eement and blast
-furnace sing cements were used in the srudy, and 

### the wattt•tO-Cemcnutious materials ratio (wl<:m) or the concret e ranged from 

### 0.50 to 0 64 The lenching of the concret e was determined using a modified procedure based oo Dutch standard NEN 73-15. TI1e moruu- specime ns were crushed m njnw-erusher, n n d separa t ed i nto t hree fractions (A: 1.5
- 6 mm, 8:0 . 5
- 1.5 mm, and C: 

### <0.5 n u n). Th..- samples were then treat ed with demine ralized water with di fferent hqutd· t o·sohd r at

ios (500, 1 00, 20, 4 , 1), ond the contact times were 0 .5 , 5, und 

### 50 ho urs. Afte 1 · tJ 1

e tr ea

t me nt. the pH aml t h

e concen t rati on o f th e e l e m ents As, Br, Cr, Cu . Gn, Mo, Sb, Sr, 

## w. Zo . Co, Si, Mg, Na, K, Cl, F were d eten n ine d. T h e resu lts indi cated t hat the concentrnti on o f tlltse elements i n th e Jea.:hate from tl1e fly ash concrete was higher

**~um** tl>at from the 

### control ponJ and cement concrete. 

### Nc,·ertl\Cless, w&th the exception of Mo, the leaching of the above elemenu from the Oy ash concrete was generally witbrn tl>e specification ofthe Building Moterills 

### Decrte of the Netberlonds. This implies that replacing pan of pnruand cement by fly ash rs environmentally aooepul>le. Hobbctg and Schiess! (7) studied theeftectofthetypeofcementand fly ash, wkm. and curing age on the leachlns beha•tour of the monan and couon:te Both norml1l pnnland cement and blnst-fumnce sloa cement were used 10 the in\'esUgation. Four fly ashes with different heavy metal contenu were Klected for the evaluation The Oy asb content was 20% by lnii$S of (Cement 

### + 0.5 Ay Ash), aud the W/(C+0.5FA) o f the mo rrars tlln £ed from 0.4 to 0.6, ond the W /(C +0 .5FA) of t l >< concrete was 

### 0.5. A number of40 • 40 • 160-tnm prisms and 100-nuu cubes were mnde fro m t he mortar oud c oncrete mixturt:.s, r espective l y. After Oll e d ay in the

· Leach ate is d ef m

ed as a s ol ut j on obtni ueU by J cnch .in

jJ. 

# I 

# I
I Fly Ash, Silica Fume , and Slag 5
moulds. the specimtm 

### "ere cured Ill a ciUlD>ber at 20 

### 'c and 9511> relnti•'C hurniduy until theogesof90, ISO, and 360days for leaching t<>ts. Tank-leaching testss111Uiat ro that de>cribed in Dutch Standard NEN 

### 1345 with a duratioo of 

### 56 days, and 8 leacbant renewals

**we~** perfonnN w1th lbe monnr WKI concrete specimens_ 'The results illdrcated a>ar the lcacluog of the metalelemenu (As. Cd, Cr, Cu. Pl>, Nr, and Zn) from monars and concr ete with and without fly asb was genernlly very low. n n

d was

**lnr~e y**  independent of the tOto l amounr of the fly ash mcorporated. The i n

coapora ti ou o f th e 

### 11 y

**o~h** i n co n crete 

### r!!Ouced the l eaching rate i n case of most

**U"U~.:eelemen ses**  **ecially** zi nc . The w/cm had no d i st i nct io tluence o n t h

e l

e-achabil i ty of t h e me t al c l ements, nud 

### lo n aer c u rin, led 1 0 l

ower l eachin g r at es. SCOI' E TI>e leachability of traCe eletntl\1$ from K\'ell fly ash.. from the Caoadr:>n 10un:es and two fly ashes from the U.S sources, and from tbeooncrere incorporating the ny ashes is presented. In these DIDC ny ashes. se•·en of them meet the requiremenu or ASTh1 Class F fly ash. one of them meers the requiremenu of ASThl 

### Oass C fly ash. and the "'mauuna one meets all the reqwrements of AS"N Class F ash except for the f=ness The fly ash content w con<reteronged from 10 10 

### 60'11> by mass of the toto! cemennnou• materills, aod the w/cm of the concrete l'llllged from 0.40 to 0. 70 The concrete was cured Wider the f ollowing three conditions p rior ro the leachin g t""' ( I), l·day molSI cunng ond 27-day air dry iog' t o simu late the fiel d practice, (2), 7-doy moist curing aod 2 1 -day air drying t o si mulate t he conditi on most often specified but rar ely followe d i n the fiel d s, oud (3), 28-c.Lny m oist c uring tO si m

ul ate a n i

deo I l olx>n u ory-cur ing co n diti on. A

ll the fly ash and con crete samp l es we r ·e t

esi ed according to EPA method 1 311- Toxici t ycbarnc..,ristic Jeachiuaprocedure ('!'CUP) ' , using aO .J N acet i c acid lench nn t with a p H of 2.88. · • MA TE RIA LS 

### tl r Ashes Seven fly ashes from locations 

### acroa Canada
..... selected for tbr.s study. and they were Point Tupper. Nova Sooua, Llll&ao. Nova Scotia; BeUedune, 1\ew Brwuwi<:k; Thunder Boy, Ontario; SWldanee,

**Alber~>;** Forwt>urg, Albena; Genesee,
'U n ited States Eo v irom neo tal P rotection Agency ( 1 990) "T o xicity cha ra

cter is tic leaching procedure, m ethod 11 31". In Test M et

h

ods fo r Evol uating S ol id W aste, B

PA SW
- 846 (Revisi on 0 , Nove m ber 

### 1990).

## • • 

## 6 Zh ang et al.
Albei'Ul. Two fly ashes from Belews Creek, Georgia ond Con! C=k, North Carolina in the United States were also included in the Study.

· n 1e physi cal properties and che mical composition ofmajor el emen t s, 

### as well as the content of trace elemen t s ofthe fl y ashes were detennined, and the resultS are summarized in Tables I and 2, respectively. TI>e dat4 on the ttoce el ements in coa l ash, in cement lllld m :10Lls are also in Table 2 for comparison purposes (8,9). For the IWIC fly ashes e,·aJuated, seven of them met the requirements of ASIM Clnss F ash. and ooe of them ('Thunder Boy asb) met the requirements of ASTM Class C ash, However. one fly ash (Genesee) met all except the fmeness requirement of AS1M Class F ash,
AS TM Type I port lan d cement was used for ma king concret c.ltS phys i cal p r operties and chemical compositiou are gh•en in Tabl e 3. A

grrecat e The 

### coarse 

# aweaot.e wed 

### ,,,as a crushed granite with 0. muimum nominal size 01 19 mm, md the fine aggregate was natural sand from the Ottawa region. Both the coarse and fine aggregateS were separated iotO different size frnc:tious rut<! recombined tO a specified gradation shown in Table 4 

### The spe<'ific gravities of the coarse and fi n e aggregates were 2.72 and 2 . 70, respectively;

**~** .. com:Sponding values for water absorpt ion were 0 . 5 and 0. 8 pe=nt. respectively. Superplas Url zf:: r A sulfonated, naphthalene fonnaldehyde-condeusate type superplO.'iticizer was used in some of the concrete mixtures. 

# ,le superp1o.s:ticiz.er is a dart: brown solution cont4iruog 42 pera:nt solids. Air-E ntraininr Adm i rtu r c 

### Amulu-cornpot ten t synthetic-resin t ype 

### of

**oir~entra.ining** admixture 

### wos used in all the concrete mixturts. 

## Fly A sh, Si li c

a Fume, an d Sl a g 7
CONCRETE MIXTURES M ixture Prooor t in ns 

### Twenty concrete m.i.xrures were prepnl'ed,and I 02 x 203-mrocy l iuders were mode for compressive strength and leaching testS Tho mixture proportions of the concrete are &iven in Table 

### 5 . A control porllrutd cement concrete with a w/e of 0 

### S was used ll5 the reference. Nine fly ashes were e>•aluated. Tile Lingan fly ><h was selected for evnluouna the effects of the pe=mage of fly ash and w/cm on concrete leaching because 11 bas the bighcs< As oontent of the wue fly ashes. Tile ny ash content ranged from I 0 10

**~bY** mass ofthe tatnl cementitiou.s material The w/em ranged from 0.40 to 0.70. Two high-volume fly ash concrete miAtures with a low 

### w/cm of 0 . 32 

### were aLso in<:luded for evaluation. C A S TIN G AND C URIN G OF C ONCRETE S PECIMENS The concrete was mixed in a labora t ory counter..current mixe r for a total of' 

### S minutes . 'The proptrtiesoffreshconcrete includmg 

### the slump, air con rent, t10:d unit weight were det<mllDed immediately aftts the miAing bad been completed. A number of 102 x 203
-mm cylinders were cast from each miAture fQr determining the compressive strength, and the leochability ofmetals from concrete. The cylinders were cast in two layers and consolidated on a vibnuiog table. A

fter cast ing, n11 the cylin ders were left covered w i th wet b urla p in the casting r oom for approximately 2 4 hours , then demold ed lll!d transferred to a mo ist· c uring r oom at 23 :t 2 'C and 10 0% relat ive h umid ity' unti l required f o r testing . At t he time of t esting, ll1e 

### couc 1 'ete cylinders were taken Out 

# or the rooist
-cur iog room either 10 be cured furlller in the laborat ory air or 

### tOW: prepared for t esting. TheoompresSt>esm:ugthoftheooncn:te was detenninedafter7 and 28 days ofmoiSt curing. For vanous leaching tests, tine <hfferent cunng regimes were used in this study. Most of the cylinders were cured in a mout·eu.ring room for 7 days followed by exposure tO laboratOry air for 21 days before the leaching rests to simulate the condition most often specified but rarely followed in tbe field. For select ed concrete mJxnu·es , addi tional c yl i nders were cured in the mo ist-cu ring room for o n e d ay followed by exposure t o laboratory air for 27 days to simulate t h

e field pract ice. In t h

e 

### third cur i ng reg ime. the cylinders were c ured in 

### rh e moist-cu ri ng room for 28 days to s-imulate an i d enl laborat o t

y-cur i n& condi ti on.

# .. • 

## 8 Zhang et al . PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONC RETE The properties o f the fresh concre te jocluding the slwnp. unit we ight. air content, ond 

### 1empernture are summarized iu Table 6
. Tile slump of the concrete ranged from 

### 65 to 230 rom, and**~1e** air content ranged from 4.9 to 6 . 9% . The unit weight of the fresh concrete wns 2350 ± 57 kglm'. and the temperamre of the fresh concrete ranged from 19 to 

### 25'C. 

### COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DENSITY OF CONCRETE 11te density an d compressive strengtlt of the 

### eoncre 1 e cylinders at 7 ond 28 days are given in Table 6 . Tlte control portland cement 

### conc..Tete had compressive strengths of 29 .1 and 34. 3 MPa at 7 and 28 days. respectively . The compressive strength of the concrete incorporating 30% fly ash but with lbe same w/cm ::tS the contro l coucreteranged from 1 7.8 to23 .0M.Paat 7 days and 24 . 8 tO 33 . 9 MPa at 28 

### days. 11te 28-day compressive strength ofthe 

### concrete incol'porating Liugon tly 

### ash decreased from35.0 to 15.3 MPa ns the fl y ash content i n creased from 10 to 60%by mass of the total cementitious materials.. The density of the concrete dctemtined at one day ronged from 2308 t o 2444 kglm' .



### LEACHING TESTS In 

### gcnernl, a le.aching t est involves bringing a waste material in couct!lct with a J

eachant to detennioe tbe components that 

### will be**dis.~o ved**  from the waste:. The purpose of leaching test s is to either classify n waste for disposal or to detennine tl1e leachate quality. Leaching tests are div ided into two broad categories depending on whethe r the l eachant is r enewed or not. For ex t raction testS (batch- l eaching tests) tl\e Jc:ac.:h am is not renewed; instead a specific amount of wast e is brought in contac t with a specific amount of leachant f o r a spec i fied time . At t he end of the test. the l iq u id is separated from t1te wast e and analyzed These tests are short tenu, have good reproducibi l i ty, are s impl e to perfoml. and are often used tO sim ulat e the • worst case" scenario for leaching of the waste. All regulatory leacbiJlg protocols specify extract ion testS . Dynamic test s are those in which the !enchan t is continuously o r imennittent1y renewed to mainto.in aconstnutdrivi.ng f orce for lenchiug , c .,g . colulll ll· l eaebing t estS. l1 1 e co l umn- l eaching t est is perfom1ed by packing t he mate r ial to be evaluated i n a column. a.od 

### passing a given volwne of leachant through t he matetiaJ. lltis type ofthe test provides infonn atiou abotu tbe k.ineticsofwast edissoJut ion, und 

### they are generally 

### coosjdered to 

### be more 

### repre.senuuive of the 

### field conditions .

# ~ 

# [ 

# { 

# I 1 Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag 9
In this study, the leachability of the fly ashes , and con crete incorporat i l)g**~~·** fly nshes was detennlned by the EPA TCLP test ( 18
-hrextraction). The o ·e.<ults on long·tenn batch
- leaching test and co1unm leaching tests have been rep<lrted**el~wbere** [ 1.2). Leaching Test for Flv Ashes The leachability ofthe fly ashes was determined according to the EPA (U . S.) Testing Metbod 1311- Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedw ·e (TCLP), that is a stan dal' d regulatory method for classifying materials as hazardous or non· hazardous. ll>e matetial to be tested is crushed or grolll)d tO pass**~ugh** a 9.5-nun s ieve . The extraCtion fluid to be used depends on the pH of t he material being tested. u · the iuitial pH of a 

### 5 gram-sample of the material mixed with 96.5 mL ofdistilled water is greater than 5.0, the wnste is acidilied with 3 . 5 mL of I N HCI. heated for 2 minutes, cooled to r oom temperature, aod then measured agai.u for pH . If the pH of the resu lting suspeo tsion is less than or equal to 5.0, a O. J N sodium acetate b u ffer solution is used. Ifthe pH is greater than 

### 5.0, as**in~,.** cases of the fly ashes, n O. I N acetic acid so l ution with a pH of 2 . 88 is added to the so l id phase of the waste in a l iquid-to-solid ratio of 20 : I. The tn.ixmre i s then ag i tated for 18 hours and the leachate is then filtered, an d analyzed for Ag, As, B. Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F. Fe, Hg, Mn. Ni, Pb, Se, 11, U, V. Zn, and Zr . The TJA IRIS simultaneously inductively coupl e d plasma-o ton'ti cel nissiou spectromet e r (ICP·AES) was used todete r m.iue the concentration of B, Fe.Zn, andZr. The VG PlasmaQuad inductively coupled plasnlh massspectrOme ter ( ICP · MS) was used t o detennine**ecoocentrat ouof**  Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, C r. Cu, Mn, N i, Pb, Se, Tl, U. and V. Fluorine was determined by t11e ion · select ive e l ectrode. Mercury \\ 1 as detennined by the flow-injection cold vapour atomic absorpt ion spectrometry. L t aclJipg 

### Test. Cor Contrete lncorporatioc Fly**,\s~ es** 

### ··.~ The leachabil i ty of the trace elemen t s from the concrete was detenniued using the same method as described above. After 28 days of cu ring, a slice of concrete, approxitnmel y 9 . 5-tlltll thick, was cut from the mid-height of a cylinder from selected concrete mixtures and cut ing regimes. A part of each s lice weighing approximat e ly 100 grams was cntshed carefully us ing a hammer so that all particles were< 

### 9
. 5 nun, and the variation in the particJe..si.ze distribution was n ot s ignificant. The particle
- s ite di suibutiou of the sampl es can be folll)d in reference [ 1]. 

### Each crushed concrete sample was treated with an acetic acid sol uti on ofp H 2. 88 at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20: 1 for n pe1'iod of IS hours. TI1e leachat e was fi ltered, and analyzed for pH, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb. Ni, Se , Zu, and Fe . Quantitative elemental**anal y~s**  ofthe l eachates were performed by ICP· AES f o r Fe and Zu, and

### • 

## • 

## 10 Zhang et al. by ICP-MS for A•. 01. Cr, Cu. N1, Pb, nod Se. These elemems were selected by comparing the comenland

**~"'** Jer.chability of the metals from fly ashes ond pol't land cement shown in Tnbles 2 and 7, r espectively. WATER QUALITY GU!DELL'I/ES Uacluna ltsU

**~!ermine** "'belber lhe WaslO WllJ release OOilromiiJ80U 1010 an aqueous medJum, and based on lhe dusolvcd ooooeolnltions from lhe oesu, a maoerilll can be clwafied as hazardous or ooo-ho::udous Tbe regula10ry leach protocol, on which most other tests are based is the Environmental Protecnou Agency (EPA) Ex unction Procedure Toxicity'"" (EP Tox) lbat was promulgoted inlhe United States in 1980. The criteria for metals ru-e setal 100 times me Naoionnl D

rinking Water Sto u do 1 ·ds, aod t he matel'inls f1 '0m which l eachrues exceed tht:)C crit eria are chnracttlized as ho:ardous. Inl990, the U.S EPA replaced the 

### EP Tox test with the Toxic Chruactcristic uaching Procedure (TCLP), that incorporates 

### o number of procedural and equipment changes but leaves the criterill for the metals unchanged. In 

### Canoda. lhe provwces bave adopted leac:hate..,xlnlcrioo proc<dures d••• ""' sunilar 10 those of EP TaL Tbe only maJor difference " in lhe liS! ol contaminants in the leachate that vnry from one provux:e to another lbo:;e province$ thttt do not have hazardous waste regulations c.an utilize the provisions ut lhe Transportation of Dangerous Good• Reaulauons (TDGR). The TDGR incorporoted the Leachate Exuoction Procedure CGSB 1 64-GP-IMP in 19 89 in 

### which list o f COnllllniuruus 

### and m u nericol cri t e 1

·in 

### tu'c ide nt ica l to thO SQ u sc::.J i n Ontario. Wctuue..quality criteria for metals for the ''arious tests discussed isJive:n in TableS. 

### RESULTS A11o'O OISCUSSI0:-1 l&a('habi!it y oC Fl y Ashes TI1e results o f the l eachability of the trace elemeocs from the tly ashes are slllllllWized iu Tobi e 7. The couceno nuion of elements A¥. As, B, Bn, Cd, Cr. Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn 

### in t he Jeocbotes from aU the ny ashe• tested were Within the limics mentioned above Coocenll'lltions of Ag, B, Ba, 01, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn nrc at least ao order of magnitude below lhe limiu set out in Table 8 The fly ashes""' envU'Oillllentlllly safe wtlh respec110 lhe TCLP reaula:ory test 

# ' I Fly Ash , Silica Fume, and Slag 11

**~** o.rscn.ic(A5) content in the leachates from the four fly ashes derived from tl1e bttuminous coals (Point Tupper, Lingnn, Belledune, and Belews Creek) ronged from 0 .85 010 1 .317 ppm. and thi s was 1 11 u

ch hi&her than that of the fly ashes fr om lignite or sub-bituminous coals (<0 . 1 ppm) . However, even tbe highest ttl'senic content in tbe leac:haoe from Belledw1e fly ash wos;ull well below tl>e U.S. EPA and Canodian TDGR regulatOry limits . Tbe cbrouuwn (Cr) oontenl in lhe leacbates from lhe fly asbes den'·ed from lhe birutrunous coals was s 0.070 ppm; this was much lower lbao lbat ofthe fly asbesfrom han ate 

### or sul>-b1tummous oools (0 164. 0.661 ppm). TbeEPA and TDGR reaulotory Jurut for lhe 

### Cr IS 5.0 

### ppm. The se l eniwn (Se) content of the l eachotes from moSt of the tly ashes wn• 

### < 0.2 ppm except

**for~,.,** from the Belews Creek tly "-'h (0.55 ppm). The regulmory limit of the selenium speci fi ed by EPA of the U. S . A. and d>e province o f Ontario, Quebec, nod B 1 •itish Columbia in Canada is 1 .0 ppm Tbe leachability of As (except lbat from d>e Belews Creek fly asb), B, Nt, and Se from lhe tly 

### asbes appeared to ina-use with 111 

### tDcrease m iu conoeot in lhe Oy 

### ashes. wllllelhe leachability ofFe, Ba, 01, Cr, 

### Cu. Pb. andZndid 

### nouppear to be related 10 lheor cootr:nl m 

### t11e fly asbes. Fiaure I iiiUSinloes lhe relaaoowps between lhe oonctnb'altotu of A$, 

### Cll, Ni, 111d 

### Zn leached from lhe fly asbes 

### ond tbeir content in !he fly asbes. ' ' Leachabllih • of Mcla l Elements' (rom Cgpcrc lc Tite effects of the fly as h source, fly nsh content. w/cm, aod curing time on 

### L he c::o n c:eutrat: ton of metals As, 

### Cd, Cr, Cu. Fe, Ni, Pb, Se, and 

### Zn in the 

### teacha l es from lhe concrete 

### i• presented in Tables 

### 9 10 12. 

### The' coooeouations of lhe metal elemeuu 1n lhe leac:hates were significantly lower 

### thl>.n lhe limiu specified by lhe EPA, U.SA, aod lhe TDGR, 

### Canada. Tbe neulnlhung pcoential of lhe concrete IS W>Cierhned by lhe general rise in lhe pH over lhe 18 · hour teSt procedure (final pH rang ina from 5.3 to 6 .5) relnttve to the pH of tl1e Leacbanl. Measured concentrations of Se were at or below the detection limits, and therefore, 

### will not be discuiSed furt1 1 er. For Pb, many of U1e 

### vaJues were close to or below detection 

### l imi [ again mnking comp3riso us difficult A summary of t11e observotious of tl1e l eaching trends is presented in Table 13. EUect of ny ash -In general, all the Oy ash concrete samples showed sinulnr or higher mellll values wben compared with lhe conu-ol port1111d cement concrete except for 

### Cr. Chrorruum values forlhe fly axbooocrete samples oested were simtlar 10 or lower than 

### those of lhe OO!lb'OI pcrdand """"'"'

**oouc~te.**

# • 12 Zhang et al . Etrrd ofthcsoottc oCOy ash-For fly 

### ash. the parutioningoftrace metals

**be~W«D** the 

### spbcri<:8l 

### poruon of the fly ISh (Jlwy stnJCIUI't, relatively immune co di<soluuon) and the sutf'oce of the spbere (easily exchangeable or adsorbed molecules that""' more prone to diuolutron) will ultuno<ely affect the nature of tbe produced leachate (101 A companson of As, 

### Cu. Zn ond Ni leached during tl>e TCLP rest versus the traee metal cootent in the moe Oy ashes tested is presemed in Fig. 1. As shown 

### in Fig. I, the degree ofleachability ofAs from 

### a fly ash isreflected in tlle con t ent of that metal i n the fly ash i t stlf. T h e !Uitne is tru e for the leachabi l ity of As from the fly ash concrete (Fig. 2). For example, concrete containing Point Tupper, Lingon, and Belledune fly ashes (Mix!Un:s Tl, T2, and 17) sltowed the highest concentratioo.s of As in !heir lcn<:hJte.l from tlte TCLP test; this is because the above fly ashes bad the grenteSt conu:nt of As of 

### 688, 980, and 

### 505 ppm, respectively Other metals analyzed dtd n<>t show the same relationship
. For arseoie. the pctttnla&e leached from the concrete incorporating 

### 60'K. Ung111 fly ISh (Mixrure Tl4) of the toul avatlable metalm the mixture have been calculated, and summari.zed IllTable 14
. This concrete

**repre~ntsthe** highest anenic contenl at -SOmglkg CODCI"t:te, and 11 considered as lhe extreme. 1be total oonceotrauon of arsenic leocbed from the concrete was less than 0.5% of the IOta! avoilable arsenic from the fly ash in tl>e concrete. An assessment of the partitioning of t hese elements between the g1ass:y and surface portions of the fly ashes was oot done in this study. H owever, in general

**A~.** Cd, Pb, mtd Zo have been reported 10 show surfooe enr i c lunent, whi le datu for Cr. Cu and Ni 

### are reported to be inco n c lus ive 

### [ !OJ . EUeet of Oy 3.5h content•• 

### Fiaure 3 thows the effect of the percentage of Lingan 

### Oy as

_ h in concrete on the ooncentrntion.s of As. Cu, Ni, al)d Zn in dM! !<110hates from the concrete in the TCLP

**leachi~Ji** te>l. Wbile most of the tD<Uib analyzed sucb as As. Cd, Cu, Fe, and Pb in the Jeachates showed increasmg leachabihty with an increase in fly osb coment in lhe concrete. Nl showed a sHght decre3sing <rend. In fact, most of the Nt wu prohably from the portland cement. N'tekd, therefore, sbowed decreasmc trend wtth mcreasmg fly ash content be<:ause the c:ement conteo.t in

**eooc~te** with higher fly ash content was lower . No significant umd was obser\--ed for Cr with an &Defta!e 111 the fly ash eonteoL Zmc in the leachates appct1red to increase sotnewhat with an increase on the fly ash content, and the significantly higher value for the concrete witll 10% fly ash (1'10) isprohablydue ro

**e~perimental** error. Ertet.t of w/gn -Figure 4 shows the effect of the w/cm of coucrere on t he coneentratioos of As, Cu. Ni, and Zn in the l eachates t'I'Om the con c r

ete in tbe TCLP leac hing test. Fro m the r esults shown i n Table I I n nd Figure 4, it oppe.urs t11at w/cm 

## Fly Ash , Silica Fume, and Slag 13
ofconcrete did 001

**ha'~** any sitcwficmt eflect on the leachability ofCd, Cr. Nt, attd Pb. However, as the fly ISh coo tent Ul the concrete with a !ugh wfcm is lower thoo that witb a low w/cm, the leachabiluy of Cd md Cr actually increased wttb mc:roastng w/cm due to the wcreased porocuy of tho concrete. Coppcs, Fe, aod Zn sho""·ed increasing concenttataons with incrt:asmg w/cm even though the fly ash content was lower for the concrete with a lujh(r w/cm A.rstnic showed a decreasing trend with 

### an increase in tho w/cm. By calculating l eached As per kg of the 

### ny ash in the concrete, it seems thnt the w/cm did not have significant effect on the Jeuching, and t he fly ash coment appeared to ben controlling factor on the leaching of 

### As.

EUect ofcurinc -·As shown io Tabl e 12, the length of tlte moiSt curing does not seem co have s i gnificant effect on the leaching of the above met al elements. CONCLUSIONS
The coocentratioosofallregulltedelemeotsAg. 

### As. B, Bo. Cd, Cr. 

### Cu. Hg, Pb, and 

### Se in the leachates from the nine fly asl>es tested were within the limtu of the United Sta tes Environment Protecuon Aaency and the Transportauoo of Dangerous 

### Goods Act RegulouousofCanada. The concentrations ofAg, B, Ba, Cd, Cu. Hg, and Pb were all at least an order of maanitudc below the above

**limit~** 

### ThC leaching of As, B, Ni, and Se from the fly ashes appeared to increase with nu increase in their content in the fly ashes: however, there were some exoept i ons. In general, the concentration of As leached from the lly nshes derived fro10 the b ituminous coals 

### was much higher tltru\ tllnt from dte l ignite or sub-bituminous conls. Fly Ash Coocate 

# . ' Recnrdless of the type and pcrceutage of the fly ash used, wfcm of the coocrete, and curing coodition. nooe of the 

### trao:e metals ul the le:>c:bates from the fly ash concrete samples e.ceeded the n:gulated concenuauon limits by the Cruted StateS Enviromnent Protection -"ency and theTnnsponauon ofDangerous Goods Act n:gulatioos of Canada. The concrete incorporating the Oy ashes is, therefore, coosidered Stable. In general, all the fly ash concrete Janlples showed similllf or higher values of the metals (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb. Se, Zu) when compared with lhe control portland cement concrete excepr for Cr . Chrom i um

**value.~** for the fly asb concrete samples tes ted were similar to or l ower thon those of th e co n trol

**por~and** cement con crete .

## • 14 Zhang et al.
Arsenic showed a «.:l.lrrelntiou between the metal content in fly 

### ash and the concentrat ion oftbe metal leached from the fly 

### asb conctere. The total conceotrotiou of arsenic leached from the concrete with a w/cm of 0.50 and incorpora.ting 60% Ungan fly ash. that contained the greatest concentration of arsenic of the fly ash concrete t ested, was less than 0.5% of the rotal availoble arsenic fron) the 

### ny ash 

### in the concrete . Other meta l s anaJyzed did not show such a relationshjp. Most of the metals analyzed such as As , Cd, Cu, Fe, and Pb in the leachates 

### showed incr easing leachabi lity with an increase i n the tly 

### ashcontentin the concrete. Cadmium, Cr, 

### Cu. Fe, and Zn in the leachates showed increased 

### concentrations with 

### increasing w/cm even though the fly ash content wns l owe r for concrete with 

### a bigber w/cm. The leaclling of As did not seem to be af fected significandy by dte wlcm 

### of t11e concrete. The l ength of moistur e curing period did not have significant effect on the 

### leaching of the 

### trace metals from the fly ash concrete. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Tl

lis project was jointly funded byCANMET, Naturnl ResourcesCuuado ond En· \'itonment Canada. Gratefu l acknowledgement is made to Ray 01evrier nnd 

### Annibal e Ferro 

### ofMaterinlsTechuology Laboratory nod Ted MacKiruJOU ofMineral and Mining Science Laboratory, CANMET for laboratory wotk. REFERENCES (1] Zhang, M . H., Blnncbette, M., and Mnlhotrn, V. M., •Leachab i l i

ty of Trace Me tal Elements from Fly Ashes and Concr ete Incorporating Fly Ashes," CANMEr Report MTL 99- 1 8 (TR), December, 1999, 64 pp. (2] Zhang, M . H., Blaachette, M.C . • and Malhotra, V.M., ''LeacbabilityofTrnce Metal E l ements from Fly Ash Concrete : ResulL< from**Colun~l-Leaching** 

### and Batch·Leacbing Test s", Under publica t ion in the ACI Materiols Jouma l. [3

### J EPRI BA·5 115 , Final report· "Chemical Form and Leachability ofInorganic Trace Elements 

### in Coal Ash," Prepared by University ofSoutbem Ca l ifornia, June 1987 

# ! [4)

[5) 

### (6) 

## Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag 15
de Groot, G. J., Wijksrra, J., Hoede, D. , and van de Sloot, H . A .• "Leaching 0\aracterislics ofSelected ElementS from Coal 

### Fly Ash as a Function ofthe Acidity of the Contact Solution and Liquid/Solid Ratio,.. Environmemal Aspects of Stabilization nod Solidification of Huardous and Radioa<:tive 

### Wastes, ASTM STP 1033 , P. L.Cotes and T.M .Gilliam. Eds, Amel'ican Soc i ety for Testing and Materials. Philadelpbia, 1989, pp. 170·183. J ohnston, H. M. and Eagleson, K. E., "Chem.icaJ Characteristics of Ontario 

### H

ydro Coal Fly Ash: A Review: Ontario Hydro Research Division . Report No . 89·155-K, June 1989,64 pp. Van der Sloo t, H. A., d e Groot, G. J ., 

### and Hoede, D . , "Classification of Pulverized Coa l Ash, Part II · 

### Leaching Properties of Concrete wiUl Pulverized Coal Fly Asb as Partial Cement Replacemem, "Report ECN-C-93· 064, Netherlands Energy Resean:h Foundation, P.O. Box!, NL-175 5 ZG Pett en, the Netherlands, N ovember 1993, 73 pp . [7) 

### Aohberg, I. 

### And Schiess!, P., • 1nnu e nce of Concrete Technical Parameters on the l eaching Behav iout of Mortar and Concrete." Waste Materials in 

### Coostructio n, Published by Elsevier Science B . V. 1997 , pp. 253·258. [8] Rai, D ., "Inorganic and 

### Or ganic Constiruen t s in Fossi l Fuel Combust ion Res i dues, Vol. 1: A Critical Review " , EPRI EA-5176, El ectr i c**Powe~** 

### Research Institute, Palo Alto, Califomin, USA, 1987 . [9) P011 lnod Cemen t Associat i on Kiln Oust Task For ce. ·An Analysis of Select ed Trace Metals in Cement and Kiln 

### Dust: Portland Cement Association, SP 109T, 1992 . 

### .- J, (!OJ Coal Ash Disposal M anual: 'nill-d edition, Cl\hpter 2 : Properties of Power Plant Ash, EPRI TR
- 104137, El ectric Power Research Institute , Palo A l to, California, USA, January 1995.

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## • •• t'ttlk'Ouok(kj(),) 

# ,.**C~lchun** oWe (00) 

# .,.**M~nc,iiiM** O\idc (M,0) 

# " soa..m o..i&: (NI-P) OJ huu-OltiOf(K,,) 

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# ,. OlnA.riM'I&" k C,.t 

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# • r&Milt..., .. ....**,.u.-m~c** CAP 

# • ('q;ol,..**-~** 

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### ""**~-** 

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# r-!!-**~·** c.!!.!..

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) • •uperplutio:u« ,l'lapMWcnc·b:•5«1 AEA • 11ir<n lr.tinir1a admixture: 

## Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag 

## 19



# ,,... w

...**c~ AyJ~h**  

# ''" CA 

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# " 1 61 

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# , 

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**St~ntbnce** 

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### n..•aay

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# ....... <0.0002 <00002 <()0002 

# "" :1:-I (M 1_076 No <.O.Oll <:0.01) • O.lll 0.(14(1 0606 0.16-4 0.076 

# .. 0.021 0.010 0010 0007 0.05. O.OJS <G. OOI 

### s. 002A 0.<)16 0.036 0.041 008<0 0.101 0.129 Tl 0.0213 0.010 1 

# .,.., <() 002 00019 <0.002 

# " 0.00 1 0.001 O.lll 0069 0.0<11 0.031 <0.002 v 0.113 0 . 1 70 O ITt 

### o.m 0.090 O.OSl 0.171 Zoo <0.1 <0.1 0.3 02 

# •• 0.2 O.l b <0.1 <().I O.'l 0 .1 

# "'·' <0.1 <O.l



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<0.00< 

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# .. 1U 0..243 02*1 <()001 0-01) <0.001 0062 

### o.ma 

# ...,.. <0.015 

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ConeenctMion mtaJMftld m portla11d tc.menl l eachate 1 9) ppm 0 00)..0 12 000$.00$4 0.49-4_27 OOOOJ.OOtU

O.OH..54 

### oooot•cmo

006-0.17 0002.0.029 OOOI.o.olS 0.002.0.021 

## •

N 

# =

N 

# -**T:~b le**  3 :**l.,.e3cha~e** Quality Cri1.eri2 (eonce:nttadoM in ppm)**Lueh ilt~**  Extraction Procedure f110f1AA ic EPA. U.S .A. EPA. U. S .A. Onwio Qoebe< B. C. Tl)(j.R
.. Parameter EPTQJC Ta.P l.EI'" SWEP (CGSB 1.£1') Sih'¢1'(Ag) 5.0 5. 0 

### . . . 

# .**Atstt~ic** { As) 

### s.o 5.0 5.0 5.0 5. 0 5. 0 8"""' (B) 500 500. 0 :s.rium(B:a) 100 100 100 100.0 C a

dmium (Cd) 1.0 1.0 0 . 5 

### o . s o . s 0.5 Ch.rOG'nlum (Cr) 

### s.o s.o s .o s.o s. o s. o c..,.,,<cu) . . . 

### - 100,0 100. 0 Mete'")' (Hi) 0 .2 0.2 

### - 0.1 

### - 0 . 1 M.antanes.e{Mn) 

# . . . 

# . 5.0

..... (PI>) 

### s.o s. o 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 

### s.o Sclernum ( $e) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Zin

c (Zn) 

### . . 500. 0 Tota l Met .al s 

### - 10
• Obl:iined by multipl)· •nt the quaJity critena ofthe . Ontario l.e3d!.ate Exttaetion Procedure (O l.EP) by 100 10**obc~n** the <:onccntmion limi t il'l the**\1, '3$(~** **¢.)(1~ 1**  11)(jR**~** ir.ltlsportat i on of Dangerou s Goods**Regula~ions.** The TDGR incorponucd the .Leach3Le Ewa« • On Procedure CGSB**J64~P-tr-.iP.**

T able 9 . T'CLP tC!.l results . Effect of t he soorte of Oy a s h (conereu:**w:l~** cured fot 1 days i n m oi..s.lure COt'lditi-on 3.11d 2 I days inlabonM:ocy air) Ry COnOallr llliQon**~od** In**l~t~ehale,** ppm. Mb**fly,~.** 

# .... WI( C.FM 

# "" ... -tt 

# "' A> Ol (• Cv F<**~i** 

# "" S< 

### z. 

# ,.., 0 

# ., <(1.002 <0. 00 1**0.~2** 001 4 «1.112 Q . J(Il**~.()01** <0.02'3 0 .21 

# .. TJ Poin t T IIWt' )0 OS O.<J09 (1.001 0 .003 0.03} O.Jl O. lSO 0 . 002 <0.023 

### o. « 

# "" T2 lin'UI 0.010 0.002 0. .,.. 0.000 0 .1 4 O.J43 0.005 <0.02:. 

## • •I 6 . 0 T3**Sund..:~** <0.002 <0.001 

# •..,. 

# . .,. 0.2 7 0 .14 1 0.000 <0.0:23 

# .,. , 

# .. " t-e 

### <6.000 <0.002 0 . 025 • .,7 

### o.to 0.011 

### o.OOl <0 . 042 0.66 SA n F<.ora•bv•r <0.00 1 

# """"' 

# ..,, 

# .., <0.10 0.145 <Mil <0.016 

# ...**~·** T6 T t!or«-•Ba y <0.001 <.000< 

# . ., """ <0. 1 0 0 1<0 

# ''''"'**<6.ou~** 

# .,.**~·** 

# ,.,**""""'~** 

### o.coa: 

# ....., ... 

# , 0.0)2 <0. 1 0 0.1&2 <.0. 00 1 <O.O ·U 

# ""**·~** n Bdr. W$ Crcd ; 

## ;..k , -

. <.OtJOl 

# """ 

# """ <0.10 0.2 04 <0.001 <1) .04 2 0 . 42 5 . 9 

# ., ., Coa i C red : • .,1 0 . 002 -dl.O)l 

# .... , 

# .. ,

# . 0.142 <0.00} <0. 007 0-Jl 

# ... T l$:1 Unpo\ 

# ,. . o.:u 0.0}8 

# ..... MlS 0 .1 06 1.00 0.111 

### o.rm <0.1101 

### o.so 

# ,.. Tl9 

# '""''""' <.0.001 OOOl 

# """ O<J9S 1.4) 0.108 

# ..,., <0.1101 

# .... '·' t Avcra.ge oflhe results oftwo analyses



### '• 

# •

N N

N wT:ble 10 . TCLP 1.«1**rc:~; uh.s.**  Erfe¢1 of fl y Uh OOI\ 1CBI**~** Wll$ cured fM 1**~ys** i n**moQtu~** COC'Idrl.loe'l Mid 2 1 day$ i;n J.lbontol')' air) 

# "' Con«uruion**ll'le¥Ur~** in**tole,** pPM M" Ayash. 

# ""· WI(C .. FA) Ni 

# ...**-~** 

# .. "' Cd 

# "' c, 

# " 

# "' s. z, TOt 0 

# ., «1.002 <0.00 1 0.042 0.0)4 <0.0> 0. 161 <O.Ckll**.:O.Ol~** 

# ...**~** 

# .....,,**~** 0.006 «1 .002 0.023 0.017 <0.10 0.116 

# .....,, <0.042 

# .. .**~ ~**  0 . 010 

# "'·""" o.o:u Mll <0.10 

### o . m <0.001 <0.042 

# ., r-1!--**~** 0 . 0 1

0 0.002 

# ... . MJO 

# ... 0,14) 

# """ <0.023 

# ... r-!!!-**~** 0 . 016 0.002 

# . .,, 

# .... "" 

# .. , 

# .. .... <0.042 OA$

### ~**~** 0.01 4 0.004 <().OJ I 0 . 110 

# ., 

# . ., ooos <!J.CtYI OA9 TJ< 

# .. 0. 0 17 0.006 

# .... 0.158**~ o.u~**  0.010 <0.001 OSI t Average of lheresu lu of two**anal)'$~!$ T~**  l l . TC'I.P test result;, Erfect ot w/c-m (cooertu was coted fot 1 da)'l in moisture c ondition at1d 21 «b)'$ in laborMOJ)' a ir) Fly Fly Fly ...**Owen~rMioa~o31n ~ppm**  

# "" uh
. 

## "'·
.. MOM. WI(C+FA) pH 

# "' "'"" 

# " 

# ..,..., A> Cd 

# "' (lo 

# .. Ni 

# "' 

# .. z, tot 0 0 OS di.Q02 

# .....,, O.CW2 0.0 14 «1 . 01 0.161 <0 . 00 1 <O.<IU 0.21 6A**~** 

## '- ' 

# ,. 120 OA 0.0."0 

# ..., o.o : n O . (U6 <0 . 20 0.143 <0 .003 dl!YYt 0 . 20 

# ••• ....!:..._ 

# "' o.s 0.0 1 0 0.002 

# """ 0.030 0 .1 4 0.143 0.<105 

# "'"" 0.41 

# '**~** 

# " 0 . 6 0.007 

# ...., <O.Ol i 

### o .ou OAS O.ll4 0.003 «1.001**0.4~** 5.6 Tl1 

# .. 0. ) 0.00'> 0.00) <0.0)1 0 . 061 0.51 0 . 187 <(1 , 00] <0.001**s~** 5 . 9

### ~ L illtJill 60 

# "' 0 . 5 O .Oil 0 . 006 

# .... O . ISS l , l ) O. ll 3 0 . 010 <O.OOl 

# ... .., T t3t 

# , ,. ' " 

# .. , (1 . 0 11 0004 oo;s 

# .... .... ().1)7 

# '·"" <O . OOl 0 . 50 5 . 4 

# .

p " : $() . ; )i tt '3 (( $( :;et

Tnble 12 • TCLP ttsl results, Effca ofcunn& Fly 

## O>rioo-"'" Contt nll•tion -w i •**k~** pprn**Mi~** Flyt) h , 

# "" W I( CtFA) 

### z. 

# "' "'"" 

# ., _ ,. .,ba il 

# "' C d 0 

### c. 

# " Ni Pb 

# " I 17**<(1 ~**  <O.«ll O . OlS 0 . 01 <0.02 () .l SI 

# ..., 

# .... , 0.2l TO 0 

# "" 1 

# " «t.OOZ ....0.001 0. 041 o . OI 

# "'"' 0.16 1 MOl <t>.CD3 

# .,. " 0 <0.()01 <0 . 001 0 . 045 M l «1.02 l>. t S& 0.00 2 «.<1,(1!\ 

# ..,. I 

# " 0.0 13 

# ..., 0026 OO> 0 . 09 OIS5 0.005 <()
. 0 2] OAA Tl 

# ....... 

# ,. OS 1 

# " M IO 0.002 

# .... om 0.14 0.143 0.005 <()
. 02 ] OAJ 

# ,. 0 MIO 

# "'"' 0.0.2 0.()3 0 .1 0 

# .,.. <0.00 1 <().023 0. 40 I :n <0.('" dl.OO< 0 . 021 O.<J3 <0.10**~** 

# . .. <0.013 4016 0 . 30 

# "' Fotes10.; 30 0, 1 

# " 

# ""'' ' «1 . 004 0 . 025 

### o.oo <0.10 0 .145 <0.013 401 C. 0.41 28 0 <il . OO I «1.004 0.025 

### o. . 

# . .., 0.135 <0.013 <.0..016 0. 3< I 

# , . 0.01 3 0.009 ().()).4 0.18 

# .... 0. 121 

# ..... <AWl 0.51 T" 

# ....... 60 OS 

# , '**.~** 

### . 

# ..... 0 . 017 0.006 

# .... 0. 1 6 ), 7) ( UJ3 0.0 1 0 <O . OOJ OSI I 

# " Q . Ol4 0.003 <( 1. 03 1 0.00 <() , 20 0)41 

# "'·"" <0 . 001 0 . .&3 TIS 

## L>''" 30 0.4 1 

# " """ 

# . ., 

# .. , 

# . .., ....0.20 010 <0.00> <0.001 0 . 20 I 

# " 0 . 0 1

0 

# . .,, <0.031 0.09 0.89**0.12~** <!100> <O . OOl 0.56 Tl1 Li ne• 

# "' 

# . , ' 

# " M I O 0 . 0)3 <0 . 0}1 0.(16 

# ., 0. 181 <0..<103 4). 0)7**.s~** The fe.SUtu of tbe.<:oncre.te. Sllmpl e TO cured !ot 7 days i n mo.i$ 1room a nd 21 dll)'$ in l,aboratory air are the average of t'ol'() analysts



# ·. 

# ,.. •• 6.2 

# "" "" ,_. H 

# ..,



# ,.. .5


# ... ... 6 .

0 6.0**~** 5.9 5.9 5.> 5.4 

# ,., .., 

# .. 5. 1 5 . 9 

# ..., < > 

# .. :r en ;::;- 1» 

# ..., c 3**~** I» 

# = 

# ...**~** I» 

# "" N c.n 

# •**~:n** 

## s'!"**~..,** 

### We) 0 0 

# g.€1 0 " 

# a"'· 0 0 

## erg 0 0**0~**

## '8~ 0! " c-

. "**~8** =-9 

### n**~** ::>E. '<*

## ;~ 

# "" * <> c Q,

## ~·a 8 

# e; -"' g**~** 

## . 

# ,.

!! 

## [ 

# g**~** <> 

# " ., g. 

## " Q, $ 4 .) Table I) · Swnmal')' of Leaclting TreOOs: Observed from TClP Tw Metal Corn:en t n.bons in**l~.ach3tt** f rom (; OOCre.le increase with incl'eaS:ins: Content oi Metal I n fly Ash Leach:lbi li ty offly Alii %fly Ash in Conctt"t.e

WateriB i nder Ratio yes = tttnd incrcease/decreease no = no trend obsct\>ed A< Cd


# ,.. no 

# ,... 

# ,.., .,... no 

# ,...

• • ean 't i nterpre1e 4ue to 6etection limits Ol>4uv«< T"""' 

### c. Cu Ni Pb
no 

# .. no no no no no 

### - no 

# ,.. no 

# ..,... -yes 

# ,... no no Se z,



### - no



### - no



### -**-ye~**



# - 

# ,..

Table 14:**Percet~t$ge** ofTo• .a l Ars.erUc Leached from theoonettte i ocorponting 60'11**l.inpr:~** fly ash {MixtureT14)**Te~ D~~n~tion**  M
... 

### or**Leach~nt** Liqujdf&O]j Avail3ble (At) in Total As**~** Atsenic Melhod of test Concrete**Vol~.me** dtiitiO Anenie Le&chant leO<hod Leocl>ed ( g) (L) {mg) (Wo>) (mg) TCLP 18"" 100 2 20:1 8 0.011 0 . 034 0.41 • ln this: test. no ana1yses "''ere pecformed at lbe eM ofthe fits t five weeks. 'l"hc onl y aMt)'$C$ ""'ere perfotmed**~the** end ofthe &ixth weel:;. J t \\

' :l'l assumed thM fltlhe crwl: ofe&eh**~k lhe**  metaJ content kaclled wu the same. as: thatlt3Chcd in**~J~-ctk** silt,


## " . 

## ' l
. t))l( - 

# • $pQ it 

## r - • we a L 4 

## z N 

### en N :::r 

# "' "' 

# ... "' 

# - "' 

# ,..

- sar s a , .. _ , _ 

# au 

# lil
Meta l leached from concrete (ppm)**g~** 

### g.· 

### Metal leach ed from fly 

### ash (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 

## ...... ...... 

## ...... ...... <> -**~** 

## i-v**~** Q, , 0 N 0> ():) 0 0> 

# a· g 0 

### 9 0 

### 9 9 _. _.**~** 0- 

### i3 9 0 

# ""**~** O'l 

### co 

## 0 

## tv 0 o • 

# .... •**~'g** oo • 

## • 

## • a§ 0 0 f •• 

### •



# . • If = 

## •**~** 

### • 

# . . • I 

# :s: * 0 

# .. :: · 

# - • <>

# ~~ 

# .. :s: r 

# "**~** 0 

## • 

# o& 

# E. Ol 

# i.li () 01 

# ..., 0 0 0 

# <**~** 0 0 (1) 

# ..**~** ::l 

# ,.. c.**~** 

### ::p 

# " 8 (1) 

# "' !'!

### ~ ::l 0 

### ?" 0**~** 

## 8 

# s· en 

# " 0: '"r1 : \. 0 ::::!> 

### c;· 

# -<**~c.~** 

## ..., '< 

# "' 0 

### g. 

### _. 

## ...... 0**~** 

# ..., )> <> 0 0 

### c 

# "' 0 ;:, :::r 0 

### 3 ;:r o .... "< 

# "" 0**~**

### •l~f**~** S" 

# :g 

# ••• "0 .... 0 

## ! - ,. 1f 

## 8 

# Hn 

# "' 8 * 

### • ! } 

# "' 8**~ ~**  

### cr.. 

## ._, I! 

## j '---- 0 

### en Q, 

### ;;; c:. 

# ... " _.


## ......**~** 01



# ... ·- - 

### ··------- 0 N Ol**~** 0 

## ...... *

# tB Zhan g et al.

,-. 

### E 

## 0.20 Q, 

# 5 • 

# ., <i 

## 0.15 

# ... 0 

### c: 0 0 

### • 

### E

# ~ 0.10 "0 

# ., ..c 0 «<**~** 

## 0.05 0 Oj 

# • 

# - 0.00 

# .,**~** 

## 0 • •

0 0



### • • 

# • •



# ...

· '."' 

## 20 0 

# •

40 0 

## •

• o 

### Arsenic x 10 • Copper • Zinc/10 ·Nickel



# 60 80 Lingan Fly Ash 

## in Concrete, 

## % Fig. 3. 

### Effect of the fly ash 

### content in 

### concrete incorporating Lingan fly ash on the . concentra tions of As, Cu, 

### Ni, and 

### Zn in the leachates 

### from concrete Ill 

### the TCLP leaching test. 

### co 

# - e 0 

### c: 0 0 ,-. 

### co 

## o; ..c 0 «<**~** 

### c: 

## E Q, Q, 

## .._, 

## 0.25 0.20 o 

### Arsen ic x 

### 10 

## 0. 1 5 • Copper • Zi nc 

### /10 • N icke l 

## 0.10 0 . 05 0 . 00 0 0.2 0


### • •

0 

# • 0 0 I 

### • • 

## • 

# • 0.4 0.6 0.8 W /C M Fig. 4 • Effect of the w/cm of concrete on the co ncentrations of As, Cu, Ni, and Zu in the l eacbates from concrete in TCLP leachin2 t est. 

# SP 199-2 

# Classification of Fly Ash According to Japan Industrial Standard , JIS A 6201-1999 by S. Nagataki , F . Tomo s awa, T . Kanazu , and T. Y amamoto The Japan I n

dustrial Standa r d (Jl S) of"Fiy Asb for Use in Concrete, JJ S A 

### 620 I, " was revised in 

### 1 999 in order to widen th e uti liza ble a mount of fly ash as a mineral admixture. The featu r ed points in this revision were that ; (I) 

### fly ash with high loss on ignitio n (LO l) ranging from 5. 0% to 8 .0% is specified as Class-Ill, 

### [2] fly 

### ash with low Blaine fineness ranging fro m 

### 1500cm 2 

### /g to 2500cm 2 

### /g 

### is s pecified as Class-IV, [3 ] high qual ity fl y ash with LO I l ess tha n 3 .0% and Bl ame fine ness more than 5000cnl /g was specified as Class-!. Most of the fly ash qualified inns A 

### 6201-1996 would be specified 

### as Cl ass- 11. C lass·lll and C l ass- IV 

### fly as h wouldn't meet the requ irement of J IS A 

### 6201 -1 996. Tltis p

a p

e r de sc ribe s the background and the contentS oftl1e revision of ns A 

### 6201.

### K!l~words**:** 

## f l y ash; Japan industrial stan d ard; mineral admixtu r e

; utilization

# • •



# ' 

# v

, _ 

# Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica ..Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete Volume I

Editor V. 

# M. Malhotra e 

# international SP-199 

# •