NBSIR 78-1573

Properties and Interactions of

Oral Structures and Restorative

Materials

James M Cassel

Dental and Medical Materials

Polymer Science and Standards Division

Center for Materials Science

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

Annual Report for period

October 1, 1977 thru September 30, 1978

November 1978

Issued: December 1978

Prepared for National Institute of Dental Research

Bethesda, MD 20014

100

. U56

78-1573

rffeaaT tBreao of Standard* MAY i * m%

f\Q.

NBSIR 78-1573

* - 4 PROPERTIES AND INTERACTIONS OF

ORAL STRUCTURES AND RESTORATIVE

MATERIALS

James M. Cassel

Denta! and Medical Materials

Polymer Science and Standards Division

Center for Materials Science

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

Annual Report for Period

October 1, 1977 thru September 30, 1978

November 1978

Issued: December 1978

Certain commercial materials and equipment are identified

in this report to specify the experimental procedure. In no instance does such identification imply recommendation

or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards or that the materials and equipment identified are necessarily

the best available for the purpose

Prepared for National Institute of Dental Research

Bethesda, MD 20013

U rU.( (\ ' :

;

:

u.\ i '.J : I "i < 1 - ; U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Juanita M. Kraps, Secretary

Dr Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Director

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

TECHNICAL REPORT

I. Synthesis for Improved Composite Restorations

and Sealants

A. New Resin Monomers

B. New Ini tiator/ Accelerator Systems

C. Improved Amine Accelerators

II. Techniques for Bonding to Mineralized Collagen

Surfaces

A. Stability in Cyanoacrylate Bonding

B. Urethane (Isocyanate) Adhesives

C. Aldehyde Methacrylates

III. Wear Resistance and Mechanical Properties of

Dental Materials

IV. Base Metal Alloy and Dental Ceramic Research

Page

1

2

2

2

10

23

42

42

52

55

57

71

REFERENCES 77
FIGURES

Fi gure 1 : Possible Mechanisms for Redox Reaction of Peresters,

Hydroperoxides and Diacylperoxides with Ascorbic Acid.

Page

14

Figure 2: Chain Activation Mechanism for the Redox Reaction

of Peresters or Hydroperoxides with Ascorbic Acid and

Trace of Redox Metal 16

Figure 3: Possible Synergistic Mechanism for the Redox Reaction

Involving Benzoyl Peroxide, Ascorbic Acid and Amine

Accelerator 16

Figure 4: Hardening Times of Composites Containing Various

Concentrations of Tertiary Amine Accelerators 25

Figure 5: Effect of Amine Concentration on Compressive Strength

of Composites 28

Fi gure 6: Wear Track Depth Against Time for Poly(methyl methacrylate) Measured at Positions 1 (open circles) and

6 (closed circles). 64

Figure 7: Wear Track Depth Against Time for Velvalloy (amalgam)

Measured on Platforms A, B, and C at Positions 1 (open circles) and 6 (closed circles) 65

Fi gure 8: Wear Track Depth Against Time for Adaptic (composite)

Measured on Platforms A, B, and C at positions 1 (open circles) and 6 (closed circles) 66

Fi gure 9: Apparent Wear Track Depth Against Time Using Brass

Flats (in lieu of specimens) with no Wear 67

Figure 10: Wear Track Depth Against .Time for Velvalloy (amalgam)

Measured at Positions 1 (open circles) and 6 (closed

circles) Using Durapatite for the Slider 69

Figure 11 : Effect of Vacuum Investing on Casting Size 73

Figure 12: Castability Pattern Modification 74
ABSTRACT

To improve the storage stability of dental composite resin systems,

alternative catalyst systems to the commonly used benzoyl peroxide-tertiary

amine are being developed. Increased storage stability is attainable with

organic peresters or hydroperoxides but these require more efficient accelerators than the presently used amines. Ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate offer promise as useful accelerators which have good biocompatibility.

To develop more reactive amine accelerators with perhaps less toxicity

than those currently in use, p-dimethyl amino-phenyl acetic acid (or ester

derivatives) and dimethyl ami nogl utethimide were synthesized and shown

to yield composite restorative specimens of good mechanical strength and

color stability. A wide range of cyanoacrylates from the simplest, 2-

ethyl cyanoacrylate, to the more complex type such as a viscous isoamyl

product have been examined for their capacity to achieve and retain

bonding between acrylic resin and dentin. Very high initial bond strengths

were achieved with isobutyl -2-cyanoacrylate on dentin pretreated with

dilute acid but a one-month thermal cycling test in water indicated the

bonding was not sufficiently stable. Initial synthetic hydroxyapatite

pin on disc (dental amalgam) wear measurements have shown promise.

A pattern modification to reduce variability in the alloy castability test has been developed. Variations in the number of firing

cycles and amount of condensation of green porcelain have been shown

to cause significant differences in dimensional characteristics on

cooling of fused dental porcelain.
SUMMARY

The research on dental materials that is described in this report

is a part of a larger total effort that is carried out in collaboration

with the American Dental Association Health Foundation. The Armed

Services Dental Corps are also part of this collaborative effort through

support funding and/or assignment of research personnel.

While the bulk of the research progress in this report represents

the efforts of persons supported under the Interagency Agreement with

NIDR, there will of necessity be a degree of contribution that originates

through the intentionally strong interaction among all persons participating in this collaborative dental program.

The objective is to effect improved dental health through development of new knowledge and better understanding of mechanical, chemical,

and physical properties of restorative and caries-preventive materials

and their interaction or relationship with the natural components of

the oral structure.

A wide variety of techniques has been brought to bear to generate

approaches by which new and improved adhesive restorative dental

materials might be developed. These include synthesis to improve today's

composite restorative materials and pit and fissure sealants and investigation of new approaches to bonding restorations to tooth surfaces. A

wear-generati ng and recording system is being developed to provide rapid

laboratory assessments of the wear resistance of dental materials.

Thermal expansion and contraction data are determined on base metal

alloys and dental porcelains in order to assess the influence of this

factor in the bonding of porcelain fused to metal.
A factor in the use of dental composite restorative materials,

particularly paste-paste and paste-liquid systems, is the susceptibility

of the peroxide component to deterioration and of the monomer to

polymerization on storage where the temperature is not maintained at a

sufficiently low level. Since any undesired pre-polymerization or decomposition involves the catalyst system, and therefore affects the

in situ curing at the tooth surface, we have explored alternative

catalyst systems to the normal benzoyl peroxide- tertiary amine type.

Increased stability is attainable by using organic peresters or

hydroperoxides as substitutes for the benzoyl peroxide. This increased

storage stability, however, demands a different accelerator component

of the catalyst system than the tertiary amines normally employed.

While certain multivalent metal compounds can be used to reductively

activate these stable peroxides, their color and potential toxicity if

used in concentrations comparable to those of amine accelerators could

present serious problems. A1 ternatively, we found that the natural

relatively mild reducing agent, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) or its derivative ascorbyl palmitate, provides the required increase in accelerator

acti vi ty

.

The room temperature stability of ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate toward oxidation when deposited on composite glass filler particles

has been demonstrated to be excellent. While more work on the physical

properties of composites prepared with the new initiator system needs to

be done, the potential for improved storage and color stability, as well

as biocompatibility, has clearly been demonstrated.

Tertiary aromatic amines have been employed for many years to

m
accelerate the peroxide-catalyzed polymerization of acrylic resins and

composites. Although the accelerator comprises a minor component of a

dental composite restoration, the type and concentration used not only

affects the rate of hardening of an in situ -cured dental restoration, but

also can affect other important properties such as initial color, color

stability and strength. An increasingly important property of amine

accelerators , as well as for all components of dental restorations, is

their potential for toxic reaction with the body.

With an eye to developing more reactive amine accelerators and hence

allowing lower concentrations to be employed, we synthesized a number of

new amines using as a guide, structure-property relationships we had

established previously. We find that the amines we have synthesized

using p-dimethyl ami no-phenyl acetic acid or its ester derivatives or

dimethyl aminogl utethimide are indeed extremely reactive and hence require

relatively low concentrations in their role as accelerators . With these

amines we have derived composite restorative specimens of good mechanical

strength and excellent color stability which compare favorably to restorative resins cured with commercially used tertiary amines or other accelerators used in this study. Since related amines have found other applications in medicine, their toxicity would appear to be minimal. This

will have to be checked, however, by valid testing elsewhere.

An additional important result that derived from this work is clear

evidence from physical property determinations, e.g., tensile strength

measurements, for the need on the part of a dental manufacturer to

practice strict quality control in the concentrations of amine accelerators

that are incorporated into this composite formulation.
Achieving adhesion between dental restoration and tooth structure

could conceivably eliminate secondary caries-producing marginal leakage.

It would also allow modified tooth cavity preparations so as to minimize

removal of sound tooth structure. Reactions that proceed despite the

ever present water molecules on a tooth surface are limited in number.

Cyanoacrylates interact readily with the amino acid side chains of proteins

and hence offer a potential means for bonding a composite dental restoration to the dentin component of a cavity surface. They also offer a means

of supplementing the mechanical adhesion with enamel that is achieved

through etching in both preventative and restorative application.

We have examined a wide range of cyanoacrylate types from one of the

simplest, 2-ethyl cyanoacrylate, to the more complex type such as a viscous

isoamyl product. An accelerated aging test provided an important means

of assessing the durability of adhesive bonding that was achieved. The

deterioration of initial bond strengths caused by cyclic exposure to

water at 5° and 55°C could be determined in this test.

The isobutyl 2-cyanoacryl ate has been demonstrated to develop the

f highest initial bond strength of acrylic resins to dentin. Further, a

pretreatment of the dentin surface with a dilute acid such as 1% alcoholic

citric acid significantly increases the bond strengths attainable, yielding

in fact, greater adhesion (14 MPa, 2000 psi) to flat dentin surfaces

than has been previously achieved.

However, debonding of the resin to dentin, as judged by accelerated

(one-month thermal cycling) aging tests, occurs at too rapid a rate to

make even the isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (at least in the form in which

we experimented) an effective long term dental adhesive. Blending a v
cyanoacrylate polymer with the isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate or application

of a protective coating increases the hydrolytic stability of the bond.

At present, this improvement in the stability is not sufficient for the

application of these materials where a permanent bond is required.

Despite excellent initial bonding that can be achieved by selection

of the cyanoacrylate, it is apparent that a means must be achieved to

stabilize this bonding. Further, before such techniques could be applied,

the toxicity of the components would need to be assessed. From this point

of view the isobutyl derivatives would appear to present less of a problem

than the methyl ester which is considered to be toxic and on which most

previous research has been done.

Development has continued of a laboratory wear test that will rapidly

and cheaply generate wear resistance data on dental materials. Currently

such data can be obtained only through time consuming and expensive clinical

trials. An improvement in the precision of measurement has been made by

redesigning to measure the wear track depth with the disc in a stationary

mode as opposed to the slow rotational mode employed previously. Also

redesigned was the means of mounting the transducers that are employed for

depth of wear track measurement so that they were not contaminated with the

water which is present to simulate oral fluid. This modification significantly improved the stability and precision of the measurements. Wear

data acquisition equipment belonging to the Air Force has been replaced

and the tape controlled approach changed to a computerized controller that

will simplify programming and decision making during the measurement process.

Wear data on one amalgam type, one composite type and poly (methyl
methacrylate) indicate a high rate of wear in the enamel slider opposing

the composite specimens. Slider pins have been machined from a synthetic

apatite and will be evaluated as substitutes for human enamel. While the

wear rates obtained initially with an amalgam-apatite couple are low, they

fall within the range of those obtained with enamel on similar specimens.

Further research on this aspect is required. A program to elaborate

the micro-deformation mechanisms operable in the dental composite

restorative system has been planned and will be initiated

in FY79

.

An additional Ni-based dental alloy has been examined for "accuracy

of fit" and "castabi 1 i ty" and found to be comparable with previously

examined alloys of this type. A more predictable expansion has been shown

to be attained by using a Kaowool ring rather than asbestos in the investing procedure. In response to an analysis that showed more completed

vertical than horizontal segments in the "castabi 1 i ty" test developed

previously for dental alloys, a pattern modification has been developed

which should serve to reduce the variability in the test results.

To more definitively characterize the state of bonding between

porcelain fused to base metal alloy substrates, a study of six commercially

available dental porcelains was initiated. Preliminary findings indicate

that variations in the number of firing cycles and the amount of condensation of the green porcelain causes significant differences in dilatometrically-measured dimensional characterise cs on coating of fused dental

porcelain. Efforts to define a test procedure for measuring the wetting

characteristics of base metal alloys by dental porcelain during fusion

have not as yet produced a totally satisfactory method.

INTRODUCTION

The National Bureau of Standards is primarily a measurement organization. Paths from measurement to improved dental service lead from

measurement and characterization to development of new techniques for

using materials, to laboratory prototypes of improved materials and

devices, to clinical evaluation and, finally, commercial production by

i ndustry.

The dental research program at NBS is a cooperative effort both in

personnel and funding, involving the American Dental Association and the

Armed Forces Dental Corps. The research reported in the following pages

is only that portion of the dental program which is supported by interagency agreement with the National Institute of Dental Research.

The objective of the research effort discussed briefly in the

following pages is to effect improved dental health through development

of new knowledge and better understanding of the mechanical, chemical and

physical properties of materials used or potentially of use in restorative

and preventive dental practices. The four major areas of research as

approved in the interagency agreement are given below:

I. Synthesis for Improved Composite Restorations and Sealants

II. Techniques for Bonding to Mineralized Collagen Surfaces

III. Wear Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials

IV. Base Metal Alloy and Dental Ceramic Research

1
TECHNICAL REPORT

I. Synthesis for Improved Composite Restorations and Sealants

Early research of R. L. Bowen, Research Associate in this laboratory,

resulted in a major breakthrough in the application of dental resin systems

to both restorative and preventive dental practice (1-9). The objective

of the current effort is to provide direction for improved composite

restorations and pit and fissure sealants by synthesis and evaluation of

monomers and other components of the resin matrix systems used in these

restorative and preventive dental techniques. Special concern is for

improvement in durability, color and storage stability, for development of

materials with reduced toxicity levels and for development of techniques

that will lead to a truly adhesive restorative or sealant material.

A. New Resin Monomers

1. Fluorinated 01 i go (Ether Methacryl ate)

To reduce polymerization shrinkage and introduce hydrophobic

and oleophobic character into the resin system, we endeavored unsuccessfully to synthesize a fluorinated ol igomethacryl ate from the corresponding

ol igo(ether-ol ) by a trans esterification reaction using excess methyl

methacrylate with p- toluene sulfonic acid or tetraisopropyl titanate as

the catalyst. However, direct esterification using methacrylol chloride,

methylene chloride and triethylamine as shown below produced the desired

product in excellent yield.

2
CF.

CIF.

CF. CF. CF.

-C-0CH

2

CI1CH

2

~0C-CII=CHCII

2

-c-ocii

2

chcii

2 0

CF. on CF. CF., OH

2 5°C

cn 0 o

I 3 IS CII 2 = C - C - Cl

CH

2

Cl

2

, Et

3

N

n n ~ 10

CF CF. CF.

—C— OCII-CHCH,, 0-CCJI=CHCH~ —C~OCH„ CH—CH„0

CF.

• I * O

C^O

! C-CII.

M

3

CIT

CF. CF.

S0

1c=o

IC-CH.

II CIU

n

Infrared analysis of the viscous liquid was consistent with

the assigned structure. This oligo methacrylate readily polymerized under

U. V. irradiation in the presence of a photoinitiator (benzoin methyl ether).

Thermal treatment (60°C) and the usual "cold-curing" procedures both resulted

in the formation of polymer. The ol igomethacryl ate monomer appears to be

more viscous than the corresponding acrylate, but not as viscous as Bis-GMA.

For use in composite resins or sealants, some diluent monomer is necessary.

We have determined that both these monomers are miscible with a variety of

diluent monomers, such a methyl methacrylate (MMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate (NPGDMA) and octafluoropentyl methacrylate (OFPMA).

3
A series of composites was prepared using formulations based

on monomer systems incorporating either the polyfluoroligomethacrylate ( PFMA)

or the polyfluorol igoacrylate (PFA) and the above diluent monomers. All

the composites exhibited high contact angles with distilled water (80°-89°)

and possessed excellent esthetics, especially those incorporating AA or AP

as the accelerator. The diametral tensile strengths obtained with PFA

and various diluent monomers are shown in Table I. The tensile strengths

were considerably lower than those measured for Bis-GMA or urethane

methacrylate type monomer systems, probably because of the relatively low

glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the PFA copolymers.

Table 2 illustrates the tensile strengths obtainable using

PFMA-based resin systems. Here the results are more encouraging presumably because of the probably higher Tg of the polymer (PFMA) compared to

that of PFA, especially if, in addition, diluent monomers which give copolymers of still higher Tg's are used. The tensile strengths can be

further augmented by the use of a finer glass filler (325 mesh) than the

BaF

2 containing glass we have used previously. The last three results

are particularly encouraging in that they indicate that it is possible to

use low surface energy resin binders for dental composites and still

maintain good mechanical strength (diametral tensile strength, DTS>34MPa).

The aesthetics of these composites were excellent, especially with

composites made with the blended glass formulation.

In addition, these results demonstrate the feasibility of

using a prepolymer monomer (e.g. PFMA) as the major component of dental

resins. This type of resin may offer a means of achieving minimal

polymerization shrinkage which coupled with its hydrophobic/oleophobic

4
Table 1

TENSILE STRENGTH OF PFA EXPERIMENTAL COMPOSITES.

( Powder '' /Liquid = 3)

Formulation Monomer Sys tem

1 PFA G TEC DMA 1 OFPMA 1

2 PFA 3

TEG DMA 1

o Acc."

OFPMA

PFA

DMSX 0.22,

DMSX 0 . 40%

AP 0 . 30%

TEG DMA 3

(1.2% TI5PM)

j

( 0 . 0005% CDA)

|

PFA 5 .

3

NPGDMA 1

in liquid

DMAPAA 0.40%

Haril' ning

'Time (Min . )

1.5

1.5

8.0

5.0

Dierno tr a

l

^tvengtj'i

10.2 ± (O'

19.

1

(3)

17. G 1 (4)

20,9 ±

(4)

1 The glass filler is coated with 1% benzoyl peroxide (BP) except in formula Lion #3 where it is coated with 0.3% ascot: by l palmitnte (AP)

and the liquid contains t-butylperoxy maleic acid (TbPM) and copper

benzoylacctorite (CBA) .

2 Accelerators: DMSX = N, IJ-dxmethyl-synu xylidine

DMAPAA — N,N-dimethyl--p-aminophoaylncetic acid

AP = ascorbyl palmitate.

*Numbers in ( ) refer to number of specimens

.

Ten si le

. 14

0.44

0.50

1^9

5
TABLE 2

TENSILE STRENGTH OF PFMA EXPERIMENTAL COMPOSITES

(PowderVLiquid = 3)

Formulation Monomer System

Hardening

Acc. Time (min.)

Diametral Tensile

Strength (MPa)

5 PFMA 3.4

6

2

TEGDMA 1

OFPMA 1.5

PFMA 3

DMSX 0.37% 1.5 25.4 ± 0.42

(3)

TEGDMA 1 DMAPAA 0.40% 6.0 33.4 ± 0.86

(5)

7 PFMA 3

TEGDMA 1

DMAPAA 0.40% 6.0 22.7 ± 1.3

(4)

8 PFMA 7

NPGDMA 3

DMAPAA 0.40% 7.0 27.4 ± 0.71

(4)

9

2 Same as 8 DMAPAA 0.40% 7.0 40.6 ± 3.4

(6)

10 2,S Same as 8 DMAPAA 0.40% 6.0 46.5 ± 2.1

(3)

11 2 PFMA 2

MMA 1

DMAPAA 0.44% 2.5 44.6 ± 2.9

(2)

1 Glass filler coated with 1% benzoyl peroxide. however see formulation 10.

2 In formulations 6,9, 10 and 11 , a finer mesh (325) glass filler was used.

3 In this formulation, the glass filler used was made by hand blending

(spatulation) equal parts of two types of glass powder (silanized,

325 mesh). One glass was coated with 1% benzoyl peroxide (BP) and the other with 0.3% ascorbyl palmitate.

6
character may lead to composites and sealants of superior marginal

integrity.

2. Fluorinated Dimathacrylates

Another approach to forming polymeric matrices having low

surface energies and good mechanical properties is to use certain fluorinated dimethacryl ates as part of the monomer system instead of PFMA. Two

promising fluorinated dimethacrylates have recently been synthesized in

these 1 aboratories

.

(a) Synthesis of Di-Methacryloxyethyl Ether of MetaBis(2-Hydroxyhexafluoroisopropyl )benzene - MEMFPB.

The method of synthesis is an extension of those

described in previous publications (10,11) and is outlined below. The

diol , synthesized by Dr. J. Griffith of Naval Research Laboratory, was a

generous gift from that laboratory.

7
The di methacrylate is a liquid with a viscosity less than that of Bis-GMA.

The molecular weight of the fluorinated dimethacrylate is 634 vs 512 for

Bis-GMA. Preliminary characteri zation by IR and NMR analyses supports the

structural assignment.

3. 2 ,2 ,3 ,3 ,4,4-Hexafl uoro-Pentanedimethacryl ate

The synthesis of this fluorinated crosslinking monomer was

accomplished by direct esterification of the corresponding hexafl uoropentanediol with methacryloyl chloride as shown below:

CH, 0

i 3

ii 2 ch

2

= C - C - Cl + HOCH

2 CF

2 CF

2 CF

2

CH

2 OH

25°C

CH-, 0

I J ii

Et

3 N,CH

2 Cl

20 CH.

3 CH

2

= C - c - och 2 cf2 cf2 cf2 ch

2 oc - c = ch

2

The product ( MW= 348 ) is a liquid of moderate viscosity. IR and NMR

analyses supports the assigned structure.

4. Diacetal Benzaldehyde Methacrylates

Another attractive monomer system that should exhibit low

polymerization shrinkage is that based on the cyclic diacetals derived

from the various methacryloxyethoxy/benzaldehydes previously synthesized

(12) and pentaerythri to! . The synthesis of the para isomer (DAPMB) has

now been accomplished in good yield by the reaction shown below:

8
2 CH CHO + C

2 =

0

IIC-0CH

2 CH

2

-0

ch 9 oh / 2

CH

2 OH

(-2H

2 0)

V

P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid (PTSA)

Toluene, DMSO

A

CH. 0

I 3 CH

2 = C-C-0CH

2 CH

2 -0

0-CH, 0 CH0CH

2 CH2 0C-C=CH

2

DAPMB

This monomer is a white crystalline solid, m.p. 104-06°C, which on heating

above its melting point (140-50°C) polymerizes to a clear hard resin.

Infrared analysis of the monomer supports the assigned structure.

An alternate synthesis of this monomer, shown below, also

is under investigation. In this synthesis the cyclic diacetal of the

p-hydroxybenzal dehyde is formed first in step A. In step B it is converted

to the dimethacryloxyethoxy derivative.

(A)

HO-CH

HO-CH

CH.OH V

/ \

CH

2 0H

PTSA, A ——.

Toluene

DMSO

<-2H

2 0)

9
(B) HO OH

2BrCH

2 CH

2 OC-C = CH

2

DAPMB

Step A has been carried out and appears to be successful

( IR Analysis)

.

B. New Ini tiator/Accelerator Systems

( 1 ) New Initiator Systems Based on Ascorbic Acid (or Derivatives)

Dental monomers, such as those used in composite, sealant,

cement and denture base materials, are commonly "cold-cured" by means of

an initiating system consisting of a diacyl peroxide (e.g. benzoyl peroxide) and a tertiary aromatic amine accelerator (e.g. N,N-dimethyl-ptoluidine).

Although this type of initiator/accelerator combination

has performed reasonably well in dental and medical applications, it does

have shortcomings. For example, in composite restorative materials, due

to the relatively low half-life temperature of benzoyl peroxide (Table 3),

there exists a problem with regard to the storage stability of the peroxide

component of these dental materials, especially in the case of paste/paste

or paste/liquid formulations (13). At temperatures higher than those

normally encountered in clinical use, the peroxide component undergoes

accelerated deterioration, though to a lesser extent if a peroxidized

10
powder/1 iquid formulation is used (14,15).

Another problem that can occur in these "cold-cured" dental

composites and sealants is the development of undesirable colors, especially from exposure to sunlight and other U.V. sources. Although there

can be other causes for the discoloration of dental resins, the inherent

color instability of the usual tertiary aromatic amine accelerator is a

likely contributing factor (16-20). In addition, although they have not

been identified as causing a serious toxicity problem when properly used

in dental and medical applications, the usual tertiary aromatic amine

accelerators are not ideally biocompatible (21).

A general problem associated with the diacyl peroxideamine initiator system is its relatively low efficiency (22,23). The

presence of inhibitors in the dental monomers further lowers this efficiency. Also there is evidence that some tertiary aromatic amine accelerators themselves can have an inhibiting effect on the polymerization

(24-26). The use by a manufacturer of more than the theoretical peroxideamine concentration to overcome this reduced efficiency may further

accentuate the stability, color and biocompatibility problems.

We have demonstrated that it is possible to devise alternative initiator systems based on the use of more stable peroxides, such

as organic hydroperoxides and peresters, (Table 3), and less color prone

and more biocompatible accelerators , such as ascorbic acid. Progress in

this area is summarized in the following pages.

11
Table 3

RELATIVE THERMAL STABILITY OF PEROXIDES USEO 13

IN THIS STUDY BASED ON TEN HOUR HALF-LIFE DATA

Njh:c Abbreviation

Chemical Structure

10 hr. half-life

Tern,). °C*

Benzoyl Peroxide BP

t-outylperoxymaleic acid TBPM

0 0

CH,-C-0-0-C-CII=CHC0,H

3

1 2 ch.

73

87

.? ,F- dimethyl -2 ,5-bis( benzoyl - DMDBPH

percxy) hexane

CHr H

3 9 ^>-c~q-o-c-ch

2 -ch

2 -c»o-o-cCH, CHICO

t-butyl perbenzoate TBP3

CH, 0

I 3 CH

3 -C-0-0-CCH,

105

cumene hydroperoxide CHP

CH,

I 3 -C-O-OH

ICH,

153

CHt butyl hydroperoxide TBHP CHo-CO-O-H 3

I CH,

1 72

Ten hour half-life temperature is that temperature required for one-half of the peroxide to decompose in ten hours.

12
Mechani sm:

In Figure 1 is outlined a probable proton assisted oneelectron transfer (ET) mechanism for the production of initiating radicals

from the reaction of ascorbic acid (AA) or ascorbyl palmitate (AP) with

organic peresters, hydroperoxides and diacyl peroxides. The

partially oxidized ascorbic acid moiety (AA)' in turn may act as an

accelerator by a second proton assisted one-electron transfer to

the peroxide.

Tertiary aromatic amines do not appear from our work to be

very effective accelerators for the ambient free radical decomposition of

organic peresters and hydroperoxides. However, these stable peroxides

will undergo reductive activation to yield initiating radicals by means

of certain multivalent metals (e.g. transition or redox metals such as

copper, iron and cobalt) ( 27 , 28 ). These metals, in their lowest oxidation

state (e.g. Cu + \ Fe+

2) are extremely potent one-electron transfer agents

for peresters and hydroperoxides.

There are several problems associated with the use of these

redox metal activators in dental or medical "cold-curing" applications.

If these metal compounds are employed in concentrations equivalent to

those used in the case of amine accelerators, then both the inherent color

and toxicity of these metal cations would present serious problems. In

addition, these metal activators need to be in their lower oxidation states

(e.g. Cu + 1 , Fe+ 2)to be effective accelerators for peresters and hydroperoxides. Unfortunately , in these states they are susceptible to oxidation on storage to their higher valence states (Cu

+ ^, Fe

+

^).

However, an interesting extension of the redox metal system

13
POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOP. REDOX REACTION OF

PERESTERS AND HYDROPEROXIDES WITH ASCORBIC ACID

1 )

0

a

ch

3 CH.-C-CH,

• 0

H ch

3

1 i 0

1! .C~( /

:-oh 3 | 3 0 C- /C- 0

' CII3-C-CH3

1 J C—

c

/ 1 0\

+ 1 —

0

0\ 1 0

• 1 -* 0\ l CH-C-OH

HCOH

1H CH-C-OH

HCOH l*

X

CH-C hJoh

CH 2 OH TBHP CH 2 0H tH 2 0

AA ET AA'

CH

3 + CH,-C-0'+H,0 J

, £ CH,

2 ) AA +

CH

3 ch 3-c-ch 3

i0

I ~

0

IC = 0

AA*

CH

3 CH 3 -C-CH 3 0

I «

? ||« c = 0

TBPB

ch

3 0

AA* + CH3 - CO-+ HOC

ch

3

POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR REDOX REACTION OF

DIACYL PEROXIDES WITH ASCORBIC ACID

BP

ET

Figure 1: Possible Mechanisms for Redox Reaction of Peres ters,

Hydroperoxides and Di acyl peroxides with Ascorbic Acid.

14
of activation is feasible by the addition of trace amounts of transition

metals in their higher oxidation (Cu +

^, Fe+

3) to the perester or hydroperoxide component. On admixture with the AA or AP component, the metal cation

is reduced to its lower oxidation state which, because it is a potent oneelectron reductant, will rapidly activate the free radical decomposition

of the perester, while it in turn is reoxidized to its higher oxidation

state. Due to the presence of excess AA or AP and perester, this reductionoxidation cycle is repeated many times, thereby creating a chain activation

mechanism which requires very little metal activator to decompose much

larger quantities of the peroxide. Because so little redox metal is used

no color or toxicity problems arise. The chain activation mechanism is

$ illustrated in Figure* 2 for the initiator system consisting of Cu

+

^ , TBPB

and AA.

A similar synergistic mechanism probably applies to the

tertiary aromatic amine, BP and AA initiator system as shown in Figure 3.

In this case the AA or AP regenerates the amine accelerator

by reducing the transient aminium radical cation. This novel initiator

system results in composites having improved color stability and biocompatibility compared to those prepared with the usual BP-Amine initiators

because much less amine is employed.

Storage Stability

Most solutions of AA or AP in the monomer systems studied

appeared to have good color stability on storage at room temperature and

gave no signs of gelation after one year. If the monomer has formed

peroxide (hydroperoxide) prior to the addition of AA, then gelation does

occur. In most cases AA or AP will act as an effective antioxidant for

15
CHAIN ACTIVATION MECHANISM FOR THE RECOX

REACTION OF PERESTERS OR HYDROPEROXIDES

WITH ASCORBIC ACID AND TRACE OF REDOX METAL

1) Cu

+2 + AA-il* Cu+1 + AA» + if®

ch

3 ch3 2) Cu

+1 + CH, -C-O-OR— Cu+2 + %* + CH, -C-O*

> i > \ CH

? ch

3 0 r

R = H, OC-«3,ETC.

Figure 2: Chain Activation Mechanism for the Redox Reaction

of Peresters or Hydroperoxides with Ascorbic Acid and

Trace of Redox Metal

POSSIBLE SYNERGISTIC MECHANISM FOR THE REDOX REACTION

INVOLVING BENZOYL PEROXIDE, ASCORBIC ACID AND AMINE ACCELERATOR

Figure 3: Possible Synergistic Mechanism for the Redox Reaction

Involving Benzoyl Peroxide, Ascorbic Acid and Amine

Accelerator

16
most monomers (29).

A problem with AA or AP solutions in monomers is a loss of

accelerative activity with time. A similar problem exists with the sulfinic

acid type accelerators (30). The loss of acceleration in AA solutions may

be related to a number of factors. The principal factor, the well known

reactivity of AA with oxygen in aqueous solution, apparently carries over

to solutions in other media. However, the stability of AA appears to be

better in alcohol and HEMA than in water or in Bi s-GMA/TEGDMA. A study

of the effect that other monomers have on the reductant activity of AA and

derivatives may lead to more stable solutions. Also the use of certain

stabilizing additives, such as cysteine, sulfur dioxide, etc., which are

reported to stabilize aqueous solutions (31) of AA may further improve

retention of its acceleration potential in monomer systems.

In contrast, the storage stability of AA or AP on glass

filler appears to be excellent (>2 years at room temperature), and

effective initiator systems for dental composites can be devised based

on various powder/liquid formulations. Moreover, a storage stable pastepaste system may be feasible if a dual monomer system is used. One monomer

system, designed to be a poor solvent for AA, is used to form the accelerator paste, while the other monomer used in the peroxide paste can dissolve

AA. (The peroxide paste, if it is formulated with the more stable organic

peresters and hydroperoxides , should show enhanced storage stability over

paste-paste systems formul ated with BP).

Another technique for utilizing these new initiator systems

and enhancing storage stability is to use a two component premixed glass

filler type formulation. The mixed glass, a blend of solid peroxide on

glass filler and AA or AP on glass, is designed to be used with a monomer

17
system with or without a trace amount of redox catalyst. In the case of

BP-AA blended glass, a small quantity of an amine accelerator may be

included in the monomer (see formulations E and F in Table 7).

In some cases there appears to be a favorable synergistic

effect on the polymerization with BP if AA or AP is used in conjunction

with the usual amine accelerators. As noted previously (Table 2, compare

formulations 9 and 10) the properties of composites (diametral tensile

strength and aesthetics) are improved by the use of two types of accelerators. The same trend was noticed using a paste/paste formulation. With the

accelerator paste containing only DMSX (N,N-dimethyl-sym-xyl idine) a composite of diametral tensile strength of 40 MPa and with inferior aesthetics

was obtained whereas if the paste contained AP as well as DMSX, the strength

value was 48 MPa and the color of the composite was much improved.

Diametral Tensile Strength

The diametral tensile strength of composites prepared from

some representative formulations based on these new initiator systems are

shown in Tables 4-7. No attempt was made to optimize any of these formulations.

Blended Glass Formulations

It has been found possible to blend glass filler coated

with a solid peroxide (e.g. peresters such as t-butylperoxymaleic acid

and diacyl peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide) to obtain a stable mixed

powder/liquid formulation. The liquid monomer system contains only an

antioxidant (e.g. BHT) and, optionally a trace of redox compound. (In

the case of BP-AA type of blended powders, a small quantity of a tertiary

aromatic amine may be used as a synergistic accelerator). In Table 7 are

18
Table 4

SETTING TIMES 32

AND DIAMETRAL TENSILE STRENGTHS 33

OF EXPERIMENTAL

COMPOSITE FORMULATIONS* BASED ON NEW INITIATOR SYSTEMS

Setting

Time Diametral Tensile Strength

1 c

i ion Initiator Accelerator P/L (min' in MPa (No. of Specimens)

A 1% TBHP 0.4.5% AA 3 7 38.1 ± 1.6 (3)

R 1% CUP

II 3 6 39.9 ± 0.1 (2)

B'

•jj riip CBA (0.0005%) 0.3% A? 2.75 6 43.0 ± 0.8 (3)

C 1% TBPB 0.45% AA 3 8 41.9 ± 3.0 (4)

C' H TBPB 0.3% AP 3 9 45.7 ± 1.6 (3)

0 1% TBPB

CBA (0.002%) 0.45% AA 3 4 41.1 ± 9.1 (2)

r 1% TBPB

CBA (0. U00?%)

II 2.5 3 55.3 ± 1.9 (3)

F 0.65% TBPM

CBA (0.005%)

II 3 7 38.4 + 5.1 (4)

G

II 0.3% AP 3 8 42.4 ± 0.9 (5)

H 0.75% BP

(on glass) 0.3% AP 0.2% CYS

6 36.5 ± 3.1 (5)

J

-ft* II 0.5% AP 0.15% CYS

3 6 34.2 ± 2.4 (5)

Monomer System consisted of 70% Bis-GMA/30% TEGDMA with 0.2% BUT; Glass Filler

consisted of (•'/% of a fused spheroidal silica and 33% of a BaFg-containing glass,

both silanized with y-methacry 1 oxpropyl trimethoxysi 1 ane and sieved (100 mesh).^

Glass Filler had coating of 0 45% AA, 0.3% AP or 0.75% BP.

**In fonnul atiens H and I, accelerator components, AP and CYS, ate dissolved in monomer system.

19
ETTING

TIMES

AND

DIAMETRAL

TENSILE

STRENGTHS

OF

<u

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Cmm

A

U

20

In

this

formulation

the

initiator

(BP)

is

on

the

glass

filler

and

the

accelerator

components

(AP,

CBA,

CYS)

are

dissolved

in

the

monomer

system.
ai to i—1

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CO £ E c

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as -P +1 ro +1 +! in 4-1 ^ 4-1 VO u tr> 4n '—* '

—•

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CO LO VO r~- in cr^

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Q < co ro 00 ro CO

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21
shown the setting times and diametral tensile strengths obtained from

some typical blended glass formulations.

After several months at room temperature these blended

powders appear to be unchanged (virtually same setting times and diametral

tensile strength after two months), and this type of formulation may offer

a means of further improving the storage stability of these new initiator

systems.

Summary of Advantages of Initiator Systems Based on

Ascorbic Acid/Ascorbyl Palmitate

1. Storage stability of dental composite materials is

enhanced due to the use of more stable peroxides (e.g. peresters, hydroperoxides).

2. Cured resins have improved color stability resulting

in dental composite restorations of enhanced aesthetics.

3. Improved biocompatibility of these materials results

from the use of ascorbic acid type accelerators instead of tertiary aromatic accelerators.

4. The use of ascorbic acid type accelerators permits the

use of a wide range of different types of peroxides (e.g. diacyl peroxides,

peroxycarbonates, peresters, hydroperoxides, etc.) whereas the use of amine

accelerators is limited to a relatively few types (e.g. diacyl peroxides,

peroxycarbonates , which are not as stable as peresters and hydroperoxides)

.

5. The use of ascorbic acid/palmi tate as an accelerator

plus the use of trace amounts of redox catalyst (e.g. iron, copper compounds)

probably provides an initiator system of improved efficiency (compared to

the usual peroxide/amine systems).

22
6. The synergistic use of ascorbic acid type accelerators

plus smaller amounts of tertiary aromatic amine accelerators with diacyl

peroxides (e.g. benzoyl peroxide) gives a fast setting initiator system

that results in resins and composite resins of improved color stability and

biocompatibility.

7. For maximum storage stability of dental composite

materials, powder/liquid formulations are used. One type is as follows:

The powder consists of glass filler coated with the ascorbic acid accelerator. The liquid contains the perester or hydroperoxide with or without

a trace amount of redox metal compound in its highest oxidation state. A

novel type of powder/liquid formulation probably having still better storage

stability consists of the following ingredients: A blended glass filler

consisting of glass filler coated with a solid peroxide mixed with glass

filler coated with the ascorbic acid type accelerator (e.g. the proportions

may be glass coated with 1% peroxide blended with an equal quantity of

glass filler coated with 0.3% ascorbic acid.)

C- Improved Amine Accelerators

Although the accelerator, normally a tertiary aromatic

amine, comprises only a minor component of the composite, it significantly

influences the properties of the cured material. Many amines have been

suggested as accelerators (37-43), but aesthetic and biocompatibility

requirements limit their number for dental applications. The N,N-dialkyl

aromatic amines that are used in commercial dental composites have a

relatively high toxicity index and are a main contributing factor to color

stability problems associated with composites.

Our aim has been: (1) to be able to predict from structure23
property relationship highly reactive amine accelerators, (2) to synthesize new tertiary amines, that based on these theoretical considerations

and results of previous studies, should be highly reactive and biocompatible

and should give cured composites of greater color stability and (3) to compare these and other amines with presently used accelerators with regard to

their effect on such properties of the cured composite as mechanical

strength, color stability and water sorption. Based on structure-property

relationships, p-dimethylaminophenylacetic acid, its methyl ester and

dimethylaminoglutethimide were initially selected for their potential

reactivity with benzoyl peroxide and their anticipated toxicological

characteristics. Studies to determine the curing behavior and physical

properties of the resulting composites were initiated in FY77 and are

in part described in the annual report (44).

Evaluation of 15 amine accelerators in Table 8 has now

been completed. The hardening times and compressive strength as a function

of accelerator concentration are given in Figs 4 and 5 for the most reactive

amines. The physical properties of the cured composites are dependent on

the type and concentration of amine used. Compositions containing DHPPT,

BTX (low and high melting i somers ), DMAB , 3DMABA and DMAP at the concentrations studied did not harden within the time limit imposed by the specification for Direct Filling Resins and their properties were not further

investigated. From Fig. 4 it will be noticed that on increasing the

amine concentration, a minimum hardening time is reached between amine additions of 20 mm (mill i mol s ) and 35 mm. With larger amine concentration the

cure proceeds at a slower rate. One can conclude that the approximate

order of the accelerating ability of the respective amines is

24
mui ‘siujj. BumapjBH

Z5

Figure

4:

Hardening

Times

of

Composites

Containing

Various

Concentrations

of

Tertiary

Amine

Accelerators
+-> -r- e s

>> .13

4-> O

(/) > >» ' s- a>

<j c

O) «T3 s- X

<1) «*.C r— o »—

ra ,— ra

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$-

F= u O X>

V. o <4- r: T3 E

a> ftJ M f—

•r- >,

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" o

E CU O jOO

M- c

T3 E

<D *3 N i

*r- >> •r- -r- nr}

+J O) C X.

>, a.

T) W

•d <u M O

a

LUo

exoV—

J- t: o •

r- co

iiCL CLE

a.E

ct>lo n

m

c • •»- • 1- CVJ 4-> VJO 4-> o r— rj- r— r- <U r~

QJ £

E ll II s~. CLE

x: CVJ r12 Q-

<?j -a E

IICL .a

C3$ £Q

o

2

o<

>-

c<X

o

IJ

C0| >3

I r~

CL) C

-O

04-J aj

1 *>>

o

0

4->

cel

1 *>> _c

4~> a)S’O

i- -O

>>

.c

I OJ

I a

<DC

T3“3O

v-> aJ

xo

22

x:

c

•o

ii

>» i CLJL O U>

x *o o c

C\l X* >> a> X E 0 « •— 5

>» O oC+->

1

, CJ —

'

CLj C l/>

I r- L_ fO T) QJE

</> t o

<T> *o>»

o

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ai

r>>

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»-> O)Ea

26

Poly

SAM-1

PSAA

in?

=

81-92

Synthesized*

A-NjN-DimethylaiTrinopyridine

DMAP

mp

=

112-113

Coraiarcial
DMAPAA > DMSX > DMPT - DMAG > MDMAPAA » DHEPT.

The DMAPAA has a synergistic accelerating effect when

added to the commonly used but relatively slow hardening DHEPT. Compositions with 16.8 mm DMAPAA or 16.4 mm DHEPT in the monomer liquid harden

in 2 and 8 minutes, respectively. For a liquid containing 8.2 mm DHEPT

and 8.4 mm DMAPAA, hardening takes place in 2.5 minutes yielding a product

of high tensile (45.7 MPa) and compressive (215 MPa) strengths. Furthermore, with a monomer containing 13.1 mm DHEPT and 3.4 mm DHAPAA hardening

occurs in 3.5 minutes.

Composites showed a rapid increase in tensile and compressive strength with increasing amine content and generally reached a maximum value with the liquid component of the mixture containing 16.5 to 17.0

mm of accelerator except for DMAG where a somewhat higher amine concentration (approximately 23.5 mm) was required for optimum strength. The

tensile strength peak is sharpest for DMSX and DMPT amines and appears to

be much broader for the DMAG amine. Maximum tensile strength of about

50 MPa is obtained with DMAPAA, MDMAPAA and DMSX. Composites with DMPT or

DMAG have slightly lower tensile strength values (44-45 MPa). None of the

composites containing the commonly used DHEPT passed the 34 MPa minimum

tensile strength requirement for composite resins. Above 20 mm amine concentration the tensile strength increases again, but because of the poorer

aesthetic properties the strengths of the resulting composites were not

studied extensively. The curves relating compressive strength of the composite and amine concentration in the monomer (Fig. 5) are very similar to those

obtained for the tensile strength correlation with amine concentration.

The initial shade of the cured specimens varied from

27
215

210

205

200

195

190

185

180

175

170

165

160

155

150

145

140

135

Fig

Effect of Amine Concentration on Compressive Strength

of Composites

tCKt

\

o —o DMPT

DMAG

A—-~A DHEPT

V V DMSX

C © DMAPAA

\

/

\

\

\

\

\

\

-r

i

i

i

A

V

A

l

10 20

Amine Concentration, mm

30

ire 5: Effect of Amine Concentration on Compressive Strength

of Composites

2 8
grayish to grayish-brown depending on the different amines used. A

rating scale ranging from 1 (very large change) to 4 (no change) and

based on comparison of exposed to unexposed specimens was employed. An

increase in amine concentration lowers the color stability of the cured

resin. Resins containing DMAB, BTX (high melting) and DMAPAA in concentrations of less than 20 mm have excellent color stability even though no

ultraviolet absorber was incorporated in these formulations. The color

stability of the cured composite after storage of the amine containing

monomer at excessive temperature (60°C for 12 weeks) was especially good

for M DMAPAA (Table 9).

The limited data obtained on the effect of amine accelerator

on the water sorption of the cured resin are given in Table 10. The sorption values for composites with 17.0 mm DMPT, 16.8 mm DMSX or 16.8 mm

DMAPAA are close to the value required in the specification (< 0.7 mg/cm2 '.

The water uptake of composites using salts of 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid

accelerators (LDMAD and TEGDMA) are too large for these composites to be

useful for dental applications.

These experimental results proved indeed the theoretical

assumption that the reactivity of tertiary aromatic amines with benzoyl

peroxides reaches a maximum reactivity for amines with substituents on

the benzene ring having an a+ value (47) of approximately -0.20 (48).

None of the accelerators yielded a composite that ranks

highest in all properties. The DMAPAA proved to be the most reactive

accelerator, giving productsof good mechanical strength and excellent

color stability. The overall properties of composites with MDMAPAA and

DMAG also proved to be very satisfactory.

29
Table 9

COLOR STABILITY OF CURED COMPOSITES

AFTER STORAGE OF COMPONENTS

Powder-Liquid Ratio: 3 to 1 Amine Cone, in the Liquid: 16.8 mm

Color Stability3 After Storage of Components

Amine New Material 60°C/4 Weeks 2

3

o /60°C /12 Weeks

DMPT 2 2 2 DHEPT 3 2 1

DMSX 4 - 3

DMAPAA 3 4 3 MDMAPAA 4 4 4

Color

bPowder

stability ranking: 1 - stored at 2 3°C; liquid

poor; 4 - excellent,

at 60°C

.

Amine

Table 10

WATER SORPTION OF COMPOSITES 3

Concentration mmWater Sorption

mg/cm^

DMPT 17.0 0.65

DHEPT 13.5 0.92

DMSX 16.8 0.75

b TMADMAB 16.4 1.32

LDMABC 17.0 1.50

DMAPAA 16.8 0.77

MDMAPAA 16.6 0.97

Composition of the liquid: 70% Bis-GMA, 30% TEGDMA to which

0.2% BHT was added.

bDiluent 2 0% HEMA, 10?4 TEGDMA.

C 71.1% Bis-GMA, 14.3% HEMA, 14.3% TEGDMA and 0.2% BHT.

30
For a fixed peroxide content coated onto the powder, the

amine concentrations range to produce cured resins with high strength

is quite critical. Thus, strict quality control is required in the manufacture of these materials to assure that the liquid component contains

the proper accelerator concentration.

there are good reasons to believe that these newly synthesized amines,

in addition to their excellent reactivity, should have promising toxicological characteristics, hopefully better than those of the accelerators

presently used. These assumptions are based on the fact that 4-aminophenyl acetic acid, aminogl utethimide , 4-ami nobenzoic acid and some of their

derivatives are used as drugs. Efforts are being made to interest outside

laboratories in assessing the toxicological properties of these more

promising amines.

property relationships to be highly reactive, are being investigated.

An attempted synthesis of p-dimethyl aminophenethanol was made by the

following reaction:

As has been outlined in the Annual Report of FY77 (44)

A few more amines, which one would predict from structure

+

| A xylene

N( CH 3>2

31
This gave a poor yield of product and an unidentified yellow liquid

designated Amine X (approximate B.P. 97°C/7-8 mm Hg) which may be

p-di methyl ami noacetal dehyde.

A successful synthesis employed a pure form of p-aminophenethanol and was as follows:

+ CH^I (Excess 88g)

c

2 h

4

oh

25% aq. Et0H(300 ml

)

K

2 C0

3 (40g)

reflux 7.5 hrs.

n(ch

3

) 3

c

2 h 4oh

Recrystal 1 ized from

EtOH and Toluene

20.7 g.

Recrystal 1 ized

from H

2 0 - acetone;

nearly white flakes

M.P. 1 72-173°C

Yield 100% (46. lg)

(083)3

C

2 H 4

0H

lOg

NH OH

1 2

1 CH 2' CH

2

log

^ refl ux

15 min

in N

2 atmosphere

N(CH

3

) 2

o

C

2 H

4

0H

M.P. = 52-53°C after

recrystallization from

cyclohexane Yield 62.3% (3.3g)

Preliminary studies have been conducted to evaluate

p-dimethylaminophenethanol and Amine X as accelerators for composite

resin. The composite was prepared using the same formulation employed

previously in our studies of amine accelerators except that the powdered

glass was obtained from a commercial source (Corning Glass). Tables 11

and 12 give the results of the setting times, tensile and compressive

32
Table 11

Test Results for p-Dimethylaminophenethanol

Concentration Setting Time Tensile Compressive Color

of Amine min. Strength Strength Stability

in liquid, % MPa MPa

0.20 (12mm)** 3 51.1i3.4+ 266.7±4.9 3

0.28 (17 mm) 2 1/2 53. 8±1 . 7 280.6±3.9

0.36 (22 mm) 2 56.3±2.1

* Color stability ranki ng

:

4 = no visible change; 1 = large change

** Mill imolal ^Standard Deviation

Concentration

of Amine

%

Table 12

Test Results for Amine X

Setting Time Tensile

min. Strength

MPa

Compressi ve Strength

,

MPa

Color

Stabi 1 i ty

.2% 11.5+

(unacceptable)

- - -

.28% 10+

(unacceptable)

- - -

.36% 6.5 29.215.7

(unacceptable)

- -

.44% 6.5 33.5+8.0

(unacceptable)

- -

.6% 4 36.3110.1 202.1+10.5 2.5

33
strength and color stability of the composites prepared with these amines

Tables 13 and 14 list properties of a widely used commercial composite

(Adaptic) and an experimental composite, respectively, for comparison.

Of the two tertiary aromatic amines studied, only one,

p-dimethyl ami nophenethanol , shows potential as a clinically useful accele

rator. The other. Amine X, does not look promising, as it has performed

relatively poorly on all tests conducted. Only the formulation containing 0.6% of this amine meets the minimum tensile strength requirement of

34 MPa of the ADA specification for composite filling materials. Investi

gation of Amine X has been terminated.

Para-dimethyl ami nophenethanol is the most reactive of any

amine in a long series of previously conducted measurements as indicated

by the setting times (Table 11). At optimum concentrations, composites

containing this amine give tensile strength values that are somewhat

higher than those exhibited by the commercially used composite and the

commonly employed dimethyl-p-toluidine-accelerated composite (Tables 13

and 14). Compressive strength values are appreciably higher.

The color of the cured composite accelerated with the new

amine is remarkably white, and its color stability rating of 3 is

acceptable. Although the biocompatibility of p-dimethyl aminophenethanol

has not been tested, the low toxicity of its homologues would indicate

it should have minimal toxicity.

The one problem posed by the p-dimethyl ami nophenethanol

accelerated composite is that in one series of measurements, within a

few days of preparation of the formulation, the setting times of all

34
Table 13

Properties of a Commonly Used Commercial Composite*

Setting Tensile Compressive Color

Time Strength Strength Stability

min MPa MPa

2-3 48.4±2.6 203.1+4.1 3.5

Adaptic employing a paste-paste system. Values given

were previously determined in this laboratory.

Table 14

Properties of Composite made from Powder-Liquid Components

Containing Dimethyl-p-toluidine as Accelerator*

Amine

Concentration

%

Hardening

Time, min

Tensile

Strenqth

MPa

Compress i ve Strength

Mpa

Color

Stabi 1 i ty

0.14 (10.2mm) 6.0 23.8±4.8 147. 7H2.

2

3 .5

0.23 (17.0mm) 4.5 44.8H.7 194.4+3.6 2

0.28 (20.7mm) 4.5 28.2±6.2 152.9+25.0 -

0.32 (23.7mm) 1.5 - - -

0.60 (44.4mm) 1.0-1.

5

- - -

0.75 (55.5mm) 4.0 - - -

* Data taken from a previous study conducted at the National

Bureau of Standards

**Mi 1 1 imolal

35
three concentrations accelerated to approximately 1 minute. This short

setting time does not allow the clinician enough working time to place

the restoration. This phenomenon will be investigated in much more detail

Furthermore, this behavior probably could be modified or alleviated

by the use of a more stable diluent monomer such as hexamethylene dimethacrylate instead of tetraethyl ene dimethacrylate or an increase in

concentration of inhibitor (BHT). Further investigation is required to

obtain a formulation with optimum properties.

Ionization Potential Measurements of Tertiary Amines

For better understanding of the mechanism of the amineperoxide reaction and a more firm basis on which to select the most

reactive amines, we began an investigation of the ionization potentials

of selected tertiary amines. Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy, a

novel procedure available to us, is employed.

The basic mechanism by which this system initiates polymeri

zation involves charge transfer complexation. According to this mechanism

the aromatic amine and peroxide form a charge- transfer complex in solution. During this complexation, an electron migrates from the amine to

the peroxide resulting in the breakdown of the peroxide into an anion

and a free radical and the formation of a cation radical by the amine.

One measure of the "driving force" that causes the electron to be

emitted from the amine is its ionization potential. The lower the

ionization potential the easier the electron loss.

In a previous paper from this laboratory, relationships

were derived for correlating changes either in the aryl (ring) substituent

or the N-substi tuent of the tertiary aromatic amine with the ionization

36
potential of the amine (49). The limited available data were correlated

quite successfully using those derived relationships.

In turn, modification of these relationships could be used

to predict maximally reactive aromatic amines. Three amines predicted to

be maximally reactive were synthesized and tested. They did show high

reactivity which were well within the requirements of the ADA

specifications for self-curing resins.

The results previously obtained did not allow for estimation

to be made for the effect caused by changing the aryl substituent simultaneously with changing the N-substi tuent. Thus, our first goal was as

follows. By designing the experiment so that changes are made in both

sets of substituents, the effect caused by these simultaneous changes

upon the ionization potential can be determined. In this way it can be

ascertained if changes in the two sets of substituents are strictly

independently additive or whether an additional algebraic term must be

employed to account for the "interaction" between these sets.

When electron loss occurs, it is not known if other changes

in the amine occur, e.g., a simultaneous or subsequent proton loss. Since

the experimental procedure is a spectroscopic one, breakdown of the cation

radical derived from the amine or loss of the electron should be detectable.

This information could provide additional insight into the nature of the

amine-peroxide mechanism.

Techniques and Results

Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) spectroscopy, a recent modification of mass spectrometry , is based on the dynamics of charged particles

in magnetic and electric fields. The motion of the charged particles in

37
a uniform magnetic field is constrained to a circular orbit whose angular

momentum, or cyclotron frequency, depends on the magnetic field strength

and the charge to mass ratio of the ion.

Gas samples are introduced into the trapped ion analyzer

cell through a vacuum inlet system. Positive ions are formed by collisions

of the gas molecules with the electrons, which are emitted from a rhenium

filament on the side of the cell in the direction parallel to the magnetic

field. The motion of the ions thus formed by electron impact is constrained

to a circular orbit in a plane normal to the direction of the uniform magnetic field by a radio-frequency (rf) electric field. The ions, then,

react with neutral molecules present in the cell. Detection of the ions

is accomplished by measuring the drop in the rf voltage. Ion abundance

is observed on an xy recorder as a function of time.

In applying this technique to the present study, chargetransfer equilibrium reactions of tertiary aromatic amines, useful as

accelerators for dental restorative resins, are being studied. Parent

ions of two precursor molecules will form an equilibrium reaction in

transferring their positive charges to one another. Thermodynamic and

kinetic data can be obtained from such experiments. The most powerful

feature of ICR spectroscopy is the double resonance or ion ejection

technique. Using this method, direct relationships between reactant and

product ions can be determined.

We have observed charge transfer reactions in several

amine, or more specifically aniline pairs. The results for the various

reactions investigated are shown in Table 15. These data are being

examined critically for internal inconsistency and for possible utili38
zation in developing thermodynamic relationships pertinent to the amines.

Table 15 Equilibrium Constants and Free Energies aG for

Selected Charge Transfer Reactions

Reactant Product K Avg K aG Avg aG

eq eq

9

1.98

-0.491

-0.22 7 -0.39

-0.46)

84 . 7 5\ 72.33

59.91]

-2.76\ -2.65

-2.55]

4.791 4.32 -0.981 -0.91 3.84J -0.84]

1 9

9 13

39
Table 15 (continued)

Equilibrium Constants and Free Energies AG for Selected Charge Transfer Reactions

Reactant Product KQn Avg K AG Avg aG

eq J eq

H

3C-N-CH

3

ch

3

H 5^^^2

H

5

ch

3

53. 9 A

84.36/

69.14 -2.491

-2. 78]

-2.64

11 12.

40
Table 15 (continued)

Equilibrium Constants and Free Energies aG for

Selected Charge Transfer Reactions

9 12

H

1

H

3 C-N-CH3 ^1 4 . OS'' -0.80' J\ 1.34 . 3.98 -0.18

4.79 - 1.02

CH 3 5.71 - 1.10

11

-0.78

41
II. Techniques for Bonding to Mineralized Collagen Surfaces

A clinically applicable technique which establishs and maintains

adhesive bonding to the dentin tooth surface would offer an important

means of reducing the recurrent caries that is encouraged by the microleakage of saliva and bacteria between restoration and tooth. Perhaps

even more important is the potential for significant modification of

cavity preparation and technique of placing restorations that would

allow for greater preservation of sound tooth structure than is now

possible.

A. Stability in Cyanoacrylate Bonding

( An immediate objective of the present study was to improve the

long-term adhesion of 2-cyanoacrylate to dentin by (1) modification of

the adhesive, (2) pretreatment of the dentin surface to improve the

adhesion to the modified substrate, (3) placing a protective waterrepellent film around the joint so that the cured 2-cyanoacrylate

cdf-esive is not exposed to water or at least the water permeation

through the protective film to the exposed adhesive surface is minimal.

Thus, it was hoped to avoid or at least to minimize hydrolytic

degradation of the adhesive. In this study all tensile adhesion tests

were performed using an accelerated aging thermocycl ing test employing

540 temperature cycles per day.

The preliminary results given in the FY77 Annual Report (44)

indicated that the magnitude of the cyanoacrylate bond between dentin

and acrylic is not equal to that found for bone cemented to bone.

However, investigations were continued since modification of the

42
original procedure, i.e., pretreatment of the dentin surface with a very

mild etching solution such as 0.1 or 1 % citric acid, yielded excellent

short-term adhesion to acrylates as evidenced by the tensile adhesion

obtained after thermocycling the specimen in water for 24 hours.

Initial efforts to improve hydrolytic stability involved the

incorporation of typical cross-linking agents into the isobutyl 2-

cyanoacrylate monomer (which we previously had shown to be the most

effective 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive for cementing bovine dentin to

acrylic) so that after curing, an insoluble, more hydrolytically stable

polymeric adhesive might be formed. However, addition of potential

cross-linking agents such as 20% dial 1 y 1 phthalate, 10% ethylene glycol

dimethacrylate, 1% maleic anhydride or 1% itaconic anhydride, to the

isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive did not increase the strength of the

dentin-poly(methyl methacrylate) joint (Table 16).

Thirty second pretreatments of the dentin with very dilute

acid solutions were more promising than the incorporation of crosslinking agents into the monomer adhesive. Results of these tensile adhesion measurements for treated dentin surfaces are given in Table 17.

Swabbing the dentin surface with diluted ethanol prior to bonding increased adhesion, due to the cleansing action of this pretreatment.

Etching with 1% phosphoric acid prior to bonding the dentin to the

acrylic rod yielded a bond strength of 12.4 MPa (1800 psi). Etching

the dentin with 1% succinic, methacrylic or aconitic acid or maleic

anhydride did not improve the tensile adhesion. Best results were

obtained using a 1% solution of citric acid in dilute alcohol

(1:2 ETOH/H^O by volume). The bond strength after a 30-second pretreatment
Table 16

Strength of Dentin-Acrylic Resin Joint Bonded

With Modified Isobutyl 2-Cyanoacrylate

Joint was thermocycled in 5°C and 55°C water for one day (540 cycles)

Modifier Added to Adhesive* Tensile Strength

Mean

, MPa

SD**

- - - 5.38 3.00

20% v/v Diallyl Phthalate 0 0

10% Ethylene dlycol Dimethacrylate 0.58 1.00

5% Poly (methyl methacrylate) +

10% Di butyl Phthalate

*** 2.60 3.40

1% w/v Itaconic Anhydride 3.12 1.47

1% w/v Maleic Anhydride 0 0

Percentages given for solid modifiers dissolved in the monomer are in

w/v, , for liquid modifiers they are in y/v,

** Standard deviation

*** Mean determined on 10 specimens rather than 5.

44
Table 17

Strength of Pretreated Dentin-Acrylic Resin Bond After

Thermocycl ing for One Day

Adhesive: Isobutyl 2-Cyanoacrylate

Dentin Pretreatment*

Tensile Strength, MPa

Mean Stand. Dev.

Aq. Ethanol (1:2) 7.79 1.97

1% Phosphoric Acid 12.38 2.75

1% Ale. (1:2) Succinic Acid 2.83 3.89

1% Ale. (1:2) Methacrylic Acid 3.68 1.59

1% Ale. (1:2) Aconitic Acid 2.75 2.57

1% Ale. Maleic Anhydride 4.94 1.61

1% Ale. Abietic Acid 4.28 2.36

1% Aq. Citric Acid 12.60 3.62

1% Ale. (.1:2) Citric Acid 14.10** 4.46

0.5% Ale. (1:2) Citric Acid 13.44 3.91

0.1% Ale. (1:2) Citric Acid 10.68 3.89

1% Ale. (1:2) Itaconic Acid 8.29*** 3.25

1% Ale. (1:2) Itaconic Anhydride 5.80 2.42

1% Ale. (1:2) Citraconic Anhydride 11.13 2.83

1% Ale. (1:2) Tetranydrofuran

2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid 10.22 2.75

1% Ale. Trial lyl Phosphate 2.51 2.84

1% Ale. Trial lyl Cyanurate 4.25 4.31

0.5% Ale. Triallyl Cyanurate 1.17 1.69

0.2% Ale. Triallyl Cyanurate 2.51 2.84

1% Aq. Calcium Hydroxide 0.12 0.18

1% Aq. EDTA Tetrasodium salt 11.66 2.54

* Percentages given are weight of solids or volumes of

liquids dissolved ir. volume of ethanol (1:2) or water

Mean of 10 measurements

Mean of 20 measurements

45
of the dentin with this solution and after curing and thermocycling for

one day was 14.10 MPa (2050 psi). This value is considerably higher than

any adhesion to smooth dentin surfaces which has been previously reported.

The bond strength was slightly decreased when more dilute citric acid

solutions were used. Pretreatment with solutions containing 0.5 or 0.1%

citric acid gave bond strength values of 13.4 MPa and 10.7 MPa, respectively. Other pretreatments yielding tensile adhesion values above

10 MPa included solutions of 1% alcoholic (1:2) citraconic anhydride,

1% alcoholic tetrahydrofuran -2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, and 1%

aqueous ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt.

Pretreatment of the dentin with all yl compounds potentially

capable of copolymerization with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate was not beneficial to adhesion. Addition of copolymerizable allyl compounds to the

uncured adhesive coupled with 1% citric acid pretreatment of the dentin

substrate did not improve adhesion (Table 18). Incorporation of a

fluorinated 2-cyanoacrylate into the monomer or substitution of in-amyl

2-cyanoacryl ate for the uncured adhesive did not increase the bond

strength

.

Extending the storage of the joined (citric acid pretreated)

specimens in the thermocycled water bath to one week or one month considerably decreased the tensile adhesion. Seven-day bond strength

values of 2.5 to 4.9 MPa were obtained with the pretreated specimens

using the unmodified isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive (Table 19).

Again, addition of 2-5% cross-linking monomer such as di allyl maleate,

tri allyl phosphate or tr i allyl cyanurate did not appreciably increase

the hydrolytic stability. Addition of from 3% to 30%

46
Table 18

Strength of Dentin-Acrylic Resin Bond After

Thermocycling for One Day

Dentin pretreated with 1% ale. (:2) citric acid

Adhesive: Modified isobutyl 2-cyanoacryl ate

Adhesive Modifier* Tensile

Mean

Strength, MPa

Stand. Dev.

5% Triallyl Phosphate 7.77 1.57

5% Dial ly 1 Ma'leate 8.03 2.15

5% Dial l.yl Phthalate 0 0

2% Triallyl Cyanurate 8.60 1.32

5% Ally! Methacrylate 7.95 3.41

10% Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate 0 0

20% Fiuorinated 2-cyanoacrylate 7.22 1.48

100% n-Amyl 2-cyanoacrylate 3.97 1.22

* Percentages given for solid modifiers dissolved in the monomer

are in w/v , for liquid modifiers, they are v/v-

+ All results given in this and the following tables are mean

values of '5 measurements.

47
Table 19

Strength of Dentin-Acrylic Resin Joint Bonded with Isobutyl

2-Cyanoacrylate after Extended Thermocycl ing

i Length of

Adhesive Modifier Thermocycling Tensile Strength, MPa

days Mean Stand. Dev.

_2 7 2.57 1.73

_ 3 7 3.71 1.34

_4 30 0.12 0.25 - 7 3.87 1.78

- 7 2.98 1.72

- 7 4.88 1.98

5% Ally! Methacrylate 7 3.72 2.05

5% Ailyl Methacrylate 30 0 -

5% Triallyl phosphate 7 2.89 1.35

5% Dial ly 1 Maleate 7 3.18 2.61

2% Triallyl Cyanurate 7 4.35 2.34

3% Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) 7 5.84 1.47

5% Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) 7 8.67 1.68

12% Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) 7 • 6.59 1.12

20% Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) 7 6.77 1.92

30% Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) 7 6.28 2.69

40% Poly(eihyl 2-cyanoacrylate) 7 1.51. 0.82

50% Pcly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate 7 1.18 0.88

1 Percentage are given as weight of solids dissolved in volume of liquid

and volume of liquid dissolved in liquid

2 Dentin p re treatment: 0.5% ale. (1:2) citric acid

3 Dentin pretreatment: 1% ale. (1:2) itaconic acid

** Dentin pretreatment: 1% aic. (1:2) citraconic acid

48
poly (ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) to the isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer,

however, yielded a bond with greater resistance to water. Thus, the

seven-day bond strength of adhesive containing 5% poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) was 8.7 MPa compared to 3.7 MPa for the unmodified adhesive.

Formulations containing more than 30% of dissolved polymer became quite

viscous and their bond strength was quite low. The 30-day thermocycling

tests employing isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate with or without 5% ally!

methacrylate resulted in a near zero bond strength for the unmodified

adhesive.

In an attempt to reduce or eliminate debonding, a hydrophobic

sealant was UV-cured around the dentin-methacryl ate interface, the

rationale being that the coating would seal off the adhesive from contact

with water, or at least the water permeation through the protective film

to the adhesive surface would be reduced. Suitable protective formulations should (1) cure within 1 minute, (2) be hydrophobic, (3) be

compatible with the etched dentin and the cured cyanoacrylate adhesive,

and (4) be storage stable for at least 24 hours. A number of monomeric

resin formulations were prepared (Table 20) which are capable of polymerization after irradiation with UV light for 30 seconds. Four compositions with contact angles varying from 54 to 80 degrees were studied

further. A thin film of these compositions was painted around the dentinacrylate joint immediately after the adhesive had set. The protective

coating was then UV-cured and the joints were placed immediately into

water. A significant improvement in the shorter term stabilization of

the bond was obtained with a composition containing 43% hexamethyl ene

glycol dimethacrylate, 41% Bis-GMA, 12% !H,lH,5H-octafluoropentyl

49
Strength

of

Dentin-Acrylic

Resin

Joint

Covered

with

a

Protective

Coating

After

Thermocycling

GJ>

i/» 0) £Z

"O<

«3

<u

4-J fO<u

4-> 0)

t.Cl

Clc

<D o

50
acrylate, 2% benzoin ethyl ether, UV initiator and 2% of a UV photo

cross-linking agent (oxa-5-acryloxymethyl-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3,3,0] octane.

After seven days of thermocycling, the bond strength of dentin-resin

joints coated with a protective film of this composition averaged 8.9 MPa

(1340 psi). However, further thermocycling to 30 days reduced the adhesive strength to 1 MPa. The other formulations containing a urethane

dimethacrylate or the most hydrophobic composition, which contained a

fluoropolyacrylate, gave coatings that resulted in only marginal improvement in stability of the bond. Addition of polymeric 2-cyanoacrylate

to the adhesive prior to applying the coating did not yield a statistically significant increase in the bond strength.

It should be realized, that the many abrupt temperature

changes during the cycling procedure will result in considerable stress

formation in the joined substrates that may not be encountered under

clinical conditions; i.e., the accelerated test may be so excessively

severe as not to be predictive of the clinical long-term applicability

of this treatment. The present results indicate, however, that even

after applying a protective coating the adhesive compositions

studied cannot be recommended for use where a long term bond is

requi red.

Studies, especially by Stanley and coworkers (50) have shown

that etching of dentin with rather concentrated acid solutions, such as

37 % or 50% phosphoric acid, gives an undesirable pulp response. The

proposed dilute acid pretreatment may be applicable clinically where

a strong, short-term attachment to dentin is desired provided that the

very dilute (0.1 to 1%) citric acid solutions can be tolerated.

51
Prof. Cleaton Jones, Director of the Dental Research Institute of the

University of the Wi twaterstrand , South Africa, has expressed an interest

in cooperating in a study of the pulp irritation by citric acid in low

concentrations. He also plans to determine the effe.ct of acid-etched

dentin lined with an isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate.

Two manuscripts, "Durability of the Bond Between Bone and

Various 2-Cyanoacrylates in an Aqueous Environment" and "Bonding of

Acrylic Resins to Dentin with 2-Cyanoacrylate," were prepared. These

manuscripts have been submitted for publication. A paper, "Durability

of the Bond Between Mineralized Fissures and Potential Adhesives," has

been presented as part of the Symposium "Chemical and Physical Lifetime

Limits of Macromolecular Materials" at the National Meeting of the

American Chemical Society, September 1978. The proceedings of the symposium are scheduled for publication in the "Advances in Chemistry

Series .

B. Urethane (Isocyanate) Adhesives

Studies to evaluate the adhesive properties of the previously

synthesized urethane monomers having residual isocyanate as well as

polymerizable methacrylate groups (51) were initiated. To speed up the

initial appraisal, bone specimens were cemented together using formulations containing the urethane-methacrylate, diluent (methyl methacrylate or triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), benzoyl peroxide and

dimethyl-jD-toluidine. The urethane derivatives used were:

52
and

and R:

0 CHii i '

o o ch 3

OCNRNHC-OCH CH OC-C = CH*

2 2

CH- f

H

3

R : -CH - C - CH -CH-CH -CH

2 4h 3

2 22

C^g hydrocarbon

where

TMDI-HEMA

DDI-HEMA

In these exploratory studies little or no adhesion was obtained with formulations containing TMDI-HEMA and DDI-HEMA. Significant

adhesion after storage in water was obtained with I PD I , but the magnitude of the bond strength (2-3 MPa) was considerably lower than the

values obtained with the higher 2-cyanoacrylate esters. It appears that

the -OH and -NH

2 groups in the dental collagen are either not readily

accessible to the free -NCO groups or the reaction is too slow. In any

case, an adequate bond is not formed within the 1 or 3 min. time limit in

which we cement the specimens together before placing them in water. To

alleviate this problem we are presently studying the effect of pretreating

the substrate surface with very dilute decalcifying solutions (e.g., EDTA

tetrasodium salt) and also with other solutions (bases and organometal 1 ic

accelerators) which should speed up urethane formation.

53
Our investigations with the urethane-methacrylate adducts

containing residual -NCO groups (the amount of which was determined

analytically) have so far not yielded adhesion to smooth bone surfaces

of the order of 4 to 5 MPa (580-720 psi), which we consider necessary

for an acceptable clinical adhesive. By increasing the degree

of isocyanate substitution it may be possible to increase adhesion.

Furthermore, pretreatment of the collagenous substrate by mild

demineralizing solutions should lead to a large increase in reactive

sites. Another possible approach, especially when employing prepolymers of di isocyanates is using compositions containing a polymerizable solvent such as hexamethelene dimethacrylate and suitable

chemical redox initiators or UV accelerators. Isocyanate prepolymers

may also be prepared from amine terminated prepolymers and it may

be beneficial to synthesize adducts from methacrylates containing

amine substituents or acrylamide and/or polyisocyanates and study

their adhesive properties. Such formulations generally contain

an oligomer having reactive functional groups, acrylic crosslinking

monomer, reactive acrylic monomer diluent to modify the viscosity

and photoinitiator and photosensitizer additives. Control over

the cured resin vehicle may be exercised by changing the structure

of the oligomer backbone (type and number of functional groups present,

degree of branching), functionality and level of crosslinking agent and

the type and concentration of the reactive diluent. Some of these

compositions are claimed to cure rapidly in air without leaving a

residual monomeric layer which is always present in the dental pit and

fissure sealants available today. Preliminary studies with IPDI-HEMA

54
indicate excellent adhesion to bone of UV cured coatings containing this

adduct. Similar to our tensile adhesion studies candidate materials

with desirable properties will be subjected to temperature cycling and

other appropriate tests (such as changes in attenuated IR spectrum and

changes in contact angle) which will detect any hydrolytic instability

or other degradation of the adhesive.

If the true grafting is not obtained between the collagen

component of hard tissues and the urethane, it is likely that permanent

entanglement between the polymeric chains will result depending on the

cohesive energy densities of the two macromolecules. Such interpenetrating networks, in which one is rubbery and the other is glassy, may

yield additional reinforcement of the adhesive joint (52-54) without

having covalent bonding. Indeed because of the in situ curing shrinkage

of the composite an elastomeric phase may in fact be required to avoid

the strain introduced on shrinkage. Polymeric compositions with long

chain aliphatic di isocyanates such as DDI or HDI may prove most suitable

since these groups impart greater flexibility because of the unusual ease

of rotation provided by the CH^ backbone. Thus, enhancement of a number

of physical properties including tensile and impact strength and thermal

resistance would be expected.

C. Aldehyde Methacrylates

An evaluation of the previously synthesized isomeric methacryloxyethoxybenxaldehydes (12) for their adhesion-promoting properties

to dentin was begun. A modified test procedure similar to that employed

for the cyanoacrylate adhesion studies reported earlier in this section

was employed. The polished, flat ends of the plexiglass rods, threaded

55
at the opposite end, were wetted with the monomer system to be tested,

pressed by finger pressure against the polished dentinal surface and

polymerized by UV light through the rod. After storage for 24 hours

at 37.5°C in a constant humidity chamber, the specimens were attached

via the threaded ends to a jigscrew attachment designed for

the Instron.

Two monomer systems were prepared. The control system consisted of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA in ratio 7:3 with 2% benzoin methyl ether as

the photoinitiator. The experimental monomer system consisted of equal

parts of the o- , m- , and p-methacryl oxyethoxybenzal dehydes . No diluent

is required with this monomer system nor was an added photoinitiator

employed.

Neither control nor experimental monomer systems produced any

measurable adhesion with or without mild pretreatment of the dentin with

an aqueous CaC03 (pH ^ 8) solution. A mild denaturing pretreatment with

a saturated solution of Ca( 0 H )2 followed by a one minute rinse with

distilled water also produced no measurable adhesion. Other types of

pretreatment are planned to demineralize the surface layer of dentin and

expose more effectively the collagenous surface layer. Also, the

synthesis of more reactive aldehyde methacryl ates (e.g., aliphatic

aldehydes) is planned.

56
III. Wear Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials

The principal objective of this work is to develop instrumentation

and obtain appropriate wear data on dental restorative materials and to

be able to correlate these data with those obtained from clinical tests.

Thus, human masticatory conditions must be simulated to the extent that

in vitro measurements taken over, say, one day may be correlated with

in vivo data which require several years to obtain significant results.

The second objective is to adequately define the natural wear

process in order to determine the test procedures to be made on various

classes of materials in order to develop a correlation between physical

properties and durability. Thus, some fundamental model involving

various physical quantities may be useful, or necessary, to establish the

desired correlations between in vitro and in vivo tests. Accordingly,

the second objective may have to be met to satisfy the first.

The experimental details of the wear apparatus and measurement

procedure, along with photographs of certain components of the apparatus

were included in the last annual report (44). The system is fully automated and requires no attention during the wear and measurement processes

Basically, three loaded stationery sliders containing human tooth enamel

make contact with three corresponding rotating platforms containing the

dental materials to be evaluated. The depth of each circular wear track

measured at arbitrarily selected periods remaining between twenty

minutes and one hour over 10 positions along the track circumference

using linear variable differential transformers (LVDT's). Distilled

water flows over the platforms to control temperature, lubricate, and

wash away debris.

57
Prior to this fiscal year the principal investigator of the wear

project was a USAF prosthodontist. At the time of his departure the

apparatus was complete as intended, but not fully operational and

reliable. Consequently, the wear research project was essentially

interrupted until a qualified replacement could be found. The replacement problem was compounded by a hiring freeze in effect at that time.

It was decided to hire a physicist in lieu of a materials scientist

because it was assumed that a physicist would be more proficient in

interfacing data acquisition equipment (including debugging), instrumentation, and conducting these experiments. It was also assumed that a

physicist could obtain appropriate background while on the job and could

collaborate with others more knowledgeable in the materials science area

in evaluating the data.

Early in FY 1978, before the replacement arrived, a modification was

made by another staff member to improve the measurement process. Prior

to this change large amounts of apparent negative wear were sometimes

observed which were attributed to the buildup of debris on the measuring

probe tips. This problem was corrected by lifting the probes while the

platforms are rotating between measurement stations and stopping the

platforms when the probes make contact with the sample. Although less

than two minutes are added to each measurement cycle, considerable

improvement in precision was obtained.

In November 1978 a physicist was transferred into the wear project

from another activity in the Polymers Division. His immediate concern

was to become acquainted with the measurement system and then commence

with debugging and further development necessary to obtain reliable data.

58
Another experimental problem, revealed by spurious results after

attempting to take data for long periods of time, was the penetration of

distilled water into the LVDT's. Modifications, including probe extension, were undertaken to improve performance. In addition the LVDT's

were mounted in new housings which we designed and built. These proved

more stable and facilitated critical adjustment of the transformer cores

with respect to their coils. Later in this report data will be presented

which depicts the stability and precision of these measurements.

Considerable effort has continued to be expended on debugging the

electronic components of the data acquisition equipment in order to make

them perform within the specifications of their manufacturers. Eventually the equipment was made very reliable in that it could obtain

precise data over long periods of time without attention. This good

performance continued until the activity suffered a serious setback

which became effective in the beginning of August.

During December 1977 the USAF requested that all of their data

acquisition equipment be returned as soon as replacements could be

obtained. (Essentially all of the data acquisition equipment associated

with the wear apparatus belonged to them.) Shortly after the USAF

announcement NIDR approved funds for replacements. Since we have found

the USAF's data acquisition equipment initially unreliable, we decided

to replace it with different components made by other manufacturers in

most cases. Also servicing by one of the makers of the USAF equipment

has become difficult to obtain because of their recent move to a remote

location. With the USAF equipment the experiment was controlled directly

from a tape. In the replacements we have decided to use a computerized

59
controller, which will simplify programming and incorporate decisionmaking during the measurement process. We assume that the additional

time and effort required to interface the new system will be offset by

its advantages in performance over the old one.

After it became apparent that the wear apparatus (with the USAF

equipment) was performing well enough to obtain reliable data, we decided

to obtain as much as possible before the data acquisition equipment

was reclaimed. Measurements were taken on three materials:

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Velvalloy amalgam, and Adagtic_ composite. The wear rates G = V/WL, where V is the volume loss, W is the

normal force, and L is the total sliding distance, are tabulated in

Table 21. In all cases the wear couples involved human tooth enamel

(with underlying dentin) except where indicated otherwise. The three

systems A, B, and C pertain to the three samples (worn and measured

simultaneously) and their associated measuring devices. Positions 1 and

6, which are 180° apart, are two of the ten positions measured along the

wear track circumference of each sample. The values of G were obtained

from least square fits on the wear track data.

PMMA, which is a constituent of many restorative materials, was

studied principally to obtain an initial evaluation of the apparatus.

In this case the specimens were machined from an extruded rod. The data

for systems A and B are not included in Table 21 because of an improper

adjustment in their LVDT's which was corrected subsequently. The data

are shown on Fig. 6 where the wear track depth is plotted against time.

The sudden increases in wear of the order of several micrometers, particularly apparent in the lower curve, are typical of fatigue resulting in

60
Table 21

WEAR RATES FOR RECENTLY MEASURED MATERIALS

Material Rotor Positi on

G X 10

2 ,. mm /kg

G X 10

l av

.

2 mm /kg

PMMA 1.81

0.97 1.39

Velvalloy 0.38

0.51

0.77

0.89

0.48

0.69

0.62

Adaptic 0.113

0.164

0.061

0.074

0.107

0.107 0.104

Vel valloyDurapati te

0.43

0.38

0.41

61
surface flaking, where large chunks of debris are removed. The vast

difference between the wear rates (proportional to the slopes of these

curves) measured at the two positions shown, is tentatively attributed

to density or structure gradients within the sample. Such behavior is

commonly observed in wear measurements. It is clear from these observed

irregularities that extensive data are required on several samples and

many positions on each to obtain meaningful results.

The data for the three Vel val Toy specimens are depicted in Fig. 7.

The wear process for this material is more erratic, but appears to be

more homogenous than that for PMMA . Surface flaking for Vel vail o.y comprises particles as large as 10 ym in thickness. Also, a healing or

smoothing process is often seen from apparent negative wear, immediately

after flaking, the void is partially built up from material in the

neighborhood. The straight lines are obtained from linear regressions

on each data set from which the wear rates (Table 21) are determined.

The results for the Adaptic specimens are displayed in Fig. 8.

The wear process is slow with little or no flaking and shows little

evidence of inhomogeneity. The Adaptic specimens produced more wear on

the enamel sliders than the Velvalloy. The observed average slider wear

rates are 2.1 ym/hr. against the Velvalloy and 6.5 against the Adaptic.

The higher rates with Adaptic apparently result from the small quartz

particles used as a constituent.

Periodically, highly polished brass flats are secured in the

specimen cups and measurements are made over about one day without water.

62
The results indicate the quality of performance and give a measure of

precision which we may relate to the irregularities in the wear data.

Figure 9 depicts an example of data obtained in this fashion. In

this case the apparent wear depths (which is a measure of imprecision)

are plotted against time. The standard deviations of the residuals

about the means (displayed here as zero) for systems A, B, and C are

0.25, 0.26, and 0.30 ym, respectively. Somewhat paradoxically , the

largest deviation 0.8 ym was obtained in position A which has the

smallest standard deviation. Note that, in particular, the upper curve

reveals an apparent decreasing trend corresponding to a slope of

-0.033 ym/hr. obtained by linear regression. The slopes obtained from

0. the wear data range from 0.14 for Adaptic to 3.5 ym/hr. for PMMA.

Consequently, for low wear materials an improvement in drift stability

if' would be desirable. The irregularities in the wear mentioned earlier,

however, cannot be attributed to imprecision.

The recent results on Velvalloy and Adaptic are not in agreement

with those obtained on the prototype (55) several years ago for which

the values of G were 0.13x10°^ and 0.22x10"^ mnr/Kg, respecti vely . At

this time it is not appropriate to speculate on the reason for these

discrepancies. We will attempt to resolve this when we repeat these

measurements after the new apparatus becomes operational.

Obtaining satisfactory slider specimens from human teeth is a

difficult and time-consuming procedure. Furthermore, even specimens

obtained from the same tooth may have significantly different characteristics, as a consequence of different orientations with respect to the

surface and variations in structure throughout the enamel region of the

63
90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

(

!. 5 :

©

©

m

©

8

*

o •

O ®

O . •

o-*

10

Time (hrs)

20 30

Wear track depth d against time for poly(methyl methacrylate) measured at

positions 1 (open circles) and 6 (closed circles).

64
(ujW) p

Fig. 7 : Wear track depth d against time for Velvalloy (amalgam) measured on platforms

A, B, and C at positions 1 (open circles) and 6 (closed circles).

65
d

(jam)

Fig. 8. Wear track depth d against time for Adaotic (composite) measured on platforms

’ ^ ^ - positions 1 (open circles) and 6 (closed circles).

66
t (hrs)

Fig. 9: Apparent wear track depth d against tine using brass flats

(in lieu of specimens) with no wear.

67
tooth. Also, during the wear process the investigator may not know

when the enamel has been depleted and the underlying dentin has become

a component of the wear couple. Accordingly, it would be extremely useful to have a substitute for enamel which resembles it in structure and

properties of enamel and, unlike enamel, is homogeneous, isotropic, and

consistent. A high priority should therefore be given to investigation

of an enamel substitute in the wear couple.

In their work on characterization of surface failure of non-metal lie

single crystals under sliding. Powers and Craig (56) used large crystals

of natural fluorapatite to attempt to identify the wear phenomenon of

enamel. Both natural and synthetic fluorapatite crystals are available

commercially and if comparable to enamel in wear response and effect

would be a readily obtainable and easily managed substitute for the

enamel sliders. Also, as an alternate, Rooture, Powers, and Craig (57)

have suggested using sintered hydroxyapatite for this purpose.

In this connection we have obtained some Durapatite hydroxyapati te

samples which were given to us by Dr. M. Jarcho at Sterl ing-Winthrop

Research Institute. Some of these samples were in the form of cylinders

but needed to be machined to smaller diameters to be satisfactory for

our use as sliders. Subsequent wear measurements were made on using a

Velvalloy-Durapatite wear couple. The results are shown on Fig. 10

where the wear track depth is plotted against time at positions 1 and 6.

The wear rates are tabulated in Table 21. From comparison of these

results with those from the Vel valloy- enamel wear couple displayed on

Fig. 7, it is seen that the responses are similar. As seen in Table 21 the

wear rates for the Vel vail oy- Durapati te are low, but fall within the

68
d

(f»m)

30

Fig. 10: Wear track depth d against time for Velvalloy (amalgam) measured

at positions 1 (open circles) and 6 (closed circles) using

Durapatite for the slider.

69
range of those obtained for the Velvalloy-enamel couple. This data is,

of course, not conclusive; however, it does indicate the possibility of

employing hydroxyapati te as a substitute for enamel.

The assembly of the new wear apparatus is about 95% complete. We

still await delivery of a bus cable which has been delayed because of

production problems at the manufacturer. Delivery has been promised by

the end of October. The principal difference between this system and

the old one is the implementation of a computer controller. The computer

uses Basic language and has sufficient memory (24K bytes, expandable to

56K) to do the kind of data processing we anticipate. It is equipped

with both EIA and IEEE-488 interfaces which makes it compatible with

most interfacing equipment currently available.

The work on other physical properties related to wear will be

initiated early in FY 1979. A materials engineer is being hired to work

in this area. In connection with this activity a uniaxial universal

mechanical testing machine has been ordered and delivery is expected in

mid-November. The machine is hydraulically actuated, rated at 3300 lbs.,

and has separate, stroke, load, and strain controls. It has both static

and dynamic modes, being able to generate periodic inputs (sine, square,

and ramp) with amplitudes adequate for testing purposes at frequencies

up to 300 Hz. Emphasis will be placed initially on elucidation of the

micro-deformation mechanisms operable in the dental composite system

under various applied stresses and environments. These micro-deformation

mechanisms include craze and shear band initiation and their growth in

the matrix materials, the interfacial failure between the plastic matrix

and the inorganic reinforcement particulate materials.

70
IV. Base Metal Alloy and Dental Ceramics Research

The objectives of this research have been to determine the

characteristics of base metal casting alloys and associated bonding

porcelains in relation to the feasibility of their use in cast crowns

and fixed partial dentures, and to utilize this information for the

development of improved fabrication techniques for these porcelain

to metal restorations.

Extensive work has been undertaken in this project and reported

previously in the area of dental casting. Specific emphasis was directed

toward "accuracy of fit" and "castabi 1 i ty" of several dental alloys

(.44,58). However, several questions remained unanswered. One alloy,

Ticon, in which there has been considerable interest was not included in

the investigation. All castings were made in molds for which the investment material was mixed without the use of vacuum. Kaowool (59),

a refractory felt-like material, was used as a ring-liner in the study

and significant increases in mold expansion were noted with its use.

Time, however, did not permit an analysis of its physical characteristics as compared with the traditional ring-liner, asbestos. Accordingly,

work accomplished during this reporting period has been directed toward

addressing these questions.

Consistently oversized (acceptable) base-metal castings are now

produced routinely at NBS using investment techniques developed in this

study. However, the surfaces of castings produced via this technique

are frequently unacceptably rough; i.e., a relatively high number of

surface projections and nodules are present on the castings. The

71
experiment has been repeated with several previously studied alloys

using investment procedures that include the application of vacuum. An

early trend observed with this technique refinement would suggest a

possible improvement in surface smoothness. To date, no significant

differences have been shown in either increased expansion or casting

accuracy when recent experimental results have been compared with data

reported previously in this project (Fig. 11).

The alloy, Ticon, has been evaluated in an identical manner as were

all other alloys. Casting accuracy and castability data did not vary

significantly from other alloys reported in the first phase of the

project. Kaowool has been examined and our results confirm that the

material is, indeed, significantly more compressible than asbestos.

Further, and perhaps even more important, Kaowool is more uniform in its

consistency, thereby providing more predictable expansion characteristics

than asbestos when used as a ring-liner.

A system for measuring the castability of dental alloys has been

developed as part of this project and identified in a previous report.

Data collected from this work suggested that a rather wide range of

variability might be inherent in the test procedure. Close examination

of the grid-like castings revealed more completed vertical than horizontal segments. This observation is thought to be associated with inconsistencies in the sieve material which is used for the patterns. A

pattern modification (Fig. 12) is being tested presently which should

serve to reduce the variability in the test results.

Although work continues in the study of base-metal alloys, emphasis

in the second phase of this project is being directed in the area of

72
Fig

11

x

CO

O)

II c E

3

3

O

CO>

3

O

_c

b:

E

3

3

O

CO>

JC

+-<

3

LU

N

CO I •

<

D

3 —I

H

(O

<

o

H *

3-

«

1 3

#—

H

3 1

, -# - -

4

I 3 —

O 00 N. O «0 CO (N — O

3 Z ISy 3A0 %

73
CASTABILITY

PATTERN

MODIFICATION

74

Fig12
dental ceramics. The study of six commercially available dental bonding

porcelains has been undertaken. Dimensional changes resulting from

heating and cooling cycles are being observed through the use of a differential dilatometer. Eight casting alloys will be examined in a similar manner. Variables include the total numbers of firings and differing

load conditions. Preliminary findings indicate that variations in the

number of firing cycles and the amount of condensation of the green

porcelain cause significant differences in dimensional characteristics

on cooling of fused dental porcelain. Early observations suggest that

resistance of the porcelain to flow under load changes with repeated

firings. Additionally, it would appear that ceramic materials from

different manufacturers vary markedly in their dimensional responses to

thermal changes. The data collected to date would suggest that varying

degrees of residual stresses exist in different dental porcelains when

cooling rates follow those prescribed by the respective manufacturers.

The firing schedule followed under experimental conditions necessarily

varies from commercial firing rates. These (slower) rates appear to

effectively anneal the porcelain materials thereby changing their physical properties. These observed changes may have an effect on the compatibility of the porcelain materials with selected alloys. The significance

of these data will be addressed during this phase of the investigation.

The knowledge thus derived may serve as a basis for technique refinements

aimed at improving the bond strength of porcelain-fused-to-metal

restorations

.

Initial observations suggest that the wetting characteristics of

base metal alloys by dental porcelains during fusion may vary greatly

75
with differences in alloy composition as well as with surface preparation

techniques. An investigation is in progress which will observe directly

through scanning electron microscopy the influence of these variables on

the wetting characteristics of selected porcelain/alloy combinations.

Initial work has been directed toward the construction of a suitable

specimen. The experimental procedure has involved fusing of the porcelain to a pre-treated (ctir-abrasi ve blasting) metallic surface, removal

of the alloy from the fused porcelain via an electrolytic/chemical etching technique and SEM observation of the ceramic surface to ascertain

the extent of reproduction of the metal surface by the fused material.

Early findings from this method have been unsatisfactory. Neither the

surfaces of the opaque porcelains fused to the base metal alloys nor

those fired to the gold alloys reproduced the morphological structure of

the metal as it was photographed after blasting. Generally, the

ceramic surfaces appeared smoother than the original surface

of the metal. Many voids (holes) could be seen on the Vita opaque no

matter what alloy was used. These voids are thought to be inherent with

the brush technique of applying the porcelain.

These initial observations have necessitated some major modifications

in the experimental technique. Refinements of these procedures which

presently are being examined include a metallurgical polish of the alloy

surfaces followed by the controlled scoring of the surface, application

of the ceramic material and SEM observation of cross-sections through the

porcelain/alloy specimen. The information thus gathered will be extremely

valuable in developing specific modifications of existing laboratory

techniques

.

76
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(2) Bowen, R. L.: Properties of a Silica-reinforced Polymer for Dental

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77
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/

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80
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(54) Frisch, K. C. , Klempner, D., Midgal , S., Frisch, H. L. and

Dulop, A. P.: J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 19_, 1893 (1975).

(55) Powell, J. and Dickson, G.: In Vitro Wear Testing of Restorative

Materials, AADR Abstract No. 356 (1975).

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J. Dent. Res. 56^ (Special Issue B) B82 (1977).
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9-18 (1978).

82
NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR-78-1 573

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Properties and Interactions of Oral Structures and

Restorative Materials

5. Publication Date December 1978

6. Performing Organization Code

7. A UTHOR(S)

James M. Cassel

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 5630561

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Institute of Dental Research

National Institutes of Health

Bethesda , MD 20014

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

To improve the storage stability of dental composite resin systems, alternative

catalyst systems to the commonly used benxoyl peroxide-tertiary amine are being

developed. Increased storage stability is attainable with organic peresters or hydroperoxides but requires more efficient accelerators than the presently used

amines. Ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate offer promise as useful accelerators

which give good biocompatibility. To develop more reactive amine accelerators with

perhaps less toxicity than those currently in use, p-dimethyl ami no-phenyl acetic acid

(or ester derivatives) and dimethyl aminoglutethimide were synthesized and shown to

yield composite restorative specimens of good mechanical strength and color stability.

A wide range of cyanoacrylates from the simplest, 2-ethyl cyanoacrylate, to the more

complex type such as viscous isoamyl product have been examined for their capacity

to achieve and retain bonding between acrylic resin and dentin. Very high initial

bond strengths were achieved with isobutyl -2-cyanoacryl ate on dentin pretreated with

dilute acid but a one-month thermal cycling test in water indicated the bonding was

not sufficiently stable. Initial pin on disc wear measurements with a synthetic

hydroxyapati te pin have shown promise.

A pattern modification to reduce variability in the alloy castability test has

been developed. Variations in the number of firing cycles and amount of condensation

of green porcelain have been shown to cause significant differences in dimen/ional

characteristics on cooling of fused dental porcelain. £

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Accelerator; alloy; base metal; casting; composite; cyanoacryl ate ; dental alloy;

initiator; resin; wear.

18. AVAILABILITY £xl Unlimited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

93

1 Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. Cl 3

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price

X Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151 UNCLASSIFIED $6.00

USCOMM.DC 29042-P74
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